title
Andrew Strominger: Black Holes, Quantum Gravity, and Theoretical Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #359

description
Andrew Strominger is a theoretical physicist at Harvard. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings - Rocket Money: https://rocketmoney.com/lex - Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod to get 3 months free EPISODE LINKS: Andrew's website: https://www.physics.harvard.edu/people/facpages/strominger Andrew's papers: Soft Hair on Black Holes: https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.00921 Photon Rings Around Warped Black Holes: https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.01674 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:12 - Black holes 6:16 - Albert Einstein 25:44 - Quantum gravity 29:56 - String theory 40:44 - Holographic principle 48:41 - De Sitter space 53:53 - Speed of light 1:00:40 - Black hole information paradox 1:08:20 - Soft particles 1:17:27 - Physics vs mathematics 1:26:37 - Theory of everything 1:41:58 - Time 1:44:24 - Photon rings 2:00:05 - Thought experiments 2:08:26 - Aliens 2:14:04 - Nuclear weapons SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Andrew Strominger: Black Holes, Quantum Gravity, and Theoretical Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #359', 'heatmap': [{'end': 7291.263, 'start': 7201.1, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Physicist andrew strominger discusses black holes, challenges in understanding spacetime, unifying physics, string theory's impact, equivalence in string theory and black hole description, physics, mathematics, and string theory challenges, philosophy and complexity in 21st-century physics, theoretical physics, and the societal impact of physics in a comprehensive exploration of theoretical physics and its societal implications.", 'chapters': [{'end': 708.415, 'segs': [{'end': 116.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31.301, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 39.786, 'text': 'But not only can that happen, the black hole, the photon can swing around twice and come back.', 'start': 31.301, 'duration': 8.485}, {'end': 44.149, 'text': 'So you actually see an infinite number of copies of yourself.', 'start': 39.846, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 51.637, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Andrew Strominger, theoretical physicist at Harvard,', 'start': 46.735, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 56.759, 'text': 'whose research seeks to shed light on the unification of fundamental laws of nature,', 'start': 51.637, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 62.001, 'text': 'the origin of the universe and the quantum structure of black holes and event horizons.', 'start': 56.759, 'duration': 5.242}, {'end': 64.342, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 62.721, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 67.523, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 64.662, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 71.545, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's Andrew Strominger.", 'start': 68.023, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 80.753, 'text': 'You are part of the Harvard Black Hole Initiative, which has theoretical physicists, experimentalists, and even philosophers.', 'start': 72.846, 'duration': 7.907}, {'end': 83.235, 'text': 'So let me ask the big question.', 'start': 81.413, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 84.616, 'text': 'What is a black hole?', 'start': 83.255, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 90.402, 'text': 'from a theoretical, from an experimental, maybe even from a philosophical perspective?', 'start': 84.616, 'duration': 5.786}, {'end': 101.976, 'text': 'So a black hole is defined theoretically as a region of space-time from which light can never escape.', 'start': 90.908, 'duration': 11.068}, {'end': 103.897, 'text': "Therefore, it's black.", 'start': 102.496, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 107.1, 'text': "Now, that's just the starting point.", 'start': 104.958, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 116.186, 'text': 'Many weird things follow from that basic definition, but that is the basic definition.', 'start': 108, 'duration': 8.186}], 'summary': 'Andrew strominger discusses black holes and the theoretical definition as a region of space-time from which light can never escape, supported by the harvard black hole initiative.', 'duration': 84.885, 'max_score': 31.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw31301.jpg'}, {'end': 557.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 527.362, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 533.067, 'text': "So Einstein didn't believe black holes existed, even though he predicted them.", 'start': 527.362, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 542.097, 'text': 'And I went and I read that paper, which he wrote, you know, Einstein wrote down his field equations in 1915.', 'start': 533.688, 'duration': 8.409}, {'end': 552.199, 'text': 'And Schwarzschild solved them and discovered the black hole solution three or four months later in very early 1916.', 'start': 542.097, 'duration': 10.102}, {'end': 557.12, 'text': 'And 25 years later, Einstein wrote a paper.', 'start': 552.199, 'duration': 4.921}], 'summary': 'Einstein predicted black holes in 1915, but doubted their existence. schwarzschild later discovered the solution in 1916.', 'duration': 29.758, 'max_score': 527.362, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw527362.jpg'}, {'end': 615.042, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 584.94, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 586.501, 'text': "Oh, he didn't believe in gravitational waves either?", 'start': 584.94, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 590.904, 'text': 'He went back and forth, but he wrote a paper in I think 34,', 'start': 586.621, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 596.947, 'text': "saying that gravity waves didn't exist because people were very confused about what a coordinate transformation is.", 'start': 590.904, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 605.233, 'text': 'And in fact this confusion about what a coordinate transformation is is has persisted,', 'start': 597.568, 'duration': 7.665}, {'end': 615.042, 'text': "and we actually think we're on the edge of solving it 100 years later.", 'start': 605.233, 'duration': 9.809}], 'summary': 'Historical skepticism of gravitational waves persists, but progress is being made in understanding coordinate transformations.', 'duration': 30.102, 'max_score': 584.94, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw584940.jpg'}], 'start': 0.126, 'title': 'Black holes: mirrors & understanding', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of black holes as mirrors, exploring the potential for infinite photon copies and theoretical definitions, featuring insights from physicist andrew strominger at harvard and discussing the counterintuitive nature of physics discoveries.', 'chapters': [{'end': 83.235, 'start': 0.126, 'title': 'Black holes: infinite mirrors', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of black holes as mirrors, explaining how a photon can create infinite copies of oneself if it swings around the black hole and comes back, featuring insights from theoretical physicist andrew strominger at harvard, part of the harvard black hole initiative.', 'duration': 83.109, 'highlights': ['A photon bouncing off your face towards a black hole can create an infinite number of copies of yourself if it swings around the black hole and comes back, illustrating the unique nature of black holes.', 'Theoretical physicist Andrew Strominger at Harvard is part of the Harvard Black Hole Initiative, which comprises theoretical physicists, experimentalists, and philosophers, aiming to shed light on the unification of fundamental laws of nature, the origin of the universe, and the quantum structure of black holes and event horizons.']}, {'end': 708.415, 'start': 83.255, 'title': 'Understanding black holes', 'summary': "Discusses the theoretical definition of black holes as regions of space-time from which light cannot escape, the concept of escape velocity, einstein's initial skepticism of black holes, and the counterintuitive nature of physics discoveries, including the difficulty of reconstructing past confusion.", 'duration': 625.16, 'highlights': ['The theoretical definition of black holes as regions of space-time from which light cannot escape is discussed, with the concept of escape velocity explained using examples such as the Earth and the Moon. Theoretical definition of black holes; Explanation of escape velocity using Earth and Moon examples.', "Einstein's initial skepticism of black holes despite predicting them and the difficulty of reconstructing past confusion in physics discoveries are highlighted. Einstein's skepticism of black holes; Difficulty of reconstructing past confusion in physics discoveries.", 'The concept of coordinate transformation in physics and its persistence as a point of confusion over a century is discussed. Discussion of coordinate transformation; Persistence of confusion over a century.']}], 'duration': 708.289, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw126.jpg', 'highlights': ['A photon bouncing off your face towards a black hole can create an infinite number of copies of yourself if it swings around the black hole and comes back, illustrating the unique nature of black holes.', 'Theoretical physicist Andrew Strominger at Harvard is part of the Harvard Black Hole Initiative, aiming to shed light on the unification of fundamental laws of nature, the origin of the universe, and the quantum structure of black holes and event horizons.', 'The theoretical definition of black holes as regions of space-time from which light cannot escape is discussed, with the concept of escape velocity explained using examples such as the Earth and the Moon.', "Einstein's initial skepticism of black holes despite predicting them and the difficulty of reconstructing past confusion in physics discoveries are highlighted.", 'The concept of coordinate transformation in physics and its persistence as a point of confusion over a century is discussed.']}, {'end': 1354.322, 'segs': [{'end': 805.789, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 739.157, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 744.158, 'text': 'And spacetime in terms of space or in terms of time, in terms of everything, just spacetime? Either one, spacetime.', 'start': 739.157, 'duration': 5.001}, {'end': 745.058, 'text': 'That gets very tricky.', 'start': 744.218, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 751.919, 'text': "And Einstein didn't have it right.", 'start': 745.518, 'duration': 6.401}, {'end': 756.1, 'text': 'In fact, he had an earlier version of general relativity.', 'start': 752.339, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 768.293, 'text': 'in 1914, which he was very excited about, which was wrong.', 'start': 758.343, 'duration': 9.95}, {'end': 770.475, 'text': "It wasn't fully coordinate invariant.", 'start': 768.313, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 772.517, 'text': 'It was only partially coordinate invariant.', 'start': 770.495, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 773.958, 'text': 'It was wrong.', 'start': 773.358, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 780.204, 'text': 'It gave the wrong answer for bending light to the Sun by a factor of two.', 'start': 775.38, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 786.817, 'text': 'There was an expedition sent out to measure it during World War I.', 'start': 781.274, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 799.565, 'text': "They were captured before they could measure it, and that gave Einstein four more years to clean his act up, by which time he'd gotten it right.", 'start': 786.817, 'duration': 12.748}, {'end': 805.789, 'text': "So it's a very tricky business, but once it's all laid out, it's clear.", 'start': 800.606, 'duration': 5.183}], 'summary': 'Einstein initially had an incorrect version of general relativity, which gave the wrong answer for bending light to the sun by a factor of two, leading to an expedition sent out during world war i to measure it.', 'duration': 66.632, 'max_score': 739.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw739157.jpg'}, {'end': 879.874, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 839.966, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 852.856, 'text': 'At the center of the black hole, behind the horizon, in a region that nobody can see and live to tell about it.', 'start': 839.966, 'duration': 12.89}, {'end': 861.784, 'text': "at the center of the black hole there's a singularity, and if you pass the horizon, you go into the singularity, you get crushed,", 'start': 852.856, 'duration': 8.928}, {'end': 863.165, 'text': "and that's the end of everything.", 'start': 861.784, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 877.332, 'text': "Now, the word singularity means that it just means that Einstein's equations break down.", 'start': 865.006, 'duration': 12.326}, {'end': 879.874, 'text': 'They become infinite.', 'start': 878.833, 'duration': 1.041}], 'summary': "At the center of a black hole, the singularity crushes everything, as einstein's equations break down and become infinite.", 'duration': 39.908, 'max_score': 839.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw839966.jpg'}, {'end': 1059.456, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1031.141, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1047.008, 'text': 'and he compared theory and experiment and he found out that the perihelion process moves around the sun once every 233 centuries instead of every 231 centuries.', 'start': 1031.141, 'duration': 15.867}, {'end': 1052.911, 'text': 'Now, this is the wonderful thing about science.', 'start': 1051.13, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 1059.456, 'text': "Why was this guy? I mean, you don't get any idea how much work this is.", 'start': 1054.372, 'duration': 5.084}], 'summary': 'Perihelion process moves around the sun once every 233 centuries instead of every 231 centuries.', 'duration': 28.315, 'max_score': 1031.141, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1031141.jpg'}, {'end': 1181.245, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1097.39, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1103.752, 'text': "So the corrections for Maxwell's equations is when you get super tiny,", 'start': 1097.39, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 1111.516, 'text': "and then the corrections for Newton's laws of gravity is when you get super big.", 'start': 1103.752, 'duration': 7.764}, {'end': 1114.637, 'text': "That's when you require corrections.", 'start': 1112.736, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1118.139, 'text': "That's true, but I would phrase it as saying when it's super accurate.", 'start': 1114.737, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 1129.911, 'text': 'If you look at the Bohr atom, Maxwell electromagnetism is not a very good approximation to the force between the proton and the electron.', 'start': 1118.959, 'duration': 10.952}, {'end': 1141.697, 'text': "If you didn't have quantum mechanics, the electron would spiral into the proton and the atom would collapse.", 'start': 1131.532, 'duration': 10.165}, {'end': 1144.198, 'text': "So that's a huge correction there.", 'start': 1141.837, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 1147.98, 'text': 'So every theory gets corrected as we learn more.', 'start': 1145.219, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 1153.911, 'text': "There'd just be no reason to suppose that it should be otherwise.", 'start': 1149.649, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 1156.212, 'text': 'Well, how is this related to the singularity?', 'start': 1153.931, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 1157.293, 'text': 'Why the singularity is uncomfortable?', 'start': 1156.392, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 1167.918, 'text': "So, when you hit the singularity, you know that you need some improvement to Einstein's theory of gravity.", 'start': 1157.313, 'duration': 10.605}, {'end': 1174.52, 'text': 'And that improvement, we understand what kind of things that improvement should involve.', 'start': 1169.036, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 1181.245, 'text': "It should involve quantum mechanics, quantum effects become important there, it's a small thing.", 'start': 1175.441, 'duration': 5.804}], 'summary': "Maxwell's equations correct at small scale, newton's laws at large. quantum mechanics corrects atom behavior.", 'duration': 83.855, 'max_score': 1097.39, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1097390.jpg'}, {'end': 1289.307, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1260.666, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1262.827, 'text': 'So to you, the edges of the theory are wonderful.', 'start': 1260.666, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 1264.167, 'text': 'The failures of the theory.', 'start': 1263.247, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 1267.728, 'text': 'Edges are wonderful because that keeps us in business.', 'start': 1264.247, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 1270.522, 'text': 'So one of the things you said.', 'start': 1269.062, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 1282.705, 'text': "I think in your TED talk, that the fact that quantum mechanics and relativity don't describe everything and then they clash, is wonderful.", 'start': 1270.522, 'duration': 12.183}, {'end': 1285.426, 'text': 'I forget the adjective you used, but it was something like this.', 'start': 1283.005, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 1286.946, 'text': 'So why is that??', 'start': 1285.966, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 1289.307, 'text': 'Why is that interesting??', 'start': 1288.587, 'duration': 0.72}], 'summary': 'The edges of quantum mechanics and relativity are wonderful failures that keep us in business.', 'duration': 28.641, 'max_score': 1260.666, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1260666.jpg'}], 'start': 709.436, 'title': "Challenges in understanding spacetime and newton's theory", 'summary': "Discusses challenges in understanding spacetime, including einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914 and difficulties in accepting black holes. it also covers the challenges to newton's theory, including the precession of mercury's perihelion and the corrections to electromagnetism and gravity, emphasizing the significance of quantum effects and the need for improvement to einstein's theory of gravity when approaching the singularity.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1004.405, 'start': 709.436, 'title': 'Challenges in understanding spacetime', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges in understanding spacetime, including einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914, the difficulties in accepting black holes, and the concept of singularity where einstein's equations break down and become infinite.", 'duration': 294.969, 'highlights': ["Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914 gave the wrong answer for bending light to the Sun by a factor of two, leading to an expedition sent out to measure it during World War I, which resulted in Einstein refining his theory. Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914 led to a misunderstanding of bending light to the Sun by a factor of two, prompting an expedition during World War I to measure it, ultimately leading to Einstein refining his theory.", "The concept of singularity in a black hole, where Einstein's equations break down and become infinite, is discussed, emphasizing that it's an odd phenomenon not exhibited in Maxwell's or Newton's theories. The concept of singularity in a black hole is explained as a phenomenon not exhibited in Maxwell's or Newton's theories, highlighting the breakdown of Einstein's equations and the infinite nature of the singularity.", "The discussion of the challenges in understanding spacetime includes the delicate subtleties and complexities regarding trajectory and instructions, as well as the difficulties in labeling the edges of spacetime with edges and Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914. The challenges in understanding spacetime are discussed, including the complexities of trajectory and instructions, the difficulties in labeling the edges of spacetime, and Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914."]}, {'end': 1354.322, 'start': 1005.446, 'title': "Challenges in newton's theory", 'summary': "Discusses the challenges to newton's theory, including the precession of mercury's perihelion and the corrections to electromagnetism and gravity, emphasizing the significance of quantum effects and the need for improvement to einstein's theory of gravity when approaching the singularity.", 'duration': 348.876, 'highlights': ["Le Verrier measured the precession of Mercury's perihelion and found it moves around the sun once every 233 centuries instead of every 231 centuries, indicating a discrepancy in Newton's theory.", "Corrections to Newton's laws of gravity are significant when dealing with large scales, while corrections to electromagnetism are mostly from quantum effects and are very small in magnitude.", 'The Bohr atom demonstrates a huge correction to Maxwell electromagnetism due to quantum effects, preventing the collapse of the atom.', "Approaching the singularity requires an improvement to Einstein's theory of gravity, involving quantum effects in a small scale, although the exact theory is not yet understood.", 'The failures and edges of theories, such as those seen in general relativity, are essential as they drive the need for improvement and predict the demise of the existing theory.']}], 'duration': 644.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw709436.jpg', 'highlights': ["Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914 led to a misunderstanding of bending light to the Sun by a factor of two, prompting an expedition during World War I to measure it, ultimately leading to Einstein refining his theory.", "The concept of singularity in a black hole is explained as a phenomenon not exhibited in Maxwell's or Newton's theories, highlighting the breakdown of Einstein's equations and the infinite nature of the singularity.", "The discussion of the challenges in understanding spacetime includes the complexities of trajectory and instructions, the difficulties in labeling the edges of spacetime, and Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914.", "Le Verrier measured the precession of Mercury's perihelion and found it moves around the sun once every 233 centuries instead of every 231 centuries, indicating a discrepancy in Newton's theory.", "Corrections to Newton's laws of gravity are significant when dealing with large scales, while corrections to electromagnetism are mostly from quantum effects and are very small in magnitude.", 'The Bohr atom demonstrates a huge correction to Maxwell electromagnetism due to quantum effects, preventing the collapse of the atom.', "Approaching the singularity requires an improvement to Einstein's theory of gravity, involving quantum effects in a small scale, although the exact theory is not yet understood.", 'The failures and edges of theories, such as those seen in general relativity, are essential as they drive the need for improvement and predict the demise of the existing theory.']}, {'end': 2138.574, 'segs': [{'end': 1389.176, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1354.342, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1356.962, 'text': 'Computers also help with visualizations and all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 1354.342, 'duration': 2.62}, {'end': 1357.782, 'text': 'Yeah, yeah, yeah.', 'start': 1357.002, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 1360.583, 'text': 'It was a whole sort of wonderful century.', 'start': 1357.862, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 1376.023, 'text': "I mean, the seed of general relativity was the incompatibility of Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field with Newton's laws of gravity.", 'start': 1360.603, 'duration': 15.42}, {'end': 1389.176, 'text': "They were incompatible, because if you look at Maxwell's theory, there's a contradiction if anything goes faster than the speed of light.", 'start': 1376.764, 'duration': 12.412}], 'summary': "Computers aid in visualizations, and the incompatibility of maxwell's theory and newton's laws led to the seed of general relativity.", 'duration': 34.834, 'max_score': 1354.342, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1354342.jpg'}, {'end': 1555.095, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1528.039, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1541.685, 'text': 'And the efforts to understand it have led to all kinds of interesting relations between quantum systems and and applications to other fields,', 'start': 1528.039, 'duration': 13.646}, {'end': 1542.126, 'text': 'and so on.', 'start': 1541.685, 'duration': 0.441}, {'end': 1543.887, 'text': "Well, let's actually jump around.", 'start': 1542.546, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1545.608, 'text': "So we'll return to black holes.", 'start': 1543.907, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 1551.373, 'text': "I have a million questions there, but let's go into this unification,", 'start': 1545.628, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 1555.095, 'text': 'the battle against the contradictions and the tensions between the theories of physics.', 'start': 1551.373, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': 'Efforts to understand quantum systems have led to interesting relations and applications across fields, including unification in physics.', 'duration': 27.056, 'max_score': 1528.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1528039.jpg'}, {'end': 1623.286, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1588.845, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1595.247, 'text': 'Theory and experiment have been successfully compared to 16 decimal place.', 'start': 1588.845, 'duration': 6.402}, {'end': 1600.169, 'text': 'We have that stenciled on the door where I work.', 'start': 1596.107, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 1607.113, 'text': "It's an amazing It's an amazing feat of the human mind.", 'start': 1600.229, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 1618.022, 'text': 'It describes the electromagnetic interaction, unifies the electromagnetic interaction with the so-called weak interaction,', 'start': 1608.314, 'duration': 9.708}, {'end': 1623.286, 'text': 'which you need some good tools to even view the weak interaction.', 'start': 1618.022, 'duration': 5.264}], 'summary': 'Theory and experiment compared to 16 decimal place, unifying electromagnetic and weak interaction.', 'duration': 34.441, 'max_score': 1588.845, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1588845.jpg'}, {'end': 1881.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1836.28, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1845.062, 'text': "And we don't know what or if in any sense string theory describes the world, the physical world,", 'start': 1836.28, 'duration': 8.782}, {'end': 1856.03, 'text': 'but we do know that it is a consistent reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity and, moreover,', 'start': 1845.062, 'duration': 10.968}, {'end': 1867.778, 'text': 'one which is able to incorporate particles and forces like the ones we see around us.', 'start': 1856.03, 'duration': 11.748}, {'end': 1875.784, 'text': "So it hasn't been ruled out as an actual unified theory of nature.", 'start': 1868.399, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 1881.475, 'text': "But there also isn't a.", 'start': 1878.132, 'duration': 3.343}], 'summary': 'String theory is a consistent reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity, potentially a unified theory of nature.', 'duration': 45.195, 'max_score': 1836.28, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1836280.jpg'}], 'start': 1354.342, 'title': 'Unifying physics', 'summary': "Discusses the incompatibility between maxwell's theory and newton's laws, einstein's resolution through general relativity, ongoing efforts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity, achievements and limitations of the standard model, pursuit of quantum gravity, and the development of string theory.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1588.065, 'start': 1354.342, 'title': 'The unification of physics', 'summary': "Discusses the incompatibility of maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field with newton's laws of gravity, leading to the resolution of contradictions by einstein through the general theory of relativity, and the ongoing efforts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity in the pursuit of a deeper understanding of the universe.", 'duration': 233.723, 'highlights': ["Einstein's resolution of the incompatibility between Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field and Newton's laws of gravity led to the development of the general theory of relativity.", 'The contradiction between quantum mechanics and general relativity hints at a deeper discovery in the century, with ongoing efforts to unify the two theories.', 'Quantum gravity is a theory that describes everything with astonishing accuracy, being the most accurate theory in the history of human thought.', 'Efforts to understand the contradiction between quantum mechanics and general relativity have led to interesting relations between quantum systems and applications to other fields.']}, {'end': 2138.574, 'start': 1588.845, 'title': 'Standard model, string theory, and quantum gravity', 'summary': 'Discusses the achievements and limitations of the standard model, the pursuit of quantum gravity, and the development of string theory as a consistent reconciliation of quantum mechanics and general relativity, highlighting the successful comparison of theory and experiment to 16 decimal places and the inability of renormalizable quantum field theory to tame gravity.', 'duration': 549.729, 'highlights': ['The successful comparison of theory and experiment to 16 decimal places is a remarkable feat of the human mind, describing the electromagnetic interaction and unifying it with the weak interaction. Theory and experiment have been successfully compared to 16 decimal places, describing the electromagnetic interaction and unifying it with the weak interaction.', 'The final particle observed was the Higgs particle, observed over a decade ago, marking a significant achievement in the Standard Model. The final particle observed was the Higgs particle, marking a significant achievement in the Standard Model.', 'The pursuit of reconciling gravity with quantum mechanics has led to the proposal of string theory as a consistent reconciliation of these two theories, providing a potential unified theory of nature. Efforts to reconcile gravity with quantum mechanics have led to the proposal of string theory as a potential unified theory of nature.', 'String theory emerged in the early 70s as a concept replacing the notion of particles with little loops of strings, providing a consistent theory of gravity without infinities and compelling mathematical equations. String theory emerged in the early 70s, replacing particles with loops of strings to provide a consistent theory of gravity without infinities and compelling mathematical equations.']}], 'duration': 784.232, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw1354342.jpg', 'highlights': ["Einstein's resolution of the incompatibility between Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field and Newton's laws of gravity led to the development of the general theory of relativity.", 'The contradiction between quantum mechanics and general relativity hints at a deeper discovery in the century, with ongoing efforts to unify the two theories.', 'The pursuit of reconciling gravity with quantum mechanics has led to the proposal of string theory as a consistent reconciliation of these two theories, providing a potential unified theory of nature.', 'The successful comparison of theory and experiment to 16 decimal places is a remarkable feat of the human mind, describing the electromagnetic interaction and unifying it with the weak interaction.']}, {'end': 3545.882, 'segs': [{'end': 2169.606, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2139.115, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2142.616, 'text': 'In string theory, it was thought could not tolerate that.', 'start': 2139.115, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 2154.578, 'text': "And then it was learned in the mid-'80s that not only could it tolerate that, but if you did things in the right way,", 'start': 2144.893, 'duration': 9.685}, {'end': 2164.463, 'text': 'you could construct a world involving strings that reconciled quantum mechanics and general relativity,', 'start': 2154.578, 'duration': 9.885}, {'end': 2169.606, 'text': 'which looked more or less like the world that we live in.', 'start': 2164.463, 'duration': 5.143}], 'summary': 'String theory reconciles quantum mechanics and general relativity in the 1980s.', 'duration': 30.491, 'max_score': 2139.115, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw2139115.jpg'}, {'end': 2435.49, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2404.548, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2414.093, 'text': "Another thing that I didn't mention about string theory is, of course, we knew that it solved the infinities problem,", 'start': 2404.548, 'duration': 9.545}, {'end': 2422.341, 'text': "and then we later learned that it also solved Hawking's puzzle about what's inside of a black hole.", 'start': 2414.093, 'duration': 8.248}, {'end': 2431.027, 'text': "And you put in one assumption, you get five things out, somehow you're doing something right.", 'start': 2423.462, 'duration': 7.565}, {'end': 2435.49, 'text': "Probably not everything, but there's some good signposts.", 'start': 2431.187, 'duration': 4.303}], 'summary': "String theory solves infinities problem and hawking's black hole puzzle, showing promise in multiple aspects.", 'duration': 30.942, 'max_score': 2404.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw2404548.jpg'}, {'end': 3076.332, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3039.559, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3040.579, 'text': "Ultimately, it's about space-time.", 'start': 3039.559, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 3043.3, 'text': "Okay, so what's the sitter and anti-de Sitter space?", 'start': 3040.619, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 3055.243, 'text': 'The three simplest space-times are flat space-time, which we call Minkowski space-time, and negatively curved space-time,', 'start': 3045.46, 'duration': 9.783}, {'end': 3060.625, 'text': 'anti-de Sitter space and positively curved space-time de Sitter space.', 'start': 3055.243, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 3076.332, 'text': "And so astronomers think that on large scales, even though for thousands of years we hadn't noticed it, beginning with Hubble,", 'start': 3063.524, 'duration': 12.808}], 'summary': "Space-time includes minkowski, anti-de sitter, and de sitter space-time as per astronomers' observations.", 'duration': 36.773, 'max_score': 3039.559, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3039559.jpg'}, {'end': 3146.524, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3122.604, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3136.235, 'text': 'Eventually, all the matter in it will be expanded away, but it will continue to expand because, well, they would call it the dark energy.', 'start': 3122.604, 'duration': 13.631}, {'end': 3138.677, 'text': 'Einstein would call it a cosmological constant.', 'start': 3136.336, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 3146.524, 'text': "In any case, in the far future, matter will be expanded away and we'll be left with empty desider space.", 'start': 3139.238, 'duration': 7.286}], 'summary': 'In the far future, matter will be expanded away, leaving empty desider space.', 'duration': 23.92, 'max_score': 3122.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3122604.jpg'}, {'end': 3424.921, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3391.751, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3398.696, 'text': 'Well, when we first discovered string theory, we knew from the get-go that string theory would correct what Einstein said,', 'start': 3391.751, 'duration': 6.945}, {'end': 3400.878, 'text': 'just like Einstein corrected what Newton said.', 'start': 3398.696, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 3405.462, 'text': "But we didn't understand it well enough.", 'start': 3403.08, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 3413.814, 'text': 'to actually compute the correction, to compute how many gigabytes there were.', 'start': 3406.949, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 3424.921, 'text': 'Sometime in the early 90s, we began to understand the mathematics of string theory better and better,', 'start': 3414.314, 'duration': 10.607}], 'summary': "String theory corrected einstein's theory, involving gigabytes, understood better in the 90s.", 'duration': 33.17, 'max_score': 3391.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3391751.jpg'}], 'start': 2139.115, 'title': "String theory's impact", 'summary': "Delves into the potential of string theory in reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity, solving black hole puzzles, explaining space curvature and dark energy, and correcting einstein's description of black holes.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2402.047, 'start': 2139.115, 'title': 'The future of string theory', 'summary': "Discusses the potential of string theory in reconciling quantum mechanics and general relativity, its comparison to past theories like yang-mills and einstein's, and the belief that it will continue to evolve despite current inaccuracies.", 'duration': 262.932, 'highlights': ["String theory offers a potential world involving strings that reconciles quantum mechanics and general relativity, resembling our own world. It was learned in the mid-'80s that string theory could construct a world involving strings that reconciled quantum mechanics and general relativity, resembling our world.", "String theory is a stepping stone in understanding nature, akin to Yang-Mills theory and Einstein's early version of general relativity. String theory is compared to Yang-Mills theory and Einstein's early version of general relativity, emphasizing its potential as a stepping stone in understanding nature.", 'The belief that string theory will continue to evolve and be viewed as a stepping stone towards a greater understanding of nature. The speaker expresses confidence that string theory will continue to evolve and be seen as a stepping stone towards a greater understanding of nature, despite current inaccuracies.']}, {'end': 2920.728, 'start': 2404.548, 'title': "String theory's solution to black hole puzzles", 'summary': "Highlights the significance of string theory in solving the infinities problem and hawking's puzzle about black holes, including the development of the holographic principle, which states that all information in a volume of spacetime can be stored on the boundary of that region.", 'duration': 516.18, 'highlights': ["String theory solved the infinities problem and Hawking's puzzle about black holes. The chapter emphasizes that string theory addressed the infinities problem and resolved Hawking's puzzle regarding the nature of black holes.", 'Development of the holographic principle stating that all information in a volume of spacetime can be stored on the boundary of that region. The development of the holographic principle is a significant advancement, indicating that all information within a region of spacetime can be stored on its boundary, shedding light on the nature of black holes and spacetime.', "String theory's mathematical clumsiness led to an evolving understanding of its beauty and inner relationships. The chapter discusses how the initially mathematically clumsy nature of string theory led to a deeper understanding of its inner relationships and beauty, contributing to its significance in physics."]}, {'end': 3229.867, 'start': 2921.499, 'title': 'Space curvature and dark energy', 'summary': "Discusses the difference between flat space and asymptotic de sitter space, the curvature of space-time, the impact of matter on space-time curvature, and the mystery of dark energy and its small amount, based on astronomers' measurements.", 'duration': 308.368, 'highlights': ['Astronomers believe that the universe is now expanding and will continue to expand even after all matter has been expanded away due to dark energy, which is synonymous with positive cosmological constant. Astronomers have determined that the universe is currently expanding and will continue to expand due to the presence of dark energy, which is equivalent to a positive cosmological constant.', 'Matter causes the curvature of space-time, and as it expands, the matter gets more and more diluted, but astronomers believe that space-time will still be curved even when all matter is gone. Matter causes the curvature of space-time, and despite becoming more diluted as space expands, astronomers believe that space-time will remain curved even when all matter has been expanded away.', 'The chapter explains the different types of space-time, such as flat space-time, negatively curved space-time (anti-de Sitter space), and positively curved space-time (de Sitter space). The chapter outlines the three simplest space-times: flat space-time (Minkowski space-time), negatively curved space-time (anti-de Sitter space), and positively curved space-time (de Sitter space).', 'The mystery of dark energy and its small amount is discussed, questioning why it has hidden itself and why it exists in such a small quantity that only the best astronomers can detect it. The chapter delves into the mystery of dark energy, pondering why it exists in such a small amount that can only be detected by the most skilled astronomers and why it has concealed itself.']}, {'end': 3545.882, 'start': 3229.867, 'title': 'Speed of light and temporal scales', 'summary': "Discusses the perplexity of the speed of light, the significance of temporal reference frames, and the pivotal role of string theory in correcting einstein's description of black holes, ultimately ensuring the consistency of string theory.", 'duration': 316.015, 'highlights': ["The discovery of string theory in the early 90s was a pivotal moment, as it corrected Einstein's description and had to give the answer for consistency, ensuring the viability of string theory and its relevance to current physics research.", 'The temporal reference frame of a human life is emphasized, as it influences the intuitive understanding of the world, leading to contemplation about the vast timescales and phenomena at the grand scale of general relativity.', 'The speed of light is discussed, highlighting the ability to choose units where the speed of light is one, demonstrating the flexibility in measurement and the potential for dimensionless ratios.', 'The discussion delves into the importance of temporal reference frames, particularly in relation to the timescale set by the expansion of the universe and the timescale of a human life, provoking contemplation about the human experience of the world.', "The chapter considers the significance of string theory in correcting Einstein's description, ensuring consistency, and providing an alternate description that elegantly solves the infinity problem and Hawking's problem."]}], 'duration': 1406.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw2139115.jpg', 'highlights': ['String theory offers a potential world involving strings that reconciles quantum mechanics and general relativity, resembling our own world.', "String theory solved the infinities problem and Hawking's puzzle about black holes.", 'Astronomers have determined that the universe is currently expanding and will continue to expand due to the presence of dark energy, which is equivalent to a positive cosmological constant.', 'The chapter outlines the three simplest space-times: flat space-time (Minkowski space-time), negatively curved space-time (anti-de Sitter space), and positively curved space-time (de Sitter space).', "The discovery of string theory in the early 90s was a pivotal moment, as it corrected Einstein's description and had to give the answer for consistency, ensuring the viability of string theory and its relevance to current physics research."]}, {'end': 4496.681, 'segs': [{'end': 3597.119, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3566.863, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3578.274, 'text': 'We found an alternate description of certain black holes in string theory which we could prove was equivalent,', 'start': 3566.863, 'duration': 11.411}, {'end': 3592.418, 'text': 'and it was a description of the black hole as a hologram that can be thought of a holographic plate that could be thought of as sitting on the surface of the black hole,', 'start': 3578.274, 'duration': 14.144}, {'end': 3597.119, 'text': 'and the interior of the black hole itself sort of arises as a projection,', 'start': 3592.418, 'duration': 4.701}], 'summary': 'In string theory, an alternate description of black holes as holograms was found, showing equivalence and depicting the interior as a projection.', 'duration': 30.256, 'max_score': 3566.863, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3566863.jpg'}, {'end': 3688.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3651.765, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3654.627, 'text': "Well, there's really two Hawking problems.", 'start': 3651.765, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 3656.329, 'text': "They're very closely related.", 'start': 3655.108, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 3663.935, 'text': 'One is, how does the black hole store the information? And..', 'start': 3658.21, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 3671.978, 'text': 'That is the one that we solved in some cases.', 'start': 3666.796, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 3677.721, 'text': "So it's sort of like your smartphone.", 'start': 3672.619, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 3680.542, 'text': 'how does it store its 64 gigabytes?', 'start': 3677.721, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 3688.246, 'text': "Well, you rip the cover off and you count the chips and there's 64 of them, each with a gigabyte, and you know there's 64 gigabytes.", 'start': 3681.183, 'duration': 7.063}], 'summary': 'Solving the mystery of how black holes store information, similar to a smartphone storing 64 gigabytes.', 'duration': 36.481, 'max_score': 3651.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3651765.jpg'}, {'end': 3793.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3766.137, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3776.033, 'text': "I think we do understand in great mathematical detail and also intuitively, and it's very much like an ordinary hologram,", 'start': 3766.137, 'duration': 9.896}, {'end': 3780.336, 'text': 'where you have a holographic plate and it contains all the information.', 'start': 3776.033, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 3785.361, 'text': 'you shine a light through it and you get an image which looks three-dimensional.', 'start': 3780.336, 'duration': 5.025}, {'end': 3787.983, 'text': 'Yeah, but why should there be a holographic plate?', 'start': 3785.862, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 3792.167, 'text': 'Why should there be?', 'start': 3791.066, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 3793.168, 'text': 'Yeah, why?', 'start': 3792.307, 'duration': 0.861}], 'summary': 'Understanding holography mathematically and intuitively, relating to a holographic plate and its image.', 'duration': 27.031, 'max_score': 3766.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3766137.jpg'}, {'end': 4086.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4061.277, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4070.491, 'text': 'There are very subtle imprints left on the horizon of the black hole which you can read off at least partially what went in.', 'start': 4061.277, 'duration': 9.214}, {'end': 4072.872, 'text': 'And so this..', 'start': 4072.031, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 4083.761, 'text': "invalidates uh stephen's original uh argument that the information is destroyed.", 'start': 4074.938, 'duration': 8.823}, {'end': 4084.761, 'text': "and that's the soft hair.", 'start': 4083.761, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 4086.902, 'text': "that's the soft hair right.", 'start': 4084.761, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Subtle imprints on black hole horizon invalidate information destruction theory.', 'duration': 25.625, 'max_score': 4061.277, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4061277.jpg'}, {'end': 4161.225, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4133.792, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4139.098, 'text': 'What we learned from that is that if you add a zero energy particle to the vacuum, you get a new state.', 'start': 4133.792, 'duration': 5.306}, {'end': 4143.042, 'text': 'And so there are infinitely many vacua.', 'start': 4139.578, 'duration': 3.464}, {'end': 4153.187, 'text': 'plural for vacuum, which can be thought of as being different from one another by the addition of soft photons or soft gravitons.', 'start': 4144.758, 'duration': 8.429}, {'end': 4161.225, 'text': 'Can you elaborate on this wild idea? If you like, it spreads over the whole universe.', 'start': 4153.868, 'duration': 7.357}], 'summary': 'Adding a zero energy particle to the vacuum creates infinitely many vacua, distinguishable by soft photons or gravitons, with the potential to spread across the universe.', 'duration': 27.433, 'max_score': 4133.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4133792.jpg'}, {'end': 4258.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4217.802, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4228.265, 'text': "Now, if something has zero energy and it's spread all over the universe, in what sense is it actually there?", 'start': 4217.802, 'duration': 10.463}, {'end': 4238.828, 'text': "That's been the confusing thing to make a precise statement about when something is and isn't there.", 'start': 4229.265, 'duration': 9.563}, {'end': 4244.47, 'text': 'Now the simplest way of seeing.', 'start': 4239.909, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 4254.597, 'text': "so people might have taken the point of view that if it has zero energy and is spread all over the universe, it's not there.", 'start': 4244.47, 'duration': 10.127}, {'end': 4258.101, 'text': 'we can ignore it.', 'start': 4254.597, 'duration': 3.504}], 'summary': 'Debate on presence of zero-energy spread across universe.', 'duration': 40.299, 'max_score': 4217.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4217802.jpg'}, {'end': 4305.864, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4281.773, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4295.097, 'text': "So you can't say that the state of the system with the zero energy photon should be identified with the one without the zero energy photon,", 'start': 4281.773, 'duration': 13.324}, {'end': 4300.539, 'text': 'that we can just ignore them, because then you will conclude that angular momentum is not conserved.', 'start': 4295.097, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 4305.864, 'text': "And if angular momentum is not conserved, things won't be consistent.", 'start': 4302.501, 'duration': 3.363}], 'summary': 'Ignoring zero energy photons leads to non-conservation of angular momentum, causing inconsistency.', 'duration': 24.091, 'max_score': 4281.773, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4281773.jpg'}], 'start': 3545.882, 'title': 'Equivalence in string theory and black hole description', 'summary': "Discusses the equivalence of different descriptions of black holes in string theory, including the concept of a holographic plate and its relation to solving the hawking problem of information storage, with an analogy to smartphone storage. it also explores the concept of 'soft hair' on black holes, challenging the original prediction that black holes destroy information, and delves into the concept of soft particles in physics, emphasizing their implications on understanding black holes and information preservation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3793.168, 'start': 3545.882, 'title': 'Equivalence in string theory and black hole description', 'summary': 'Discusses the equivalence of different descriptions of black holes in string theory, including the concept of a holographic plate and its relation to solving the hawking problem of information storage, with an analogy to smartphone storage.', 'duration': 247.286, 'highlights': ['The equivalence of different descriptions of black holes in string theory, including the concept of a holographic plate and its relation to solving the Hawking problem of information storage. The chapter explores an alternate description of certain black holes in string theory, proving its equivalence, and introduces the concept of a holographic plate as a concrete way to describe black holes, addressing the storage and retrieval of information.', 'The analogy of solving the Hawking problem of information storage with the example of smartphone storage, emphasizing the need to understand the storage before addressing information retrieval. The analogy of smartphone storage is used to explain the Hawking problem of information storage in black holes, highlighting the need to understand the method of storage, similar to understanding the storage of information in a smartphone before addressing its retrieval.', 'Explanation of the holographic plate concept as akin to an ordinary hologram, containing all the information and projecting a three-dimensional image when light is passed through it. The holographic plate concept is explained as similar to an ordinary hologram, containing all the information and projecting a three-dimensional image when light is passed through it, providing a mathematical and intuitive understanding.']}, {'end': 4086.902, 'start': 3793.188, 'title': 'Soft hair on black holes', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of 'soft hair' on black holes, challenging the original prediction that black holes destroy information, and highlights the importance of finding questions that can be answered in theoretical physics.", 'duration': 293.714, 'highlights': ["The concept of 'soft hair' on black holes challenges the original prediction that black holes destroy information, emphasizing that there are subtle imprints left on the horizon of the black hole, which partially invalidates the argument.", "The chapter emphasizes the importance of finding questions that can be answered in theoretical physics, highlighting the author's focus on taking the lessons learned in string theory and applying them to the real world."]}, {'end': 4496.681, 'start': 4086.902, 'title': 'Soft particles and vacuum states', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of soft particles in physics, including the idea that zero energy particles spread over the whole universe, leading to the creation of infinitely many vacua and the importance of considering these particles in maintaining conservation laws, with the implication on understanding black holes and information preservation.', 'duration': 409.779, 'highlights': ['Zero energy particles can spread over the whole universe, leading to infinitely many vacua. The concept of soft particles with zero energy spreading over the entire universe results in the generation of infinitely many vacua, emphasizing the significance of these particles in physics.', 'Importance of considering zero energy particles in maintaining conservation laws. The discussion emphasizes the crucial role of zero energy particles in maintaining conservation laws, particularly angular momentum conservation, highlighting the necessity to carefully account for these particles in physical descriptions.', "Relevance of zero energy particles in understanding black holes and information preservation. The chapter underscores the significance of zero energy particles in resolving Hawking's suggestion about black holes destroying information, indicating that the presence of these particles necessitates a more precise understanding to address such critical issues in physics."]}], 'duration': 950.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw3545882.jpg', 'highlights': ['The equivalence of different descriptions of black holes in string theory, including the concept of a holographic plate and its relation to solving the Hawking problem of information storage.', 'The analogy of solving the Hawking problem of information storage with the example of smartphone storage, emphasizing the need to understand the storage before addressing information retrieval.', 'Explanation of the holographic plate concept as akin to an ordinary hologram, containing all the information and projecting a three-dimensional image when light is passed through it.', "The concept of 'soft hair' on black holes challenges the original prediction that black holes destroy information, emphasizing that there are subtle imprints left on the horizon of the black hole, which partially invalidates the argument.", 'Zero energy particles can spread over the whole universe, leading to infinitely many vacua.', 'Importance of considering zero energy particles in maintaining conservation laws.', 'Relevance of zero energy particles in understanding black holes and information preservation.']}, {'end': 5174.063, 'segs': [{'end': 4572.589, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4497.867, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4501.67, 'text': 'tea with Lady Gaga so we could spend another hour on our paper.', 'start': 4497.867, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 4508.094, 'text': 'That, my friends, is dedication.', 'start': 4506.033, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 4516.761, 'text': 'What did you learn about physics? What did you learn about life from having worked with Stephen Hawking? Well, he was one of my great teachers.', 'start': 4509.075, 'duration': 7.686}, {'end': 4527.677, 'text': "Of course, he's older than me and I was reading his textbooks in in graduate school.", 'start': 4516.801, 'duration': 10.876}, {'end': 4534.261, 'text': 'And I learned a lot about relativity from him.', 'start': 4528.197, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 4537.483, 'text': 'I learned about passion for a problem.', 'start': 4534.401, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 4545.188, 'text': 'I learned about not caring what other people think.', 'start': 4537.783, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 4553.473, 'text': 'Physics is an interesting culture, even if you make a great discovery like Hawking did.', 'start': 4546.729, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 4558.737, 'text': "um, people don't believe everything you say.", 'start': 4554.953, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 4562.16, 'text': 'in fact, people love to disagree.', 'start': 4558.737, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 4564.021, 'text': "it's, it's a.", 'start': 4562.16, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 4572.589, 'text': "it's a a culture that, uh, cherishes disagreement and, and so you know, he kept ahead with what he believed in,", 'start': 4564.021, 'duration': 8.568}], 'summary': 'Lady gaga discussed learning from stephen hawking, including relativity and passion for problem-solving in physics.', 'duration': 74.722, 'max_score': 4497.867, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4497867.jpg'}, {'end': 4688.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4656.985, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4661.246, 'text': 'You have done some very complicated mathematics in your life to explore the laws of nature.', 'start': 4656.985, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 4670.605, 'text': "What's the difference between physics and mathematics to you? Well, I love math.", 'start': 4661.826, 'duration': 8.779}, {'end': 4678.45, 'text': "I think my first love is physics, and the math that I've done, I've done because it was needed.", 'start': 4670.665, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 4680.731, 'text': 'In service of physics.', 'start': 4679.75, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 4688.416, 'text': 'In service of physics, but then, of course, in the heat of it, it has its own appeal.', 'start': 4681.231, 'duration': 7.185}], 'summary': 'Physics and mathematics are intertwined in exploring the laws of nature, with math serving physics.', 'duration': 31.431, 'max_score': 4656.985, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4656985.jpg'}, {'end': 4909.058, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4873.933, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4879.058, 'text': "but it's still traveling independently because it's very difficult to experimentally verify.", 'start': 4873.933, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 4882.841, 'text': "But there's a promise laden in it in the same way, multiverse,", 'start': 4879.478, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 4891.461, 'text': 'or you can have a lot of kind of very far out there questions where your gut and instinct and intuition says that maybe in 50, 100,', 'start': 4882.841, 'duration': 8.62}, {'end': 4896.934, 'text': "200 years you'll be able to actually have strong experimental validation right?", 'start': 4891.461, 'duration': 5.473}, {'end': 4909.058, 'text': "I think that with string theory I don't think it's likely that we could measure it, but we could get lucky.", 'start': 4898.078, 'duration': 10.98}], 'summary': 'String theory difficult to experimentally verify, potential for strong experimental validation in 50-200 years.', 'duration': 35.125, 'max_score': 4873.933, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4873933.jpg'}, {'end': 5018.405, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4931.897, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4933.378, 'text': 'There was a line of double lensed stars.', 'start': 4931.897, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4934.918, 'text': 'Now the signal went away.', 'start': 4933.518, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 4943.087, 'text': "okay?. People were hoping that they'd seen a string, and it could be a fundamental string that had somehow gotten stretched,", 'start': 4934.918, 'duration': 8.169}, {'end': 4945.869, 'text': 'and that would be some evidence for string theory.', 'start': 4943.087, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 4956.576, 'text': 'There was also BICEP2, which the experiment was wrong, but it could have happened.', 'start': 4946.569, 'duration': 10.007}, {'end': 4962.64, 'text': 'It could have happened that we got lucky, and this experiment was able to make direct measurements.', 'start': 4957.997, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 4966.983, 'text': 'Certainly would have been measurements of quantum gravity, if not string theory.', 'start': 4963.54, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 4974.656, 'text': "So it's a very logical possibility that we could get experimental evidence from string.", 'start': 4968.072, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 4982.94, 'text': "That is a very different thing than saying do this experiment, here's a billion dollars and after you do it,", 'start': 4975.096, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 4984.621, 'text': "we'll know whether or not strings are real.", 'start': 4982.94, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 4987.423, 'text': "But I think it's a crucial difference.", 'start': 4985.562, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 4996.928, 'text': "It's measurable in principle, and we don't see how to get from here to there.", 'start': 4988.703, 'duration': 8.225}, {'end': 5009.239, 'text': "If we see how to get from here to there, in my eyes, it's boring, right? So when I was a graduate student, they knew how to measure the Higgs boson.", 'start': 4998.891, 'duration': 10.348}, {'end': 5015.683, 'text': 'It took 40 years, but they did it.', 'start': 5011.981, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 5018.405, 'text': 'Not to say that stuff is boring.', 'start': 5017.244, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'Hope for evidence of string theory in experimental measurements, but uncertainty remains.', 'duration': 86.508, 'max_score': 4931.897, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4931897.jpg'}, {'end': 5147.622, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5114.78, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5123.027, 'text': "And it could happen that we I don't think we're gonna see the heterotic string spectrum at an accelerator,", 'start': 5114.78, 'duration': 8.247}, {'end': 5133.157, 'text': 'but it could be that things come around in an interesting way and somehow it comes together.', 'start': 5123.027, 'duration': 10.13}, {'end': 5141.079, 'text': "And the fact that we can't see to the end, isn't a reason not to do it.", 'start': 5133.177, 'duration': 7.902}, {'end': 5146.361, 'text': 'What did they do when they were trying to find the Pacific? They took every route.', 'start': 5141.139, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 5147.622, 'text': 'They just tried everything.', 'start': 5146.482, 'duration': 1.14}], 'summary': 'Exploring all routes in search for answers, despite uncertainty.', 'duration': 32.842, 'max_score': 5114.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw5114780.jpg'}], 'start': 4497.867, 'title': 'Physics, mathematics, and string theory challenges', 'summary': 'Explores lessons from stephen hawking, staying intellectually independent in physics, the relationship between physics and mathematics, and the challenges of measuring string theory, emphasizing the need for diverse approaches and perseverance in pursuit of experimental evidence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4896.934, 'start': 4497.867, 'title': 'Physics, mathematics, and discovery', 'summary': 'Delves into the lessons learned from working with stephen hawking, the challenges of staying intellectually independent in the physics community, the relationship between physics and mathematics, and the intriguing nature of mathematical objects in the physical world.', 'duration': 399.067, 'highlights': ['Stephen Hawking as a great teacher, learning about relativity and passion for problem-solving.', 'The culture of physics cherishing disagreement and the pressure of the community in different fields.', 'The difference between physics and mathematics, the service of mathematics in physics, and the belief in their fundamental connection.', 'The fascination with questions that can be answered and the challenges of experimental validation in string theory and the multiverse.']}, {'end': 5174.063, 'start': 4898.078, 'title': 'Challenges of measuring string theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of measuring string theory, citing past attempts and the potential for future breakthroughs, while emphasizing the need for diverse approaches and perseverance in the pursuit of experimental evidence.', 'duration': 275.985, 'highlights': ['The difficulty of measuring string theory is highlighted through past instances, such as the failed attempt to observe a string in the sky and the erroneous results of the BICEP2 experiment.', 'The potential for lucky breakthroughs is mentioned, with the acknowledgment that experimental evidence for string theory or quantum gravity could emerge despite the challenges.', 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of diverse approaches and perseverance in exploring different routes and methods to potentially connect string theory to the real world, drawing parallels to historical explorations.', 'The uncertainty and complexity of the journey towards understanding string theory and black holes is compared to historical explorations, emphasizing the need for perseverance and the pursuit of different routes.', 'The speaker emphasizes the need for diverse approaches in exploring string theory, citing the importance of individuals pursuing different routes and potential collaboration if promising discoveries are made.']}], 'duration': 676.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw4497867.jpg', 'highlights': ['Stephen Hawking as a great teacher, learning about relativity and passion for problem-solving.', 'The culture of physics cherishing disagreement and the pressure of the community in different fields.', 'The fascination with questions that can be answered and the challenges of experimental validation in string theory and the multiverse.', 'The difference between physics and mathematics, the service of mathematics in physics, and the belief in their fundamental connection.', 'The difficulty of measuring string theory is highlighted through past instances, such as the failed attempt to observe a string in the sky and the erroneous results of the BICEP2 experiment.', 'The potential for lucky breakthroughs is mentioned, with the acknowledgment that experimental evidence for string theory or quantum gravity could emerge despite the challenges.', 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of diverse approaches and perseverance in exploring different routes and methods to potentially connect string theory to the real world, drawing parallels to historical explorations.', 'The uncertainty and complexity of the journey towards understanding string theory and black holes is compared to historical explorations, emphasizing the need for perseverance and the pursuit of different routes.', 'The speaker emphasizes the need for diverse approaches in exploring string theory, citing the importance of individuals pursuing different routes and potential collaboration if promising discoveries are made.']}, {'end': 6010.532, 'segs': [{'end': 5304.828, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5255.02, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5262.409, 'text': 'And having these ideas around, Like the ideas of panpsychists that consciousness could be a fundamental force of nature.', 'start': 5255.02, 'duration': 7.389}, {'end': 5271.442, 'text': 'Just even having that crazy idea, swimming around in the background, could really spark something where you were missing something completely.', 'start': 5263.07, 'duration': 8.372}, {'end': 5278.389, 'text': "And it's just, that's where the philosophy done right, I think, is very useful.", 'start': 5272.847, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 5285.712, 'text': "That's where even the you know these thought experiments, which is very fun, in sort of the tech sci-fi world that we live in, a simulation.", 'start': 5278.649, 'duration': 7.063}, {'end': 5298.062, 'text': 'that, taking a perspective of the universe as a computer, as a computational system that processes information, which is a pretty intuitive notion,', 'start': 5285.712, 'duration': 12.35}, {'end': 5304.828, 'text': 'but you can just even reframing it that way for yourself could really open up some different way of thinking.', 'start': 5298.062, 'duration': 6.766}], 'summary': 'Exploring the idea of consciousness as a fundamental force can spark new perspectives and insights, enhancing philosophical understanding.', 'duration': 49.808, 'max_score': 5255.02, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw5255020.jpg'}, {'end': 5429.443, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5350.265, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5355.828, 'text': "And physicists, I guess, don't know what to do with that, don't know what to do with cellular automata.", 'start': 5350.265, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 5364.612, 'text': 'Because you can describe the simple rules that govern the system, how complexity can emerge, like incredible complexity.', 'start': 5356.308, 'duration': 8.304}, {'end': 5370.475, 'text': "Of course, Wolfram's version of that is that physicists will never be able to describe.", 'start': 5366.573, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 5372.833, 'text': 'Right, yeah, exactly.', 'start': 5371.252, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 5374.573, 'text': "He tries to prove that it's impossible.", 'start': 5372.853, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 5375.974, 'text': 'What do you make of that?', 'start': 5375.273, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 5383.416, 'text': 'What do you make about the tension of being a physicist and potentially not being able to?', 'start': 5376.014, 'duration': 7.402}, {'end': 5390.458, 'text': "it's like Freud or somebody that maybe Sigmund Freud, that maybe you'll never be able to actually describe the human psyche.", 'start': 5383.416, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 5398.421, 'text': 'Is that a possibility for you? That you will never be able to get to the core, fundamental description of the laws of nature??', 'start': 5392.159, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 5407.382, 'text': 'yeah, so i had this conversation with weinberg.', 'start': 5401.514, 'duration': 5.868}, {'end': 5410.686, 'text': "yeah, how'd it go?", 'start': 5407.382, 'duration': 3.304}, {'end': 5414.992, 'text': 'so weinberg has this book called dreams of a final theory.', 'start': 5410.686, 'duration': 4.306}, {'end': 5418.136, 'text': 'yeah, and i had this conversation with him.', 'start': 5414.992, 'duration': 3.144}, {'end': 5423.54, 'text': "i said why do you think there's ever going to be a final theory??", 'start': 5418.136, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 5425.441, 'text': 'Why should there ever be a final theory??', 'start': 5423.78, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5426.561, 'text': 'I mean, what does that mean??', 'start': 5425.481, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 5428.262, 'text': 'Do physics departments shut down??', 'start': 5426.601, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5429.443, 'text': "We've solved everything?", 'start': 5428.322, 'duration': 1.121}], 'summary': 'Physicists discuss the challenge of describing complex systems with simple rules and the possibility of never achieving a final theory.', 'duration': 79.178, 'max_score': 5350.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw5350265.jpg'}, {'end': 5911.644, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5880.899, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5887.997, 'text': 'And the fact that the universe seems to have a beginning defies everything we know and love.', 'start': 5880.899, 'duration': 7.098}, {'end': 5902.361, 'text': 'right?. Because one of the basic principles of physics is determinism that the past follows from the present follows from the past,', 'start': 5887.997, 'duration': 14.364}, {'end': 5905.162, 'text': 'the future follows from the present, so on.', 'start': 5902.361, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 5911.644, 'text': 'But if you have the origin of the universe, if you have a Big Bang, that means before that, there was nothing.', 'start': 5906.482, 'duration': 5.162}], 'summary': "The universe's beginning challenges the principle of determinism in physics.", 'duration': 30.745, 'max_score': 5880.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw5880899.jpg'}], 'start': 5174.083, 'title': 'Philosophy and complexity in 21st century physics', 'summary': 'Explores the role of philosophical questions in scientific exploration, emphasizing diverse perspectives. it also delves into the challenges of understanding complexity, pursuing a theory of everything in physics, and the implications of the big bang, providing insights for scientific inquiry.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5304.828, 'start': 5174.083, 'title': 'The role of philosophy in 21st century physics', 'summary': 'Delves into the significance of philosophical questions in scientific exploration, particularly in the context of consciousness and the potential influence of philosophical ideas on physics, emphasizing the value of diverse perspectives in sparking new scientific insights.', 'duration': 130.745, 'highlights': ['The significance of philosophical questions in scientific exploration is highlighted, particularly in the context of consciousness and its potential impact on physics.', 'The potential influence of philosophical ideas, such as panpsychism, on physics and the value of diverse perspectives in sparking new scientific insights.', 'The idea that consciousness could be a fundamental force of nature is discussed, emphasizing the potential impact of radical philosophical ideas on scientific discovery.', 'The importance of diverse perspectives and philosophical ideas in sparking new scientific insights and potential impact on physics exploration.', 'The concept of viewing the universe as a computational system that processes information is discussed, highlighting the potential for diverse perspectives to open up new ways of thinking.']}, {'end': 6010.532, 'start': 5306.19, 'title': 'Physics, complexity, and the quest for a theory of everything', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of understanding the emergence of complexity from simple rules, the pursuit of a final theory in physics, the potential limitations of string theory, the balance between predicting and understanding natural laws, and the possibility of reaching a theory of everything, while also exploring the difficulty in understanding the origin of the universe and the implications of the big bang.', 'duration': 704.342, 'highlights': ["The pursuit of a final theory in physics and the potential limitations of string theory The conversation addresses the concept of a final theory in physics, questioning whether it is attainable and expressing skepticism about string theory's ability to provide a comprehensive explanation.", 'Understanding the emergence of complexity from simple rules Discusses the beauty and challenge of cellular automata, highlighting the difficulty in comprehending the incredible complexity that can emerge from simple rules.', 'Balancing between predicting and understanding natural laws The chapter delves into the balance between the ability to predict natural phenomena and the deeper understanding of the underlying laws, emphasizing the significance of both aspects in physics.', "Challenges in understanding the origin of the universe and the implications of the Big Bang The difficulty in comprehending the origin of the universe, especially in the context of the Big Bang theory, is explored, highlighting the fundamental challenges and the concept of reverse engineering the universe's history."]}], 'duration': 836.449, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw5174083.jpg', 'highlights': ['The significance of philosophical questions in scientific exploration is highlighted, particularly in the context of consciousness and its potential impact on physics.', 'The potential influence of philosophical ideas, such as panpsychism, on physics and the value of diverse perspectives in sparking new scientific insights.', 'The idea that consciousness could be a fundamental force of nature is discussed, emphasizing the potential impact of radical philosophical ideas on scientific discovery.', 'The importance of diverse perspectives and philosophical ideas in sparking new scientific insights and potential impact on physics exploration.', 'The concept of viewing the universe as a computational system that processes information is discussed, highlighting the potential for diverse perspectives to open up new ways of thinking.', "The pursuit of a final theory in physics and the potential limitations of string theory The conversation addresses the concept of a final theory in physics, questioning whether it is attainable and expressing skepticism about string theory's ability to provide a comprehensive explanation.", 'Understanding the emergence of complexity from simple rules Discusses the beauty and challenge of cellular automata, highlighting the difficulty in comprehending the incredible complexity that can emerge from simple rules.', 'Balancing between predicting and understanding natural laws The chapter delves into the balance between the ability to predict natural phenomena and the deeper understanding of the underlying laws, emphasizing the significance of both aspects in physics.', "Challenges in understanding the origin of the universe and the implications of the Big Bang The difficulty in comprehending the origin of the universe, especially in the context of the Big Bang theory, is explored, highlighting the fundamental challenges and the concept of reverse engineering the universe's history."]}, {'end': 7319.315, 'segs': [{'end': 6043.769, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6011.533, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6018.7, 'text': "But if the past was nothing, how are you ever gonna reverse engineer to nothing? That's hard to do.", 'start': 6011.533, 'duration': 7.167}, {'end': 6025.446, 'text': 'Run up against the nothing, right? Until you have mathematical models that break down nicely to where you can actually start to infer things.', 'start': 6018.78, 'duration': 6.666}, {'end': 6031.403, 'text': "Let's work on it.", 'start': 6030.723, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 6038.186, 'text': 'Maybe, but people have tried to do things like that.', 'start': 6034.545, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 6039.347, 'text': 'Yeah, and have not succeeded.', 'start': 6038.246, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 6043.769, 'text': "It's not something that we're getting A pluses in.", 'start': 6040.167, 'duration': 3.602}], 'summary': 'Challenges in reverse engineering with mathematical models and no success', 'duration': 32.236, 'max_score': 6011.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6011533.jpg'}, {'end': 6198.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6169.364, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6179.331, 'text': "So what we'd like to do—and indeed there is some rather concrete work in this direction, though again I would say,", 'start': 6169.364, 'duration': 9.967}, {'end': 6198.163, 'text': "even within our stringing community we're not getting A-pluses on these efforts—but what we'd like to do is to see examples in which the extra space-time dimension is time.", 'start': 6179.331, 'duration': 18.832}, {'end': 6198.964, 'text': 'In other words,', 'start': 6198.464, 'duration': 0.5}], 'summary': 'Efforts to explore extra time dimension in string community need improvement', 'duration': 29.6, 'max_score': 6169.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6169364.jpg'}, {'end': 6478.935, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6406.195, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6419.658, 'text': 'that is both shaping the future of improved black hole photographs.', 'start': 6406.195, 'duration': 13.463}, {'end': 6426.459, 'text': "What do you want to concentrate on in the photograph? You just point it at the sky and click? No, you don't do that.", 'start': 6420.078, 'duration': 6.381}, {'end': 6429.24, 'text': 'You optimize for various features.', 'start': 6426.519, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 6445.184, 'text': "And it's both shaping that and in the process of talking to them and thinking about how light behaves around a black hole.", 'start': 6430.44, 'duration': 14.744}, {'end': 6450.266, 'text': 'black holes just have so many magic tricks and they do so many weird things.', 'start': 6445.184, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 6454.287, 'text': 'And the photon ring is among the weirdest of them.', 'start': 6451.186, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 6462.532, 'text': 'We understood this photon ring and in the process of this we said hey,', 'start': 6455.183, 'duration': 7.349}, {'end': 6473.064, 'text': 'this photon ring has got to be telling us something about the puzzle of where the holographic plate is.', 'start': 6462.532, 'duration': 10.532}, {'end': 6478.935, 'text': 'outside of a ordinary astrophysical black hole.', 'start': 6475.791, 'duration': 3.144}], 'summary': 'Research on black hole photography shaping the future with insights on photon ring behavior and holographic plate location.', 'duration': 72.74, 'max_score': 6406.195, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6406195.jpg'}, {'end': 6563.057, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6528.438, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6538.861, 'text': "So the form of the image has a lot of unknowns in it that it's dependent on many other things other than the geometry of the black hole.", 'start': 6528.438, 'duration': 10.423}, {'end': 6545.803, 'text': "So most of what you're learning is about the stuff.", 'start': 6540.341, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 6548.833, 'text': 'Now the stuff.', 'start': 6547.233, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 6560.196, 'text': "the swirling stuff, the hot swirling stuff, is interesting as hell, but it's not as interesting as the black hole, which are the most, in my view,", 'start': 6548.833, 'duration': 11.363}, {'end': 6563.057, 'text': 'the most interesting things in the universe.', 'start': 6560.196, 'duration': 2.861}], 'summary': 'The swirling stuff around the black hole is interesting, but the black hole itself is the most fascinating entity in the universe.', 'duration': 34.619, 'max_score': 6528.438, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6528438.jpg'}, {'end': 6964.613, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6941.593, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6949.359, 'text': 'Like two biological systems discussing which level of curvature is required to rip apart said biological system.', 'start': 6941.593, 'duration': 7.766}, {'end': 6950.38, 'text': 'Very well.', 'start': 6950, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 6957.206, 'text': 'So you propose in the paper that a photon ring of a warped black hole is indeed part of the black hole hologram.', 'start': 6951.741, 'duration': 5.465}, {'end': 6964.613, 'text': 'A photon ring of a warped black hole is indeed part of the black hole hologram.', 'start': 6958.829, 'duration': 5.784}], 'summary': "Paper proposes warped black hole's photon ring is part of its hologram", 'duration': 23.02, 'max_score': 6941.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6941593.jpg'}, {'end': 7104.649, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7070.726, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7078.333, 'text': 'We put it out there and it does seem more plausible than the idea that it sits literally at the horizon.', 'start': 7070.726, 'duration': 7.607}, {'end': 7089.403, 'text': 'And it is a big outstanding problem of how you have a holographic reconstruction of black holes like M87.', 'start': 7078.914, 'duration': 10.489}, {'end': 7104.649, 'text': 'Do you think there could be further experimental data that helps explore some of these ideas that you have for photon rings and holographic plates through imaging and through higher and higher resolution images,', 'start': 7091.184, 'duration': 13.465}], 'summary': 'Exploring holographic reconstruction of black holes like m87 using experimental data and higher resolution imaging.', 'duration': 33.923, 'max_score': 7070.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7070726.jpg'}, {'end': 7291.263, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 7201.1, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7202.461, 'text': "you know, we don't know where we're going.", 'start': 7201.1, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7205.443, 'text': 'We just gotta like do everything.', 'start': 7202.481, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7210.423, 'text': 'Let me ask you another sort of philosophical type question, but not really actually.', 'start': 7206.142, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 7218.266, 'text': "It seems that thought experiments are used, so it's not just mathematics that makes progress in theoretical physics, but thought experiments do.", 'start': 7212.104, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 7220.246, 'text': 'They did for Einstein as well.', 'start': 7218.286, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 7223.647, 'text': 'They did for a lot of great physicists throughout history.', 'start': 7220.666, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 7225.628, 'text': 'Over the years?', 'start': 7224.367, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 7239.979, 'text': 'how has your ability to generate thought experiments or just your intuition about some of these weird things like quantum mechanics or strength theory or quantum gravity or even general relativity?', 'start': 7225.628, 'duration': 14.351}, {'end': 7241.821, 'text': "How's your intuition improved over the years??", 'start': 7240.019, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 7243.723, 'text': 'Have you been able to make progress??', 'start': 7242.042, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 7256.631, 'text': 'The hard part in physics is most problems are, uh, either doable.', 'start': 7244.044, 'duration': 12.587}, {'end': 7257.311, 'text': 'most problems,', 'start': 7256.631, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 7269.215, 'text': "the theoretical calculation that a theoretical physicist would do there there's no end of problems whose answer is uninteresting can be solved.", 'start': 7257.311, 'duration': 11.904}, {'end': 7273.396, 'text': 'but the answer is uninteresting.', 'start': 7269.215, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 7283.538, 'text': "there's also no end of problems that are very interesting, some of which you've asked me, but we don't have a clue how to solve them.", 'start': 7273.396, 'duration': 10.142}, {'end': 7291.263, 'text': 'And when first presented with a problem, almost every problem is one or the other.', 'start': 7286.22, 'duration': 5.043}], 'summary': "Physics progress through thought experiments like einstein's, but many interesting problems remain unsolved.", 'duration': 90.163, 'max_score': 7201.1, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7201100.jpg'}, {'end': 7239.979, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7202.481, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7205.443, 'text': 'We just gotta like do everything.', 'start': 7202.481, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7210.423, 'text': 'Let me ask you another sort of philosophical type question, but not really actually.', 'start': 7206.142, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 7218.266, 'text': "It seems that thought experiments are used, so it's not just mathematics that makes progress in theoretical physics, but thought experiments do.", 'start': 7212.104, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 7220.246, 'text': 'They did for Einstein as well.', 'start': 7218.286, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 7223.647, 'text': 'They did for a lot of great physicists throughout history.', 'start': 7220.666, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 7225.628, 'text': 'Over the years?', 'start': 7224.367, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 7239.979, 'text': 'how has your ability to generate thought experiments or just your intuition about some of these weird things like quantum mechanics or strength theory or quantum gravity or even general relativity?', 'start': 7225.628, 'duration': 14.351}], 'summary': 'Thought experiments drive progress in theoretical physics, including for einstein, and continue to influence physicists today.', 'duration': 37.498, 'max_score': 7202.481, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7202481.jpg'}], 'start': 6011.533, 'title': 'Theoretical physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the emergence of space and time, understanding photon rings around black holes, black hole photon rings and holographic plates, and interactions in theoretical physics, with insights into the challenges and breakthroughs in theoretical physics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6262.864, 'start': 6011.533, 'title': 'The emergence of space and time', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in reversing engineering to nothing and explores the potential emergence of time, with speculations about the future answers in theoretical physics and the pursuit of examples with time as an extra space-time dimension.', 'duration': 251.331, 'highlights': ['The challenges in reversing engineering to nothing and the mathematical models required to infer things. The chapter discusses the difficulty in reverse engineering to nothing, requiring mathematical models to infer things.', 'Speculations about the potential answers in theoretical physics and the fields that could lead to them, including gravitational waves, black hole investigations, simulation of universes, and high energy physics experiments. The chapter speculates about the potential future answers in theoretical physics and the fields that could lead to them, including gravitational waves, black hole investigations, simulation of universes, and high energy physics experiments.', 'The exploration of time as emergent, with a review of what it means for space to be emergent and the desire to find examples where the extra space-time dimension is time. The chapter explores the emergence of time, reviews the concept of emergent space, and expresses the desire to find examples where the extra space-time dimension is time.']}, {'end': 6941.273, 'start': 6264.935, 'title': 'Understanding photon rings around black holes', 'summary': "Discusses the co-authored paper on photon rings around black holes, focusing on the intricate structure of the photon ring, the collaboration's breakthrough in understanding the behavior of light around black holes, and the significance of learning about black holes through subsequent images formed by orbiting photons.", 'duration': 676.338, 'highlights': ["The collaboration's breakthrough in understanding the behavior of light around black holes The chapter highlights the collaboration's breakthrough in understanding the behavior of light around black holes, which has led to shaping the future of improved black hole photographs and provides a wonderful way to learn about the black hole, utilizing Einstein's theory.", 'The significance of learning about black holes through subsequent images formed by orbiting photons The significance of learning about black holes through subsequent images formed by orbiting photons is emphasized, discussing the process of teasing out the subsequent images and looking at their relation to understand the geometry and spin of the black hole.', 'The intricate structure of the photon ring The chapter delves into the intricate self-similar structure of the photon ring, addressing the characteristics of a photon ring and its role in providing insights into the puzzle of where the holographic plate is outside of ordinary astrophysical black holes.']}, {'end': 7109.411, 'start': 6941.593, 'title': 'Black hole photon rings and holographic plates', 'summary': 'Discusses the proposal that the photon ring of a warped black hole is part of the black hole hologram, exploring the idea and its implications, with evidence from soluble examples in lower dimensions and the potential impact on holographic reconstruction of black holes like m87.', 'duration': 167.818, 'highlights': ['The proposal that the photon ring of a warped black hole is part of the black hole hologram, with evidence from soluble examples in lower dimensions, challenges the previous belief that the holographic plate sat at the horizon of the black hole.', 'The exploration of the idea and implications of the photon ring being part of the black hole hologram, presenting it as a more plausible concept than the previous belief that it sits literally at the horizon, poses a big outstanding problem of holographic reconstruction of black holes like M87.', 'The discussion of the potential impact on holographic reconstruction of black holes like M87 raises questions about further experimental data to explore these ideas through imaging and higher resolution, although the speaker expresses skepticism about the possibility of obtaining such data.']}, {'end': 7319.315, 'start': 7110.071, 'title': 'Interactions in theoretical physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the interaction between theorists and observers in theoretical physics, emphasizing the importance of thought experiments and the challenges of finding problems that are both solvable and interesting.', 'duration': 209.244, 'highlights': ['The interaction between theorists and observers in theoretical physics, including the importance of thought experiments and the challenges of finding interesting and solvable problems.', 'The value of interactions with philosophers and mathematicians in theoretical physics.', 'The significance of thought experiments in making progress in theoretical physics, as exemplified by the history of great physicists like Einstein.']}], 'duration': 1307.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw6011533.jpg', 'highlights': ["The collaboration's breakthrough in understanding the behavior of light around black holes has shaped the future of improved black hole photographs.", 'The intricate self-similar structure of the photon ring provides insights into the puzzle of where the holographic plate is outside of ordinary astrophysical black holes.', 'The exploration of time as emergent and the desire to find examples where the extra space-time dimension is time.', 'The challenges in reversing engineering to nothing and the mathematical models required to infer things.', 'The proposal that the photon ring of a warped black hole is part of the black hole hologram, with evidence from soluble examples in lower dimensions.', 'The significance of learning about black holes through subsequent images formed by orbiting photons and their relation to understand the geometry and spin of the black hole.', 'The value of interactions with philosophers and mathematicians in theoretical physics.', 'The discussion of the potential impact on holographic reconstruction of black holes like M87 raises questions about further experimental data to explore these ideas through imaging and higher resolution.']}, {'end': 8365.079, 'segs': [{'end': 7380.029, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7319.675, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7324.056, 'text': "In some deep sense, that's where timing is everything with physics, with science, with discovery.", 'start': 7319.675, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 7324.696, 'text': 'With timing.', 'start': 7324.076, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 7335.479, 'text': 'I mean, I think earlier in my career, I erred more on the side of problems that were not solvable.', 'start': 7325.116, 'duration': 10.363}, {'end': 7337.519, 'text': 'The ambition of youth.', 'start': 7336.539, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 7344.073, 'text': 'What made you fall in love with physics at first?', 'start': 7339.83, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 7347.155, 'text': 'if we can go back to the early days?', 'start': 7344.073, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 7351.378, 'text': 'You said black holes were there in the beginning, but what made you?', 'start': 7347.195, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 7353.259, 'text': 'do you remember what really made you fall in love?', 'start': 7351.378, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 7358.565, 'text': "I wanted to reach nirvana and I sort of realized that wasn't going to happen.", 'start': 7354.259, 'duration': 4.306}, {'end': 7365.673, 'text': "And then after that, I wanted to know the meaning of life, and I realized I probably wasn't going to figure that out.", 'start': 7358.605, 'duration': 7.068}, {'end': 7380.029, 'text': "And then I wanted to understand and justice and socialism and world things and couldn't figure those out either.", 'start': 7365.733, 'duration': 14.296}], 'summary': "Timing is crucial in physics and science discovery. ambition led to unattainable problems. failed to find answers to life's big questions.", 'duration': 60.354, 'max_score': 7319.675, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7319675.jpg'}, {'end': 7475.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7438.148, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7443.251, 'text': 'towards theoretical physics, towards the tools of physics, towards this really fascinating world of theoretical physics?', 'start': 7438.148, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 7457.081, 'text': "Well, I wouldn't add nostalgia to it because it's not like a..", 'start': 7445.493, 'duration': 11.588}, {'end': 7475.105, 'text': "you know, a summer in Italy or something, it's like there's results that are there that people are, and that's what's so gratifying.", 'start': 7459.659, 'duration': 15.446}], 'summary': 'Fascination with theoretical physics and its gratifying results.', 'duration': 36.957, 'max_score': 7438.148, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7438148.jpg'}, {'end': 7682.086, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7656.946, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7664.249, 'text': "So there's a lot of people that glorify, like the early days of string theory and that you know all the But you're saying,", 'start': 7656.946, 'duration': 7.303}, {'end': 7671.611, 'text': 'like this to you might be one of, if not the most exciting times to be a theoretical physicist.', 'start': 7664.249, 'duration': 7.362}, {'end': 7677.799, 'text': "When the alien civilizations find years from now that visit Earth, we'll look back.", 'start': 7672.671, 'duration': 5.128}, {'end': 7682.086, 'text': "they'll think the 21st century, some of the biggest discoveries ever, were made in the 21st century.", 'start': 7677.799, 'duration': 4.287}], 'summary': 'Theoretical physicists find 21st century most exciting with major discoveries.', 'duration': 25.14, 'max_score': 7656.946, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7656946.jpg'}, {'end': 7795.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7766.568, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7770.85, 'text': "I mean to me it's super interesting to think about aliens from a perspective of physics,", 'start': 7766.568, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 7777.852, 'text': "because so any intelligent civilization is going to be contending with the ideas, but you're trying to understand the world around it.", 'start': 7770.85, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 7784.544, 'text': 'So I think that the universe is filled with alien civilizations.', 'start': 7779.361, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 7790.328, 'text': "So they all have their physicists, right? They're all trying to understand the world around them.", 'start': 7785.165, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 7795.23, 'text': "And it's just interesting to me to imagine all these different perspectives, all these different Einsteins.", 'start': 7790.788, 'duration': 4.442}], 'summary': 'The universe may be filled with alien civilizations contending with physics and trying to understand the world around them.', 'duration': 28.662, 'max_score': 7766.568, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7766568.jpg'}, {'end': 7912.038, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7874.853, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7876.634, 'text': "There's something we're just deeply missing,", 'start': 7874.853, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 7885.618, 'text': "whether it's like fundamental limitations of our cognitive abilities or just because our tools are too primitive right now, or like the way we.", 'start': 7876.634, 'duration': 8.984}, {'end': 7891.421, 'text': "it's, like you said, like the ideas seem trivial once you've figured it all out looking back.", 'start': 7885.618, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 7901.396, 'text': "Yeah That kind of makes me sad, because there could be so much beauty in the world we're not seeing, because we're too dumb.", 'start': 7892.081, 'duration': 9.315}, {'end': 7902.876, 'text': 'There surely is.', 'start': 7901.976, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 7912.038, 'text': "And that's, I guess, the process of science and physics is to keep exploring, to keep exploring to find the thing that will, in a century,", 'start': 7903.437, 'duration': 8.601}], 'summary': 'Exploring limitations of cognitive abilities and primitive tools to uncover unseen beauty in the world.', 'duration': 37.185, 'max_score': 7874.853, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7874853.jpg'}, {'end': 8136.043, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8099.017, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8105.044, 'text': "Maybe that sped it up by a year or two years, but by now we'd have nuclear weapons.", 'start': 8099.017, 'duration': 6.027}, {'end': 8110.236, 'text': "It's something that So the ideas have momentum and that they're unstoppable.", 'start': 8105.524, 'duration': 4.712}, {'end': 8118.898, 'text': 'Right The possibility of making nuclear weapons was discovered, right? It was there before.', 'start': 8111.156, 'duration': 7.742}, {'end': 8122.539, 'text': "It's not like somebody made it right?", 'start': 8119.939, 'duration': 2.6}, {'end': 8136.043, 'text': 'Without Picasso, there would never have been a Guernica, but without Oppenheimer, there would surely have still been an atom bomb.', 'start': 8126.02, 'duration': 10.023}], 'summary': 'Discovery of nuclear weapons accelerated, ideas have momentum, and were unstoppable.', 'duration': 37.026, 'max_score': 8099.017, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw8099017.jpg'}, {'end': 8212.95, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8184.134, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 8186.237, 'text': 'how to you have a bunch of benchmarks.', 'start': 8184.134, 'duration': 2.103}, {'end': 8192.125, 'text': "you try to make them perform better and better and better, and all of a sudden you have a system that's able to outsmart people.", 'start': 8186.237, 'duration': 5.888}, {'end': 8195.547, 'text': "It's now able to be used in geopolitics.", 'start': 8193.286, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 8202.949, 'text': "It's able to create super intelligent bots that are able to at scale control the belief of a population of people.", 'start': 8195.947, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 8204.808, 'text': 'And now you can have world wars.', 'start': 8203.349, 'duration': 1.459}, {'end': 8207.83, 'text': 'You can have a lot of really risky instabilities.', 'start': 8204.829, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 8208.41, 'text': "They're incredible.", 'start': 8207.85, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 8209.469, 'text': 'They really are incredible.', 'start': 8208.43, 'duration': 1.039}, {'end': 8212.95, 'text': 'And so just like there is some responsibility.', 'start': 8209.53, 'duration': 3.42}], 'summary': 'Improving benchmarks can lead to super intelligent bots, geopolitical influence, and risky instabilities.', 'duration': 28.816, 'max_score': 8184.134, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw8184134.jpg'}, {'end': 8265.245, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8231.73, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 8247.438, 'text': "What is the responsible way to serve society when you're sort of accidentally in this position of being at the forefront of a development that has a huge impact on society?", 'start': 8231.73, 'duration': 15.708}, {'end': 8255.962, 'text': "I don't see my work a likelihood of having a huge impact on the development of society itself.", 'start': 8248.498, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 8265.245, 'text': 'But if I were you, working on AI, I think that there is a possibility there.', 'start': 8256.822, 'duration': 8.423}], 'summary': 'Navigating the societal impact of ai development.', 'duration': 33.515, 'max_score': 8231.73, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw8231730.jpg'}], 'start': 7319.675, 'title': 'Physics and societal impact', 'summary': "Delves into timing in scientific discovery, problem-solving evolution, and the motivation behind loving physics. it discusses string theory, excitement in modern physics, alien civilizations, and limits of human intelligence. additionally, it explores the influence of mathematical discoveries on extraterrestrial life, scientists' responsibility in nuclear weapons and ai development, and the impact of ideas on society.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7505.834, 'start': 7319.675, 'title': 'Timing and ambition in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of timing in scientific discovery, the evolution of problem-solving approach, and the motivation behind falling in love with physics, while emphasizing the gratification of contributing to theoretical physics without seeking long-term recognition.', 'duration': 186.159, 'highlights': ["The significance of timing in scientific discovery and problem-solving approach is emphasized, reflecting on the evolution of problem-solving approach earlier in the speaker's career. Significance of timing in scientific discovery, evolution of problem-solving approach", "The speaker's initial motivations for falling in love with physics are discussed, including the pursuit of understanding life's meaning and justice, reflecting on the evolution of problem-solving approach in adolescence. Initial motivations for falling in love with physics, pursuit of understanding life's meaning and justice", "The gratification of contributing to theoretical physics without seeking long-term recognition or remembrance of one's name is highlighted, emphasizing the enjoyment of the exploration of ideas themselves. Gratification of contributing to theoretical physics, enjoyment of the exploration of ideas"]}, {'end': 7938.397, 'start': 7505.894, 'title': 'The future of physics and alien civilizations', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of string theory being verified, the excitement of modern physics, the existence of alien civilizations, and the limitations of human intelligence in understanding the universe.', 'duration': 432.503, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the possibility of string theory being verified Strominger mentions that people might say he made a giant mistake of platforming a wild-eyed physicist, indicating the possibility of string theory being proven false.', 'The excitement of modern physics Strominger expresses his excitement about the current discoveries in physics, stating that it might be one of the most exciting times to be a theoretical physicist.', 'The existence of alien civilizations The conversation delves into the potential existence of alien civilizations, with Strominger expressing that it is a logical possibility and that the universe might be filled with alien civilizations, each contending with understanding the world around them.', 'The limitations of human intelligence in understanding the universe The limitations of human intelligence in comprehending phenomena, such as alien intelligence or other fascinating physical phenomena, are discussed, highlighting the possibility that humans may be too close-minded or limited by their cognitive abilities to perceive the beauty in the universe.']}, {'end': 8365.079, 'start': 7941.679, 'title': 'The impact of ideas on society', 'summary': 'Explores the implications of mathematical discoveries for potential extraterrestrial life, the responsibility of scientists in the development of nuclear weapons and artificial intelligence, and the influence of ideas on societal impact.', 'duration': 423.4, 'highlights': ['The possibility of making nuclear weapons was discovered before brilliant physicists were involved, revealing the unstoppable momentum of ideas. Nuclear weapons were already a possibility before the involvement of brilliant physicists like Oppenheimer, highlighting the momentum of ideas.', 'The responsibility of scientists in influencing societal development and the need to consider the impact of their work, particularly in the field of artificial intelligence, is emphasized. Scientists, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, have a responsibility to consider the societal impact of their work.', 'The discussion delves into the potential risks and instabilities associated with the development of super intelligent bots and their impact on geopolitics and societal beliefs. The development of super intelligent bots poses risks to geopolitics and societal stability.']}], 'duration': 1045.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/y3cw_9ELpQw/pics/y3cw_9ELpQw7319675.jpg', 'highlights': ['Significance of timing in scientific discovery, evolution of problem-solving approach', "Initial motivations for falling in love with physics, pursuit of understanding life's meaning and justice", 'Gratification of contributing to theoretical physics, enjoyment of the exploration of ideas', 'The excitement of modern physics, one of the most exciting times to be a theoretical physicist', 'The existence of alien civilizations, logical possibility and the universe might be filled with alien civilizations', 'The limitations of human intelligence in comprehending phenomena, highlighting the possibility that humans may be too close-minded or limited by their cognitive abilities', 'Nuclear weapons were already a possibility before the involvement of brilliant physicists like Oppenheimer, highlighting the momentum of ideas', 'Scientists, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, have a responsibility to consider the societal impact of their work', 'The development of super intelligent bots poses risks to geopolitics and societal stability']}], 'highlights': ['Theoretical physicist Andrew Strominger at Harvard is part of the Harvard Black Hole Initiative, aiming to shed light on the unification of fundamental laws of nature, the origin of the universe, and the quantum structure of black holes and event horizons.', 'The concept of coordinate transformation in physics and its persistence as a point of confusion over a century is discussed.', "The discussion of the challenges in understanding spacetime includes the complexities of trajectory and instructions, the difficulties in labeling the edges of spacetime, and Einstein's earlier incorrect version of general relativity in 1914.", 'The pursuit of reconciling gravity with quantum mechanics has led to the proposal of string theory as a consistent reconciliation of these two theories, providing a potential unified theory of nature.', 'String theory offers a potential world involving strings that reconciles quantum mechanics and general relativity, resembling our own world.', 'The equivalence of different descriptions of black holes in string theory, including the concept of a holographic plate and its relation to solving the Hawking problem of information storage.', 'The fascination with questions that can be answered and the challenges of experimental validation in string theory and the multiverse.', 'The significance of philosophical questions in scientific exploration is highlighted, particularly in the context of consciousness and its potential impact on physics.', "The collaboration's breakthrough in understanding the behavior of light around black holes has shaped the future of improved black hole photographs.", 'The excitement of modern physics, one of the most exciting times to be a theoretical physicist']}