title
Konstantin Batygin: Planet 9 and the Edge of Our Solar System | Lex Fridman Podcast #201

description
Konstantin Batygin is a planetary astrophysicist at Caltech. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Squarespace: https://lexfridman.com/squarespace and use code LEX to get 10% off - Literati: https://literati.com/lex - Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off - National Instruments (NI): https://www.ni.com/perspectives EPISODE LINKS: Konstantin's Twitter https://twitter.com/kbatygin Konstantin's Website https://www.konstantinbatygin.com/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:18 - Overview of our Solar System 16:16 - What is the Oort Cloud? 21:11 - Life in the interstellar medium 22:44 - Are there aliens out there? 25:23 - How unique is Earth? 28:04 - Did Jupiter destroy early planets? 34:18 - How hard is it to simulate the Universe? 38:50 - Quantum mechanics in evolution of objects in the Solar system 43:17 - Simulating the first formations around the Sun 49:04 - Will it be possible to simulate the full history of the Solar System? 51:24 - How far should we go with the simulation? 53:45 - Increasing immersion in video games 1:00:10 - What is Planet Nine? 1:06:39 - The origin of life 1:09:03 - Evidence of Planet Nine 1:11:33 - Discovery of Neptune 1:12:43 - When will we find Planet Nine? 1:15:22 - Planet Nine throws rocks into the Kuiper Belt 1:19:17 - Could Planet Nine be a primordial black hole? 1:29:21 - Commercial space revolution boosts science and the human condition 1:36:48 - Solving sex in space 1:37:26 - Would humans evolve if we couldn't see the stars? 1:43:09 - Military funding and science 1:47:13 - Is Oumuamua space junk from a distant alien civilization? 2:00:35 - Wild ideas create the future 2:08:24 - The perfect place to die 2:10:05 - Greatest song of all time 2:16:35 - Music enables science for Konstantin 2:18:53 - Music practice tips for busy people 2:22:43 - Memories of 1990s Russia 2:29:15 - Advice for young people 2:35:11 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Konstantin Batygin: Planet 9 and the Edge of Our Solar System | Lex Fridman Podcast #201', 'heatmap': [{'end': 9582.553, 'start': 9496.489, 'weight': 0.97}], 'summary': "Konstantin batygin discusses the search for planet nine, statistical analysis supporting its hypothesis, chaotic weather patterns, the impact of human connection, potential evidence for planet nine's existence, future space exploration, interstellar objects, and immigrant's international journey.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1511.754, 'segs': [{'end': 101.727, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 72.21, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 77.454, 'text': "This is the Lex Friedman Podcast, and here's my conversation with Konstantin Batygin.", 'start': 72.21, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 88.112, 'text': 'What is Planet 9? Planet 9 is an object that we believe lives in the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune.', 'start': 78.979, 'duration': 9.133}, {'end': 95.822, 'text': 'It orbits the Sun with a period of about 10,000 years and is about five Earth masses.', 'start': 88.172, 'duration': 7.65}, {'end': 98.204, 'text': "So that's a hypothesized object.", 'start': 96.403, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 101.727, 'text': "There's some evidence for this kind of object.", 'start': 98.465, 'duration': 3.262}], 'summary': 'Planet 9 is a hypothesized object beyond neptune, with a 10,000-year orbit and approximately five earth masses.', 'duration': 29.517, 'max_score': 72.21, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k72210.jpg'}, {'end': 582.299, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 558.243, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 569.81, 'text': 'So if you do the exercise this way, the false alarm probability of the clustering on which the Planet 9 hypothesis is built is about 0.4%.', 'start': 558.243, 'duration': 11.567}, {'end': 571.932, 'text': "Wow Okay, so there's a million questions here.", 'start': 569.81, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 575.414, 'text': 'One. when you say bright objects, why are they bright?', 'start': 572.192, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 579.597, 'text': 'Are we talking about actual objects within the Kuiper Belt or the stuff we see through the Kuiper Belt?', 'start': 575.454, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 582.299, 'text': 'This is the actual stuff we see in the Kuiper Belt.', 'start': 579.697, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'The false alarm probability of the clustering on which the planet 9 hypothesis is built is about 0.4%.', 'duration': 24.056, 'max_score': 558.243, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k558243.jpg'}, {'end': 925.292, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 894.737, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 904.284, 'text': 'uh, with construction, and so that is just gonna sort of scan the night sky every day automatically.', 'start': 894.737, 'duration': 9.547}, {'end': 915.628, 'text': "And it's such an efficient survey that it might increase the census of the distant Kuiper Belt, the things that I'm interested in, by a factor of 100.", 'start': 904.404, 'duration': 11.224}, {'end': 917.729, 'text': 'I mean, that would be really cool.', 'start': 915.628, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 925.292, 'text': "And yeah, that's an incredible- I mean, they might just find Planet Nine.", 'start': 918.109, 'duration': 7.183}], 'summary': 'Efficient sky survey may increase kuiper belt census by 100x, possibly discovering planet nine.', 'duration': 30.555, 'max_score': 894.737, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k894737.jpg'}, {'end': 996.041, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 969.638, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 975.903, 'text': 'I was going to use this as a metaphor to somehow map it onto the human condition.', 'start': 969.638, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 977.505, 'text': 'Okay You mentioned the Kuiper Belt.', 'start': 976.043, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 985.651, 'text': "What's the Oort Cloud? If you look at the Neptune orbit as one, then the Kuiper Belt is like 1.3 out there.", 'start': 977.585, 'duration': 8.066}, {'end': 988.234, 'text': 'And then we get farther and farther into the darkness.', 'start': 985.832, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 996.041, 'text': "What happens? So, okay, you've got the main Kuiper belt, which is about, say, 1.3, 1.5.", 'start': 988.434, 'duration': 7.607}], 'summary': 'Discussion about kuiper belt and oort cloud, with approximate distances mentioned.', 'duration': 26.403, 'max_score': 969.638, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k969638.jpg'}, {'end': 1057.719, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1026.909, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1031.753, 'text': 'roughly speaking of about a thousand thousand times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.', 'start': 1026.909, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 1040.843, 'text': "wow, now, if you keep moving out, okay, eventually, once you're at sort of you know 10,000 to 100,000.", 'start': 1031.753, 'duration': 9.09}, {'end': 1042.866, 'text': "roughly that's where the Oort cloud is.", 'start': 1040.844, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 1050.292, 'text': 'Now the Oort cloud is a distinct population of icy bodies and is distinct from the Kuiper Belt.', 'start': 1043.487, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 1057.719, 'text': "In fact, it's so expansive that it ends roughly halfway between us and the next star.", 'start': 1050.352, 'duration': 7.367}], 'summary': 'The oort cloud is about 10,000 to 100,000 times the distance between the earth and the sun, reaching halfway to the next star.', 'duration': 30.81, 'max_score': 1026.909, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k1026909.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Search for planet nine', 'summary': 'Discusses the search for planet nine in the outer solar system, the hypothesized planet 9, statistical analysis supporting the planet 9 hypothesis, discovering kuiper belt objects, and the exploration of the oort cloud for potential extraterrestrial life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 71.43, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Search for planet nine', 'summary': "Discusses konstantin batygin's interest in the search for planet nine in the outer solar system, along with the vastness of the kuiper belt and the oort cloud, and the hope for human or ai exploration of the solar system's edge.", 'duration': 71.321, 'highlights': ["Konstantin Batygin's interest in the search for Planet Nine in the outer solar system", 'The vastness of the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, which extends over three light years', "The hope for human or AI exploration of the solar system's edge"]}, {'end': 469.435, 'start': 72.21, 'title': 'Planet 9 and the kuiper belt', 'summary': "Discusses the hypothesized planet 9, an object believed to be about five earth masses, with a period of about 10,000 years, orbiting the sun beyond neptune, and the expansive field of icy debris beyond neptune, known as the kuiper belt. it also delves into the reasons for pluto's reclassification from a planet to a dwarf planet.", 'duration': 397.225, 'highlights': ['The hypothesized Planet 9, believed to be about five Earth masses, with a period of about 10,000 years, orbits the Sun beyond Neptune. Details the key characteristics of Planet 9, providing quantifiable data such as its estimated mass and orbital period.', 'The Kuiper Belt, an expansive field of icy debris beyond Neptune, includes Pluto and other icy objects, with most of these objects being the size of Austin or smaller. Describes the composition and characteristics of the Kuiper Belt, emphasizing the size of the icy objects within it.', "The reasons for Pluto's reclassification from a planet to a dwarf planet, attributed to its significantly smaller mass than initially hypothesized. Explains the historical context and scientific reasoning behind Pluto's reclassification, highlighting the discrepancy between its initially hypothesized mass and its actual mass."]}, {'end': 671.682, 'start': 470.58, 'title': 'Planet 9 hypothesis analysis', 'summary': 'Discusses the statistical analysis supporting the planet 9 hypothesis, emphasizing a false alarm probability of 0.4% and the challenges of discovering kuiper belt objects using snapshots of the sky and parallax.', 'duration': 201.102, 'highlights': ['The false alarm probability of the clustering on which the Planet 9 hypothesis is built is about 0.4%. This quantifies the statistical significance of the clustering supporting the Planet 9 hypothesis.', 'Objects in the solar system will slowly move, exhibiting parallax, making them distinguishable from random stars in the galaxy. Explains the method of distinguishing Kuiper Belt objects from random stars using parallax, highlighting the challenges and complexities of the discovery process.', 'Discovering Kuiper Belt objects is challenging due to the distance they are located from Earth, which results in the need to account for the time it takes for light to travel and be reflected back. Emphasizes the difficulty in discovering Kuiper Belt objects due to the substantial distance and travel time for light to reach and be reflected back from these objects.']}, {'end': 969.498, 'start': 672.242, 'title': 'Discovering kuiper belt objects', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of discovering kuiper belt objects, including tracking and naming, and the potential impact of the vera rubin observatory on increasing the census by a factor of 100, potentially leading to the discovery of planet nine.', 'duration': 297.256, 'highlights': ['The Vera Rubin Observatory may increase the census of distant Kuiper Belt objects by a factor of 100, potentially leading to the discovery of Planet Nine. Vera Rubin Observatory impact on increasing census, potential discovery of Planet Nine', 'The process of discovering Kuiper Belt objects involves tracking their movement for at least three nights and coming back a year later for additional observations to determine their orbit. Tracking and observation process, determining orbit', 'The naming of Kuiper Belt objects is based on significant events or individuals, such as VP113 being nicknamed Biden after Joe Biden, who was vice president at the time of its discovery. Naming conventions based on events or individuals']}, {'end': 1511.754, 'start': 969.638, 'title': 'The oort cloud and extraterrestrial life', 'summary': 'Explores the structure and characteristics of the oort cloud, discussing its distinct population of icy bodies, the origin of long period comets, and the potential for extraterrestrial life, while also touching upon the possibility of intelligent life in the universe.', 'duration': 542.116, 'highlights': ['The Oort Cloud is a distinct population of icy bodies and is distinct from the Kuiper Belt. It is explained that the Oort Cloud is a separate entity from the Kuiper Belt, containing icy bodies and having a distinct characteristic.', 'Long period comets come from the Oort Cloud, originating from very far distances and appearing in the night sky due to ice sublimation. The origin of long period comets from the Oort Cloud is discussed, highlighting their distant location and the process of ice sublimation that leads to their appearance in the night sky.', 'The Oort Cloud is a collision-less environment, with no recorded collisions in its history. The Oort Cloud is described as a collision-less environment, with no documented collisions in its history, emphasizing its unique characteristics and lack of significant interactions.', 'The potential for extraterrestrial life in the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud is deemed negligible, with the harsh radiation environment posing challenges for survival. The discussion addresses the minimal likelihood of primitive life in the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud due to the hostile radiation environment, providing insights into the challenges of survival in such regions.', "The exploration of the possibility of intelligent life in the universe, including considerations of intelligence in Earth's species such as dolphins and pigs. The chapter delves into the concept of intelligent life in the universe, touching upon the intelligence of Earth's species and contemplating the plausibility of intelligent life beyond our planet."]}], 'duration': 1511.645, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k109.jpg', 'highlights': ['The hypothesized Planet 9, believed to be about five Earth masses, with a period of about 10,000 years, orbits the Sun beyond Neptune. Details the key characteristics of Planet 9, providing quantifiable data such as its estimated mass and orbital period.', 'The Vera Rubin Observatory may increase the census of distant Kuiper Belt objects by a factor of 100, potentially leading to the discovery of Planet Nine. Vera Rubin Observatory impact on increasing census, potential discovery of Planet Nine', 'The false alarm probability of the clustering on which the Planet 9 hypothesis is built is about 0.4%. This quantifies the statistical significance of the clustering supporting the Planet 9 hypothesis.', 'The vastness of the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, which extends over three light years', 'The Oort Cloud is a distinct population of icy bodies and is distinct from the Kuiper Belt. It is explained that the Oort Cloud is a separate entity from the Kuiper Belt, containing icy bodies and having a distinct characteristic.']}, {'end': 2754.901, 'segs': [{'end': 1569.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1541.544, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1547.569, 'text': "It's probably something on the order of maybe a 1% effect.", 'start': 1541.544, 'duration': 6.025}, {'end': 1552.272, 'text': 'By Earth, I mean not just an Earth mass planet.', 'start': 1548.569, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 1563.061, 'text': 'I mean the architecture of the solar system that allows the Earth to exist in its very temperate way.', 'start': 1553.293, 'duration': 9.768}, {'end': 1567.402, 'text': 'one thing to understand.', 'start': 1566.221, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 1569.703, 'text': 'uh, and this is, this is pretty crucial.', 'start': 1567.402, 'duration': 2.301}], 'summary': "Solar system architecture enables earth's temperate existence, with a 1% effect.", 'duration': 28.159, 'max_score': 1541.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k1541544.jpg'}, {'end': 1918.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1884.791, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1896.233, 'text': "So there's this inward outward pattern of Jupiter's early motion that happens within the last million years of the lifetime of the solar system's primordial disk.", 'start': 1884.791, 'duration': 11.442}, {'end': 1910.776, 'text': 'So, while this is happening, if our calculations are correct, which I think they are, you can destroy this inner system of few Earth mass planets.', 'start': 1896.753, 'duration': 14.023}, {'end': 1918.034, 'text': 'And then in the aftermath of all this violence, you form the terrestrial planets.', 'start': 1911.812, 'duration': 6.222}], 'summary': "Jupiter's early motion can destroy inner planets, forming the terrestrial planets.", 'duration': 33.243, 'max_score': 1884.791, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k1884791.jpg'}, {'end': 2040.396, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2011.072, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2016.394, 'text': 'and the answer is jupiter and saturn analogs are found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars.', 'start': 2011.072, 'duration': 5.322}, {'end': 2016.934, 'text': 'so they are.', 'start': 2016.394, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 2022.136, 'text': 'they themselves, like you, kind of have to score an, a minus or better on the test, to you know,', 'start': 2016.934, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 2028.682, 'text': 'on the planet formation test to become a solar system analog, even in that basic sense.', 'start': 2022.136, 'duration': 6.546}, {'end': 2040.396, 'text': 'and, moreover, um you know, low, lower mass stars, which are, uh, very numerous in the galaxy, so-called m dwarves think like zero percent of them.', 'start': 2028.682, 'duration': 11.714}], 'summary': 'Jupiter and saturn analogs found around 10% of sun-like stars, lower mass stars have near 0%.', 'duration': 29.324, 'max_score': 2011.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2011072.jpg'}, {'end': 2274.653, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2246.381, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2254.504, 'text': "What's actually quite interesting is I think we have all the equations figured out.", 'start': 2246.381, 'duration': 8.123}, {'end': 2263.809, 'text': 'In order to really understand this, the formation of the solar system, it suffices to know gravity and magnetohydrodynamics.', 'start': 2254.544, 'duration': 9.265}, {'end': 2269.972, 'text': "The combination of Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluids.", 'start': 2264.189, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 2274.653, 'text': 'You need to know quantum mechanics to understand opacities and so on.', 'start': 2270.492, 'duration': 4.161}], 'summary': "Equations for understanding solar system: gravity, magnetohydrodynamics, maxwell's and navier-stokes equations, and quantum mechanics for opacities.", 'duration': 28.272, 'max_score': 2246.381, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2246381.jpg'}, {'end': 2643.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2613.758, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2615.658, 'text': 'They start with actually Kuiper belt objects.', 'start': 2613.758, 'duration': 1.9}, {'end': 2617.399, 'text': 'Some Kuiper belt objects have rings.', 'start': 2615.698, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 2622.14, 'text': "So that's maybe the smallest example of an astrophysical disk.", 'start': 2618.559, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 2625.421, 'text': "We've got this little potato shaped asteroid.", 'start': 2622.16, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 2632.506, 'text': 'you know which is, you know, sort of the size of LA or something, and around it are some rings of icy matter.', 'start': 2625.421, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 2636.83, 'text': 'That object is a small astrophysical disk.', 'start': 2633.087, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 2639.732, 'text': 'Then you have Saturn, the rings of Saturn.', 'start': 2636.91, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 2641.493, 'text': 'You have the next set of scale.', 'start': 2639.772, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 2643.755, 'text': 'You have the solar system itself when it was forming.', 'start': 2641.513, 'duration': 2.242}], 'summary': "Kuiper belt objects and saturn's rings demonstrate astrophysical disks, including a potato-shaped asteroid with rings and the solar system during formation.", 'duration': 29.997, 'max_score': 2613.758, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2613758.jpg'}], 'start': 1512.755, 'title': "Earth's uniqueness and solar system formation", 'summary': "Discusses the rarity of earth-like planets, the impact of jupiter's migration, and the challenges in simulating solar system formation, emphasizing the low probability of earth-like planets and the unpredictability of chaotic solutions in simulating solar systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1985.92, 'start': 1512.755, 'title': 'The uniqueness of earth', 'summary': "Discusses the uniqueness of earth from a planetary science perspective, highlighting the low probability of earth-like planets, the formation of the solar system, and the impact of jupiter's migration on planetary formation, with key points including the rarity of earth-like planets, the role of jupiter's migration, and the formation of terrestrial planets.", 'duration': 473.165, 'highlights': ["Jupiter's migration and its impact on the formation of the solar system, leading to the destruction of short period planets and the subsequent formation of the terrestrial planets, with a mass-depleted remnant disk of only a couple Earth masses.", 'The rarity of Earth-like planets, estimated to be around a 1% effect in the planet formation process.', 'The formation of the Earth occurring well after the dissipation of the gas disk that formed the giant planets, contributing to the absence of a hydrogen-helium atmosphere and the ability to see the sky.', "The discovery of thousands of extrasolar planets orbiting other stars, many of which have expansive hydrogen-helium atmospheres, highlighting the uniqueness of Earth's atmosphere.", 'The implication that Earth is not a common outcome of the planet formation process, challenging the sci-fi view of finding Earth-like planets around other stars.']}, {'end': 2536.095, 'start': 1986.56, 'title': "Jupiter and saturn's impact on solar system formation", 'summary': 'Discusses the rarity of jupiter and saturn analogs found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars and the challenges in simulating the formation of entire solar systems due to the unpredictable nature of chaotic solutions.', 'duration': 549.535, 'highlights': ['Jupiter and Saturn analogs found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars Jupiter and Saturn analogs are rare, found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars, indicating their rarity and impact on solar system formation.', 'Giant planets are a rare outcome of planet formation Giant planets are a rare outcome of planet formation, posing a significant unanswered question in astrophysics.', 'Simulating the formation of entire solar systems is a futile exercise beyond three gravitationally interacting objects Simulating the formation of entire solar systems beyond three gravitationally interacting objects is futile due to the unpredictable and chaotic nature of solutions, highlighting the challenge in understanding solar system formation.', "The combination of Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluids, and quantum mechanics, are necessary to understand the formation of the solar system Understanding the formation of the solar system requires knowledge of Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluids, as well as quantum mechanics, emphasizing the complexity of the process.", 'The Schrodinger equation can be used to model waves in astrophysical disks, unifying quantum mechanics and gravity The Schrodinger equation can be used to model waves in astrophysical disks, providing an interesting analogy and highlighting the relationship between quantum mechanics and gravity in astrophysical phenomena.']}, {'end': 2754.901, 'start': 2536.095, 'title': 'Astrophysical disks and schrodinger equation', 'summary': 'Discusses the versatility of astrophysical disks, ranging from kuiper belt objects to galaxies, and the use of the schrodinger equation as a rapid calculational tool for simulating their behavior over time scales, offering a glimpse into their evolution.', 'duration': 218.806, 'highlights': ['Astrophysical disks span a wide range, from Kuiper belt objects to galaxies, and are characterized by their rotational nature and diverse composition, including gas and solid matter.', 'The Schrodinger equation serves as a rapid calculational tool for simulating the behavior of astrophysical disks over time scales, providing insights into their evolution.', 'Hydrodynamic simulations on modern computers can be completed within a week, offering the capability to understand the behavior of astrophysical disks over a few orbits.', 'The rings of Saturn and Kuiper belt objects exemplify astrophysical disks at different scales, with varying compositions such as icy matter and hydrogen-helium gas.', 'Astrophysical disks are prevalent in the universe due to the rotational nature of matter and gravitational forces, contributing to the formation of planets and other celestial bodies.']}], 'duration': 1242.146, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k1512755.jpg', 'highlights': ["Jupiter's migration and its impact on the formation of the solar system, leading to the destruction of short period planets and the subsequent formation of the terrestrial planets, with a mass-depleted remnant disk of only a couple Earth masses.", 'The rarity of Earth-like planets, estimated to be around a 1% effect in the planet formation process.', 'Jupiter and Saturn analogs found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars Jupiter and Saturn analogs are rare, found around only 10 percent of sun-like stars, indicating their rarity and impact on solar system formation.', "The combination of Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluids, and quantum mechanics, are necessary to understand the formation of the solar system Understanding the formation of the solar system requires knowledge of Maxwell's equations and Navier-Stokes equations for the fluids, as well as quantum mechanics, emphasizing the complexity of the process.", 'Astrophysical disks span a wide range, from Kuiper belt objects to galaxies, and are characterized by their rotational nature and diverse composition, including gas and solid matter.']}, {'end': 3512.082, 'segs': [{'end': 2779.71, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2754.901, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2762.143, 'text': 'just, Um, you know, during the pandemic I drove from LA to New Mexico a bunch of times.', 'start': 2754.901, 'duration': 7.242}, {'end': 2763.364, 'text': 'The madness of weather.', 'start': 2762.343, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 2766.445, 'text': 'Yeah, The the, the chaos of weather,', 'start': 2763.384, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 2773.087, 'text': "the fact that you know it'll be blazing hot one minute and then it's just like we'll decide to have a little thunderstorm.", 'start': 2766.445, 'duration': 6.642}, {'end': 2778.569, 'text': "Maybe we'll decide to go back momentarily to like a thousand degrees and then go back to the thunderstorm.", 'start': 2773.267, 'duration': 5.302}, {'end': 2779.71, 'text': "It's amazing.", 'start': 2779.109, 'duration': 0.601}], 'summary': 'During the pandemic, i drove from la to new mexico multiple times, experiencing extreme weather changes.', 'duration': 24.809, 'max_score': 2754.901, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2754901.jpg'}, {'end': 2819.501, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2795.421, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2807.691, 'text': "you'll occasionally see this family of tumbleweeds where there's a big one and then a bunch of little ones that that kind of hide in its wake right and are all rolling together and almost looks like you know,", 'start': 2795.421, 'duration': 12.27}, {'end': 2809.993, 'text': 'a family of ducks crossing a street or something.', 'start': 2807.691, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 2819.501, 'text': "um, or, for example, you know, if you watch tour de france, right, you've got a whole bunch of cyclists and they're like cycling, you know,", 'start': 2809.993, 'duration': 9.508}], 'summary': 'Tumbleweeds form family groups, resembling ducks or cyclists in the tour de france.', 'duration': 24.08, 'max_score': 2795.421, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2795421.jpg'}, {'end': 2941.888, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2913.927, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2922.091, 'text': 'but qualitatively, Formation of the first building blocks actually follows the same sequence as formation of stars, right?', 'start': 2913.927, 'duration': 8.164}, {'end': 2930.293, 'text': 'Stars are just clouds of gas hydrogen, helium, gas that sit in space and slowly cool.', 'start': 2922.151, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 2940.147, 'text': 'And at some point they, you know, contract to a point where their gravity overtakes the thermal pressure support, if you will,', 'start': 2930.533, 'duration': 9.614}, {'end': 2941.888, 'text': 'and they collapse under their own weight.', 'start': 2940.147, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': 'Formation of building blocks mirrors star formation process.', 'duration': 27.961, 'max_score': 2913.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2913927.jpg'}, {'end': 3084.163, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3059.459, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3064.96, 'text': "doesn't get you to any better understanding than you had before you did the simulation.", 'start': 3059.459, 'duration': 5.501}, {'end': 3074.442, 'text': "If you ask very specific questions, then you'll be able to create like very highly compressed, nice, beautiful theories about how things evolved.", 'start': 3064.98, 'duration': 9.462}, {'end': 3078.082, 'text': 'And then you can use those to then generalize to other solar systems,', 'start': 3074.762, 'duration': 3.32}, {'end': 3084.163, 'text': 'to other stars and other galaxies and say something generalizable about the entire universe.', 'start': 3078.082, 'duration': 6.081}], 'summary': 'Specific questions lead to compressed theories for universal insights.', 'duration': 24.704, 'max_score': 3059.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3059459.jpg'}, {'end': 3315.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3292.818, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3302.385, 'text': 'in all kinds of ways in the world around us, but our cognitive abilities, like our perception system as humans, is very limited in terms of zoom in.', 'start': 3292.818, 'duration': 9.567}, {'end': 3304.226, 'text': 'So we might be very easily fooled.', 'start': 3302.545, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3315.094, 'text': 'Some of the video games, like on the PS4, like look pretty real to me, right? I think, You would really have to interrogate.', 'start': 3304.466, 'duration': 10.628}], 'summary': 'Human perception limited, easily fooled by realistic video games on ps4.', 'duration': 22.276, 'max_score': 3292.818, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3292818.jpg'}], 'start': 2754.901, 'title': 'Chaotic weather and planet formation', 'summary': 'Discusses chaotic weather patterns during the pandemic, exemplifying chaos theory in action and describes the formation of planets, emphasizing the significance of simulating the solar system, and the challenges in simulating the entire history of the solar system.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2819.501, 'start': 2754.901, 'title': 'Chaos theory in action', 'summary': 'Discusses the chaotic weather patterns during the pandemic, exemplifying chaos theory in action and the behavior of tumbleweeds in the desert, resembling a family of ducks or cyclists in a race.', 'duration': 64.6, 'highlights': ['The chaos of weather during the pandemic, shifting from blazing hot to thunderstorms, exemplifies chaos theory in action.', 'The behavior of tumbleweeds in the desert, resembling a family of ducks or cyclists in a race, highlights their tendency to roll due to wind.']}, {'end': 3512.082, 'start': 2819.501, 'title': 'Planet formation and simulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the formation of planets and the significance of simulating the solar system, highlighting the process of planet formation, challenges in simulating the entire history of the solar system, and the limitations of video game simulations.', 'duration': 692.581, 'highlights': ['The process of planet formation is described, where solid particles in the protoplanetary disk form clouds that grow until they collapse under their own weight, leading to the formation of the first building blocks of planets and asteroids. Solid particles form clouds which grow until collapsing under their own weight, leading to the formation of planets and asteroids.', 'It is mentioned that simulating the entire history of the solar system is possible but may not provide significant theoretical understanding, emphasizing the need to design simulations that test specific aspects of evolution to create compressible theories. Simulating the entire history of the solar system may not provide significant theoretical understanding, emphasizing the need for specific simulations to create compressible theories.', 'The limitations of video game simulations and the challenge of achieving realism comparable to reality are discussed, highlighting the cognitive limitations in perceiving differences and the expansion of capabilities in the virtual world. Limitations of video game simulations and challenges in achieving realism comparable to reality are discussed, emphasizing the expansion of capabilities in the virtual world.']}], 'duration': 757.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k2754901.jpg', 'highlights': ['The behavior of tumbleweeds in the desert, resembling a family of ducks or cyclists in a race, highlights their tendency to roll due to wind.', 'The chaos of weather during the pandemic, shifting from blazing hot to thunderstorms, exemplifies chaos theory in action.', 'The process of planet formation is described, where solid particles in the protoplanetary disk form clouds that grow until they collapse under their own weight, leading to the formation of the first building blocks of planets and asteroids.', 'Simulating the entire history of the solar system may not provide significant theoretical understanding, emphasizing the need for specific simulations to create compressible theories.', 'The limitations of video game simulations and the challenge of achieving realism comparable to reality are discussed, highlighting the cognitive limitations in perceiving differences and the expansion of capabilities in the virtual world.']}, {'end': 4111.492, 'segs': [{'end': 3545.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3513.083, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3517.204, 'text': "It's just lost, but it was just an incredible amount of fun.", 'start': 3513.083, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 3524.686, 'text': 'Way more fun than all the studio sitting around and playing that I did throughout the entire year.', 'start': 3517.444, 'duration': 7.242}, {'end': 3532.588, 'text': "So there's something intangible or maybe tangible about being in person.", 'start': 3525.226, 'duration': 7.362}, {'end': 3545.712, 'text': "I sure hope you're wrong and that's not something that will get lost because I think there's such a large part of the human condition is to hang out.", 'start': 3534.208, 'duration': 11.504}], 'summary': 'In-person interactions are more fun than studio sessions, emphasizing the importance of human connection.', 'duration': 32.629, 'max_score': 3513.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3513083.jpg'}, {'end': 3600.086, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3574.271, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3580.274, 'text': "It doesn't make sense to have all the ways that cars break down and there's not enough infrastructure in terms of roads for cars.", 'start': 3574.271, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 3581.575, 'text': "It doesn't make any sense.", 'start': 3580.755, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 3587.298, 'text': 'Like horses and like nature, you could do the nature like where, you know, you should be living more natural life.', 'start': 3581.635, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 3587.939, 'text': 'Those are real.', 'start': 3587.338, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 3589.36, 'text': "You don't want machines in your life.", 'start': 3587.979, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 3592.281, 'text': "They're going to pollute your mind and the minds of young people.", 'start': 3589.38, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 3594.282, 'text': 'But then eventually just cars took over.', 'start': 3592.641, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 3596.824, 'text': 'So in that same way, it just seems.', 'start': 3594.322, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 3597.785, 'text': 'Going back to horses.', 'start': 3596.864, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 3600.086, 'text': "I'm just, you know.", 'start': 3598.865, 'duration': 1.221}], 'summary': 'Insufficient roads for cars, advocating for a more natural lifestyle without machines.', 'duration': 25.815, 'max_score': 3574.271, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3574271.jpg'}, {'end': 3646.016, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3615.815, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3621.419, 'text': 'So now that we did a big historical overview of our solar system, what is Planet Nine? Okay.', 'start': 3615.815, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 3630.945, 'text': 'Planet Nine is a hypothetical object that orbits the solar system, right? At an orbital period of about 10,000 years.', 'start': 3622.4, 'duration': 8.545}, {'end': 3639.632, 'text': 'and an orbit which is slightly tilted with respect to the plane of the solar system, slightly eccentric.', 'start': 3632.908, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 3646.016, 'text': 'And the object itself we think is five times more massive than the Earth.', 'start': 3640.372, 'duration': 5.644}], 'summary': 'Planet nine is a hypothetical object with a 10,000-year orbital period, slightly tilted orbit, and five times more massive than earth.', 'duration': 30.201, 'max_score': 3615.815, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3615815.jpg'}, {'end': 3693.494, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3667.455, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3672.599, 'text': "Because you said there's certain objects in the Kuiper Belt that are kind of have a direction to them,", 'start': 3667.455, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 3675.741, 'text': "that they're all like flocking in some kind of way.", 'start': 3672.599, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 3681.986, 'text': "So that's the sense that there's some kind of gravitational object not changing their orbit, but kind of..", 'start': 3675.761, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 3683.787, 'text': 'Confining them, right? Yeah.', 'start': 3681.986, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 3685.529, 'text': 'Like grouping their orbits together.', 'start': 3683.927, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 3688.271, 'text': 'See what would happen if Planet Nine were not.', 'start': 3686.149, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 3693.494, 'text': 'there is these orbits that roughly share a common orientation.', 'start': 3688.271, 'duration': 5.223}], 'summary': 'Objects in the kuiper belt may be influenced by a gravitational object, possibly planet nine, causing them to flock together in a common orientation.', 'duration': 26.039, 'max_score': 3667.455, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3667455.jpg'}, {'end': 3773.858, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3741.615, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3745.718, 'text': 'things that are tilted by, say, 90 degrees.', 'start': 3741.615, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 3749.861, 'text': "we don't expect that as an outcome of planet formation.", 'start': 3745.718, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 3758.587, 'text': 'Indeed, planet formation simulations have never produced such objects without some extrinsic gravitational force.', 'start': 3749.941, 'duration': 8.646}, {'end': 3761.529, 'text': 'Planet 9, on the other hand, generates them very readily.', 'start': 3759.047, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3764.591, 'text': 'So that provides kind of an alternative.', 'start': 3761.549, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 3773.858, 'text': 'you know population of small bodies in the solar system that also get produced by Planet Nine through an independent kind of gravitational effect.', 'start': 3764.591, 'duration': 9.267}], 'summary': 'Planet 9 produces tilted objects in the solar system, unlike typical planet formation simulations.', 'duration': 32.243, 'max_score': 3741.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3741615.jpg'}, {'end': 4007.508, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3977.706, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3985.869, 'text': 'it formed in a giant cloud of thousands of other stars that were also forming, some of which were undergoing you know,', 'start': 3977.706, 'duration': 8.163}, {'end': 3996.511, 'text': 'going through supernova explosions and releasing these unstable isotopes, of which we now see the traces of.', 'start': 3986.269, 'duration': 10.242}, {'end': 3998.46, 'text': "It's so cool.", 'start': 3997.799, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 4007.508, 'text': "Do you think it's possible that life from other solar systems was injected and that that was what was the origin of life on Earth?", 'start': 3998.48, 'duration': 9.028}], 'summary': 'Stars formed from thousands of others, some undergoing supernova explosions, releasing unstable isotopes. possible injection of life from other solar systems as origin of life on earth.', 'duration': 29.802, 'max_score': 3977.706, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3977706.jpg'}], 'start': 3513.083, 'title': 'In-person interaction and planet nine', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the irreplaceable value of in-person interaction, drawing parallels to the transition from horses to cars and highlighting the importance of human connection. it also discusses the hypothetical planet nine, its gravitational evidence, its impact on kuiper belt objects, and the mysteries of the solar system, including the possibility of life originating from other solar systems.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3615.295, 'start': 3513.083, 'title': 'In-person interaction vs. virtual communication', 'summary': 'Highlights the irreplaceable value of in-person interaction and the potential drawbacks of relying solely on virtual communication, drawing parallels to the transition from horses to cars and emphasizing the importance of human connection.', 'duration': 102.212, 'highlights': ['The value of in-person interaction and the drawbacks of virtual communication are discussed, emphasizing the irreplaceable nature of personal connection and the potential negative impact of relying solely on virtual communication.', 'The comparison between the transition from horses to cars and the potential drawbacks of a solely virtual existence is presented, highlighting the importance of human connection and the potential negative impact of over-reliance on technology.', 'The speaker expresses the intangible or tangible fun experienced in in-person interactions compared to virtual communication, emphasizing the unique value of personal connection over virtual interaction.', 'The potential negative impact of over-reliance on technology, as well as the importance of maintaining personal connections, is emphasized, drawing parallels to the historical transition from horses to cars and the potential drawbacks of technological advancements.', 'The speaker discusses the potential negative impact of over-reliance on virtual communication and the importance of maintaining personal connections, drawing parallels to the historical transition from horses to cars and highlighting the irreplaceable value of human connection.']}, {'end': 4111.492, 'start': 3615.815, 'title': 'Planet nine and the mysteries of the solar system', 'summary': 'Discusses the hypothetical planet nine, its gravitational evidence, its impact on kuiper belt objects, and the mysteries of the solar system, including the possibility of life originating from other solar systems.', 'duration': 495.677, 'highlights': ['Planet Nine is a hypothetical object that orbits the solar system with an orbital period of about 10,000 years and is five times more massive than the Earth. The key characteristics of Planet Nine are its long orbital period and significant mass, providing foundational information about this hypothetical object.', "Planet Nine's gravity affects the orbits of objects in the Kuiper Belt, confining them and preventing dispersion, demonstrating its gravitational impact. The gravitational effect of Planet Nine on Kuiper Belt objects is a significant indicator of its existence and influence within the solar system.", 'The existence of objects heavily out of the plane of the solar system indicates the influence of Planet Nine, unlike outcomes of planet formation simulations. The deviation of objects from the expected plane of the solar system suggests the unique gravitational influence of Planet Nine, challenging existing planet formation simulations.', 'The mysteries of the solar system include the possibility of life originating from other solar systems, suggesting the complexity and potential origins of life. The discussion of the potential origins of life from other solar systems raises intriguing questions and adds to the mysteries of the solar system.']}], 'duration': 598.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k3513083.jpg', 'highlights': ['The value of in-person interaction and the drawbacks of virtual communication are discussed, emphasizing the irreplaceable nature of personal connection and the potential negative impact of relying solely on virtual communication.', 'The comparison between the transition from horses to cars and the potential drawbacks of a solely virtual existence is presented, highlighting the importance of human connection and the potential negative impact of over-reliance on technology.', 'The potential negative impact of over-reliance on technology, as well as the importance of maintaining personal connections, is emphasized, drawing parallels to the historical transition from horses to cars and the potential drawbacks of technological advancements.', 'Planet Nine is a hypothetical object that orbits the solar system with an orbital period of about 10,000 years and is five times more massive than the Earth. The key characteristics of Planet Nine are its long orbital period and significant mass, providing foundational information about this hypothetical object.', "Planet Nine's gravity affects the orbits of objects in the Kuiper Belt, confining them and preventing dispersion, demonstrating its gravitational impact. The gravitational effect of Planet Nine on Kuiper Belt objects is a significant indicator of its existence and influence within the solar system.", 'The existence of objects heavily out of the plane of the solar system indicates the influence of Planet Nine, unlike outcomes of planet formation simulations. The deviation of objects from the expected plane of the solar system suggests the unique gravitational influence of Planet Nine, challenging existing planet formation simulations.', 'The mysteries of the solar system include the possibility of life originating from other solar systems, suggesting the complexity and potential origins of life. The discussion of the potential origins of life from other solar systems raises intriguing questions and adds to the mysteries of the solar system.']}, {'end': 5240.125, 'segs': [{'end': 4292.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4257.217, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4263.26, 'text': 'and i wonder, i wonder if, like discovering, planet nine will just like be almost like a springboard.', 'start': 4257.217, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 4265.181, 'text': "it's like well, what's what's beyond that?", 'start': 4263.26, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 4266.55, 'text': "It's entirely plausible.", 'start': 4265.549, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 4275.594, 'text': "The Oort cloud itself probably holds about five Earth masses or seven Earth masses of material, right? So it's not nothing.", 'start': 4266.77, 'duration': 8.824}, {'end': 4292.602, 'text': 'And it all ultimately comes down to at what point will the observational surveys sample enough of the solar system to kind of reveal interesting things?', 'start': 4276.734, 'duration': 15.868}], 'summary': 'Discovering planet nine could lead to uncovering the oort cloud, holding about 5-7 earth masses of material, prompting interest in further observational surveys.', 'duration': 35.385, 'max_score': 4257.217, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4257217.jpg'}, {'end': 4399.594, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4338.292, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4351.268, 'text': 'a French mathematician by the name of Orvan Le Verrier did a beautifully sophisticated calculation which said if this is due to gravity of a more distant planet,', 'start': 4338.292, 'duration': 12.976}, {'end': 4352.709, 'text': 'then that planet is there.', 'start': 4351.268, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 4354.909, 'text': 'And then they found it.', 'start': 4353.989, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 4363.392, 'text': 'But the point is the understanding of where to look for Neptune came entirely out of celestial mechanics.', 'start': 4355.41, 'duration': 7.982}, {'end': 4372.036, 'text': 'The case with Planet 9 is a little bit different because what we can do, I think, relatively well is predict the orbit and mass of Planet 9.', 'start': 4363.652, 'duration': 8.384}, {'end': 4374.317, 'text': 'We cannot tell you where it is on its orbit.', 'start': 4372.036, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 4380.92, 'text': "The reason is we haven't seen the Kuiper Belt objects complete an orbit, their own orbit.", 'start': 4374.777, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 4384.002, 'text': 'even once, because it takes 4,000 years.', 'start': 4382.06, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 4394.91, 'text': "But you know I plan to live on as an AI being and you know I'll be tracking those orbits as you know for- It's all it takes is four or 5,000 years.", 'start': 4384.562, 'duration': 10.348}, {'end': 4396.131, 'text': "I mean, it doesn't have to be AI.", 'start': 4394.95, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 4397.132, 'text': 'It could be longevity.', 'start': 4396.251, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 4399.594, 'text': "There's a lot of really exciting genetic engineering research.", 'start': 4397.152, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': "Orvan le verrier calculated neptune's location using celestial mechanics. planet 9's orbit and mass can be predicted, but its location remains unknown due to the long orbit period of kuiper belt objects.", 'duration': 61.302, 'max_score': 4338.292, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4338292.jpg'}, {'end': 4699.678, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4672.888, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4683.692, 'text': 'So it turns out indeed, not only does Planet Nine inject these distant inner Oort cloud objects into the Kuiper belt,', 'start': 4672.888, 'duration': 10.804}, {'end': 4690.535, 'text': 'they follow roughly the same pathway as the objects that are being scattered out.', 'start': 4683.692, 'duration': 6.843}, {'end': 4699.678, 'text': "So there's this kind of two-way river of material, some of it is coming out by Neptune scattering, some of it is moving in.", 'start': 4690.895, 'duration': 8.783}], 'summary': 'Planet nine affects kuiper belt objects, creating a two-way river of material.', 'duration': 26.79, 'max_score': 4672.888, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4672888.jpg'}, {'end': 4798.367, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4769.162, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4772.724, 'text': 'First, what is a primordial black hole and what do you think about this idea?', 'start': 4769.162, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 4781.87, 'text': 'Yeah, so primordial black hole is a black hole which is made not through the usual pathway of making a black hole, um,', 'start': 4772.744, 'duration': 9.126}, {'end': 4789.978, 'text': 'which is that you have a star which is a more massive than you know 1.4 or so solar masses.', 'start': 4781.87, 'duration': 8.108}, {'end': 4798.367, 'text': "and basically, when it runs out of fuel, uh, runs out of its nuclear fusion fuel, it can't hold itself up anymore,", 'start': 4789.978, 'duration': 8.389}], 'summary': 'Primordial black holes form without the usual star pathway, interesting concept.', 'duration': 29.205, 'max_score': 4769.162, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4769162.jpg'}, {'end': 4979.718, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4952.165, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4956.507, 'text': 'Observationally, the difference would be that you will never find the black hole.', 'start': 4952.165, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 4969.991, 'text': 'The truth is, I never looked into this very carefully, but there are some constraints that you can get just statistically and say okay,', 'start': 4957.127, 'duration': 12.864}, {'end': 4979.718, 'text': 'if the Sun has a binary companion, which is a five Earth mass black hole, then that means such black holes would be extremely common.', 'start': 4969.991, 'duration': 9.727}], 'summary': 'If the sun has a 5 earth mass black hole companion, then black holes would be extremely common.', 'duration': 27.553, 'max_score': 4952.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4952165.jpg'}, {'end': 5043.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5000.657, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5009.501, 'text': 'Because I think one exciting things about black holes in our solar system is that we can go there and we can maybe study the singularity somehow,', 'start': 5000.657, 'duration': 8.844}, {'end': 5012.403, 'text': 'because that allows us to understand some fundamental things about physics.', 'start': 5009.501, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 5022.548, 'text': "If it's a planet, so planet nine, we may not, and we go there, we may not discover anything profoundly new.", 'start': 5013.283, 'duration': 9.265}, {'end': 5027.89, 'text': 'The interesting thing, perhaps you can correct me about Planet Nine, is like the big picture of it.', 'start': 5023.168, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 5031.712, 'text': 'The whole big story of the Kuiper Belt and all those kinds of things.', 'start': 5028.371, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 5043.599, 'text': "It's not that Planet Nine would be somehow fundamentally different from, I don't know, Neptune in terms of the kind of things we can learn from it.", 'start': 5032.173, 'duration': 11.426}], 'summary': 'Exploring black holes in our solar system may reveal fundamental physics insights, while studying planet nine might not offer significantly new discoveries.', 'duration': 42.942, 'max_score': 5000.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5000657.jpg'}], 'start': 4111.492, 'title': "Planet nine's discovery and impact", 'summary': 'Discusses the search for planet nine, potential evidence for its existence, comparison to the discovery of neptune, its impact on injecting inner oort cloud objects into the kuiper belt, and the possibility of it being a black hole or a planet, shedding light on planetary complexity and other planets in the galaxy.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4384.002, 'start': 4111.492, 'title': 'Planet nine discovery', 'summary': 'Discusses the search for planet nine, the potential evidence for its existence, the possibility of multiple objects like it, and the comparison to the discovery of neptune through mathematical prediction.', 'duration': 272.51, 'highlights': ["The discovery of Neptune was made through mathematical prediction based on the deviation of Uranus' orbit, leading to the successful identification of the planet. The discovery of Neptune was made through mathematical prediction based on the deviation of Uranus' orbit, leading to the successful identification of the planet.", 'The search for Planet Nine involves predicting its orbit and mass, but its exact position remains unknown due to the lengthy orbital period of Kuiper Belt objects, which takes 4,000 years to complete. The search for Planet Nine involves predicting its orbit and mass, but its exact position remains unknown due to the lengthy orbital period of Kuiper Belt objects, which takes 4,000 years to complete.', "The potential existence of multiple objects similar to Planet Nine is discussed, with the analogy of how discovering Planet Nine could lead to further exploration of the solar system and the Oort cloud's substantial material content. The potential existence of multiple objects similar to Planet Nine is discussed, with the analogy of how discovering Planet Nine could lead to further exploration of the solar system and the Oort cloud's substantial material content."]}, {'end': 4747.509, 'start': 4384.562, 'title': "Ai being, alien civilizations, and planet 9's impact", 'summary': 'Explores the concept of living as an ai being for 4,000-5,000 years, waiting for interstellar objects and aliens, and discusses the impact of planet 9 on injecting inner oort cloud objects into the kuiper belt.', 'duration': 362.947, 'highlights': ['The concept of living as an AI being for 4,000-5,000 years is discussed, and the possibility of waiting for interstellar objects and aliens is explored. Living as an AI being for 4,000-5,000 years, waiting for interstellar objects and aliens.', "The impact of Planet 9 on injecting inner Oort cloud objects into the Kuiper belt is explained, and its consequences on the best fit orbit for Planet 9 are discussed. Planet 9's impact on injecting inner Oort cloud objects into the Kuiper belt, consequences on the best fit orbit for Planet 9."]}, {'end': 5240.125, 'start': 4747.549, 'title': 'Planet nine: black hole or planet?', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of planet nine being a primordial black hole, the characteristics of primordial black holes, the potential observational differences between a black hole and a planet, and the implications of planet nine being a planet in terms of understanding planetary complexity and learning about other planets in the galaxy.', 'duration': 492.576, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the possibility of Planet Nine being a primordial black hole The speaker explains the concept of primordial black holes and the possibility of Planet Nine being a black hole instead of a planet.', 'The potential observational differences between a black hole and a planet The speaker highlights the differences in observational characteristics between black holes and planets, emphasizing that a black hole would never be found.', "The characteristics of primordial black holes The speaker describes the characteristics and formation of primordial black holes, including the potential mass spectrum and the evaporation of smaller black holes over the universe's lifetime.", 'The implications of Planet Nine being a planet in terms of understanding planetary complexity and learning about other planets in the galaxy The speaker discusses the potential significance of Planet Nine being a planet, suggesting that studying it could provide insights into the complexity of planets and offer a window into understanding other planets in the galaxy.']}], 'duration': 1128.633, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k4111492.jpg', 'highlights': ["The discovery of Neptune was made through mathematical prediction based on the deviation of Uranus' orbit, leading to the successful identification of the planet.", 'The search for Planet Nine involves predicting its orbit and mass, but its exact position remains unknown due to the lengthy orbital period of Kuiper Belt objects, which takes 4,000 years to complete.', "The potential existence of multiple objects similar to Planet Nine is discussed, with the analogy of how discovering Planet Nine could lead to further exploration of the solar system and the Oort cloud's substantial material content.", 'The impact of Planet 9 on injecting inner Oort cloud objects into the Kuiper belt is explained, and its consequences on the best fit orbit for Planet 9 are discussed.', 'The chapter discusses the possibility of Planet Nine being a primordial black hole The speaker explains the concept of primordial black holes and the possibility of Planet Nine being a black hole instead of a planet.', 'The implications of Planet Nine being a planet in terms of understanding planetary complexity and learning about other planets in the galaxy The speaker discusses the potential significance of Planet Nine being a planet, suggesting that studying it could provide insights into the complexity of planets and offer a window into understanding other planets in the galaxy.', 'The concept of living as an AI being for 4,000-5,000 years is discussed, and the possibility of waiting for interstellar objects and aliens is explored. Living as an AI being for 4,000-5,000 years, waiting for interstellar objects and aliens.', 'The potential observational differences between a black hole and a planet The speaker highlights the differences in observational characteristics between black holes and planets, emphasizing that a black hole would never be found.', "The characteristics of primordial black holes The speaker describes the characteristics and formation of primordial black holes, including the potential mass spectrum and the evaporation of smaller black holes over the universe's lifetime."]}, {'end': 6420.897, 'segs': [{'end': 5448.4, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5415.842, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5421.451, 'text': "the really cutting edge things, you have to do it this way because you don't know what you're building, so to speak.", 'start': 5415.842, 'duration': 5.609}, {'end': 5433.172, 'text': 'But the CubeSat kind of world is starting to provide an avenue for like know launching something that costs, you know,', 'start': 5422.092, 'duration': 11.08}, {'end': 5437.874, 'text': 'a few million dollars and has a turnaround timescale of like a couple of years.', 'start': 5433.172, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 5438.935, 'text': 'You can imagine doing.', 'start': 5437.914, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 5448.4, 'text': "you know PhD theses where you design the mission, the mission goes to where you're going and you do the science all within a time span of five,", 'start': 5438.935, 'duration': 9.465}], 'summary': 'Cubesats enable cost-effective and quick turnaround for space missions, with potential for completing phd theses in five years.', 'duration': 32.558, 'max_score': 5415.842, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5415842.jpg'}, {'end': 5496.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5467.508, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5470.989, 'text': "There's a bunch of more CubeSat-oriented companies that are pushing this forward.", 'start': 5467.508, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 5475.031, 'text': 'Well, let me ask you on that topic.', 'start': 5472.21, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 5481.213, 'text': 'What do you think about either one? Elon Musk with SpaceX going to Mars.', 'start': 5475.071, 'duration': 6.142}, {'end': 5484.394, 'text': 'I think he wants SpaceX to put a first human on Mars.', 'start': 5481.933, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 5496.902, 'text': 'Mm-hmm And then Jeff Bezos, got to give him props, wants to be the first to fly his own rocket out into space.', 'start': 5484.414, 'duration': 12.488}], 'summary': 'Cubesat companies advancing; elon musk aims for mars, jeff bezos for space.', 'duration': 29.394, 'max_score': 5467.508, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5467508.jpg'}, {'end': 5581.768, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5552.313, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5558.636, 'text': "Sure And now it's motivated more and more by the natural forces of capitalism.", 'start': 5552.313, 'duration': 6.323}, {'end': 5559.616, 'text': "Yes, that's right.", 'start': 5558.696, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 5563.878, 'text': 'So, okay, here I have many ideas about it.', 'start': 5560.096, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 5568.759, 'text': 'I think on the one hand, right, like what SpaceX has been able to do, for example, phenomenal.', 'start': 5563.898, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 5581.768, 'text': 'If that brings down the price of space exploration, the turnaround timescale for space exploration, which I think it inevitably will,', 'start': 5571.733, 'duration': 10.035}], 'summary': 'Capitalism driving space innovation, spacex lowering costs and turnaround timescale.', 'duration': 29.455, 'max_score': 5552.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5552313.jpg'}, {'end': 5701.763, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5671.948, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5677.31, 'text': "Well, it's interesting, but there's something captivating about that kind of mission of us striving out into space.", 'start': 5671.948, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 5684.954, 'text': 'And by making Mars in some ways habitable for at least like months at a time,', 'start': 5677.49, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 5692.238, 'text': 'I think would lead to engineering breakthroughs that would make life like in many ways, much better on earth.', 'start': 5686.214, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 5701.763, 'text': "Like it, will come up with ideas we totally don't expect yet, both on the robotic side, on the food engineering side, on the, you know,", 'start': 5692.278, 'duration': 9.485}], 'summary': 'Striving for habitable mars could lead to engineering breakthroughs benefitting life on earth.', 'duration': 29.815, 'max_score': 5671.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5671948.jpg'}, {'end': 6118.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6084.536, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6088.438, 'text': 'This, I think, extends beyond just astronomy, right?', 'start': 6084.536, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 6094.683, 'text': 'There are questions like why do we need to spend money on X?', 'start': 6088.558, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 6099.026, 'text': 'right?. Where X can be anything like paleontology, right?', 'start': 6094.683, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 6102.169, 'text': 'The mating patterns of penguins.', 'start': 6099.847, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 6104.65, 'text': "Yeah, that's essential.", 'start': 6102.429, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 6105.791, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 6104.991, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 6113.876, 'text': "I think there's a tremendous underappreciation for the usefulness of useless knowledge.", 'start': 6106.552, 'duration': 7.324}, {'end': 6117.178, 'text': "That's brilliant.", 'start': 6114.617, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 6118.499, 'text': "I didn't come up with this.", 'start': 6117.598, 'duration': 0.901}], 'summary': 'Underappreciation for the value of useless knowledge extends beyond astronomy, questioning the need to spend money on various fields such as paleontology and penguin mating patterns.', 'duration': 33.963, 'max_score': 6084.536, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6084536.jpg'}, {'end': 6248.147, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6197.434, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6208.366, 'text': 'And then so much of technological breakthroughs in the 20th century had to do with humans working on different military things,', 'start': 6197.434, 'duration': 10.932}, {'end': 6211.188, 'text': 'and then the outcome of that had nothing to do with military.', 'start': 6208.366, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 6216.452, 'text': 'it had some military application, but their impact was much, much bigger than military.', 'start': 6211.188, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 6221.536, 'text': 'the splitting of the atom is is a kind of a canonical example of this.', 'start': 6216.452, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 6225.88, 'text': 'we all know the tragedy that you know arises from splitting of the atom.', 'start': 6221.536, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 6234.031, 'text': 'and and yet you know so much, I mean The atom itself does not care for what purpose it is being split.', 'start': 6225.88, 'duration': 8.151}, {'end': 6246.705, 'text': 'So I wonder if we took the same amount of funding as we used for war and poured it into like totally seemingly useless things like the mating patterns of penguins,', 'start': 6234.592, 'duration': 12.113}, {'end': 6248.147, 'text': 'we would get the internet anyway.', 'start': 6246.705, 'duration': 1.442}], 'summary': 'Technological breakthroughs from military research had far-reaching impacts beyond military applications.', 'duration': 50.713, 'max_score': 6197.434, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6197434.jpg'}, {'end': 6307.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6285.478, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 6293.564, 'text': "And if we learned anything for the last few decades is that when there's openness in science, that accelerates the development of science.", 'start': 6285.478, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 6294.005, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 6293.624, 'duration': 0.381}, {'end': 6294.645, 'text': "That's true.", 'start': 6294.165, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 6300.97, 'text': 'The openness of science, truly, you know, it benefits everybody.', 'start': 6295.326, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 6307.975, 'text': "The notion that if, you know, I share my science with you, then you're going to catch up and like know the same thing.", 'start': 6301.25, 'duration': 6.725}], 'summary': 'Openness in science accelerates development, benefiting everyone.', 'duration': 22.497, 'max_score': 6285.478, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6285478.jpg'}, {'end': 6404.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6375.299, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6382.321, 'text': 'Failure is just part of this whole exploration thing and we should fund more and more of this exploration, the variety of the exploration.', 'start': 6375.299, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 6393.066, 'text': 'I think it was Linus Pauling or somebody from you know that generation of scientists and you know a good way to have good ideas is to have a lot of ideas.', 'start': 6382.341, 'duration': 10.725}, {'end': 6396.187, 'text': "So that's, I think that's true.", 'start': 6393.086, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 6404.732, 'text': "If you are conservative in your thinking, if you worry about proposing something that's going to fail, and oh what, if you know,", 'start': 6397.048, 'duration': 7.684}], 'summary': 'Embrace failure and fund diverse exploration for more good ideas.', 'duration': 29.433, 'max_score': 6375.299, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6375299.jpg'}], 'start': 5241.506, 'title': 'The future of space exploration', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential revolution in space exploration through the deployment of a larger number of probes, the impact of companies like blue origin and spacex, the increasing role of the commercial sector, and the impact of military funding on scientific and technological breakthroughs.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5521.862, 'start': 5241.506, 'title': 'Future of space exploration', 'summary': 'Discusses the idea of using a fleet of probes to discover a planet and the potential revolution in space exploration through the deployment of a larger number of probes, with a focus on cubesat technology and the impact of companies like blue origin and spacex.', 'duration': 280.356, 'highlights': ["Ed Witten proposed a fleet of probes, accelerated by radiation pressure, to discover a planet and locate nine primordial black holes. Ed Witten's idea of using probes accelerated by radiation pressure to discover a planet and locate black holes is a fascinating concept and showcases the potential for innovative space exploration methods.", 'Using CubeSat technology, it is possible to launch missions with a turnaround timescale of a few years, leading to a significant revolution in space exploration. The discussion on CubeSat technology highlights the potential for a revolution in space exploration, with the ability to launch missions with shorter turnaround times and lower costs, potentially transforming the future of space science.', "Elon Musk's goal of sending humans to Mars and Jeff Bezos' ambition to fly his own rocket into space are driving the acceleration of space exploration, alongside other CubeSat-oriented companies. The ambitions of Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, along with the contributions of CubeSat-oriented companies, such as Blue Origin and SpaceX, are driving the acceleration of space exploration, indicating a significant shift in the approach to space missions and endeavors."]}, {'end': 6147.319, 'start': 5522.082, 'title': 'Commercial space exploration and human development', 'summary': 'Discusses the increasing role of the commercial sector in space exploration, emphasizing the impact on the human condition, potential engineering breakthroughs, and the importance of astronomy in shaping human evolution and technological advancements.', 'duration': 625.237, 'highlights': ["The commercial sector has taken over the space industry, impacting space exploration's price and turnaround time, driven by natural forces of capitalism. The commercial sector's dominance in space exploration over the last decade has led to reduced costs and improved turnaround times, shifting the industry's motivation from competition between nations to capitalism.", "SpaceX's achievements, such as reducing space exploration costs and turnaround times, have significant positive implications for the human condition. SpaceX's advancements, particularly in reducing the cost and turnaround time of space exploration, have the potential to greatly benefit the human condition.", 'The discussion of the potential engineering breakthroughs from Mars exploration, including advancements in robotic technology and food engineering. Mars exploration could lead to engineering breakthroughs in various fields, such as robotics and food engineering, with potential positive impacts on life on Earth.', 'The significance of astronomy in shaping human evolution and technological advancements, including its impact on science and understanding of the natural world. Astronomy has played a crucial role in shaping human evolution and technological advancements, particularly in the development of scientific knowledge and understanding of the natural world.', "The underappreciation of the usefulness of seemingly 'useless' knowledge and its significant impact on technological advancements and human development. The chapter highlights the underappreciation of seemingly 'useless' knowledge, emphasizing its substantial impact on technological advancements and human development, as seen in fields like electronics."]}, {'end': 6420.897, 'start': 6147.319, 'title': 'Useless military funding', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of seemingly useless military funding on scientific and technological breakthroughs, emphasizing the benefits of openness in science and the necessity of funding diverse explorations for intellectual pursuits.', 'duration': 273.578, 'highlights': ['The role of military funding in scientific development and technological breakthroughs, with outcomes often surpassing military applications.', 'The potential impact of redirecting war funding to seemingly useless explorations, suggesting the possibility of still achieving significant developments like the internet.', 'The importance of openness in science and the acceleration of scientific development through sharing knowledge.', 'The acceptance of failure as an integral part of exploration, emphasizing the need to fund diverse intellectual pursuits and the generation of multiple ideas.']}], 'duration': 1179.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k5241506.jpg', 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's goal of sending humans to Mars and Jeff Bezos' ambition to fly his own rocket into space are driving the acceleration of space exploration, alongside other CubeSat-oriented companies.", 'Using CubeSat technology, it is possible to launch missions with a turnaround timescale of a few years, leading to a significant revolution in space exploration.', "The commercial sector has taken over the space industry, impacting space exploration's price and turnaround time, driven by natural forces of capitalism.", "SpaceX's achievements, such as reducing space exploration costs and turnaround times, have significant positive implications for the human condition.", 'The discussion of the potential engineering breakthroughs from Mars exploration, including advancements in robotic technology and food engineering.', "The underappreciation of the usefulness of seemingly 'useless' knowledge and its significant impact on technological advancements and human development.", 'The role of military funding in scientific development and technological breakthroughs, with outcomes often surpassing military applications.', 'The potential impact of redirecting war funding to seemingly useless explorations, suggesting the possibility of still achieving significant developments like the internet.', 'The importance of openness in science and the acceleration of scientific development through sharing knowledge.', 'The acceptance of failure as an integral part of exploration, emphasizing the need to fund diverse intellectual pursuits and the generation of multiple ideas.']}, {'end': 7767.048, 'segs': [{'end': 6480.733, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6440.816, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6446.18, 'text': 'a more, more uh-huh, could it be space junk from a distant alien civilization?', 'start': 6440.816, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 6453.006, 'text': "You can't immediately discount that by saying absolutely it cannot.", 'start': 6447.341, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 6455.028, 'text': 'Anything can be space junk.', 'start': 6453.607, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 6464.477, 'text': 'I mean, from that point of view, can any of the Kuiper Belt objects we see be space junk? Anything on the night sky can in principle be space junk.', 'start': 6455.088, 'duration': 9.389}, {'end': 6471.103, 'text': "And Kuiper Belt would catch interstellar objects potentially and force them into an orbit if they're small enough?", 'start': 6464.877, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 6476.809, 'text': 'uh, not the kyber belt itself, but you can imagine, like jupiter family comments, being captured.', 'start': 6471.603, 'duration': 5.206}, {'end': 6480.733, 'text': 'uh, you know so, so you can actually capture things.', 'start': 6476.809, 'duration': 3.924}], 'summary': 'Debate on the possibility of space junk from distant alien civilization.', 'duration': 39.917, 'max_score': 6440.816, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6440816.jpg'}, {'end': 6530.173, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6506.899, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6513.726, 'text': "You know, Oumuamua there's been a lot of discussion about and there's been a lot of interest in this over.", 'start': 6506.899, 'duration': 6.827}, {'end': 6514.827, 'text': 'is it aliens or is it not?', 'start': 6513.726, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 6519.35, 'text': "But let's like, if you just kind of look at the facts, What we know about it is.", 'start': 6514.847, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 6523.251, 'text': "it's kind of like a weird shape and it also accelerated.", 'start': 6519.35, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 6530.173, 'text': 'Those are the two interesting things about it.', 'start': 6523.271, 'duration': 6.902}], 'summary': 'Oumuamua, a subject of speculation, is a weirdly shaped object that accelerated.', 'duration': 23.274, 'max_score': 6506.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6506899.jpg'}, {'end': 6718.682, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6691.194, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6696.356, 'text': 'i wonder why they would be flying so fast, Because they seem to be moving pretty fast, at a quick pace.', 'start': 6691.194, 'duration': 5.162}, {'end': 6698.277, 'text': 'You mean Oumuamua? Oumuamua, yeah.', 'start': 6696.396, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 6701.158, 'text': "That's just because of their acceleration due to the sun.", 'start': 6698.337, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 6707.98, 'text': "If you stop, it's like take something really far away, let it go, and the sun is here.", 'start': 6701.478, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 6711.762, 'text': "By the time it comes close to the sun, it's moving pretty fast.", 'start': 6708.18, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 6718.682, 'text': "So that's an attractive explanation, I think, not so much because it's cool,", 'start': 6712.938, 'duration': 5.744}], 'summary': "Discussion on oumuamua's fast acceleration due to the sun.", 'duration': 27.488, 'max_score': 6691.194, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6691194.jpg'}, {'end': 6852.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6827.365, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6831.987, 'text': 'For me at least, that was kind of interesting, because if you have a successful alien civilization,', 'start': 6827.365, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 6838.349, 'text': 'that we would be producing many more orders and magnitude of junk and that would be easier potentially to detect.', 'start': 6831.987, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 6841.95, 'text': 'Well, so you have to produce the junk, but you have to also launch it.', 'start': 6838.729, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 6846.132, 'text': "So this is where, I mean, let's imagine- Garbage disposal.", 'start': 6842.19, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 6852.975, 'text': "Yeah But let's imagine we are a successful civilization that has made it to space.", 'start': 6846.332, 'duration': 6.643}], 'summary': 'A successful alien civilization would produce more detectable space junk.', 'duration': 25.61, 'max_score': 6827.365, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6827365.jpg'}, {'end': 7154.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7126.952, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7135.917, 'text': 'But then you might realize that communication through gravity is actually much more effective than radio waves, for example, something like that.', 'start': 7126.952, 'duration': 8.965}, {'end': 7146.622, 'text': "And then you send out I mean, okay, if you're an alien civilization that's able to have gigantic masses, like basically..", 'start': 7136.177, 'duration': 10.445}, {'end': 7148.824, 'text': "We're getting there as a civilization.", 'start': 7146.622, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 7150.545, 'text': "No, we're not even close.", 'start': 7149.224, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 7152.206, 'text': 'Well, I mean..', 'start': 7150.865, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 7154.168, 'text': 'Okay, okay.', 'start': 7152.206, 'duration': 1.962}], 'summary': "Discussing the potential of gravity for communication, with skepticism about civilization's progress.", 'duration': 27.216, 'max_score': 7126.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7126952.jpg'}, {'end': 7260.304, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7231.759, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7240.508, 'text': "So, to push back a little bit, I find that it's really interesting to talk about these wild ideas about the future, whether it's aliens,", 'start': 7231.759, 'duration': 8.749}, {'end': 7241.849, 'text': "whether it's ai.", 'start': 7240.508, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 7250.098, 'text': 'with brilliant people like yourself who are focused on very particular tools of science, we have today to solve very particular,', 'start': 7241.849, 'duration': 8.249}, {'end': 7251.64, 'text': 'like rigorous scientific questions.', 'start': 7250.098, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 7260.304, 'text': "And it's almost like putting on this wild dreamy hat some percent of the time and say what would alien civilizations look like?", 'start': 7252.28, 'duration': 8.024}], 'summary': 'Discussing wild ideas about the future with focus on rigorous scientific questions and exploring alien civilizations.', 'duration': 28.545, 'max_score': 7231.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7231759.jpg'}, {'end': 7619.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7586.251, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 7589.095, 'text': "They're unattainable by doing analytical mathematics.", 'start': 7586.251, 'duration': 2.844}, {'end': 7596.415, 'text': "Yeah, and with AlphaFold2, we're now starting to crack open biology,", 'start': 7589.73, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 7602.579, 'text': 'so being able to simulate at first trivial biological systems and hopefully down the line, complex biological systems.', 'start': 7596.415, 'duration': 6.164}, {'end': 7609.043, 'text': 'My hope is to be able to simulate psychological, like sociological systems, like humans.', 'start': 7603.219, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 7619.27, 'text': 'A large part of my work at MIT was on autonomous vehicles, and the fascinating thing to me was about pedestrians.', 'start': 7611.665, 'duration': 7.605}], 'summary': 'Alphafold2 enables simulating complex biological systems, aiming to simulate psychological and sociological systems as well.', 'duration': 33.019, 'max_score': 7586.251, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7586251.jpg'}, {'end': 7695.588, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7662.86, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 7664.161, 'text': 'And we figure it out in the end.', 'start': 7662.86, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 7671.205, 'text': "It's actually, Mars is a great, I mean, going, sending humans to Mars is way more complicated than sending humans to the moon.", 'start': 7664.401, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 7675.288, 'text': "You'd think just like naively both are in space.", 'start': 7671.466, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 7675.828, 'text': 'who cares?', 'start': 7675.288, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 7678.17, 'text': "Like, if you go there, why don't you go there?", 'start': 7675.888, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 7679.831, 'text': 'You know?', 'start': 7679.611, 'duration': 0.22}, {'end': 7684.982, 'text': 'This life support is an extremely expensive thing.', 'start': 7681.26, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 7687.964, 'text': "There's a bunch of extra challenges, but I disagree with you.", 'start': 7685.322, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 7689.685, 'text': 'I would be one of the early people to go.', 'start': 7688.004, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 7690.625, 'text': 'I used to think not.', 'start': 7689.745, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 7695.588, 'text': 'I used to think I would be one of the first maybe million to go once you have a little bit of a society.', 'start': 7691.366, 'duration': 4.222}], 'summary': 'Sending humans to mars is more complicated and expensive than sending them to the moon, but some individuals are still willing to go early on.', 'duration': 32.728, 'max_score': 7662.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7662860.jpg'}], 'start': 6420.957, 'title': 'Interstellar objects and alien speculations', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of interstellar objects being space junk, the theory that oumuamua could be a piece of hydrogen ice, acceleration of oumuamua due to the sun, prediction of discovering more similar objects, searching for alien civilizations through space junk, future of alien communication using gravitational waves, and the role of science fiction in shaping the future, highlighting the impact on ai and challenges of space exploration.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6691.194, 'start': 6420.957, 'title': 'Interstellar objects and extraterrestrial speculations', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of interstellar objects being space junk and proposes the theory that oumuamua could be a piece of hydrogen ice, which aligns with known observations and characteristics of the object.', 'duration': 270.237, 'highlights': ['The theory of Oumuamua being a piece of hydrogen ice from giant molecular clouds is a plausible explanation for its shape and acceleration, providing a new understanding of astrophysical objects.', 'The discussion explores the potential of interstellar objects being space junk from distant alien civilizations, emphasizing the need to consider unconventional possibilities in astrophysical phenomena.', 'The concept of capturing interstellar objects by Kuiper Belt and Jupiter family comets is presented, highlighting the mechanisms by which celestial bodies could be forced into orbits within the solar system.', 'The nature of giant molecular clouds as rogue clouds in the galaxy is explained, shedding light on their role as nurseries for stars and potential creators of hydrogen ice formations.']}, {'end': 7076.001, 'start': 6691.194, 'title': 'Oumuamua and alien civilizations', 'summary': 'Discusses the acceleration of oumuamua due to the sun, the prediction of discovering more similar objects when the vera rubin observatory comes online, and the concept of searching for alien civilizations through their space junk and the emergence of artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 384.807, 'highlights': ['Acceleration of Oumuamua The acceleration of Oumuamua due to the sun is discussed, and it is predicted that more similar objects will be discovered when the Vera Rubin Observatory comes online next year or so.', 'Search for Alien Civilizations through Space Junk The concept of searching for alien civilizations through their space junk is explored, suggesting that the detection of alien civilizations may be more efficient through the identification of garbage produced by unnatural forces.', 'Emergence of Artificial Intelligence The emergence of artificial intelligence is discussed, highlighting the potential signs of computation and the energetic costs associated with the powering of the AI ecosystem.']}, {'end': 7274.232, 'start': 7076.001, 'title': 'Future of alien communication', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of using gravitational waves for interstellar communication, the challenges of predicting future technological advancements, and the importance of embracing wild ideas for the future of alien civilizations and ai.', 'duration': 198.231, 'highlights': ['The potential of using gravitational waves for interstellar communication is discussed, suggesting it may be more effective than radio waves. The chapter explores the idea that communication through gravity might be more effective than radio waves for interstellar communication, potentially revolutionizing interstellar communication technology.', 'Challenges of predicting future technological advancements are acknowledged, emphasizing the difficulty of conceiving advancements two orders of magnitude ahead. The speaker acknowledges the genuine difficulty in predicting technological advancements, highlighting the challenge of conceiving advancements that are two orders of magnitude ahead, drawing parallels to the limitations of imagination in the past.', 'Importance of embracing wild ideas for the future of alien civilizations and AI is emphasized, encouraging open discussions about radical future concepts. The chapter underlines the significance of discussing wild ideas about the future, including alien civilizations and AI, and encourages embracing imaginative concepts to explore potential future scenarios.']}, {'end': 7767.048, 'start': 7274.232, 'title': 'The role of science fiction in predicting and shaping the future', 'summary': 'Discusses the allure of wild predictions and the role of science fiction in shaping the future, highlighting the impact on ai, the potential for simulating complex systems, and the challenges of space exploration.', 'duration': 492.816, 'highlights': ['The allure of wild predictions and the role of science fiction in shaping the future, impacting AI, simulation of complex systems, and space exploration The discussion emphasizes the magnetism of wild predictions and the potential for science fiction to not only predict but also shape the future, particularly in influencing AI development, simulating complex systems, and addressing the challenges of space exploration.', 'The impact of science fiction on AI development and the potential for creating the future through imaginative concepts The conversation delves into the concept of science fiction not just predicting but also creating the future, particularly in the context of AI development and the influence of imaginative concepts on shaping technological advancements.', 'The challenges and potential of simulating complex biological and sociological systems The transcript highlights the aspiration to simulate psychological and sociological systems, particularly the difficulty in simulating interactions between human pedestrians and autonomous vehicles, showcasing the potential and challenges in this area of research.', 'The complexities and challenges of space exploration, including the comparison between Mars and the moon The conversation touches on the complexities of space exploration, specifically comparing the challenges of sending humans to Mars versus the moon, highlighting the intricacies and expenses involved in supporting life in space.']}], 'duration': 1346.091, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k6420957.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential of using gravitational waves for interstellar communication is discussed, suggesting it may be more effective than radio waves.', 'The theory of Oumuamua being a piece of hydrogen ice from giant molecular clouds is a plausible explanation for its shape and acceleration, providing a new understanding of astrophysical objects.', 'The discussion explores the potential of interstellar objects being space junk from distant alien civilizations, emphasizing the need to consider unconventional possibilities in astrophysical phenomena.', 'The concept of capturing interstellar objects by Kuiper Belt and Jupiter family comets is presented, highlighting the mechanisms by which celestial bodies could be forced into orbits within the solar system.', 'The acceleration of Oumuamua due to the sun is discussed, and it is predicted that more similar objects will be discovered when the Vera Rubin Observatory comes online next year or so.', 'The concept of searching for alien civilizations through their space junk is explored, suggesting that the detection of alien civilizations may be more efficient through the identification of garbage produced by unnatural forces.', 'The allure of wild predictions and the role of science fiction in shaping the future, impacting AI, simulation of complex systems, and space exploration.', 'The impact of science fiction on AI development and the potential for creating the future through imaginative concepts.', 'The challenges and potential of simulating complex biological and sociological systems.', 'The complexities and challenges of space exploration, including the comparison between Mars and the moon.']}, {'end': 8558.285, 'segs': [{'end': 7848.386, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7820.443, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7825.387, 'text': 'This could be both philosophically, this could be technically as a musician, like what you enjoy, maybe lyrics.', 'start': 7820.443, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 7828.23, 'text': 'For me, lyrics is very important.', 'start': 7825.688, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 7832.394, 'text': 'Absolutely My choice would be lyrics-based.', 'start': 7828.29, 'duration': 4.104}, {'end': 7837.257, 'text': "I don't want to answer in terms of just technical prowess.", 'start': 7832.674, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 7840.94, 'text': 'I think technical prowess is impressive.', 'start': 7837.458, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 7844.023, 'text': "It's impressive what can be done.", 'start': 7841.841, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 7848.386, 'text': "I wouldn't place that into the category of the greatest music ever written.", 'start': 7844.043, 'duration': 4.343}], 'summary': 'Lyrics are very important; technical prowess is impressive but not the greatest music ever written.', 'duration': 27.943, 'max_score': 7820.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7820443.jpg'}, {'end': 8004.184, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7973.93, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7977.412, 'text': 'Not many songs could do that as well.', 'start': 7973.93, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 7980.193, 'text': 'Not many artists can do that as well as Pink Floyd did.', 'start': 7978.152, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 7983.515, 'text': 'There are a lot of bands that you can say, oh yeah.', 'start': 7980.533, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 7994.3, 'text': 'If you take Blink 182, if you have no idea, If you are listening to that type of pop punk for the first time,', 'start': 7983.535, 'duration': 10.765}, {'end': 8004.184, 'text': "it's difficult to differentiate between Blink-182 and Sum 41 and the thousand of other lesser known bands that all sounded.", 'start': 7994.3, 'duration': 9.884}], 'summary': 'Pink floyd stands out in music, unlike many other bands like blink-182 and sum 41.', 'duration': 30.254, 'max_score': 7973.93, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7973930.jpg'}, {'end': 8070.505, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8025.47, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8034.392, 'text': 'You know, in the calculation of the greatest song and the greatest band of all time, you could probably, you could probably actually quantify this,', 'start': 8025.47, 'duration': 8.922}, {'end': 8038.233, 'text': 'like scientifically is like how unique Pink Floyd is.', 'start': 8034.392, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 8046.895, 'text': "If you play different songs, how well are people able to recognize whether it's this band or not? That's probably a huge component to greatness.", 'start': 8038.793, 'duration': 8.102}, {'end': 8049.616, 'text': 'If the world would miss it if it was gone.', 'start': 8047.856, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 8054.717, 'text': "Yes But there's also the human story things.", 'start': 8050.476, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 8060.919, 'text': "I would say I'll put Johnny Cash's cover of Hurt as one of the greatest songs of all time.", 'start': 8054.777, 'duration': 6.142}, {'end': 8063.72, 'text': 'That has less to do with the song.', 'start': 8062.159, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 8069.764, 'text': 'but your interaction with it, reaction with it, but also the human, the full story of the human.', 'start': 8064.62, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 8070.505, 'text': "so like it's.", 'start': 8069.764, 'duration': 0.741}], 'summary': 'Quantifying greatness in music by uniqueness and recognition, considering human impact.', 'duration': 45.035, 'max_score': 8025.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8025470.jpg'}, {'end': 8171.567, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8134.326, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8137.227, 'text': 'That could be the markets that Spotify has created,', 'start': 8134.326, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 8145.932, 'text': "this market where the incentives for creating music that lasts is much lower because there's so much more music.", 'start': 8137.227, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 8152.655, 'text': 'You just want something that shines bright for a short amount of time, makes a lot of money and moves on.', 'start': 8146.392, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 8154.876, 'text': 'The same thing you see with the news and all those things.', 'start': 8152.695, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 8161.159, 'text': "We're just living in a shorter and shorter time scale in terms of our attention spans.", 'start': 8154.896, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 8171.567, 'text': 'Nevertheless, when we look at the long arc of history of music, perhaps there will be some songs from today that will last as much as Pink Floyd.', 'start': 8164.041, 'duration': 7.526}], 'summary': 'Incentives for lasting music decrease due to shorter attention spans and market dynamics.', 'duration': 37.241, 'max_score': 8134.326, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8134326.jpg'}, {'end': 8299.004, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8270.389, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8282.593, 'text': "it's all, it's all part of that same creative thing which is distinct from, i don't know, uh, pressing a button or, like you know.", 'start': 8270.389, 'duration': 12.204}, {'end': 8284.395, 'text': "So it's not a break from science.", 'start': 8282.614, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 8285.696, 'text': "It's a part of your science.", 'start': 8284.415, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 8288.498, 'text': "It's absolutely is a part of it's.", 'start': 8285.915, 'duration': 2.583}, {'end': 8293.441, 'text': "I would say, you know, it's a thing that enables the science right?", 'start': 8288.498, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 8299.004, 'text': 'The science, would, you know, suck even more than it does already without the music.', 'start': 8293.46, 'duration': 5.544}], 'summary': 'Music is an essential part of science and enables it, making it more impactful.', 'duration': 28.615, 'max_score': 8270.389, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8270388.jpg'}, {'end': 8378.788, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8357.018, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8365.642, 'text': "I try to do the thing that I'm passionate about in a moment and put that at the top of the priority list.", 'start': 8357.018, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 8375.406, 'text': "There are moments when you feel inspired to play music and if you're in the middle of something, if that can be put on hold, just do it.", 'start': 8366.002, 'duration': 9.404}, {'end': 8378.788, 'text': 'There are times when you get inspired about something scientific.', 'start': 8375.526, 'duration': 3.262}], 'summary': 'Prioritize passion and inspiration for music and scientific pursuits.', 'duration': 21.77, 'max_score': 8357.018, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8357018.jpg'}], 'start': 7767.048, 'title': "Music's influence and science", 'summary': "Explores the influence of iconic bands, preference for lyrics-based music, and the impact of streaming platforms on music longevity. it also discusses music's role in creativity, emphasizing the importance of pursuing passion and managing inspiration effectively.", 'chapters': [{'end': 8093.825, 'start': 7767.048, 'title': 'Exploring the greatest songs and musical influence', 'summary': 'Delves into a discussion about the greatest songs of all time, highlighting the preference for lyrics-based music, the influence of iconic bands like the beatles and pink floyd, and the consideration of the full experience of a song, including its impact and recognition.', 'duration': 326.777, 'highlights': ["The uniqueness and recognition factor of Pink Floyd's music is emphasized, indicating that it plays a significant role in determining greatness, potentially quantifiable scientifically.", "The influence and impact of Johnny Cash's cover of Hurt is discussed, emphasizing the importance of the full story and the video component in evaluating the greatness of a song.", 'The preference for lyrics-based music is expressed, highlighting its importance in the consideration of the greatest song of all time.', "The influence and admiration for iconic bands like The Beatles and Pink Floyd are highlighted, showcasing their impact on the speaker's musical preferences."]}, {'end': 8558.285, 'start': 8093.825, 'title': "Music's role in science", 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of streaming platforms on music longevity, the essential role of music in creativity and the balancing act of being a musician and a scientist, emphasizing the importance of pursuing passion and managing inspiration effectively.', 'duration': 464.46, 'highlights': ['The impact of streaming platforms on music longevity and creativity The discussion on the impact of streaming platforms on music longevity and creativity reflects the trend of prioritizing short-term success over lasting art.', 'The essential role of music in creativity and science Emphasizing the essential role of music in creativity and science, highlighting its significant contribution to enhancing scientific endeavors.', 'Balancing passion and inspiration in a busy lifestyle Emphasizing the importance of managing passion and inspiration effectively in a busy lifestyle, highlighting the significance of pursuing passion and optimizing life priorities.']}], 'duration': 791.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k7767048.jpg', 'highlights': ["The uniqueness and recognition factor of Pink Floyd's music is emphasized, potentially quantifiable scientifically.", "The influence and impact of Johnny Cash's cover of Hurt is discussed, emphasizing the importance of the full story and the video component in evaluating the greatness of a song.", 'The preference for lyrics-based music is expressed, highlighting its importance in the consideration of the greatest song of all time.', "The influence and admiration for iconic bands like The Beatles and Pink Floyd are highlighted, showcasing their impact on the speaker's musical preferences.", 'The discussion on the impact of streaming platforms on music longevity and creativity reflects the trend of prioritizing short-term success over lasting art.', 'Emphasizing the essential role of music in creativity and science, highlighting its significant contribution to enhancing scientific endeavors.', 'Emphasizing the importance of managing passion and inspiration effectively in a busy lifestyle, highlighting the significance of pursuing passion and optimizing life priorities.']}, {'end': 9584.4, 'segs': [{'end': 8590.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8558.946, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8561.71, 'text': 'But, you know, music is always involved in that process.', 'start': 8558.946, 'duration': 2.764}, {'end': 8562.872, 'text': 'Yeah, keeping it fun.', 'start': 8561.79, 'duration': 1.082}, {'end': 8565.115, 'text': 'You have Russian roots? I sure do.', 'start': 8563.272, 'duration': 1.843}, {'end': 8567.538, 'text': 'Were you born in Russia? I was, yeah.', 'start': 8565.596, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 8574.191, 'text': 'When did you come here? So I came to the US in the very end of 99.', 'start': 8567.919, 'duration': 6.272}, {'end': 8579.053, 'text': 'So I was almost 14 years old.', 'start': 8574.191, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 8583.175, 'text': 'But along the way, we spent six years in Japan.', 'start': 8579.654, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 8590.538, 'text': 'So we moved from Russia to Japan in 94, and then to the US in 99.', 'start': 8583.275, 'duration': 7.263}], 'summary': 'Russian-born musician moved to us at 14 after 6 years in japan.', 'duration': 31.592, 'max_score': 8558.946, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8558946.jpg'}, {'end': 8721.353, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8659.22, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8671.803, 'text': "I thought for a long time that So, for people who don't speak Russian,", 'start': 8659.22, 'duration': 12.583}, {'end': 8680.185, 'text': 'Konstantin was talking about basically his first in 1992 interaction with capitalism, which is Pepsi.', 'start': 8671.803, 'duration': 8.382}, {'end': 8688.706, 'text': 'And at first he discovered Pepsi and then he discovered Coke and he was confused how such theft could occur.', 'start': 8680.345, 'duration': 8.361}, {'end': 8690.267, 'text': 'Like an intellectual property theft.', 'start': 8688.807, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 8696.192, 'text': 'And remember, Pepsi arrived to the soviet union first and there was some.', 'start': 8690.367, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 8700.916, 'text': "there's some complicated story which i don't, uh, quite understand the details of.", 'start': 8696.192, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 8706.001, 'text': 'for a while, pepsi like commanded submarines or something.', 'start': 8700.916, 'duration': 5.085}, {'end': 8713.668, 'text': 'yeah, pepsi had like a fleet of soviet submarines that it was sponsoring tanks, and this fast thing.', 'start': 8706.001, 'duration': 7.667}, {'end': 8717.19, 'text': "And I remember there's certain things that trickled in like McDonald's.", 'start': 8713.788, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 8718.351, 'text': 'I remember that was a big deal.', 'start': 8717.25, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 8720.252, 'text': 'Certain aspects of the West.', 'start': 8719.111, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 8721.353, 'text': 'Absolutely So.', 'start': 8720.792, 'duration': 0.561}], 'summary': "Konstantin's first interaction with capitalism was through pepsi and coke in 1992, leading to confusion over intellectual property theft and the unique involvement of pepsi in the soviet union.", 'duration': 62.133, 'max_score': 8659.22, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8659220.jpg'}, {'end': 8856.457, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8824.187, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8834.454, 'text': 'I sometimes, I guess, rely on that a little bit in my daily life because I remember the early 90s were real rough.', 'start': 8824.187, 'duration': 10.267}, {'end': 8846.383, 'text': 'My parents were on the bottom of the spectrum in terms of financial well-being.', 'start': 8835.295, 'duration': 11.088}, {'end': 8856.457, 'text': 'When I run into trouble, not, like you know, money trouble, just any kind of trouble.', 'start': 8846.463, 'duration': 9.994}], 'summary': "Struggled in the early 90s due to parents' financial hardship, impacting daily life.", 'duration': 32.27, 'max_score': 8824.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8824187.jpg'}, {'end': 9019.82, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8988.731, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8992.673, 'text': "Maybe there is, but in my experience, I haven't seen it.", 'start': 8988.731, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 8999.736, 'text': 'you know, I would say people in high school, right?', 'start': 8996.331, 'duration': 3.405}, {'end': 9010.171, 'text': "So much of their focus is on getting straight A's filling their CV with this and this and this so that it looks impressive, right?", 'start': 9001.498, 'duration': 8.673}, {'end': 9016.978, 'text': 'That That is not, I think, a good way to optimize your life, right?', 'start': 9011.593, 'duration': 5.385}, {'end': 9019.82, 'text': 'Do the thing that fills your life with passion.', 'start': 9017.358, 'duration': 2.462}], 'summary': 'High schoolers focus on grades and cv, but passion is key.', 'duration': 31.089, 'max_score': 8988.731, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8988731.jpg'}, {'end': 9465.081, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9437.526, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9445.704, 'text': 'as, uh, you know, as time evolves forward, you know, and the kind of economy changes.', 'start': 9437.526, 'duration': 8.178}, {'end': 9458.996, 'text': "I mean we're already starting to see a shift towards that type of creative enterprise as merging, taking over a bigger and bigger chunk of the sector.", 'start': 9445.724, 'duration': 13.272}, {'end': 9465.081, 'text': "It's not yet, I think, the dominant portion of the economy by any account.", 'start': 9459.016, 'duration': 6.065}], 'summary': 'Creative enterprises are taking over a bigger sector of the economy, but not yet dominant.', 'duration': 27.555, 'max_score': 9437.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k9437526.jpg'}, {'end': 9582.553, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 9496.489, 'weight': 0.97, 'content': [{'end': 9505.073, 'text': 'I do hope that we definitively discover proof that there is a Planet 9 out there in the next few years,', 'start': 9496.489, 'duration': 8.584}, {'end': 9511.277, 'text': 'so you can sit back with a cigar or a cigarette, or vodka or wine and just say I told you so.', 'start': 9505.073, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 9512.938, 'text': "That's already happening.", 'start': 9511.977, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 9515.038, 'text': "Yeah I'm going to do that later tonight.", 'start': 9512.958, 'duration': 2.08}, {'end': 9519.92, 'text': 'As I mentioned, confidence is essential to being a rock star.', 'start': 9516.539, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 9524.861, 'text': 'I really appreciate you explaining so many fascinating things to me today.', 'start': 9520.52, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 9527.202, 'text': 'I really appreciate the work that you do out there.', 'start': 9524.882, 'duration': 2.32}, {'end': 9530.663, 'text': 'And I really appreciate you talking with me today.', 'start': 9527.982, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 9531.804, 'text': 'It was a pleasure.', 'start': 9530.963, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 9532.844, 'text': 'Thanks for having me on.', 'start': 9532.024, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 9541.961, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Konstantin Batygin, and thank you to Squarespace, Literati, Onnit, and NI.', 'start': 9533.973, 'duration': 7.988}, {'end': 9545.264, 'text': 'Check them out in the description to support this podcast.', 'start': 9542.561, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 9550.809, 'text': "And now, let me leave you with some words from Douglas Adams in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.", 'start': 9546.185, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 9562.757, 'text': 'Far out in the uncharted backwaters of the unfashionable end of the western spiral arm of the galaxy lies a small, unregarded yellow sun.', 'start': 9552.09, 'duration': 10.667}, {'end': 9580.549, 'text': 'Orbiting this at a distance of roughly 92 million miles is an utterly insignificant little blue-green planet whose ape-descendant lifeforms are so amazingly primitive that they still think digital watches are a pretty neat idea.', 'start': 9563.938, 'duration': 16.611}, {'end': 9582.553, 'text': 'Thank you for listening.', 'start': 9581.811, 'duration': 0.742}], 'summary': 'Hoping for proof of planet 9, expressing gratitude, and leaving with a quote from douglas adams.', 'duration': 86.064, 'max_score': 9496.489, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k9496489.jpg'}], 'start': 8558.946, 'title': "An immigrant's international journey and transformative experiences", 'summary': "Highlights the speaker's journey from russia to japan and then to the us, including early encounters with iconic western brands in 1990s russia, transformative experiences, financial struggles, and advice for young people. it also discusses the evolving trend towards creative enterprise in the economy.", 'chapters': [{'end': 8618.478, 'start': 8558.946, 'title': 'Russian roots and international journey', 'summary': "Highlights the speaker's international journey from russia to japan and then to the us, spending six years in japan and arriving in the us at the age of 14, while still maintaining the ability to speak russian fluently.", 'duration': 59.532, 'highlights': ['The speaker moved from Russia to Japan in 1994, then to the US in 1999, spending six years in Japan.', 'The speaker arrived in the US at the age of 14.', 'The speaker maintains the ability to speak Russian fluently.']}, {'end': 8793.215, 'start': 8619.039, 'title': 'Early impressions of capitalism in 1990s russia', 'summary': "Describes the speaker's early encounters with iconic western brands like pepsi, coca-cola, and mcdonald's in the soviet union during the 1990s, including his astonishment at the arrival of these products and his fascination with the culinary artistry of the big mac, which led to enduring memories and a sense of wonder.", 'duration': 174.176, 'highlights': ['The speaker vividly remembers the introduction of Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola in the Soviet Union during the turbulent period of 1991-93, expressing confusion over how such theft of intellectual property could occur at a young age.', "The speaker recalls the significant impact of iconic Western brands like Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and McDonald's trickling into the Soviet Union, including waiting in a six-hour line to experience the novelty of McDonald's and being amazed by the artistry of the Big Mac, particularly the sesame seeds on the bun.", 'The speaker expresses his fascination with the culinary artistry of the Big Mac, particularly the sesame seeds on the bun, and discusses the enduring mystery of how they are injected into the bread, highlighting his sense of wonder and curiosity about Western culinary techniques.']}, {'end': 9073.325, 'start': 8793.495, 'title': "Immigrant's advice: embrace change", 'summary': "Highlights the immigrant's transformative experiences in childhood, financial struggles in the early 90s, and advises young people to prioritize passion over academic achievements for a happier and fulfilling life.", 'duration': 279.83, 'highlights': ['The immigrant shares the transformative experience of being an outsider in Japanese elementary school and later in a US middle school, emphasizing how it mentally prepared him for future changes.', 'He recalls the financial struggles of his parents in the early 90s, highlighting their position at the bottom of the financial spectrum, shaping his perspective on modern-day troubles.', "The immigrant advises young people to prioritize passion over academic achievements, suggesting that a focus on passion leads to a happier and more fulfilling life, contrary to the misconception of a 'template for success'."]}, {'end': 9584.4, 'start': 9073.325, 'title': 'Building an impressive cv', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of spending time on activities that enhance one's cv, the diminishing significance of grades and degrees, and the evolving trend towards creative enterprise in the economy.", 'duration': 511.075, 'highlights': ["Spending time doing activities that enhance CV is emphasized, such as producing code for GitHub or engaging in extracurricular activities. The speaker emphasizes the importance of spending time on activities that slowly enhance one's CV, such as producing code for GitHub or engaging in extracurricular activities.", 'Diminishing significance of grades and degrees in comparison to tangible products in the computing fields. In the computing fields, the significance of tangible products such as code produced is highlighted over the importance of grades and degrees.', 'The evolving trend towards creative enterprise taking over a bigger portion of the economy. There is an observation about the shift in the economy towards creative enterprise taking over a larger portion, indicating a changing trend in the type of work being done.']}], 'duration': 1025.454, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/tm7poMupE8k/pics/tm7poMupE8k8558946.jpg', 'highlights': ['The evolving trend towards creative enterprise taking over a bigger portion of the economy.', "The immigrant advises young people to prioritize passion over academic achievements, suggesting that a focus on passion leads to a happier and more fulfilling life, contrary to the misconception of a 'template for success'.", 'The speaker recalls the financial struggles of his parents in the early 90s, highlighting their position at the bottom of the financial spectrum, shaping his perspective on modern-day troubles.', 'The speaker vividly remembers the introduction of Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola in the Soviet Union during the turbulent period of 1991-93, expressing confusion over how such theft of intellectual property could occur at a young age.', "The speaker recalls the significant impact of iconic Western brands like Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and McDonald's trickling into the Soviet Union, including waiting in a six-hour line to experience the novelty of McDonald's and being amazed by the artistry of the Big Mac, particularly the sesame seeds on the bun.", 'The speaker moved from Russia to Japan in 1994, then to the US in 1999, spending six years in Japan.']}], 'highlights': ['The hypothesized Planet 9, believed to be about five Earth masses, with a period of about 10,000 years, orbits the Sun beyond Neptune. Details the key characteristics of Planet 9, providing quantifiable data such as its estimated mass and orbital period.', 'The Vera Rubin Observatory may increase the census of distant Kuiper Belt objects by a factor of 100, potentially leading to the discovery of Planet Nine. Vera Rubin Observatory impact on increasing census, potential discovery of Planet Nine', 'The false alarm probability of the clustering on which the Planet 9 hypothesis is built is about 0.4%. This quantifies the statistical significance of the clustering supporting the Planet 9 hypothesis.', "Jupiter's migration and its impact on the formation of the solar system, leading to the destruction of short period planets and the subsequent formation of the terrestrial planets, with a mass-depleted remnant disk of only a couple Earth masses.", 'The rarity of Earth-like planets, estimated to be around a 1% effect in the planet formation process.', 'The behavior of tumbleweeds in the desert, resembling a family of ducks or cyclists in a race, highlights their tendency to roll due to wind.', 'The value of in-person interaction and the drawbacks of virtual communication are discussed, emphasizing the irreplaceable nature of personal connection and the potential negative impact of relying solely on virtual communication.', "Elon Musk's goal of sending humans to Mars and Jeff Bezos' ambition to fly his own rocket into space are driving the acceleration of space exploration, alongside other CubeSat-oriented companies.", 'The potential of using gravitational waves for interstellar communication is discussed, suggesting it may be more effective than radio waves.', 'The evolving trend towards creative enterprise taking over a bigger portion of the economy.', "The immigrant advises young people to prioritize passion over academic achievements, suggesting that a focus on passion leads to a happier and more fulfilling life, contrary to the misconception of a 'template for success'."]}