title
Manolis Kellis: Origin of Life, Humans, Ideas, Suffering, and Happiness | Lex Fridman Podcast #123

description
Manolis Kellis is a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group. Please check out our sponsors to get a discount and to support this podcast: - Public Goods: https://publicgoods.com/lex and use code LEX - Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex link & using code LEX at checkout - ExpressVPN: https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod Lex Fridman Podcast survey mentioned in the intro: https://www.surveygizmo.com/s3/5833660/Lex-Fridman-Podcast-Survey EPISODE LINKS: Manolis Website: http://web.mit.edu/manoli/ Manolis Twitter: https://twitter.com/manoliskellis Manolis Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Kellis PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 6:20 - Epigenome 10:28 - Evolution 15:26 - Neanderthals 27:15 - Origin of life on Earth 43:44 - Life is a fight against physics 49:56 - Life as a set of transformations 51:35 - Time scales 1:00:31 - Transformations of ideas in human civilization 1:05:19 - Life is more than a rat race 1:13:18 - Life sucks sometimes and that's okay 1:30:16 - Getting older 1:36:21 - The best of MIT 1:49:01 - Poem 1: The Snow 2:01:52 - Love 2:06:16 - Poem 2: The Tide Waters CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Manolis Kellis: Origin of Life, Humans, Ideas, Suffering, and Happiness | Lex Fridman Podcast #123', 'heatmap': [{'end': 6054.836, 'start': 5968.416, 'weight': 0.915}, {'end': 7839.142, 'start': 7773.017, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Manolis kellis discusses a range of topics including podcast sponsorships, human epigenome, evolutionary topics, life's signatures and timescales, human evolution, embracing life's struggles, kindness, personal growth, and youthful poet's reflections on lex fridman podcast #123.", 'chapters': [{'end': 317.081, 'segs': [{'end': 237.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 192.501, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 200.706, 'text': 'It goes nicely, at least I think so, with the design of Crew Dragon and the recent SpaceX NASA mission that sent two humans into space.', 'start': 192.501, 'duration': 8.205}, {'end': 208.51, 'text': 'To me, very few things are as inspiring as us humans reaching out into the unknown, the harsh challenges of space.', 'start': 201.606, 'duration': 6.904}, {'end': 212.153, 'text': 'Colonizing Mars may not have obvious near-term benefits,', 'start': 209.511, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 223.879, 'text': 'but I believe it will challenge our scientists and our engineers to create technologies whose impact will be immeasurable for us humans here on Earth or those of us who choose to stay here on Earth.', 'start': 212.153, 'duration': 11.726}, {'end': 229.762, 'text': "Personally, I'm kind of a long-time, big fan of this planet.", 'start': 224.699, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 237.266, 'text': 'Anyway, visit publicgoods.com and use code LEX at checkout to get $15 off your first order.', 'start': 230.723, 'duration': 6.543}], 'summary': "Spacex's crew dragon design complements recent nasa mission, inspiring colonization of mars for future technological advancements.", 'duration': 44.765, 'max_score': 192.501, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g192501.jpg'}], 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Conversations and podcast sponsorships', 'summary': "Discusses conversations with manolis kellis, highlighting his brilliance, productivity, and kindness. it also explores the significance of podcast sponsorships, the experience of being on joe rogan's podcast, and promoting sponsors like public goods, magic spoon, and expressvpn.", 'chapters': [{'end': 41.16, 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Conversation with manolis kellis', 'summary': 'Discusses the conversation with manolis kellis, a professor at mit and head of the mit computational biology group, highlighting his brilliance, productivity, and kindness, as well as the sponsorship from public goods, magic spoon, and expressvpn.', 'duration': 40.971, 'highlights': ['Manolis Kellis, a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group, is highlighted as one of the most brilliant, productive, and kind individuals.', 'The conversation with Manolis Kellis is emphasized, indicating his willingness to make time in his busy schedule to chat.', 'Sponsorship from Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN is briefly mentioned as part of the conversation.']}, {'end': 317.081, 'start': 41.68, 'title': 'Podcast sponsorships and conversations', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of podcast sponsorships, the experience of being on joe rogan's podcast, and the significance of having fun and connecting with inspiring individuals, along with promoting sponsors like public goods, magic spoon, and expressvpn.", 'duration': 275.401, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the importance of podcast sponsorships and the significance of having fun and connecting with inspiring individuals. It mentions the sponsors in the description to support the podcast, the experience of being on Joe Rogan's podcast, and the significance of having fun and connecting with inspiring individuals.", 'The podcast promotes sponsors like Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN. It emphasizes the importance of supporting podcast sponsors like Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN, and encourages the audience to check out the sponsors for discounts and to support the podcast.', "The significance of interacting with people who inspire and bring joy is highlighted, including the experience of being on Joe Rogan's podcast and the importance of connecting with inspiring individuals. It mentions the importance of interacting with inspiring individuals, drawing from the experience of being on Joe Rogan's podcast and the significance of connecting with people who inspire and bring joy."]}], 'duration': 316.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g189.jpg', 'highlights': ['Manolis Kellis, a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group, is highlighted as one of the most brilliant, productive, and kind individuals.', 'The conversation with Manolis Kellis is emphasized, indicating his willingness to make time in his busy schedule to chat.', 'The chapter discusses the importance of podcast sponsorships and the significance of having fun and connecting with inspiring individuals.', 'The podcast promotes sponsors like Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN, emphasizing the importance of supporting podcast sponsors and encouraging the audience to check out the sponsors for discounts and to support the podcast.', "The significance of interacting with people who inspire and bring joy is highlighted, including the experience of being on Joe Rogan's podcast and the importance of connecting with inspiring individuals."]}, {'end': 1105.582, 'segs': [{'end': 526.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 498.231, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 505.04, 'text': 'And the way that your cells remember what their identity is, is basically driven by the epigenome.', 'start': 498.231, 'duration': 6.809}, {'end': 510.206, 'text': 'So the epigenome is both structural, instead of making this dramatic compaction,', 'start': 505.861, 'duration': 4.345}, {'end': 515.994, 'text': "and it's also functional in being able to actually control the activity patterns of all your cells.", 'start': 510.206, 'duration': 5.788}, {'end': 526.257, 'text': 'Now, can we draw a definition, distinction between the genome and the epigenome? Again, being Greek, epi means on top of.', 'start': 516.994, 'duration': 9.263}], 'summary': 'Epigenome determines cell identity and activity patterns, distinct from genome.', 'duration': 28.026, 'max_score': 498.231, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g498231.jpg'}, {'end': 645.046, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 617.343, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 628.311, 'text': 'but what the epigenome allows you to do is effectively conduct the orchestra and coordinate the pieces so that every instrument plays only the things that it needs to play.', 'start': 617.343, 'duration': 10.968}, {'end': 645.046, 'text': 'One thing that blows my mind maybe you can tell me your thoughts about it is the way evolution works with natural selection is based on the entirety of the orchestra musical performance.', 'start': 629.072, 'duration': 15.974}], 'summary': 'Epigenome coordinates orchestra for efficient genetic expression.', 'duration': 27.703, 'max_score': 617.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g617343.jpg'}, {'end': 709.684, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 686.909, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 697.897, 'text': "But then that nucleotide's function is selected at the level of each gene and every, not even each gene, each gene regulatory control element.", 'start': 686.909, 'duration': 10.988}, {'end': 702.54, 'text': 'And then those control elements are basically converging onto the function of the gene.', 'start': 698.477, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 705.642, 'text': 'And many genes are converging onto the function of one cell.', 'start': 703.04, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 709.684, 'text': 'And many cells are converging onto the function of one tissue or organ.', 'start': 706.062, 'duration': 3.622}], 'summary': 'Nucleotide functions are selected at gene and regulatory control element levels, converging onto cell and tissue functions.', 'duration': 22.775, 'max_score': 686.909, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g686909.jpg'}, {'end': 913.582, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 882.537, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 887.305, 'text': 'But in the context of the modern human genome, that Neanderthal gene version is actually detrimental.', 'start': 882.537, 'duration': 4.768}, {'end': 896.911, 'text': 'So that cellular environment constitutes the genetics of that gene, but also, of course, all of the epigenomics of that gene.', 'start': 888.228, 'duration': 8.683}, {'end': 900.533, 'text': "It's fascinating that the gene has a history.", 'start': 897.651, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 906.335, 'text': 'I mean, we talked about this a little bit last time, and then some of your research goes into that.', 'start': 900.553, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 913.582, 'text': 'the genes as they are today have a story from the beginning of time.', 'start': 907.595, 'duration': 5.987}], 'summary': 'Neanderthal gene version in modern human genome is detrimental, with a fascinating history and impact on genetics and epigenomics.', 'duration': 31.045, 'max_score': 882.537, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g882537.jpg'}, {'end': 1112.604, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1088.668, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1094.894, 'text': "you know you're my sports team or you're my, you know political party or you're my.", 'start': 1088.668, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 1100.559, 'text': "you know tiny little village and therefore you know if you're from that other village, i hate you.", 'start': 1094.894, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 1105.582, 'text': "but as soon as we're both in the major city, i can't believe we're from the same region.", 'start': 1100.559, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 1111.483, 'text': "my friend come here, my family, and like two neighboring countries fighting, and as soon as they're off in another country, you're like, oh,", 'start': 1105.582, 'duration': 5.901}, {'end': 1112.604, 'text': "i can't believe that.", 'start': 1111.483, 'duration': 1.121}], 'summary': 'Regionalism fosters division, but urban settings promote unity despite nationality differences.', 'duration': 23.936, 'max_score': 1088.668, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g1088668.jpg'}], 'start': 317.782, 'title': 'The importance and function of expressvpn and the human epigenome', 'summary': 'Discusses the necessity of using expressvpn for online security on windows and linux, and the remarkable compaction of dna in the human body, with 30 trillion cells containing two meters worth of dna, and the functional control of thousands of genes by the epigenome.', 'chapters': [{'end': 396.181, 'start': 317.782, 'title': 'The importance of expressvpn for online security', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of using expressvpn for online security, highlighting a suggested opening line and emphasizing its necessity to protect oneself from online threats, with mention of its usage on both windows and linux.', 'duration': 78.399, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the importance of using ExpressVPN for online security, emphasizing a suggested opening line and its necessity to protect oneself from online threats, with mention of its usage on both Windows and Linux.', 'The speaker highlights the suggested opening line of using the internet without ExpressVPN as akin to leaving the bathroom door open, emphasizing the need for online protection.', 'The speaker mentions using ExpressVPN on both Windows and Linux to protect oneself from potential online threats, underlining the importance of online security.']}, {'end': 1105.582, 'start': 396.781, 'title': 'The human epigenome: dna compaction and functional control', 'summary': 'Discusses the incredible compaction of dna in the human body, with each of the 30 trillion cells containing two meters worth of dna, and the functional control of thousands of genes by the epigenome, which influences the activity patterns and identity of cells.', 'duration': 708.801, 'highlights': ['The human body contains 30 trillion cells, each with two meters worth of DNA, which when stretched, would reach all the way to Jupiter a hundred times. The incredible compaction of DNA in the human body is highlighted, with each of the 30 trillion cells containing two meters worth of DNA, which when stretched, would reach all the way to Jupiter a hundred times.', 'The epigenome has the ability to compact the massive amount of DNA from here to Jupiter 10 times into one human body. The significant role of the epigenome in compacting the massive amount of DNA in the human body is emphasized, with the ability to compact the DNA from here to Jupiter 10 times into one human body.', "The human epigenome allows control over the activity patterns of thousands of genes, driving the cells' memory of their identity. The functional control of the human epigenome is highlighted, with its ability to control the activity patterns of thousands of genes and drive the cells' memory of their identity.", 'The epigenome is defined as anything on top of the DNA, including chemical modifications, and it can modify the primary score of the DNA, controlling gene activity patterns. The definition and function of the epigenome are explained, as it is described as anything on top of the DNA, including chemical modifications, and its ability to modify the primary score of the DNA, controlling gene activity patterns.', 'The selection process in evolution occurs at multiple layers, from nucleotides to genes, cells, tissues, and ecosystems, with benefits emerging at different levels. The complex selection process in evolution is highlighted, occurring at multiple layers from nucleotides to genes, cells, tissues, and ecosystems, with benefits emerging at different levels.']}], 'duration': 787.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g317782.jpg', 'highlights': ['The human body contains 30 trillion cells, each with two meters worth of DNA, which when stretched, would reach all the way to Jupiter a hundred times.', 'The epigenome has the ability to compact the massive amount of DNA from here to Jupiter 10 times into one human body.', "The functional control of the human epigenome is highlighted, with its ability to control the activity patterns of thousands of genes and drive the cells' memory of their identity.", 'The chapter discusses the importance of using ExpressVPN for online security, emphasizing a suggested opening line and its necessity to protect oneself from online threats, with mention of its usage on both Windows and Linux.', 'The speaker highlights the suggested opening line of using the internet without ExpressVPN as akin to leaving the bathroom door open, emphasizing the need for online protection.', 'The selection process in evolution occurs at multiple layers, from nucleotides to genes, cells, tissues, and ecosystems, with benefits emerging at different levels.']}, {'end': 2589.302, 'segs': [{'end': 1886.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1857.403, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1860.806, 'text': 'lizards with four limbs, and you know Right?', 'start': 1857.403, 'duration': 3.403}, {'end': 1861.807, 'text': "It's kind of boring.", 'start': 1861.186, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1866.151, 'text': 'If you look at, by comparison, life underwater is teeming with diversity.', 'start': 1862.107, 'duration': 4.044}, {'end': 1872.816, 'text': "So now let's roll back the clock and basically say where did life in the ocean come from?", 'start': 1867.355, 'duration': 5.461}, {'end': 1874.556, 'text': 'From the surface or from the bottom?', 'start': 1872.836, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 1875.977, 'text': 'Exactly those two options that you were mentioning.', 'start': 1874.576, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 1876.577, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 1875.997, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 1880.117, 'text': 'So basically life on the surface is one option.', 'start': 1876.977, 'duration': 3.14}, {'end': 1886.698, 'text': "And then the idea there is that there's tides with the moon and the sun sort of causing all this movement.", 'start': 1880.457, 'duration': 6.241}], 'summary': 'Life underwater is teeming with diversity compared to lizards with four limbs on the surface.', 'duration': 29.295, 'max_score': 1857.403, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g1857403.jpg'}, {'end': 2038.156, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2008.769, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2019.894, 'text': 'We like to think of life as the information propagation, which is DNA, the messenger, which is RNA, and then the action, which is protein.', 'start': 2008.769, 'duration': 11.125}, {'end': 2025.086, 'text': 'So basically, DNA, we think, is an essential part of life.', 'start': 2021.263, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 2028.108, 'text': "That's where the storage is.", 'start': 2026.367, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2032.412, 'text': 'And therefore, that early life form must have had some kind of storage medium, DNA.', 'start': 2028.469, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 2038.156, 'text': 'If you look at how life actually evolved, DNA was invented much later.', 'start': 2033.753, 'duration': 4.403}], 'summary': 'Dna is essential for life, serving as the storage medium, with rna and proteins playing key roles in information propagation and action.', 'duration': 29.387, 'max_score': 2008.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g2008769.jpg'}, {'end': 2171.513, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2125.849, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2127.19, 'text': "And that's the first kind of encoding.", 'start': 2125.849, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 2133.253, 'text': "You're like, well, do you need some kind of code? Yeah, but the code was in fact one thing.", 'start': 2127.21, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 2135.914, 'text': 'It was conflated with the actuators.', 'start': 2133.453, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 2139.858, 'text': 'The actuators were separated from the code only later on.', 'start': 2137.236, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 2147.843, 'text': 'So you first had the self-replicating code, which was also the actuator, and then you kind of have a functionalization,', 'start': 2140.718, 'duration': 7.125}, {'end': 2155.068, 'text': 'partitioning of the functionalization, a sub-functionalization of the proteins that are now gonna be the workhorse of life,', 'start': 2147.843, 'duration': 7.225}, {'end': 2156.349, 'text': "but they're not self-replicating.", 'start': 2155.068, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2158.09, 'text': 'The code remains the RNA.', 'start': 2156.549, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 2164.574, 'text': 'So the most beautiful and most complex RNA machine known to man is the ribosome.', 'start': 2159.051, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 2171.513, 'text': 'The ribosome is this massive factory that is able to translate RNA into protein.', 'start': 2165.794, 'duration': 5.719}], 'summary': 'The code was initially the self-replicating actuator, later separated, with rna as the remaining code. the ribosome translates rna into protein.', 'duration': 45.664, 'max_score': 2125.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g2125849.jpg'}, {'end': 2385.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2353.852, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2356.592, 'text': 'Europa basically has all the ingredients.', 'start': 2353.852, 'duration': 2.74}, {'end': 2360.793, 'text': 'It has, you know, the core that can emit energy.', 'start': 2357.112, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 2367.815, 'text': 'It has the shielding through the ice sheet, protecting it just like an atmosphere would.', 'start': 2361.833, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 2369.295, 'text': 'It even has a layer of oxygen.', 'start': 2368.155, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 2372.398, 'text': 'probably sufficiently dense to sustain life.', 'start': 2370.356, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 2385.371, 'text': "So my guess is that there's probably independently arisen life form already teeming in Europa because as soon as it today.", 'start': 2373.239, 'duration': 12.132}], 'summary': 'Europa has the ingredients for life, including energy, shielding, and oxygen, likely sustaining independently arisen life forms.', 'duration': 31.519, 'max_score': 2353.852, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g2353852.jpg'}], 'start': 1105.582, 'title': 'Evolutionary topics', 'summary': 'Delves into tribalism, intelligence, and the origins of life, exploring genetic advantages, potential alien life, and the early rna world, reflecting on the emergence of new lineages and the potential discovery of life on europa.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1328.193, 'start': 1105.582, 'title': 'Tribalism and evolutionary mischievousness', 'summary': 'Delves into the nonsensical nature of tribalism and its genetic advantages, exploring the battle for territory between humans and neanderthals, as well as the presence of mischievousness in human evolution, ultimately reflecting on the extinction of diverse life forms and the emergence of new lineages.', 'duration': 222.611, 'highlights': ['The genetic advantages of tribalism and kin selection are discussed, highlighting the nonsensical nature of tribalism and its potential genetic benefits.', 'The battle for territory and the conflict between humans and Neanderthals is explored, shedding light on the genetic interactions and love between different species.', 'The presence of mischievousness in human evolution, potentially contributing to the success of the species, is highlighted, linking it to the persistence of certain traits in present times.', "The extinction of diverse life forms and the survival of 'boring' ones are reflected upon, with a specific mention of the abrupt extinction of various lineages and the emergence of new, impressive ones.", 'The question of whether there are species more intelligent than humans still alive today is posed, prompting contemplation on the potential existence of such species.']}, {'end': 1814.02, 'start': 1328.634, 'title': 'Intelligence and life beyond earth', 'summary': "Discusses the potential intelligence of dolphins, the challenges of determining intelligence in other species, the potential discovery of alien life forms, and the factors influencing life evolution, with a focus on the role of water and energy sources. it also explores the competing hypotheses of life's evolution from the outside in or inside out, and the challenges of sustaining life outside of water.", 'duration': 485.386, 'highlights': ['The potential intelligence of dolphins is discussed, considering their brain structure, behavior, and learning capabilities compared to humans, raising questions about the definition and measurement of intelligence. Discussion on the potential intelligence of dolphins based on brain structure, behavior, and learning capabilities compared to humans.', "The challenges of determining intelligence in other species are highlighted, emphasizing the difficulty of judging a species' intelligence without clear demonstrations, and the implications for understanding life forms beyond Earth. Emphasizing the challenges of judging a species' intelligence without clear demonstrations and its implications for understanding life forms beyond Earth.", 'The potential discovery of alien life forms is explored, addressing the challenges of identifying and communicating with intelligent beings, along with the potential similarities and differences in genetic and structural codes. Exploration of the challenges of identifying and communicating with alien life forms, along with potential similarities and differences in genetic and structural codes.', 'Factors influencing life evolution, including the role of water and energy sources, are discussed, with insights into the potential impact on life forms on other planets. Discussion on the factors influencing life evolution, including the role of water and energy sources, and the potential impact on life forms on other planets.', "The competing hypotheses of life's evolution from the outside in or inside out are examined, highlighting the challenges and environments that influenced the evolution of life forms. Examination of the competing hypotheses of life's evolution and the challenges and environments influencing the evolution of life forms."]}, {'end': 2147.843, 'start': 1814.86, 'title': 'The origins of life', 'summary': 'Discusses the abundance of diverse body plans underwater, the two potential origins of life in the ocean, and the essential components of early life forms, including metabolism, compartmentalization, replication, and the role of rna in the early rna world, leading to the process of evolution and major innovations.', 'duration': 332.983, 'highlights': ['The abundance of diverse body plans underwater contrasts with the limited tetrapod body plan, with only a minority of sea life being tetrapods. The vast diversity of body plans underwater is highlighted, emphasizing the limited presence of tetrapods compared to other unique forms of sea life.', "The discussion of the two potential origins of life in the ocean: one from the surface due to tidal movements and nutrient coalescence, and the other from the energy from the planet's core, leading to the creation of basic life ingredients. The two potential origins of life in the ocean are explored, including the influence of tidal movements and the role of energy from the planet's core in creating fundamental life components.", 'The essential components of early life forms, including metabolism, compartmentalization, and replication, are detailed, emphasizing their significance in igniting the process of evolution. The critical components of early life forms, such as metabolism, compartmentalization, and replication, are explained in terms of their role in sparking the process of evolution.', 'The significance of RNA in the early RNA world, its role in replication, and the subsequent evolution and major innovations, including the development of translation and the encoding of RNA molecules. The role of RNA in the early RNA world and its contribution to replication, evolution, and major innovations, such as translation and RNA molecule encoding, is highlighted.']}, {'end': 2589.302, 'start': 2147.843, 'title': 'The origin of life and potential discoveries on europa', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution from rna to proteins and dna, the potential discovery of life on europa, the potential differences between earth and europa life forms, and the implications of encountering non-dna based life forms, as well as the challenges in studying and interacting with such life forms.', 'duration': 441.459, 'highlights': ['The evolution from RNA to proteins and DNA is discussed, emphasizing the significance of the ribosome in translating RNA into protein, the invention of reverse transcriptase, and the transition to DNA as the primary information storage medium. Significance of the ribosome in translating RNA into protein, invention of reverse transcriptase, transition to DNA as the primary information storage medium', 'The potential discovery of life on Europa is explored, highlighting the presence of core energy, shielding through the ice sheet, oxygen layer, and the likelihood of independently arisen life forms teeming in Europa. Presence of core energy, shielding through the ice sheet, oxygen layer, possibility of independently arisen life forms in Europa', "The potential differences between Earth and Europa life forms are discussed, including their inability to attack each other due to environmental differences, the challenges in engineering machines to study Europa's oceans, and the likelihood of Europa life being non-DNA based. Inability to attack each other due to environmental differences, challenges in engineering machines to study Europa's oceans, likelihood of Europa life being non-DNA based", 'The implications of encountering non-DNA based life forms are considered, with emphasis on the excitement of discovering life elsewhere, the potential limitations in interacting with such life forms, and the challenges in detecting and studying non-DNA based life forms. Excitement of discovering life elsewhere, potential limitations in interacting with non-DNA based life forms, challenges in detecting and studying non-DNA based life forms']}], 'duration': 1483.72, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g1105582.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential discovery of alien life forms is explored, addressing the challenges of identifying and communicating with intelligent beings, along with the potential similarities and differences in genetic and structural codes.', "The potential differences between Earth and Europa life forms are discussed, including their inability to attack each other due to environmental differences, the challenges in engineering machines to study Europa's oceans, and the likelihood of Europa life being non-DNA based.", 'The genetic advantages of tribalism and kin selection are discussed, highlighting the nonsensical nature of tribalism and its potential genetic benefits.', 'The potential intelligence of dolphins is discussed, considering their brain structure, behavior, and learning capabilities compared to humans, raising questions about the definition and measurement of intelligence.', 'The role of RNA in the early RNA world and its contribution to replication, evolution, and major innovations, such as translation and RNA molecule encoding, is highlighted.', "The challenges of determining intelligence in other species are highlighted, emphasizing the difficulty of judging a species' intelligence without clear demonstrations, and the implications for understanding life forms beyond Earth.", 'The potential discovery of life on Europa is explored, highlighting the presence of core energy, shielding through the ice sheet, oxygen layer, and the likelihood of independently arisen life forms teeming in Europa.', 'The abundance of diverse body plans underwater contrasts with the limited tetrapod body plan, with only a minority of sea life being tetrapods.', 'The evolution from RNA to proteins and DNA is discussed, emphasizing the significance of the ribosome in translating RNA into protein, the invention of reverse transcriptase, and the transition to DNA as the primary information storage medium.', "The extinction of diverse life forms and the survival of 'boring' ones are reflected upon, with a specific mention of the abrupt extinction of various lineages and the emergence of new, impressive ones."]}, {'end': 3733.163, 'segs': [{'end': 2733.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2703.575, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2705.116, 'text': "And that's what I would look for in Europa.", 'start': 2703.575, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 2712.442, 'text': 'I would basically look for this fight against physics, for anything that sort of signatures of not just entropy at work,', 'start': 2705.156, 'duration': 7.286}, {'end': 2719.52, 'text': 'not just things diffusing away, not just gravitational pulls, but clear signatures of you.', 'start': 2712.442, 'duration': 7.078}, {'end': 2725.261, 'text': 'remember when I was talking earlier about this whole selection for environments, selection for biospheres, for ecosystems,', 'start': 2719.52, 'duration': 5.741}, {'end': 2729.443, 'text': 'for these multi-organism form of life.', 'start': 2725.261, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 2733.324, 'text': "And I think that's sort of the first thing that you can look for.", 'start': 2730.083, 'duration': 3.241}], 'summary': 'Search for clear signatures of life in europa, beyond entropy and gravitational forces.', 'duration': 29.749, 'max_score': 2703.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g2703575.jpg'}, {'end': 3206.441, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3179.962, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3185.645, 'text': "If you speed up the movie of a tree from spring until October, you'll be like, oh my God, it's intelligent.", 'start': 3179.962, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 3194.212, 'text': "And the reason for that is that at that timescale, the tree is basically saying, oh, I'm looking for a, you know, a thing to catch onto.", 'start': 3186.606, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 3195.553, 'text': 'Ooh, I just caught onto that.', 'start': 3194.232, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 3196.553, 'text': "I'm going to grow more here.", 'start': 3195.573, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 3197.934, 'text': "I'm going to spawn there, et cetera.", 'start': 3196.573, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 3206.441, 'text': "Like I can see the trees in my garden just growing and sort of, you know, looping around and it's all a matter of timescale.", 'start': 3198.235, 'duration': 8.206}], 'summary': 'Trees demonstrate intelligence over seasons through growth and adaptation.', 'duration': 26.479, 'max_score': 3179.962, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3179962.jpg'}, {'end': 3339.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3310.961, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3313.341, 'text': "Yeah, so let's talk about- No, no, no, no, no.", 'start': 3310.961, 'duration': 2.38}, {'end': 3319.523, 'text': "As we, as a species, start thinking about, I'm talking about these transitions that are happening, right? That's awesome.", 'start': 3313.501, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 3321.523, 'text': 'So continue along these transitions.', 'start': 3319.583, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 3323.343, 'text': 'what does the future hold in the next million years?', 'start': 3321.523, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 3332.985, 'text': 'So the concept of us going to another planet and that taking three human lifetimes might be a joke if the human lifetime starts being 400 years or 800 years.', 'start': 3323.743, 'duration': 9.242}, {'end': 3338.207, 'text': "It's all timescale.", 'start': 3336.966, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 3339.288, 'text': "It's all timescale.", 'start': 3338.567, 'duration': 0.721}], 'summary': 'Species transitioning, future holds in next million years, human lifetime potential of 400-800 years.', 'duration': 28.327, 'max_score': 3310.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3310961.jpg'}, {'end': 3656.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3627.974, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3631.499, 'text': "Olive trees, like, you know, they've been there since the Minoan civilization.", 'start': 3627.974, 'duration': 3.525}, {'end': 3637.306, 'text': 'And, you know, that takes us back to the question you asked about sort of the transformations that have happened in humanity.', 'start': 3632.22, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 3639.529, 'text': 'The Minoan civilization is one of them.', 'start': 3637.707, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 3656.38, 'text': "There's this paper that was published just a couple of years ago by one of my friends that basically looked at the genetic makeup of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans in ancient Greece and how they relate to modern Greeks.", 'start': 3640.83, 'duration': 15.55}], 'summary': 'Olive trees have been present since the minoan civilization, which is one of the transformations in humanity. a recent paper examined genetic makeup of ancient greeks and its relation to modern greeks.', 'duration': 28.406, 'max_score': 3627.974, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3627974.jpg'}], 'start': 2589.522, 'title': "Life's signatures and timescales in life", 'summary': "Discusses the search for signs of life, the timescales of biological processes, and the potential detection of alien dna, highlighting key innovations and transformations in earth's history, and speculating about the future of human evolution and intergalactic travel.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2622.945, 'start': 2589.522, 'title': 'Alien dna detection', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential detection of alien dna by our immune system, highlighting that it would be very different from human dna and easily detectable by our immune system, even though it may not pose a threat.', 'duration': 33.423, 'highlights': ['The immune system would likely be able to detect alien DNA as it would be very different from human DNA and easily detectable.', 'Alien DNA might not be dangerous and may not know how to interact with human DNA.', 'The scenario of alien communication is humorously compared to the difficulty of Macs and PCs communicating.']}, {'end': 3093.691, 'start': 2623.365, 'title': "Life's signatures: fighting physics for survival", 'summary': "Discusses the search for signs of life on europa, emphasizing the transformation and compartmentalization life brings, from chemical signatures to advanced forms like humans, and the key innovations and transformations in earth's history, culminating in the emergence of decision-making capabilities by a central coordinating agent.", 'duration': 470.326, 'highlights': ["Life's transformation and compartmentalization, from chemical signatures to advanced forms like humans, is a key indicator of life's presence, with Europa's potential advanced stages of A makes B makes C makes A again and the requirement for cooperation and altruism. Europa's potential advanced stages of A makes B makes C makes A again", "The emergence of decision-making capabilities by a central coordinating agent represents a significant innovation in Earth's history, signifying the coordination and control of the body by a central operating system. The emergence of decision-making capabilities by a central coordinating agent", "The discussion on the evolution of life forms, from basic to eukaryotic to multicellular life forms, and the development of a massive brain as a major innovation in Earth's history. The development of a massive brain as a major innovation in Earth's history"]}, {'end': 3323.343, 'start': 3094.251, 'title': 'Timescales in life', 'summary': 'Discusses the different timescales at which biological processes occur, from gene expression in minutes to human development over millions of years, and speculates about the future of human evolution and intergalactic travel.', 'duration': 229.092, 'highlights': ['The human epigenome is able to find what genes should be expressed in response to environmental stimuli in the order of minutes. The human epigenome can determine gene expression in response to environmental stimuli within minutes.', 'Human daily life happens on the order of milliseconds, and it involves a layer of control built on a hardware that supports it but operates in a different timescale. Human daily life operates on a millisecond timescale, with control mechanisms that function independently from the underlying hardware.', 'The discussion explores the concept of neoteny, the period of prolonged youth in humans, and speculates about the expansion of human lifespan and intergenerational distance over evolutionary timescales. The concept of neoteny in humans is discussed, along with the potential for expansion of human lifespan and intergenerational distance over evolutionary timescales.']}, {'end': 3733.163, 'start': 3323.743, 'title': 'Expanding human lifespan and intergalactic travel', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of living forever, the expansion of human lifetimes to 400 or 800 years, and the potential for intergalactic species to engineer biology for extended timescales, while exploring the idea of replaying memories and the transformation of human thought through civilization and biological evolution.', 'duration': 409.42, 'highlights': ['The potential for intergalactic species to engineer its biology to expand timescales is discussed, suggesting the desire to live forever and the ability to witness an ever-changing world. Potential for intergalactic species to engineer biology; Desire to live forever; Witness an ever-changing world.', 'Concept of living forever and the desire to have time to do all things, with the added perk of watching the world evolve forever, is considered. Desire to live forever; Time to do all things; Watching the world evolve forever.', 'Discussion of the potential for replaying memories and the idea of the current conversation being a replay of a previous memory is mentioned, along with the idea of living each day as if it was Groundhog Day. Potential for replaying memories; Living each day as if it was Groundhog Day.']}], 'duration': 1143.641, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g2589522.jpg', 'highlights': ['The immune system would likely be able to detect alien DNA as it would be very different from human DNA and easily detectable.', 'The human epigenome can determine gene expression in response to environmental stimuli within minutes.', "The discussion on the evolution of life forms, from basic to eukaryotic to multicellular life forms, and the development of a massive brain as a major innovation in Earth's history.", 'The potential for intergalactic species to engineer its biology to expand timescales is discussed, suggesting the desire to live forever and the ability to witness an ever-changing world.']}, {'end': 4434.873, 'segs': [{'end': 3759.095, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3733.323, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3738.647, 'text': "If you look at eyesight, that's an intermediate sense where you're basically sensing where the light direction comes from.", 'start': 3733.323, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 3743.79, 'text': "That's probably something that life didn't need until it got, you know, into the surface and so on and so forth.", 'start': 3739.127, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 3749.893, 'text': "So there's a lot of you know milestones and I was talking about the latest milestone,", 'start': 3744.11, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 3759.095, 'text': "which is LIGO last time of being able to detect gravitational waves and sort of being able to sort of have a sense that humans haven't had before.", 'start': 3749.893, 'duration': 9.202}], 'summary': 'Life evolved senses like eyesight to adapt to new environments. ligo detected gravitational waves, a milestone in human perception.', 'duration': 25.772, 'max_score': 3733.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3733323.jpg'}, {'end': 3911.093, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3874.011, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3889.265, 'text': "So, okay, so one of the, it's, okay, my mind was already blown at the beautiful formulation of the idea that life is a system that resists physics.", 'start': 3874.011, 'duration': 15.254}, {'end': 3899.694, 'text': 'And our brain, or perhaps the content of it, or however it may be functionally, our brain is a thing that resists life.', 'start': 3890.245, 'duration': 9.449}, {'end': 3900.855, 'text': 'Yes, yes.', 'start': 3899.914, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 3906.031, 'text': "You're so brilliant.", 'start': 3902.97, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 3911.093, 'text': 'But I want you to see all of that as continuum.', 'start': 3907.112, 'duration': 3.981}], 'summary': 'Life is a system that resists physics, brain resists life, seen as a continuum.', 'duration': 37.082, 'max_score': 3874.011, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3874011.jpg'}, {'end': 4002.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3973.407, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3976.909, 'text': "And then when you're a full professor, well, by then you're basically a rat.", 'start': 3973.407, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 3984.152, 'text': 'So basically what happened to me is that I arrived at the end of the rat race.', 'start': 3980.11, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 3987.014, 'text': 'You know, life is a rat race.', 'start': 3985.493, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3988.895, 'text': 'You constantly have hurdles to jump over.', 'start': 3987.234, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 3991.176, 'text': 'You constantly have tunnels and secret pathways.', 'start': 3989.055, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 3992.677, 'text': 'And I figured it all out.', 'start': 3991.716, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 3999.021, 'text': 'And eventually, as I was turning 42, I looked back and I was like, wow, that was an awesome rat race.', 'start': 3992.737, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 4002.295, 'text': "But I'm not a rat.", 'start': 4000.393, 'duration': 1.902}], 'summary': "Life is a rat race with constant hurdles and tunnels, but i'm not a rat.", 'duration': 28.888, 'max_score': 3973.407, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3973407.jpg'}, {'end': 4334.067, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4304.943, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4313.71, 'text': "It's almost like a video game view of life that is a set of, I mean, again, game is not perhaps a positive term, but it is a beautiful term.", 'start': 4304.943, 'duration': 8.767}, {'end': 4324.258, 'text': 'So do you or do you not like the rat race view of life? Because it is fulfilling in some fundamental way.', 'start': 4313.75, 'duration': 10.508}, {'end': 4325.339, 'text': 'The rat race is about the goal.', 'start': 4324.278, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 4327.581, 'text': 'My view of life is about the path.', 'start': 4326.36, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 4330.303, 'text': 'So again, quoting Greece.', 'start': 4328.902, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 4334.067, 'text': 'Those folks have come up with some good stuff.', 'start': 4332.406, 'duration': 1.661}], 'summary': "Life is viewed as a rat race about goals, while the speaker's perspective focuses on the path, referencing greece.", 'duration': 29.124, 'max_score': 4304.943, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g4304943.jpg'}], 'start': 3733.323, 'title': 'Human evolution and life reflections', 'summary': "Explores human achievements in detecting gravitational waves, ancient greece's transformation, and life's transcendence of physics. it also delves into a midlife crisis, academia's rat race, and the value of unquantifiable goals and transformative advice.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3929.961, 'start': 3733.323, 'title': 'Human evolution and the brain', 'summary': "Discusses human milestones such as the ability to detect gravitational waves, the transformation of ancient greece, and the concept of life superseding physics, highlighting the brain's ability to resist evolution and humanity's path of transformation.", 'duration': 196.638, 'highlights': ['The ability to detect gravitational waves, such as the milestone achieved by LIGO, represents a transformation that gives humans an extra sense.', 'The transformation in ancient Greece led to the concept of understanding the natural world, physics, architecture, elegance, statues, and tragedy.', "The brain can supersede evolution's path by making decisions that go against the programmed nature of life, such as choosing not to have children, not to eat, or to commit suicide."]}, {'end': 4434.873, 'start': 3930.741, 'title': 'Midlife crisis and the rat race', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's midlife crisis at 42, reflecting on the rat race of academia and the realization that life is about the journey, not just the destination, emphasizing the importance of unquantifiable goals and the transformative advice received from friends.", 'duration': 504.132, 'highlights': ['The speaker reflects on his midlife crisis at 42, realizing the futility of the rat race in academia and emphasizing the need to consider unquantifiable goals and the intangibles of life.', 'The chapter delves into the concept of life as a rat race in academia, where individuals constantly strive to achieve defined tasks and metrics, such as publications, grants, and citations, leading to a realization of the need to embrace the journey rather than the destination.', 'The speaker emphasizes the transformative advice received from friends, highlighting the significance of maintaining unachievable goals and the importance of embracing life as a set of challenges to fully engage in overcoming them.', 'The chapter discusses the contrast between the rat race view of life, focused on goals, and the all-inclusive resort view, emphasizing the significance of the journey over the destination and reflecting on a beautiful poem about the journey being more meaningful than the destination.', 'The speaker contemplates the ups and downs of life, acknowledging the difficult parts and the importance of embracing the journey, which involves both ups and downs, shedding light on the transformative nature of the advice received from friends.']}], 'duration': 701.55, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g3733323.jpg', 'highlights': ['The ability to detect gravitational waves gives humans an extra sense.', "Ancient Greece's transformation led to understanding the natural world, physics, architecture, elegance, statues, and tragedy.", "The brain can supersede evolution's path by making decisions against the programmed nature of life.", 'The speaker reflects on the futility of the rat race in academia and emphasizes the need to consider unquantifiable goals and the intangibles of life.', 'Individuals in academia constantly strive to achieve defined tasks and metrics, leading to a realization of the need to embrace the journey rather than the destination.', 'The transformative advice received from friends highlights the significance of maintaining unachievable goals and embracing life as a set of challenges.', 'The chapter discusses the contrast between the rat race view of life, focused on goals, and the all-inclusive resort view, emphasizing the significance of the journey over the destination.', 'The speaker contemplates the ups and downs of life, acknowledging the difficult parts and the importance of embracing the journey.']}, {'end': 5840.717, 'segs': [{'end': 4792.301, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4762.475, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4767.259, 'text': "And I tell my kids, you know what? Sometimes just life doesn't make sense and it's okay.", 'start': 4762.475, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 4769.201, 'text': "And you can't comprehend everything.", 'start': 4767.94, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 4778.289, 'text': "And I think this concept of how do you deal with the bad days comes from the fact that we're taught we're brainwashed into thinking that every day should be a happy day.", 'start': 4769.902, 'duration': 8.387}, {'end': 4782.232, 'text': "And we're not ready to cope with misery.", 'start': 4779.61, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 4792.301, 'text': "And the other thing that crying through these stories teaches you is that you don't have it nearly half as bad as you think.", 'start': 4783.74, 'duration': 8.561}], 'summary': "Life doesn't always make sense; learn to cope with misery and gain perspective.", 'duration': 29.826, 'max_score': 4762.475, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g4762475.jpg'}, {'end': 5211.137, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5159.346, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5166.212, 'text': "Like we all struggle with our own problems, but if you look at the bigger picture, it's just your path through life.", 'start': 5159.346, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 5179.191, 'text': "And if you embrace it, the good and the bad, every single day, It's just joy, elation, sadness, misery.", 'start': 5166.612, 'duration': 12.579}, {'end': 5183.195, 'text': "If you don't have both, you're not a complete human being.", 'start': 5180.132, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 5190.562, 'text': "The last example I'm gonna give is the movie, Inside Out by Pixar.", 'start': 5184.656, 'duration': 5.906}, {'end': 5192.612, 'text': 'Beautiful movie.', 'start': 5191.892, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 5195.853, 'text': "Which one is that? The one with the little characters controlling Heidi's brain.", 'start': 5192.632, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 5196.433, 'text': 'Oh, the emotions.', 'start': 5195.893, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 5197.313, 'text': 'Oh, great movie.', 'start': 5196.533, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 5201.714, 'text': 'Yeah So you basically have joy and sadness and fear and disgust, et cetera.', 'start': 5197.333, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 5204.315, 'text': 'And the moral of the story.', 'start': 5202.315, 'duration': 2}, {'end': 5211.137, 'text': 'if you remember the movie, the moral of the story is that in the end, Joy is basically trying to fix everything, to make everything happy.', 'start': 5204.315, 'duration': 6.822}], 'summary': "Embracing both joy and sadness in life is essential for completeness, as illustrated in pixar's inside out.", 'duration': 51.791, 'max_score': 5159.346, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5159346.jpg'}, {'end': 5260.061, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5230.649, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5232.07, 'text': 'stop asking this stupid question.', 'start': 5230.649, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 5233.531, 'text': "No, I'm not happy.", 'start': 5232.651, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 5235.912, 'text': "What you should be asking is if I'm fulfilled.", 'start': 5234.171, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 5237.794, 'text': "And that's a very different thing.", 'start': 5236.793, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 5239.214, 'text': "I don't go around being happy.", 'start': 5238.034, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 5246.539, 'text': 'I go- I would love it if your mom called and said, Manolis, are you suffering beautifully or something like that.', 'start': 5239.234, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 5247.239, 'text': "That's exactly right.", 'start': 5246.559, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 5248.3, 'text': "That's what she should be asking.", 'start': 5247.299, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 5253.133, 'text': 'Are you struggling to achieve something great?', 'start': 5250.05, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 5255.796, 'text': "That's the question that mom should be asking, not, are you happy?", 'start': 5253.794, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 5260.061, 'text': 'Hear that mom call me about the suffering, not about how good are you doing?', 'start': 5255.836, 'duration': 4.225}], 'summary': 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of fulfillment over happiness and suggests that the question to ask should be about struggling to achieve something great.', 'duration': 29.412, 'max_score': 5230.649, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5230649.jpg'}, {'end': 5354.803, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5321.07, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5324.733, 'text': 'If you know where you stand, you embrace the good, but you also embrace the bad.', 'start': 5321.07, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 5327.956, 'text': "I have plenty of bad and I'm embracing it.", 'start': 5325.453, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 5329.657, 'text': "I'm a procrastinator.", 'start': 5328.716, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 5337.844, 'text': 'How do I deal with that? I trick myself into procrastinating about mindless, stupid little day-to-day things.', 'start': 5330.958, 'duration': 6.886}, {'end': 5341.327, 'text': 'And in that procrastination time, doing important things for the future.', 'start': 5338.725, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 5344.56, 'text': 'So accepting who you are.', 'start': 5343.24, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 5345.761, 'text': 'Accepting your flaws.', 'start': 5344.74, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 5347.001, 'text': 'Accepting the whole of it.', 'start': 5345.901, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 5354.803, 'text': 'Accepting the struggle, accepting the sleeplessness, accepting the fact that the journey is what matters.', 'start': 5347.221, 'duration': 7.582}], 'summary': 'Embrace flaws, accept struggles, and focus on the journey to achieve future goals.', 'duration': 33.733, 'max_score': 5321.07, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5321070.jpg'}, {'end': 5406.978, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5374.821, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5375.321, 'text': 'This is it.', 'start': 5374.821, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 5378.685, 'text': "It's not some kind of future thing that you work yourself hard to get to.", 'start': 5375.842, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 5381.988, 'text': 'And then after that, you live happily ever after.', 'start': 5379.546, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 5385.272, 'text': "To me, the happily ever after, that's the end of the story.", 'start': 5382.769, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 5386.293, 'text': 'Nothing happens after that.', 'start': 5385.332, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 5393.6, 'text': 'The struggle and the struggle and the struggle is much more interesting story than the lived happily ever after.', 'start': 5387.935, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 5402.757, 'text': "So I think we have to embrace that as a society, that it's not just about the happy ending that our kids are brainwashed into,", 'start': 5394.335, 'duration': 8.422}, {'end': 5406.978, 'text': "expecting that things will be happy and rosy, and it's okay if they're not.", 'start': 5402.757, 'duration': 4.221}], 'summary': 'Embrace struggle, not just happy endings, as it makes for a more interesting story and societal mindset.', 'duration': 32.157, 'max_score': 5374.821, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5374821.jpg'}, {'end': 5470.256, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5442.794, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5447.438, 'text': "You also asked me if I'm afraid of getting older.", 'start': 5442.794, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 5451.1, 'text': "Yes And that's on the path to mortality.", 'start': 5448.318, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 5453.943, 'text': 'So let me talk about that first step and then the last step.', 'start': 5451.14, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 5455.464, 'text': 'The last step.', 'start': 5454.963, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 5456.384, 'text': 'Literally the last step.', 'start': 5455.484, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 5466.412, 'text': 'So getting older, what does that mean? When I was 18, when I was 20, my brain, I felt, was at my maximum.', 'start': 5458.084, 'duration': 8.328}, {'end': 5468.855, 'text': 'I was like, nothing is impossible.', 'start': 5466.553, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 5470.256, 'text': 'I can solve anything.', 'start': 5468.895, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Speaker reflects on aging, feeling invincible at 18', 'duration': 27.462, 'max_score': 5442.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5442794.jpg'}, {'end': 5574.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5543.196, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5545.639, 'text': "being able to sort of say yeah, but let's use that thing.", 'start': 5543.196, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 5549.342, 'text': 'a huge new creativity being unleashed.', 'start': 5546.44, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 5552.725, 'text': "Basically, when you're young, you're sort of thinking about that one problem.", 'start': 5549.823, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 5557.328, 'text': 'You can sort of reconfigure all the variables combinatorially in your head and just wipe it all out.', 'start': 5552.745, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 5561.411, 'text': "When you're just a little older, you start getting more creative.", 'start': 5557.869, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 5567.436, 'text': 'You start bringing in things from different fields and different contexts and sort of stepping outside the box.', 'start': 5561.431, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 5570.518, 'text': "Basically, it's like being in the rat race and saying, there's a ceiling.", 'start': 5567.476, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 5574.801, 'text': "Why are we trying to get through that? So it's sort of thinking outside the box.", 'start': 5570.858, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Creativity increases with age, involving cross-disciplinary thinking and problem-solving.', 'duration': 31.605, 'max_score': 5543.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5543196.jpg'}, {'end': 5732.138, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5706.138, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5710.581, 'text': "And I know when something is solvable because I've been there, but I'm not gonna even bother.", 'start': 5706.138, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 5712.243, 'text': "It's not that I can't do it.", 'start': 5711.162, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 5713.724, 'text': "I'm sure I could if I tried.", 'start': 5712.423, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 5715.625, 'text': "I just, I'm not interested in that anymore.", 'start': 5713.744, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 5725.032, 'text': "So what I'm embracing in this journey of aging is how my brain is changing and how I'm constantly trying to figure out the niches,", 'start': 5716.086, 'duration': 8.946}, {'end': 5732.138, 'text': "the evolutionary niches that I'm best adapted for for the tasks that I'm best at,", 'start': 5725.032, 'duration': 7.106}], 'summary': 'Embracing brain changes and adapting to best-suited tasks in aging journey.', 'duration': 26, 'max_score': 5706.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5706138.jpg'}], 'start': 4435.053, 'title': "Embracing life's struggles", 'summary': "Emphasizes embracing life's struggles, advocating for realistic portrayals, teaching gratitude and embracing suffering, emphasizing meaningful accomplishments, and accepting flaws and aging, citing examples from movies and children's stories.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4683.483, 'start': 4435.053, 'title': 'Rethinking happy endings', 'summary': "Highlights the societal pressure for happy endings, advocating for more realistic portrayals of life's struggles and failures, citing examples from movies, songs, and children's stories in greece.", 'duration': 248.43, 'highlights': ['Movies often depict happy endings, but there is a need for more realistic portrayals of struggles and failures, advocating for more movies where bad guys win and everyone dies.', "Greek songs and children's stories in Greece often depict miserable and tragic endings, highlighting the cultural acceptance of honoring those who die in battles and the celebration of misery.", "The societal pressure for happy endings contrasts with the reality of life's struggles and failures, emphasizing the need for a shift towards more realistic portrayals in media and storytelling.", "The chapter emphasizes the importance of embracing life's hardships, acknowledging that life can be tough and that it's okay to have narratives that reflect this reality."]}, {'end': 5064.408, 'start': 4683.503, 'title': 'Embracing suffering and gratitude', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of embracing suffering, teaching children about life's unfairness, and realizing gratitude by comparing one's hardships to others, emphasizing the need to expand emotional range and appreciate the current era's advantages.", 'duration': 380.905, 'highlights': ["The importance of teaching children about life's unfairness and embracing suffering for emotional growth and expanding their emotional range. Teaching children that life is not always rosy and fair, and embracing suffering as a choice for emotional growth.", "Realizing gratitude by comparing one's hardships to others, understanding the advantages of the current era, and appreciating the present. Comparing one's hardships to others to realize the advantages of the current era and embracing gratitude for the present.", 'The concept of brainwashing into expecting every day to be happy and being unprepared to cope with misery, emphasizing the need to acknowledge and deal with bad days. Discussing the concept of being conditioned to expect happiness every day, and the unpreparedness to cope with misery, highlighting the importance of acknowledging and dealing with bad days.', 'The comparative perspective on suffering, illustrated through examples of children facing extreme hardships and still accepting their situation with resilience. Examining the comparative perspective on suffering, using examples of children facing extreme hardships and accepting their situation with resilience.', 'Reflecting on the advantages of the current era, such as increased life expectancy, reduced sickness, and poverty, and the unique opportunities presented in a modern society. Reflecting on the advantages of the current era, including increased life expectancy, reduced sickness and poverty, and the unique opportunities in a modern society.']}, {'end': 5320.269, 'start': 5065.469, 'title': 'Embracing struggle for meaning', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of embracing struggle and accepting the full spectrum of emotions, highlighting the significance of meaningful accomplishments over mere happiness, and drawing parallels to the movie 'inside out' by pixar.", 'duration': 254.8, 'highlights': ['The significance of accomplishing something meaningful surpasses the pursuit of happiness, as it stems from a series of struggles, successes, and failures, embracing the full spectrum of experiences.', 'Embracing the full spectrum of emotions, including joy, elation, sadness, and misery, is crucial for becoming a complete human being.', "Drawing parallels to the movie 'Inside Out' by Pixar, the narrative emphasizes that genuine fulfillment arises from struggles and a deeper understanding of one's self, rather than simply seeking constant happiness."]}, {'end': 5840.717, 'start': 5321.07, 'title': "Embracing life's struggles: journey to acceptance", 'summary': "Discusses the importance of embracing life's struggles, including accepting one's flaws, mortality, and aging, and finding fulfillment in embracing the journey. it also highlights the evolution of thinking and adaptation of the brain over time.", 'duration': 519.647, 'highlights': ["Embracing the journey of life and its struggles The speaker emphasizes the significance of embracing life's struggles and accepting one's flaws as part of the journey, advocating for the value of the struggle over the 'happily ever after.'", 'Evolution of thinking and adaptation of the brain The speaker shares the evolution of his thinking and problem-solving abilities over time, transitioning from sheer speed and quantitative thinking to creativity and embracing the path of life as he aged.', 'Acceptance of mortality and aging The speaker discusses the acceptance of mortality and aging, reflecting on the changes in thinking and the journey of adapting to new niches, roles, and perspectives as he ages.']}], 'duration': 1405.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g4435053.jpg', 'highlights': ['Movies need more realistic portrayals of struggles and failures, advocating for bad endings.', "Greek songs and children's stories depict tragic endings, honoring those who die in battles.", 'Emphasizing the need for a shift towards more realistic portrayals in media and storytelling.', "Importance of teaching children about life's unfairness and embracing suffering for emotional growth.", 'Realizing gratitude by comparing hardships to others and appreciating the present.', 'The concept of being conditioned to expect happiness every day and the unpreparedness to cope with misery.', 'The significance of accomplishing something meaningful surpasses the pursuit of happiness.', 'Embracing the full spectrum of emotions, including joy, elation, sadness, and misery.', "Genuine fulfillment arises from struggles and a deeper understanding of one's self.", "Embracing life's struggles and accepting one's flaws as part of the journey.", 'Evolution of thinking and adaptation of the brain over time, transitioning to creativity and embracing the path of life as one ages.', 'Acceptance of mortality and aging, reflecting on the changes in thinking and adapting to new perspectives.']}, {'end': 6330.456, 'segs': [{'end': 6054.836, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5947.882, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5951.825, 'text': "Like basically watching somebody who's touched by what you said.", 'start': 5947.882, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 5960.813, 'text': "watching somebody who's like appreciating a rapid response or a generous offer or just random acts of kindness is so fulfilling.", 'start': 5951.825, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 5964.576, 'text': 'So evolutionarily, we were selected for that.', 'start': 5961.573, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 5967.218, 'text': "There's just such a good feeling that comes from that.", 'start': 5965.176, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 5973.866, 'text': "You know, it's fascinating to think you said Boston is the best place and, talking about kindness,", 'start': 5968.416, 'duration': 5.45}, {'end': 5980.598, 'text': 'that the very thought that Boston is the best place in the universe is almost.', 'start': 5973.866, 'duration': 6.732}, {'end': 5984.42, 'text': "it's a kind of a gravitational field.", 'start': 5982.239, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 5992.544, 'text': 'Your thought and your very life in itself is a kind of field that makes that real.', 'start': 5987.041, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 5995.385, 'text': 'So the- The self-fulfilling prophecy.', 'start': 5992.564, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 6000.307, 'text': "By claiming it's the best and thinking it's the best, it becomes the best.", 'start': 5996.785, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 6006.67, 'text': "And you make others, it's not a force that just applies to your own cognition.", 'start': 6000.407, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 6011.113, 'text': 'Exactly It applies to the others around you And then suddenly you live in an even better place.', 'start': 6006.79, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 6016.84, 'text': 'Yeah, and it creates the reality, the actual reality, the social reality.', 'start': 6011.133, 'duration': 5.707}, {'end': 6019.003, 'text': 'Exactly Then it molds the environment.', 'start': 6017.001, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 6023.409, 'text': "Exactly What's one of the coolest things about you, I think, is..", 'start': 6019.023, 'duration': 4.386}, {'end': 6032.5, 'text': 'you represent the best of MIT, like the spirit of MIT.', 'start': 6027.274, 'duration': 5.226}, {'end': 6040.63, 'text': "So I'm so glad that I'm fortunate enough to be able to talk to you, because you know,", 'start': 6033.461, 'duration': 7.169}, {'end': 6054.836, 'text': "You know there's a kind of cynicism about academia in parts that I think is undeserved, and that there's a, you know, MIT, of course,", 'start': 6041.451, 'duration': 13.385}], 'summary': 'Kindness creates a self-fulfilling prophecy, shaping social reality and environment, as seen in boston.', 'duration': 58.788, 'max_score': 5947.882, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5947882.jpg'}, {'end': 6160.156, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6119.702, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6120.302, 'text': "let's talk about?", 'start': 6119.702, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 6121.742, 'text': "no, no, no, i'm serious, i'm serious.", 'start': 6120.302, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 6124.003, 'text': 'you know you have to embrace the good and the bad.', 'start': 6121.742, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 6125.123, 'text': "so let's talk about the negative.", 'start': 6124.003, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 6128.084, 'text': "as the greek comes out, let's address it.", 'start': 6125.123, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 6131.505, 'text': 'um so why do people want positions of power?', 'start': 6128.084, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 6136.266, 'text': 'why do people want you know, more money, more power, more this, more that.', 'start': 6131.505, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 6143.027, 'text': "remember the part where we're saying if you know who you are, what other people think about you, it makes no difference to you.", 'start': 6136.266, 'duration': 6.761}, {'end': 6145.668, 'text': 'it only teaches you about them.', 'start': 6143.027, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 6150.933, 'text': 'many people feel define themselves.', 'start': 6145.668, 'duration': 5.265}, {'end': 6154.454, 'text': 'They feel instantiated through the eyes of others.', 'start': 6151.433, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 6160.156, 'text': 'So being in a position of power makes them feel better about themselves.', 'start': 6155.515, 'duration': 4.641}], 'summary': "People seek power and money to feel validated and better about themselves, despite the insignificance of others' opinions.", 'duration': 40.454, 'max_score': 6119.702, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g6119702.jpg'}], 'start': 5841.417, 'title': 'The awesomeness of being human and the power of kindness', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the benefits of introspection, physical fitness, and interactions with others, culminating in the importance of gratitude and kindness, while also highlighting the impact of kindness on happiness and social reality, the self-fulfilling nature of positive thoughts, and the importance of self-perception.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5922.373, 'start': 5841.417, 'title': 'The awesomeness of being human', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the awesomeness of being a human on earth, highlighting the benefits of introspection, physical fitness, and interactions with others, culminating in the importance of being grateful and kind.', 'duration': 80.956, 'highlights': ['Being a human among all animals is amazing because you have all this introspection.', 'Being surrounded by a bunch of awesome people that you interact with all the time.', "Being a human who's young, fit, athletic, smart, et cetera, means having much to be happy for.", 'The importance of being grateful and kind is emphasized as the last little blip in this awesomeness of local maximum.']}, {'end': 6330.456, 'start': 5922.693, 'title': 'The power of kindness and self-perception', 'summary': 'Highlights the impact of kindness on happiness and social reality, the self-fulfilling nature of positive thoughts, and the importance of self-perception, illustrating the cognitive dissonance between self-evaluation and external validation.', 'duration': 407.763, 'highlights': ['The impact of kindness on happiness and social reality Kindness creates a positive environment by making people happier, contributing to social reality, and generating a fulfilling feeling.', 'The self-fulfilling nature of positive thoughts Positive thoughts have a self-fulfilling effect, shaping reality and influencing others, ultimately creating a better environment.', 'The cognitive dissonance between self-evaluation and external validation The discrepancy between internal self-perception and external validation leads to feelings of inadequacy, highlighting the cognitive challenges in self-perception.']}], 'duration': 489.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g5841417.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of being grateful and kind is emphasized as the last little blip in this awesomeness of local maximum.', "Being a human who's young, fit, athletic, smart, et cetera, means having much to be happy for.", 'Being surrounded by a bunch of awesome people that you interact with all the time.', 'Being a human among all animals is amazing because you have all this introspection.', 'The impact of kindness on happiness and social reality Kindness creates a positive environment by making people happier, contributing to social reality, and generating a fulfilling feeling.', 'The self-fulfilling nature of positive thoughts Positive thoughts have a self-fulfilling effect, shaping reality and influencing others, ultimately creating a better environment.', 'The cognitive dissonance between self-evaluation and external validation The discrepancy between internal self-perception and external validation leads to feelings of inadequacy, highlighting the cognitive challenges in self-perception.']}, {'end': 7031.182, 'segs': [{'end': 6525.175, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6495.023, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6496.144, 'text': 'Just write the first one and move on.', 'start': 6495.023, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 6497.785, 'text': 'Move on to the next field.', 'start': 6496.905, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 6502.509, 'text': "You don't want to be writing the second and the third and the fourth and the fifth paper in the same field.", 'start': 6498.926, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 6511.021, 'text': "And it's very shocking to a student to hear that, because I was like, I was at the top of my game.", 'start': 6505.258, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 6512.882, 'text': 'I was owning that field.', 'start': 6511.642, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 6514.123, 'text': 'And I published the first paper.', 'start': 6513.162, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 6515.984, 'text': "I'm like, I'm ready for two and three and four.", 'start': 6514.163, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 6516.764, 'text': "He's like, move on.", 'start': 6516.004, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 6518.065, 'text': 'Just let it be.', 'start': 6517.284, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 6525.175, 'text': "And I was like whoa, and it's so liberating to sort of not have to surpass everyone,", 'start': 6519.329, 'duration': 5.846}], 'summary': 'Student feeling shocked being told to move on after publishing one paper.', 'duration': 30.152, 'max_score': 6495.023, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g6495023.jpg'}, {'end': 6781.665, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6755.89, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6765.535, 'text': 'and I had all these wonderful friendships going downtown and just staying by the fountains in the dim-lit streets of Aix-en-Provence in the south of France.', 'start': 6755.89, 'duration': 9.645}, {'end': 6767.056, 'text': 'It was magical.', 'start': 6765.555, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6775.9, 'text': 'And suddenly I moved to New York City, a city of cement, of ugliness, like trash in the streets and every corner.', 'start': 6767.536, 'duration': 8.364}, {'end': 6776.981, 'text': "It's just horrible.", 'start': 6775.94, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 6778.502, 'text': 'Snow everywhere.', 'start': 6777.581, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 6781.665, 'text': 'having never seen snow or like real snow in my life.', 'start': 6779.022, 'duration': 2.643}], 'summary': 'From the charm of aix-en-provence to the harsh reality of new york city, experiencing a drastic change in environment and weather.', 'duration': 25.775, 'max_score': 6755.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g6755890.jpg'}, {'end': 6853.236, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6826.858, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6832.69, 'text': 'And I was very flattered when one of my friends basically told me, oh, I remember you in recitation.', 'start': 6826.858, 'duration': 5.832}, {'end': 6838.246, 'text': "When you first asked me a question, I said, wow, this kid, I'll pay attention.", 'start': 6832.71, 'duration': 5.536}, {'end': 6840.428, 'text': "One day you'll be a peer.", 'start': 6839.447, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 6842.989, 'text': "So it's you know.", 'start': 6840.888, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 6847.312, 'text': 'certainly my perception was that many of them could not see me as anything but a kid,', 'start': 6842.989, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 6853.236, 'text': 'but it turns out that some of them saw me as something different than a kid, even before I was actually their colleague.', 'start': 6847.312, 'duration': 5.924}], 'summary': 'Despite being perceived as a kid by many, some saw me as a future colleague during recitation.', 'duration': 26.378, 'max_score': 6826.858, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g6826858.jpg'}], 'start': 6331.056, 'title': 'Personal growth and overcoming challenges', 'summary': 'Explores the journey of maturity, embracing imperfections, transformative experiences, curiosity, and the impact of change on personal and professional development in academia, emphasizing the importance of continuous improvement and growth.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6515.984, 'start': 6331.056, 'title': 'Maturity through overcoming challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the journey of maturity and comfort in facing challenges, the mindset of continuous improvement, and the importance of moving on to new fields in academia, emphasizing the need to embrace the imperfections and strive for progress.', 'duration': 184.928, 'highlights': ['The realization that what seemed impossible to colleagues seemed easy to the speaker led to personal growth and maturity. The speaker found that what seemed impossible to colleagues was easy for him, leading to personal growth and maturity.', 'Accepting imperfections and focusing on advancing human knowledge is crucial in academia. The speaker emphasizes the importance of accepting imperfections and using them to advance human knowledge in academia.', "Encouraging a mindset of continuous improvement and striving for progress in academic work. The speaker encourages a mindset of continuous improvement and striving for progress in academic work, stating that 'our best work is ahead of us.'", "Emphasizing the need to move on to new fields in academia and not getting stuck in the same area. The speaker's advisor advised to write the first paper in a field and move on to the next, rather than getting stuck writing subsequent papers in the same field."]}, {'end': 7031.182, 'start': 6516.004, 'title': 'Life transformations and growth', 'summary': 'Discusses the transformative experiences of moving to different countries and schools during childhood, the evolving perception of self at mit, and the importance of curiosity and youthful nature in scientific pursuits, ultimately highlighting the value of growth through change and the impact on personal and professional development.', 'duration': 515.178, 'highlights': ['The speaker shares their transformative experiences of moving to different countries and schools every year between the ages of 11 and 19, emphasizing the opportunity for growth and reinvention during such transitions. The speaker describes the frequent relocations during their formative years, highlighting the significant impact on their personal growth and ability to reshape themselves annually.', "The speaker reflects on their perception at MIT, noting the struggle to be seen as an equal by professors and peers, ultimately emphasizing the value of being respected for one's words and ideas rather than their age or status. The speaker discusses the challenges of being perceived as a peer at MIT and the importance of being valued for their contributions and ideas, regardless of their age or position.", 'The importance of maintaining a youthful curiosity and open-mindedness in scientific pursuits is emphasized, highlighting the contagious nature of excitement and the value of approaching knowledge with a childlike wonder. The speaker discusses the significance of maintaining a youthful and open-minded approach to scientific endeavors, emphasizing the contagious nature of excitement and the value of embracing curiosity and wonder.']}], 'duration': 700.126, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g6331056.jpg', 'highlights': ['The speaker emphasizes the importance of accepting imperfections and using them to advance human knowledge in academia.', "The speaker encourages a mindset of continuous improvement and striving for progress in academic work, stating that 'our best work is ahead of us.'", "The speaker's advisor advised to write the first paper in a field and move on to the next, rather than getting stuck writing subsequent papers in the same field.", 'The speaker describes the frequent relocations during their formative years, highlighting the significant impact on their personal growth and ability to reshape themselves annually.', 'The speaker discusses the challenges of being perceived as a peer at MIT and the importance of being valued for their contributions and ideas, regardless of their age or position.', 'The speaker discusses the significance of maintaining a youthful and open-minded approach to scientific endeavors, emphasizing the contagious nature of excitement and the value of embracing curiosity and wonder.']}, {'end': 7843.284, 'segs': [{'end': 7319.745, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7289.103, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7294.887, 'text': "And I think part of that is also the loss of my friendships in France, of being in New York now and sort of everything's gray.", 'start': 7289.103, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 7301.95, 'text': 'And even though the snow seems bright, without you have lost their light, sun that sang and moon that smiled.', 'start': 7295.647, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 7311.936, 'text': "So it's this concept that if you lose your love, The same thing can be perceived in a very different way.", 'start': 7301.99, 'duration': 9.946}, {'end': 7319.745, 'text': "Let me ask you this, because somebody wrote me this long email, and I think you're the perfect person to ask this.", 'start': 7312.857, 'duration': 6.888}], 'summary': 'Loss of friendships in france affects perception in new york, illustrating the impact of lost love.', 'duration': 30.642, 'max_score': 7289.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7289103.jpg'}, {'end': 7386.183, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7349.978, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7352.02, 'text': "but you don't ask about love.", 'start': 7349.978, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 7360.01, 'text': "I don't know if there's some thoughts you could give about the role of love in your own life.", 'start': 7352.04, 'duration': 7.97}, {'end': 7370.653, 'text': 'or the role of love in human life in general? I think love in many ways defines my life.', 'start': 7361.668, 'duration': 8.985}, {'end': 7376.657, 'text': "It's basically, I like to say that I'm a human first and a professor second.", 'start': 7371.274, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 7386.183, 'text': 'And I think this passion for life, this passion for everything around us, I mean, the only way to describe that is love.', 'start': 7377.798, 'duration': 8.385}], 'summary': 'Love defines life, passion for everything is described as love.', 'duration': 36.205, 'max_score': 7349.978, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7349978.jpg'}, {'end': 7444.96, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7415.463, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7417.444, 'text': "There's a certain passion that comes through.", 'start': 7415.463, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 7421.865, 'text': "And what, I'm sorry, again, being Greek, the etymology of the word passion.", 'start': 7417.924, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 7424.666, 'text': 'What was passion? Passion is suffering.', 'start': 7422.105, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 7429.944, 'text': "The etymology, when we talk about the passion of the Christ, it's the suffering.", 'start': 7426.621, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 7439.214, 'text': 'And in the Greek version of that word pathos, like pathology, pathos is deep suffering.', 'start': 7430.825, 'duration': 8.389}, {'end': 7442.237, 'text': "It's the concept, and someone who's sympathetic.", 'start': 7439.634, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 7444.96, 'text': 'Sympathetic means suffering together.', 'start': 7442.958, 'duration': 2.002}], 'summary': "Passion, from greek 'pathos', means deep suffering and sympathy.", 'duration': 29.497, 'max_score': 7415.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7415463.jpg'}, {'end': 7540.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7513.902, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7518.585, 'text': "if you're not afraid of suffering, you don't fall in love.", 'start': 7513.902, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 7523.327, 'text': 'as soon as you hold back, you protect you, shield your heart.', 'start': 7518.585, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 7525.368, 'text': 'no love can enter.', 'start': 7523.327, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 7536.899, 'text': "so there's this, uh, simon garfunkel song i am a rock, i am an island, and a rock feels no pain and an island never cries.", 'start': 7525.368, 'duration': 11.531}, {'end': 7540.543, 'text': "So again, there's some aspects of that into this poem.", 'start': 7537.72, 'duration': 2.823}], 'summary': "Suffering is intertwined with love; holding back shields the heart, as depicted in the simon & garfunkel song 'i am a rock, i am an island'.", 'duration': 26.641, 'max_score': 7513.902, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7513902.jpg'}, {'end': 7843.284, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 7760.81, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7765.192, 'text': 'Neither will they, those who try, till the end, to keep their pride.', 'start': 7760.81, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 7770.215, 'text': 'But please know, dearest friends, who are always there to mend.', 'start': 7766.453, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 7772.397, 'text': 'I will always need your hand.', 'start': 7771.036, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7774.818, 'text': 'I will miss you till the end.', 'start': 7773.017, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 7777.64, 'text': "I don't think there's a better way to end it.", 'start': 7775.999, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 7783.944, 'text': "Manolis, like I said last time, you're one of the most special people at MIT,", 'start': 7778.44, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 7794.232, 'text': "one of the most special people in Boston and whatever mental force field that you're applying, in saying that Boston is the best city in the world,", 'start': 7783.944, 'duration': 10.288}, {'end': 7797.574, 'text': "MIT, the best university in the world, you're actually making it happen.", 'start': 7794.232, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 7798.895, 'text': 'So thank you so much for talking to me.', 'start': 7797.614, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 7799.556, 'text': "It's a huge honor.", 'start': 7798.915, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 7800.616, 'text': 'Thank you so much.', 'start': 7799.996, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 7801.217, 'text': "It's been a pleasure.", 'start': 7800.656, 'duration': 0.561}, {'end': 7809.981, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Manolis Kellis, and thank you to our sponsors, Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN.', 'start': 7802.418, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 7815.462, 'text': 'Please check out these sponsors in the description to get a discount and to support this podcast.', 'start': 7810.601, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 7821.965, 'text': 'If you enjoy this thing, subscribe on YouTube, review the Five Stars on Apple podcast, follow on Spotify,', 'start': 7815.482, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 7825.726, 'text': 'support on Patreon or connect with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman.', 'start': 7821.965, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 7835.18, 'text': 'And now, let me leave you with some words from another well-known Greek, Alexander III of Macedonia, commonly known as Alexander the Great.', 'start': 7826.735, 'duration': 8.445}, {'end': 7839.142, 'text': 'There is nothing impossible to him who will try.', 'start': 7836.32, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 7843.284, 'text': 'Thank you for listening, and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 7839.162, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': 'A heartfelt farewell and appreciation expressed with gratitude and admiration for manolis kellis, concluding with a motivational quote by alexander the great.', 'duration': 82.474, 'max_score': 7760.81, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7760810.jpg'}, {'end': 7843.284, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7821.965, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7825.726, 'text': 'support on Patreon or connect with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman.', 'start': 7821.965, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 7835.18, 'text': 'And now, let me leave you with some words from another well-known Greek, Alexander III of Macedonia, commonly known as Alexander the Great.', 'start': 7826.735, 'duration': 8.445}, {'end': 7839.142, 'text': 'There is nothing impossible to him who will try.', 'start': 7836.32, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 7843.284, 'text': 'Thank you for listening, and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 7839.162, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': "Words of encouragement: 'there is nothing impossible to him who will try.' - alexander the great", 'duration': 21.319, 'max_score': 7821.965, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7821965.jpg'}], 'start': 7031.342, 'title': "Youthful poet's reflections", 'summary': "Highlights a 16-year-old's touching poem at mit, showcasing its significance and musicality, while reflecting on youth, aspirations, growing old, and fatherhood, along with reflections on life, love, and goodbyes emphasizing vulnerability, emotional investment, and uncertainty.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7222.41, 'start': 7031.342, 'title': "Youthful poet's journey at mit", 'summary': "Highlights a 16-year-old's touching poem and its significance, reflecting on his youth and aspirations while attending mit, showcasing the simplicity and musicality of the poem, and expressing his outlook on growing old and fatherhood.", 'duration': 191.068, 'highlights': ["The chapter highlights a 16-year-old's touching poem and its significance The speaker shares a poignant poem written at the age of 16, depicting the fleeting nature of youth and love, while reflecting on the passage of time and loss.", "Reflecting on his youth and aspirations while attending MIT The speaker reminisces about his youth and the impact of attending MIT, emphasizing the institution's focus on embracing individual ideas and enthusiasm for science over superficial attributes.", 'Showcasing the simplicity and musicality of the poem The speaker acknowledges the simplicity and musicality of the poem, drawing parallels to the works of Robert Frost and the transformation from youthful innocence to adulthood portrayed in the verses.', 'Expressing his outlook on growing old and fatherhood The speaker expresses his comfort with the idea of growing old since the age of 16 and shares his earlier contemplation on his future role as a father, highlighting a mature outlook from a young age.']}, {'end': 7843.284, 'start': 7223.01, 'title': 'Reflections on life, love, and goodbyes', 'summary': 'Reflects on the complexity of love, the passion for life, and the bittersweet nature of goodbyes, emphasizing the importance of vulnerability and emotional investment in relationships and the uncertainty of future journeys.', 'duration': 620.274, 'highlights': ["The concept of love and passion for life is discussed, defining the speaker's identity and driving force for their pursuits. The speaker emphasizes that love and passion for life define their existence, describing themselves as a human first and a professor second, and expressing a deep emotional investment in everything they do.", 'The allegory of goodbyes is presented, reflecting on the transformative journey through life and the uncertainty of future endeavors. The speaker shares a poem about goodbyes, portraying the complexity of parting ways, the diverse paths individuals take, and the acknowledgment of the challenges and uncertainties ahead.', 'The dual perspectives of love and bittersweet experiences are illustrated through personal anecdotes and literary references, emphasizing the vulnerability and emotional investment required in relationships. The speaker discusses the allegory of snow and references a Joni Mitchell song to highlight the dual perspectives of love and life experiences, emphasizing the fragility and emotional investment in relationships.']}], 'duration': 811.942, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/t06rkOOUa7g/pics/t06rkOOUa7g7031342.jpg', 'highlights': ['The speaker shares a poignant poem written at the age of 16, depicting the fleeting nature of youth and love, while reflecting on the passage of time and loss.', "The speaker reminisces about his youth and the impact of attending MIT, emphasizing the institution's focus on embracing individual ideas and enthusiasm for science over superficial attributes.", 'The speaker acknowledges the simplicity and musicality of the poem, drawing parallels to the works of Robert Frost and the transformation from youthful innocence to adulthood portrayed in the verses.', 'The speaker expresses his comfort with the idea of growing old since the age of 16 and shares his earlier contemplation on his future role as a father, highlighting a mature outlook from a young age.', 'The speaker emphasizes that love and passion for life define their existence, describing themselves as a human first and a professor second, and expressing a deep emotional investment in everything they do.', 'The speaker shares a poem about goodbyes, portraying the complexity of parting ways, the diverse paths individuals take, and the acknowledgment of the challenges and uncertainties ahead.', 'The speaker discusses the allegory of snow and references a Joni Mitchell song to highlight the dual perspectives of love and life experiences, emphasizing the fragility and emotional investment in relationships.']}], 'highlights': ['Manolis Kellis, a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group, is highlighted as one of the most brilliant, productive, and kind individuals.', 'The conversation with Manolis Kellis is emphasized, indicating his willingness to make time in his busy schedule to chat.', 'The podcast promotes sponsors like Public Goods, Magic Spoon, and ExpressVPN, emphasizing the importance of supporting podcast sponsors and encouraging the audience to check out the sponsors for discounts and to support the podcast.', 'The human body contains 30 trillion cells, each with two meters worth of DNA, which when stretched, would reach all the way to Jupiter a hundred times.', 'The epigenome has the ability to compact the massive amount of DNA from here to Jupiter 10 times into one human body.', "The functional control of the human epigenome is highlighted, with its ability to control the activity patterns of thousands of genes and drive the cells' memory of their identity.", 'The potential discovery of alien life forms is explored, addressing the challenges of identifying and communicating with intelligent beings, along with the potential similarities and differences in genetic and structural codes.', "The potential differences between Earth and Europa life forms are discussed, including their inability to attack each other due to environmental differences, the challenges in engineering machines to study Europa's oceans, and the likelihood of Europa life being non-DNA based.", 'The genetic advantages of tribalism and kin selection are discussed, highlighting the nonsensical nature of tribalism and its potential genetic benefits.', 'The potential intelligence of dolphins is discussed, considering their brain structure, behavior, and learning capabilities compared to humans, raising questions about the definition and measurement of intelligence.', 'The role of RNA in the early RNA world and its contribution to replication, evolution, and major innovations, such as translation and RNA molecule encoding, is highlighted.', 'The immune system would likely be able to detect alien DNA as it would be very different from human DNA and easily detectable.', 'The human epigenome can determine gene expression in response to environmental stimuli within minutes.', 'The ability to detect gravitational waves gives humans an extra sense.', "Ancient Greece's transformation led to understanding the natural world, physics, architecture, elegance, statues, and tragedy.", "The brain can supersede evolution's path by making decisions against the programmed nature of life.", 'Individuals in academia constantly strive to achieve defined tasks and metrics, leading to a realization of the need to embrace the journey rather than the destination.', 'Movies need more realistic portrayals of struggles and failures, advocating for bad endings.', 'The concept of being conditioned to expect happiness every day and the unpreparedness to cope with misery.', 'The significance of accomplishing something meaningful surpasses the pursuit of happiness.', 'The importance of being grateful and kind is emphasized as the last little blip in this awesomeness of local maximum.', 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of accepting imperfections and using them to advance human knowledge in academia.', "The speaker encourages a mindset of continuous improvement and striving for progress in academic work, stating that 'our best work is ahead of us.'", "The speaker's advisor advised to write the first paper in a field and move on to the next, rather than getting stuck writing subsequent papers in the same field.", 'The speaker discusses the challenges of being perceived as a peer at MIT and the importance of being valued for their contributions and ideas, regardless of their age or position.', 'The speaker shares a poignant poem written at the age of 16, depicting the fleeting nature of youth and love, while reflecting on the passage of time and loss.', "The speaker reminisces about his youth and the impact of attending MIT, emphasizing the institution's focus on embracing individual ideas and enthusiasm for science over superficial attributes.", 'The speaker acknowledges the simplicity and musicality of the poem, drawing parallels to the works of Robert Frost and the transformation from youthful innocence to adulthood portrayed in the verses.', 'The speaker expresses his comfort with the idea of growing old since the age of 16 and shares his earlier contemplation on his future role as a father, highlighting a mature outlook from a young age.', 'The speaker emphasizes that love and passion for life define their existence, describing themselves as a human first and a professor second, and expressing a deep emotional investment in everything they do.', 'The speaker shares a poem about goodbyes, portraying the complexity of parting ways, the diverse paths individuals take, and the acknowledgment of the challenges and uncertainties ahead.']}