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Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory and Black Holes | Lex Fridman Podcast #41

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{'title': 'Leonard Susskind: Quantum Mechanics, String Theory and Black Holes | Lex Fridman Podcast #41', 'heatmap': [{'end': 2936.448, 'start': 2898.822, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Physicist leonard susskind discusses the interdisciplinary nature of ai, richard feynman's influence, quantum computers' potential, universe as information processing, string theory's impact, and quantum mechanics' challenges, including observer effect and understanding the infinite in physics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 44.795, 'segs': [{'end': 44.795, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.069, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2.631, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Leonard Susskind.', 'start': 0.069, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 9.716, 'text': "He's a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and founding director of Stanford Institute of Theoretical Physics.", 'start': 3.251, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 17.481, 'text': 'He is widely regarded as one of the fathers of string theory and, in general, as one of the greatest physicists of our time,', 'start': 10.536, 'duration': 6.945}, {'end': 19.683, 'text': 'both as a researcher and an educator.', 'start': 17.481, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 22.825, 'text': 'This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.', 'start': 20.483, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 30.608, 'text': "Perhaps you noticed that the people I've been speaking with are not just computer scientists, but philosophers, mathematicians, writers,", 'start': 23.385, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 33.51, 'text': 'psychologists, physicists and soon other disciplines.', 'start': 30.608, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 38.512, 'text': 'To me, AI is much bigger than deep learning, bigger than computing.', 'start': 34.27, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 44.795, 'text': "It is our civilization's journey into understanding the human mind and creating echoes of it in the machine.", 'start': 39.032, 'duration': 5.763}], 'summary': 'Leonard susskind, a renowned physicist, discusses the broader implications of ai beyond deep learning and computing.', 'duration': 44.726, 'max_score': 0.069, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE69.jpg'}], 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Ai and human mind', 'summary': 'Delves into the broader implications of ai and its significance in understanding the human mind, discussed by leonard susskind, a prominent physicist at stanford university, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of ai and its potential impact on civilization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 44.795, 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Leonard susskind on ai and understanding the human mind', 'summary': 'Explores the broader implications of ai and its significance in understanding the human mind, as discussed by leonard susskind, a prominent physicist at stanford university, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of ai and its potential impact on our civilization.', 'duration': 44.726, 'highlights': ['Leonard Susskind is a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and is widely regarded as one of the greatest physicists of our time, both as a researcher and an educator.', "AI is not limited to deep learning or computing; it represents our civilization's journey into understanding the human mind and creating echoes of it in the machine, involving interdisciplinary perspectives from various fields such as philosophy, mathematics, psychology, and physics."]}], 'duration': 44.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE69.jpg', 'highlights': ["AI represents our civilization's journey into understanding the human mind and creating echoes of it in the machine, involving interdisciplinary perspectives from various fields.", 'Leonard Susskind is a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University and is widely regarded as one of the greatest physicists of our time, both as a researcher and an educator.']}, {'end': 721.127, 'segs': [{'end': 98.657, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 70.908, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 77.67, 'text': 'I think what I saw was somebody who could do physics in this deeply intuitive way.', 'start': 70.908, 'duration': 6.762}, {'end': 90.514, 'text': 'His style was almost to close his eyes and visualize the phenomena that he was thinking about and, through visualization, outflank the mathematical,', 'start': 77.69, 'duration': 12.824}, {'end': 96.316, 'text': 'the highly mathematical and very, very sophisticated technical arguments that people would use.', 'start': 90.514, 'duration': 5.802}, {'end': 98.657, 'text': 'I think that was also natural to me.', 'start': 97.056, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Intuitive physicist visualized phenomena to outflank technical arguments.', 'duration': 27.749, 'max_score': 70.908, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE70908.jpg'}, {'end': 153.823, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 128.949, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 136.152, 'text': "So, do you find yourself, whether you're thinking about quantum mechanics or black holes or string theory,", 'start': 128.949, 'duration': 7.203}, {'end': 141.895, 'text': 'using intuition as a first step or a step throughout, using visualization?', 'start': 136.152, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 142.896, 'text': 'Yeah, very much so.', 'start': 142.155, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 143.636, 'text': 'Very much so.', 'start': 143.116, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 147.659, 'text': 'I tend not to think about the equations.', 'start': 144.737, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 149.62, 'text': 'I tend not to think about the symbols.', 'start': 147.739, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 153.823, 'text': 'I tend to try to visualize the phenomena themselves.', 'start': 150.241, 'duration': 3.582}], 'summary': 'Physicist uses visualization extensively in thinking about complex theories.', 'duration': 24.874, 'max_score': 128.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE128949.jpg'}, {'end': 222.138, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 183.068, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 186.532, 'text': 'Experience is that other people are better at converting it to mathematics than I am.', 'start': 183.068, 'duration': 3.464}, {'end': 191.072, 'text': "And yet you've worked with very counterintuitive ideas.", 'start': 188.089, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 192.634, 'text': "So how do you- No, that's true.", 'start': 191.513, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 193.175, 'text': "That's true.", 'start': 192.854, 'duration': 0.321}, {'end': 198.62, 'text': 'So how do you visualize something counterintuitive? How do you dare? By rewiring your brain in new ways.', 'start': 193.195, 'duration': 5.425}, {'end': 201.944, 'text': 'Yeah Quantum mechanics is not intuitive.', 'start': 199.982, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 205.508, 'text': 'Very little of modern physics is intuitive.', 'start': 202.885, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 208.72, 'text': 'What does intuitive mean??', 'start': 207.698, 'duration': 1.022}, {'end': 222.138, 'text': 'It means the ability to think about it with basic classical physics, the physics that we evolved with throwing stones, splashing water,', 'start': 209.581, 'duration': 12.557}], 'summary': 'Quantum mechanics and modern physics are counterintuitive and require rewiring the brain to understand.', 'duration': 39.07, 'max_score': 183.068, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE183068.jpg'}, {'end': 488.678, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 462.622, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 472.256, 'text': "You better recognize that you're very limited and you better be able to say to yourself, I'm not so limited that I can't win this battle with nature.", 'start': 462.622, 'duration': 9.634}, {'end': 479.334, 'text': 'It takes a special kind of person who can manage both of those, I would say.', 'start': 473.518, 'duration': 5.816}, {'end': 486.557, 'text': "And I would say there's echoes of that in your own work, a little bit of ego, a little bit of outside of the box, humble thinking.", 'start': 479.854, 'duration': 6.703}, {'end': 488.678, 'text': 'I hope so.', 'start': 486.577, 'duration': 2.101}], 'summary': 'Recognize your limitations, but believe in winning the battle with nature. embrace a blend of ego, outside-the-box thinking, and humility.', 'duration': 26.056, 'max_score': 462.622, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE462622.jpg'}, {'end': 721.127, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 686.093, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 687.334, 'text': 'Do you brainstorm with others??', 'start': 686.093, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 688.335, 'text': 'Oh both.', 'start': 687.874, 'duration': 0.461}, {'end': 690.056, 'text': 'Both Very definitely both.', 'start': 688.875, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 695.238, 'text': 'The younger time, I spent more time with myself.', 'start': 691.576, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 711.102, 'text': "Now, because I'm at Stanford, because I'm have a lot of ex-students and people who are interested in the same thing I am.", 'start': 696.639, 'duration': 14.463}, {'end': 718.345, 'text': 'I spend a good deal of time almost on a daily basis interacting, brainstorming, as you said.', 'start': 711.122, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 721.127, 'text': "It's a very important part.", 'start': 719.446, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Engages in daily brainstorming with ex-students and like-minded individuals at stanford.', 'duration': 35.034, 'max_score': 686.093, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE686093.jpg'}], 'start': 45.962, 'title': "Feynman's influence and balancing arrogance in science", 'summary': "Highlights richard feynman's influence on leonard susskind's intuitive physics, emphasizing visualization and intuition. it also discusses the balance of arrogance and humility in science and the transition in academic physics. the content emphasizes intuitive physics and the importance of balancing arrogance and humility.", 'chapters': [{'end': 411.485, 'start': 45.962, 'title': "Feynman's influence and intuitive physics", 'summary': "Highlights the influence of richard feynman on leonard susskind's intuitive approach to physics, emphasizing the use of visualization and intuition over mathematical equations, with a discussion on rewiring the brain to understand counterintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics and the limitations of visualizing higher dimensions.", 'duration': 365.523, 'highlights': ["Richard Feynman's influence on Leonard Susskind's intuitive approach to physics. Susskind discusses how Feynman's intuitive style validated and influenced his own approach to physics, emphasizing simplicity, directness, and visualization over complex mathematical arguments.", 'The use of intuition and visualization in thinking about quantum mechanics, black holes, and string theory. Susskind emphasizes his reliance on intuition and visualization when thinking about physics, preferring to visualize phenomena rather than focusing on mathematical equations, highlighting the importance of intuition in his approach.', 'The rewiring of the brain to understand counterintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics. Susskind discusses the need to rewire the brain to understand counterintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics, highlighting the development of new intuitions over time and the ability to think more easily in quantum mechanical terms.', 'The limitations of visualizing higher dimensions. Susskind explains the challenges in visualizing higher dimensions, discussing the neural wiring that limits the ability to visualize dimensions beyond three and the reliance on mathematical and abstract ways to understand higher dimensions.']}, {'end': 721.127, 'start': 413.906, 'title': 'Balancing arrogance and humility in science', 'summary': 'Discusses the necessary balance of arrogance and humility in science, emphasizing the need for both traits to navigate the challenges of nature and academia, and the transition from feeling like an outsider to becoming an insider in academic physics.', 'duration': 307.221, 'highlights': ["The need for a combination of arrogance and humility is emphasized, highlighting the necessity of having the arrogance to face the difficulties of nature and the humility to recognize one's limitations. ", 'The speaker shares their experience of feeling like an outsider in academia due to their working-class background, highlighting the discomfort in the unfamiliar environment. ', "The transition from feeling like an outsider to becoming an insider in academic physics is described, emphasizing the sudden shift and the speaker's sense of being at the center of a certain kind of physics at a later stage in life. ", 'The importance of both individual and collaborative idea development is discussed, with the speaker explaining their shift from working alone to engaging in daily interactions and brainstorming with others at Stanford. ']}], 'duration': 675.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE45962.jpg', 'highlights': ["Richard Feynman's influence on Leonard Susskind's intuitive approach to physics, emphasizing simplicity, directness, and visualization over complex mathematical arguments.", 'The use of intuition and visualization in thinking about quantum mechanics, black holes, and string theory, highlighting the importance of intuition in his approach.', 'The rewiring of the brain to understand counterintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics, highlighting the development of new intuitions over time.', "The need for a combination of arrogance and humility is emphasized, highlighting the necessity of having the arrogance to face the difficulties of nature and the humility to recognize one's limitations.", 'The importance of both individual and collaborative idea development is discussed, with the speaker explaining their shift from working alone to engaging in daily interactions and brainstorming with others at Stanford.']}, {'end': 1295.884, 'segs': [{'end': 777.941, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 753.387, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 762.953, 'text': 'Simulate them means solve the Schrodinger equation for them, or solve the equations of quantum mechanics on a computer, on a classical computer.', 'start': 753.387, 'duration': 9.566}, {'end': 769.677, 'text': 'But the classical computer is not a quantum mechanical system itself.', 'start': 763.653, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 770.458, 'text': 'Of course it is.', 'start': 769.917, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 773.279, 'text': "Everything's made of quantum mechanics, but it's not functioning.", 'start': 770.738, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 775.221, 'text': "It's not functioning as a quantum system.", 'start': 773.379, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 777.941, 'text': "It's just solving equations.", 'start': 776.181, 'duration': 1.76}], 'summary': "Classical computers solve quantum equations, but don't function as quantum systems.", 'duration': 24.554, 'max_score': 753.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE753387.jpg'}, {'end': 958.394, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 892.31, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 898.375, 'text': 'On the other hand, if your quantum computer is composed of 400 qubits, it can do everything 400 qubits can do.', 'start': 892.31, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 905.701, 'text': 'What kind of space, if you just intuitively think about the space of algorithms that that unlocks for us?', 'start': 899.516, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 913.647, 'text': "So there's a whole complexity theory around classical computers measuring the running time of things, NP, so on.", 'start': 906.401, 'duration': 7.246}, {'end': 917.711, 'text': 'What kind of algorithms, just intuitively, do you think it unlocks for us?', 'start': 914.028, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 927.755, 'text': 'Okay, so we know that there are a handful of algorithms that can seriously beat classical computers and which can have exponentially more power.', 'start': 918.471, 'duration': 9.284}, {'end': 929.435, 'text': 'This is a mathematical statement.', 'start': 928.215, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 931.396, 'text': "Nobody's exhibited this in the laboratory.", 'start': 929.495, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 933.557, 'text': "That's a mathematical statement.", 'start': 931.416, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 942.38, 'text': "We know that's true, but it also seems more and more that the number of such things is very limited, only very, very special numbers.", 'start': 933.597, 'duration': 8.783}, {'end': 951.372, 'text': 'problems exhibit that much advantage for a quantum computer, of standard problems.', 'start': 943.669, 'duration': 7.703}, {'end': 958.394, 'text': 'To my mind, as far as I can tell, the great power of quantum computers will actually be to simulate quantum systems.', 'start': 952.112, 'duration': 6.282}], 'summary': 'Quantum computer with 400 qubits can unlock algorithms with exponentially more power.', 'duration': 66.084, 'max_score': 892.31, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE892310.jpg'}, {'end': 1052.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1000.474, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1008.5, 'text': "You can't modify them in arbitrary kinds of ways to see what would happen if I change the system a little bit.", 'start': 1000.474, 'duration': 8.026}, {'end': 1011.762, 'text': 'So I think that quantum computers..', 'start': 1009.64, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 1020.604, 'text': 'will be extremely valuable in understanding quantum systems.', 'start': 1013.519, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 1023.806, 'text': 'At the lowest level, the fundamental laws.', 'start': 1021.004, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1028.949, 'text': "They're actually satisfying the same laws as the systems that they're simulating.", 'start': 1024.346, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 1029.47, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 1029.148, 'duration': 0.322}, {'end': 1032.29, 'text': 'Okay, so on the one hand, you have things like factoring.', 'start': 1029.91, 'duration': 2.38}, {'end': 1038.776, 'text': 'Factoring is the great thing of quantum computers, factoring large numbers.', 'start': 1033.112, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 1041.657, 'text': "That doesn't seem that much to do with quantum mechanics.", 'start': 1039.736, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 1052.605, 'text': 'Right It seems to be almost a fluke that a quantum computer can solve the factoring problem in a short time.', 'start': 1042.098, 'duration': 10.507}], 'summary': 'Quantum computers valuable for simulating quantum systems and solving factoring problem efficiently.', 'duration': 52.131, 'max_score': 1000.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1000474.jpg'}, {'end': 1172.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1145.031, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1147.833, 'text': 'There is another kind of quantum system that is big.', 'start': 1145.031, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1150.635, 'text': "It's a large quantum computer.", 'start': 1148.754, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1159.141, 'text': "And one of the things we've learned is that the physics of large quantum computers is in some ways similar to the physics of large quantum black holes.", 'start': 1151.796, 'duration': 7.345}, {'end': 1161.162, 'text': "And we're using that relationship.", 'start': 1159.781, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 1165.325, 'text': "Now, you didn't ask about quantum computers or systems.", 'start': 1162.023, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1168.047, 'text': "You didn't ask about black holes.", 'start': 1165.365, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1169.128, 'text': 'You asked about brains.', 'start': 1168.087, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1172.13, 'text': "Yeah, about stuff that's in the middle of the two.", 'start': 1170.009, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 1172.931, 'text': "It's different.", 'start': 1172.37, 'duration': 0.561}], 'summary': 'Large quantum computers share similarities with large quantum black holes, revealing a connection between quantum systems and black holes.', 'duration': 27.9, 'max_score': 1145.031, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1145031.jpg'}, {'end': 1225.888, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1195.461, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1199.224, 'text': "I don't even have very many friends who are neuroscientists.", 'start': 1195.461, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 1202.548, 'text': 'I would like to have more friends who are neuroscientists.', 'start': 1200.225, 'duration': 2.323}, {'end': 1204.089, 'text': "I just don't run into them very often.", 'start': 1202.608, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1209.735, 'text': "Among the few neuroscientists I've ever talked about about this.", 'start': 1205.651, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 1219.685, 'text': 'they are pretty convinced that the brain functions classically, that it is not intrinsically a quantum mechanical system.', 'start': 1209.735, 'duration': 9.95}, {'end': 1225.888, 'text': "or doesn't make use of the special features, entanglement, coherence, superposition.", 'start': 1220.666, 'duration': 5.222}], 'summary': 'Neuroscientists are convinced that the brain functions classically, not quantum mechanically.', 'duration': 30.427, 'max_score': 1195.461, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1195461.jpg'}, {'end': 1306.561, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1273.534, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1276.835, 'text': "Those are macroscopic systems, but they're just superconductors.", 'start': 1273.534, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 1281.597, 'text': 'Superconductors have a lot of quantum mechanics in them.', 'start': 1277.916, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 1286.379, 'text': "You can have a large chunk of superconductor, so it's a big piece of material.", 'start': 1282.918, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 1291.742, 'text': 'On the other hand, its functioning and its properties depend very, very strongly on quantum mechanics.', 'start': 1286.82, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 1295.884, 'text': 'To analyze them, you need the tools of quantum mechanics.', 'start': 1293.023, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 1306.561, 'text': 'If we can go on to black holes and looking at the universe as an information processing system, as a computer, as a giant computer.', 'start': 1297.549, 'duration': 9.012}], 'summary': 'Superconductors heavily rely on quantum mechanics for functioning and properties, analyzing them requires quantum mechanics tools.', 'duration': 33.027, 'max_score': 1273.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1273534.jpg'}], 'start': 722.467, 'title': 'Quantum computers and quantum systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential and limitations of quantum computers, including their ability to simulate quantum systems with 400 qubits, their value in understanding quantum systems in various fields, and the exploration of quantum mechanics in macroscopic systems such as superconductors and black holes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 999.093, 'start': 722.467, 'title': 'Quantum computers: potential and limitations', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of quantum computers, including their ability to simulate quantum systems, their limitations in classical computation, and their capability to unlock complex algorithms and solve problems that classical computers cannot. it highlights the exponential power of 400 qubits and the potential for quantum computers to simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical methods.', 'duration': 276.626, 'highlights': ['Quantum computers can simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical computers, as it would take more information than can possibly be stored in the entire universe to store the quantum state of 400 qubits classically.', 'The potential of 400 qubits in a quantum computer unlocks a vast space of algorithms and problem-solving capabilities that surpass classical computers.', 'Quantum computers have the capability to unlock algorithms that can exponentially surpass classical computers, although the number of such algorithms may be limited.', 'The great power of quantum computers lies in their ability to simulate quantum systems, allowing for the efficient manipulation and exploration of quantum phenomena compared to real systems.']}, {'end': 1117.307, 'start': 1000.474, 'title': 'Quantum computers in understanding quantum systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the value of quantum computers in understanding quantum systems, particularly in solving special problems and simulating various quantum systems in fields such as chemistry, solid state physics, material science, quantum gravity, and quantum field theory, where traditional methods may be insufficient.', 'duration': 116.833, 'highlights': ['Quantum computers will be extremely valuable in understanding quantum systems, such as in chemistry, solid state physics, material science, quantum gravity, and quantum field theory.', 'The ability of quantum computers to solve the factoring problem in a short time is seen as a special and rare capability, possibly not applicable to a wide range of problems.', 'Traditional methods of solving equations for various quantum systems using classical computers may become insufficient, leading to the need for quantum computers to simulate and manipulate these systems for research purposes.']}, {'end': 1295.884, 'start': 1118.128, 'title': 'Quantum systems and large scale physics', 'summary': 'Explores the similarities between large quantum computers and black holes, and discusses the quantum mechanics in macroscopic systems such as superconductors, emphasizing the uncertainty of whether the brain functions as a quantum system.', 'duration': 177.756, 'highlights': ['The physics of large quantum computers is similar to that of large quantum black holes, revealing a relationship leveraged for research.', 'Superconductors, macroscopic systems, heavily depend on quantum mechanics for their functioning and properties.', 'Neuroscientists are uncertain about whether the brain functions classically or intrinsically as a quantum mechanical system.']}], 'duration': 573.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE722467.jpg', 'highlights': ['Quantum computers can simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical computers, as it would take more information than can possibly be stored in the entire universe to store the quantum state of 400 qubits classically.', 'The potential of 400 qubits in a quantum computer unlocks a vast space of algorithms and problem-solving capabilities that surpass classical computers.', 'Quantum computers have the capability to unlock algorithms that can exponentially surpass classical computers, although the number of such algorithms may be limited.', 'The great power of quantum computers lies in their ability to simulate quantum systems, allowing for the efficient manipulation and exploration of quantum phenomena compared to real systems.', 'Quantum computers will be extremely valuable in understanding quantum systems, such as in chemistry, solid state physics, material science, quantum gravity, and quantum field theory.', 'The ability of quantum computers to solve the factoring problem in a short time is seen as a special and rare capability, possibly not applicable to a wide range of problems.', 'Traditional methods of solving equations for various quantum systems using classical computers may become insufficient, leading to the need for quantum computers to simulate and manipulate these systems for research purposes.', 'The physics of large quantum computers is similar to that of large quantum black holes, revealing a relationship leveraged for research.', 'Superconductors, macroscopic systems, heavily depend on quantum mechanics for their functioning and properties.', 'Neuroscientists are uncertain about whether the brain functions classically or intrinsically as a quantum mechanical system.']}, {'end': 1783.753, 'segs': [{'end': 1326.993, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1297.549, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1306.561, 'text': 'If we can go on to black holes and looking at the universe as an information processing system, as a computer, as a giant computer.', 'start': 1297.549, 'duration': 9.012}, {'end': 1307.502, 'text': "It's a giant computer.", 'start': 1306.581, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 1312.281, 'text': "What's the power of thinking of the universe as an information processing system?", 'start': 1308.618, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 1315.224, 'text': 'Or what is perhaps its use,', 'start': 1312.321, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 1326.993, 'text': 'besides the mathematical use of discussing black holes and your famous debates and ideas around that to human beings or life in general,', 'start': 1315.224, 'duration': 11.769}], 'summary': 'Viewing the universe as an information processing system may benefit human understanding and life.', 'duration': 29.444, 'max_score': 1297.549, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1297549.jpg'}, {'end': 1363.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1338.487, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1345.89, 'text': "So there's no extra magic to us humans? It certainly feels, consciousness and intelligence feels like magic.", 'start': 1338.487, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 1346.571, 'text': 'It sure does.', 'start': 1346.07, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 1347.851, 'text': 'Where does it emerge from?', 'start': 1346.631, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 1358.936, 'text': 'If we look at information processing, what are the emerging phenomena that come from viewing the world as an information processing system?', 'start': 1349.432, 'duration': 9.504}, {'end': 1360.999, 'text': 'Here is what I think.', 'start': 1359.938, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1363.481, 'text': 'And my thoughts are not worth much in this.', 'start': 1361.659, 'duration': 1.822}], 'summary': 'Humans ponder emergence of consciousness and intelligence as information processing system.', 'duration': 24.994, 'max_score': 1338.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1338487.jpg'}, {'end': 1407.289, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1384.917, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1394.082, 'text': "Everything I've heard about the way the brain functions is so counterintuitive For example, you have neurons which detect vertical lines.", 'start': 1384.917, 'duration': 9.165}, {'end': 1397.824, 'text': 'You have different neurons which detect lines at 45 degrees.', 'start': 1394.382, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 1398.865, 'text': 'You have different neurons.', 'start': 1397.844, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1404.547, 'text': 'I never imagined that there were whole circuits which were devoted to vertical lines in my brain.', 'start': 1399.485, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 1407.289, 'text': "It doesn't seem to be the way my brain works.", 'start': 1405.288, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': 'Brain functions involve specialized neurons detecting specific lines and angles, challenging common intuitions.', 'duration': 22.372, 'max_score': 1384.917, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1384917.jpg'}, {'end': 1491.311, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1461.021, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1462.721, 'text': 'This machine learning is very interesting.', 'start': 1461.021, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 1464.562, 'text': 'By machine learning,', 'start': 1463.501, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1478.364, 'text': 'we will evolve systems and we may start to discover mechanisms that have implications for how we think and for what this consciousness thing is all about.', 'start': 1464.562, 'duration': 13.802}, {'end': 1488.929, 'text': "And we'll be able to do experiments on them and perhaps answer questions that we can't possibly answer by introspection.", 'start': 1479.544, 'duration': 9.385}, {'end': 1491.311, 'text': "So that's a really interesting point.", 'start': 1488.949, 'duration': 2.362}], 'summary': 'Machine learning will help evolve systems and discover mechanisms with implications for consciousness, allowing for experiments and answers to unanswerable questions.', 'duration': 30.29, 'max_score': 1461.021, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1461021.jpg'}, {'end': 1535.968, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1510.911, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1518.118, 'text': 'One, is that generally the process? And two, do you have that also hope for biological systems as well, for..', 'start': 1510.911, 'duration': 7.207}, {'end': 1521.64, 'text': "all the kinds of stuff we're studying at the human level.", 'start': 1519.139, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 1526.203, 'text': 'Of course, physics always begins by trying to find the simplest version of something and analyze it.', 'start': 1521.7, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 1535.968, 'text': 'Yeah, I mean, there are lots of examples where physics has taken very complicated systems, analyzed them, and found simplicity in them, for sure.', 'start': 1526.663, 'duration': 9.305}], 'summary': 'Physics simplifies complex systems for analysis and finds simplicity in them.', 'duration': 25.057, 'max_score': 1510.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1510911.jpg'}, {'end': 1754.161, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1731.577, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1741.439, 'text': 'Physically, yes, but in the structure of the mathematics, between a tensor network designed to describe a quantum system, on the one hand,', 'start': 1731.577, 'duration': 9.862}, {'end': 1746.84, 'text': 'and the kind of networks that are used in machine learning.', 'start': 1741.439, 'duration': 5.401}, {'end': 1754.161, 'text': 'More and more, I think, young physicists are being drawn to this field of machine learning, some very, very good ones.', 'start': 1747.2, 'duration': 6.961}], 'summary': 'Physicists are increasingly drawn to machine learning, especially young, talented ones.', 'duration': 22.584, 'max_score': 1731.577, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1731577.jpg'}], 'start': 1297.549, 'title': 'Universe and machine learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the universe as an information processing system, focusing on consciousness and intelligence emergence, and the potential of machine learning in evolving complex systems and its implications on consciousness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1430.522, 'start': 1297.549, 'title': 'Universe as information processing system', 'summary': 'Discusses viewing the universe as an information processing system, addressing the power and emergence of consciousness and intelligence, and highlighting the counterintuitive nature of brain functions.', 'duration': 132.973, 'highlights': ['Viewing the universe as an information processing system and its impact on understanding black holes and life as information processing systems.', 'The emergence of consciousness and intelligence from the perspective of information processing.', 'The counterintuitive nature of brain functions, such as the compartmentalization of circuits for detecting different types of lines.']}, {'end': 1783.753, 'start': 1431.986, 'title': 'Machine learning and the quest for simplification', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of machine learning to evolve complex systems, the implications of machine learning on consciousness, the quest to simplify complicated systems in physics, and the intersection of physics and machine learning in the pursuit of understanding the capabilities and limitations of artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 351.767, 'highlights': ["Machine learning's potential to evolve complex systems and its implications on consciousness is discussed. Machine learning is seen as a means to evolve complicated systems, potentially leading to the discovery of mechanisms with implications for consciousness. It may enable experimentation and provide answers beyond introspection.", 'The pursuit to simplify complicated systems in physics and the hope for similar simplification in biological systems are explored. The discussion delves into the process of simplifying complex systems in physics and the potential application of the same approach to biological systems. It emphasizes the importance of not oversimplifying intrinsically complicated systems.', 'The intersection of physics and machine learning is examined, with physicists contributing valuable insights to the field. The chapter highlights the involvement of physicists in machine learning, emphasizing their potential contributions and the value of the physics way of thinking to the field of machine learning.']}], 'duration': 486.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1297549.jpg', 'highlights': ["Machine learning's potential to evolve complex systems and its implications on consciousness is discussed. Machine learning is seen as a means to evolve complicated systems, potentially leading to the discovery of mechanisms with implications for consciousness. It may enable experimentation and provide answers beyond introspection.", 'The emergence of consciousness and intelligence from the perspective of information processing.', 'The pursuit to simplify complicated systems in physics and the hope for similar simplification in biological systems are explored. The discussion delves into the process of simplifying complex systems in physics and the potential application of the same approach to biological systems. It emphasizes the importance of not oversimplifying intrinsically complicated systems.', 'Viewing the universe as an information processing system and its impact on understanding black holes and life as information processing systems.', 'The intersection of physics and machine learning is examined, with physicists contributing valuable insights to the field. The chapter highlights the involvement of physicists in machine learning, emphasizing their potential contributions and the value of the physics way of thinking to the field of machine learning.', 'The counterintuitive nature of brain functions, such as the compartmentalization of circuits for detecting different types of lines.']}, {'end': 2162.169, 'segs': [{'end': 1842.878, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1813.872, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1818.774, 'text': 'suddenly became understood completely surprising to me.', 'start': 1813.872, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 1828.74, 'text': "There are other things which I looked at and I said, we're not going to understand these things for 500 years, in particular quantum gravity.", 'start': 1821.196, 'duration': 7.544}, {'end': 1831.001, 'text': 'The scale for that was 20 years, 25 years.', 'start': 1828.76, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 1839.715, 'text': "We don't understand it completely now by any means, but I thought it was 500 years to make any progress.", 'start': 1832.947, 'duration': 6.768}, {'end': 1842.878, 'text': 'It turned out to be very, very far from that.', 'start': 1840.796, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Quantum gravity progress was expected in 500 years, but significant progress was made within 20-25 years.', 'duration': 29.006, 'max_score': 1813.872, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1813872.jpg'}, {'end': 1908.616, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1884.237, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1893.441, 'text': 'I much prefer to think of them as theoretical physicists trying to answer deep, fundamental questions about nature, in particular gravity,', 'start': 1884.237, 'duration': 9.204}, {'end': 1902.146, 'text': 'in particular gravity and its connection with quantum mechanics, and who, at the present time, find string theory a useful tool,', 'start': 1893.441, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 1906.393, 'text': "rather than saying there's a subject called string theorist.", 'start': 1903.689, 'duration': 2.704}, {'end': 1908.616, 'text': "I don't like being referred to as a string theorist.", 'start': 1906.433, 'duration': 2.183}], 'summary': 'Theoretical physicists explore gravity and quantum mechanics using string theory as a tool.', 'duration': 24.379, 'max_score': 1884.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1884237.jpg'}, {'end': 1993.405, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1961.1, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1967.802, 'text': 'And it was and is a valid and correct theory of these hadrons.', 'start': 1961.1, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 1972.083, 'text': "It's been experimentally tested, and that is a done deal.", 'start': 1967.902, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 1981.01, 'text': 'It had a second life as a theory of gravity, the same basic mathematics except on a very, very much smaller distance scale.', 'start': 1973.942, 'duration': 7.068}, {'end': 1991.763, 'text': 'The objects of gravitation are 19 orders of magnitude smaller than a proton, but the same mathematics turned up.', 'start': 1982.332, 'duration': 9.431}, {'end': 1993.405, 'text': 'The same mathematics turned up.', 'start': 1992.043, 'duration': 1.362}], 'summary': 'The theory of hadrons has been experimentally tested for gravity on a much smaller scale.', 'duration': 32.305, 'max_score': 1961.1, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1961100.jpg'}, {'end': 2072.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2049.096, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2058.062, 'text': "They don't because we have mathematically precise string theories which contain both gravity and quantum mechanics in a consistent way.", 'start': 2049.096, 'duration': 8.966}, {'end': 2065.887, 'text': "So it's provided that certainty that quantum mechanics and gravity can coexist.", 'start': 2059.003, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 2067.128, 'text': "That's not a small thing.", 'start': 2066.087, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 2068.329, 'text': "It's a very big thing.", 'start': 2067.487, 'duration': 0.842}, {'end': 2069.089, 'text': "It's a huge thing.", 'start': 2068.389, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 2069.989, 'text': 'Einstein will be proud.', 'start': 2069.188, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 2072.012, 'text': 'Einstein, he might be appalled.', 'start': 2070.51, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 2072.371, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 2072.072, 'duration': 0.299}], 'summary': 'String theories provide certainty that quantum mechanics and gravity can coexist, a huge breakthrough.', 'duration': 23.275, 'max_score': 2049.096, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2049096.jpg'}, {'end': 2115.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2091.058, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2101.825, 'text': 'Is there a possibility of something deeper, more profound, that still is consistent with string theory, but is deeper?', 'start': 2091.058, 'duration': 10.767}, {'end': 2102.926, 'text': 'that is to be found?', 'start': 2101.825, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 2105.049, 'text': 'Well, you could ask the same thing about quantum mechanics.', 'start': 2103.106, 'duration': 1.943}, {'end': 2115.463, 'text': 'I think string theory is just an example of a quantum mechanical system that contains both gravitation and quantum mechanics.', 'start': 2107.031, 'duration': 8.432}], 'summary': 'String theory is a quantum system containing both gravitation and quantum mechanics.', 'duration': 24.405, 'max_score': 2091.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2091058.jpg'}], 'start': 1784.213, 'title': 'String theory and predicting the future', 'summary': "Discusses the unpredictability of predicting the future in science, citing examples of quantum gravity and the usefulness of string theory in understanding unified theories of physics. it also delves into the development and impact of string theory, highlighting its mathematical rigor in unifying quantum mechanics and gravity, leading to the acceptance of their coexistence and its potential for deeper insights, with a mention of gerard 't hooft's deterministic substructure theory.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1927.445, 'start': 1784.213, 'title': 'Predicting the future and string theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the unpredictability of predicting the future in science, citing examples of quantum gravity and the usefulness of string theory in understanding unified theories of physics.', 'duration': 143.232, 'highlights': ['The unpredictability of predicting the future in science is illustrated through examples like quantum gravity, which was initially thought to take 500 years to understand, but significant progress was made within 20-25 years.', 'String theory is viewed as a tool by theoretical physicists to address deep, fundamental questions about nature, particularly in relation to gravity and its connection with quantum mechanics.']}, {'end': 2162.169, 'start': 1927.465, 'title': 'String theory and its impact', 'summary': "Discusses the development and impact of string theory, highlighting its mathematical rigor in unifying quantum mechanics and gravity, leading to the acceptance of their coexistence and its potential for deeper insights, with a mention of gerard 't hooft's deterministic substructure theory.", 'duration': 234.704, 'highlights': ["String theory's mathematical rigor demonstrated the coexistence of quantum mechanics and gravity, resolving the longstanding inconsistency, leading to its widespread acceptance. The mathematical rigor of string theory has illustrated almost definitively that quantum mechanics and gravity are very closely related and not inconsistent with each other, resolving the inconsistency that was previously questioned, including by prominent physicists like Stephen Hawking.", "String theory's validity in explaining hadrons and its extension to a theory of gravity, tested and proven experimentally, underscores its significant impact in physics. String theory was initially developed to understand hadrons and has been experimentally tested and proven as a valid theory, extending to become a theory of gravity on a much smaller distance scale, demonstrating its value and impact in the field of physics.", "Discussion about the potential for deeper insights within string theory and the possibility of a deterministic substructure underlying quantum mechanics, as proposed by Gerard 't Hooft. The transcript explores the possibility of something deeper and more profound consistent with string theory, potentially underlying quantum mechanics, with a mention of Gerard 't Hooft's belief in a deterministic substructure to the world, sparking contemplation about further insights within the theory."]}], 'duration': 377.956, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE1784213.jpg', 'highlights': ['Significant progress in understanding quantum gravity made within 20-25 years, contrary to the initial 500-year estimation.', 'String theory is a tool for theoretical physicists to address fundamental questions about nature, particularly in relation to gravity and its connection with quantum mechanics.', "String theory's mathematical rigor demonstrated the coexistence of quantum mechanics and gravity, resolving the longstanding inconsistency and leading to its widespread acceptance.", "String theory's validity in explaining hadrons and its extension to a theory of gravity, tested and proven experimentally, underscores its significant impact in physics.", "Discussion about the potential for deeper insights within string theory and the possibility of a deterministic substructure underlying quantum mechanics, as proposed by Gerard 't Hooft."]}, {'end': 3429.049, 'segs': [{'end': 2209.597, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2162.169, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2168.572, 'text': 'by some mechanism that he has a hard time spelling out, emerges as quantum mechanics.', 'start': 2162.169, 'duration': 6.403}, {'end': 2171.053, 'text': "I don't.", 'start': 2170.633, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 2173.034, 'text': 'The wave function is somehow emergent.', 'start': 2171.513, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 2174.787, 'text': 'The wave function.', 'start': 2173.766, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 2182.19, 'text': 'not just the wave function, but the whole thing that goes with quantum mechanics, uncertainty, entanglement.', 'start': 2174.787, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 2183.411, 'text': 'all these things are emergent.', 'start': 2182.19, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 2192.135, 'text': 'So you think quantum mechanics is the bottom of the well? Here I think is where you have to be humble.', 'start': 2183.971, 'duration': 8.164}, {'end': 2194.296, 'text': "Here's where humility comes.", 'start': 2193.175, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 2198.538, 'text': "I don't think anybody should say anything is the bottom of the well at this time.", 'start': 2194.456, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 2209.597, 'text': "I think we can reasonably say I can reasonably say when I look into the well, I can't see past quantum mechanics.", 'start': 2199.919, 'duration': 9.678}], 'summary': 'Quantum mechanics and its components are emergent; humility is essential in asserting its finality.', 'duration': 47.428, 'max_score': 2162.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2162169.jpg'}, {'end': 2263.478, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2238.415, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2247.462, 'text': 'Is there any connection whatsoever from this perception, perhaps illusion of free will that we have and the fundamental nature of reality?', 'start': 2238.415, 'duration': 9.047}, {'end': 2252.351, 'text': 'The only thing I can say is I am puzzled by that as much as you are.', 'start': 2247.728, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 2253.452, 'text': 'The illusion of it.', 'start': 2252.711, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 2259.556, 'text': 'The illusion of consciousness, the illusion of free will, the illusion of self.', 'start': 2253.672, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 2263.478, 'text': 'Does that connect to..', 'start': 2261.737, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': 'Puzzled by the connection between illusion of free will and fundamental reality', 'duration': 25.063, 'max_score': 2238.415, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2238415.jpg'}, {'end': 2309.662, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2288.456, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2299.152, 'text': "When a system, which we call an apparatus or an observer same thing, interacts with the system that it's observing, it doesn't just look at it,", 'start': 2288.456, 'duration': 10.696}, {'end': 2301.154, 'text': 'it becomes physically entangled with it.', 'start': 2299.152, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 2305.458, 'text': "And it's that entanglement which we call an observation or a measurement.", 'start': 2301.554, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 2309.662, 'text': 'Now, does that satisfy me personally as an observer?', 'start': 2306.519, 'duration': 3.143}], 'summary': 'System becomes entangled with observed system, defining observation or measurement.', 'duration': 21.206, 'max_score': 2288.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2288456.jpg'}, {'end': 2451.913, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2423.474, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2429.016, 'text': "So you don't really need to think about the arrow of time for most physical phenomena.", 'start': 2423.474, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 2432.597, 'text': 'For most microscopic phenomena, no.', 'start': 2430.136, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 2440.56, 'text': "It's only when the phenomena involve systems which are big enough for thermodynamics to become important, for entropy to become important.", 'start': 2433.437, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 2445.662, 'text': 'For a small system, entropy is not a good concept.', 'start': 2441.7, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 2451.913, 'text': 'Entropy is something which emerges out of large numbers.', 'start': 2448.252, 'duration': 3.661}], 'summary': 'Arrow of time not relevant for most physical phenomena, only for large systems where thermodynamics and entropy become important.', 'duration': 28.439, 'max_score': 2423.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2423474.jpg'}, {'end': 2584.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2558.376, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2563.479, 'text': "Did you just say that time travel is possible? No, I didn't say time travel is possible.", 'start': 2558.376, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 2565.76, 'text': 'I said you can make a system go backward.', 'start': 2564.059, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 2566.381, 'text': 'In time.', 'start': 2566.02, 'duration': 0.361}, {'end': 2569.462, 'text': 'You can make it reverse its steps.', 'start': 2567.581, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 2571.383, 'text': 'You can make it reverse its trajectory.', 'start': 2569.502, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 2581.589, 'text': "Yeah How do we do it? What's the intuition there? Is it just a fluke thing that we can do at a small scale in the lab that doesn't have..", 'start': 2571.563, 'duration': 10.026}, {'end': 2584.391, 'text': "What I'm saying is you can do it on a little bit better than a small scale.", 'start': 2581.589, 'duration': 2.802}], 'summary': 'System can go backward in time, can be done on a larger than small scale.', 'duration': 26.015, 'max_score': 2558.376, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2558376.jpg'}, {'end': 2936.448, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2898.822, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2912.901, 'text': 'Could we build in the laboratory a small version, A quantum mechanical version, the collection of quantum computers, entangled and coupled together,', 'start': 2898.822, 'duration': 14.079}, {'end': 2919.308, 'text': 'which would reproduce the phenomena that go on in the universe, even on a small scale?', 'start': 2912.901, 'duration': 6.407}, {'end': 2922.251, 'text': 'Yes, if it were anti-de Sitter space.', 'start': 2920.449, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 2924.473, 'text': "No, if it's de Sitter space.", 'start': 2923.171, 'duration': 1.302}, {'end': 2928.865, 'text': 'Can you slightly describe deciduous space and antedeciduous space?', 'start': 2924.684, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 2931.986, 'text': 'What are the geometric properties??', 'start': 2929.866, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 2936.448, 'text': 'They differ by the sign of a single constant called the cosmological constant.', 'start': 2932.026, 'duration': 4.422}], 'summary': 'Exploring the possibility of replicating universe phenomena using entangled quantum computers in laboratory, dependent on de sitter or anti-de sitter space.', 'duration': 37.626, 'max_score': 2898.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2898822.jpg'}, {'end': 3053.322, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3023.065, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3028.272, 'text': 'No Why do we want a beginning? In practice, there was a beginning, of course.', 'start': 3023.065, 'duration': 5.207}, {'end': 3030.675, 'text': 'In practice, there was a beginning.', 'start': 3028.392, 'duration': 2.283}, {'end': 3039.687, 'text': 'But could it have been a random fluctuation in an otherwise infinite time? Maybe.', 'start': 3031.296, 'duration': 8.391}, {'end': 3048.918, 'text': 'In any case, the eternal inflation theory, I think if correctly understood, would be infinite in both directions.', 'start': 3041.331, 'duration': 7.587}, {'end': 3053.322, 'text': 'How do you think about infinity? Oh, God.', 'start': 3050.72, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'Eternal inflation theory suggests infinite time in both directions.', 'duration': 30.257, 'max_score': 3023.065, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE3023065.jpg'}, {'end': 3114.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3084.662, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3087.583, 'text': 'Does infinity have any place in physics? Right.', 'start': 3084.662, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 3092.284, 'text': 'Right And all I can say is, very good question.', 'start': 3088.043, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 3102.317, 'text': 'so what do you think of the recent first image of a black hole visualized from the event horizon telescope?', 'start': 3095.934, 'duration': 6.383}, {'end': 3106.359, 'text': "it's it's an incredible triumph of science in itself.", 'start': 3102.317, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 3114.904, 'text': "the fact that there are black holes which collide is not a surprise, and they seem to work exactly the way they're supposed to work.", 'start': 3106.359, 'duration': 8.545}], 'summary': 'Recent first image of a black hole is an incredible triumph of science.', 'duration': 30.242, 'max_score': 3084.662, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE3084662.jpg'}, {'end': 3386.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3355.937, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3362.219, 'text': 'What kind of questions can science not currently answer and may never be able to answer? Yeah.', 'start': 3355.937, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 3371.319, 'text': "Is there an intelligence out there that's underlies the whole thing? You can call them with a G word if you want.", 'start': 3365.689, 'duration': 5.63}, {'end': 3376.468, 'text': 'I can say are we a computer simulation with a purpose??', 'start': 3372.041, 'duration': 4.427}, {'end': 3386.295, 'text': 'Is there an agent, an intelligent agent that underlies or is responsible for the whole thing??', 'start': 3379.211, 'duration': 7.084}], 'summary': 'Science questions: intelligence, purpose, simulation, agent.', 'duration': 30.358, 'max_score': 3355.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE3355937.jpg'}], 'start': 2162.169, 'title': 'Quantum mechanics, observer effect, and understanding the infinite in physics', 'summary': 'Delves into quantum mechanics, including uncertainty and entanglement, the observer effect, arrow of time in physics, and the challenges in understanding exponential expansion and the origin of the universe. it also explores the limitations of science in addressing consciousness and the existence of an intelligent agent.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2263.478, 'start': 2162.169, 'title': 'Quantum mechanics and illusions', 'summary': 'Discusses the emergence of quantum mechanics, the uncertainty and entanglement associated with it, and the humility required in understanding its fundamental nature, while also touching upon the connection between the illusion of free will and the fundamental nature of reality.', 'duration': 101.309, 'highlights': ['The emergence of quantum mechanics, including the wave function, uncertainty, and entanglement, is described as a mechanism that is challenging to articulate (Relevance: High).', 'The uncertainty regarding whether quantum mechanics is the ultimate foundation of reality calls for humility in making definitive assertions (Relevance: Medium).', 'The discussion of the illusion of free will and its potential connection to the fundamental nature of reality raises thought-provoking questions (Relevance: Low).']}, {'end': 2965.897, 'start': 2263.478, 'title': 'Observer effect and arrow of time in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the observer effect, entanglement, and the arrow of time in physics, highlighting the concept that an observer becomes entangled with the system being observed, the emergence of time at the thermodynamic level, and the possibility of reversing the direction of motion of small systems.', 'duration': 702.419, 'highlights': ['An observer becomes physically entangled with the system it is observing, known as observation or measurement, emphasizing the role of entanglement in the act of observing a system. The process of observation involves the physical entanglement of the observer (apparatus) with the system being observed, elucidating the significance of entanglement in the act of observation.', 'Time emerges at the thermodynamic level due to entropy and becomes important for macroscopic phenomena, contrasting its emergence with the symmetric nature of time in most physical equations. The emergence of time at the thermodynamic level is associated with the importance of entropy for macroscopic phenomena, contrasting it with the symmetric nature of time in most physical equations.', 'The possibility of reversing the direction of motion for small systems, indicating the potential to make a system go backward in time with careful manipulation, but acknowledging the technological challenges for larger systems. Small systems, such as atoms, lack a sense of the arrow of time and can be reversed with careful manipulation, highlighting the technological challenges for larger systems in reversing their direction of motion.']}, {'end': 3429.049, 'start': 2966.958, 'title': 'Understanding the infinite in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of understanding exponential expansion, the origin of the universe, the recent image of a black hole, and the limitations of science in answering questions about consciousness and the existence of an intelligent agent.', 'duration': 462.091, 'highlights': ['The recent first image of a black hole visualized from the event horizon telescope is an incredible triumph of science and may provide insights into the structure and evolution of the universe. The recent image of a black hole is a significant achievement in science and may offer valuable information about the structure and evolution of the universe.', 'The challenges of understanding exponential expansion and the origin of the universe, with theories like eternal inflation, pose complex questions about infinity and the limitations of human comprehension. The discussion delves into the complexities of understanding exponential expansion, theories like eternal inflation, and the challenges of comprehending infinity and the origins of the universe.', 'Questions about consciousness and the existence of an intelligent agent remain unanswered by science, and the potential for evolving machine learning may shed light on the nature of intelligence. The limitations of science in addressing questions about consciousness and the existence of an intelligent agent are highlighted, along with the potential for evolving machine learning to provide insights into the nature of intelligence.']}], 'duration': 1266.88, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/s78hvV3QLUE/pics/s78hvV3QLUE2162169.jpg', 'highlights': ['The emergence of quantum mechanics, including uncertainty and entanglement, is challenging to articulate.', 'An observer becomes physically entangled with the system it is observing, emphasizing the role of entanglement in the act of observing a system.', 'The recent first image of a black hole is a significant achievement in science and may offer valuable information about the structure and evolution of the universe.', 'The uncertainty regarding whether quantum mechanics is the ultimate foundation of reality calls for humility in making definitive assertions.', 'Time emerges at the thermodynamic level due to entropy and becomes important for macroscopic phenomena, contrasting its emergence with the symmetric nature of time in most physical equations.', 'The discussion delves into the complexities of understanding exponential expansion, theories like eternal inflation, and the challenges of comprehending infinity and the origins of the universe.', 'The limitations of science in addressing questions about consciousness and the existence of an intelligent agent are highlighted, along with the potential for evolving machine learning to provide insights into the nature of intelligence.', 'The possibility of reversing the direction of motion for small systems, indicating the potential to make a system go backward in time with careful manipulation, but acknowledging the technological challenges for larger systems.', 'The discussion of the illusion of free will and its potential connection to the fundamental nature of reality raises thought-provoking questions.']}], 'highlights': ["AI represents our civilization's journey into understanding the human mind and creating echoes of it in the machine, involving interdisciplinary perspectives from various fields.", 'Quantum computers can simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical computers, as it would take more information than can possibly be stored in the entire universe to store the quantum state of 400 qubits classically.', 'Significant progress in understanding quantum gravity made within 20-25 years, contrary to the initial 500-year estimation.', "String theory's mathematical rigor demonstrated the coexistence of quantum mechanics and gravity, resolving the longstanding inconsistency and leading to its widespread acceptance.", 'The emergence of quantum mechanics, including uncertainty and entanglement, is challenging to articulate.', 'The recent first image of a black hole is a significant achievement in science and may offer valuable information about the structure and evolution of the universe.']}