title
Joscha Bach: Nature of Reality, Dreams, and Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #212

description
Joscha Bach is a cognitive scientist, AI researcher, and philosopher. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Coinbase: https://coinbase.com/lex to get $5 in free Bitcoin - Codecademy: https://codecademy.com and use code LEX to get 15% off - Linode: https://linode.com/lex to get $100 free credit - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free EPISODE LINKS: Joscha's Twitter: https://twitter.com/Plinz Joscha's Website: http://bach.ai PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:33 - Life is hard 2:56 - Consciousness 9:42 - What is life? 19:51 - Free will 33:56 - Simulation 36:06 - Base layer of reality 51:42 - Boston Dynamics 1:00:01 - Engineering consciousness 1:10:30 - Suffering 1:19:24 - Postmodernism 1:23:43 - Psychedelics 1:36:57 - GPT-3 1:45:40 - GPT-4 1:52:05 - OpenAI Codex 1:54:20 - Humans vs AI: Who is more dangerous? 2:11:04 - Hitler 2:16:01 - Autonomous weapon systems 2:23:29 - Mark Zuckerberg 2:29:04 - Love 2:43:18 - Michael Malice and anarchism 3:00:15 - Love 3:04:23 - Advice for young people 3:09:00 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Joscha Bach: Nature of Reality, Dreams, and Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #212', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Joscha bach discusses intelligence, cognition, consciousness, agents, free will, reality, consciousness implications, ai language models, ethical values in software development, societal challenges, miyazaki's influence, and government's role in society, providing insights into various philosophical, ethical, and societal aspects.", 'chapters': [{'end': 55.906, 'segs': [{'end': 55.906, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.049, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4.433, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Josje Bach, his second time on the podcast.', 'start': 0.049, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 13.701, 'text': 'Josje is one of the most fascinating minds in the world, exploring the nature of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness.', 'start': 4.993, 'duration': 8.708}, {'end': 23.489, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors, Coinbase, Codecademy, Linode, NetSuite, and ExpressVPN.', 'start': 14.562, 'duration': 8.927}, {'end': 25.791, 'text': 'Their links are in the description.', 'start': 24.05, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 32.213, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast, and here is my conversation with Yosha Bach.', 'start': 26.852, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 40.756, 'text': 'Thank you for once again coming on to this particular Russian program and sticking to the theme of a Russian program.', 'start': 33.414, 'duration': 7.342}, {'end': 42.536, 'text': "Let's start with the darkest of topics.", 'start': 40.796, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 47.537, 'text': 'So this is inspired by one of your tweets.', 'start': 45.297, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 55.906, 'text': "You wrote that, quote, when life feels unbearable, I remind myself that I'm not a person.", 'start': 48.478, 'duration': 7.428}], 'summary': 'Conversation with josje bach on intelligence, cognition, and consciousness, sponsored by coinbase, codecademy, linode, netsuite, and expressvpn.', 'duration': 55.857, 'max_score': 0.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA49.jpg'}], 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Exploring the nature of intelligence', 'summary': 'Delves into the nature of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness with josje bach, a renowned expert. it also discusses the concept of life feeling unbearable and the reminder that one is not a person.', 'chapters': [{'end': 55.906, 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Exploring the nature of intelligence with josje bach', 'summary': 'Explores the nature of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness with josje bach, a fascinating mind in the world, and discusses the concept of life feeling unbearable and the reminder that one is not a person.', 'duration': 55.857, 'highlights': ['Josje Bach is one of the most fascinating minds exploring intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness. Josje Bach is a prominent figure in the exploration of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness.', 'Discussion of the concept of life feeling unbearable and the reminder that one is not a person. The conversation delves into the concept of life feeling unbearable and the perspective of not being a person.']}], 'duration': 55.857, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA49.jpg', 'highlights': ['Josje Bach is a prominent figure in the exploration of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness.', 'The conversation delves into the concept of life feeling unbearable and the perspective of not being a person.']}, {'end': 1187.975, 'segs': [{'end': 313.829, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 288.365, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 295.148, 'text': 'so there is an environment which the agent is stomping, and you are influencing a little part of that agent.', 'start': 288.365, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 299.05, 'text': 'so uh, can you, is the agent a single human being?', 'start': 295.148, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 300.03, 'text': "what's what?", 'start': 299.05, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 301.431, 'text': 'which object has agency?', 'start': 300.03, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 303.526, 'text': "That's an interesting question.", 'start': 302.366, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 309.488, 'text': "I think a way to think about an agent is that it's a controller with a set point generator.", 'start': 303.926, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 313.829, 'text': 'The notion of a controller comes from cybernetics and control theory.', 'start': 310.548, 'duration': 3.281}], 'summary': "Discussion on agent's environment, influence, and control theory.", 'duration': 25.464, 'max_score': 288.365, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA288365.jpg'}, {'end': 374.024, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 335.594, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 340.855, 'text': 'And the goal is to reduce the distance between the set point and the current value of the system.', 'start': 335.594, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 345.256, 'text': "And there's an environment which disturbs the regulated system, which brings it away from that set point.", 'start': 340.915, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 347.317, 'text': 'So the simplest case is a thermostat.', 'start': 345.656, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 350.158, 'text': "The thermostat is really simple because it doesn't have a model.", 'start': 347.957, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 354.739, 'text': 'The thermostat is only trying to minimize the set point deviation in the next moment.', 'start': 350.318, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 360.867, 'text': 'And if you want to minimize the set point deviation over a longer time span, you need to integrate it.', 'start': 355.92, 'duration': 4.947}, {'end': 363.29, 'text': 'You need to model what is going to happen.', 'start': 360.887, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 370.42, 'text': 'So for instance, when you think about that your set point is to be comfortable in life, maybe you need to make yourself uncomfortable first.', 'start': 363.771, 'duration': 6.649}, {'end': 374.024, 'text': "So you need to make a model of what's going to happen when.", 'start': 371.461, 'duration': 2.563}], 'summary': 'Goal: reduce distance between set point and system value, integrating and modeling to achieve long-term minimization.', 'duration': 38.43, 'max_score': 335.594, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA335594.jpg'}, {'end': 438.759, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 417.823, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 427.031, 'text': "a lot of things only make sense at the level that we're entangled with them if we interpret them as control systems that make models of the world and try to minimize their own set points.", 'start': 417.823, 'duration': 9.208}, {'end': 429.454, 'text': 'So, but the models are the agents.', 'start': 427.332, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 431.795, 'text': 'The agent is a class of model.', 'start': 430.534, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 434.557, 'text': 'And we notice that we are an agent ourselves.', 'start': 432.596, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 438.759, 'text': 'We are the agent that is using our own control model to perform actions.', 'start': 434.637, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': 'Humans act as agents using control models to interpret and navigate the world.', 'duration': 20.936, 'max_score': 417.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA417823.jpg'}, {'end': 552.194, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 508.094, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 513.018, 'text': 'There are things that she can change that basically affect the behavior of that nation state.', 'start': 508.094, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 514.779, 'text': "Okay, so it's hierarchies.", 'start': 513.618, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 524.126, 'text': "To go to another one of your tweets with, I think you were playfully mocking Jeff Hawkins with saying his brain's all the way down.", 'start': 515.119, 'duration': 9.007}, {'end': 528.223, 'text': "So it's like it's agents all the way down.", 'start': 525.922, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 531.285, 'text': "It's agents made up of agents made up of agents.", 'start': 528.243, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 541.112, 'text': 'Like if Andrew Marcos, Germany and Germany is made up a bunch of people and the people are themselves agents in in some kind of context,', 'start': 531.826, 'duration': 9.286}, {'end': 544.053, 'text': 'and then people are made up of cells, each individual.', 'start': 541.112, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 552.194, 'text': 'So is it agents all the way down? I suspect that has to be like this in a world where things are self-organizing.', 'start': 544.073, 'duration': 8.121}], 'summary': 'Discussion on hierarchies and self-organizing systems.', 'duration': 44.1, 'max_score': 508.094, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA508094.jpg'}, {'end': 766.709, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 737.474, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 743.536, 'text': "Do you think there's an actual line to eventually be drawn between life and non-life, or is it all a kind of continuum??", 'start': 737.474, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 747.497, 'text': "I don't think it's a continuum, but there's nothing magical that is happening.", 'start': 744.496, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 750.538, 'text': 'Living systems are a certain type of machine.', 'start': 748.417, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 752.741, 'text': 'about non-living systems?', 'start': 751.4, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 754.182, 'text': 'Is it also a machine??', 'start': 753.221, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 756.203, 'text': 'There are non-living machines,', 'start': 754.522, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 766.709, 'text': 'but the question is at which point is the system able to perform arbitrary state transitions to make representations? And living things can do this.', 'start': 756.203, 'duration': 10.506}], 'summary': 'Life is distinguished by the ability to make arbitrary state transitions and representations.', 'duration': 29.235, 'max_score': 737.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA737474.jpg'}, {'end': 895.642, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 860.3, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 872.45, 'text': "And it's almost sad to think that there's all this life around us that we're not seeing, because we're just not thinking in terms of the right scale,", 'start': 860.3, 'duration': 12.15}, {'end': 873.511, 'text': 'both time and space.', 'start': 872.45, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 885.876, 'text': 'What is your definition of life? What do you understand as life? entities of sufficiently high complexity that are full of surprises.', 'start': 874.592, 'duration': 11.284}, {'end': 892.32, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 885.896, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 894.041, 'text': "I don't have a free will.", 'start': 893.161, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 895.642, 'text': 'So that just came out of my mouth.', 'start': 894.101, 'duration': 1.541}], 'summary': 'Life is complex, full of surprises, and beyond our perception due to scale limitations.', 'duration': 35.342, 'max_score': 860.3, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA860300.jpg'}, {'end': 1018.405, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 992.44, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 998.485, 'text': "If you see this big exponential curve somewhere, it's usually the beginning of an S-curve.", 'start': 992.44, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 1004.699, 'text': 'where something eventually reaches saturation, and the S-curve is the beginning of some kind of bump that goes down again.', 'start': 999.397, 'duration': 5.302}, {'end': 1013.283, 'text': 'And there is just this thing that when you are inside of an evolution of life,', 'start': 1005.62, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 1018.405, 'text': 'you are on top of a puddle of negentropy that is being sucked dry by life.', 'start': 1013.283, 'duration': 5.122}], 'summary': 'S-curve marks the beginning of saturation, life depletes negentropy.', 'duration': 25.965, 'max_score': 992.44, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA992440.jpg'}, {'end': 1194.72, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1167.03, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1169.732, 'text': 'I think we have monkeys and not the cats.', 'start': 1167.03, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 1171.994, 'text': 'And if you look at the monkeys, they are very busy.', 'start': 1169.912, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 1177.017, 'text': 'The ones that have a lot of sex, those monkeys? Not just the bonobos.', 'start': 1173.615, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 1180.92, 'text': 'I think that all the monkeys are basically a discontent species that always needs to meddle.', 'start': 1177.217, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 1187.975, 'text': "Well, the gorillas seem to have a little bit more of a structure, but it's a different part of the tree.", 'start': 1182.691, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 1194.72, 'text': 'Okay You mentioned the elephant and the monkey riding the elephant.', 'start': 1190.637, 'duration': 4.083}], 'summary': 'Monkeys are active and diverse, some have a lot of sex, and gorillas have a different structure.', 'duration': 27.69, 'max_score': 1167.03, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA1167030.jpg'}], 'start': 55.926, 'title': 'Understanding consciousness, agents, and life', 'summary': 'Discusses consciousness, self-regulation, and the illusion of personal identity, while also exploring agents as control systems, the concept of life, and the emergence and decline of complexity in societies and civilizations, providing insights into directing attention and disambiguating perceptions, the role of sensors and effectors in minimizing set point deviation, and the continuum between life and non-life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 288.365, 'start': 55.926, 'title': 'Understanding consciousness and self-regulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the nature of consciousness and the illusion of personal identity, highlighting the impact of expectations and memories on unhappiness and emphasizing the control model of consciousness as a tool for directing attention and disambiguating perceptions.', 'duration': 232.439, 'highlights': ['The illusion of personal identity and the impact of expectations and memories on unhappiness are discussed, emphasizing the influence of consciousness as a control model for attention. Discussion of the illusion of personal identity, impact of expectations and memories on unhappiness, and the influence of consciousness as a control model for attention.', 'The nature of consciousness is explained as a tool for directing attention and disambiguating perceptions, highlighting the illusion of control and the role of the motivational system. Explanation of consciousness as a tool for directing attention and disambiguating perceptions, illusion of control, and the role of the motivational system.', "The metaphor of a monkey sitting on top of an elephant is used to describe the relationship between consciousness and the motivational system, emphasizing the limited control of consciousness over the 'elephant'. Use of the metaphor of a monkey sitting on top of an elephant, emphasizing the limited control of consciousness over the 'elephant'."]}, {'end': 485.519, 'start': 288.365, 'title': 'Understanding agents and control systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of an agent as a control system with a set point generator, emphasizing the role of sensors, effectors, and the environment in minimizing set point deviation, and how humans are considered as complex agents with the capacity to make models of the universe.', 'duration': 197.154, 'highlights': ['The notion of a controller comes from cybernetics and control theory, consisting of a system that regulates some value and the deviation of that value from a set point. This highlights the foundation of the concept of a controller in cybernetics and control theory, emphasizing its role in regulating values and minimizing deviations from set points.', "The task of the controller is to make a model of the entire universe it's in, including the conditions under which it exists and of itself. This highlights the complex task of the controller to create a model of the entire universe and its own conditions, showcasing the depth of the controller's responsibilities.", 'Humans are considered as complex agents that use control models to perform actions, producing changes in the model and the world. This emphasizes the role of humans as complex agents utilizing control models to influence the world, showcasing the dynamic nature of human agency.']}, {'end': 1187.975, 'start': 486.08, 'title': 'Exploring the definition of life', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of life and agents, discussing the definition of life, the properties of cells, the continuum between life and non-life, and the emergence and decline of complexity in societies and civilizations, questioning where humanity currently stands in this trajectory.', 'duration': 701.895, 'highlights': ['Life is defined as entities of sufficiently high complexity that are full of surprises, with complexity being a necessary property of life. The definition of life is discussed, emphasizing the necessary complexity and unexpected nature of life forms.', 'Cells are described as modular structures consisting of DNA tape with a read head on top of it, combined with a membrane that insulates the cell from its environment, and chemical reactions inside the cell that are in disequilibrium. The properties of cells, including their modular structure and mechanisms for maintaining disequilibrium, are explained.', 'The discussion explores the continuum between life and non-life, questioning the arbitrary nature of defining life and considering the ability of living systems to perform arbitrary state transitions and make representations, which non-living systems cannot do. The continuum between life and non-life is considered, highlighting the unique abilities of living systems compared to non-living systems.', 'The emergence and decline of complexity in societies and civilizations is discussed, with the comparison of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire serving as an example, questioning the current position of humanity in this trajectory. The emergence and decline of complexity in societies and civilizations are considered, with a focus on the current position of humanity in this trajectory.']}], 'duration': 1132.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA55926.jpg', 'highlights': ['Discussion of the illusion of personal identity, impact of expectations and memories on unhappiness, and the influence of consciousness as a control model for attention.', 'Explanation of consciousness as a tool for directing attention and disambiguating perceptions, illusion of control, and the role of the motivational system.', "Use of the metaphor of a monkey sitting on top of an elephant, emphasizing the limited control of consciousness over the 'elephant'.", 'Highlighting the foundation of the concept of a controller in cybernetics and control theory, emphasizing its role in regulating values and minimizing deviations from set points.', "This highlights the complex task of the controller to create a model of the entire universe and its own conditions, showcasing the depth of the controller's responsibilities.", 'Emphasizes the role of humans as complex agents utilizing control models to influence the world, showcasing the dynamic nature of human agency.', 'The definition of life is discussed, emphasizing the necessary complexity and unexpected nature of life forms.', 'The properties of cells, including their modular structure and mechanisms for maintaining disequilibrium, are explained.', 'The continuum between life and non-life is considered, highlighting the unique abilities of living systems compared to non-living systems.', 'The emergence and decline of complexity in societies and civilizations are considered, with a focus on the current position of humanity in this trajectory.']}, {'end': 2535.181, 'segs': [{'end': 1579.52, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1545.734, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1549.801, 'text': "It's a story that the system tells itself about somebody who is in control.", 'start': 1545.734, 'duration': 4.067}, {'end': 1554.61, 'text': 'And the contents of that model are being used to inform the behavior of the system.', 'start': 1551.044, 'duration': 3.566}, {'end': 1570.733, 'text': 'Okay, So the system is completely mechanical and the system creates that story like a loom and then it uses the contents of that story to inform its actions and writes the results of that action into the story.', 'start': 1557.043, 'duration': 13.69}, {'end': 1579.52, 'text': "So how is that not an illusion? The story is written then, or rather, we're not the writers of the story.", 'start': 1571.214, 'duration': 8.306}], 'summary': 'The system creates and uses a story to inform its actions, raising questions about control and illusion.', 'duration': 33.786, 'max_score': 1545.734, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA1545734.jpg'}, {'end': 1888.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1858.084, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1867.388, 'text': 'Basically in the same way as you are modeling the water molecules in the ocean that engulf your feet when you are walking on the beach as waves and there are no waves,', 'start': 1858.084, 'duration': 9.304}, {'end': 1871.91, 'text': 'but only the atoms and more complicated stuff underneath the atoms, and so on.', 'start': 1867.388, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 1877.573, 'text': 'You know that, right? You would accept, yes, there is a certain abstraction that happens here.', 'start': 1871.93, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 1888.679, 'text': "It's a simplification of what happens and a simplification that is designed in such a way that your brain can deal with it temporarily and spatially in terms of resources and tuned for the predictive value.", 'start': 1877.713, 'duration': 10.966}], 'summary': 'Modeling water molecules as waves is a simplified abstraction for brain processing.', 'duration': 30.595, 'max_score': 1858.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA1858084.jpg'}, {'end': 1976.59, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1945.622, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1947.503, 'text': 'Some things are oceans, some things are agents.', 'start': 1945.622, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1955.37, 'text': 'And one of these agents is using your own control model, the output of your model, the things that you perceive yourself as doing.', 'start': 1948.363, 'duration': 7.007}, {'end': 1957.272, 'text': 'And that is you.', 'start': 1956.391, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 1968.164, 'text': "What about the fact that when you're standing with the water on your feet and you're looking out into the vast,", 'start': 1958.273, 'duration': 9.891}, {'end': 1976.59, 'text': "like open water of the ocean and then there's a beautiful sunset and it well, the fact that it's beautiful,", 'start': 1969.565, 'duration': 7.025}], 'summary': 'The ocean and agents are discussed, along with the perception of beauty.', 'duration': 30.968, 'max_score': 1945.622, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA1945622.jpg'}, {'end': 2247.456, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2220.233, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2226.819, 'text': 'abstract it into locations that can hold information and trajectories that the information can take between the different locations.', 'start': 2220.233, 'duration': 6.586}, {'end': 2229.401, 'text': 'And this is how we construct our notion of space.', 'start': 2226.859, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 2234.926, 'text': 'And physicists usually have a notion of space that is continuous.', 'start': 2230.442, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 2243.133, 'text': 'And this is a point where I tend to agree with people like Stephen Wolfram who are very skeptical of the geometric notions.', 'start': 2235.787, 'duration': 7.346}, {'end': 2247.456, 'text': 'I think that geometry is the dynamics of too many parts to count.', 'start': 2243.813, 'duration': 3.643}], 'summary': 'Physics often views space as continuous, but some are skeptical of geometric notions.', 'duration': 27.223, 'max_score': 2220.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2220233.jpg'}, {'end': 2464.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2390.393, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2397.296, 'text': "There's this myth that he had this person killed when he blabbed out the secret that not everything can be expressed as a ratio between two numbers,", 'start': 2390.393, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 2399.377, 'text': 'but there are numbers between the ratios.', 'start': 2397.296, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 2401.899, 'text': 'The world was not ready for this, and I think he was right.', 'start': 2399.737, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 2408.444, 'text': 'That has confused mathematicians very seriously because these numbers are not values, they are functions.', 'start': 2402.359, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 2416.17, 'text': 'So you can calculate these functions to a certain degree of approximation, but you cannot pretend that pi has actually a value.', 'start': 2409.805, 'duration': 6.365}, {'end': 2423.496, 'text': 'Pi is a function that would approach this value to some degree, but nothing in the world rests on knowing pi.', 'start': 2417.071, 'duration': 6.425}, {'end': 2431.044, 'text': 'How important is this distinction between discrete and continuous?', 'start': 2426.322, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 2433.684, 'text': 'for you to get to the bottom?', 'start': 2431.044, 'duration': 2.64}, {'end': 2440.386, 'text': "In discussion of your favorite flavor of the theory of everything, there's a few on the table.", 'start': 2435.145, 'duration': 5.241}, {'end': 2451.33, 'text': "There's string theory, there's loop quantum gravity, which focus on one particular unification.", 'start': 2441.307, 'duration': 10.023}, {'end': 2460.236, 'text': "There's just a bunch of favorite flavors of different people trying to propose a theory of everything.", 'start': 2454.011, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 2464.699, 'text': 'Eric Weinstein and a bunch of people throughout history.', 'start': 2460.256, 'duration': 4.443}], 'summary': 'Mathematicians are confused about numbers as functions, not values, like pi, and the discussion of theories of everything includes string theory and loop quantum gravity.', 'duration': 74.306, 'max_score': 2390.393, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2390393.jpg'}], 'start': 1190.637, 'title': 'Free will and reality', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of free will, discussing decision-making, the illusory nature of reality, and the nature of space and infinity. it delves into debates, perception in video games, and the distinction between physical reality and the dream world, emphasizing the limitations of language in expressing infinity and the convergence of large numbers in dynamics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1244.378, 'start': 1190.637, 'title': 'The elephant and the monkey: free will debate', 'summary': "Explores the concept of free will through the metaphor of the elephant and the monkey, discussing the level of control the 'monkey' consciousness has over the 'elephant' subconscious, while addressing contentious free will debates.", 'duration': 53.741, 'highlights': ["The 'monkey' consciousness and the 'elephant' subconscious serve as a metaphor to discuss the illusion of free will and the level of control the 'monkey' has over the subconscious.", 'Debates on free will, possibly involving Sam Harris, are mentioned, hinting at contentious discussions and differing viewpoints.', 'Exploring the concept of free will and emphasizing that humans are not just a machine, challenging the traditional notions of free will and control.']}, {'end': 1500.017, 'start': 1244.418, 'title': 'Free will and decision-making', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of free will and decision-making, emphasizing the distinction between automatic behavior and informed bets, and how the illusion of free will emerges from the jump in scale and complexity of decision-making models.', 'duration': 255.599, 'highlights': ["The distinction between automatic behavior and informed bets is key to understanding decision-making, as we often make decisions under uncertainty, using an algorithm that we don't fully comprehend. The chapter emphasizes the distinction between automatic behavior and informed bets, highlighting that decision-making under conditions of free will involves uncertainty and the use of an algorithm that is not fully understood.", 'The illusion of free will emerges from the jump in scale and complexity of decision-making models, as higher-level regularities and patterns, such as agency, are projected to make sense of the world. The chapter explains that the illusion of free will emerges from the jump in scale and complexity of decision-making models, where higher-level regularities and patterns, such as agency, are projected to make sense of the world.', 'The concept of agency and the projection of common goals onto interacting cells illustrate how the illusion of free will arises from higher-level regularities in decision-making models. The chapter discusses how the concept of agency and the projection of common goals onto interacting cells illustrate the emergence of the illusion of free will from higher-level regularities in decision-making models.']}, {'end': 1857.524, 'start': 1500.497, 'title': 'Nature of free will and perception', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of free will as a model created by the system, the nature of physical and dream worlds, and the perception of control in video games and reality, emphasizing the illusory nature of physical reality and the impact of actions in the dream world.', 'duration': 357.027, 'highlights': ['The physical world is a mental representation created by the mind to make sense of perceptual data, and quantum mechanics reveals a stark contrast between perceived reality and actual reality.', 'The world we are in is a dream world, which matches the dynamics of the physical world to a certain degree but has a different causal structure, emphasizing that our perceived reality is a form of data compression and not an illusion.', 'In video games, the perception of control is akin to the dream world, where decisions are made despite lack of direct access to reality and the underlying zeros and ones, highlighting the impact of actions in the dream world and the aesthetics of the game character.', 'The concept of free will is compared to a monkey being able to steer the elephant, emphasizing that it involves conscious decision-making and influence over automatic behavior, ultimately questioning the true nature of control and determinism.']}, {'end': 2172.157, 'start': 1858.084, 'title': 'Exploring the dream world and physical reality', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of the dream world as a machine learning model that predicts perception, the distinction between physical reality and the simulation generated by our brains, and the necessity for our model of reality to be predictive. it also touches upon the evolutionary argument for the drift of the dream world from physical reality and the postmodernist view of reality.', 'duration': 314.073, 'highlights': ['The dream world is viewed as a machine learning model tuned to minimize surprises and predict perception, serving as an approximation of the complexity happening underneath, emphasizing the necessity for our model of reality to be predictive.', "The distinction between physical reality and the simulation generated by our brains is highlighted, with the need for our behavior to interact accurately with the predictive model of reality to avoid inconsistency and the need for help if the brain's model of reality is unable to be predictive.", 'The evolutionary argument for the drift of the dream world from physical reality is mentioned, suggesting that it could be an evolutionary advantage, but it is countered with the idea that as long as humans are still interacting with the ground tools, their model needs to be somewhat predictive.', "The postmodernist view of reality is briefly touched upon, implying that humans have achieved a kind of tenure in the animal kingdom and have become too big to fail, leading to a version of reality that they like and can change, but eventually reality will come bite them in the ass if it's not predictive."]}, {'end': 2535.181, 'start': 2174.738, 'title': 'The nature of space and infinity', 'summary': 'Delves into the nature of space and infinity, exploring concepts such as discrete and continuous geometry, the limitations of language in expressing infinity, and the relevance of limits in understanding dynamics, highlighting the absence of infinities in practical calculations and the convergence of large numbers in dynamics.', 'duration': 360.443, 'highlights': ['The chapter explores the nature of space and infinity, including discussions on discrete and continuous geometry, limitations of language in expressing infinity, and the relevance of limits in understanding dynamics. Discusses discrete and continuous geometry, limitations of language in expressing infinity, and the relevance of limits in understanding dynamics.', 'The absence of infinities in practical calculations is emphasized, with reference to the dynamics of a trillion things behaving similarly to 100 trillion things, indicating the mathematical concept of relatively small integers in the universe. Highlights the absence of infinities in practical calculations and the dynamics of relatively small integers in the universe.', 'The convergence of large numbers in dynamics is discussed, illustrating how a shape with enough corners behaves like a circle, emphasizing the significance of limits in understanding behavior. Discusses the convergence of large numbers in dynamics and how shapes with enough corners behave like a circle, highlighting the significance of limits in understanding behavior.']}], 'duration': 1344.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA1190637.jpg', 'highlights': ['The illusion of free will emerges from the jump in scale and complexity of decision-making models, where higher-level regularities and patterns, such as agency, are projected to make sense of the world.', 'The concept of agency and the projection of common goals onto interacting cells illustrate the emergence of the illusion of free will from higher-level regularities in decision-making models.', 'The world we are in is a dream world, which matches the dynamics of the physical world to a certain degree but has a different causal structure, emphasizing that our perceived reality is a form of data compression and not an illusion.', 'The concept of free will is compared to a monkey being able to steer the elephant, emphasizing that it involves conscious decision-making and influence over automatic behavior, ultimately questioning the true nature of control and determinism.', "The distinction between physical reality and the simulation generated by our brains is highlighted, with the need for our behavior to interact accurately with the predictive model of reality to avoid inconsistency and the need for help if the brain's model of reality is unable to be predictive.", 'The chapter explores the nature of space and infinity, including discussions on discrete and continuous geometry, limitations of language in expressing infinity, and the relevance of limits in understanding dynamics.', 'The absence of infinities in practical calculations is emphasized, with reference to the dynamics of a trillion things behaving similarly to 100 trillion things, indicating the mathematical concept of relatively small integers in the universe.', 'The convergence of large numbers in dynamics is discussed, illustrating how a shape with enough corners behaves like a circle, emphasizing the significance of limits in understanding behavior.']}, {'end': 3405.222, 'segs': [{'end': 2731.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2695.935, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2709.412, 'text': "Well, The basic statement is there's a human experience that includes intelligence, that includes self-awareness,", 'start': 2695.935, 'duration': 13.477}, {'end': 2712.373, 'text': 'that includes the hard problem of consciousness.', 'start': 2709.412, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 2722.059, 'text': 'And the question is can that be fully simulated in the computer, in the mathematical model of the computer as we understand it today??', 'start': 2713.014, 'duration': 9.045}, {'end': 2724.83, 'text': 'Roger Penrose says no.', 'start': 2723.749, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 2731.677, 'text': 'So the universatory machine cannot simulate the universe.', 'start': 2725.951, 'duration': 5.726}], 'summary': "Penrose argues that human experience can't be fully simulated in a computer.", 'duration': 35.742, 'max_score': 2695.935, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2695935.jpg'}, {'end': 2810.636, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2783.058, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2787.461, 'text': 'Cells cannot be conscious, neurons cannot be conscious, brains cannot be conscious,', 'start': 2783.058, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 2791.064, 'text': 'people cannot be conscious as far as if you understand them as physical systems.', 'start': 2787.461, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 2798.649, 'text': 'What can be conscious is the story of a system in the world where you write all these things into the story.', 'start': 2791.945, 'duration': 6.704}, {'end': 2804.833, 'text': "You have experiences for the same reason that a character novel has experiences because it's written into the story.", 'start': 2799.43, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 2808.155, 'text': 'And now the system is acting on that story.', 'start': 2805.814, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 2810.636, 'text': "And it's not a story that is written in a natural language.", 'start': 2808.235, 'duration': 2.401}], 'summary': 'Consciousness emerges from the story of a system, not from physical components.', 'duration': 27.578, 'max_score': 2783.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2783058.jpg'}, {'end': 2852.587, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2823.002, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2825.863, 'text': 'for your focus, for your attention, for your experience of valence, and so on.', 'start': 2823.002, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 2830.247, 'text': 'And this is being used to inform the behavior of the system in the next step.', 'start': 2826.483, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 2837.315, 'text': 'And then the story updates with the reactions of the system and the changes in the world and so on.', 'start': 2830.788, 'duration': 6.527}, {'end': 2839.257, 'text': 'And you live inside of that model.', 'start': 2837.816, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 2841.259, 'text': "You don't live inside of the physical reality.", 'start': 2839.357, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 2852.587, 'text': "And I mean, just to linger on it, like you see, okay, it's in the perceptual language, the multimodal perceptual language.", 'start': 2843.522, 'duration': 9.065}], 'summary': 'Data from perceptual language informs system behavior.', 'duration': 29.585, 'max_score': 2823.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2823002.jpg'}, {'end': 2906.52, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2874.323, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2876.245, 'text': 'Is there such a thing as you in that story??', 'start': 2874.323, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2880.649, 'text': 'Like, is it right to say the main character?', 'start': 2877.687, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 2887.116, 'text': "you know everybody's NPCs, and then there's the main character and you're controlling the main character.", 'start': 2880.649, 'duration': 6.467}, {'end': 2888.577, 'text': 'or is that an illusion??', 'start': 2887.116, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 2890.639, 'text': "Is there a main character that you're controlling??", 'start': 2888.757, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 2893.922, 'text': "I'm getting to the point of like the free will point.", 'start': 2890.939, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 2897.115, 'text': 'Imagine that you are building a robot that plays soccer.', 'start': 2894.614, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 2901.117, 'text': "And you've been to MIT computer science, you basically know how to do that.", 'start': 2897.816, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 2906.52, 'text': 'And so you would say the robot is an agent that solves a control problem.', 'start': 2902.098, 'duration': 4.422}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the concept of free will and controlling a main character in a story, likened to building a robot with control capabilities.', 'duration': 32.197, 'max_score': 2874.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2874323.jpg'}, {'end': 3068.708, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3044.339, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3050.281, 'text': 'But ultimately, discovering the suitable hyperparameters of the architecture is also only a search process, right?', 'start': 3044.339, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 3052.782, 'text': 'And as the search process was evolution,', 'start': 3050.321, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 3060.345, 'text': 'it has informed our brain architecture so we can converge in a single lifetime on useful interaction with the world and the formation of a cell.', 'start': 3052.782, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 3068.708, 'text': "See. the problem is if we define hyperparameters broadly, so it's not just the parameters that control this end-to-end learning system,", 'start': 3060.365, 'duration': 8.343}], 'summary': 'Search process for hyperparameters informs brain architecture and convergence on useful interaction with the world and cell formation.', 'duration': 24.369, 'max_score': 3044.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3044339.jpg'}, {'end': 3351.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3324.587, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3330.489, 'text': 'So we have a certain thing that is basically just a cybernetic control architecture that is moving our limbs.', 'start': 3324.587, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 3336.612, 'text': "And deep learning can help in discovering such an architecture if you don't have it in the first place.", 'start': 3331.39, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 3339.833, 'text': 'If you already know your hardware, you can maybe handcraft it.', 'start': 3337.292, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 3343.677, 'text': "But if you don't know your hardware, you can search for such an architecture.", 'start': 3340.694, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 3346.981, 'text': 'And this work already existed in the 80s and 90s.', 'start': 3343.737, 'duration': 3.244}, {'end': 3351.165, 'text': 'People were starting to search for control architectures by motor babbling and so on,', 'start': 3347.021, 'duration': 4.144}], 'summary': 'Deep learning helps discover cybernetic control architecture for limb movement; researched since the 80s and 90s.', 'duration': 26.578, 'max_score': 3324.587, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3324587.jpg'}], 'start': 2535.262, 'title': 'Limits of human mind and consciousness', 'summary': "Discusses the limitations of human mind and computing, focusing on roger penrose's argument about mathematical operations, and explores consciousness as a simulated experience and the limitations of current robot control systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2756.379, 'start': 2535.262, 'title': 'Limits of human mind and computing', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of human mind and computing, focusing on the argument by roger penrose that human mind can perform certain mathematical operations that computers cannot due to its ability to deal with infinities.', 'duration': 221.117, 'highlights': ['Roger Penrose argues that human mind can perform certain mathematical operations that computers cannot, due to its ability to deal with infinities.', 'He suggests that our minds can do operations that have infinite resolution, which is not possible for machines with finite tape.', 'The discussion also touches on the idea that consciousness may be more than a computation, with the challenge of expressing the uniqueness of human experience in a mathematical model.']}, {'end': 3405.222, 'start': 2757.76, 'title': 'Consciousness as simulation', 'summary': 'Discusses consciousness as a simulated experience, arguing that only a simulation can be conscious, not physical systems, and explores the concept of agency in a simulated world, while also examining the limitations of current robot control systems.', 'duration': 647.462, 'highlights': ['Consciousness is a simulated experience, existing only in a simulation, and not in physical systems. The argument is made that our experience is not mechanical but rather exists only in a simulation, with the claim that only a simulation can be conscious, contrasting physical systems such as cells, neurons, and brains as incapable of consciousness.', 'Exploring the concept of agency in a simulated world, and questioning the existence of free will within the simulation. The discussion delves into the idea of agency within a simulated world, drawing parallels to video game control and raising questions about the existence of free will and the main character in the simulated narrative.', 'Limitations of current robot control systems and the distinction between cybernetic control and higher-level agency. The limitations of current robot control systems are examined, emphasizing the use of cybernetic control in maintaining balance and performing movements, while highlighting the absence of high-level deliberation, free will, and consciousness in these systems.']}], 'duration': 869.96, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA2535262.jpg', 'highlights': ['Roger Penrose argues that human mind can perform certain mathematical operations that computers cannot, due to its ability to deal with infinities.', 'Consciousness is a simulated experience, existing only in a simulation, and not in physical systems.', 'The limitations of current robot control systems are examined, emphasizing the use of cybernetic control in maintaining balance and performing movements, while highlighting the absence of high-level deliberation, free will, and consciousness in these systems.', 'He suggests that our minds can do operations that have infinite resolution, which is not possible for machines with finite tape.', 'The discussion also touches on the idea that consciousness may be more than a computation, with the challenge of expressing the uniqueness of human experience in a mathematical model.', 'Exploring the concept of agency in a simulated world, and questioning the existence of free will within the simulation.', 'The argument is made that our experience is not mechanical but rather exists only in a simulation, with the claim that only a simulation can be conscious, contrasting physical systems such as cells, neurons, and brains as incapable of consciousness.']}, {'end': 4976.267, 'segs': [{'end': 3557.794, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3521.372, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3523.713, 'text': 'You need to conditionally disambiguate figure and ground.', 'start': 3521.372, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 3527.955, 'text': 'You need to distinguish whether this is true or that is true and so on.', 'start': 3523.733, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 3529.556, 'text': 'Eventually you get to an interpretation,', 'start': 3527.995, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 3535.099, 'text': 'but you will need to manually depress a few points in your model to let it snap into a state that makes sense.', 'start': 3529.556, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 3542.263, 'text': 'And this function that tries to get the biggest dip in the energy function in your model, according to Joshua Bengio, is related to consciousness.', 'start': 3535.66, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 3549.368, 'text': "It's a low dimensional discrete function that tries to maximize this dip in the energy function.", 'start': 3542.443, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 3557.794, 'text': 'Yeah, I think I would need to dig into details, because I think the way he uses the word consciousness is more akin to like self-awareness,', 'start': 3549.708, 'duration': 8.086}], 'summary': 'Conditionally disambiguate figure and ground, using low dimensional discrete function to maximize dip in energy function, related to consciousness.', 'duration': 36.422, 'max_score': 3521.372, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3521372.jpg'}, {'end': 3629.512, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3576.112, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3582.235, 'text': "You can be conscious in, for instance, a dream at night or during a meditation state, but you don't have a self.", 'start': 3576.112, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 3585.596, 'text': "You're just aware of the fact that you are aware.", 'start': 3583.055, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 3592.78, 'text': 'And what we mean by consciousness in the colloquial sense is largely this reflexive self-awareness.', 'start': 3585.656, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 3596.235, 'text': 'That we become aware of the fact that we are paying attention.', 'start': 3593.834, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 3598.897, 'text': 'That we are the thing that pays attention.', 'start': 3597.376, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3601.018, 'text': 'We are the thing that pays attention, right.', 'start': 3599.297, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3606.721, 'text': "I don't see where the awareness that we're aware.", 'start': 3601.038, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 3610.543, 'text': "The heart problem doesn't feel like it's solved.", 'start': 3607.801, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 3614.085, 'text': "It's called a heart problem for a reason.", 'start': 3610.623, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 3618.387, 'text': 'Because it seems like there needs to be a major leap.', 'start': 3615.105, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 3629.512, 'text': 'Yeah, I think the major leap is to understand how it is possible that a machine can dream that a physical system is able to create a representation,', 'start': 3619.363, 'duration': 10.149}], 'summary': 'Consciousness lacks reflexive self-awareness, a heart problem in understanding awareness.', 'duration': 53.4, 'max_score': 3576.112, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3576112.jpg'}, {'end': 3944.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3918.487, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3927.429, 'text': 'that take all the variants in the world to put each of the variances into a variable that is connected with relationships to other variables.', 'start': 3918.487, 'duration': 8.942}, {'end': 3931.15, 'text': 'And these relationships are computable functions that constrain each other.', 'start': 3928.049, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 3934.931, 'text': 'So when you see a nose that points in a certain direction in space,', 'start': 3931.19, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 3938.172, 'text': 'you have a constraint that says there should be a face nearby that has the same direction.', 'start': 3934.931, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 3944.615, 'text': "And if that is not the case, you have some kind of contradiction that you need to resolve because it's probably not a nose what you're looking at.", 'start': 3939.292, 'duration': 5.323}], 'summary': 'Using computational functions to model relationships between variants in the world, such as the direction of a nose and the presence of a nearby face.', 'duration': 26.128, 'max_score': 3918.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3918487.jpg'}, {'end': 3991.058, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3961.285, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3966.988, 'text': 'And accommodation is the change of the models where you change your model in such a way that you can assimilate everything.', 'start': 3961.285, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 3976.04, 'text': "So you're talking about building a hell of an awesome perception system that's able to do prediction and perception and correct and keep improving.", 'start': 3968.228, 'duration': 7.812}, {'end': 3978.503, 'text': "Wait, there's more.", 'start': 3976.06, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 3979.345, 'text': "Yes, there's more.", 'start': 3978.744, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 3983.972, 'text': 'So the first thing that we wanted to do is we want to minimize the contradictions in the model.', 'start': 3979.365, 'duration': 4.607}, {'end': 3991.058, 'text': "And of course, it's very easy to make a model in which you minimize the contradictions just by allowing that it can be in many, many possible states.", 'start': 3984.872, 'duration': 6.186}], 'summary': 'Accommodation involves changing models for better assimilation, prediction, and correction.', 'duration': 29.773, 'max_score': 3961.285, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3961285.jpg'}, {'end': 4171.216, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4144.35, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4149.514, 'text': 'you need to retain memory of what you explored and you need to construct a plan of what to explore next.', 'start': 4144.35, 'duration': 5.164}, {'end': 4156.88, 'text': 'And this thing means that you have, next to this perceptual construction system and the motivational cybernetics,', 'start': 4150.654, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 4163.785, 'text': 'an agent that is paying attention to what it should select at any given moment to maximize reward.', 'start': 4157.756, 'duration': 6.029}, {'end': 4171.216, 'text': 'And this scanning system, this attention agent, is required for consciousness, and consciousness is its control model.', 'start': 4164.406, 'duration': 6.81}], 'summary': 'To maximize reward, consciousness requires a scanning system and attention agent.', 'duration': 26.866, 'max_score': 4144.35, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4144350.jpg'}, {'end': 4329.796, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4302.356, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4307.14, 'text': 'So pain gives you a part of you an impulse to do something differently.', 'start': 4302.356, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 4313.406, 'text': "But sometimes this doesn't work because the training part of your brain is talking to the wrong region.", 'start': 4307.981, 'duration': 5.425}, {'end': 4317.188, 'text': 'or because it has the wrong model of the relationships in the world.', 'start': 4314.386, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 4323.212, 'text': "Maybe you're mismodeling yourself, or you're mismodeling the relationship of yourself to the world, or you're mismodeling the dynamics of the world.", 'start': 4317.228, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 4327.274, 'text': "So you're trying to improve something that cannot be improved by generating more pain.", 'start': 4323.552, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 4329.796, 'text': "But the system doesn't have any alternative.", 'start': 4327.975, 'duration': 1.821}], 'summary': 'Pain can prompt change, but misalignment in brain training and modeling can hinder improvement.', 'duration': 27.44, 'max_score': 4302.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4302356.jpg'}, {'end': 4540.244, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4490.754, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4498.576, 'text': 'And to me, that means consciousness and the darkest side of that, which is suffering, the capacity to suffer.', 'start': 4490.754, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 4505.478, 'text': 'And so I started thinking how much responsibility do we have for those other conscious beings?', 'start': 4500.337, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 4512.56, 'text': "That's where the definition of consciousness becomes most urgent.", 'start': 4506.699, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 4521.116, 'text': 'Like having to come up with a definition of consciousness, becomes most urgent is who should we, and should we not be torturing??', 'start': 4513.121, 'duration': 7.995}, {'end': 4526.118, 'text': "There's no general answer to this.", 'start': 4524.718, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 4531.681, 'text': 'Was Genghis Khan doing anything wrong? It depends on how you look at it.', 'start': 4526.298, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 4538.544, 'text': "Well, he drew a line somewhere where this is us and that's them.", 'start': 4532.121, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 4540.244, 'text': "It's the circle of empathy.", 'start': 4538.924, 'duration': 1.32}], 'summary': 'Urgent need to define consciousness and address responsibility for other conscious beings and their suffering.', 'duration': 49.49, 'max_score': 4490.754, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4490754.jpg'}, {'end': 4636.022, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4613.891, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4622.134, 'text': 'Basically, beliefs that assert things for which no evidence exists are incompatible with sound epistemology.', 'start': 4613.891, 'duration': 8.243}, {'end': 4626.816, 'text': "And I don't think that religion has to be superstitious, otherwise it should be condemned in all cases.", 'start': 4622.254, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 4630.757, 'text': "You're somebody who's saying, we live in a dream world, we have zero evidence for anything.", 'start': 4626.956, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 4632.278, 'text': "That's not the case.", 'start': 4630.777, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 4636.022, 'text': 'There are limits to what languages can be constructed.', 'start': 4633.479, 'duration': 2.543}], 'summary': 'Beliefs without evidence are incompatible with sound epistemology; religion need not be superstitious.', 'duration': 22.131, 'max_score': 4613.891, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4613891.jpg'}, {'end': 4757.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4716.913, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 4721.716, 'text': 'The boundaries between the objects are projected into the world, not arbitrarily projected,', 'start': 4716.913, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 4725.079, 'text': "but still it's only an approximation of what's actually the case.", 'start': 4721.716, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 4734.153, 'text': 'And we sometimes notice that we run into contradictions when we try to understand high-level things like economic aspects of the world and so on,', 'start': 4726.584, 'duration': 7.569}, {'end': 4738.358, 'text': 'or political aspects or psychological aspects, where we make simplifications,', 'start': 4734.153, 'duration': 4.205}, {'end': 4743.924, 'text': "and the objects that we are using to separate the world are just one of many possible projections of what's going on.", 'start': 4738.358, 'duration': 5.566}, {'end': 4751.071, 'text': "And so it's not, in this postmodernist sense, completely arbitrary, and you're free to pick what you want or dismiss what you don't like,", 'start': 4744.685, 'duration': 6.386}, {'end': 4752.132, 'text': "because it's all stories.", 'start': 4751.071, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 4753.293, 'text': "No, that's not true.", 'start': 4752.292, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 4757.257, 'text': 'You have to show for every model of how well it predicts the world.', 'start': 4753.553, 'duration': 3.704}], 'summary': 'Boundaries are approximations, but models must predict the world accurately.', 'duration': 40.344, 'max_score': 4716.913, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4716913.jpg'}, {'end': 4982.891, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4959.555, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 4968.882, 'text': "One of them is that like dogmatism of just certainty, dogged certainty in that you're right, you have the truth and nobody else does.", 'start': 4959.555, 'duration': 9.327}, {'end': 4974.165, 'text': "But what is creating the certainty? It's very interesting to look at the type of model that is being produced.", 'start': 4968.902, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 4976.267, 'text': 'Is it basically just a strong prior?', 'start': 4974.265, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 4982.891, 'text': 'And you tell people oh, this idea that you consider to be very true, the evidence for this is actually just much weaker than you thought.', 'start': 4976.707, 'duration': 6.184}], 'summary': 'Challenging dogmatism by questioning the basis of certainty and strength of evidence.', 'duration': 23.336, 'max_score': 4959.555, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4959555.jpg'}], 'start': 3406.098, 'title': 'Consciousness and its implications', 'summary': 'Explores the interconnectedness of behavior, societal and ecosystemic intelligence, the relationship between consciousness and machine learning, the role of consciousness in creating coherence and ethical implications, as well as the limitations of beliefs and truth in shaping understanding. it discusses challenges in creating systems capable of perceiving, reasoning, and telling stories within stories, emphasizing low-dimensional discrete function, and the role of evidence in shaping understanding.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3535.099, 'start': 3406.098, 'title': 'Complex behavior and consciousness', 'summary': 'Discusses the interconnectedness of individual behavior with societal and ecosystemic intelligence, the complexity of human goals and consciousness, and the challenges in creating systems capable of perceiving, reasoning, and telling stories within stories.', 'duration': 129.001, 'highlights': ['The interconnectedness of individual behavior with societal and ecosystemic intelligence, emphasizing the significance of understanding behavior in larger contexts.', 'The complexity of human goals and consciousness, highlighting the process of reverse engineering higher-level purposes and the resulting understanding of behavior.', 'The challenges in creating systems capable of telling stories within stories, particularly in relation to the hard problem of consciousness and the interface between perception and reasoning.', 'The concept of the consciousness prior and the energy function model, explaining the role of contradictions and testing in minimizing tangents in the model to reach a meaningful interpretation.']}, {'end': 4144.35, 'start': 3535.66, 'title': 'Consciousness and machine learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the relationship between consciousness and machine learning, emphasizing the low-dimensional discrete function to maximize the dip in the energy function and the development of a unified model in ai, as well as the components of a perceptual and motivational system in engineering consciousness in machines.', 'duration': 608.69, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the low-dimensional discrete function to maximize the dip in the energy function, related to consciousness. According to Joshua Bengio, the function aims to maximize the dip in the energy function, indicating a relationship between this function and consciousness.', 'The development of a unified model is crucial in engineering consciousness in machines. The unified model allows for the representation of every feature in the world, essential for achieving consciousness in machines.', 'The components of a perceptual system include prediction, perception, error correction, and improvement. The perceptual system involves building accurate prediction mechanisms, minimizing contradictions, reducing uncertainty, and assigning value to observed data.', "The motivational system, a cybernetic feedback loop, interacts with the perceptual system to maximize the expected reward. The motivational system models the system's needs and important factors, implementing physiological, cognitive, and social needs as cybernetic feedback loops."]}, {'end': 4613.811, 'start': 4144.35, 'title': 'Consciousness and suffering', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of consciousness in creating coherence in perceptual representations, the purpose of suffering as a signal for behavior regulation, and the ethical implications of consciousness and suffering in non-human beings.', 'duration': 469.461, 'highlights': ['Consciousness creates coherence in perceptual representations and predicts the future, constructs counterfactual representations for coordinating actions. Consciousness aims to create coherence in perceptual representations, removing conflicts, predicting the future, and constructing counterfactual representations for coordinating actions.', 'Suffering serves as a reinforcement signal to regulate behavior and address contradictions, attracting the activity of consciousness. Suffering functions as a reinforcement signal to regulate behavior and address contradictions, attracting the activity of consciousness.', 'Trauma and suffering early in life lead to the development of higher-level consciousness and additional layers of cognition. Early trauma and suffering lead to the development of higher-level consciousness and the addition of extra layers to cognition.', 'The ethical implications of consciousness and suffering in non-human beings raise questions about the responsibility towards other conscious beings and the definition of consciousness. The ethical implications of consciousness and suffering in non-human beings raise questions about responsibility towards other conscious beings and the urgency of defining consciousness.']}, {'end': 4976.267, 'start': 4613.891, 'title': 'Limits of belief and truth', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of beliefs and truth, emphasizing the role of evidence in shaping our understanding of the world, the influence of postmodernism on philosophy and ideology, and the potential harm of ideologies in distorting reality.', 'duration': 362.376, 'highlights': ['Beliefs without evidence are incompatible with sound epistemology. Beliefs without evidence are incompatible with sound epistemology, emphasizing the importance of evidence in shaping our understanding of the world.', 'Mathematics provides solid evidence for its own structure. Mathematics provides solid evidence for its own structure, highlighting the role of evidence in shaping mathematical understanding.', 'The influence of postmodernism on ideology is discussed, highlighting its potential as a political weapon and its incompatibility with the scientific project. The influence of postmodernism on ideology is discussed, emphasizing its potential as a political weapon and its incompatibility with the scientific project.', 'The chapter explores the harmful properties of ideologies, emphasizing the dogmatism and distortion of reality they can create. The chapter explores the harmful properties of ideologies, emphasizing the dogmatism and distortion of reality they can create.']}], 'duration': 1570.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA3406098.jpg', 'highlights': ['The interconnectedness of individual behavior with societal and ecosystemic intelligence, emphasizing the significance of understanding behavior in larger contexts.', 'The complexity of human goals and consciousness, highlighting the process of reverse engineering higher-level purposes and the resulting understanding of behavior.', 'The challenges in creating systems capable of telling stories within stories, particularly in relation to the hard problem of consciousness and the interface between perception and reasoning.', 'The concept of the consciousness prior and the energy function model, explaining the role of contradictions and testing in minimizing tangents in the model to reach a meaningful interpretation.', 'The development of a unified model is crucial in engineering consciousness in machines. The unified model allows for the representation of every feature in the world, essential for achieving consciousness in machines.', 'The components of a perceptual system include prediction, perception, error correction, and improvement. The perceptual system involves building accurate prediction mechanisms, minimizing contradictions, reducing uncertainty, and assigning value to observed data.', "The motivational system, a cybernetic feedback loop, interacts with the perceptual system to maximize the expected reward. The motivational system models the system's needs and important factors, implementing physiological, cognitive, and social needs as cybernetic feedback loops.", 'Consciousness creates coherence in perceptual representations and predicts the future, constructs counterfactual representations for coordinating actions. Consciousness aims to create coherence in perceptual representations, removing conflicts, predicting the future, and constructing counterfactual representations for coordinating actions.', 'Suffering serves as a reinforcement signal to regulate behavior and address contradictions, attracting the activity of consciousness. Suffering functions as a reinforcement signal to regulate behavior and address contradictions, attracting the activity of consciousness.', 'Trauma and suffering early in life lead to the development of higher-level consciousness and additional layers of cognition. Early trauma and suffering lead to the development of higher-level consciousness and the addition of extra layers to cognition.', 'The ethical implications of consciousness and suffering in non-human beings raise questions about the responsibility towards other conscious beings and the definition of consciousness.', 'Beliefs without evidence are incompatible with sound epistemology, emphasizing the importance of evidence in shaping our understanding of the world.', 'Mathematics provides solid evidence for its own structure, highlighting the role of evidence in shaping mathematical understanding.', 'The influence of postmodernism on ideology is discussed, emphasizing its potential as a political weapon and its incompatibility with the scientific project.', 'The chapter explores the harmful properties of ideologies, emphasizing the dogmatism and distortion of reality they can create.']}, {'end': 5800.836, 'segs': [{'end': 5145.103, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5104.574, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5110.018, 'text': 'And I suppose that for every state that can be induced with psychedelics, there are people that are naturally in that state.', 'start': 5104.574, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 5115.942, 'text': 'So sometimes psychedelics shift you through a range of possible mental states,', 'start': 5111.099, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 5119.125, 'text': 'and they can also shift you out of the range of permissible mental states.', 'start': 5115.942, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 5121.787, 'text': 'that is where you can make predictive models of reality.', 'start': 5119.125, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 5128.452, 'text': 'And what I observe in people that use psychedelics a lot is that they tend to be overfitting.', 'start': 5122.768, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 5137.001, 'text': 'Overfitting means that you are using more bits for modeling the dynamics of a function than you should.', 'start': 5129.679, 'duration': 7.322}, {'end': 5145.103, 'text': 'And so you can fit your curve to extremely detailed things in the past, but this model is no longer predictive for the future.', 'start': 5138.141, 'duration': 6.962}], 'summary': 'Psychedelics can induce mental states, leading to overfitting in predictive models.', 'duration': 40.529, 'max_score': 5104.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA5104574.jpg'}, {'end': 5241.458, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5214.418, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5218.341, 'text': "could be that if they're able to abstract and understand what happened to them,", 'start': 5214.418, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 5225.766, 'text': 'that they understand that some part of their spatial cognition has been desynchronized and has found a different synchronization,', 'start': 5218.341, 'duration': 7.425}, {'end': 5228.709, 'text': 'and this different synchronization happens to be a hyperbolic one, right.', 'start': 5225.766, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 5231.03, 'text': 'so you learn something interesting about your brain.', 'start': 5228.709, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 5237.855, 'text': "it's difficult to understand what exactly happened, but we get a pretty good idea once we understand how the brain is representing geometry.", 'start': 5231.03, 'duration': 6.825}, {'end': 5241.458, 'text': "yeah, but doesn't give you a fresh perspective on the physical reality.", 'start': 5237.855, 'duration': 3.603}], 'summary': "Understanding spatial cognition can reveal brain's hyperbolic synchronization, giving a fresh perspective on physical reality.", 'duration': 27.04, 'max_score': 5214.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA5214418.jpg'}, {'end': 5338.798, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5311.58, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5315.143, 'text': 'which means they can learn to recognize them later from different perspectives.', 'start': 5311.58, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 5319.726, 'text': "And I suspect that's the reason that many of us remember to have flying dreams as children,", 'start': 5315.183, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 5322.408, 'text': "because it's just different perspectives of the world that you already know.", 'start': 5319.726, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 5327.911, 'text': 'And that it starts to generate these different perspective changes,', 'start': 5323.048, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 5332.274, 'text': "and then it fluidly turns this into a flying dream to make sense of what's happening right?", 'start': 5327.911, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 5335.016, 'text': 'So you fill in the gaps and suddenly you see yourself flying.', 'start': 5332.294, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 5338.798, 'text': 'And similar things can happen with semantic relationships.', 'start': 5335.896, 'duration': 2.902}], 'summary': 'Our ability to recognize objects from different perspectives can lead to flying dreams, filling in gaps and generating different perspectives.', 'duration': 27.218, 'max_score': 5311.58, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA5311580.jpg'}, {'end': 5560.94, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5535.484, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5540.407, 'text': "I wonder, you know, there's a question of correlation versus causation.", 'start': 5535.484, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 5543.469, 'text': "And also I wonder if it's the psychedelics,", 'start': 5540.427, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 5553.995, 'text': "or if it's more the social like being the outsider and having a strong community of outside and having a leadership position in an outsider,", 'start': 5543.469, 'duration': 10.526}, {'end': 5560.94, 'text': 'cult-like community, that could have a much stronger effect of overfitting than do psychedelics themselves, the actual substances.', 'start': 5553.995, 'duration': 6.945}], 'summary': 'Psychedelics and social factors may influence overfitting more than the substances alone.', 'duration': 25.456, 'max_score': 5535.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA5535484.jpg'}], 'start': 4976.707, 'title': 'Normative thoughts and psychedelics', 'summary': 'Discusses how normative thinking limits consideration of alternative ideas, removing agency over thoughts, and emphasizes the impact of psychedelics on the mind, including their potential positive effects and dangers, highlighting the need for good scientific research and clinical settings.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5015.753, 'start': 4976.707, 'title': 'Challenging normative thoughts', 'summary': "Discusses how normative thinking limits the consideration of alternative ideas, removing agency over one's thoughts and leading to intellectual castration.", 'duration': 39.046, 'highlights': ["Normative thinking limits consideration of alternative ideas, removing agency over one's thoughts.", 'Some thoughts are unthinkable as they would change identity into something no longer acceptable.', 'De facto religions use this trick to lock people into a certain mode of thought.', 'The evidence for certain ideas is much weaker than perceived, challenging established beliefs.']}, {'end': 5800.836, 'start': 5016.353, 'title': 'Psychedelics and the mind', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of psychedelics on the mind, including their ability to induce lucid dreaming states, shift mental states, cause overfitting, and lead to potential positive effects and dangers, emphasizing the need for good scientific research and clinical settings.', 'duration': 784.483, 'highlights': ['Psychedelics induce particular types of lucid dreaming states, shifting mental states and potentially causing overfitting. Psychedelics can induce states where certain connections in the mind are severed, allowing the mind to explore new directions, potentially leading to overfitting and non-predictive models for the future.', 'Psychedelics may lead to a fundamental expansion of the mind and offer fresh perspectives on reality, similar to traveling to a different environment. Psychedelics can teleport individuals into hyperbolic universes, providing different perspectives and spatial cognition, potentially offering fresh perspectives on the physical reality and the dream world.', 'Psychedelics and dreaming share similarities in data augmentation, spatial cognition, and semantic relationships. Psychedelics and dreaming both involve changing parameters about learned things, generating new perspectives, and altering spatial and semantic relationships, potentially indicating similar brain mechanisms.', 'The potential positive effects and dangers of psychedelics, emphasizing the need for good scientific research and clinical settings. Psychedelics have been observed to potentially cure migraines and help with conditions like PTSD, but also pose risks such as neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, highlighting the importance of good research and clinical usage.']}], 'duration': 824.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA4976707.jpg', 'highlights': ["Normative thinking limits consideration of alternative ideas, removing agency over one's thoughts.", 'Some thoughts are unthinkable as they would change identity into something no longer acceptable.', 'De facto religions use this trick to lock people into a certain mode of thought.', 'The evidence for certain ideas is much weaker than perceived, challenging established beliefs.', 'Psychedelics may lead to a fundamental expansion of the mind and offer fresh perspectives on reality, similar to traveling to a different environment.', 'Psychedelics can teleport individuals into hyperbolic universes, providing different perspectives and spatial cognition, potentially offering fresh perspectives on the physical reality and the dream world.', 'The potential positive effects and dangers of psychedelics, emphasizing the need for good scientific research and clinical settings.']}, {'end': 6944.358, 'segs': [{'end': 6162.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6138.214, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6146.362, 'text': "but they're also able to reproduce some pretty detailed semantics, like being able to add three-digit numbers and multiply two-digit numbers,", 'start': 6138.214, 'duration': 8.148}, {'end': 6149.485, 'text': 'or to translate between programming languages and things like that.', 'start': 6146.362, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 6153.689, 'text': 'So the results that GPT-3 got I think were amazing.', 'start': 6150.305, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 6158.49, 'text': "By the way, I actually didn't check carefully.", 'start': 6154.209, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 6162.894, 'text': "It's funny you just mentioned how you coupled semantics to the multiplication.", 'start': 6158.51, 'duration': 4.384}], 'summary': 'Gpt-3 can perform complex tasks, such as adding three-digit numbers and multiplying two-digit numbers, with impressive results.', 'duration': 24.68, 'max_score': 6138.214, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6138214.jpg'}, {'end': 6241.374, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6209.638, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6212.599, 'text': "It's not trying to go for causal closure first, as we do.", 'start': 6209.638, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 6224.852, 'text': "But the fact that that kind of prediction works to generate text that's semantically rich and consistent is interesting.", 'start': 6215.119, 'duration': 9.733}, {'end': 6230.38, 'text': "So yeah, so it's amazing that it's able to generate semantically consistent text.", 'start': 6225.573, 'duration': 4.807}, {'end': 6231.871, 'text': "It's not consistent.", 'start': 6230.971, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 6234.172, 'text': 'So the problem is that it loses coherence at some point.', 'start': 6231.911, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 6241.374, 'text': "But it's also, I think, not correct to say that GPT-3 is unable to deal with semantics at all,", 'start': 6234.712, 'duration': 6.662}], 'summary': 'Gpt-3 generates semantically consistent text, but loses coherence at some point.', 'duration': 31.736, 'max_score': 6209.638, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6209638.jpg'}, {'end': 6511.914, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6480.866, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6482.187, 'text': 'And there is more to be done.', 'start': 6480.866, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 6491.095, 'text': "So one of the limitations of GPT-3 is that it's amnesiac, so it forgets everything beyond the two pages that it currently reads,", 'start': 6482.267, 'duration': 8.828}, {'end': 6493.537, 'text': 'also during generation, not just during learning.', 'start': 6491.095, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 6498.113, 'text': "Do you think that's fixable within the space of deep learning?", 'start': 6494.52, 'duration': 3.593}, {'end': 6500.864, 'text': 'Can you just make a bigger, bigger, bigger input?', 'start': 6498.716, 'duration': 2.148}, {'end': 6505.591, 'text': "I don't think that our own working memory is infinitely large.", 'start': 6502.209, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 6507.332, 'text': "It's probably also just a few thousand bits.", 'start': 6505.611, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 6511.914, 'text': 'But what you can do is you can structure this working memory.', 'start': 6508.072, 'duration': 3.842}], 'summary': 'Limitation of gpt-3: amnesiac, forgets beyond two pages. can it be fixed with deep learning? larger input?', 'duration': 31.048, 'max_score': 6480.866, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6480866.jpg'}, {'end': 6615.826, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6585.563, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6591.888, 'text': 'So do you think, sort of making the systems like, what would you say, multi-resolutional?', 'start': 6585.563, 'duration': 6.325}, {'end': 6606.619, 'text': 'So, like some of the language models are focused on two pages, some are focused on two books, some are focused on two years of reading,', 'start': 6591.908, 'duration': 14.711}, {'end': 6608.06, 'text': 'some are focused on a lifetime.', 'start': 6606.619, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 6611.583, 'text': "So it's like stacks of GPT-3s all the way down.", 'start': 6608.12, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 6613.544, 'text': 'You want to have gaps in between them.', 'start': 6611.963, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 6615.826, 'text': "So it's not necessarily two years.", 'start': 6613.784, 'duration': 2.042}], 'summary': 'Creating multi-resolutional systems for language models, with focus on varying scales and gaps between them.', 'duration': 30.263, 'max_score': 6585.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6585563.jpg'}, {'end': 6955.176, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6925.408, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6933.292, 'text': 'At the moment, when you go to Stanford to get an MRI, they will write a bill to the insurance over $20,000..', 'start': 6925.408, 'duration': 7.884}, {'end': 6939.716, 'text': 'And of this, maybe half of that gets paid by the insurance and a quarter gets paid by you.', 'start': 6933.293, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 6944.358, 'text': 'And the MRI cost them $600 to make, maybe, probably less.', 'start': 6940.596, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 6955.176, 'text': "And what are the values of the person that writes the software and deploys this process? It's very difficult for me to say whether I trust people.", 'start': 6944.998, 'duration': 10.178}], 'summary': 'Stanford mri bill over $20,000, costs $600, trust in software deployment questioned', 'duration': 29.768, 'max_score': 6925.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6925408.jpg'}], 'start': 5801.336, 'title': 'Ai language models, gpt-3, and ai in program synthesis', 'summary': "Discusses the limitations of early language model research, the development of ai models like gpt-3 and transformers, gpt-3's processing capabilities, limitations, and future potential, and the potential of ai in program synthesis and code generation, including ethical concerns.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6041.769, 'start': 5801.336, 'title': 'Ai language models and mental wiring', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of early language model research, the challenges in discovering grammatical structure, and the development of ai models like gpt-3 and transformers.', 'duration': 240.433, 'highlights': ['The complexity of discovering grammatical structure in language was found to be impossible due to resource limitations, leading to the development of new statistical methods. The speaker explains the challenges in discovering grammatical structure in language due to the complexity being too large, which led to the development of statistical methods to address this limitation.', 'The limitations of statistical analysis in early language models required the development of higher-order models to capture meaning and stylistic correctness. The speaker discusses the need for higher-order models to capture meaning and stylistic correctness in language, highlighting the limitations of early statistical analysis in language models.', 'The introduction of transformers in natural language processing addressed the difficulty in learning the topology of language, unlike convolutional neural networks used in computer vision. The speaker contrasts the use of convolutional neural networks in computer vision with the invention of transformers in natural language processing to address the difficulty in learning the topology of language.']}, {'end': 6325.966, 'start': 6043.29, 'title': 'Gpt-3: semantics and limitations', 'summary': 'Discusses how gpt-3 processes a context of 2048 tokens, its ability to reproduce detailed semantics, including basic math operations and programming language translation, while highlighting its limitations in coherence and dealing with larger digit numbers.', 'duration': 282.676, 'highlights': ['GPT-3 processes a context of 2048 tokens, allowing for exhaustive statistics over potential relationships between two pages of text, which is a significant advancement from previous models.', 'GPT-3 can reproduce detailed semantics, such as adding three-digit numbers, multiplying two-digit numbers, and translating between programming languages, showcasing its impressive capabilities.', 'GPT-3 struggles with coherence and dealing with larger digit numbers, potentially due to limitations in the training set and the loss function used for prediction.']}, {'end': 6700.32, 'start': 6325.966, 'title': 'Limitations of gpt-3 and future capabilities', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of gpt-3, potential capabilities of gpt-4 and beyond, and the need for multi-resolutional language models, including the challenge of working memory and the potential architecture of future models.', 'duration': 374.354, 'highlights': ["The limitations of GPT-3: its amnesiac nature, forgetting everything beyond the two pages it currently reads, and the need to extend the transformer to handle video input. GPT-3's limitations include its amnesiac nature, inability to remember beyond two pages, and the need to extend the transformer for video input.", 'The potential capabilities of GPT-4 and beyond, with larger training data and algorithms to perform substantially better than GPT-3. Future iterations like GPT-4 are expected to perform substantially better than GPT-3, leveraging larger training data and algorithms.', 'The need for multi-resolutional language models, with varying focus spans from two pages to a lifetime, and the challenge of developing an architecture with more degrees of freedom and fully recurrent models. There is a need for multi-resolutional language models with varying focus spans, along with the challenge of developing an architecture with more degrees of freedom and fully recurrent models.']}, {'end': 6944.358, 'start': 6700.981, 'title': 'Ai in program synthesis & code generation', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of ai in program synthesis and code generation, emphasizing its ability to automate routine programming tasks, such as copying and pasting from stack overflow, and the ethical concerns related to using ai-generated code in critical systems.', 'duration': 243.377, 'highlights': ["AI's potential to automate routine programming tasks is emphasized, such as copying and pasting from Stack Overflow. AI's ability to automate routine programming tasks, freeing up human effort.", 'The ethical concerns related to using AI-generated code in critical systems are discussed. Ethical concerns about the use of AI-generated code in critical systems.', 'The discussion on the fear and potential misalignment of priorities and values in AI-generated code, especially in critical systems. The fear and potential misalignment of priorities and values in AI-generated code, especially in critical systems.']}], 'duration': 1143.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA5801336.jpg', 'highlights': ['GPT-3 processes a context of 2048 tokens, allowing for exhaustive statistics over potential relationships between two pages of text, a significant advancement from previous models.', 'The potential capabilities of GPT-4 and beyond, with larger training data and algorithms to perform substantially better than GPT-3.', "AI's potential to automate routine programming tasks is emphasized, such as copying and pasting from Stack Overflow.", 'The limitations of GPT-3: its amnesiac nature, forgetting everything beyond the two pages it currently reads, and the need to extend the transformer to handle video input.', 'The introduction of transformers in natural language processing addressed the difficulty in learning the topology of language, unlike convolutional neural networks used in computer vision.']}, {'end': 7689.675, 'segs': [{'end': 7111.95, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7070.434, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7086.56, 'text': 'So the question is is there an overarching aesthetics that is projecting you and the world into the future which I think is the basic idea of religion that you understand the interactions that we have with each other as some kind of civilization level agent that is projecting itself into the future?', 'start': 7070.434, 'duration': 16.126}, {'end': 7092.902, 'text': "If you don't have that shared purpose, what is there to be ethical for?", 'start': 7087.22, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 7100.025, 'text': 'So I think, when we talk about ethics and AI, we need to go beyond the insane bias discussions and so on,', 'start': 7092.982, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 7107.248, 'text': 'where people are just measuring the distance between a statistic to their preferred current world model.', 'start': 7100.025, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 7111.95, 'text': 'But the optimism, wait, I was a little confused by the previous thing, just to clarify.', 'start': 7107.568, 'duration': 4.382}], 'summary': 'Religion offers shared purpose for ethical interactions and projecting civilization into the future, beyond biased discussions.', 'duration': 41.516, 'max_score': 7070.434, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7070434.jpg'}, {'end': 7292.431, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7266.533, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7274.4, 'text': "It's because they are not incentivized to act on a greater whole on this idea that you treat somebody who comes to you as a patient,", 'start': 7266.533, 'duration': 7.867}, {'end': 7275.782, 'text': 'like you would treat a family member.', 'start': 7274.4, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 7277.163, 'text': "Yeah, but we're trying..", 'start': 7275.802, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7283.127, 'text': "You're highlighting a lot of the flaws of the different institutions, the systems we're operating under,", 'start': 7278.344, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 7292.431, 'text': "but I think there's a continued throughout history mechanism design of trying to design incentives in such a way that these systems behave better and better and better.", 'start': 7283.127, 'duration': 9.304}], 'summary': 'Institutions lack incentives for holistic patient care, but ongoing efforts aim to improve system behavior.', 'duration': 25.898, 'max_score': 7266.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7266533.jpg'}, {'end': 7369.378, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7343.02, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7350.345, 'text': "I think it's easy to sort of highlight the, I think we're doing it in the way that, like I operate in my current life.", 'start': 7343.02, 'duration': 7.325}, {'end': 7351.586, 'text': "I didn't sleep much last night.", 'start': 7350.385, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 7357.291, 'text': 'You would say that, Lex, the way you need to operate your life is you need to always get sleep.', 'start': 7352.987, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 7362.515, 'text': "The fact that you didn't sleep last night is totally the wrong way to operate in your life.", 'start': 7357.331, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 7369.378, 'text': 'You should have gotten all your shit done in time and gotten to sleep because sleep is very important for health.', 'start': 7363.255, 'duration': 6.123}], 'summary': 'Prioritizing sleep is crucial for overall health and productivity.', 'duration': 26.358, 'max_score': 7343.02, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7343020.jpg'}, {'end': 7521.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7494.45, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7503.072, 'text': "This moves slower than, there's obviously a lot of older incompetence and bureaucracy, and these systems move slowly.", 'start': 7494.45, 'duration': 8.622}, {'end': 7506.494, 'text': 'They move like science, one death at a time.', 'start': 7503.692, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 7515.161, 'text': "So yes, I think the pain that's been felt in the previous year is reverberating throughout the world.", 'start': 7506.875, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 7516.642, 'text': "Maybe I'm getting old.", 'start': 7515.601, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 7521.105, 'text': 'I suspect that every generation in the US after the war has lost the plot even more.', 'start': 7516.662, 'duration': 4.443}], 'summary': 'Slow systems and bureaucracy hinder progress, causing global reverberations of pain and lost direction in us generations post-war.', 'duration': 26.655, 'max_score': 7494.45, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7494450.jpg'}], 'start': 6944.998, 'title': 'Ethical values in software development and ai in healthcare systems', 'summary': 'Delves into ethical values in software development, addressing trust, malevolence, incompetence, and cowardice, and emphasizes the impact of incentives. it also explores the interplay between ethics, ai, and healthcare systems, emphasizing the importance of shared purpose, highlighting failures in the us healthcare system, and the need for proactive measures in global crises.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7050.701, 'start': 6944.998, 'title': 'Ethical values in software development', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical values in software development, exploring the concept of trust, malevolence, incompetence, and cowardice in individuals, and emphasizes the impact of incentives on human behavior.', 'duration': 105.703, 'highlights': ['The concept of trust and ethical values in software development is questioned, highlighting the potential mixture of proper Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and malevolence in individuals.', 'The discussion delves into the presence of malevolent and incompetent individuals in the world, implying that the more malevolent a person is, the more damage they can cause to the world.', 'The impact of incentives on human behavior is emphasized, suggesting that actions can be explained by people acting on their incentives rather than malevolence or stupidity.']}, {'end': 7689.675, 'start': 7051.281, 'title': 'Ethics, ai and healthcare systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the interplay between ethics, ai, and healthcare systems, highlighting the importance of shared purpose for ethical behavior, the failures and inefficiencies of the us healthcare system, and the need for proactive measures in response to global crises like the covid-19 pandemic.', 'duration': 638.394, 'highlights': ['The US healthcare system is facing sustainability issues, leading to personal bankruptcies and administrative bloat, with life expectancy not increasing as in other industrialized countries. The US healthcare system is experiencing financial instability, resulting in personal bankruptcies and inefficiencies, while comparative analysis shows lower life expectancy compared to other industrialized nations.', 'Market mechanisms in the healthcare system are not working, with the FDA protecting healthcare providers from competition rather than consumers from malpractice. Market mechanisms in the healthcare system are dysfunctional, as the FDA prioritizes protecting providers over consumers, leading to a lack of competition and accountability.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for proactive measures in response to global crises, citing the mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic as a failure to act decisively and responsibly. The discussion underscores the importance of proactive responses to global crises, illustrated by the mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic as a failure to take decisive and responsible actions.']}], 'duration': 744.677, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA6944998.jpg', 'highlights': ['The impact of incentives on human behavior is emphasized, suggesting that actions can be explained by people acting on their incentives rather than malevolence or stupidity.', 'The concept of trust and ethical values in software development is questioned, highlighting the potential mixture of proper Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and malevolence in individuals.', 'The discussion delves into the presence of malevolent and incompetent individuals in the world, implying that the more malevolent a person is, the more damage they can cause to the world.', 'The US healthcare system is facing sustainability issues, leading to personal bankruptcies and administrative bloat, with life expectancy not increasing as in other industrialized countries.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for proactive measures in response to global crises, citing the mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic as a failure to act decisively and responsibly.', 'Market mechanisms in the healthcare system are dysfunctional, as the FDA prioritizes protecting providers over consumers, leading to a lack of competition and accountability.']}, {'end': 9073.458, 'segs': [{'end': 7924.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7824.593, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7829.555, 'text': 'And the only options for going forward was to become a Stalinist communist,', 'start': 7824.593, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 7836.939, 'text': 'basically an option to completely expropriate the factories and so on and nationalize them,', 'start': 7829.555, 'duration': 7.384}, {'end': 7844.203, 'text': 'and to reorganize Germany in communist terms and ally itself with Stalin and fascism.', 'start': 7836.939, 'duration': 7.264}, {'end': 7847.005, 'text': 'And both options were obviously very bad.', 'start': 7844.804, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 7853.529, 'text': 'And the one that the Germans picked led to a catastrophe that devastated Europe.', 'start': 7848.126, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 7857.812, 'text': "And I'm not sure if the US has an immune response against that.", 'start': 7854.45, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 7862.735, 'text': 'I think that the far right is currently very weak in the US, but this can easily change.', 'start': 7858.152, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 7874.539, 'text': 'Do you think, from a historical perspective, Hitler could have been stopped from within Germany or from outside? Or this?', 'start': 7865.871, 'duration': 8.668}, {'end': 7880.005, 'text': 'Well, depends on who you want to focus whether you want to focus on Stalin or Hitler.', 'start': 7876.061, 'duration': 3.944}, {'end': 7884.249, 'text': 'But it feels like Hitler was the one as a political movement that could have been stopped.', 'start': 7880.305, 'duration': 3.944}, {'end': 7891.904, 'text': 'I think that the point was that a lot of people wanted Hitler, so he got support from a lot of quarters.', 'start': 7885.302, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 7899.627, 'text': 'There was a number of industrialists who supported him because they thought that the democracy is obviously not working and unstable and you need a strongman.', 'start': 7892.365, 'duration': 7.262}, {'end': 7902.608, 'text': 'And he was willing to play that part.', 'start': 7900.728, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 7911.252, 'text': 'There were also people in the US who thought that Hitler would stop Stalin and would act as a bulwark against Bolshevism.', 'start': 7903.289, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 7915.593, 'text': 'which he probably would have done, but at which cost.', 'start': 7912.452, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 7924.675, 'text': 'And then many of the things that he was going to do, like the Holocaust, was something where people thought this is rhetoric.', 'start': 7916.333, 'duration': 8.342}], 'summary': "Hitler's rise to power had significant support from various quarters, leading to devastating consequences for europe.", 'duration': 100.082, 'max_score': 7824.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7824593.jpg'}, {'end': 7986.249, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7953.89, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7960.073, 'text': 'how important are those singular figures that lead to mass destruction and cruelty?', 'start': 7953.89, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 7964.926, 'text': 'because my sense is, Hitler was unique.', 'start': 7961.013, 'duration': 3.913}, {'end': 7973.586, 'text': "The it wasn't just about the environment and the context that gave him, like, like another person,", 'start': 7966.604, 'duration': 6.982}, {'end': 7977.667, 'text': 'would not come in his place to do as destructive of of the things that he did.', 'start': 7973.586, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 7986.249, 'text': 'There was a combination of uh charisma, of madness, of psychopathy, of just uh ego,', 'start': 7978.347, 'duration': 7.902}], 'summary': "Hitler's impact was unique due to charisma, madness, and ego.", 'duration': 32.359, 'max_score': 7953.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7953890.jpg'}, {'end': 8137.858, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8090.352, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8094.856, 'text': 'The other thing is that you look at Genghis Khan and so on, how many people he killed.', 'start': 8090.352, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 8104.931, 'text': 'There are a number of things that happen in human history that actually really put a substantial dent in the existing population or Napoleon.', 'start': 8096.107, 'duration': 8.824}, {'end': 8113.935, 'text': "And it's very difficult to eventually measure it because what's happening is basically evolution on a human scale.", 'start': 8105.971, 'duration': 7.964}, {'end': 8125.926, 'text': 'where one monkey figures out a way to become viral and is using this viral technology to change the patterns of society at a very, very large scale.', 'start': 8115.036, 'duration': 10.89}, {'end': 8132.353, 'text': 'And what we find so abhorrent about these changes is the complexity that is being destroyed by this.', 'start': 8126.627, 'duration': 5.726}, {'end': 8137.858, 'text': "That it's basically like a big fire that burns out a lot of the existing culture and structure that existed before.", 'start': 8132.393, 'duration': 5.465}], 'summary': 'Historical figures like genghis khan and napoleon caused substantial population decline. evolution on a human scale leads to widespread societal change, often destroying existing culture and structure.', 'duration': 47.506, 'max_score': 8090.352, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA8090352.jpg'}, {'end': 8594.971, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8553.982, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 8559.638, 'text': "And.. Yeah, but this is an empirical question and it's something that we can figure out and work with.", 'start': 8553.982, 'duration': 5.656}, {'end': 8563.22, 'text': 'So the issue is, do we trust the systems,', 'start': 8559.958, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 8570.043, 'text': "the social systems that we have in place and the social systems that we can build and maintain that they're able to use AI responsibly?", 'start': 8563.22, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 8572.484, 'text': 'If they can, then AI is good news.', 'start': 8570.523, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 8576.066, 'text': "If they cannot, then it's going to make the existing problems worse.", 'start': 8573.105, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 8582.646, 'text': "And also who creates the AI, who controls it, who makes money from it, because it's ultimately humans.", 'start': 8577.504, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 8586.468, 'text': 'And then you start talking about how much you trust the humans.', 'start': 8583.266, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 8591.05, 'text': "So the question is, what does who mean? I don't think that we have identity per se.", 'start': 8587.028, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 8594.971, 'text': 'I think that the story of a human being is somewhat random.', 'start': 8591.25, 'duration': 3.721}], 'summary': 'Can social systems responsibly use ai? trust in humans is vital.', 'duration': 40.989, 'max_score': 8553.982, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA8553982.jpg'}, {'end': 8669.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8644.312, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 8656.415, 'text': 'And that becomes a problem when the algorithms and the systems created by him and other people in that company start having more and more impact on society.', 'start': 8644.312, 'duration': 12.103}, {'end': 8658.616, 'text': 'And that it starts.', 'start': 8657.256, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 8669.12, 'text': 'you know, if the incentives were somehow the definition and the explainability of the incentives was decentralized, such that no,', 'start': 8658.616, 'duration': 10.504}], 'summary': 'Algorithms created by him and others impact society.', 'duration': 24.808, 'max_score': 8644.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA8644312.jpg'}, {'end': 8769.451, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8738.763, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 8740.204, 'text': 'And social media have disrupted this.', 'start': 8738.763, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 8743.748, 'text': "It's not, I think, so much Russian influence or something.", 'start': 8740.365, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 8745.409, 'text': "It's everybody's influence.", 'start': 8743.848, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 8751.495, 'text': "It's that a random person can come up with a conspiracy theory and disrupt what people think.", 'start': 8745.51, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 8761.884, 'text': 'And if that conspiracy theory is more compelling or more attractive than the standardized public conspiracy theory that we give people as a default,', 'start': 8752.515, 'duration': 9.369}, {'end': 8763.425, 'text': 'then it might get more traction, right?', 'start': 8761.884, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 8769.451, 'text': 'You suddenly have the situation that a single individual somewhere on a farm in Texas has more listeners than CNN.', 'start': 8763.465, 'duration': 5.986}], 'summary': 'Social media disrupts by amplifying individual voices and conspiracy theories, giving them more traction than established news sources.', 'duration': 30.688, 'max_score': 8738.763, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA8738763.jpg'}, {'end': 8956.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8923.247, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 8931.419, 'text': "I suspect that A lot of people that enter this debate don't have a vision for what society should be looking like in a way that is nonviolent,", 'start': 8923.247, 'duration': 8.172}, {'end': 8940.528, 'text': 'where we preserve liberal democracy, where we make sure that we all get along and we are around in a few hundred years from now,', 'start': 8931.419, 'duration': 9.109}, {'end': 8943.972, 'text': 'preferably with a comfortable technological civilization around us.', 'start': 8940.528, 'duration': 3.444}, {'end': 8956.475, 'text': 'I generally have a very foggy view of that world, but I tend to try to follow and I think society should in some degree follow the gradient of love,', 'start': 8945.292, 'duration': 11.183}], 'summary': 'Debate lacks vision for nonviolent society, preserving liberal democracy, and fostering love-driven progress.', 'duration': 33.228, 'max_score': 8923.247, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA8923247.jpg'}], 'start': 7689.695, 'title': 'Societal challenges and ai morality', 'summary': 'Addresses challenges of postmodern society, including perception issues and media influence, the rise and impact of totalitarian regimes in europe, and the morality and effectiveness of ai deployment, emphasizing responsible ai and addressing ethical challenges in ai deployment, including lack of transparency and societal impact.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7799.052, 'start': 7689.695, 'title': 'Challenges of postmodern society', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of a postmodern society, including the perception of being too big to fail, the shift to dealing with appearances rather than ground tools, and the influence of media in evaluating political performance and public opinion.', 'duration': 109.357, 'highlights': ['The difference between a postmodern society and a modern society is that the modernist society has to deal with the ground tools and the postmodernist society has to deal with appearances.', 'The virus did not alert people to the fact that we are facing possible failure, putting us into a postmodernist mode.', 'Politics becomes a performance evaluated by the media, and politicians need to deal with the published opinion to stay in power.', 'The effects of the closure of the economy and the lack of solutions to the virus will lead to more suffering for small business owners and individuals.', 'The hope for charismatic leaders to break through the postmodernist idea of media influence and perception on platforms like Twitter.']}, {'end': 8159.441, 'start': 7799.373, 'title': 'Rise and impact of totalitarian regimes', 'summary': "Discusses the rise of totalitarian regimes in germany and the devastating impact they had on europe, comparing hitler's reign with stalin's, and reflecting on the singular figures throughout history that led to mass destruction and cruelty.", 'duration': 360.068, 'highlights': ["Hitler's rise to power and its impact on Germany and Europe, leading to catastrophic consequences. The rise of Hitler's totalitarian regime and its catastrophic impact on Germany and Europe, compared with the potential immune response in the US against the far right movement.", "Comparison between Hitler and Stalin's regimes, discussing the scale and nature of their atrocities. Comparison of the scale and nature of atrocities under Hitler and Stalin, with a focus on the number of people killed and the rationale behind their actions.", "Reflection on the unique nature of Hitler's character and the potential impact of other historical figures in his absence. Reflection on the uniqueness of Hitler's character and the potential impact of other historical figures, considering the charisma, madness, and psychopathy that contributed to Hitler's actions."]}, {'end': 8594.971, 'start': 8160.903, 'title': 'Morality of ai deployment', 'summary': 'Discusses the morality and effectiveness of ai deployment, emphasizing the potential for ai to act responsibly and prevent harm, while highlighting the importance of properly encoding incentives and the potential dangers of irresponsible human oversight.', 'duration': 434.068, 'highlights': ["AI's potential to act responsibly and prevent harm AI's ability to make better models and act on them, if used wisely, can prevent more harm, potentially making it more reliable than human-created systems.", 'Importance of properly encoding incentives into AI The main issue lies in properly encoding the right incentives into AI, emphasizing the need for responsible use of technology and social systems to ensure AI is used responsibly.', 'Dangers of irresponsible human oversight and automation The potential dangers of irresponsible use of AI, including delivering shoddy work and less human oversight, emphasize the need for trustworthy social systems to manage AI deployment.']}, {'end': 9073.458, 'start': 8595.591, 'title': 'Incentives and ethical challenges in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of transparency in incentives for tech entrepreneurs, the disruptive impact of social media on public opinion, and the need for ai ethics to be devoid of partisan influence, aiming for a society with increased love and empathy.', 'duration': 477.867, 'highlights': ['The lack of transparency in the incentives for tech entrepreneurs and the disruptive impact of social media on public opinion. There is a significant distrust of tech entrepreneurs in the tech space, particularly regarding the lack of transparency in the incentives under which they operate, leading to a disruptive impact on public opinion through social media.', 'The need for AI ethics to be devoid of partisan influence, aiming for a society with increased love and empathy. AI ethics should be devoid of partisan influence and instead focus on increasing the amount of love in the world, recognizing shared purpose, and appreciating the diversity of living creatures and ideas, ultimately leading to a society with increased love and empathy.', 'The importance of transparency in incentives to ensure fair and effective AI solutions to ethical problems. Transparency in incentives is crucial to ensure fair and effective AI solutions to difficult ethical problems, highlighting the need for decentralized definition and explainability of incentives to prevent manipulation and propaganda.']}], 'duration': 1383.763, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA7689695.jpg', 'highlights': ['The hope for charismatic leaders to break through the postmodernist idea of media influence and perception on platforms like Twitter.', 'The virus did not alert people to the fact that we are facing possible failure, putting us into a postmodernist mode.', 'Politics becomes a performance evaluated by the media, and politicians need to deal with the published opinion to stay in power.', 'The effects of the closure of the economy and the lack of solutions to the virus will lead to more suffering for small business owners and individuals.', 'The difference between a postmodern society and a modern society is that the modernist society has to deal with the ground tools and the postmodernist society has to deal with appearances.', "Comparison between Hitler and Stalin's regimes, discussing the scale and nature of their atrocities.", "Reflection on the unique nature of Hitler's character and the potential impact of other historical figures in his absence.", "Hitler's rise to power and its impact on Germany and Europe, leading to catastrophic consequences.", "AI's potential to act responsibly and prevent harm AI's ability to make better models and act on them, if used wisely, can prevent more harm, potentially making it more reliable than human-created systems.", 'Importance of properly encoding incentives into AI The main issue lies in properly encoding the right incentives into AI, emphasizing the need for responsible use of technology and social systems to ensure AI is used responsibly.', 'Dangers of irresponsible human oversight and automation The potential dangers of irresponsible use of AI, including delivering shoddy work and less human oversight, emphasize the need for trustworthy social systems to manage AI deployment.', 'The lack of transparency in the incentives for tech entrepreneurs and the disruptive impact of social media on public opinion.', 'The need for AI ethics to be devoid of partisan influence, aiming for a society with increased love and empathy.', 'The importance of transparency in incentives to ensure fair and effective AI solutions to ethical problems.']}, {'end': 9792.815, 'segs': [{'end': 9219.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9194.179, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9205.008, 'text': "For instance, Mononoka is discussing not only an answer to Disney's simplistic notion of Mowgli, the jungle boy who's raised by wolves,", 'start': 9194.179, 'duration': 10.829}, {'end': 9207.63, 'text': "and as soon as he sees people, realizes that he's one of them.", 'start': 9205.008, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 9215.861, 'text': 'the way in which the moral life and nature is simplified and romanticized and turned into kitsch.', 'start': 9209.813, 'duration': 6.048}, {'end': 9218.184, 'text': "It's disgusting in the Disney movie.", 'start': 9216.502, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 9219.105, 'text': 'And he answers to this.', 'start': 9218.224, 'duration': 0.881}], 'summary': "Mononoka critiques disney's oversimplified portrayal of mowgli and nature, calling it disgusting and proposes an alternative perspective.", 'duration': 24.926, 'max_score': 9194.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9194179.jpg'}, {'end': 9307.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9264.331, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9266.753, 'text': 'And to these questions, there is no easy answer.', 'start': 9264.331, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 9274.878, 'text': 'So he just turns it into something that is being observed as a journey that happens, and that happens with a certain degree of inevitability.', 'start': 9266.853, 'duration': 8.025}, {'end': 9280.322, 'text': "And the nice thing about all his movies is there's a certain main character, and it's the same in all movies.", 'start': 9274.978, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 9285.766, 'text': "It's this little girl that is basically Heidi,", 'start': 9281.302, 'duration': 4.464}, {'end': 9295.692, 'text': 'and I suspect that happened because when he did fieldwork for working on the Heidi movies back then the Heidi animations before he did his own movies,', 'start': 9285.766, 'duration': 9.926}, {'end': 9307.261, 'text': 'he traveled to Switzerland and Southeastern Europe and the Adriatic and so on and got an idea about a certain aesthetic and a certain way of life that informed his future thinking.', 'start': 9295.692, 'duration': 11.569}], 'summary': "Filmmaker's journey influences his work, featuring a consistent main character, based on his experiences in switzerland and southeastern europe.", 'duration': 42.93, 'max_score': 9264.331, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9264331.jpg'}, {'end': 9386.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9356.582, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9361.784, 'text': 'So she is not just the sacrifice of Jesus, who is innocent and therefore nailed to the cross.', 'start': 9356.582, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 9363.985, 'text': 'She is not being sacrificed.', 'start': 9362.764, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 9370.947, 'text': 'She is being protected by everybody around her who recognizes that she is sacred, and there are enough around her to see that.', 'start': 9364.065, 'duration': 6.882}, {'end': 9373.978, 'text': 'So this is a very interesting perspective.', 'start': 9372.077, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 9375.759, 'text': "There's a certain notion of innocence.", 'start': 9373.998, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 9378.48, 'text': 'And this notion of innocence is not universal.', 'start': 9376.379, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 9379.501, 'text': "It's not in all cultures.", 'start': 9378.54, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 9381.202, 'text': "Hitler wasn't innocent.", 'start': 9380.161, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 9386.565, 'text': 'His idea of Germany was not that there is an innocence that is being protected.', 'start': 9381.502, 'duration': 5.063}], 'summary': "In some cultures, innocence is protected, unlike hitler's germany.", 'duration': 29.983, 'max_score': 9356.582, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9356582.jpg'}, {'end': 9428.851, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9401.092, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9407.595, 'text': "And that's a very interesting notion that is quite unique, and I'm not claiming it's the optimal one.", 'start': 9401.092, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 9414.879, 'text': "It's just a particular kind of aesthetic, which I think makes Miyazaki into the most relevant Protestant philosopher today.", 'start': 9407.655, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 9425.366, 'text': "And you're saying in terms of all the ways that a society can operate, perhaps the preservation of innocence might be one of the best.", 'start': 9415.539, 'duration': 9.827}, {'end': 9428.851, 'text': "No, it's just my aesthetic.", 'start': 9427.171, 'duration': 1.68}], 'summary': "Miyazaki's aesthetic emphasizes innocence, making him relevant today.", 'duration': 27.759, 'max_score': 9401.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9401092.jpg'}, {'end': 9556.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9521.673, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9532.783, 'text': 'The cat that is torturing a mouse is not evil because the cat is envisioning a world where there is no violence and nobody is suffering.', 'start': 9521.673, 'duration': 11.11}, {'end': 9541.572, 'text': 'If you have an aesthetic where you want to protect innocence, then torturing somebody needlessly is evil, but only then.', 'start': 9533.824, 'duration': 7.748}, {'end': 9556.233, 'text': "No, but I guess the question is within your sense of what is good and evil, it seems like we're still able to commit evil.", 'start': 9542.779, 'duration': 13.454}], 'summary': 'Torturing needlessly is evil if you seek to protect innocence.', 'duration': 34.56, 'max_score': 9521.673, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9521673.jpg'}, {'end': 9629.435, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9601.7, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9605.142, 'text': "Where you see, oh, I'm here acting on my local incentives or impulses.", 'start': 9601.7, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 9608.044, 'text': "And here I'm acting on what I consider to be sacred.", 'start': 9605.803, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 9609.425, 'text': "And there's a tension between those.", 'start': 9608.204, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 9613.667, 'text': 'And this is the line between good and evil that might run through your heart.', 'start': 9609.865, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 9620.751, 'text': "And if you don't have that, if you don't have this relationship to a transcendental agent, you could call this relationship to the next level,", 'start': 9614.507, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 9621.291, 'text': 'agent soul.', 'start': 9620.751, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 9622.512, 'text': "It's not a thing.", 'start': 9621.771, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 9624.413, 'text': "It's not an immortal thing that is..", 'start': 9622.652, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 9625.793, 'text': 'intrinsically valuable.', 'start': 9624.833, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 9629.435, 'text': "It's a certain kind of relationship that you project to understand what's happening.", 'start': 9625.874, 'duration': 3.561}], 'summary': 'Tension between acting on local vs sacred beliefs, determining good and evil within oneself.', 'duration': 27.735, 'max_score': 9601.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9601700.jpg'}, {'end': 9732.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9698.361, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9702.263, 'text': "So I don't have place for me as a hero in my own world.", 'start': 9698.361, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 9707.227, 'text': "I'm trying to do the best that I can, which is often not very good.", 'start': 9703.544, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 9715.072, 'text': "And so it's not important for me to have status or to be seen in a particular way.", 'start': 9708.227, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 9719.675, 'text': "It's helpful if others can see me or a few people can see me that can be my friends.", 'start': 9715.632, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 9722.317, 'text': 'No, sorry, I want to clarify that hero.', 'start': 9719.815, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 9732.963, 'text': "I didn't mean status or perception or some kind of marketing thing, but more in private, in the quiet of your own mind.", 'start': 9722.317, 'duration': 10.646}], 'summary': 'Striving for personal significance, not seeking public recognition or status.', 'duration': 34.602, 'max_score': 9698.361, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9698361.jpg'}], 'start': 9074.138, 'title': "Miyazaki's influence and aesthetics", 'summary': "Explores miyazaki's influence, aesthetics, and the contrast between miyazaki's movies and disney, discussing the complexity of identifying evil, the portrayal of innocence, and the tension between good and evil in his films.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9263.831, 'start': 9074.138, 'title': 'Aesthetics and evil', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of aesthetics, the complexity of identifying evil, the contrast between miyazaki's movies and disney, and the conflict between human society and nature portrayed in the movies.", 'duration': 189.693, 'highlights': ["The aesthetics projected into the future can lead to conflicting and corrupt ideologies, as exemplified by Hitler's evil aesthetic, which conflicted with the prevailing worldview (e.g., preservation of certain values).", "The need for a balance between firm stances against wrongdoings and openness to uncertainty in determining what is right and wrong, illustrated through the example of Nazi Germany's certainty of distinguishing good and evil leading to detrimental consequences.", "Miyazaki's movies, particularly 'Mononoke,' provide a contrast to Disney's simplified and romanticized portrayal of the moral life and nature, depicting the complexity and conflict between human society and nature's preservation.", "The conflict between human society's need for resources and the preservation of nature, leading to the portrayal of nature's transformation into a garden and humans distancing themselves from life and death in Miyazaki's movies."]}, {'end': 9792.815, 'start': 9264.331, 'title': "Miyazaki's influence and the preservation of innocence", 'summary': "Discusses miyazaki's influence on his movies, the concept of innocence embodied by the character heidi, and the idea of serving a greater whole, alongside the individual's role in society and the tension between good and evil.", 'duration': 528.484, 'highlights': ["Miyazaki's movies are centered around a character resembling Heidi, influenced by his fieldwork in Switzerland and Southeastern Europe, emphasizing a commitment to serving a greater whole. Miyazaki's movies feature a central character akin to Heidi, influenced by his fieldwork in Switzerland and Southeastern Europe, reflecting a commitment to serving a greater whole.", 'The character of Heidi embodies the spirit of European Protestantism, emphasizing purity and innocence, not tied to institutionalized religion or feminism. Heidi embodies the spirit of European Protestantism, emphasizing purity and innocence, separate from institutionalized religion or feminism.', 'The discussion explores the unique notion of innocence and its significance in contrast to historical and cultural contexts, presenting Miyazaki as a relevant Protestant philosopher. The unique notion of innocence is explored in contrast to historical and cultural contexts, positioning Miyazaki as a relevant Protestant philosopher.', "The individual's role in society and the tension between good and evil are examined, emphasizing the commitment to a transcendent principle and the line between acting on local impulses and serving what is perceived as sacred. The examination delves into the individual's role in society and the tension between good and evil, highlighting the commitment to a transcendent principle and the line between acting on local impulses and serving what is perceived as sacred.", "The chapter also delves into personal responsibility, the ideal life trajectory, and the concept of heroism, reflecting on the individual's striving for a better world and self-perception. The chapter delves into personal responsibility, the ideal life trajectory, and the concept of heroism, reflecting on the individual's striving for a better world and self-perception."]}], 'duration': 718.677, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9074138.jpg', 'highlights': ["Miyazaki's movies provide a contrast to Disney's simplified and romanticized portrayal of the moral life and nature, depicting the complexity and conflict between human society and nature's preservation.", "The conflict between human society's need for resources and the preservation of nature, leading to the portrayal of nature's transformation into a garden and humans distancing themselves from life and death in Miyazaki's movies.", "The aesthetics projected into the future can lead to conflicting and corrupt ideologies, as exemplified by Hitler's evil aesthetic, which conflicted with the prevailing worldview (e.g., preservation of certain values).", "The need for a balance between firm stances against wrongdoings and openness to uncertainty in determining what is right and wrong, illustrated through the example of Nazi Germany's certainty of distinguishing good and evil leading to detrimental consequences.", "Miyazaki's movies are centered around a character resembling Heidi, influenced by his fieldwork in Switzerland and Southeastern Europe, emphasizing a commitment to serving a greater whole.", "The individual's role in society and the tension between good and evil are examined, emphasizing the commitment to a transcendent principle and the line between acting on local impulses and serving what is perceived as sacred.", 'The discussion explores the unique notion of innocence and its significance in contrast to historical and cultural contexts, presenting Miyazaki as a relevant Protestant philosopher.', "The chapter also delves into personal responsibility, the ideal life trajectory, and the concept of heroism, reflecting on the individual's striving for a better world and self-perception."]}, {'end': 11532.195, 'segs': [{'end': 10106.062, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10062.634, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10071.685, 'text': "there is something about the abuses of power the government can have when it has a monopoly on violence, right? And so that's a tension there.", 'start': 10062.634, 'duration': 9.051}, {'end': 10079.674, 'text': 'So the question is, how can you set the incentives for government correctly? And this mostly applies at the highest levels of government.', 'start': 10073.052, 'duration': 6.622}, {'end': 10085.395, 'text': "And because we haven't found a way to set them correctly, we made the highest levels of government relatively weak.", 'start': 10080.034, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 10091.336, 'text': 'And this is, I think, part of the reason why we had difficulty to coordinate the pandemic response.', 'start': 10086.355, 'duration': 4.981}, {'end': 10094.177, 'text': "And China didn't have that much difficulty.", 'start': 10092.337, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 10101.499, 'text': 'And there is, of course, a much higher risk of the abuse of power that exists in China because the power is largely unchecked.', 'start': 10095.017, 'duration': 6.482}, {'end': 10106.062, 'text': "And that's basically what happens in the next generation.", 'start': 10102.779, 'duration': 3.283}], 'summary': "Government's unchecked power poses challenges, impacting pandemic response and coordination.", 'duration': 43.428, 'max_score': 10062.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10062634.jpg'}, {'end': 10334.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10305.915, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10309.156, 'text': 'Could this happen at scale? And I think this is the idea of communism.', 'start': 10305.915, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 10315.338, 'text': 'Communism is opposed to the idea that we need economic terror or other forms of terror to make that happen.', 'start': 10309.256, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 10321.238, 'text': 'But in practice what happens is that the proto-communist countries, the real existing socialism,', 'start': 10315.778, 'duration': 5.46}, {'end': 10324.121, 'text': 'we placed a part of the economic terror with moral terror.', 'start': 10321.238, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 10327.504, 'text': 'So we were told to do the right thing for moral reasons.', 'start': 10324.901, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 10331.147, 'text': "And of course it didn't really work and the economy eventually collapsed.", 'start': 10327.644, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 10334.27, 'text': 'And the moral terror had actual real cost.', 'start': 10331.748, 'duration': 2.522}], 'summary': "Communism's moral terror replaced economic terror, leading to economic collapse.", 'duration': 28.355, 'max_score': 10305.915, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10305915.jpg'}, {'end': 10530.062, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10506.341, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10513.267, 'text': 'So, instead of just creating an institution like the FDA that is performing a particular kind of role in society,', 'start': 10506.341, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 10518.272, 'text': 'you need to make sure that the FDA is actually driven by a system that wants to do this optimally,', 'start': 10513.267, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 10526.339, 'text': 'that is incentivized to do it optimally and then makes the performance that is actually enacted in every generation instrumental to that thing,', 'start': 10518.272, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 10527.199, 'text': 'that actual goal.', 'start': 10526.339, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 10530.062, 'text': 'And that is much harder to design and to achieve.', 'start': 10527.78, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Design a system for fda to perform optimally and achieve its actual goal.', 'duration': 23.721, 'max_score': 10506.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10506341.jpg'}, {'end': 10666.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10638.863, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10643.004, 'text': 'The thing about classes is really like airline classes.', 'start': 10638.863, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 10645.585, 'text': "It's the no-play class.", 'start': 10643.284, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 10650.866, 'text': 'A lot of people are economy class, business class, and very few are first class, and some are budget.', 'start': 10645.765, 'duration': 5.101}, {'end': 10653.086, 'text': 'I mean, I understand.', 'start': 10651.046, 'duration': 2.04}, {'end': 10659.668, 'text': 'I think there is, yeah, maybe some people, probably I would push back against that definition of the middle class.', 'start': 10653.606, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 10664.169, 'text': "It does feel like the middle class is pretty large, but yes, there's a discrepancy in terms of wealth.", 'start': 10659.748, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 10666.812, 'text': "There's a big wealth gap.", 'start': 10665.069, 'duration': 1.743}], 'summary': 'Analogizes social classes to airline classes, highlighting wealth gap and discrepancy.', 'duration': 27.949, 'max_score': 10638.863, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10638863.jpg'}, {'end': 10736.618, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10705.187, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10706.668, 'text': 'But that has nothing to do with the comedy.', 'start': 10705.187, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 10708.289, 'text': 'It has to do with crying babies.', 'start': 10706.688, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 10710.19, 'text': "They're very cute though.", 'start': 10708.329, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 10714.212, 'text': 'I have two kids and sometimes I have to go back to visit the grandparents.', 'start': 10710.53, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 10721.116, 'text': 'And back means going from the West Coast to Germany.', 'start': 10715.093, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 10722.377, 'text': "And that's a long flight.", 'start': 10721.376, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 10728.526, 'text': "Is it true that when you're a father, you grow immune to the crying and all that kind of stuff?", 'start': 10722.737, 'duration': 5.789}, {'end': 10736.618, 'text': "Because me just not having kids, other people's kids can be quite annoying when they're crying and screaming and all that kind of stuff.", 'start': 10728.566, 'duration': 8.052}], 'summary': 'Discussion about long flight from west coast to germany and the challenges of dealing with crying babies while traveling.', 'duration': 31.431, 'max_score': 10705.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10705187.jpg'}, {'end': 10947.15, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10920.095, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10927.938, 'text': 'There was a population bottleneck for human society that leads to an extreme lack of genetic diversity among humans.', 'start': 10920.095, 'duration': 7.843}, {'end': 10931.759, 'text': 'If you look at Bushmen in the Kalahari,', 'start': 10928.018, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 10939.003, 'text': 'that basically tribes that are not that far distant to each other have more genetic diversity than exists between Europeans and Chinese.', 'start': 10931.759, 'duration': 7.244}, {'end': 10947.15, 'text': "And it's because basically the out of Africa population at some point had a bottleneck of just a few thousand individuals.", 'start': 10940.185, 'duration': 6.965}], 'summary': 'Human society experienced a population bottleneck resulting in extreme lack of genetic diversity, with bushmen in the kalahari having more genetic diversity than europeans and chinese.', 'duration': 27.055, 'max_score': 10920.095, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA10920095.jpg'}, {'end': 11171.539, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11146.477, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11152.369, 'text': 'realize that everybody is viewing a different timeline, but is seeing things differently and has reasons to do so.', 'start': 11146.477, 'duration': 5.892}, {'end': 11158.033, 'text': "I've come to realize this recently.", 'start': 11156.212, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 11161.814, 'text': "There is an inner voice that tells you what's right and wrong.", 'start': 11158.273, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 11171.539, 'text': "Speaking of reading the room, what integrity looks like is there's times when a lot of people are doing something wrong.", 'start': 11164.536, 'duration': 7.003}], 'summary': 'Different perspectives shape views, inner voice guides integrity, recognizing right and wrong.', 'duration': 25.062, 'max_score': 11146.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA11146477.jpg'}, {'end': 11244.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11216.184, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 11220.487, 'text': "You think that you're human, but you don't know what it means, what it's like to be human.", 'start': 11216.184, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 11223.209, 'text': 'You just make it up as you go along like everybody else.', 'start': 11220.788, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 11229.654, 'text': 'And you have to figure that out what it means that you are a full human being,', 'start': 11224.05, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 11232.696, 'text': 'what it means to be human in the world and how to connect with others on that.', 'start': 11229.654, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 11240.462, 'text': "There is also something, don't be afraid in the sense that if you do this, you're not good enough.", 'start': 11234.497, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 11244.565, 'text': 'Because if you are acting on these incentives of integrity, you become trustworthy.', 'start': 11240.982, 'duration': 3.583}], 'summary': 'Discovering the essence of being human and connecting with others, while acting with integrity to become trustworthy.', 'duration': 28.381, 'max_score': 11216.184, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA11216184.jpg'}, {'end': 11532.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11512.132, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11514.654, 'text': 'Now, let me leave you with some words from Carl Jung.', 'start': 11512.132, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 11521.024, 'text': 'People will do anything, no matter how absurd, in order to avoid facing their own souls.', 'start': 11515.799, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 11528.231, 'text': 'One does not become enlightened by imagining figures of light, but by making the darkness conscious.', 'start': 11521.885, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 11532.195, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 11529.272, 'duration': 2.923}], 'summary': 'Carl jung: people avoid facing their souls; enlightenment comes from making darkness conscious.', 'duration': 20.063, 'max_score': 11512.132, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA11512132.jpg'}], 'start': 9793.655, 'title': "Government's role in society and utopian societies", 'summary': 'Discusses the role of government, anarchism, and challenges in governance, along with the failure of communism, misallocation of resources in capitalism, and the potential for harmonious coexistence, as well as the role of love in non-transactional interaction and its impact on human society, and advice for young people emphasizing integrity and finding meaning in life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10304.435, 'start': 9793.655, 'title': "Government's role in society and anarchism", 'summary': 'Discusses the role of government in society, the concept of anarchism, and the use of violence and incentives in governance, highlighting the challenges and potential solutions in creating effective governance.', 'duration': 510.78, 'highlights': ['The government acts as an agent imposing an offset on the reward function, aiming to make violence impossible and raise the cost of violence, thus promoting non-violent means of progress.', 'The idea of anarchism involves creating security companies within a state with companies, using the forces of capitalism to establish a more ethical and representative system, ultimately aiming to avoid the abuse of power and control structure in governance.', "The discussion explores the challenges of government scale, the potential abuses of power, and the need for appropriate incentives and regulation, highlighting the importance of integrating technology and AI to improve government operations and resolve prisoner's dilemmas."]}, {'end': 10812.686, 'start': 10305.915, 'title': 'Challenges of utopian societies', 'summary': 'Discusses the failure of communism and utopian societies, the misallocation of resources in capitalism, and the challenges of incentivizing human behavior, ultimately highlighting the untested possibility of humans coexisting harmoniously at scale.', 'duration': 506.771, 'highlights': ['Capitalism misallocates resources, leading to a tiny middle class in the US and a wealth gap, with the middle class being a magnitude smaller than perceived. The misallocation of resources in capitalism has resulted in a tiny middle class in the US, leading to a significant wealth gap and a disparity in perceived social classes.', 'Communism failed due to the misalignment of incentives with human nature, as economic terror was replaced with moral terror, leading to economic collapse and imprisonment of non-compliant individuals. The failure of communism stemmed from the misalignment of incentives with human nature, as the replacement of economic terror with moral terror led to economic collapse and imprisonment of non-compliant individuals.', 'The untested possibility of humans coexisting harmoniously at scale is discussed, with the challenge of incentivizing human behavior and the realization that utopias are unachievable due to the inherent nature of human systems. The untested possibility of humans coexisting harmoniously at scale is explored, highlighting the challenge of incentivizing human behavior and the realization that utopias are unachievable due to the inherent nature of human systems.']}, {'end': 11060.1, 'start': 10813.026, 'title': 'Love as a non-transactional facilitator', 'summary': 'Explores the role of love as a facilitator of non-transactional interaction, its evolutionary significance, and its impact on human society and competition, including the genetic bottleneck and the adaptive force of love in evolution.', 'duration': 247.074, 'highlights': ["Love as a facilitator of non-transactional interaction Love is discussed as a facilitator of non-transactional interaction, going beyond ego and local interests, allowing for understanding and approval of others' endeavors, and the joy derived from giving without expecting anything in return.", 'Evolutionary significance of love and human society The discussion delves into the evolutionary significance of love, its role in out-competing other hominins, and the impact on human society, including the genetic bottleneck and the adaptive force of love in evolution.', 'Impact of love on human competition The impact of love on human competition is explored, including the genetic bottleneck in human society, the idea of eradicating others due to a lack of strong love, and the adaptive force of love leading to the displacement of those without it.']}, {'end': 11532.195, 'start': 11063.062, 'title': 'Advice for young people: integrity and meaning of life', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of integrity, moral autonomy, and finding meaning in life, highlighting the significance of acting with integrity, creating one's purpose, and finding meaning in the universe's transient existence.", 'duration': 469.133, 'highlights': ["The chapter emphasizes the importance of acting with integrity, aiming for moral autonomy, and recognizing that things need to be right independently of others' opinions. Importance of integrity and moral autonomy, things need to be right independently of others' opinions.", 'It also delves into the concept of finding meaning in the transient existence of the universe, projecting a purpose, and creating a unique, vibrant blip in the world. Finding meaning in the transient existence of the universe, projecting a purpose, creating a unique, vibrant blip in the world.', 'The discussion includes the significance of recognizing diverse perspectives, moral autonomy, and the potential gratitude for being alive despite the lack of guarantees in life. Recognizing diverse perspectives, moral autonomy, potential gratitude for being alive despite the lack of guarantees in life.']}], 'duration': 1738.54, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/rIpUf-Vy2JA/pics/rIpUf-Vy2JA9793655.jpg', 'highlights': ['The government aims to make violence impossible and promote non-violent progress.', 'Anarchism seeks to establish a more ethical and representative system.', 'Integrating technology and AI can improve government operations.', 'Capitalism misallocates resources, leading to a significant wealth gap.', 'Communism failed due to misalignment of incentives with human nature.', 'Humans coexisting harmoniously at scale is unachievable due to inherent human nature.', "Love facilitates non-transactional interaction and approval of others' endeavors.", 'Love has evolutionary significance and impact on human society.', 'Acting with integrity and finding meaning in the transient existence of the universe is emphasized.', 'Recognizing diverse perspectives and moral autonomy is significant.']}], 'highlights': ['Josje Bach is a prominent figure in the exploration of intelligence, cognition, computation, and consciousness.', 'The conversation delves into the concept of life feeling unbearable and the perspective of not being a person.', 'The illusion of free will emerges from the jump in scale and complexity of decision-making models, where higher-level regularities and patterns, such as agency, are projected to make sense of the world.', 'The concept of free will is compared to a monkey being able to steer the elephant, emphasizing that it involves conscious decision-making and influence over automatic behavior, ultimately questioning the true nature of control and determinism.', 'Roger Penrose argues that human mind can perform certain mathematical operations that computers cannot, due to its ability to deal with infinities.', 'The interconnectedness of individual behavior with societal and ecosystemic intelligence, emphasizing the significance of understanding behavior in larger contexts.', 'The potential capabilities of GPT-4 and beyond, with larger training data and algorithms to perform substantially better than GPT-3.', 'The impact of incentives on human behavior is emphasized, suggesting that actions can be explained by people acting on their incentives rather than malevolence or stupidity.', "Miyazaki's movies provide a contrast to Disney's simplified and romanticized portrayal of the moral life and nature, depicting the complexity and conflict between human society and nature's preservation.", 'The government aims to make violence impossible and promote non-violent progress.', 'Anarchism seeks to establish a more ethical and representative system.', 'Integrating technology and AI can improve government operations.', 'Capitalism misallocates resources, leading to a significant wealth gap.', 'Communism failed due to misalignment of incentives with human nature.', 'Humans coexisting harmoniously at scale is unachievable due to inherent human nature.', "Love facilitates non-transactional interaction and approval of others' endeavors.", 'Acting with integrity and finding meaning in the transient existence of the universe is emphasized.', 'Recognizing diverse perspectives and moral autonomy is significant.']}