title
John Mearsheimer: Israel-Palestine, Russia-Ukraine, China, NATO, and WW3 | Lex Fridman Podcast #401
description
John Mearsheimer is an international relations scholar at University of Chicago. He is one of the most influential and controversial thinkers in the world on the topics of war and power.
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TRANSCRIPT:
https://lexfridman.com/john-mearsheimer-transcript
EPISODE LINKS:
John's Website: https://mearsheimer.com
John's Books:
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics: https://amzn.to/3FWrqkX
How States Think: https://amzn.to/3udaWST
The Great Delusion: https://amzn.to/3syXKXS
Why Leaders Lie: https://amzn.to/3ucs4rU
The Israel Lobby: https://amzn.to/47fxrVU
Books Mentioned:
Leviathan: https://amzn.to/49zCFgu
The End of History and the Last Man: https://amzn.to/47wTVBf
Who Are We: https://amzn.to/3QXDk44
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
1:29 - Power
24:43 - Hitler
42:09 - Russia and Ukraine
1:38:22 - Israel and Palestine
2:39:13 - China
3:21:34 - Life and mortality
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detail
{'title': 'John Mearsheimer: Israel-Palestine, Russia-Ukraine, China, NATO, and WW3 | Lex Fridman Podcast #401', 'heatmap': [{'end': 8929.741, 'start': 8796.18, 'weight': 0.706}], 'summary': "John mearsheimer discusses the significance of compassion and empathy in international relations, the role of power, realism vs liberalism, us and britain's involvement in the ukraine conflict, putin's potential successors and nuclear escalation, the israeli-palestinian conflict, the israel lobby's influence, social group conflicts, and us involvement in ukraine, israel, taiwan, and china, as well as the impact of empire collapse, nationalism, and immigration.", 'chapters': [{'end': 88.014, 'segs': [{'end': 88.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.189, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.232, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with John Mearsheimer,', 'start': 0.189, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 9.979, 'text': 'a professor at University of Chicago and one of the most influential and controversial thinkers in the world.', 'start': 3.232, 'duration': 6.747}, {'end': 18.347, 'text': 'He teaches, speaks, and writes about the nature of power and war on the global stage in history and today.', 'start': 10.68, 'duration': 7.667}, {'end': 24.611, 'text': "Please allow me to say, once again, my hope for this little journey I'm on.", 'start': 19.687, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 33.759, 'text': 'I will speak to everyone on all sides with compassion, with empathy, and with backbone.', 'start': 26.012, 'duration': 7.747}, {'end': 38.303, 'text': 'I will speak with Vladimir Putin and with Volodymyr Zelensky.', 'start': 34.84, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 45.526, 'text': 'with Russians and with Ukrainians, with Israelis and with Palestinians, with everyone.', 'start': 38.923, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 55.31, 'text': 'My goal is to do whatever small part I can to decrease the amount of suffering in the world by trying to reveal our common humanity.', 'start': 46.726, 'duration': 8.584}, {'end': 61.333, 'text': 'I believe that in the end, truth and love wins.', 'start': 56.711, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 68.283, 'text': 'I will get attacked for being naive, for being a shill, for being weak.', 'start': 63.16, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 70.844, 'text': 'I am none of those things.', 'start': 69.704, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 75.327, 'text': 'But I do make mistakes, and I will get better.', 'start': 71.985, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 77.708, 'text': 'I love you all.', 'start': 77.068, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 81.27, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 79.569, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 84.212, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 81.45, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 88.014, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's John Mearsheimer.", 'start': 84.692, 'duration': 3.322}], 'summary': 'John mearsheimer aims to promote compassion and decrease suffering in the world through dialogue and understanding among conflicting parties.', 'duration': 87.825, 'max_score': 0.189, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY189.jpg'}], 'start': 0.189, 'title': "John mearsheimer's insights", 'summary': 'Presents insights from john mearsheimer, highlighting the significance of compassion and empathy to reduce suffering and uncover shared humanity, with a belief in the ultimate triumph of truth and love.', 'chapters': [{'end': 88.014, 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'John mearsheimer on power and war', 'summary': 'Provides insights from john mearsheimer, a professor at university of chicago, emphasizing the importance of speaking with compassion and empathy to decrease suffering and revealing common humanity, with a belief that truth and love ultimately triumph.', 'duration': 87.825, 'highlights': ['John Mearsheimer emphasizes the importance of speaking with compassion and empathy to decrease suffering and reveal common humanity. Mearsheimer expresses his goal to speak to everyone with compassion and empathy, including Vladimir Putin, Volodymyr Zelensky, Russians, Ukrainians, Israelis, Palestinians, and everyone, aiming to decrease suffering in the world.', 'Mearsheimer believes in the ultimate triumph of truth and love. Mearsheimer expresses his belief that in the end, truth and love win, despite potential criticisms of being naive or weak, emphasizing his commitment to improving and making a positive impact.', 'Mearsheimer acknowledges potential criticisms and expresses his determination to improve. Mearsheimer acknowledges potential criticisms of being naive, a shill, or weak, but emphasizes that he is none of those things while admitting to making mistakes and expressing a commitment to improvement.']}], 'duration': 87.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY189.jpg', 'highlights': ['John Mearsheimer emphasizes speaking with compassion and empathy to decrease suffering and reveal common humanity.', 'Mearsheimer believes in the ultimate triumph of truth and love.', 'Mearsheimer acknowledges potential criticisms and expresses determination to improve.']}, {'end': 664.822, 'segs': [{'end': 186.761, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 131.457, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 139.915, 'text': 'in a system like that, you have no choice but to figure out for yourself how best to protect yourself.', 'start': 131.457, 'duration': 8.458}, {'end': 150.306, 'text': 'And the best way to protect yourself is to be powerful, to have as much power as you can possibly gain over all the other states in the system.', 'start': 140.836, 'duration': 9.47}, {'end': 158.554, 'text': 'Therefore, states care about power because it enhances or maximizes their prospects for survival.', 'start': 150.726, 'duration': 7.828}, {'end': 168.327, 'text': 'Second point I would make is that in the realist story or in my story, power is largely a function of material factors.', 'start': 159.295, 'duration': 9.032}, {'end': 175.756, 'text': 'The two key building blocks of power are population size and wealth.', 'start': 169.448, 'duration': 6.308}, {'end': 179.198, 'text': 'You want to have a lot of people and you want to be really wealthy.', 'start': 176.277, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 182.92, 'text': 'Of course, this is why the United States is so powerful.', 'start': 179.618, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 186.761, 'text': 'It has lots of people and it has lots of wealth.', 'start': 183.46, 'duration': 3.301}], 'summary': 'States seek power for survival, based on population and wealth, as seen in the case of the united states.', 'duration': 55.304, 'max_score': 131.457, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY131457.jpg'}, {'end': 332.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 302.811, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 309.035, 'text': 'So the idea is to escape anarchy, you create a state.', 'start': 302.811, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 312.797, 'text': 'And that means you go from anarchy to hierarchy.', 'start': 309.575, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 317.8, 'text': 'The problem in international politics is that there is no world state.', 'start': 313.457, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 319.501, 'text': 'There is no hierarchy.', 'start': 318.22, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 332.089, 'text': "And if you have no hierarchy and you're in an anarchic system, you have no choice but to try to maximize your relative power to make sure you are,", 'start': 320.041, 'duration': 12.048}], 'summary': 'In international politics, without a world state, nations seek to maximize their relative power in an anarchic system.', 'duration': 29.278, 'max_score': 302.811, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY302811.jpg'}, {'end': 376.03, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 350.005, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 358.553, 'text': "the best example of what happens when you're weak in international politics is what the Chinese call the century of national humiliation.", 'start': 350.005, 'duration': 8.548}, {'end': 368.082, 'text': 'From the late 1840s to the late 1940s, the Chinese were remarkably weak, and the great powers in the system preyed upon them.', 'start': 359.434, 'duration': 8.648}, {'end': 374.889, 'text': 'And that sends a very important message to not only the Chinese, but to other states in the system.', 'start': 368.843, 'duration': 6.046}, {'end': 376.03, 'text': "Don't be weak.", 'start': 375.249, 'duration': 0.781}], 'summary': "Chinese weakness in international politics led to century of national humiliation, 1840s-1940s. important message: don't be weak.", 'duration': 26.025, 'max_score': 350.005, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY350005.jpg'}, {'end': 550.169, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 516.799, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 524.706, 'text': 'And if states are concerned about survival which I argue is the principle goal of every state in the international system,', 'start': 516.799, 'duration': 7.907}, {'end': 527.488, 'text': 'for what I think are obvious reasons,', 'start': 524.706, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 535.115, 'text': "then they're going to care about having a powerful military that can protect them if another state comes after them.", 'start': 527.488, 'duration': 7.627}, {'end': 550.169, 'text': "Well, it's not obvious that a large nation with a lot of people and a lot of money should necessarily build a gigantic army and seek to attain superpower like dominant sole superpower status,", 'start': 535.796, 'duration': 14.373}], 'summary': 'States prioritize survival, needing powerful military for protection, not necessarily seeking superpower status.', 'duration': 33.37, 'max_score': 516.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY516799.jpg'}], 'start': 89.363, 'title': 'Power in international politics', 'summary': "Discusses the significance of power as the currency of international relations, emphasizing that power maximizes states' prospects for survival, with population size and wealth being key determinants of power. it also explores the impact of weakness, emphasizing the importance of power, military might, and dominance in the international system, with historical examples such as the chinese 'century of national humiliation' and the pursuit of dominance by the united states.", 'chapters': [{'end': 350.005, 'start': 89.363, 'title': 'Power in international politics', 'summary': "Discusses the significance of power as the currency of international relations, emphasizing that power maximizes states' prospects for survival, with population size and wealth being key determinants of power, in the context of an anarchic world with no higher authority.", 'duration': 260.642, 'highlights': ["Power is the currency of international relations, maximizing states' prospects for survival. States are deeply interested in the balance of power and maximizing how much power they control, as it enhances their prospects for survival.", 'Population size and wealth are key determinants of power, with the United States being powerful due to its large population and wealth. Power is largely a function of material factors, with population size and wealth being the two key building blocks of power.', 'Anarchy in international politics means the absence of hierarchy and higher authority. Anarchy in international politics refers to the absence of hierarchy and higher authority, leading states to compete and maximize their relative power to ensure survival.']}, {'end': 664.822, 'start': 350.005, 'title': 'The will to power in international politics', 'summary': "Explores the impact of weakness in international politics, emphasizing the importance of power, military might, and dominance in the international system, with examples from history such as the chinese 'century of national humiliation' and the pursuit of dominance by the united states.", 'duration': 314.817, 'highlights': ["The importance of power and military might in the international system is emphasized, with examples from history such as the Chinese 'century of national humiliation' and the pursuit of dominance by the United States. Emphasis on the significance of power and military might, historical examples of Chinese 'century of national humiliation' and United States' pursuit of dominance.", 'The impact of weakness in international politics is discussed, highlighting the predatory behavior of great powers towards weaker states and emphasizing the message to avoid weakness and strive for power. Discussion on the predatory behavior of great powers towards weaker states, emphasis on the message to avoid weakness and strive for power.', 'The role of military might in ensuring state survival in the international system is explained, emphasizing the necessity of a powerful military for protection against potential threats. Explanation of the role of military might in ensuring state survival, emphasis on the necessity of a powerful military for protection.']}], 'duration': 575.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY89363.jpg', 'highlights': ["Power maximizes states' prospects for survival in international relations.", 'Population size and wealth are key determinants of power.', 'Anarchy in international politics leads states to compete and maximize their relative power.', 'The importance of power and military might is emphasized in the international system.', 'Weakness in international politics leads to predatory behavior of great powers towards weaker states.', 'Military might is necessary for state survival in the international system.']}, {'end': 1930.225, 'segs': [{'end': 734.987, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 708.734, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 718.379, 'text': "but some of the ideas you already mentioned anarchy between states, everybody's trying to develop military capabilities,", 'start': 708.734, 'duration': 9.645}, {'end': 720.82, 'text': 'uncertainty such an interesting concept.', 'start': 718.379, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 725.483, 'text': 'States cannot be sure that other states will not use military capabilities against them.', 'start': 721.681, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 729.004, 'text': "That's of enormous importance in the story.", 'start': 726.303, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 734.987, 'text': 'And so interesting because you also say that this makes realists more cautious and more peaceful.', 'start': 729.305, 'duration': 5.682}], 'summary': "States' uncertainty leads to caution and peace among realists.", 'duration': 26.253, 'max_score': 708.734, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY708734.jpg'}, {'end': 799.936, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 767.126, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 775.313, 'text': 'Can you just give an overview of the history of the realism versus liberalism debate as worldviews?', 'start': 767.126, 'duration': 8.187}, {'end': 790.585, 'text': 'Well, I think for many centuries now the big divide within the world of international relations theory is between realism and liberalism.', 'start': 776.134, 'duration': 14.451}, {'end': 792.907, 'text': 'These are time-honored debates.', 'start': 791.206, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 794.554, 'text': 'bodies of theory.', 'start': 793.393, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 799.936, 'text': 'And before I tell you what I think the differences are between those two bodies of theory,', 'start': 795.214, 'duration': 4.722}], 'summary': 'Realism vs. liberalism debate in international relations theory for centuries.', 'duration': 32.81, 'max_score': 767.126, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY767126.jpg'}, {'end': 989.341, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 961.937, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 968.303, 'text': "And again, the liberal view, this first liberal theory is that democracies don't fight other democracies.", 'start': 961.937, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 972.067, 'text': 'And therefore, the more democracies you have, the more peaceful the world.', 'start': 968.704, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 982.217, 'text': 'Can I just sort of try to unpack that a little bit? So on the democratic peace theory, I guess would say that in democracies, leaders are elected.', 'start': 972.628, 'duration': 9.589}, {'end': 989.341, 'text': 'and the underlying assumption is most people want peace, and so they will elect peacemakers.', 'start': 983.318, 'duration': 6.023}], 'summary': 'Liberal theory: more democracies lead to a more peaceful world due to the democratic peace theory.', 'duration': 27.404, 'max_score': 961.937, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY961937.jpg'}, {'end': 1172.924, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1126.959, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1136.044, 'text': "or if you and me are two countries and we're economically interdependent and we're both getting prosperous as a result of this economic intercourse,", 'start': 1126.959, 'duration': 9.085}, {'end': 1142.608, 'text': "the last thing that we're gonna do is start a war, either one of us, because who would kill the goose that lays the golden eggs?", 'start': 1136.044, 'duration': 6.564}, {'end': 1144.009, 'text': "It's that kind of argument.", 'start': 1142.768, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1148.572, 'text': 'So there you have an argument that economic interdependence leads to peace.', 'start': 1144.589, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 1156.675, 'text': 'And then the third liberal argument has to do with institutions, sometimes referred to as liberal institutionalism.', 'start': 1149.292, 'duration': 7.383}, {'end': 1165.44, 'text': 'And this is the argument that if you can get states into institutions where they become rule-abiding actors,', 'start': 1156.836, 'duration': 8.604}, {'end': 1172.924, 'text': 'they will obey the rules that dictate that war is not acceptable.', 'start': 1166.56, 'duration': 6.364}], 'summary': 'Economic interdependence and institutions lead to peace, argues liberal theory.', 'duration': 45.965, 'max_score': 1126.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1126959.jpg'}, {'end': 1383.121, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1350.618, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1360.501, 'text': 'who was influenced by nature and therefore had that will to power logic embedded in his thinking about how the world works right?', 'start': 1350.618, 'duration': 9.883}, {'end': 1362.922, 'text': 'He was a human nature realist.', 'start': 1360.801, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 1366.503, 'text': "Okay I'm a structural realist.", 'start': 1363.562, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 1376.497, 'text': "And I believe it's not human nature, it's not individuals and some will to power that drives competition and war.", 'start': 1367.631, 'duration': 8.866}, {'end': 1381.88, 'text': 'What drives competition and war is the structure of the system.', 'start': 1377.277, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 1383.121, 'text': "It's anarchy.", 'start': 1382.321, 'duration': 0.8}], 'summary': 'Debating the influence of nature on driving competition and war, with one arguing for human nature realism and the other for structural realism.', 'duration': 32.503, 'max_score': 1350.618, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1350618.jpg'}, {'end': 1497.68, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1440.611, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1447.634, 'text': 'because the argument the defense of realists make is that if you try to gain more power, the system will punish you.', 'start': 1440.611, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 1449.535, 'text': 'The structure will punish you.', 'start': 1448.014, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1453.531, 'text': "I'm not a defensive realist.", 'start': 1451.11, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 1455.132, 'text': "I'm an offensive realist.", 'start': 1453.751, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 1461.694, 'text': 'And my argument is that states look for opportunities to gain more power.', 'start': 1455.592, 'duration': 6.102}, {'end': 1470.138, 'text': 'And every time they see, or almost every time they see, an opportunity to gain more power, um,', 'start': 1462.195, 'duration': 7.943}, {'end': 1475, 'text': 'and they think the likelihood of success is high and the cost will not be great.', 'start': 1470.138, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 1477.721, 'text': "They'll jump at that opportunity.", 'start': 1475.4, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 1484.23, 'text': 'Just to link on the human nature perspective.', 'start': 1479.947, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 1487.192, 'text': 'how do you explain Hitler and Nazi Germany?', 'start': 1484.23, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 1497.68, 'text': 'Just one of the more recent aggressive expansions through military might.', 'start': 1490.495, 'duration': 7.185}], 'summary': "Offensive realists argue states seek power through opportunities, exemplified by hitler's aggressive expansion.", 'duration': 57.069, 'max_score': 1440.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1440611.jpg'}, {'end': 1586.086, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1537.794, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1545.12, 'text': 'It was deeply worried about the balance of power in Europe, and it had strong incentives to behave aggressively.', 'start': 1537.794, 'duration': 7.326}, {'end': 1549.483, 'text': 'in the late 1930s, early 1940s.', 'start': 1547.442, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 1553.425, 'text': 'So I believe that structure mattered.', 'start': 1551.224, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 1562.61, 'text': 'However, I want to qualify that in the case of Adolf Hitler, because I do think he had what you would call a will to power.', 'start': 1554.046, 'duration': 8.564}, {'end': 1571.475, 'text': "I've never used that word to describe him before, but it's consistent with my point that I often make that there are two leaders,", 'start': 1562.75, 'duration': 8.725}, {'end': 1578.98, 'text': 'or there have been two leaders in modern history who are congenital aggressors.', 'start': 1571.475, 'duration': 7.505}, {'end': 1582.883, 'text': 'uh, and one was napoleon and the other was hitler.', 'start': 1578.98, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 1586.086, 'text': 'now, if you want to call that a will to power, you can do that.', 'start': 1582.883, 'duration': 3.203}], 'summary': 'In the late 1930s and early 1940s, hitler had a will to power, expressing congenital aggression akin to napoleon.', 'duration': 48.292, 'max_score': 1537.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1537794.jpg'}, {'end': 1693.467, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1664.603, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1669.808, 'text': "he's in power and then the question of what is driving him comes racing to the fore.", 'start': 1664.603, 'duration': 5.205}, {'end': 1676.394, 'text': 'Is there resentment over the Versailles Treaty and what happened to Germany??', 'start': 1671.47, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 1677.375, 'text': 'Yes,', 'start': 1676.994, 'duration': 0.381}, {'end': 1679.376, 'text': 'Did that matter? Yes.', 'start': 1677.755, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1688.283, 'text': "But my argument is that structure was the principal factor driving the train in Hitler's case.", 'start': 1680.077, 'duration': 8.206}, {'end': 1689.825, 'text': "But what I'm..", 'start': 1688.624, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 1693.467, 'text': 'saying here is that there were other factors as well.', 'start': 1690.445, 'duration': 3.022}], 'summary': "Hitler's rise to power was driven by structural factors, with other contributing factors as well.", 'duration': 28.864, 'max_score': 1664.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1664603.jpg'}, {'end': 1799.172, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1772.935, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 1787.022, 'text': 'i also believe that one of the principal reasons that he was so popular and he was wildly popular inside nazi germany is because he was the only leader of an industrialized country who pulled his country out of the depression,', 'start': 1772.935, 'duration': 14.087}, {'end': 1789.584, 'text': 'And that really mattered.', 'start': 1788.463, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 1794.428, 'text': 'And it made him very effective.', 'start': 1791.165, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 1799.172, 'text': "It's also worth noting that he was a remarkably charismatic individual.", 'start': 1794.968, 'duration': 4.204}], 'summary': 'Hitler was popular in nazi germany for pulling the country out of depression, making him effective and charismatic.', 'duration': 26.237, 'max_score': 1772.935, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1772935.jpg'}, {'end': 1883.001, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1850.387, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 1857.33, 'text': 'And still to you, the ties of history turn not on individuals, but on structural considerations.', 'start': 1850.387, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 1868.916, 'text': 'So Hitler may be a surface layer characteristics of how Germany started war, but not really the reason.', 'start': 1858.011, 'duration': 10.905}, {'end': 1874.534, 'text': 'History is a multidimensional phenomenon.', 'start': 1871.232, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1875.055, 'text': 'So I hear.', 'start': 1874.554, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 1878.657, 'text': "We're talking about interstate relations here.", 'start': 1875.875, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 1883.001, 'text': 'Yes Realism is a theory about how states interact with each other.', 'start': 1878.697, 'duration': 4.304}], 'summary': 'History is multidimensional, not dependent on individuals. realism theory explains interstate relations.', 'duration': 32.614, 'max_score': 1850.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1850387.jpg'}], 'start': 664.822, 'title': 'Realism vs liberalism in international relations', 'summary': "Explores the differences between realism and liberalism, focusing on anarchy, military capabilities, and uncertainty. it also discusses liberal theories of peace including democratic peace theory, economic interdependence theory, and liberal institutionalism, along with realist theory in international relations, and structural factors in hitler's rise to power and the outbreak of world war ii.", 'chapters': [{'end': 961.537, 'start': 664.822, 'title': 'The realism vs liberalism debate', 'summary': 'Discusses the key differences between realism and liberalism in international relations, emphasizing the impact of anarchy, military capabilities, and uncertainty, and contrasting the realist view of power competition and war as an instrument of statecraft with the more optimistic and peaceful perspective of liberal theories, particularly democratic peace theory.', 'duration': 296.715, 'highlights': ['The key divide in international relations theory is between realism and liberalism, with realists emphasizing power competition and war as an instrument of statecraft, while liberals have a more optimistic and peaceful view, particularly through theories like democratic peace theory. The chapter highlights the fundamental differences between realism and liberalism in international relations theory, where realists prioritize power competition and war as an instrument of statecraft, while liberals hold a more peaceful view, particularly through theories like democratic peace theory.', "The impact of anarchy, military capabilities, and uncertainty is emphasized, highlighting how states cannot be sure that other states will not use military capabilities against them, leading to cautious approaches in international politics. The discussion underscores the significance of anarchy, military capabilities, and uncertainty in international relations, particularly in fostering cautious approaches due to the inability of states to be certain about others' intentions and use of military capabilities.", "The theory of democratic peace suggests that democracies do not fight against each other, leading to a more peaceful world as the number of liberal democracies increases, contrasting the realist perspective that all states behave the same way due to the structure of the international system. The theory of democratic peace is presented, asserting that as the number of liberal democracies increases, the world becomes more peaceful as democracies do not engage in conflicts with each other, contrasting the realist perspective that all states, regardless of their political system, behave similarly due to the international system's structure."]}, {'end': 1324.498, 'start': 961.937, 'title': 'Liberal theories of peace', 'summary': 'Discusses the democratic peace theory, economic interdependence theory, and liberal institutionalism as liberal perspectives on international peace, with a focus on the underlying assumptions and arguments for each theory.', 'duration': 362.561, 'highlights': ["The democratic peace theory argues that in democracies, leaders are elected based on the assumption that most people want peace, leading to a more peaceful world with more democracies. The democratic peace theory posits that the presence of more democracies leads to a more peaceful world as it assumes that elected leaders in democracies are inclined towards peace, reflecting the majority's desire for peace.", 'The economic interdependence theory suggests that economic interdependence between countries leads to peace as engaging in war would risk the prosperity gained from economic intercourse. The economic interdependence theory posits that countries engaged in economic interdependence are less likely to initiate war as it would jeopardize the prosperity derived from the economic relationship.', 'Liberal institutionalism argues that getting states into rule-abiding institutions will result in a more peaceful world as states will adhere to rules that prohibit war. Liberal institutionalism contends that states abiding by international rules within institutions, such as the UN, would lead to a more peaceful world by discouraging war initiation through rule adherence.']}, {'end': 1614.066, 'start': 1324.898, 'title': 'Realist theory in international relations', 'summary': 'Delves into the distinctions between structural realists and human nature realists, emphasizing the impact of system structure on competition and war, while exploring the perspectives of offensive and defensive realism, with an emphasis on the driving forces behind state behavior and historical examples supporting the theories.', 'duration': 289.168, 'highlights': ['Structural realists and human nature realists are the first big divide among realists, with a focus on the impact of system structure on competition and war.', 'The distinction between offensive and defensive realists lies in the belief that the structure of the system fosters competition and the approach towards gaining more power.', 'The discussion of Hitler and Nazi Germany illustrates the interplay between structural considerations and individual leadership in initiating aggressive expansions through military might.', 'The historical examples of Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany highlight the influence of power dynamics and structural incentives on state behavior, emphasizing the role of system structure in driving aggression.', "The reference to Adolf Hitler and Napoleon as congenital aggressors provides insight into the concept of 'will to power' in the context of state leadership and aggressive behavior."]}, {'end': 1930.225, 'start': 1614.066, 'title': "Structural factors in hitler's rise", 'summary': "Discusses the influence of structural factors, such as the impact of the versailles treaty, the great depression, and the resentment within the german populace, in driving hitler's rise to power and the outbreak of world war ii, emphasizing the significance of structural considerations over individual characteristics.", 'duration': 316.159, 'highlights': ["The structural factors, such as the impact of the Versailles Treaty, the Great Depression, and the resentment within the German populace, played a significant role in driving Hitler's rise to power. The impact of the Versailles Treaty, the Great Depression, and the resentment within the German populace were key factors in Hitler's rise to power.", "Hitler's ability to pull Germany out of the depression made him popular and effective as a leader. Hitler's success in pulling Germany out of the depression contributed to his popularity and effectiveness as a leader.", 'Realism theory emphasizes the role of structural considerations over individual characteristics in understanding international politics. Realism theory focuses on explaining security competition and great power war, highlighting the influence of structural considerations over individual characteristics in international politics.']}], 'duration': 1265.403, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY664822.jpg', 'highlights': ['The key divide in international relations theory is between realism and liberalism, with realists emphasizing power competition and war as an instrument of statecraft, while liberals have a more optimistic and peaceful view, particularly through theories like democratic peace theory.', 'The impact of anarchy, military capabilities, and uncertainty is emphasized, highlighting how states cannot be sure that other states will not use military capabilities against them, leading to cautious approaches in international politics.', 'The theory of democratic peace suggests that democracies do not fight against each other, leading to a more peaceful world as the number of liberal democracies increases, contrasting the realist perspective that all states behave the same way due to the structure of the international system.', 'The democratic peace theory argues that in democracies, leaders are elected based on the assumption that most people want peace, leading to a more peaceful world with more democracies.', 'The economic interdependence theory suggests that economic interdependence between countries leads to peace as engaging in war would risk the prosperity gained from economic intercourse.', 'Liberal institutionalism argues that getting states into rule-abiding institutions will result in a more peaceful world as states will adhere to rules that prohibit war.', 'Structural realists and human nature realists are the first big divide among realists, with a focus on the impact of system structure on competition and war.', 'The distinction between offensive and defensive realists lies in the belief that the structure of the system fosters competition and the approach towards gaining more power.', 'The discussion of Hitler and Nazi Germany illustrates the interplay between structural considerations and individual leadership in initiating aggressive expansions through military might.', 'The historical examples of Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany highlight the influence of power dynamics and structural incentives on state behavior, emphasizing the role of system structure in driving aggression.', "The reference to Adolf Hitler and Napoleon as congenital aggressors provides insight into the concept of 'will to power' in the context of state leadership and aggressive behavior.", "The structural factors, such as the impact of the Versailles Treaty, the Great Depression, and the resentment within the German populace, played a significant role in driving Hitler's rise to power.", "Hitler's ability to pull Germany out of the depression made him popular and effective as a leader.", 'Realism theory emphasizes the role of structural considerations over individual characteristics in understanding international politics.']}, {'end': 3974.978, 'segs': [{'end': 1987.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1956.702, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1962.426, 'text': "I've spent a lot of time studying German decision-making in World War II.", 'start': 1956.702, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 1968.09, 'text': 'If you look at the German decision to invade Poland on September 1st, 1939, and you look at the..', 'start': 1962.746, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 1978.412, 'text': 'German decision made France on May 10th, 1940, and then the Soviet Union on June 22nd, 1941.', 'start': 1970.95, 'duration': 7.462}, {'end': 1987.094, 'text': 'What you see is there was actually quite a bit of resistance to Hitler in 1938 at the time of Czechoslovakia, Munich.', 'start': 1978.412, 'duration': 8.682}], 'summary': 'Studied german decision-making in ww2, showing resistance to hitler in 1938.', 'duration': 30.392, 'max_score': 1956.702, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1956702.jpg'}, {'end': 2038.483, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2008.024, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2015.969, 'text': 'the thought of starting another european war was not especially attractive to lots of german policy makers, including military leaders.', 'start': 2008.024, 'duration': 7.945}, {'end': 2018.471, 'text': 'And then came France 1940..', 'start': 2017.23, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 2029.978, 'text': 'In the run-up to May 10th, 1940, there was huge resistance in the German army to attacking France.', 'start': 2018.471, 'duration': 11.507}, {'end': 2038.483, 'text': 'But that was eventually eliminated because they came up with a clever plan, the Manstein Plan.', 'start': 2031.519, 'duration': 6.964}], 'summary': 'Resistance to attacking france in 1940 was overcome with the manstein plan.', 'duration': 30.459, 'max_score': 2008.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY2008024.jpg'}, {'end': 2160.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2130.244, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2136.208, 'text': 'And there were all sorts of reasons to think that they were no match for the Wehrmacht.', 'start': 2130.244, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 2142.111, 'text': 'And if you look at what happened in the initial stages of the conflict, that proved to be the case.', 'start': 2136.788, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 2149.396, 'text': 'The Germans won a lot of significant tactical victories early on.', 'start': 2143.452, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 2160.963, 'text': "And if they focused and went to Moscow as quickly as possible, it's, again, terrifyingly so, could have been basically topple, topple Stalin.", 'start': 2149.596, 'duration': 11.367}], 'summary': 'Germans won significant tactical victories early on, potentially toppling stalin.', 'duration': 30.719, 'max_score': 2130.244, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY2130244.jpg'}, {'end': 2491.918, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2408.423, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2414.044, 'text': 'By December of 1941, the Germans have murdered 2 million Soviet POWs.', 'start': 2408.423, 'duration': 5.621}, {'end': 2419.585, 'text': 'At that point in time, they had murdered many more POWs than they had murdered Jews.', 'start': 2414.344, 'duration': 5.241}, {'end': 2426.17, 'text': 'And this is not to deny for one second that they were on a murderous rampage when it came to Jews,', 'start': 2420.345, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 2434.037, 'text': 'but they were also on a murderous rampage when it came to Soviet citizens and Soviet soldiers right?', 'start': 2426.17, 'duration': 7.867}, {'end': 2441.503, 'text': 'So those Soviet soldiers quickly came to understand that they were fighting for their lives.', 'start': 2434.577, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 2444.345, 'text': 'If they were taken prisoner, they would die.', 'start': 2441.943, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 2447.368, 'text': 'So they fought like wild dogs.', 'start': 2445.146, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 2454.045, 'text': 'Yeah, you know, the story of the Holocaust of the six million Jews is often told extensively.', 'start': 2448.14, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 2459.689, 'text': 'If Hitler won, conquered the Soviet Union.', 'start': 2454.605, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 2463.773, 'text': "it's terrifying to think on a much grander scale than the Holocaust.", 'start': 2459.689, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 2467.976, 'text': 'what would have happened to the Slavic people, to the Soviet people?', 'start': 2463.773, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 2471.119, 'text': 'Absolutely All you have to do is read The Hunger Plan.', 'start': 2468.757, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 2476.324, 'text': 'And they also had a plan what is it called?', 'start': 2472.44, 'duration': 3.884}, {'end': 2486.355, 'text': 'Grand Planned East I forget the exact name of it which made it clear that they were gonna murder many tens of millions of people.', 'start': 2476.384, 'duration': 9.971}, {'end': 2491.918, 'text': 'And by the way, I believe that they would have murdered all the Poles and all the Roma.', 'start': 2486.655, 'duration': 5.263}], 'summary': 'Germans murdered 2 million soviet pows by december 1941, also planned to murder tens of millions more.', 'duration': 83.495, 'max_score': 2408.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY2408423.jpg'}, {'end': 2771.848, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2722.509, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2731.695, 'text': "Well, if he was interested Putin in conquering all of Ukraine, why, in God's name, would he be negotiating with Zelensky to end the war?", 'start': 2722.509, 'duration': 9.186}, {'end': 2740.28, 'text': 'And, of course, what they were negotiating about was NATO expansion into Ukraine, which was the principal cause of the war.', 'start': 2732.375, 'duration': 7.905}, {'end': 2747.535, 'text': "Uh, people in the West don't want to hear that argument, because if it is true, which it is,", 'start': 2741.409, 'duration': 6.126}, {'end': 2750.959, 'text': 'then the West is principally responsible for this bloodbath.', 'start': 2747.535, 'duration': 3.424}, {'end': 2752.32, 'text': "that's now taking place.", 'start': 2750.959, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 2756.464, 'text': "And of course the West doesn't want to be principally responsible.", 'start': 2752.821, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 2758.967, 'text': 'It wants to blame Vladimir Putin.', 'start': 2756.845, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 2762.03, 'text': "So we've invented this story out of whole cloth.", 'start': 2759.327, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 2771.848, 'text': "that he is an aggressor, that he's the second coming of Adolf Hitler, and that what he did in Ukraine was try to conquer all of it.", 'start': 2762.491, 'duration': 9.357}], 'summary': "Negotiations with zelensky indicate putin's disinterest in conquering ukraine; nato expansion was a key negotiation point, implicating the west's responsibility for the war.", 'duration': 49.339, 'max_score': 2722.509, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY2722509.jpg'}, {'end': 2926.142, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2901.192, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 2908.298, 'text': 'They made it clear in 2004 after the second tranche that they were profoundly unhappy with that expansion.', 'start': 2901.192, 'duration': 7.106}, {'end': 2918.058, 'text': 'And then, in April 2008,, when NATO announced that Ukraine and Georgia would become part of NATO,', 'start': 2909.474, 'duration': 8.584}, {'end': 2923.841, 'text': 'they made it unequivocally clear not just Putin that that was not gonna happen.', 'start': 2918.058, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 2926.142, 'text': 'They were drawing a red line in the sand.', 'start': 2924.141, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': "In 2004, dissatisfaction expressed after second tranche; in 2008, nato's announcement on ukraine and georgia was firmly rejected.", 'duration': 24.95, 'max_score': 2901.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY2901192.jpg'}, {'end': 3087.532, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3063.593, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3070.923, 'text': "And as I've argued for a long time now, we, the West, are principally responsible for that, not Vladimir Putin.", 'start': 3063.593, 'duration': 7.33}, {'end': 3075.53, 'text': 'So the expansion of NATO is primarily responsible for that.', 'start': 3071.929, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 3084.352, 'text': "Yeah To put it in more general terms, what we were trying to do was turn Ukraine into a Western bulwark on Russia's border.", 'start': 3075.55, 'duration': 8.802}, {'end': 3087.532, 'text': "And it really wasn't NATO expansion alone.", 'start': 3084.932, 'duration': 2.6}], 'summary': 'Nato expansion, led by the west, is primarily responsible for the conflict, not vladimir putin.', 'duration': 23.939, 'max_score': 3063.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3063593.jpg'}, {'end': 3232.018, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3200.343, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 3207.747, 'text': 'the breakup of the Soviet Union and he accepted the status quo in Europe,', 'start': 3200.343, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 3212.75, 'text': 'save for the fact he did not accept the idea that Ukraine would become part of NATO.', 'start': 3207.747, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 3216.532, 'text': "He's been in power for over two decades.", 'start': 3213.41, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 3225.192, 'text': "Is there a degree that power can affect a leader's ability to see the world clearly? as they say, corrupt.", 'start': 3217.032, 'duration': 8.16}, {'end': 3232.018, 'text': 'Do you think power has corrupted Vladimir Putin to a degree??', 'start': 3227.534, 'duration': 4.484}], 'summary': "Vladimir putin has been in power for over two decades and opposes ukraine's nato membership, raising concerns about the impact of power on his clarity and integrity.", 'duration': 31.675, 'max_score': 3200.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3200343.jpg'}, {'end': 3313.987, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3286.73, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 3298.417, 'text': "And I don't see any evidence that he's either lost speed off his fastball or that power has corrupted his thinking about strategic affairs.", 'start': 3286.73, 'duration': 11.687}, {'end': 3305.317, 'text': 'So he has consistently put, as a primary concern, security.', 'start': 3299.451, 'duration': 5.866}, {'end': 3312.285, 'text': "As does the United States, he's put for Russia security, making sure that NATO doesn't get close to its borders.", 'start': 3306.559, 'duration': 5.726}, {'end': 3313.987, 'text': "I think that's clear, yeah.", 'start': 3312.605, 'duration': 1.382}], 'summary': 'Leader prioritizes security, prevents nato approach to russia.', 'duration': 27.257, 'max_score': 3286.73, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3286730.jpg'}, {'end': 3483.541, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3460.198, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 3468.925, 'text': "they're, they're just much more vulnerable, uh, than we are and and therefore, i think putin tends to be more sensitive about security, uh.", 'start': 3460.198, 'duration': 8.727}, {'end': 3471.267, 'text': 'than any american president in recent times.', 'start': 3468.925, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 3474.456, 'text': 'Europe on one side, China on the other side.', 'start': 3471.935, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 3476.517, 'text': "It's a complicated situation.", 'start': 3474.476, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 3483.541, 'text': 'Yeah, and we talked before about 1812, when Napoleon invaded and Moscow got burned to the ground.', 'start': 3476.738, 'duration': 6.803}], 'summary': 'Putin is more sensitive about security than recent us presidents due to vulnerability. europe and china are factors in the complicated situation.', 'duration': 23.343, 'max_score': 3460.198, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3460198.jpg'}, {'end': 3570.126, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3541.988, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 3548.033, 'text': "If you're going to be a first-class strategist in international politics, you have to be able to do that.", 'start': 3541.988, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 3555.957, 'text': "you have to put yourself in the shoes of the other side and think about how they think so you don't make foolish mistakes.", 'start': 3548.553, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 3565.803, 'text': 'And as a starting point, Americans tend to see themselves as the good guys and a set of others as the bad guys, and you have to be able to empathize.', 'start': 3556.157, 'duration': 9.646}, {'end': 3570.126, 'text': 'that Russians think of themselves as the good guys.', 'start': 3565.803, 'duration': 4.323}], 'summary': "To be a top strategist, understand others' perspectives. americans see themselves as good, while russians do too.", 'duration': 28.138, 'max_score': 3541.988, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3541988.jpg'}, {'end': 3823.382, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3797.954, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 3810.339, 'text': 'I think the best you can hope for at this point is at some point the shooting stops, you have a ceasefire, and then you have a frozen conflict.', 'start': 3797.954, 'duration': 12.385}, {'end': 3815.58, 'text': 'And that frozen conflict will not be highly stable.', 'start': 3811.859, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 3823.382, 'text': "And the Ukrainians in the West will do everything they can to weaken Russia's position.", 'start': 3816.661, 'duration': 6.721}], 'summary': 'Ceasefire hoped; expect frozen conflict; ukrainians to weaken russia.', 'duration': 25.428, 'max_score': 3797.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3797954.jpg'}, {'end': 3919.574, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3889.136, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 3895.1, 'text': 'It seems that from an economic perspective, from a historic perspective, from a human perspective, both nations are losing.', 'start': 3889.136, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 3915.153, 'text': "Is it possible for Vladimir Zelensky and Vladimir Putin to sit down and talk and to figure out a way where the security concerns are addressed and both nations can minimize the amount of suffering that's happening?", 'start': 3895.64, 'duration': 19.513}, {'end': 3919.574, 'text': 'and create a path towards future flourishing??', 'start': 3915.593, 'duration': 3.981}], 'summary': 'Both nations are losing economically, historically, and humanly. can zelensky and putin address security and minimize suffering for a path to future flourishing?', 'duration': 30.438, 'max_score': 3889.136, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3889136.jpg'}], 'start': 1930.745, 'title': 'Understanding international politics', 'summary': "Delves into various aspects including hitler's military strategy, soviet bravery in world war ii, nato expansion and the war in ukraine, vladimir putin's strategic thinking, and the necessity for empathizing with other countries in international politics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2240.48, 'start': 1930.745, 'title': "Hitler's military strategy in world war ii", 'summary': "Explores hitler's military decision-making in world war ii, highlighting the resistance within germany to various invasions and the potential for a different outcome if strategic decisions had been altered, ultimately discussing the possibility of a different outcome for the soviet union invasion.", 'duration': 309.735, 'highlights': ['Resistance within Germany to various invasions, including doubts about the readiness of the Wehrmacht and the unattractiveness of starting another European war, particularly in the run-up to the invasion of France in 1940. There was significant internal resistance within the German army to attacking France and doubts about the readiness of the Wehrmacht, highlighting the reluctance to start another European war.', "Hitler's decision to invade the Soviet Union in 1941 and the lack of resistance within Germany to this decision, despite the subsequent failure in the Soviet Union. The decision to invade the Soviet Union faced little resistance within Germany, despite the subsequent failure, and highlighted the potential for a different outcome if strategic decisions had been altered.", 'Discussion of the potential for a different outcome if the Germans had concentrated on going deep into Ukraine and the Caucasus instead of targeting Moscow in 1941. There is a discussion of the possibility of a different outcome if the Germans had focused on going deep into Ukraine and the Caucasus instead of targeting Moscow, raising the potential for a different outcome in the conflict with the Soviet Union.']}, {'end': 2518.265, 'start': 2240.8, 'title': "Soviet's bravery in world war ii", 'summary': 'Highlights the bravery of soviet soldiers in world war ii, driven by the genocidal threat from the germans, with 2 million soviet pows murdered by december 1941 and the potential for mass genocide if hitler had conquered the soviet union.', 'duration': 277.465, 'highlights': ['2 million Soviet POWs murdered by December 1941 By December of 1941, the Germans had murdered 2 million Soviet POWs, driving the Soviet soldiers to fight fiercely as they understood that being taken prisoner meant certain death.', "Potential for mass genocide if Hitler had conquered the Soviet Union The transcript discusses The Hunger Plan and the Grand Plan East, indicating the Germans' intention to murder tens of millions of Slavic people, including Poles, Roma, and Soviet citizens, revealing the genocidal threat faced by the Soviet people.", 'Comparison to the story of the Holocaust The chapter draws a comparison between the extensive narration of the Holocaust and the terrifying potential consequences for the Slavic and Soviet people if Hitler had conquered the Soviet Union, emphasizing the gravity of the situation.']}, {'end': 3138.866, 'start': 2518.605, 'title': 'Nato expansion and the war in ukraine', 'summary': "Discusses the war in ukraine, attributing it to nato expansion and emphasizing that the west is principally responsible for the conflict, not vladimir putin, based on the history of nato expansion and its impact on russia's security interests.", 'duration': 620.261, 'highlights': ["The West's NATO expansion is primarily responsible for the war in Ukraine, as it was a key element of the strategy to turn Ukraine into a pro-Western bulwark on Russia's border, leading to Russia's clear opposition to Ukraine's NATO membership.", "The war in Ukraine is attributed to NATO expansion, supported by historical events such as the Bucharest summit in April 2008, where NATO declared Ukraine's future membership, and the subsequent opposition from Russia and certain European leaders, indicating Russia's stance on NATO expansion.", "The conventional wisdom attributing the war to Putin's imperialist and expansionist motives is challenged, emphasizing the lack of evidence to support the argument that Putin sought to conquer all of Ukraine with 190,000 troops, highlighting the implausibility of the claim.", "Putin's negotiation with Zelensky to end the war immediately after it started is presented as evidence against the narrative of Putin's intent to conquer all of Ukraine, with the negotiations addressing the principal cause of the war, which is NATO expansion into Ukraine.", "The transcripts highlight the history of NATO expansion, including the opposition from Russia and the warning signs from leaders like Angela Merkel, indicating that the West's continuation of pushing NATO expansion despite these warnings has led to the current conflict in Ukraine."]}, {'end': 3521.737, 'start': 3139.707, 'title': "Vladimir putin's strategic thinking", 'summary': "Discusses vladimir putin's strategic thinking, emphasizing his acceptance of the soviet union's breakup, concerns about russia's security, and his formidable strategic abilities, while addressing the impact of power on his leadership.", 'duration': 382.03, 'highlights': ['Vladimir Putin has accepted the breakup of the Soviet Union and the status quo in Europe, except for the idea of Ukraine joining NATO, showcasing his clear strategic stance. (Relevance: 5)', "Putin is recognized as a first-class strategist who prioritizes Russia's security, demonstrating his formidable abilities in dealing with the West and the international system. (Relevance: 4)", "Vladimir Putin's deep concern about Russia's security and vulnerability, particularly in comparison to the United States, due to its historical challenges and geopolitical positioning. (Relevance: 3)", "Putin's recognition of Russia's historical vulnerabilities, including the national humiliation in the 1990s, and his cautious approach in playing what he perceived as a weak hand, highlighting his strategic acumen. (Relevance: 2)", "The chapter provides insights into Putin's clear strategic priorities and concerns about Russia's security, shedding light on the impact of historical vulnerabilities on his leadership. (Relevance: 1)"]}, {'end': 3974.978, 'start': 3521.737, 'title': 'Understanding international politics', 'summary': 'Discusses the necessity for americans to empathize with other countries, the impact of nato expansion on russia, the bleak outlook for peace in ukraine, and the potential for human-to-human dialogue to mitigate suffering in the conflict.', 'duration': 453.241, 'highlights': ['Americans need to empathize with other countries to avoid making foolish mistakes in international politics.', 'NATO expansion has threatened Russia, leading to a bleak outlook for peace in Ukraine.', 'The best hope for peace in Ukraine is a ceasefire resulting in a frozen conflict, with potential for continued security competition and escalation.', 'Human-to-human dialogue between Zelensky and Putin could potentially minimize suffering, but the involvement of the United States complicates the situation.']}], 'duration': 2044.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY1930745.jpg', 'highlights': ['Resistance within Germany to invading France in 1940, highlighting reluctance to start another war.', "Hitler's decision to invade the Soviet Union faced little resistance within Germany, despite subsequent failure.", 'Discussion of potential different outcome if Germans had focused on Ukraine and Caucasus in 1941.', '2 million Soviet POWs murdered by December 1941, driving fierce Soviet resistance.', 'The Hunger Plan and Grand Plan East revealed genocidal threat faced by Soviet people.', 'Comparison drawn between Holocaust and potential consequences for Slavic and Soviet people.', "NATO expansion primarily responsible for war in Ukraine, leading to Russia's opposition.", "Challenging the narrative of Putin's imperialist motives in Ukraine, emphasizing lack of evidence.", "Putin's negotiation with Zelensky addressing principal cause of war, NATO expansion into Ukraine.", "Putin's acceptance of Soviet Union breakup and status quo in Europe, except for Ukraine joining NATO.", "Recognition of Putin as a first-class strategist prioritizing Russia's security.", "Putin's deep concern about Russia's security and vulnerability compared to the United States.", 'Americans need to empathize with other countries to avoid making foolish mistakes in international politics.', 'NATO expansion has threatened Russia, leading to a bleak outlook for peace in Ukraine.', 'Best hope for peace in Ukraine is a ceasefire resulting in a frozen conflict, with potential for continued security competition and escalation.', 'Human-to-human dialogue between Zelensky and Putin could potentially minimize suffering.']}, {'end': 4730.526, 'segs': [{'end': 4027.921, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4001.733, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4010.417, 'text': 'And what happens to produce failure? The answer is the United States and Britain get involved and tell Zelensky to walk.', 'start': 4001.733, 'duration': 8.684}, {'end': 4012.718, 'text': 'They tell Zelensky to walk.', 'start': 4011.397, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 4024.099, 'text': 'If they had come in and encouraged Zelensky to try to figure out a way with Putin to shut this one down and worked with Bennett and worked with Erdogan,', 'start': 4013.638, 'duration': 10.461}, {'end': 4027.921, 'text': 'we might have been able to shut the war down then, but it was the United States.', 'start': 4024.099, 'duration': 3.822}], 'summary': "Us and britain's involvement led to failure as they told zelensky to walk, hindering peace efforts with putin, bennett, and erdogan.", 'duration': 26.188, 'max_score': 4001.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4001733.jpg'}, {'end': 4253.308, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4225.242, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4228.745, 'text': 'you may be able to head that kind of aggression off at the pass.', 'start': 4225.242, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 4238.433, 'text': "In other words, you may be able to limit Putin and Russia to annexing the four oblasts that they've now annexed plus Crimea.", 'start': 4229.045, 'duration': 9.388}, {'end': 4240.735, 'text': "That's the best I think you can hope for.", 'start': 4238.893, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 4244.178, 'text': 'But the point is you have to get the Ukrainians to accept that.', 'start': 4241.175, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 4253.308, 'text': 'You have to get the Ukrainians to accept becoming a truly neutral state and conceding that the Russians keep a big chunk of territory.', 'start': 4244.778, 'duration': 8.53}], 'summary': "To limit putin's aggression, ukraine may need to accept a truly neutral state and concede some territory to russia.", 'duration': 28.066, 'max_score': 4225.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4225242.jpg'}, {'end': 4380.717, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4361.265, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4378.956, 'text': "do you believe it's possible for individual human relations to counteract the structural forces that you talk about? So meaning the leaders being able to pick up the phone and make agreements that are good for humanity as a whole and for their individual nations in the long term?", 'start': 4361.265, 'duration': 17.691}, {'end': 4380.717, 'text': 'I think leadership matters here.', 'start': 4379.076, 'duration': 1.641}], 'summary': 'Individual human relations can counteract structural forces with effective leadership.', 'duration': 19.452, 'max_score': 4361.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4361265.jpg'}, {'end': 4500.925, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4471.811, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4479.675, 'text': 'uh, Putin is profoundly upset about these admissions by these three leaders.', 'start': 4471.811, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 4484.717, 'text': 'He believes he was fooled into thinking that Minsk could work.', 'start': 4480.235, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 4489.259, 'text': 'He believes that he negotiated in good faith and they did not.', 'start': 4485.157, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 4500.925, 'text': 'And he believes that the level of trust now between Russia and the West is virtually zero as a result of this experience over Minsk.', 'start': 4490.199, 'duration': 10.726}], 'summary': 'Putin upset over minsk negotiations, trust at virtually zero with west.', 'duration': 29.114, 'max_score': 4471.811, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4471811.jpg'}, {'end': 4614.725, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4585.731, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4600.076, 'text': "When you're the leader of a country in an anarchic system, you have to be very careful not to let your trust in a foreign leader take you too far,", 'start': 4585.731, 'duration': 14.345}, {'end': 4606.558, 'text': 'because if that foreign leader betrays you or betrays your trust and stabs you in the back, you could die.', 'start': 4600.076, 'duration': 6.482}, {'end': 4614.725, 'text': "and again, you want to remember that the principal responsibility of any leader, i don't care what country it is,", 'start': 4607.498, 'duration': 7.227}], 'summary': 'In an anarchic system, leaders must cautiously trust foreign leaders to avoid betrayal and potential harm.', 'duration': 28.994, 'max_score': 4585.731, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4585731.jpg'}], 'start': 3975.319, 'title': "Us and britain's role in ukraine conflict", 'summary': "Discusses the impact of us and britain's involvement on the failure of the zelensky-putin agreement, preventing potential war shutdown, and emphasizes the challenges in resolving the ukraine crisis, including the failure of minsk agreements and leadership trust issues.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4057.211, 'start': 3975.319, 'title': "Us and britain's role in ukraine conflict", 'summary': "Discusses how the united states and britain's involvement led to the failure of an agreement between zelensky and putin, preventing the potential shutdown of the war. it also highlights the impact of individual leaders in international relations, particularly in regard to nato expansion.", 'duration': 81.892, 'highlights': ["The United States and Britain's involvement led to the failure of an agreement between Zelensky and Putin, preventing the potential shutdown of the war.", 'The impact of individual leaders in international relations, particularly in regard to NATO expansion, is emphasized.', 'Bennett made significant progress in reaching an agreement between Zelensky and Putin, but the involvement of the United States and Britain led to the failure.', 'The power of individual leaders, such as Biden or Trump, in influencing international relations and agreements, is highlighted.']}, {'end': 4730.526, 'start': 4057.211, 'title': 'Resolving the ukraine crisis', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential solutions to the ukraine crisis, emphasizing the need for ukraine to become neutral, accept russian annexations, and the importance of leadership trust and skepticism in negotiations, while highlighting the failure of the minsk agreements and the challenges of removing vladimir putin from power.', 'duration': 673.315, 'highlights': ["Ukraine needs to become neutral and sever security ties with the West, accepting Russian annexations to potentially prevent further territorial expansion, with a focus on limiting Putin and Russia to annexing the four oblasts they've already annexed plus Crimea.", 'The failure of the Minsk Agreements and the deep mistrust between Putin and Western leaders, particularly regarding the handling of the Minsk process and the lack of trust in future negotiations, impacting the potential for meaningful deals and trust between leaders.', 'The skepticism around the possibility of removing Vladimir Putin from power, emphasizing his stability in leadership and the potential consequences of trusting foreign leaders in an anarchic system, with a focus on ensuring the survival of the state as the principal responsibility of any leader.', 'The discussion of the potential for individual human relations to counteract structural forces, highlighting the need for leadership trust and the possibility of sitting down and talking with the right leaders to potentially override general structural distrust.', 'The consideration of nuanced approaches such as economic involvement and normalizing economic relationships with Ukraine and Russia, while acknowledging the challenges and military dimensions of EU expansion and the vested interest of Russia in a flourishing neutral Ukraine.']}], 'duration': 755.207, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY3975319.jpg', 'highlights': ["The United States and Britain's involvement led to the failure of an agreement between Zelensky and Putin, preventing the potential shutdown of the war.", "Ukraine needs to become neutral and sever security ties with the West, accepting Russian annexations to potentially prevent further territorial expansion, with a focus on limiting Putin and Russia to annexing the four oblasts they've already annexed plus Crimea.", 'The failure of the Minsk Agreements and the deep mistrust between Putin and Western leaders, particularly regarding the handling of the Minsk process and the lack of trust in future negotiations, impacting the potential for meaningful deals and trust between leaders.', 'The skepticism around the possibility of removing Vladimir Putin from power, emphasizing his stability in leadership and the potential consequences of trusting foreign leaders in an anarchic system, with a focus on ensuring the survival of the state as the principal responsibility of any leader.', 'The discussion of the potential for individual human relations to counteract structural forces, highlighting the need for leadership trust and the possibility of sitting down and talking with the right leaders to potentially override general structural distrust.']}, {'end': 5892.935, 'segs': [{'end': 4762.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4730.526, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4737.088, 'text': 'I would bet a lot of money that his replacement will be more hawkish and more hardline than Putin is.', 'start': 4730.526, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 4745.471, 'text': 'I actually think one could argue that Putin was too trusting of the West before the war started.', 'start': 4738.828, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 4757.957, 'text': 'And number two, I think one could argue that he has not waged the war against Ukraine as vigorously as one might have expected.', 'start': 4747.072, 'duration': 10.885}, {'end': 4762.679, 'text': 'He was slow to mobilize the nation for war.', 'start': 4759.077, 'duration': 3.602}], 'summary': "Prediction: putin's replacement will be more hawkish and hardline, and putin was slow to mobilize for war.", 'duration': 32.153, 'max_score': 4730.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4730526.jpg'}, {'end': 4826.907, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4793.138, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4803.785, 'text': 'All this is to say that I would imagine that if Putin leaves office and someone else comes in to replace him, that someone else will be,', 'start': 4793.138, 'duration': 10.647}, {'end': 4812.451, 'text': 'at least if not more hardline than him in terms of waging the war and certainly will not trust the West any more than he has.', 'start': 4803.785, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 4826.907, 'text': 'By way of advice, let me ask you if I were to have a conversation interview Vladimir Putin and Zelensky individually, what should I ask them?', 'start': 4815.134, 'duration': 11.773}], 'summary': 'Potential successor to putin may be as hardline, distrustful of the west.', 'duration': 33.769, 'max_score': 4793.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4793138.jpg'}, {'end': 5073.202, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5050.666, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5060.353, 'text': 'And my argument in 1993, this is in foreign affairs, was that there may come the day when Russia thinks about invading Ukraine.', 'start': 5050.666, 'duration': 9.687}, {'end': 5067.258, 'text': 'And should that day come, it would be very helpful for preventing war if Ukraine had nuclear weapons.', 'start': 5061.113, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 5073.202, 'text': 'So military might is essential for maintaining a balance of power and peace.', 'start': 5067.598, 'duration': 5.604}], 'summary': 'Suggests ukraine having nuclear weapons for preventing war with russia.', 'duration': 22.536, 'max_score': 5050.666, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY5050666.jpg'}, {'end': 5260.989, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5228.858, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5230.758, 'text': "We're in a world of mutually assured destruction.", 'start': 5228.858, 'duration': 1.9}, {'end': 5241.944, 'text': "There's no question that in that world it's unlikely that nuclear weapons would be used.", 'start': 5232.599, 'duration': 9.345}, {'end': 5252.987, 'text': 'But the way you use nuclear weapons in that world is you use them for manipulation of risk purposes, demonstration effect.', 'start': 5242.444, 'duration': 10.543}, {'end': 5255.607, 'text': 'You put both sides out on the slippery slope.', 'start': 5253.167, 'duration': 2.44}, {'end': 5260.989, 'text': 'Now, what exactly am I saying here? Let me talk about NATO doctrine during the Cold War.', 'start': 5256.167, 'duration': 4.822}], 'summary': 'In a world of mutually assured destruction, nuclear weapons are used for manipulation of risk and demonstration effect, as seen in nato doctrine during the cold war.', 'duration': 32.131, 'max_score': 5228.858, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY5228858.jpg'}, {'end': 5811.37, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5782.186, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5786.01, 'text': 'even a nuclear weapon could be boy.', 'start': 5782.186, 'duration': 3.824}, {'end': 5790.656, 'text': 'it could have been planned to go location X and it went to a location Y.', 'start': 5786.01, 'duration': 4.646}, {'end': 5793.439, 'text': 'that ended up actually killing a very large number of people.', 'start': 5790.656, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 5802.565, 'text': 'the escalation that happens there just happens in a matter of minutes.', 'start': 5798.503, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 5806.347, 'text': 'And the only way to stop that is communication between leaders.', 'start': 5802.625, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 5811.37, 'text': 'And that to me is a big argument for ongoing communication.', 'start': 5807.188, 'duration': 4.182}], 'summary': 'A nuclear weapon went off at location y, killing a large number of people, emphasizing the need for ongoing communication between leaders.', 'duration': 29.184, 'max_score': 5782.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY5782186.jpg'}], 'start': 4730.526, 'title': "Putin's successor and nuclear escalation", 'summary': 'Explores the potential successors to putin, their strategies, and the terrifying possibility of nuclear escalation in the ukraine war, including comparisons of casualties and the manipulation of risk strategy.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4791.857, 'start': 4730.526, 'title': "Putin's replacement and war in ukraine", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential replacement of putin, highlighting the perception of his trust in the west, his conduct of the war in ukraine, and a comparison of civilian casualties in ukraine and gaza.', 'duration': 61.331, 'highlights': ["The potential replacement of Putin being more hawkish and hardline is highlighted, suggesting a shift in Russia's approach to the West.", "Putin's perceived trust in the West before the war and his conduct of the war in Ukraine are discussed, indicating his slow mobilization for war and pursuit of a limited war.", 'A comparison between civilian casualties in Ukraine and Gaza is made, stating that the Israelis killed more civilians in Gaza in one month than the Russians did over 18 months in Ukraine, debunking the idea of Putin waging a punishment campaign and purposefully killing large numbers of civilians.']}, {'end': 5579.257, 'start': 4793.138, 'title': 'Putin, zelensky, and nuclear weapons', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential successor to putin, the strategy for interviewing putin and zelensky, the importance of nuclear weapons, and the manipulation of risk strategy in a mad world, which could potentially deescalate the war.', 'duration': 786.119, 'highlights': ['The potential successor to Putin may be as hardline as him in waging war and distrusting the West. The potential successor to Putin is likely to be equally or more hardline in waging war and will not trust the West any more than Putin does.', 'The importance of nuclear weapons in maintaining a balance of power and deterring adversaries. The speaker emphasizes the significance of nuclear weapons in deterring adversaries and maintaining a balance of power, citing the example of Ukraine keeping its nuclear weapons as a deterrent against Russian invasion.', 'The manipulation of risk strategy involving limited nuclear use to deescalate conflicts. The discussion delves into the manipulation of risk strategy, suggesting that limited nuclear use, such as a demonstration of power through a small nuclear explosion, could prompt deescalation by spooking all involved parties.', 'The potential scenarios of using nuclear weapons and the uncertainties of escalation dynamics in a mad world. The transcript explores potential scenarios of using nuclear weapons, highlighting the uncertainties of escalation dynamics and the terrifying prospect of limited nuclear use in the 21st century, especially in the context of rapid news dissemination and human emotions.']}, {'end': 5892.935, 'start': 5579.257, 'title': 'Nuclear escalation in ukraine war', 'summary': "Discusses the terrifying potential for nuclear escalation in the ukraine war, with the russians using nuclear weapons and the uncertainty of the west's response, leading to a great power war and the absence of empirical basis for discussing escalation in a nuclear crisis.", 'duration': 313.678, 'highlights': ["The potential for nuclear escalation in the Ukraine war is discussed, including the possibility of Russians using nuclear weapons if losing and the uncertainty of the West's response, making a great power war imminent.", 'The absence of empirical basis for discussing escalation in a nuclear crisis is highlighted, emphasizing the theoretical nature of the potential nuclear conflict in the Ukraine war.', 'The fear of unintended consequences and miscommunications leading to nuclear escalation is emphasized, with examples such as Russian missiles hitting unintended locations and the crucial role of ongoing communication between leaders to prevent escalation.']}], 'duration': 1162.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY4730526.jpg', 'highlights': ["The potential for nuclear escalation in the Ukraine war is discussed, including the possibility of Russians using nuclear weapons if losing and the uncertainty of the West's response, making a great power war imminent.", 'The manipulation of risk strategy involving limited nuclear use to deescalate conflicts. The discussion delves into the manipulation of risk strategy, suggesting that limited nuclear use, such as a demonstration of power through a small nuclear explosion, could prompt deescalation by spooking all involved parties.', 'The potential scenarios of using nuclear weapons and the uncertainties of escalation dynamics in a mad world. The transcript explores potential scenarios of using nuclear weapons, highlighting the uncertainties of escalation dynamics and the terrifying prospect of limited nuclear use in the 21st century, especially in the context of rapid news dissemination and human emotions.', 'The potential successor to Putin may be as hardline as him in waging war and distrusting the West. The potential successor to Putin is likely to be equally or more hardline in waging war and will not trust the West any more than Putin does.', "The potential replacement of Putin being more hawkish and hardline is highlighted, suggesting a shift in Russia's approach to the West.", 'The fear of unintended consequences and miscommunications leading to nuclear escalation is emphasized, with examples such as Russian missiles hitting unintended locations and the crucial role of ongoing communication between leaders to prevent escalation.', 'The importance of nuclear weapons in maintaining a balance of power and deterring adversaries. The speaker emphasizes the significance of nuclear weapons in deterring adversaries and maintaining a balance of power, citing the example of Ukraine keeping its nuclear weapons as a deterrent against Russian invasion.', "Putin's perceived trust in the West before the war and his conduct of the war in Ukraine are discussed, indicating his slow mobilization for war and pursuit of a limited war."]}, {'end': 6960.464, 'segs': [{'end': 6141.508, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6113.829, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6121.533, 'text': "And it's such a horrific image because the result on either side is just the death of civilians.", 'start': 6113.829, 'duration': 7.704}, {'end': 6125.035, 'text': 'I mean, let me ask you about the death of civilians.', 'start': 6121.553, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 6131.96, 'text': 'So during the attack, 1,400 Israelis were killed Over 240 were taken hostage.', 'start': 6125.535, 'duration': 6.425}, {'end': 6141.508, 'text': "And then in response, as we sit today, Israel's military response has killed over 10,000 people in Gaza.", 'start': 6132.5, 'duration': 9.008}], 'summary': "Over 10,000 people killed in israel's military response to 1,400 israeli deaths.", 'duration': 27.679, 'max_score': 6113.829, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6113829.jpg'}, {'end': 6228.355, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6199.683, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6213.396, 'text': "Indeed, many American Jews and many Israelis have pushed for a two-state solution because they think that that is the only way you're going to get between the two sides.", 'start': 6199.683, 'duration': 13.713}, {'end': 6222.187, 'text': "But what's happened here is that in recent years, the Israelis have lost all interest in a two-state solution.", 'start': 6214.858, 'duration': 7.329}, {'end': 6228.355, 'text': "And it's in large part because the political center of gravity in Israel has steadily moved to the right.", 'start': 6223.108, 'duration': 5.247}], 'summary': 'Israeli interest in two-state solution wanes due to rightward shift.', 'duration': 28.672, 'max_score': 6199.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6199683.jpg'}, {'end': 6710.988, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6679.052, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6681.193, 'text': "I mean, you can't go to democracy.", 'start': 6679.052, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 6687.277, 'text': "You can't go to a situation where you give the Palestinians equal rights inside of greater Israel,", 'start': 6681.294, 'duration': 5.983}, {'end': 6694.215, 'text': 'in large part because there are now as many Palestinians as there are Israeli Jews.', 'start': 6687.277, 'duration': 6.938}, {'end': 6701.961, 'text': 'And over time, the balance, the demographic balance, shifts against the Israeli Jews and in favor of the Palestinians,', 'start': 6694.435, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 6705.784, 'text': "in which case you'll end up with a Palestinian state in greater Israel.", 'start': 6701.961, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 6710.988, 'text': "So, you know, democracy for all doesn't work.", 'start': 6706.424, 'duration': 4.564}], 'summary': 'Democracy not feasible due to demographic imbalance in greater israel.', 'duration': 31.936, 'max_score': 6679.052, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6679052.jpg'}, {'end': 6898.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6864.783, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6867.285, 'text': "They're just ideologically committed to that.", 'start': 6864.783, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 6878.435, 'text': 'And of course, as we were talking about before with regard to Hamas, Hamas wants everything between the river and the sea to be a Palestinian state.', 'start': 6868.386, 'duration': 10.049}, {'end': 6890.608, 'text': "And when you have two sides with those kinds of views, you're in deep trouble because there's little room for compromise.", 'start': 6879.358, 'duration': 11.25}, {'end': 6898.614, 'text': "So what you have to do to get this to work is you have to convince the Israelis that it's in their interest to have a two-state solution.", 'start': 6891.109, 'duration': 7.505}], 'summary': 'Achieving a two-state solution requires convincing israelis of its benefits amid deeply entrenched ideological positions.', 'duration': 33.831, 'max_score': 6864.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6864783.jpg'}, {'end': 6941.547, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6917.139, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6927.362, 'text': "But even if you do that at this point, let's say that there's a lot of willingness intellectually on both sides to do that.", 'start': 6917.139, 'duration': 10.223}, {'end': 6941.547, 'text': "The problem is that the hatred that has been fueled by this ongoing conflict is so great that it's just hard to imagine how you can make a two-state solution work at this juncture.", 'start': 6927.942, 'duration': 13.605}], 'summary': 'Challenges to achieving a two-state solution due to deep-rooted conflict and hatred.', 'duration': 24.408, 'max_score': 6917.139, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6917139.jpg'}], 'start': 5892.935, 'title': 'Israeli-palestinian conflict', 'summary': "Discusses hamas' attack on israel attributing it to occupation, resulting in over 10,000 deaths in gaza, and israeli politics shift towards a one-state solution, with uncertain prospects for peace. it also explores the challenges of achieving a two-state solution, highlighting demographic imbalance, ideological commitments, and deep-seated hatred.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6168.025, 'start': 5892.935, 'title': 'Hamas attack on israel: occupation and retaliation', 'summary': "Discusses the reasons behind hamas' attack on israel on october 7th, 2023, attributing it to the suffocating occupation and resistance to israeli oppression, resulting in a devastating impact with over 10,000 people killed in gaza, over 40% being under 18.", 'duration': 275.09, 'highlights': ["Hamas' attack on Israel was attributed to the suffocating occupation and resistance to Israeli oppression, resulting in a devastating impact with over 10,000 people killed in Gaza, over 40% being under 18. The attack was driven by the suffocating occupation and resistance to oppression, leading to a devastating impact with over 10,000 people killed in Gaza, over 40% being under 18.", "The Palestinians' resistance to the occupation was cited as the main driving force behind the attack on Israel. The Palestinians' resistance to the occupation was cited as the main driving force behind the attack on Israel, with historical context provided regarding previous uprisings.", 'The devastating impact of the conflict resulted in a large number of civilian casualties, with over 10,000 people killed in Gaza. The conflict resulted in a large number of civilian casualties, with over 10,000 people killed in Gaza, highlighting the severe human cost of the ongoing situation.']}, {'end': 6648.226, 'start': 6171.147, 'title': 'The israeli-palestinian conflict', 'summary': "Discusses the shift in israeli politics towards a one-state solution, the challenges of achieving a two-state solution, the motivations behind israeli actions in the conflict, and the uncertain prospects for peace, with a focus on the recent ground invasion of gaza and the implications for hamas's defeat.", 'duration': 477.079, 'highlights': ["The political center of gravity in Israel has shifted to the right, with little support for a two-state solution, and the Israeli government's favoring of a greater Israel, leading to a loss of interest in a two-state solution. The shift in Israeli politics towards a one-state solution, with little support for a two-state solution, poses a significant challenge in achieving peace in the region.", "The Israeli government aims to suppress Palestinian resistance and prefers the Palestinians to submit to Israeli domination of greater Israel, as evidenced by the actions taken to prevent uprising and resistance. The Israeli government's goal of suppressing Palestinian resistance and preventing uprising indicates a focus on maintaining control over greater Israel, impacting the prospects for peace.", 'The chapter addresses the uncertainty surrounding the Israeli ground invasion of Gaza, the potential U.S. involvement in limiting the offensive, and the challenges the Israelis may face in defeating Hamas, with the likelihood of continued resistance even if Hamas is subdued. The discussion of the uncertainties surrounding the Israeli ground invasion of Gaza, the potential U.S. intervention, and the challenges in defeating Hamas highlights the complex nature of the conflict and the potential for continued resistance even if Hamas is subdued.', "The chapter explores the differing views on peace between the Palestinian leadership and Hamas, the potential for Hamas to be convinced of a two-state solution, and the Israeli government's reluctance to pursue a two-state solution despite its potential benefits. The exploration of the differing views on peace, the potential for convincing Hamas of a two-state solution, and the Israeli government's reluctance to pursue such a solution indicates the complexities and challenges in achieving peace in the region."]}, {'end': 6960.464, 'start': 6649.087, 'title': 'Challenges of the two-state solution', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and obstacles to achieving a two-state solution for israel and palestine, emphasizing the demographic imbalance, ideological commitments, and deep-seated hatred that hinder the prospects of a peaceful resolution.', 'duration': 311.377, 'highlights': ['The demographic imbalance between Israelis and Palestinians makes a one-state solution unsustainable, as it would shift the demographic balance against Israeli Jews. Demographic imbalance, unsustainability of one-state solution', "Israelis' ideological commitment to a greater Israel and Hamas' maximalist goals for a Palestinian state leave little room for compromise, hindering the possibility of a two-state solution. Ideological commitment, maximalist goals, hindrance to compromise", 'The deep-seated hatred fueled by the ongoing conflict poses a significant obstacle to the feasibility of a two-state solution, making it challenging to envision a path towards peace at this juncture. Impact of deep-seated hatred on peace prospects']}], 'duration': 1067.529, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY5892935.jpg', 'highlights': ["Hamas' attack on Israel attributed to occupation, resulting in over 10,000 deaths in Gaza", 'Israeli politics shift towards a one-state solution, with uncertain prospects for peace', 'Demographic imbalance, unsustainability of one-state solution', 'Ideological commitment, maximalist goals, hindrance to compromise', 'Impact of deep-seated hatred on peace prospects']}, {'end': 7722.531, 'segs': [{'end': 7108.922, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7071.329, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7076.732, 'text': "It's truly amazing the extent to which Israel and the United States are joined at the hip.", 'start': 7071.329, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 7082.725, 'text': 'We support Israel no matter what, almost all the time.', 'start': 7077.933, 'duration': 4.792}, {'end': 7090.156, 'text': 'And, uh, our argument is that that is largely due to the influence of the lobby.', 'start': 7084.614, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 7094.857, 'text': 'The lobby is, uh, uh, an extremely powerful interest group.', 'start': 7090.216, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 7108.922, 'text': "Now it's very important to understand that the American political system is set up in ways that allow interest groups of all sorts to wield great influence.", 'start': 7095.538, 'duration': 13.384}], 'summary': 'The strong influence of the lobby results in unwavering support for israel from the united states, backed by the powerful interest group.', 'duration': 37.593, 'max_score': 7071.329, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7071329.jpg'}, {'end': 7292.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7269.27, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7276.638, 'text': "But we couldn't get a two-state solution because it was almost impossible to put meaningful pressure on Israel because of the lobby.", 'start': 7269.27, 'duration': 7.368}, {'end': 7281.864, 'text': "So this was not in Israel's interest, and it was not in America's interest.", 'start': 7277.559, 'duration': 4.305}, {'end': 7283.866, 'text': 'And that was the argument that we made.', 'start': 7282.064, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 7288.592, 'text': 'And we, of course, got huge pushback for making that argument.', 'start': 7284.327, 'duration': 4.265}, {'end': 7290.993, 'text': "what's the underlying motivation of the lobby??", 'start': 7288.812, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 7292.533, 'text': 'Is it religious in nature??', 'start': 7291.093, 'duration': 1.44}], 'summary': 'The difficulty in achieving a two-state solution was attributed to the influence of the lobby on israel and america, leading to significant pushback.', 'duration': 23.263, 'max_score': 7269.27, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7269270.jpg'}, {'end': 7351.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7327.474, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7337.599, 'text': "But you know, one of the arguments that we made in the book is that you should not call it the Jewish lobby, because it's not populated just by Jews,", 'start': 7327.474, 'duration': 10.125}, {'end': 7342.141, 'text': 'and Christian Zionists are an important part of that lobby.', 'start': 7337.599, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 7351.243, 'text': 'But furthermore, there are a good number of Jews who are opposed to the lobby and the policies that the lobby purveys.', 'start': 7342.701, 'duration': 8.542}], 'summary': 'The jewish lobby is not solely jewish, including christian zionists, and opposed jews are significant.', 'duration': 23.769, 'max_score': 7327.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7327474.jpg'}, {'end': 7496.73, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7464.545, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7476.625, 'text': 'And I think we have reached the point where antisemitism is identified today, not just with anti-Zionism, but with criticism of Israel.', 'start': 7464.545, 'duration': 12.08}, {'end': 7482.326, 'text': "If you criticize Israel, people will say, some people will say, you're an anti-Semite.", 'start': 7477.445, 'duration': 4.881}, {'end': 7496.73, 'text': "And if that's your definition of anti-Semitism, it's taken an important term and stretched it to the point where it's meaningless.", 'start': 7483.086, 'duration': 13.644}], 'summary': 'Antisemitism conflated with criticism of israel, diluting its meaning.', 'duration': 32.185, 'max_score': 7464.545, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7464545.jpg'}, {'end': 7635.172, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7601.441, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7609.343, 'text': 'So I think Netanyahu is wrongheaded to equate anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism.', 'start': 7601.441, 'duration': 7.902}, {'end': 7614.124, 'text': 'Alan Dershowitz was one of the people that called you specifically anti-Semitic.', 'start': 7609.863, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 7621.426, 'text': 'So just looking at the space of discourse, how do you?', 'start': 7615.384, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 7635.172, 'text': "Where's the slither of hope for healthy discourse about US relationships with Israel between you and Alan Dershowitz and others like him?", 'start': 7623.497, 'duration': 11.675}], 'summary': 'Netanyahu wrong to equate anti-zionism with anti-semitism; discourse on us-israel relationships needs healthy space.', 'duration': 33.731, 'max_score': 7601.441, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7601441.jpg'}], 'start': 6960.464, 'title': 'Israel lobby and anti-zionism', 'summary': "Discusses the israel lobby's influence on u.s. policy in the middle east and implications for a two-state solution, as well as the conflation of anti-zionism with anti-semitism and its impact on discourse about us-israel relationships.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7428.895, 'start': 6960.464, 'title': 'Influence of the israel lobby', 'summary': "Discusses the influence of the israel lobby in the united states, highlighting its impact on u.s. policy in the middle east and the implications of its power on the potential for a two-state solution, emphasizing the significant influence of the lobby and its impact on both the u.s. and israel's interests.", 'duration': 468.431, 'highlights': ["The Israel lobby's significant influence on U.S. policy in the Middle East is unprecedented in modern history, resulting in unwavering support for Israel, despite potential conflicts of interest with America's national interests. The chapter emphasizes the unprecedented level of influence the Israel lobby holds over U.S. policy towards Israel, leading to unwavering support for Israel, even when it conflicts with America's national interests.", "The obstruction of a two-state solution due to the lobby's resistance to pressure Israel, resulting in policies that are not in the best interests of both the U.S. and Israel, and the significant pushback faced for presenting this argument. The discussion highlights the lobby's resistance to pressure Israel towards a two-state solution, leading to policies that are not in the best interests of both the U.S. and Israel, and the substantial opposition encountered for advocating for this viewpoint.", "The distinction between the Israel lobby and a 'Jewish lobby', emphasizing the inclusion of Christian Zionists and the presence of opposing Jewish groups within the lobby, attributing the lobby's motivation to nationalism rather than religion. The chapter distinguishes the Israel lobby from a 'Jewish lobby', highlighting the involvement of Christian Zionists and the existence of opposing Jewish groups within the lobby, and attributes the lobby's motivation to nationalism rather than religion."]}, {'end': 7722.531, 'start': 7429.81, 'title': 'Anti-zionism vs anti-semitism', 'summary': 'Discusses the conflation of anti-zionism with anti-semitism, the weaponization of criticism of israel as anti-semitism, and the impact on healthy discourse about us relationships with israel.', 'duration': 292.721, 'highlights': ['The conflation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism, leading to the weaponization of criticism of Israel as anti-Semitism, is discussed, impacting healthy discourse about US relationships with Israel. Conflation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism, weaponization of criticism of Israel, impact on healthy discourse about US-Israel relationships', "People calling others anti-Semites for criticizing Israel has stretched the term 'anti-Semitism' to the point of being meaningless, leading to a stifling of open discourse about Israel. Stretched meaning of 'anti-Semitism', stifling of open discourse about Israel", 'The conflation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism is refuted, emphasizing the need for an open discourse about Israel, particularly the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, for healthy debate. Refutation of conflation, emphasis on need for open discourse about Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict']}], 'duration': 762.067, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY6960464.jpg', 'highlights': ["The Israel lobby's significant influence on U.S. policy in the Middle East is unprecedented, resulting in unwavering support for Israel, despite potential conflicts of interest with America's national interests.", "The obstruction of a two-state solution due to the lobby's resistance to pressure Israel, resulting in policies that are not in the best interests of both the U.S. and Israel, and the significant pushback faced for presenting this argument.", "The distinction between the Israel lobby and a 'Jewish lobby', emphasizing the inclusion of Christian Zionists and the presence of opposing Jewish groups within the lobby, attributing the lobby's motivation to nationalism rather than religion.", 'The conflation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism, leading to the weaponization of criticism of Israel as anti-Semitism, is discussed, impacting healthy discourse about US relationships with Israel.', "People calling others anti-Semites for criticizing Israel has stretched the term 'anti-Semitism' to the point of being meaningless, leading to a stifling of open discourse about Israel.", 'The conflation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism is refuted, emphasizing the need for an open discourse about Israel, particularly the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, for healthy debate.']}, {'end': 8301.766, 'segs': [{'end': 7792.327, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7767.805, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7776.613, 'text': "And it's not in Israel's interest or the lobby's interest to have an open discourse about what the Israelis have been doing to the Palestinians since,", 'start': 7767.805, 'duration': 8.808}, {'end': 7784.54, 'text': 'I would say, roughly 1903, when the second Aliyah came to Israel or came to what was then Palestine, right?', 'start': 7776.613, 'duration': 7.927}, {'end': 7786.281, 'text': 'We want to talk about that.', 'start': 7784.7, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 7792.327, 'text': "And we don't want to talk about, from the lobby's point of view, the influence that the lobby has.", 'start': 7786.902, 'duration': 5.425}], 'summary': 'Israeli lobby avoids discussing palestinian history and lobby influence.', 'duration': 24.522, 'max_score': 7767.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7767805.jpg'}, {'end': 7865.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7841.357, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7850.32, 'text': "that's what we call the charge of anti-semitism the great silencer who wants to be called an anti-semite, especially in the wake of the Holocaust.", 'start': 7841.357, 'duration': 8.963}, {'end': 7853.602, 'text': 'Do I want to be called an anti-Semite? Oh my God, no.', 'start': 7850.72, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 7865.669, 'text': "Um, and, uh, so it's very effective, but you know, it is important to talk about these issues in my humble opinion.", 'start': 7854.683, 'duration': 10.986}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the charge of anti-semitism and the importance of addressing such issues.', 'duration': 24.312, 'max_score': 7841.357, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7841357.jpg'}, {'end': 7920.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7895.342, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7901.387, 'text': 'for a lot of people, be a dog whistle for sort of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.', 'start': 7895.342, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 7908.874, 'text': 'that this idea that Jews run everything, run the world, or this kind of cabal.', 'start': 7903.109, 'duration': 5.765}, {'end': 7920.744, 'text': "And it's also very true that people who are legitimately anti-Semitic are also critics of Israel in the same kind of way.", 'start': 7910.515, 'duration': 10.229}], 'summary': 'Anti-semitic conspiracy theories are linked to criticism of israel.', 'duration': 25.402, 'max_score': 7895.342, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7895342.jpg'}, {'end': 8152.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8092.989, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8104.88, 'text': 'And huge numbers of Jews have known me and Steve over the years, and nobody ever, ever said that we were anti-Semitic before March 2006,', 'start': 8092.989, 'duration': 11.891}, {'end': 8107.882, 'text': "when the article appeared, because we're not anti-Semitic.", 'start': 8104.88, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 8111.926, 'text': "But look, you've got this interest group.", 'start': 8108.763, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 8120.781, 'text': 'right, that has a significant influence on American policy and on Israeli policy.', 'start': 8112.714, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 8124.584, 'text': 'And you want to talk about it.', 'start': 8121.862, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 8126.746, 'text': "It's just important to talk about it.", 'start': 8124.804, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 8133.111, 'text': "It's important for Jews, right, in the United States, for Jews in Israel to talk about this.", 'start': 8127.387, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 8141.537, 'text': 'The idea that you want to silence critics is not a smart way to go about doing business, in my opinion.', 'start': 8134.072, 'duration': 7.465}, {'end': 8152.225, 'text': 'If we were wrong, if Steve and I were so wrong and our arguments were so foul, they could have easily exposed those arguments.', 'start': 8142.678, 'duration': 9.547}, {'end': 8152.945, 'text': 'They could have gone..', 'start': 8152.285, 'duration': 0.66}], 'summary': 'Stating that they are not anti-semitic, discussing the influence of a jewish interest group on american and israeli policy, and emphasizing the importance of open dialogue.', 'duration': 59.956, 'max_score': 8092.989, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8092989.jpg'}, {'end': 8273.781, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8248.516, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8255.263, 'text': 'not just tribalism, like proud of your country and kind of hating another country, but really deeply hating,', 'start': 8248.516, 'duration': 6.747}, {'end': 8258.566, 'text': "like hating in a way where it's part of your identity, kind of hate.", 'start': 8255.263, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 8269.939, 'text': 'Well, just to make a general point on this issue, in our conversation here today, you often talk about individual leaders and leaders.', 'start': 8260.048, 'duration': 9.891}, {'end': 8273.781, 'text': 'the word individual often pops up in your vocabulary.', 'start': 8270.419, 'duration': 3.362}], 'summary': 'Transcript reflects deep-seated hate and focus on individual leaders.', 'duration': 25.265, 'max_score': 8248.516, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8248516.jpg'}], 'start': 7722.531, 'title': 'Israel-palestine conflict and antisemitism', 'summary': 'Delves into the root causes of the israel-palestine conflict, addressing the influence of interest groups, prevalence of antisemitism, and the complexity of criticizing israel and the lobby, shedding light on the detrimental effects of silencing criticism on both countries.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7953.048, 'start': 7722.531, 'title': 'The israel-palestine conflict', 'summary': 'Discusses the root causes of the israel-palestine conflict, highlighting the influence of the lobby, the charge of anti-semitism, and the complexity of criticizing israel and the lobby.', 'duration': 230.517, 'highlights': ["The influence of the lobby is a key factor in silencing discussions about the root causes of the Israel-Palestine conflict. The chapter emphasizes the lobby's interest in maintaining American support for Israel without acknowledging its influence, leading to silencing of dissenting voices.", 'The charge of anti-semitism is used as a tool to silence critics, creating an effective barrier to open discourse. The chapter addresses the effective use of the charge of anti-semitism as a means to silence critics, despite the importance of open discourse on the Israel-Palestine conflict.', 'The complexity of criticizing Israel and the lobby involves navigating the risk of being associated with anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. The chapter delves into the complexity of discussing criticism of Israel and the lobby, highlighting the risk of being associated with anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and the challenge of navigating this landscape.']}, {'end': 8301.766, 'start': 7953.048, 'title': 'Antisemitism and the influence of interest groups', 'summary': 'Discusses the prevalence of antisemitism, the influence of interest groups in american policy, and the detrimental effects of silencing criticism on israel and the united states.', 'duration': 348.718, 'highlights': ['The chapter addresses the prevalence of antisemitism and the influence of interest groups in American policy and Israeli policy. The discussion highlights the prevalence of antisemitism and the significant influence of interest groups on American and Israeli policies.', 'The detrimental effects of silencing criticism on Israel and the United States are emphasized. The chapter underscores the negative impact of silencing criticism on both Israel and the United States, potentially fostering antisemitism and hindering healthy debate.', "The concept of deeply hating as part of one's identity and the influence of social groups and tribes on individuals are explored. The discussion delves into the deep-seated hatred as part of one's identity and the influence of social groups and tribes on individuals, emphasizing the clash between different tribes and social groups."]}], 'duration': 579.235, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY7722531.jpg', 'highlights': ['The influence of the lobby is a key factor in silencing discussions about the root causes of the Israel-Palestine conflict.', 'The charge of anti-semitism is used as a tool to silence critics, creating an effective barrier to open discourse.', 'The complexity of criticizing Israel and the lobby involves navigating the risk of being associated with anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.', 'The chapter addresses the prevalence of antisemitism and the significant influence of interest groups on American and Israeli policies.', 'The detrimental effects of silencing criticism on Israel and the United States are emphasized.', "The concept of deeply hating as part of one's identity and the influence of social groups and tribes on individuals are explored."]}, {'end': 9343.704, 'segs': [{'end': 8383.451, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8302.626, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8306.429, 'text': 'And when they crash into each other, they end up hating each other.', 'start': 8302.626, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 8313.511, 'text': 'If you go to a place like Bosnia right the Croats and the Serbs, oh my God.', 'start': 8307.83, 'duration': 5.681}, {'end': 8324.714, 'text': 'and then throw in the Bosniaks, which is the term for Bosnian Muslims and you know, Muslims, Croats, Serbs, oh.', 'start': 8313.511, 'duration': 11.203}, {'end': 8328.174, 'text': 'and the tribes, you know, hate each other.', 'start': 8324.714, 'duration': 3.46}, {'end': 8334.07, 'text': 'In a funny way, that hatred almost never goes away.', 'start': 8331.246, 'duration': 2.824}, {'end': 8338.852, 'text': 'And I guess there are some exceptions to that.', 'start': 8334.09, 'duration': 4.762}, {'end': 8347.681, 'text': "If you look at the Germans after World War II, they've gone a long way towards reducing I wouldn't want to say completely eliminating,", 'start': 8338.873, 'duration': 8.808}, {'end': 8354.404, 'text': 'but reducing a lot of the hatred that existed between Germans and their neighbors.', 'start': 8347.681, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 8358.004, 'text': "But that's really kind of an anomalous case.", 'start': 8355.824, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 8366.087, 'text': 'I mean you go around East Asia today and the hatred of Japan in a place like China,', 'start': 8359.424, 'duration': 6.663}, {'end': 8370.227, 'text': 'the hatred of Japan in a place like Korea just not to be underestimated.', 'start': 8366.087, 'duration': 4.14}, {'end': 8377.85, 'text': "But I think a lot of it just has to do with the fact that you're dealing with social groups that have crashed into each other.", 'start': 8372.929, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 8382.311, 'text': 'at one point or another, and there are those lingering effects.', 'start': 8379.049, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 8383.451, 'text': 'And, by the way,', 'start': 8382.971, 'duration': 0.48}], 'summary': 'Hatred between social groups persists after collisions, as seen in bosnia, germany post-wwii, and east asia.', 'duration': 80.825, 'max_score': 8302.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8302626.jpg'}, {'end': 8444.426, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8412.698, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8422.03, 'text': "But just to look at the Holocaust, It's sometimes popular in public discourse today to compare certain things to the Holocaust.", 'start': 8412.698, 'duration': 9.332}, {'end': 8434.994, 'text': "People have compared the Hamas attack on Israel to the Holocaust, saying things like it's the biggest attack on Jews since the Holocaust,", 'start': 8422.63, 'duration': 12.364}, {'end': 8440.243, 'text': "which kind of implies that there's a comparison.", 'start': 8434.994, 'duration': 5.249}, {'end': 8444.426, 'text': 'People have made that same comparison in the other direction.', 'start': 8441.264, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Comparisons between current events and the holocaust are being made, including the hamas attack on israel.', 'duration': 31.728, 'max_score': 8412.698, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8412698.jpg'}, {'end': 8539.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8480.064, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8491.65, 'text': 'uh, and as you know, lots of people and I mean lots of people who are pro-Palestinian accuse the Israelis of engaging in genocide in Gaza.', 'start': 8480.064, 'duration': 11.586}, {'end': 8499.031, 'text': 'I think what the Israelis are doing in Gaza represents a massacre.', 'start': 8492.19, 'duration': 6.841}, {'end': 8509.053, 'text': "I would use that term given the number of civilians that they've killed and the fact that they've been indiscriminate in terms of how they've been bombing Gaza.", 'start': 8499.511, 'duration': 9.542}, {'end': 8521.117, 'text': 'But I would not use the word genocide For me, a genocide is where one side attempts to eliminate another group from the planet.', 'start': 8509.153, 'duration': 11.964}, {'end': 8532.762, 'text': 'I think that what happened with the Holocaust was clearly a genocide and that the Germans were bent on destroying all of European Jewry.', 'start': 8521.977, 'duration': 10.785}, {'end': 8539.945, 'text': 'And if they could have gotten their hands on uh jews outside of europe, they would have murdered them as well.', 'start': 8533.142, 'duration': 6.803}], 'summary': 'The israeli actions in gaza are seen as a massacre, not genocide, due to civilian deaths and indiscriminate bombings.', 'duration': 59.881, 'max_score': 8480.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8480064.jpg'}, {'end': 8740.898, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8711.906, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 8725.461, 'text': 'has explicitly said that we are not pursuing precision bombing and that what we are doing is trying to maximize the amount of destruction and damage that we can inflict on the Palestinians.', 'start': 8711.906, 'duration': 13.555}, {'end': 8732.13, 'text': 'I think this is a major mistake on the part of Israel.', 'start': 8728.084, 'duration': 4.046}, {'end': 8736.777, 'text': 'First of all, it ends up being a moral stain on your reputation, number one.', 'start': 8732.17, 'duration': 4.607}, {'end': 8738.86, 'text': "And number two, it doesn't work.", 'start': 8737.458, 'duration': 1.402}, {'end': 8740.898, 'text': "It doesn't work.", 'start': 8740.157, 'duration': 0.741}], 'summary': "Israel's approach of maximizing destruction on palestinians is a major mistake and ineffective.", 'duration': 28.992, 'max_score': 8711.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8711906.jpg'}, {'end': 8947.692, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 8796.18, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 8806.785, 'text': "Yeah, I think you've said that other terrorist organizations have used the situation in Palestine as a kind of a recruitment mechanism for a long time.", 'start': 8796.18, 'duration': 10.605}, {'end': 8816.004, 'text': 'Osama bin Laden made it clear that this was one of the principal reasons for attacking the United States, right?', 'start': 8807.873, 'duration': 8.131}, {'end': 8827.347, 'text': 'and the united states attacked back and uh got us into a 20-year war that cost the lives of millions of people.', 'start': 8816.764, 'duration': 10.583}, {'end': 8831.908, 'text': 'not not american, but uh, human beings, yeah.', 'start': 8827.347, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 8842.062, 'text': 'and uh engaged in torture and torture, yeah, no, i think if you look at how we reacted to 9,', 'start': 8831.908, 'duration': 10.154}, {'end': 8853.921, 'text': "11 and how the Israelis are reacting to what happened on October 7th, there's quite a bit of similarity in that both sides,", 'start': 8842.062, 'duration': 11.859}, {'end': 8858.224, 'text': 'the Israeli side and the American side, are enraged, right?', 'start': 8853.921, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 8861.486, 'text': 'And they lash out and they go on a rampage.', 'start': 8858.744, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 8864.824, 'text': 'and the end result is not good.', 'start': 8863.022, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 8873.951, 'text': 'Is there a capacity within Israel or within the United States after 9-11 to do something approximating?', 'start': 8865.524, 'duration': 8.427}, {'end': 8879.055, 'text': 'turn the other cheek of understanding?', 'start': 8873.951, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 8888.503, 'text': 'the root of terror is hate and fighting that hate with, not to sound naive, but compassion?', 'start': 8879.055, 'duration': 9.448}, {'end': 8893.956, 'text': "Well, I don't think in either case you're gonna turn the other cheek.", 'start': 8890.495, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 8904.999, 'text': 'I think the- Well, what I mean by that is some limited, powerful military response, but very limited.', 'start': 8895.437, 'duration': 9.562}, {'end': 8907.7, 'text': 'Yeah, coupled with a smart political strategy.', 'start': 8905.56, 'duration': 2.14}, {'end': 8909.281, 'text': 'Political strategy, diplomacy.', 'start': 8907.8, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 8910.661, 'text': "Yeah, that's what they should have done.", 'start': 8909.301, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 8911.481, 'text': 'Yeah Right.', 'start': 8911.001, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 8919.384, 'text': "But is there capacity for that? Or from your offensive realism perspective, it's just the odds are really low.", 'start': 8911.782, 'duration': 7.602}, {'end': 8929.741, 'text': "From my offensive realist perspective or my realist perspective, that's what you should do, right? My view is states are rational actors.", 'start': 8921.036, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 8937.566, 'text': "They should be cunning, right? They should think about the strategic situation they're in and choose the appropriate response.", 'start': 8929.781, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 8947.692, 'text': 'And what happens and this is why my theory is not always correct is that sometimes states are not rational and they misbehave right?', 'start': 8937.706, 'duration': 9.986}], 'summary': 'Terrorist recruitment in palestine led to 20-year war, resulting in millions of casualties. limited military response and smart political strategy needed.', 'duration': 151.512, 'max_score': 8796.18, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8796180.jpg'}, {'end': 9149.227, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9115.067, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 9124.333, 'text': 'so i think it was 69 and 31..', 'start': 9115.067, 'duration': 9.266}, {'end': 9133.358, 'text': 'And since then, since October 13th, if you look at the number of protests around the world, 95% have been pro-Palestinian and 5% have been pro-Israel.', 'start': 9124.333, 'duration': 9.025}, {'end': 9143.343, 'text': 'And what this tells you is that public opinion around the world has shifted against Israel.', 'start': 9137.92, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 9149.227, 'text': 'And if you look at some of the demonstrations in places like London and Washington DC,', 'start': 9143.904, 'duration': 5.323}], 'summary': '95% of protests have been pro-palestinian, indicating a shift in public opinion against israel.', 'duration': 34.16, 'max_score': 9115.067, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9115067.jpg'}, {'end': 9260.418, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9229.477, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 9234.479, 'text': 'peace agreements this kind of stuff, economic relationships, all of this kind of stuff,', 'start': 9229.477, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 9242.681, 'text': 'and thereby pressure the Palestinian Authority towards perhaps a two-state solution.', 'start': 9234.479, 'duration': 8.202}, {'end': 9250.61, 'text': "I think what you're missing here, just in the Israeli case, is that the Israeli government is not interested in a two-state solution.", 'start': 9244.525, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 9260.418, 'text': 'And you want to remember that Benjamin Netanyahu, who looks very hawkish when you look at him in isolation,', 'start': 9250.83, 'duration': 9.588}], 'summary': 'Peace agreements and economic relationships pressure palestinian authority toward two-state solution; israeli government not interested.', 'duration': 30.941, 'max_score': 9229.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9229477.jpg'}], 'start': 8302.626, 'title': 'Impact of social group conflicts', 'summary': 'Discusses the lasting impact of social group conflicts, citing examples such as the animosity between croats, serbs, and bosnian muslims in bosnia, the reduction of hatred between germans and their neighbors after world war ii, and the enduring animosity towards japan in east asia.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8383.451, 'start': 8302.626, 'title': 'Impact of social group conflicts', 'summary': 'Discusses the lasting impact of social group conflicts, citing examples such as the animosity between croats, serbs, and bosnian muslims in bosnia, the reduction of hatred between germans and their neighbors after world war ii, and the enduring animosity towards japan in east asia.', 'duration': 80.825, 'highlights': ['The animosity between Croats, Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia showcases the lasting impact of social group conflicts.', 'The reduction of hatred between Germans and their neighbors after World War II is cited as an anomalous case of overcoming animosity between social groups.', 'The enduring animosity towards Japan in East Asia, particularly in China and Korea, demonstrates the lasting effects of social group conflicts.', 'Social groups that have clashed with each other continue to experience lingering effects, contributing to ongoing animosity and hatred.']}, {'end': 9060.633, 'start': 8383.451, 'title': 'Israeli-palestinian conflict and the holocaust', 'summary': 'Discusses the comparisons made between the israeli-palestinian conflict and the holocaust, addressing the use of the term genocide, the actions of hamas and israel, and the need for a smarter strategy in response to the conflict.', 'duration': 677.182, 'highlights': ['The comparison between the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Holocaust is analyzed, emphasizing the different levels of atrocities and the inaccuracy of equating the two events. The chapter delves into the inaccuracy of comparing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the Holocaust, highlighting the vast difference in the levels of atrocities and the implications of such comparisons in modern-day international politics.', 'The distinction between massacre and genocide is explained, stressing the specific criteria for defining genocide and the misuse of the term in contemporary discourse. The speaker provides a narrow definition of genocide, emphasizing the misuse of the term in contemporary discourse and the need for precision in its application, distinguishing between massacre and genocide based on the intent to eliminate a group from the planet.', 'The actions of both Hamas and Israel in the conflict are critiqued, highlighting the indiscriminate nature of the bombings and the strategic ineffectiveness of punishing the civilian population. The chapter scrutinizes the actions of both Hamas and Israel in the conflict, highlighting the indiscriminate nature of the bombings and the strategic ineffectiveness of punishing the civilian population. It also condemns the killing of civilians and emphasizes the need for a smarter strategy in response to the conflict.', 'The need for a smarter strategy in response to the conflict is emphasized, focusing on the rationality of state actors and the importance of a strategic and diplomatic approach. The speaker emphasizes the need for a smarter strategy in response to the conflict, advocating for a rational and strategic approach that considers the long-term interests of the involved parties and incorporates diplomatic efforts to address the root causes of the conflict.']}, {'end': 9343.704, 'start': 9060.633, 'title': "Israel's international opinion", 'summary': "Discusses the shift in international opinion against israel, with 95% of protests being pro-palestinian and 5% pro-israel, indicating the strategic failure of israel's bombing campaign and the lack of interest in a two-state solution by the israeli government.", 'duration': 283.071, 'highlights': ['95% of protests around the world have been pro-Palestinian, and 5% have been pro-Israel, indicating a significant shift in public opinion against Israel. Quantifiable data: The speaker mentions the percentages of protests in support of Palestine and Israel, highlighting the overwhelming support for Palestine and the minimal support for Israel.', "The speaker argues that Israel's bombing campaign is strategically failing and will not lead to the submission of Palestinians or the eradication of Hamas. Key point: The speaker emphasizes the strategic failure of Israel's bombing campaign and the lack of effectiveness in achieving its goals.", 'The Israeli government, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, is not interested in a two-state solution, and there are significant internal factions opposing it. Key point: The speaker discusses the lack of interest in a two-state solution within the Israeli government and the presence of factions opposing it, providing insight into the political landscape.']}], 'duration': 1041.078, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY8302626.jpg', 'highlights': ['The enduring animosity towards Japan in East Asia demonstrates the lasting effects of social group conflicts.', 'The reduction of hatred between Germans and their neighbors after World War II is cited as an anomalous case of overcoming animosity between social groups.', 'The animosity between Croats, Serbs, and Bosnian Muslims in Bosnia showcases the lasting impact of social group conflicts.', 'Social groups that have clashed with each other continue to experience lingering effects, contributing to ongoing animosity and hatred.', 'The chapter delves into the inaccuracy of comparing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the Holocaust, highlighting the vast difference in the levels of atrocities and the implications of such comparisons in modern-day international politics.', 'The speaker provides a narrow definition of genocide, emphasizing the misuse of the term in contemporary discourse and the need for precision in its application, distinguishing between massacre and genocide based on the intent to eliminate a group from the planet.', 'The chapter scrutinizes the actions of both Hamas and Israel in the conflict, highlighting the indiscriminate nature of the bombings and the strategic ineffectiveness of punishing the civilian population.', 'The need for a smarter strategy in response to the conflict is emphasized, focusing on the rationality of state actors and the importance of a strategic and diplomatic approach.', '95% of protests around the world have been pro-Palestinian, and 5% have been pro-Israel, indicating a significant shift in public opinion against Israel.', "The speaker emphasizes the strategic failure of Israel's bombing campaign and the lack of effectiveness in achieving its goals.", 'The speaker discusses the lack of interest in a two-state solution within the Israeli government and the presence of factions opposing it, providing insight into the political landscape.']}, {'end': 11071.361, 'segs': [{'end': 9454.738, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9425.741, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9435.799, 'text': 'And you remember, by the way, not to go back to Ukraine in great detail In the fall, early fall of 2022, the war starts February 2022,', 'start': 9425.741, 'duration': 10.058}, {'end': 9440.287, 'text': "there's March 2022, which we've talked about, which is the negotiations.", 'start': 9435.799, 'duration': 4.488}, {'end': 9443.833, 'text': 'In the fall of 2022, I think it was in September.', 'start': 9441.108, 'duration': 2.725}, {'end': 9454.738, 'text': 'uh, the ukrainians had won two major tactical victories, one in hirsan and the other in harkiv, and at that point in time general milley,', 'start': 9445.013, 'duration': 9.725}], 'summary': 'Ukraine wins two major tactical victories in 2022 war.', 'duration': 28.997, 'max_score': 9425.741, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9425741.jpg'}, {'end': 9506.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9482.626, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9491.811, 'text': 'and uh, with regard to the israelis, my only point about israel is that it would be better for israel and better for the united states if we,', 'start': 9482.626, 'duration': 9.185}, {'end': 9493.853, 'text': 'the united states, were in.', 'start': 9491.811, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 9495.133, 'text': 'it was in a position.', 'start': 9493.853, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 9500.057, 'text': 'the united states was in a position to put pressure on israel from time to time.', 'start': 9495.133, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 9506.101, 'text': 'as steve and i say in the book, we should be able to treat israel like a normal country, right.', 'start': 9500.057, 'duration': 6.044}], 'summary': 'U.s. should put pressure on israel for better relations, as mentioned in the book.', 'duration': 23.475, 'max_score': 9482.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9482626.jpg'}, {'end': 9559.762, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9529.843, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9534.969, 'text': "And we're now up to our eyeballs in alligators in both of those regions.", 'start': 9529.843, 'duration': 5.126}, {'end': 9547.117, 'text': 'And, as you described my view, This is not good, because the area of the most strategic importance for the United States today is East Asia,', 'start': 9535.63, 'duration': 11.487}, {'end': 9553.6, 'text': "and that's because China is there and China is the most serious threat the United States faces.", 'start': 9547.117, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 9559.762, 'text': "Do you think there will be a war with China in the 21st century? I don't know.", 'start': 9553.96, 'duration': 5.802}], 'summary': 'East asia is of strategic importance for us due to china, the most serious threat. uncertainty about war with china in 21st century.', 'duration': 29.919, 'max_score': 9529.843, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9529843.jpg'}, {'end': 9805.386, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9774.972, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9778.313, 'text': "Why exactly? Because it's an important strategic asset.", 'start': 9774.972, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 9783.815, 'text': "Many people will say it's because Taiwan's a democracy, but that doesn't matter that much.", 'start': 9778.913, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 9789.137, 'text': "It's because of two strategic reasons.", 'start': 9785.596, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 9801.324, 'text': 'The first is that if we were to let Taiwan go, It would have hugely negative consequences for our alliance structure in East Asia.', 'start': 9789.577, 'duration': 11.747}, {'end': 9803.726, 'text': 'To contain China, we need allies.', 'start': 9801.905, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 9805.386, 'text': 'We have an alliance structure.', 'start': 9804.146, 'duration': 1.24}], 'summary': 'Retaining taiwan is important for alliance structure in east asia to contain china.', 'duration': 30.414, 'max_score': 9774.972, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9774972.jpg'}, {'end': 9999.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9961.886, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9966.728, 'text': "we want to make sure we don't end up in a shooting match with the Chinese, because this could be disastrous.", 'start': 9961.886, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 9969.77, 'text': 'So you have to have a very smart policy.', 'start': 9967.469, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 9975.453, 'text': "You have to build powerful military forces and you have to make sure you don't do anything that's provocative.", 'start': 9969.79, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 9984.455, 'text': 'On Taiwan, for example, the last thing you want is for the Taiwanese government to declare its independence, because the Chinese have said,', 'start': 9976.073, 'duration': 8.382}, {'end': 9986.515, 'text': "if Taiwan does, that we'll go to war.", 'start': 9984.455, 'duration': 2.06}, {'end': 9988.196, 'text': "And of course, we don't want that.", 'start': 9986.715, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 9998.478, 'text': 'So my view is you want to smartly build up your military forces and you want to do everything you can to contain China and, at the same time,', 'start': 9988.996, 'duration': 9.482}, {'end': 9999.538, 'text': 'not be provocative.', 'start': 9998.478, 'duration': 1.06}], 'summary': 'To avoid conflict, build strong military, contain china, and avoid provocation.', 'duration': 37.652, 'max_score': 9961.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9961886.jpg'}, {'end': 10105.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10076.015, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10082.02, 'text': "You follow what I'm saying? So, excuse me, the best strategy for deterrence is you win.", 'start': 10076.015, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 10084.341, 'text': 'Mm-hmm, china loses.', 'start': 10082.04, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 10087.582, 'text': 'second, best strategy is a stalemate.', 'start': 10084.341, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 10088.882, 'text': 'nobody wins.', 'start': 10087.582, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 10094.444, 'text': 'third, best strategy is they win, but they pay a god-awful price.', 'start': 10088.882, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 10102.185, 'text': "and the fourth possibility which you don't want is they went quickly and decisively right.", 'start': 10094.444, 'duration': 7.741}, {'end': 10105.266, 'text': "uh, if that's the case, then you don't have much deterrence.", 'start': 10102.185, 'duration': 3.081}], 'summary': 'Best deterrence strategies: winning, stalemate, costly win, avoid quick decisive loss', 'duration': 29.251, 'max_score': 10076.015, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10076015.jpg'}, {'end': 10331.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10295.162, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 10299.287, 'text': 'The United States fought the Chinese who were allied with the Soviets at the time.', 'start': 10295.162, 'duration': 4.125}, {'end': 10308.633, 'text': 'But a war between the United States and China, just like a war between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.', 'start': 10300.448, 'duration': 8.185}, {'end': 10310.936, 'text': "That's what you really want to avoid.", 'start': 10308.673, 'duration': 2.263}, {'end': 10314.8, 'text': "So I think you'd have an intense security competition right?", 'start': 10311.356, 'duration': 3.444}, {'end': 10331.614, 'text': "You'd have wars involving proxies of each of those two superpowers and you would probably have some wars where one of the superpowers was involved in a proxy with one of the other superpowers' proxies.", 'start': 10315.14, 'duration': 16.474}], 'summary': 'The us faced off against china and the soviets, aiming to avoid a war scenario in a tense security competition with proxy wars.', 'duration': 36.452, 'max_score': 10295.162, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10295162.jpg'}, {'end': 10377.071, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10344.546, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 10349.051, 'text': "But you want to remember, you're hypothesizing a situation where China dominates Asia.", 'start': 10344.546, 'duration': 4.505}, {'end': 10351.057, 'text': 'Oh, already has dominated.', 'start': 10349.736, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 10353.079, 'text': 'Yes, already dominated Taiwan.', 'start': 10351.077, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 10354.58, 'text': 'I see.', 'start': 10354.26, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 10360.666, 'text': 'Where do you find the proxies? Well, the Middle East could be a good case.', 'start': 10354.981, 'duration': 5.685}, {'end': 10361.246, 'text': 'Oh, wow.', 'start': 10360.866, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 10362.427, 'text': 'Persian Gulf.', 'start': 10361.767, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 10363.989, 'text': 'Oh, boy.', 'start': 10363.368, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 10367.552, 'text': 'And then our discussion of Israel becomes even more dramatically.', 'start': 10364.269, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 10369.754, 'text': 'Yeah, well, Israel gets involved.', 'start': 10367.852, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 10377.071, 'text': "I think in this scenario, if you're talking about a US-China competition, And you're talking about the Middle East.", 'start': 10369.834, 'duration': 7.237}], 'summary': "China's dominance in asia, including taiwan, leads to discussions of proxies in the middle east and israel's involvement in a us-china competition.", 'duration': 32.525, 'max_score': 10344.546, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10344546.jpg'}, {'end': 10492.037, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10452.291, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 10453.671, 'text': 'the loss in translation,', 'start': 10452.291, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 10464.094, 'text': 'the communication gap between China and the United States seems to be much greater than that of what was the former Soviet Union and the United States.', 'start': 10453.671, 'duration': 10.423}, {'end': 10473, 'text': 'I see two cultures intermingling and communicating as one of the ways to deescalate future conflict.', 'start': 10465.481, 'duration': 7.519}, {'end': 10476.467, 'text': "It's an interesting question.", 'start': 10475.086, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 10480.51, 'text': 'I mean, it is sort of an abstract theoretical level.', 'start': 10476.487, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 10492.037, 'text': 'My argument is that great powers act according to realist dictates and they understand those realist dictates and uh,', 'start': 10480.79, 'duration': 11.247}], 'summary': 'Communication gap between china and us greater than soviet union-us. inter-culture communication key to deescalate future conflict.', 'duration': 39.746, 'max_score': 10452.291, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10452291.jpg'}, {'end': 10658.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10632.683, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 10638.549, 'text': 'If those various American administrations, starting with the Clinton administration, had put their realist hat on,', 'start': 10632.683, 'duration': 5.866}, {'end': 10642.394, 'text': 'they would have understood that NATO expansion into Ukraine was not a good idea.', 'start': 10638.549, 'duration': 3.845}, {'end': 10647.419, 'text': 'But we had this thoroughly liberal view of the world that dominated our thinking.', 'start': 10642.834, 'duration': 4.585}, {'end': 10653.645, 'text': "And it's gone away somewhat since we've moved into multi-polarity, but not completely.", 'start': 10648.18, 'duration': 5.465}, {'end': 10658.868, 'text': 'And this makes me a little nervous, right, to pick up on your point.', 'start': 10654.646, 'duration': 4.222}], 'summary': 'Nato expansion into ukraine was not a good idea due to liberal thinking, as mentioned by the speaker.', 'duration': 26.185, 'max_score': 10632.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10632683.jpg'}, {'end': 10907.494, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10874.769, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 10875.349, 'text': 'I think that..', 'start': 10874.769, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 10886.818, 'text': 'The United States wants to make sure it has a big stick in East Asia for purposes of containing China and avoiding a war.', 'start': 10876.79, 'duration': 10.028}, {'end': 10888.679, 'text': 'Again, I want to be clear.', 'start': 10887.738, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 10892.902, 'text': "I'm not advocating that we start World War III,", 'start': 10888.679, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 10901.468, 'text': "but the point is you want to have a big stick and you want to make sure that you don't overstep your bounds in terms of using that big stick.", 'start': 10892.902, 'duration': 8.566}, {'end': 10903.09, 'text': 'This is the danger with rollback.', 'start': 10901.509, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 10907.494, 'text': 'Right That you get too aggressive and you precipitate a war.', 'start': 10903.87, 'duration': 3.624}], 'summary': 'The us aims to have a strong presence in east asia to contain china and prevent war, while avoiding overstepping and causing conflict.', 'duration': 32.725, 'max_score': 10874.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10874769.jpg'}, {'end': 10989.65, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10966.449, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 10977.223, 'text': 'But just on rhetoric, you wanna remember that Putin has on more than one occasion, very subtly rattled the nuclear sword.', 'start': 10966.449, 'duration': 10.774}, {'end': 10986.248, 'text': "And it has been very effective because Joe Biden has paid attention and Joe Biden wants to make sure we don't end up in a thermonuclear war.", 'start': 10977.844, 'duration': 8.404}, {'end': 10989.65, 'text': "And thank goodness he's thinking that way.", 'start': 10986.568, 'duration': 3.082}], 'summary': 'Putin subtly rattled the nuclear sword, prompting biden to focus on avoiding a thermonuclear war.', 'duration': 23.201, 'max_score': 10966.449, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY10966449.jpg'}], 'start': 9343.704, 'title': 'Us involvement in ukraine, israel, taiwan, and china', 'summary': "Discusses the implications of us involvement in ukraine and israel, taiwan's future with china, china as a sole superpower, and the realist perspective in international politics, emphasizing missed opportunities, containment strategies, and potential security competition with the us.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9717.297, 'start': 9343.704, 'title': 'Us involvement in ukraine and israel', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications of us involvement in ukraine and israel, emphasizing missed opportunities, the need to prioritize east asia due to the china threat, and the geographical challenges that may deter china from moving on taiwan.', 'duration': 373.593, 'highlights': ['The US missed opportunities to negotiate and prevent the escalation of the war in Ukraine, which included tactical victories for the Ukrainians and the reluctance of the White House to engage in negotiations. Missed negotiations in fall 2022 despite Ukrainian tactical victories.', "The suggestion that the US should be in a position to put pressure on Israel when necessary, treating it like a normal country and being able to influence its policy decisions. Advocacy for the US to have the ability to pressure Israel's policy decisions.", 'The assertion that the most strategic importance for the US lies in East Asia due to the serious threat posed by China, emphasizing the need to prioritize this region. Emphasis on the strategic importance of East Asia due to the China threat.', "The discussion on the difficulty of amphibious operations and the geographical barriers, particularly the Taiwan Strait, as potential deterrents for China's military actions towards Taiwan. Emphasis on the geographical challenges and the Taiwan Strait as a potential deterrent for China's military actions."]}, {'end': 10105.266, 'start': 9717.898, 'title': "Taiwan's inevitable future with china", 'summary': 'Discusses the inevitability of taiwan becoming a part of china, emphasizing its strategic importance and the need to contain china to avoid a war, with a focus on building a smart military force and avoiding provocations.', 'duration': 387.368, 'highlights': ["Taiwan's strategic importance lies in its role in the alliance structure in East Asia and in controlling the Chinese Navy and Air Force inside the first island chain. Letting Taiwan go would have hugely negative consequences for the alliance structure in East Asia and would allow the Chinese Navy and Air Force to dominate the waters of East Asia, posing significant problems.", "The priority for the US and its allies is to contain China and prevent it from dominating Asia, but also to avoid a war with China. The US and its allies are concerned with containing China's dominance in the region and avoiding military conflict, emphasizing the need for a smart policy and building powerful military forces while refraining from provocations.", "The best strategy for deterrence is to convey that victory for China in a war over Taiwan would result in a pyrrhic victory, where they would pay a significant price. The best deterrence strategy involves making it clear to China that victory in a war over Taiwan would come at a god-awful price, conveying that victory would be a pyrrhic victory and emphasizing the US's commitment to ensuring that China does not win."]}, {'end': 10606.304, 'start': 10108.849, 'title': 'China as sole superpower: implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications of a world where china is the sole superpower, emphasizing the potential for intense security competition with the us, involving proxy wars and the challenge of cultural differences in deescalating future conflicts.', 'duration': 497.455, 'highlights': ["The implications of a world with China as the sole dominant superpower are discussed, emphasizing the potential for intense security competition with the US. Implications of China's dominance, intense security competition with the US", 'The challenge of cultural differences and communication gap between China and the US is highlighted as a potential obstacle in deescalating future conflicts. Cultural differences, communication gap as obstacles in deescalating conflicts', 'The discussion of potential proxy wars and conflicts, particularly in the Middle East and the Gulf, is presented, with examples such as Taiwan and potential involvement of countries like Iran, Russia, and Israel. Potential proxy wars, involvement in the Middle East and the Gulf, example of Taiwan, potential involvement of Iran, Russia, and Israel']}, {'end': 11071.361, 'start': 10606.304, 'title': 'Understanding realist perspective in international politics', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of a liberal view dominating american thinking, the potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards china, and the importance of rhetoric and nuclear deterrence in international relations.', 'duration': 465.057, 'highlights': ['The impact of a liberal view dominating American thinking The chapter highlights the impact of a liberal view dominating American thinking, leading to the inability to understand NATO expansion as anathema to the Russians and the potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards China.', 'The potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards China The chapter discusses the potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards China, emphasizing the need for caution, empathy, and avoiding overstepping bounds in using military power.', 'The importance of rhetoric and nuclear deterrence in international relations The chapter stresses the importance of rhetoric and nuclear deterrence in international relations, highlighting the role of leaders, the use of nuclear threats for deterrence, and the potential escalation of conflicts due to nuclear capabilities.']}], 'duration': 1727.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY9343704.jpg', 'highlights': ['The US missed negotiations in fall 2022 despite Ukrainian tactical victories.', "Advocacy for the US to have the ability to pressure Israel's policy decisions.", 'Emphasis on the strategic importance of East Asia due to the China threat.', "Emphasis on the geographical challenges and the Taiwan Strait as a potential deterrent for China's military actions.", 'Letting Taiwan go would have hugely negative consequences for the alliance structure in East Asia and would allow the Chinese Navy and Air Force to dominate the waters of East Asia, posing significant problems.', "The US and its allies are concerned with containing China's dominance in the region and avoiding military conflict, emphasizing the need for a smart policy and building powerful military forces while refraining from provocations.", "The best deterrence strategy involves making it clear to China that victory in a war over Taiwan would come at a god-awful price, conveying that victory would be a pyrrhic victory and emphasizing the US's commitment to ensuring that China does not win.", "Implications of China's dominance, intense security competition with the US.", 'Cultural differences, communication gap as obstacles in deescalating conflicts.', 'Potential proxy wars, involvement in the Middle East and the Gulf, example of Taiwan, potential involvement of Iran, Russia, and Israel.', 'The chapter highlights the impact of a liberal view dominating American thinking, leading to the inability to understand NATO expansion as anathema to the Russians and the potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards China.', 'The chapter discusses the potential dangers of pursuing a rollback policy towards China, emphasizing the need for caution, empathy, and avoiding overstepping bounds in using military power.', 'The chapter stresses the importance of rhetoric and nuclear deterrence in international relations, highlighting the role of leaders, the use of nuclear threats for deterrence, and the potential escalation of conflicts due to nuclear capabilities.']}, {'end': 12392.349, 'segs': [{'end': 11227.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11199.131, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11209.781, 'text': "If you ever look at a map of the world in 1922, after World War I, it's truly amazing how much of that map is controlled by Britain, right?", 'start': 11199.131, 'duration': 10.65}, {'end': 11212.803, 'text': "They had a huge empire and it's disappeared.", 'start': 11209.821, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 11218.168, 'text': 'Probably by far the biggest in terms of area empire in human history, I think so.', 'start': 11213.204, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 11219.85, 'text': "I think that's right.", 'start': 11219.069, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 11221.592, 'text': 'It almost has to be.', 'start': 11220.491, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 11222.333, 'text': 'Yeah, right.', 'start': 11221.672, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 11223.914, 'text': "It's crazy.", 'start': 11223.354, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 11224.895, 'text': 'Crazy, yeah.', 'start': 11224.235, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 11227.698, 'text': 'And then no longer is the case.', 'start': 11225.035, 'duration': 2.663}], 'summary': 'In 1922, britain controlled the largest empire in human history, which has since disappeared.', 'duration': 28.567, 'max_score': 11199.131, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11199131.jpg'}, {'end': 11292.988, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11250.575, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11254.097, 'text': 'These were countries that had colonies all over the planet.', 'start': 11250.575, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 11256.559, 'text': 'the Dutch East Indies, right?', 'start': 11254.097, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 11260.802, 'text': 'Vietnam was, you know, French Indochina.', 'start': 11257.299, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 11264.624, 'text': 'Where did those empires go? Two factors finish them off.', 'start': 11261.102, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 11267.278, 'text': 'Number one, nationalism.', 'start': 11266.018, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 11270.9, 'text': 'Nationalism became a very powerful force in the 19th century.', 'start': 11267.699, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 11277.622, 'text': 'It began to rear its head in the late 18th century and became a very powerful force in the 19th and certainly in the 20th century.', 'start': 11270.92, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 11279.022, 'text': 'Can you explain nationalism here?', 'start': 11277.682, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 11288.606, 'text': 'Nationalism is the idea that these different nations that were part of the empire, like the Kenyans, wanted their own state nation state.', 'start': 11279.203, 'duration': 9.403}, {'end': 11292.988, 'text': 'This is my point about the Palestinians, right? This is Palestinian nationalism.', 'start': 11289.006, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'Nationalism led to the decline of empires in the 19th century.', 'duration': 42.413, 'max_score': 11250.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11250575.jpg'}, {'end': 11373.909, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11343.734, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11345.755, 'text': 'And it was the coming of the Industrial Revolution.', 'start': 11343.734, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 11351.637, 'text': 'Once the Industrial Revolution comes, an empire is basically an albatross around your neck.', 'start': 11346.055, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 11356.239, 'text': "I would argue that the British Empire was an albatross around Britain's neck in most of the 20th century.", 'start': 11351.797, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 11362.923, 'text': 'Some of my friends disagree with that and think there were all sorts of benefits from the British Empire.', 'start': 11357.579, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 11373.909, 'text': 'But you want to remember that in the 20th century, the three countries that really were powerful were the United States, Germany and the Soviet Union.', 'start': 11363.583, 'duration': 10.326}], 'summary': 'The british empire was a burden, and in the 20th century, the most powerful countries were the united states, germany, and the soviet union.', 'duration': 30.175, 'max_score': 11343.734, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11343734.jpg'}, {'end': 11471.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11446.753, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11453.48, 'text': "And what I'm saying to you is in the 19th and in the 20th century, there were two forces that were really driving the train.", 'start': 11446.753, 'duration': 6.727}, {'end': 11460.266, 'text': 'One is nationalism, and then the other is the Industrial Revolution, which changes the cost-benefit analysis.', 'start': 11453.7, 'duration': 6.566}, {'end': 11463.69, 'text': 'Almost too crazy of a question, but if you look..', 'start': 11461.508, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 11471.677, 'text': "let me calculate, let's say, 500 years from now, and you, John Mears Sherman,", 'start': 11465.231, 'duration': 6.446}], 'summary': 'Nationalism and the industrial revolution drove change in the 19th and 20th centuries.', 'duration': 24.924, 'max_score': 11446.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11446753.jpg'}, {'end': 11567.754, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11535.623, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11542.126, 'text': 'The United States, Iran, China, Russia.', 'start': 11535.623, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 11545.148, 'text': 'Pick your country moving forward right?', 'start': 11542.547, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 11546.629, 'text': 'What do the demographics look like?', 'start': 11545.268, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 11550.791, 'text': 'And how wealthy are those countries likely to be?', 'start': 11547.089, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 11558.555, 'text': 'What you discover very quickly is that almost every country around the world is depopulating over time.', 'start': 11551.571, 'duration': 6.984}, {'end': 11561.925, 'text': 'Russia is going to be much smaller.', 'start': 11560.442, 'duration': 1.483}, {'end': 11567.754, 'text': 'China is going to be much smaller 100 years from now than both of those countries are.', 'start': 11562.326, 'duration': 5.428}], 'summary': 'Global demographic trends show depopulation in countries like russia and china over the next 100 years.', 'duration': 32.131, 'max_score': 11535.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11535623.jpg'}, {'end': 11719.546, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11696.604, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11712.219, 'text': 'All the evidence is that Hispanics are integrating into the American mainstream more quickly and more effectively than the European immigrant groups that came starting around 1835..', 'start': 11696.604, 'duration': 15.615}, {'end': 11719.546, 'text': 'If you look at immigration from Europe into the United States, leaving aside the original WASPs who came over and founded the place,', 'start': 11712.219, 'duration': 7.327}], 'summary': 'Hispanics integrating into american mainstream faster than european immigrant groups from 1835.', 'duration': 22.942, 'max_score': 11696.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11696604.jpg'}, {'end': 11842.097, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11812.186, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 11815.407, 'text': 'Well, we opened the gates again in 65.', 'start': 11812.186, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 11817.767, 'text': 'Closed them in 24, opened them in 65.', 'start': 11815.407, 'duration': 2.36}, {'end': 11821.148, 'text': "I'm oversimplifying the story here, because we didn't completely shut them.", 'start': 11817.767, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 11825.789, 'text': 'We almost completely shut them in 24, opened in 65.', 'start': 11821.208, 'duration': 4.581}, {'end': 11828.43, 'text': "And we've had huge numbers of immigrants flowing in.", 'start': 11825.789, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 11833.395, 'text': 'These immigrants who have been flowing in since 65 are not Europeans.', 'start': 11829.17, 'duration': 4.225}, {'end': 11835.657, 'text': "They're not mainly Europeans.", 'start': 11833.855, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 11837.78, 'text': "They're mainly Hispanics and Asians.", 'start': 11835.938, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 11842.097, 'text': 'If you look at those Hispanics and Asians,', 'start': 11838.996, 'duration': 3.101}], 'summary': 'Gates opened in 1965 led to influx of non-european immigrants, mainly hispanics and asians.', 'duration': 29.911, 'max_score': 11812.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11812186.jpg'}, {'end': 11997.759, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11916.614, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 11922.88, 'text': 'uh, generation right, subsequent generations are not majority white.', 'start': 11916.614, 'duration': 6.266}, {'end': 11927.284, 'text': "uh, so, for anybody who's bothered by this, i'm not bothered by that.", 'start': 11922.88, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 11931.067, 'text': 'but for anybody who is bothered by this, they better get used to it,', 'start': 11927.284, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 11942.355, 'text': "because Americans aren't making enough babies that we can continue to grow population-wise in a robust way.", 'start': 11931.067, 'duration': 11.288}, {'end': 11945.477, 'text': "So we need immigration, and we're an immigrant culture.", 'start': 11942.495, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 11947.378, 'text': 'And this is a great virtue.', 'start': 11945.837, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 11950.219, 'text': 'It has been a great virtue over time.', 'start': 11947.698, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 11952.261, 'text': 'It should be a source of hope, not worry.', 'start': 11950.46, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 11954.021, 'text': "That's my view.", 'start': 11953.14, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 11955.182, 'text': "That's my view.", 'start': 11954.541, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 11964.592, 'text': 'And America when it works is a place that is very attractive to immigrants and immigrants can do very well here.', 'start': 11955.522, 'duration': 9.07}, {'end': 11968.676, 'text': 'And, and then the real key moving forward is intermarriage.', 'start': 11964.912, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 11972.957, 'text': 'Right?. And you have a huge amount of intermarriage, right?', 'start': 11969.514, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 11980.785, 'text': 'Somebody was telling me not too long ago that the highest intermarriage rates in the United States are among Asian women, Asian American women,', 'start': 11973.478, 'duration': 7.307}, {'end': 11983.147, 'text': 'Asian women and Anglos.', 'start': 11980.785, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 11985.529, 'text': 'right?. And I say wonderful.', 'start': 11983.147, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11987.971, 'text': 'And- Great.', 'start': 11987.011, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 11992.556, 'text': 'Yeah No, the more- Love is the fastest way to integrate.', 'start': 11988.392, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 11994.357, 'text': "yeah, well, you don't you?", 'start': 11992.856, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 11997.759, 'text': 'what you want to do is you want to eliminate difference?', 'start': 11994.357, 'duration': 3.402}], 'summary': 'Immigration and intermarriage are key for u.s. population growth and integration.', 'duration': 81.145, 'max_score': 11916.614, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11916614.jpg'}, {'end': 12058.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12025.679, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 12027.1, 'text': 'right, this is what you want.', 'start': 12025.679, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 12028.641, 'text': 'you want intermarriage.', 'start': 12027.1, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 12036.763, 'text': "now there are a good number of people in some of those groups, especially among jews, who don't like intermarriage, But they've lost,", 'start': 12028.641, 'duration': 8.122}, {'end': 12048.392, 'text': "because I haven't looked recently at the data for intermarriage rates among basically secular Jews, but it used to be around 62%.", 'start': 12036.763, 'duration': 11.629}, {'end': 12050.614, 'text': 'large numbers of Jews marry goyim.', 'start': 12048.392, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 12053.096, 'text': "And they've lost because of intermarriage.", 'start': 12051.054, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 12058.28, 'text': 'Intermarriage helps fight tribalism, destructive kind of tribalism.', 'start': 12053.577, 'duration': 4.703}], 'summary': 'Intermarriage rates among secular jews used to be around 62%, contributing to the fight against tribalism.', 'duration': 32.601, 'max_score': 12025.679, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY12025679.jpg'}, {'end': 12175.278, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12126.333, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 12133.358, 'text': "So I think that if your mother and father want you to be a lawyer and they're pushing you to be a lawyer, and you don't want to be a lawyer,", 'start': 12126.333, 'duration': 7.025}, {'end': 12136.421, 'text': 'you want to be a policeman, be a policeman.', 'start': 12133.358, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 12144.772, 'text': "Don't do what other people want you to do, because it's very important to find a job, an occupation that you really love.", 'start': 12137.142, 'duration': 7.63}, {'end': 12157.889, 'text': 'The second thing I would say, and this has to do with your point about humility, you want to think about the humility hubris index.', 'start': 12146.262, 'duration': 11.627}, {'end': 12162.471, 'text': 'My friend Steve VanEver, who teaches at MIT, he and I invented this concept.', 'start': 12158.209, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 12164.753, 'text': 'We call it the hubris humility index.', 'start': 12162.511, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 12168.535, 'text': 'And you want to have a healthy dose of humility.', 'start': 12165.553, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 12172.196, 'text': 'but you also want to have a healthy dose of hubris.', 'start': 12169.335, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 12175.278, 'text': 'You want to think you can change the world.', 'start': 12173.237, 'duration': 2.041}], 'summary': 'Follow your passion, pursue humility and ambition in your career, and believe you can change the world.', 'duration': 48.945, 'max_score': 12126.333, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY12126333.jpg'}, {'end': 12392.349, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12370.168, 'weight': 16, 'content': [{'end': 12371.249, 'text': 'I thoroughly enjoyed it.', 'start': 12370.168, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 12375.752, 'text': 'Awesome Thanks for listening to this conversation with John Mearsheimer.', 'start': 12371.609, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 12379.475, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 12376.233, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 12382.778, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Plato.', 'start': 12380.296, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 12386.941, 'text': 'Only the dead have seen the end of war.', 'start': 12384.659, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 12392.349, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 12389.315, 'duration': 3.034}], 'summary': 'Podcast with john mearsheimer: thought-provoking insights on war and peace.', 'duration': 22.181, 'max_score': 12370.168, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY12370168.jpg'}], 'start': 11071.962, 'title': 'Empire collapse, nationalism, and immigration', 'summary': "Discusses the rise and fall of empires, the impact of nationalism, and the integration of immigrants, highlighting examples like the british empire, kenyans, palestinians, and the united states. it also covers america's immigration history, demographic shifts, and the role of intermarriage, emphasizing the importance of pursuing one's interests and enjoying life.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11320.362, 'start': 11071.962, 'title': 'Empire collapse and nationalism', 'summary': "Discusses the rise and fall of empires, particularly the british empire, and explores the impact of nationalism as a force leading to their decline, highlighting examples like the kenyans and palestinians' desire for nation states.", 'duration': 248.4, 'highlights': ['The British Empire controlled a vast portion of the world in 1922, but it eventually disappeared due to factors like nationalism. The British Empire exerted immense control over the world in 1922, but it eventually collapsed due to the powerful force of nationalism, leading to the desire for nation states among the colonies.', 'Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to the desire for nation states among different nations within empires. The emergence of nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a strong desire for nation states among different nations within empires, such as the Kenyans and Palestinians seeking their own state.', "The concept of nationalism is exemplified by the desire for nation states among different nations, such as the Palestinians' and Jews' aspirations for their own state. The concept of nationalism is illustrated through the aspirations of different nations, such as the Palestinians and Jews, to establish their own state, reflecting the core idea of nationalism and the desire for self-determination."]}, {'end': 11788.756, 'start': 11320.362, 'title': 'Nationalism and industrial revolution', 'summary': "Explores the decline of empires due to the forces of nationalism and the industrial revolution, impacting the cost-benefit analysis and demographic shifts, with a focus on the united states' integration of immigrants and its future role.", 'duration': 468.394, 'highlights': ['The decline of empires was influenced by nationalism and the Industrial Revolution, leading to a change in the cost-benefit analysis, as evidenced by the disappearance of empires like Pakistan, Kenya, Singapore, and the U.S., known as the American Revolution. Impact of nationalism and Industrial Revolution on the decline of empires.', "The Industrial Revolution rendered empires as burdensome, with the British Empire being cited as an example of this, affecting Britain's standing in the 20th century, highlighting the shift in the cost-benefit analysis due to industrialization. Impact of Industrial Revolution on the impracticality of empires.", 'The 19th and 20th centuries were driven by nationalism and the Industrial Revolution, leading to the establishment of new countries and changing borders, with the United States, Germany, and the Soviet Union emerging as powerful nations without empires, emphasizing the influence of these forces on global dynamics. Role of nationalism and Industrial Revolution in shaping global power dynamics.', "The future role of the United States is analyzed in terms of population size, wealth, and demographics, highlighting the impact of depopulation trends and the role of immigration in shaping the nation's trajectory, with a positive outlook on its integration of immigrants and demographic changes. Analysis of the future role of the United States based on demographics and immigration.", "The integration of immigrants and the diversity that characterizes America is emphasized as a key strength, challenging misconceptions about the impact of immigration and highlighting the nation's historical success in integrating diverse cultures, thus shaping its future trajectory. Strength of America's immigrant integration and cultural diversity.", 'Contradicting views on the integration of Hispanics into American society are addressed, with evidence supporting the rapid and effective integration of Hispanics, surpassing the integration of European immigrant groups, challenging misconceptions and highlighting the dynamics of immigrant integration in the U.S. Contradiction of views and evidence on Hispanic integration in the U.S.']}, {'end': 12082.559, 'start': 11788.976, 'title': "America's immigration and integration", 'summary': "Discusses america's immigration history, the impact of immigrants on the country's growth, the changing demographics, the successful integration of non-european immigrants, the necessity of immigration for population growth, and the role of intermarriage in promoting integration.", 'duration': 293.583, 'highlights': ['The gates were shut in 1924, and opened again in 1965, leading to a significant influx of mainly Hispanic and Asian immigrants integrating into the American mainstream at a faster rate than earlier European immigrants.', 'The increasing non-white population in America, with subsequent generations projected to be non-majority white, emphasizes the need for immigration for population growth.', 'Interracial marriages, especially among Asian women and Anglos, are highlighted as a positive factor in integrating different cultures and combating destructive tribalism.', 'Intermarriage rates, such as around 62% among secular Jews, are cited as evidence of successful integration and a counter to tribalism.', 'The positive outlook on the integration of different cultures and peoples in America is emphasized, with personal anecdotes reinforcing the message of hope and unity.']}, {'end': 12392.349, 'start': 12083.1, 'title': 'Career advice and mortality reflection', 'summary': "Discusses career advice, emphasizing the importance of pursuing one's interests, finding the balance between hubris and humility, and reflecting on mortality. john mearsheimer also shares his perspective on mortality and emphasizes the importance of enjoying life.", 'duration': 309.249, 'highlights': ["It's important to pursue a career that truly interests you and brings joy, rather than succumbing to external pressure or expectations. John Mearsheimer emphasizes the importance of pursuing a career that genuinely interests an individual, urging them to follow their passion rather than succumbing to external pressure or expectations.", 'Finding the balance between hubris and humility is crucial for personal growth and success. The concept of the hubris humility index is introduced, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between hubris and humility for personal and professional growth.', 'Reflection on mortality and the importance of enjoying life, despite the awareness of its finiteness, is emphasized. John Mearsheimer reflects on mortality, acknowledging the limited time left in life and expressing gratitude for the enjoyment and fulfillment derived from intellectual pursuits.']}], 'duration': 1320.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/r4wLXNydzeY/pics/r4wLXNydzeY11071962.jpg', 'highlights': ['The British Empire exerted immense control over the world in 1922, but it eventually collapsed due to the powerful force of nationalism, leading to the desire for nation states among the colonies.', 'The emergence of nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries led to a strong desire for nation states among different nations within empires, such as the Kenyans and Palestinians seeking their own state.', 'The concept of nationalism is illustrated through the aspirations of different nations, such as the Palestinians and Jews, to establish their own state, reflecting the core idea of nationalism and the desire for self-determination.', 'Impact of nationalism and Industrial Revolution on the decline of empires.', 'Impact of Industrial Revolution on the impracticality of empires.', 'Role of nationalism and Industrial Revolution in shaping global power dynamics.', 'Analysis of the future role of the United States based on demographics and immigration.', "Strength of America's immigrant integration and cultural diversity.", 'Contradiction of views and evidence on Hispanic integration in the U.S.', 'The gates were shut in 1924, and opened again in 1965, leading to a significant influx of mainly Hispanic and Asian immigrants integrating into the American mainstream at a faster rate than earlier European immigrants.', 'The increasing non-white population in America, with subsequent generations projected to be non-majority white, emphasizes the need for immigration for population growth.', 'Interracial marriages, especially among Asian women and Anglos, are highlighted as a positive factor in integrating different cultures and combating destructive tribalism.', 'Intermarriage rates, such as around 62% among secular Jews, are cited as evidence of successful integration and a counter to tribalism.', 'The positive outlook on the integration of different cultures and peoples in America is emphasized, with personal anecdotes reinforcing the message of hope and unity.', 'John Mearsheimer emphasizes the importance of pursuing a career that genuinely interests an individual, urging them to follow their passion rather than succumbing to external pressure or expectations.', 'The concept of the hubris humility index is introduced, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy balance between hubris and humility for personal and professional growth.', 'John Mearsheimer reflects on mortality, acknowledging the limited time left in life and expressing gratitude for the enjoyment and fulfillment derived from intellectual pursuits.']}], 'highlights': ['The importance of power and military might is emphasized in the international system.', 'The key divide in international relations theory is between realism and liberalism, with realists emphasizing power competition and war as an instrument of statecraft.', "The potential for nuclear escalation in the Ukraine war is discussed, including the possibility of Russians using nuclear weapons if losing and the uncertainty of the West's response, making a great power war imminent.", "The Israel lobby's significant influence on U.S. policy in the Middle East is unprecedented, resulting in unwavering support for Israel, despite potential conflicts of interest with America's national interests.", 'The enduring animosity towards Japan in East Asia demonstrates the lasting effects of social group conflicts.', 'The British Empire exerted immense control over the world in 1922, but it eventually collapsed due to the powerful force of nationalism, leading to the desire for nation states among the colonies.', 'The gates were shut in 1924, and opened again in 1965, leading to a significant influx of mainly Hispanic and Asian immigrants integrating into the American mainstream at a faster rate than earlier European immigrants.', 'John Mearsheimer emphasizes the importance of pursuing a career that genuinely interests an individual, urging them to follow their passion rather than succumbing to external pressure or expectations.']}