title
An Overview of Arrays and Memory (Data Structures & Algorithms #2)

description
How does memory / RAM work on a computer? Watch this video to find out! Check out Brilliant.org (https://brilliant.org/CSDojo/), a website for learning math and computer science concepts through solving problems. First 200 subscribers will get 20% off through the link above. Special thanks to Brilliant for sponsoring this video. You can find the entire data structures & algorithms series in a playlist here: https://goo.gl/wy3CWF

detail
{'title': 'An Overview of Arrays and Memory (Data Structures & Algorithms #2)', 'heatmap': [{'end': 189.326, 'start': 169.149, 'weight': 0.715}, {'end': 528.328, 'start': 462.636, 'weight': 0.883}, {'end': 677.991, 'start': 596.858, 'weight': 0.75}, {'end': 770.041, 'start': 743.276, 'weight': 0.707}, {'end': 861.472, 'start': 842.04, 'weight': 0.835}, {'end': 1136.307, 'start': 984.1, 'weight': 0.753}], 'summary': 'Provides an overview of arrays, memory, and their relationship, covering topics such as integer storage, memory allocation, resizing arrays, and dynamic memory allocation. it emphasizes key concepts in data structures and algorithms, with practical examples in c, and illustrates the impact of memory and storage on computer performance, including the constraint that storage is generally larger than memory, leading to potential performance slowdowns when running multiple applications concurrently.', 'chapters': [{'end': 158.983, 'segs': [{'end': 120.795, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 43.727, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 49.849, 'text': 'So an example would be this one, which is an array of integers, or this one, which is an array of strings.', 'start': 43.727, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 53.911, 'text': "And it's not usual for an array to have multiple types.", 'start': 50.689, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 61.153, 'text': "So it's not usual for us to have something like this, where this array has both strings and numbers inside.", 'start': 54.651, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 68.094, 'text': "Let's take a look at some code snippets in C here to see how you can use arrays in practice.", 'start': 61.993, 'duration': 6.101}, {'end': 74.675, 'text': "I'm only going to take a look at C here, But it's going to be pretty similar to other languages too, like Java.", 'start': 68.094, 'duration': 6.581}, {'end': 86.707, 'text': 'this line int sample array score brackets 5 equals 2, 4, 6 and so on says create a new array with 5 integers and then populate it with the elements 2,', 'start': 74.675, 'duration': 12.032}, {'end': 98.463, 'text': '4, 6, 8 and 100, and you can visualize this array as a box with 5 partitions, because this array is able to contain 5 integers.', 'start': 86.707, 'duration': 11.756}, {'end': 104.687, 'text': 'If you want to change some of the elements in this array, of course, you can use code like this.', 'start': 99.104, 'duration': 5.583}, {'end': 116.394, 'text': 'The first line says, change the first item of this array to 20, and then the second line says, change the second element of this array to minus 5.', 'start': 105.147, 'duration': 11.247}, {'end': 120.795, 'text': 'So after executing these two lines of code, sample array will look like this.', 'start': 116.394, 'duration': 4.401}], 'summary': 'Arrays in c can store multiple types and be modified, like in java. example: array of 5 integers populated with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 100 can be modified to have 20 and -5 at specific indices.', 'duration': 77.068, 'max_score': 43.727, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ43727.jpg'}], 'start': 0.329, 'title': 'Introduction to arrays & memory', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of arrays, memory, and how integers and integer arrays are stored. it also includes code examples in c and emphasizes fundamental topics in data structures and algorithms.', 'chapters': [{'end': 158.983, 'start': 0.329, 'title': 'Introduction to arrays & memory overview', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of arrays, memory, and how integers and integer arrays are stored. it also includes code examples in c and emphasizes fundamental topics in data structures and algorithms.', 'duration': 158.654, 'highlights': ['An array is a collection of items of a single type, such as integers or strings, usually not having multiple types.', 'Code example in C demonstrates creating and populating an array with 5 integers, visualized as a box with 5 partitions.', 'Changing elements in the array using code, where the index of the array starts at zero, is demonstrated.']}], 'duration': 158.654, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ329.jpg', 'highlights': ['An array is a collection of items of a single type, such as integers or strings, usually not having multiple types.', 'Code example in C demonstrates creating and populating an array with 5 integers, visualized as a box with 5 partitions.', 'Changing elements in the array using code, where the index of the array starts at zero, is demonstrated.']}, {'end': 467.604, 'segs': [{'end': 209.736, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 169.149, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 171.131, 'text': 'Okay, so what is memory exactly?', 'start': 169.149, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 179.318, 'text': "For me to explain what it is, the first thing you'll need to understand is that there are mainly two mechanisms for storing data on your computer.", 'start': 171.812, 'duration': 7.506}, {'end': 189.326, 'text': "The first one is memory, or it's sometimes called RAM, and the second one is storage, which has different types, for example a flash drive,", 'start': 179.918, 'duration': 9.408}, {'end': 191.307, 'text': 'hard disk or a solid state drive.', 'start': 189.326, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 200.652, 'text': 'Now, the biggest difference between storage and memory is that the data on storage is permanent, while the data on memory is not.', 'start': 192.188, 'duration': 8.464}, {'end': 209.736, 'text': 'What I mean by that is, if you think about your laptop, when you turn off your laptop, the data on storage will still be there,', 'start': 201.452, 'duration': 8.284}], 'summary': 'Memory, also known as ram, and storage are the two main mechanisms for storing data on a computer, with storage being permanent and memory not.', 'duration': 40.587, 'max_score': 169.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ169149.jpg'}, {'end': 398.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 376.744, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 386.849, 'text': "But when you launch one of them, let's say Google Chrome, it's gonna be loaded onto memory so that it's faster to use and faster to access there.", 'start': 376.744, 'duration': 10.105}, {'end': 392.251, 'text': 'And so if you start running too many applications at the same time,', 'start': 387.809, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 398.474, 'text': "they're all gonna be loaded onto memory and you might actually start running out of memory space.", 'start': 392.251, 'duration': 6.223}], 'summary': 'Running multiple applications can lead to memory overload.', 'duration': 21.73, 'max_score': 376.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ376744.jpg'}, {'end': 453.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 418.926, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 422.449, 'text': 'and you can see that i have eight gigabytes of memory here.', 'start': 418.926, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 423.87, 'text': 'and what about storage?', 'start': 422.449, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 424.75, 'text': 'for storage?', 'start': 423.87, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 432.035, 'text': "i have 251 gigabytes, And actually one feature of storage is that it's usually much bigger than memory.", 'start': 424.75, 'duration': 7.285}, {'end': 438.18, 'text': "And actually on the Mac, there's a way to get a rough idea about how memory is being consumed.", 'start': 432.596, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 440.621, 'text': 'You can just open Activity Monitor.', 'start': 438.7, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 442.943, 'text': "I think there's something similar for Windows too.", 'start': 440.922, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 453.371, 'text': "And here you can see that, for example, Dropbox is using about 240 megabytes of memory and Google Chrome's using about 100 megabytes of memory.", 'start': 443.784, 'duration': 9.587}], 'summary': 'The speaker has 8gb of memory and 251gb of storage. activity monitor shows dropbox using 240mb and google chrome using 100mb of memory.', 'duration': 34.445, 'max_score': 418.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ418926.jpg'}], 'start': 159.383, 'title': 'Memory and storage relationship', 'summary': 'Explores the relationship between memory and storage, emphasizing their distinct functions, impact on computer performance, and the potential constraints on computer speed due to memory limitations. it also provides examples and quantifiable data to illustrate that storage is generally larger than memory, and running multiple applications concurrently may lead to performance slowdowns.', 'chapters': [{'end': 200.652, 'start': 159.383, 'title': 'Memory and storage overview', 'summary': 'Explains the difference between memory and storage, highlighting that memory, also known as ram, is temporary, whereas storage, such as hard disk or solid state drive, is permanent.', 'duration': 41.269, 'highlights': ['Memory, also known as RAM, is temporary, while storage, such as hard disk or solid state drive, is permanent.', 'The data on storage is permanent, while the data on memory is not.', 'The chapter explains the difference between memory and storage.']}, {'end': 467.604, 'start': 201.452, 'title': 'Memory and storage: working together', 'summary': 'Explains the difference between memory and storage, their roles in storing and accessing data, and their impact on computer performance, with examples and quantifiable data, illustrating that storage is usually much bigger than memory, and running too many applications at the same time might slow down a computer due to memory constraints.', 'duration': 266.152, 'highlights': ['Storage is usually much bigger than memory, with 251 gigabytes of storage and 8 gigabytes of memory on the Mac, demonstrating the difference in capacities.', 'Running too many applications at the same time might slow down a computer due to memory constraints, as illustrated by examples of Google Chrome and Dropbox consuming memory.', 'Explanation of how data is stored on memory and storage, with examples of working on documents, hitting the save button, and the difference in speed between memory and storage for reading and writing data.']}], 'duration': 308.221, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ159383.jpg', 'highlights': ['Storage is usually much bigger than memory, with 251 gigabytes of storage and 8 gigabytes of memory on the Mac, demonstrating the difference in capacities.', 'Running too many applications at the same time might slow down a computer due to memory constraints, as illustrated by examples of Google Chrome and Dropbox consuming memory.', 'Memory, also known as RAM, is temporary, while storage, such as hard disk or solid state drive, is permanent.', 'The data on storage is permanent, while the data on memory is not.']}, {'end': 736.933, 'segs': [{'end': 492.956, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 468.824, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 477.969, 'text': "Now, how is all of this related to programming, and in particular, using arrays? To understand that, let's take a look at this piece of code in C.", 'start': 468.824, 'duration': 9.145}, {'end': 480.65, 'text': 'This line int a equals 1,.', 'start': 477.969, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 488.194, 'text': 'when you compile and execute this line, of course a variable called a is created and the integer 1 is assigned to that number.', 'start': 480.65, 'duration': 7.544}, {'end': 492.956, 'text': 'And this integer one is stored on memory and not on storage.', 'start': 488.974, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'Code in c creates variable a with integer 1 stored in memory.', 'duration': 24.132, 'max_score': 468.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ468824.jpg'}, {'end': 677.991, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 511.762, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 520.085, 'text': "The first one is that each integer, when it's stored on a computer, it's often expressed as 32 ones and zeros.", 'start': 511.762, 'duration': 8.323}, {'end': 528.328, 'text': 'So for example, the number one can be expressed as a bunch of zeros and then one at the end.', 'start': 520.785, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 533.03, 'text': "Actually, that's 31 zeros and then one one at the end.", 'start': 528.868, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 538.973, 'text': 'and the number two can be expressed as a bunch of zeros, and then one and then zero.', 'start': 533.65, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 544.197, 'text': "again. that's actually 30 zeros, one one and then one zero.", 'start': 538.973, 'duration': 5.224}, {'end': 548.94, 'text': 'and just like that, pretty much any integer that you might encounter in real life.', 'start': 544.197, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 560.649, 'text': 'whether they are 100 or 200 or minus 223, each of them can be expressed as 32 ones and zeros.', 'start': 548.94, 'duration': 11.709}, {'end': 565.055, 'text': 'Now each of these zeros and ones is called a bit.', 'start': 561.19, 'duration': 3.865}, {'end': 568.318, 'text': 'So a bit is either one or zero.', 'start': 565.695, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 572.724, 'text': 'So we say each integer can be expressed with 32 bits.', 'start': 568.879, 'duration': 3.845}, {'end': 578.628, 'text': "You don't have to worry about how it's converted exactly if you don't know about it yet,", 'start': 574.265, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 587.213, 'text': 'But just know that pretty much any integer within a reasonable range can be expressed with 32 bits or 32 ones and zeros.', 'start': 578.628, 'duration': 8.585}, {'end': 591.855, 'text': "Okay, the second thing you'll need to understand is a simple model of memory.", 'start': 587.213, 'duration': 4.642}, {'end': 595.858, 'text': 'memory can be thought of as a long tape of bytes.', 'start': 591.855, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 598.1, 'text': 'Now, what is a byte?', 'start': 596.858, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 604.728, 'text': 'A byte is basically a small unit of data and it consists of 8 bits.', 'start': 598.881, 'duration': 5.847}, {'end': 611.416, 'text': 'So each byte might look like this, where it has 8 bits, or this one.', 'start': 605.589, 'duration': 5.827}, {'end': 616.76, 'text': 'Now you can visualize the simple model of memory along table bytes like this.', 'start': 612.137, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 623.404, 'text': 'So this is the long tape and each of these compartment represents each byte.', 'start': 617.4, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 630.508, 'text': 'So you can sort of imagine a bunch of bits, eight bits to be exact, being crammed into each of these compartments.', 'start': 623.844, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 633.75, 'text': 'And then you can store bytes which are, of course,', 'start': 631.169, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 639.594, 'text': 'small units of data in these compartments to represent anything you want to represent on your computer.', 'start': 633.75, 'duration': 5.844}, {'end': 659.438, 'text': 'Now your computer needs a way to find any particular byte very easily and you want to be able to do that because you want to be able to do things like store two bytes in these two compartments and then store four bytes right after that and maybe retrieve two bytes from the first two compartments.', 'start': 640.214, 'duration': 19.224}, {'end': 669.845, 'text': 'and your computer achieves it by assigning an address to each byte, and each of those address is represented by a single integer.', 'start': 660.058, 'duration': 9.787}, {'end': 677.991, 'text': 'so in this hypothetical example, we have the address 120 for this byte and 121 for this byte and so on.', 'start': 669.845, 'duration': 8.146}], 'summary': 'Integers are stored as 32 bits; memory is a tape of bytes, each with 8 bits.', 'duration': 111.642, 'max_score': 511.762, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ511762.jpg'}, {'end': 710.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 687.779, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 695.664, 'text': 'Well, the answer is, you know, I came up with this arbitrary number, 120 to represent the starting address for these bytes.', 'start': 687.779, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 698.626, 'text': "But in reality, you don't have to worry about it.", 'start': 696.365, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 706.292, 'text': "And you don't have to worry about it because the operating system determines what the starting address will be for your particular application.", 'start': 699.207, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 710.615, 'text': "so basically the operating system, whether it's mac or windows,", 'start': 706.872, 'duration': 3.743}], 'summary': 'The starting address for bytes is arbitrary, but the operating system determines it for each application.', 'duration': 22.836, 'max_score': 687.779, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ687779.jpg'}], 'start': 468.824, 'title': 'Memory storage in programming and computer memory basics', 'summary': 'Covers how integers are stored in memory as 32 bits, emphasizing their relevance to programming and arrays. it also explains bytes and bits in computer memory, the use of 32 bits to express integers, and the allocation of addresses to bytes, with the starting address determined by the operating system.', 'chapters': [{'end': 572.724, 'start': 468.824, 'title': 'Memory storage in programming', 'summary': 'Explains how integers are stored in memory as 32 bits, and how they are lost when the computer is turned off, emphasizing the relevance to programming and arrays.', 'duration': 103.9, 'highlights': ['Integers are stored in memory as 32 bits, expressed as a sequence of ones and zeros, and disappear when the computer is turned off.', 'Explains the relevance of memory storage to programming, particularly in the context of using arrays.', "Clarifies that each integer, whether it's 100, 200, or -223, can be represented as 32 bits, emphasizing the generalizability of the concept."]}, {'end': 736.933, 'start': 574.265, 'title': 'Computer memory basics', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of bytes and bits in computer memory, emphasizing the use of 32 bits to express integers and the allocation of addresses to bytes, with the starting address being determined by the operating system.', 'duration': 162.668, 'highlights': ['The use of 32 bits to express integers within a reasonable range in computer memory.', 'Explanation of a byte as a small unit of data consisting of 8 bits.', 'The allocation of addresses to bytes, with the starting address being determined by the operating system.']}], 'duration': 268.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ468824.jpg', 'highlights': ['Integers are stored in memory as 32 bits, expressed as a sequence of ones and zeros, and disappear when the computer is turned off.', "Each integer, whether it's 100, 200, or -223, can be represented as 32 bits, emphasizing the generalizability of the concept.", 'The use of 32 bits to express integers within a reasonable range in computer memory.', 'Explains the relevance of memory storage to programming, particularly in the context of using arrays.', 'Explanation of a byte as a small unit of data consisting of 8 bits.', 'The allocation of addresses to bytes, with the starting address being determined by the operating system.']}, {'end': 984.1, 'segs': [{'end': 785.019, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 743.276, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 750.7, 'text': "Sometimes, depending on the environment, it's stored with 64 bits instead, but let's just say 32 bits for now.", 'start': 743.276, 'duration': 7.424}, {'end': 757.687, 'text': 'and the question i have here for you is how many bytes do you need to store each integer?', 'start': 751.4, 'duration': 6.287}, {'end': 762.192, 'text': "well, that's pretty simple, because you have eight bits in each byte.", 'start': 757.687, 'duration': 4.505}, {'end': 770.041, 'text': 'so if you have four bytes, you can store four times eight bits, which is 32 bits, which is just enough to store each integer.', 'start': 762.192, 'duration': 7.849}, {'end': 772.964, 'text': 'So how can we store an integer on memory??', 'start': 770.581, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 782.396, 'text': "You might say wait, why don't you just take four bytes, the four consecutive bytes right here, and then use that to represent an integer?", 'start': 773.645, 'duration': 8.751}, {'end': 785.019, 'text': "And that's exactly what a real computer does.", 'start': 782.936, 'duration': 2.083}], 'summary': 'You need 4 bytes to store each integer in a computer.', 'duration': 47.545, 'max_score': 743.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ743276.jpg'}, {'end': 861.472, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 822.67, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 835.216, 'text': 'You might need a different number of bytes to store each different type of data 2.3 or A or whatever but the idea of using consecutive bytes to store each piece of data is exactly the same.', 'start': 822.67, 'duration': 12.546}, {'end': 841.2, 'text': 'Anyway, what if you wanted to store an array of integers instead of single integers?', 'start': 835.697, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 846.503, 'text': "To see how that can be done, let's take a look at some more code in C here.", 'start': 842.04, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 861.472, 'text': "And let's say just like before, we have int a equals 1, then that integer a or 1 will be stored, let's say, in these 4 bytes from 120 to 123.", 'start': 847.203, 'duration': 14.269}], 'summary': 'Different data types may require varying byte sizes for storage. storing array of integers in c involves consecutive bytes.', 'duration': 23.833, 'max_score': 822.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ822670.jpg'}, {'end': 910.617, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 881.07, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 885.371, 'text': 'And we need 12 bytes because we need to be able to store three integers.', 'start': 881.07, 'duration': 4.301}, {'end': 889.552, 'text': "So that's, of course, three times four equals 12 bytes.", 'start': 885.951, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 894.973, 'text': 'And the first number five will be stored in the first four bytes.', 'start': 890.212, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 900.315, 'text': "So that's from 124 to 127 right here.", 'start': 895.654, 'duration': 4.661}, {'end': 906.036, 'text': 'And the second number three will be stored in the four bytes right after that, naturally.', 'start': 900.835, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 910.617, 'text': "So that's from 128 to 131.", 'start': 906.696, 'duration': 3.921}], 'summary': '12 bytes are needed to store three integers, with each integer taking up 4 bytes.', 'duration': 29.547, 'max_score': 881.07, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ881070.jpg'}], 'start': 737.474, 'title': 'Storing integers and memory allocation', 'summary': 'Covers the storage of integers in memory, where each integer is represented by 32 bits and requires 4 bytes for storage. it also discusses memory allocation using a sample array of integers, emphasizing the need for 12 bytes to store three integers and the limitation of uncertain memory allocation for adding more numbers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 846.503, 'start': 737.474, 'title': 'Storing integers in memory', 'summary': 'Discusses how integers are stored in memory, with each integer represented by 32 bits and requiring 4 bytes for storage, with consecutive bytes used to store the bits of each integer.', 'duration': 109.029, 'highlights': ['Each integer is represented with 32 bits, requiring 4 bytes for storage, with consecutive bytes used to store the bits of each integer.', 'In a real computer, integers are stored using four consecutive bytes, with the bits of each integer split into these four bytes and then stored in memory.', 'The concept of using consecutive bytes to store each piece of data remains the same for different data types, such as decimals or characters.']}, {'end': 984.1, 'start': 847.203, 'title': 'Memory allocation explanation', 'summary': 'Explains memory allocation by using a sample array of integers and highlights the need for 12 bytes to store three integers, as well as the limitation of adding more numbers due to uncertain memory allocation.', 'duration': 136.897, 'highlights': ['The sample array requires 12 bytes to store three integers (3 * 4 bytes) and the specific storage locations for each integer are detailed (124 to 135, 124 to 127, and 128 to 131).', "The limitation of adding more numbers arises from the uncertainty of memory allocation after the initial 12 bytes, as exemplified by the potential storage of 'int C equals four' in the subsequent memory space (from 136 to 139)."]}], 'duration': 246.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ737474.jpg', 'highlights': ['Each integer is represented with 32 bits, requiring 4 bytes for storage.', 'The sample array requires 12 bytes to store three integers (3 * 4 bytes).', 'In a real computer, integers are stored using four consecutive bytes.', 'The concept of using consecutive bytes to store each piece of data remains the same for different data types.', 'The limitation of adding more numbers arises from the uncertainty of memory allocation after the initial 12 bytes.']}, {'end': 1219.153, 'segs': [{'end': 1136.307, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 984.1, 'weight': 0.753, 'content': [{'end': 988.222, 'text': 'And when you store an array, you need a bunch of consecutive bytes.', 'start': 984.1, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 992.784, 'text': "And that's basically why you won't be able to just add more bytes to this array.", 'start': 988.782, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 1002.147, 'text': 'And actually, if you wanted to still add two more numbers to this array, what you would need to do is you would need to create an entirely new array,', 'start': 993.444, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 1003.628, 'text': 'you know, over here in memory.', 'start': 1002.147, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1007.91, 'text': 'And you would need to make that array longer than the original array.', 'start': 1004.428, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 1010.971, 'text': "You know, let's say length five instead of length three.", 'start': 1008.19, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 1016.776, 'text': 'and copy over these numbers one by one to the new array.', 'start': 1011.851, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 1025.405, 'text': "And you would probably create this array dynamically, and this word dynamically is important, but if you don't know what it means exactly,", 'start': 1017.237, 'duration': 8.168}, {'end': 1026.445, 'text': "don't worry about it for now.", 'start': 1025.405, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 1027.406, 'text': 'And then,', 'start': 1026.846, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 1038.476, 'text': "if you wanted to add even more numbers let's say three more numbers to the new array that's longer than the original array then you would actually need to create a new array again,", 'start': 1027.406, 'duration': 11.07}, {'end': 1044.801, 'text': 'which is even longer than the second array, and then copy over all the elements to the new array again.', 'start': 1038.476, 'duration': 6.325}, {'end': 1054.41, 'text': 'so you might think this whole strategy is a little bit awkward, because you need to keep creating new arrays and maybe keep deleting the old arrays,', 'start': 1045.422, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 1057.273, 'text': "but that's actually what's used in practice often.", 'start': 1054.41, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 1063.958, 'text': 'so if you wanted to create sort of a resizable array, you know a kind of array, a kind of new array, you might say,', 'start': 1057.273, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 1068.122, 'text': 'that can accommodate as many elements as you want to put in there.', 'start': 1063.958, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 1070.084, 'text': 'this is one strategy for doing that.', 'start': 1068.122, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 1073.746, 'text': 'So for this you know resizable array.', 'start': 1070.624, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 1076.327, 'text': 'you can initialize it as a small array.', 'start': 1073.746, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 1078.028, 'text': "Let's say 10 elements.", 'start': 1076.887, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 1085.431, 'text': 'And then, when you want to put in the 11th element, you can make a new array that can accommodate, you know,', 'start': 1078.568, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 1089.073, 'text': '20 items instead and then copy over old items to the new one.', 'start': 1085.431, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 1094.936, 'text': 'And then keep going like that, you know, 20 elements, 40 elements, and then length 80 and so on.', 'start': 1089.613, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 1102.081, 'text': 'And this is actually the essence of how many sort of resizable arrays work in different programming languages.', 'start': 1095.376, 'duration': 6.705}, {'end': 1110.347, 'text': 'So for example, in Python, you might see the Python lists, and in Java, you might have used the array lists.', 'start': 1102.761, 'duration': 7.586}, {'end': 1117.351, 'text': 'They might not look like resizable arrays when you look at them or when you use them, but actually, if you look at the source code,', 'start': 1110.827, 'duration': 6.524}, {'end': 1121.654, 'text': "if you sort of look inside the hood, that's how they are implemented.", 'start': 1117.351, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 1136.307, 'text': "Okay, so this was actually a somewhat simplified explanation of these topics arrays and memory and you'll be able to actually start using them to start building more complex data structures that you're gonna learn throughout this course,", 'start': 1122.58, 'duration': 13.727}], 'summary': 'Resizable arrays use dynamic memory allocation to accommodate more elements, commonly implemented in python lists and java array lists.', 'duration': 152.207, 'max_score': 984.1, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ984100.jpg'}, {'end': 1110.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1027.406, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1038.476, 'text': "if you wanted to add even more numbers let's say three more numbers to the new array that's longer than the original array then you would actually need to create a new array again,", 'start': 1027.406, 'duration': 11.07}, {'end': 1044.801, 'text': 'which is even longer than the second array, and then copy over all the elements to the new array again.', 'start': 1038.476, 'duration': 6.325}, {'end': 1054.41, 'text': 'so you might think this whole strategy is a little bit awkward, because you need to keep creating new arrays and maybe keep deleting the old arrays,', 'start': 1045.422, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 1057.273, 'text': "but that's actually what's used in practice often.", 'start': 1054.41, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 1063.958, 'text': 'so if you wanted to create sort of a resizable array, you know a kind of array, a kind of new array, you might say,', 'start': 1057.273, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 1068.122, 'text': 'that can accommodate as many elements as you want to put in there.', 'start': 1063.958, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 1070.084, 'text': 'this is one strategy for doing that.', 'start': 1068.122, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 1073.746, 'text': 'So for this you know resizable array.', 'start': 1070.624, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 1076.327, 'text': 'you can initialize it as a small array.', 'start': 1073.746, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 1078.028, 'text': "Let's say 10 elements.", 'start': 1076.887, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 1085.431, 'text': 'And then, when you want to put in the 11th element, you can make a new array that can accommodate, you know,', 'start': 1078.568, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 1089.073, 'text': '20 items instead and then copy over old items to the new one.', 'start': 1085.431, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 1094.936, 'text': 'And then keep going like that, you know, 20 elements, 40 elements, and then length 80 and so on.', 'start': 1089.613, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 1102.081, 'text': 'And this is actually the essence of how many sort of resizable arrays work in different programming languages.', 'start': 1095.376, 'duration': 6.705}, {'end': 1110.347, 'text': 'So for example, in Python, you might see the Python lists, and in Java, you might have used the array lists.', 'start': 1102.761, 'duration': 7.586}], 'summary': 'Resizing arrays to accommodate more elements, commonly used in practice.', 'duration': 82.941, 'max_score': 1027.406, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ1027406.jpg'}, {'end': 1200.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1159.156, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1166.003, 'text': 'This linear memory model section basically gives you a more detailed picture of what I explained in this video about memory,', 'start': 1159.156, 'duration': 6.847}, {'end': 1168.205, 'text': 'and it comes with a bunch of practice problems too.', 'start': 1166.003, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 1175.872, 'text': "Like I said in my last video, applying what you've learned through solving problems is a good way to solidify your understanding of the topic.", 'start': 1168.906, 'duration': 6.966}, {'end': 1183.738, 'text': 'And personally, I found that going through this section helped me refresh and solidify my understanding of how memory works.', 'start': 1176.893, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 1190.963, 'text': "And this linear memory model section actually assumes that you're already familiar with binary and hexadecimal numbers.", 'start': 1184.359, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 1196.667, 'text': "So if you want a quick refresher on those, I'd get started with the previous section instead.", 'start': 1191.424, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 1200.23, 'text': 'And that one is called binary decimal and hexadecimal.', 'start': 1197.388, 'duration': 2.842}], 'summary': 'Detailed linear memory model section with practice problems and refreshers on binary and hexadecimal numbers.', 'duration': 41.074, 'max_score': 1159.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ1159156.jpg'}], 'start': 984.1, 'title': 'Arrays and memory', 'summary': 'Covers resizing arrays, dynamic memory allocation, and the introduction to arrays and memory, emphasizing their importance in building complex data structures. it explains the need for creating new arrays of increasing size and copying elements over as a strategy to implement resizable arrays in programming languages like python and java. the linear memory model section on brilliant.org provides a detailed explanation of memory, reinforcing understanding through practice problems, and assumes familiarity with binary and hexadecimal numbers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1121.654, 'start': 984.1, 'title': 'Resizing arrays and dynamic memory allocation', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of resizing arrays and dynamic memory allocation, highlighting the need to create new arrays of increasing size and copying elements over, as a strategy to implement resizable arrays in programming languages like python and java.', 'duration': 137.554, 'highlights': ['Creating new arrays of increasing size and copying elements over is a strategy used to implement resizable arrays in programming languages like Python and Java.', 'The process involves creating a new array longer than the original array, copying over the elements, and repeating this process when needing to add more elements.', 'Resizing arrays and dynamic memory allocation are essential concepts in implementing resizable arrays in various programming languages.', 'The strategy involves initializing a small array, creating a new larger array when needing to accommodate more elements, and copying the old elements over to the new array.']}, {'end': 1219.153, 'start': 1122.58, 'title': 'Introduction to arrays and memory', 'summary': 'Introduces the concepts of arrays and memory, highlighting their importance in building complex data structures. the linear memory model section on brilliant.org provides a detailed explanation of memory, reinforcing understanding through practice problems, and assumes familiarity with binary and hexadecimal numbers.', 'duration': 96.573, 'highlights': ['The linear memory model section on brilliant.org provides a detailed explanation of memory, reinforcing understanding through practice problems, and assumes familiarity with binary and hexadecimal numbers.', "Applying what you've learned through solving problems is a good way to solidify your understanding of the topic.", 'The section on Linear Memory Model in the Introduction to Memory chapter on brilliant.org offers a more detailed picture of memory and comes with practice problems.']}], 'duration': 235.053, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pmN9ExDf3yQ/pics/pmN9ExDf3yQ984100.jpg', 'highlights': ['Creating new arrays of increasing size and copying elements over is a strategy used to implement resizable arrays in programming languages like Python and Java.', 'Resizing arrays and dynamic memory allocation are essential concepts in implementing resizable arrays in various programming languages.', 'The process involves creating a new array longer than the original array, copying over the elements, and repeating this process when needing to add more elements.', 'The strategy involves initializing a small array, creating a new larger array when needing to accommodate more elements, and copying the old elements over to the new array.', 'The linear memory model section on brilliant.org provides a detailed explanation of memory, reinforcing understanding through practice problems, and assumes familiarity with binary and hexadecimal numbers.', "Applying what you've learned through solving problems is a good way to solidify your understanding of the topic.", 'The section on Linear Memory Model in the Introduction to Memory chapter on brilliant.org offers a more detailed picture of memory and comes with practice problems.']}], 'highlights': ['Resizing arrays and dynamic memory allocation are essential concepts in implementing resizable arrays in various programming languages.', 'Creating new arrays of increasing size and copying elements over is a strategy used to implement resizable arrays in programming languages like Python and Java.', 'Storage is usually much bigger than memory, with 251 gigabytes of storage and 8 gigabytes of memory on the Mac, demonstrating the difference in capacities.', 'An array is a collection of items of a single type, such as integers or strings, usually not having multiple types.', 'Integers are stored in memory as 32 bits, expressed as a sequence of ones and zeros, and disappear when the computer is turned off.']}