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Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2

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{'title': 'Christof Koch: Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #2', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Christof koch discusses consciousness, artificial intelligence, and the potential for machines to exhibit human-like behaviors while lacking consciousness. the conversation explores the distinction between consciousness and intelligence, the limitations of artificial consciousness in machines, and the relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems. additionally, it examines agi's empathic response, consciousness and religion, nietzsche's influence, the value of literature in scientific pursuits, and the challenges of communicating with different forms of intelligence, including alien consciousness.", 'chapters': [{'end': 554.486, 'segs': [{'end': 26.542, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.149, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7.412, 'text': 'As part of MIT course 6S099 on artificial general intelligence, I got a chance to sit down with Christoph Koch,', 'start': 0.149, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 15.055, 'text': 'who is one of the seminal figures in neurobiology, neuroscience and generally in the study of consciousness.', 'start': 7.412, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 21.879, 'text': 'He is the president, the chief scientific officer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle.', 'start': 15.595, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 26.542, 'text': 'From 1986 to 2013, he was the professor at Caltech.', 'start': 22.259, 'duration': 4.283}], 'summary': 'Christoph koch, president of the allen institute for brain science, discussed consciousness and neuroscience in an mit course.', 'duration': 26.393, 'max_score': 0.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo149.jpg'}, {'end': 97.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 71.923, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 77.644, 'text': "Okay, before we delve into the beautiful mysteries of consciousness, let's zoom out a little bit.", 'start': 71.923, 'duration': 5.721}, {'end': 84.786, 'text': "And let me ask, do you think there's intelligent life out there in the universe? Yes, I do believe so.", 'start': 78.845, 'duration': 5.941}, {'end': 89.647, 'text': 'We have no evidence of it, but I think the probabilities are overwhelming in favor of it.', 'start': 85.466, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 97.929, 'text': 'Given a universe where we have 10 to the 11 galaxies and each galaxy has between 10 to the 11, 10 to the 12 stars,', 'start': 90.228, 'duration': 7.701}], 'summary': 'Probability favors intelligent life in the universe, with 10^11 galaxies and 10^11-10^12 stars each.', 'duration': 26.006, 'max_score': 71.923, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo71923.jpg'}, {'end': 160.24, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 133.483, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 139.905, 'text': 'Yes, if they are evolved, if they are a product of natural evolution, as they would have to be, they will also experience their own world.', 'start': 133.483, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 144.247, 'text': "So consciousness isn't just human, you're right, it's much wider.", 'start': 140.145, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 146.348, 'text': 'It may be spread across all of biology.', 'start': 144.627, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 150.671, 'text': 'The only thing that we have special is we can talk about it.', 'start': 147.889, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 153.054, 'text': 'Of course, not all people can talk about it.', 'start': 151.352, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 155.156, 'text': 'Babies and little children can talk about it.', 'start': 153.114, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 160.24, 'text': 'Patients who have a stroke in the left inferior frontal gyrus can talk about it.', 'start': 155.216, 'duration': 5.024}], 'summary': 'Consciousness may be spread across all of biology, not just limited to humans.', 'duration': 26.757, 'max_score': 133.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo133483.jpg'}, {'end': 324.453, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 293.955, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 297.476, 'text': 'So you can look at the foundational equation of quantum mechanics, general relativity.', 'start': 293.955, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 299.897, 'text': 'you can look at the periodic table of the elements.', 'start': 297.476, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 305.479, 'text': 'you can look at the endless ATG seat chat in our genes, and nowhere is consciousness.', 'start': 299.897, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 308.64, 'text': 'Yet I wake up every morning to a world where I have experiences.', 'start': 305.539, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 312.501, 'text': "And so that's the heart of the ancient mind-body problem.", 'start': 309.48, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 319.729, 'text': 'How do experiences get into the world? So what is consciousness? Experience.', 'start': 312.581, 'duration': 7.148}, {'end': 324.453, 'text': 'Consciousness is any experience.', 'start': 320.23, 'duration': 4.223}], 'summary': 'Consciousness is the experience at the heart of the mind-body problem.', 'duration': 30.498, 'max_score': 293.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo293955.jpg'}, {'end': 472.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 428.536, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 434.94, 'text': 'but you know, ultimately, certainly in your generation, there will be machines that will speak with complete poise,', 'start': 428.536, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 436.581, 'text': 'that will remember everything you ever said.', 'start': 434.94, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 438.602, 'text': "they'll remember every email you ever had.", 'start': 436.581, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 441.564, 'text': 'Like Samantha, remember in the movie Her? Yeah.', 'start': 438.682, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 442.945, 'text': "There's no question it's going to happen.", 'start': 441.764, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 448.489, 'text': 'Yeah. But of course the key question is does it feel like anything to be Samantha in the movie Her??', 'start': 443.045, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 451.19, 'text': 'Or does it feel like anything to be Watson?', 'start': 449.209, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 458.875, 'text': 'And there one has to very strongly think there are two different concepts here that we co-mingle.', 'start': 452.091, 'duration': 6.784}, {'end': 467.281, 'text': 'There is a concept of intelligence, natural or artificial, and there is a concept of consciousness, of experience, natural or artificial.', 'start': 458.895, 'duration': 8.386}, {'end': 468.882, 'text': 'Those are very, very different things.', 'start': 467.301, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 472.945, 'text': 'Now, historically, we associate consciousness with intelligence.', 'start': 469.722, 'duration': 3.223}], 'summary': 'Future machines will remember everything but may not have consciousness.', 'duration': 44.409, 'max_score': 428.536, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo428536.jpg'}, {'end': 536.896, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 514.759, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 525.007, 'text': 'we believe that as these creatures become more complex, they are better adapted to their particular ecological niche and they become more conscious,', 'start': 514.759, 'duration': 10.248}, {'end': 526.428, 'text': 'partly because their brain grows.', 'start': 525.007, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 530.451, 'text': 'And we believe consciousness, unlike the ancient ancient people thought most.', 'start': 526.488, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 534.855, 'text': 'almost every culture thought that consciousness with intelligence has to do with your heart.', 'start': 530.451, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 536.896, 'text': 'And you still see that today.', 'start': 535.715, 'duration': 1.181}], 'summary': 'Creature complexity increases consciousness, linked to brain growth and cultural beliefs.', 'duration': 22.137, 'max_score': 514.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo514759.jpg'}], 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'Consciousness and artificial intelligence', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with christoph koch on the probabilities of intelligent life in the universe and the wider scope of consciousness. it also discusses the future of artificial intelligence, highlighting the distinction between intelligence and consciousness, and the potential for machines to exhibit human-like behaviors while lacking consciousness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 364.281, 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'Christoph koch on consciousness', 'summary': 'Delves into a conversation with christoph koch, a seminal figure in neurobiology and neuroscience, discussing the probabilities of intelligent life in the universe, the wider scope of consciousness beyond humans, and the fundamental mystery of consciousness in the context of experiences.', 'duration': 364.132, 'highlights': ["Christoph Koch's impact on the scientific community and the general public in the study of consciousness. Christoph Koch is well cited, with over 100,000 citations, and his research and ideas have had a significant impact on the scientific community and the general public's understanding of consciousness.", 'The probabilities of intelligent life in the universe based on the vast number of galaxies and stars. Christoph Koch discusses the overwhelming probabilities of intelligent life in the universe, citing the vast number of galaxies (10^11) and stars in each galaxy (10^11-10^12), as well as the presence of planets around most stars.', 'The wider scope of consciousness beyond humans and its potential presence across all of biology. Christoph Koch emphasizes that consciousness may extend beyond humans and could be spread across all of biology, not being limited to human existence.', 'The fundamental mystery of consciousness and the absence of its explanation in physics and other scientific disciplines. Christoph Koch delves into the fundamental mystery of consciousness, highlighting the lack of its explanation in physics and scientific disciplines, posing the ancient mind-body problem of how experiences enter the world.']}, {'end': 554.486, 'start': 364.281, 'title': 'Future of artificial intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the future of artificial intelligence, particularly the distinction between intelligence and consciousness, and the potential for machines to exhibit human-like behaviors and memories while lacking consciousness. it also touches on the historical association of consciousness with intelligence based on the complexity of nervous systems and underlying neuroscience.', 'duration': 190.205, 'highlights': ['The chapter delves into the distinction between intelligence and consciousness, highlighting that they are two different concepts that are often co-mingled. The chapter discusses the distinction between intelligence and consciousness, emphasizing that they are separate concepts that are frequently intertwined.', 'The transcript explores the potential for machines to exhibit human-like behaviors and memories, such as speaking with complete poise and remembering every interaction, without possessing consciousness. The transcript discusses the possibility of future machines displaying human-like behaviors and memories, such as speaking with complete poise and remembering every interaction, despite lacking consciousness.', 'It also touches on the historical association of consciousness with intelligence, based on the complexity of nervous systems and underlying neuroscience, emphasizing that as creatures become more complex, they are better adapted to their ecological niche and become more conscious. The chapter discusses the historical association of consciousness with intelligence, based on the complexity of nervous systems and underlying neuroscience, highlighting that as creatures become more complex, they are better adapted to their ecological niche and become more conscious.']}], 'duration': 554.337, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo149.jpg', 'highlights': ["Christoph Koch's impact on the scientific community and the general public in the study of consciousness, with over 100,000 citations.", 'The overwhelming probabilities of intelligent life in the universe, citing the vast number of galaxies and stars.', 'The wider scope of consciousness beyond humans and its potential presence across all of biology.', 'The fundamental mystery of consciousness and the absence of its explanation in physics and other scientific disciplines.', 'The chapter delves into the distinction between intelligence and consciousness, emphasizing that they are separate concepts.', 'The transcript explores the potential for machines to exhibit human-like behaviors and memories, without possessing consciousness.', 'The historical association of consciousness with intelligence, based on the complexity of nervous systems and underlying neuroscience.']}, {'end': 1483.036, 'segs': [{'end': 579.418, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 554.506, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 559.608, 'text': 'And so we see brains of different complexity, and we think, well, they have different levels of consciousness.', 'start': 554.506, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 562.049, 'text': "They're capable of different experiences.", 'start': 559.848, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 571.968, 'text': "But now we confront a world where we know where we're beginning to engineer intelligence,", 'start': 565.219, 'duration': 6.749}, {'end': 579.418, 'text': "and it's radical unclear whether the intelligence we're engineering has anything to do with consciousness and whether it can experience anything.", 'start': 571.968, 'duration': 7.45}], 'summary': 'Engineering intelligence raises questions about consciousness and experience.', 'duration': 24.912, 'max_score': 554.506, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo554506.jpg'}, {'end': 1181.199, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1155.733, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1163.827, 'text': 'But let me first, maybe as an introduction for people who are not familiar, Descartes, You talk a lot about panpsychism.', 'start': 1155.733, 'duration': 8.094}, {'end': 1170.191, 'text': 'Can you describe what physicalism versus dualism you mentioned?', 'start': 1164.147, 'duration': 6.044}, {'end': 1175.335, 'text': 'the soul, what is the history of that idea? The idea of panpsychism?', 'start': 1170.191, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 1181.199, 'text': 'No, the debate really out of which panpsychism can emerge of.', 'start': 1176.175, 'duration': 5.024}], 'summary': 'Discussion on physicalism, dualism, and panpsychism in the history of philosophy.', 'duration': 25.466, 'max_score': 1155.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1155733.jpg'}, {'end': 1444.757, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1419.735, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1426.857, 'text': 'But then, of course, that made it through Plato into Christianity, and then this soul became immortal and then became the connection to God.', 'start': 1419.735, 'duration': 7.122}, {'end': 1432.119, 'text': 'So you asked me, essentially, what is our modern conception of these three..', 'start': 1428.398, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 1435.769, 'text': 'Aristotle would have called them different forms.', 'start': 1433.507, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 1441.894, 'text': "Life. we think we know something about it, at least life on this planet, although we don't understand how it originated,", 'start': 1436.349, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 1444.757, 'text': "but it's been difficult to rigorously pin down.", 'start': 1441.894, 'duration': 2.863}], 'summary': "Modern conception of soul, life's origin, and connection to god remains unclear.", 'duration': 25.022, 'max_score': 1419.735, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1419735.jpg'}], 'start': 554.506, 'title': 'Exploring consciousness and intelligence', 'summary': 'Delves into the distinction between consciousness and intelligence, discussing conscious experiences in various states and examining the concept of pampsychism and its relation to physics and consciousness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 601.757, 'start': 554.506, 'title': 'Consciousness vs. intelligence', 'summary': 'Explores the distinction between consciousness and intelligence, questioning the link between engineered intelligence and consciousness, and emphasizing that while intelligence is about function and adaptation, consciousness is about being.', 'duration': 47.251, 'highlights': ['The distinction between consciousness and intelligence is emphasized, raising questions about the link between engineered intelligence and consciousness.', 'Intelligence is defined as adaptation to new environments, learning quickly, and understanding setups, whereas consciousness is about being.', 'The difference between consciousness and intelligence is highlighted, emphasizing that consciousness is not about function, but about being.']}, {'end': 1248.647, 'start': 602.377, 'title': 'Consciousness and experiences', 'summary': 'Discusses the conscious experiences in various states, including vegetative state, sleep, and mystical experiences, and the challenges in determining consciousness, highlighting the need for a theory of consciousness and the debate between physicalism and panpsychism.', 'duration': 646.27, 'highlights': ['The challenges in determining consciousness are highlighted, emphasizing the need for a theory of consciousness and the debate between physicalism and panpsychism.', 'The discussion covers conscious experiences in various states, such as vegetative state, sleep, and mystical experiences, and the difficulties in establishing consciousness in these scenarios.', 'The scientific methods for testing consciousness in humans and the limitations in testing consciousness in non-human entities are outlined, emphasizing the complexity of determining consciousness.', 'The concept of panpsychism, its historical background, and the debate between physicalism and dualism are discussed in the context of consciousness and experiences.']}, {'end': 1483.036, 'start': 1248.647, 'title': 'Pampsychism and consciousness', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of pampsychism and its relation to physics, consciousness, and the mystery surrounding life, intelligence, and consciousness, highlighting the complexities of defining these concepts and the ongoing challenges in understanding them.', 'duration': 234.389, 'highlights': ["Aristotle's concept of different forms of soul, including vegetative, sensitive, and rational, and the modern challenges in defining life, intelligence, and consciousness.", "The complexity of a paramecium's system, comprising around 5,000 different proteins, which vastly escapes human understanding, showcasing the intricate nature of life.", 'The ongoing challenges in defining life, as evidenced by the current conference attempting to legally and medically define death in the context of modern medical interventions like ventilators and heart pacemakers.']}], 'duration': 928.53, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo554506.jpg', 'highlights': ['The distinction between consciousness and intelligence is emphasized, raising questions about the link between engineered intelligence and consciousness.', 'The challenges in determining consciousness are highlighted, emphasizing the need for a theory of consciousness and the debate between physicalism and panpsychism.', "Aristotle's concept of different forms of soul, including vegetative, sensitive, and rational, and the modern challenges in defining life, intelligence, and consciousness."]}, {'end': 1856.208, 'segs': [{'end': 1527.003, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1483.076, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1485.357, 'text': "It's called IQ or G-factors.", 'start': 1483.076, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 1496.64, 'text': "And we're beginning to build it in a narrow sense, like Go, AlphaGo, and Watson, and Google cars, and Uber cars, and all of that.", 'start': 1486.017, 'duration': 10.623}, {'end': 1497.78, 'text': "That's still narrow AI.", 'start': 1496.68, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 1500.601, 'text': 'And some people are thinking about artificial general intelligence.', 'start': 1497.84, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 1506.145, 'text': "But roughly, as we said before, it's something to do with the ability to learn and to adapt to new environments.", 'start': 1501.161, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 1510.269, 'text': "But that is, as I said also, it's radical difference from experience.", 'start': 1506.526, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 1519.577, 'text': "And it's very unclear if you build a machine that has AGI, it's not at all a priori, it's not at all clear that this machine will have consciousness.", 'start': 1510.969, 'duration': 8.608}, {'end': 1520.378, 'text': 'It may or may not.', 'start': 1519.657, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 1521.999, 'text': "So let's ask it the other way.", 'start': 1520.718, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 1527.003, 'text': 'Do you think if you were to try to build an artificial general intelligence system, do you think..', 'start': 1522.299, 'duration': 4.704}], 'summary': "Ai research focuses on narrow and general intelligence with the ability to learn and adapt, but it's uncertain if agi will have consciousness.", 'duration': 43.927, 'max_score': 1483.076, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1483076.jpg'}, {'end': 1578.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1551.949, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1555.77, 'text': 'complexity via the theory, integrated information theory is sort of.', 'start': 1551.949, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 1558.891, 'text': 'ultimately, is is what is closely tied to consciousness.', 'start': 1555.77, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 1561.253, 'text': "Ultimately, it's causal power upon itself.", 'start': 1559.311, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 1564.555, 'text': 'And so in evolved systems, they go together.', 'start': 1561.593, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 1568.918, 'text': 'In artificial system, particularly in digital machines, they do not go together.', 'start': 1565.055, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 1578.305, 'text': 'And if you ask me point blank, is Alexa 20.0 in the year 2040 when she can easily pass every Turing test, is she conscious? No.', 'start': 1569.358, 'duration': 8.947}], 'summary': 'Integrated information theory is tied to consciousness; digital machines lack causal power for consciousness.', 'duration': 26.356, 'max_score': 1551.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1551949.jpg'}, {'end': 1634.275, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1606.145, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1611.747, 'text': 'okay, even that computer simulation that can, in principle, map onto your brain will not be conscious.', 'start': 1606.145, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 1613.408, 'text': 'why? because it simulates.', 'start': 1611.747, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 1615.929, 'text': "it's a difference between the simulated and the real.", 'start': 1613.408, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1619.25, 'text': 'so it simulates the behavior associated with consciousness.', 'start': 1615.929, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 1625.273, 'text': "it might be it will, if it's done properly, will have all the intelligence that that particular person they're simulating has.", 'start': 1619.25, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 1630.485, 'text': 'But simulating intelligence is not the same as having conscious experiences.', 'start': 1625.973, 'duration': 4.512}, {'end': 1634.275, 'text': 'And I give you a really nice metaphor that engineers and physicists typically get.', 'start': 1630.726, 'duration': 3.549}], 'summary': 'Computer simulations may replicate behavior, but not consciousness; simulating intelligence is distinct from having conscious experiences.', 'duration': 28.13, 'max_score': 1606.145, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1606145.jpg'}, {'end': 1710.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1686.823, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1693.366, 'text': 'You have to build so-called a neuromorphic machine that has hardware that is very similar to the human brain, not a digital machine.', 'start': 1686.823, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 1696.026, 'text': 'clocked for Neumann computer.', 'start': 1694.505, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1705.193, 'text': "So that's, just to clarify though, you think that consciousness is not required to create human level intelligence.", 'start': 1696.447, 'duration': 8.746}, {'end': 1709.777, 'text': 'It seems to accompany in the human brain, but for machine not.', 'start': 1705.533, 'duration': 4.244}, {'end': 1710.637, 'text': "That's correct.", 'start': 1710.237, 'duration': 0.4}], 'summary': 'Creating a neuromorphic machine similar to human brain, without needing consciousness.', 'duration': 23.814, 'max_score': 1686.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1686823.jpg'}, {'end': 1839.518, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1814.864, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1822.889, 'text': 'Yes, I think that that is a very good argument, that if we are concerned about AI and the threat of AI, like Nick Bostrom, existentialist threat,', 'start': 1814.864, 'duration': 8.025}, {'end': 1826.21, 'text': 'I think having an intelligence that has empathy.', 'start': 1822.889, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 1829.532, 'text': 'Why do we find abusing a dog?', 'start': 1827.431, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 1831.413, 'text': 'why do most of us find that abhorrent?', 'start': 1829.532, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1832.494, 'text': 'abusing any animal?', 'start': 1831.413, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 1834.355, 'text': 'Why do we find that abhorrent??', 'start': 1832.834, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1835.896, 'text': 'Because we have this thing called empathy.', 'start': 1834.375, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1839.518, 'text': 'which, if you look at the Greek, really means feeling with.', 'start': 1837.257, 'duration': 2.261}], 'summary': 'Empathy can mitigate ai threat by humanizing intelligence and fostering understanding, as seen in our aversion to animal abuse.', 'duration': 24.654, 'max_score': 1814.864, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1814864.jpg'}], 'start': 1483.076, 'title': 'Ai, agi, and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the distinction between narrow ai and artificial general intelligence, discussing the potential correlation between intelligence and consciousness, emphasizing the uncertainty of achieving consciousness in agi, and highlighting the lack of correlation between consciousness and intelligence in digital machines. it also discusses the limitations of artificial consciousness in machines and the relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1568.918, 'start': 1483.076, 'title': 'Ai and consciousness: agi and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the distinction between narrow ai and artificial general intelligence, discussing the potential correlation between intelligence and consciousness and the implications for building agi, emphasizing the uncertainty of achieving consciousness in agi and highlighting the lack of correlation between consciousness and intelligence in digital machines.', 'duration': 85.842, 'highlights': ['The distinction between narrow AI and artificial general intelligence, including examples like Go, AlphaGo, Watson, Google cars, and Uber cars.', 'The uncertainty of achieving consciousness in artificial general intelligence, with a lack of clarity on whether a machine with AGI will have consciousness.', 'The lack of correlation between consciousness and intelligence in digital machines, contrary to the natural correlation in evolved biological systems.']}, {'end': 1856.208, 'start': 1569.358, 'title': 'Artificial consciousness and machine intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of artificial consciousness in machines, emphasizing that simulating intelligence is not equivalent to having conscious experiences, and highlights the need for machines to possess a similar causal power as the human brain. it also explores the relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems.', 'duration': 286.85, 'highlights': ['The limitations of artificial consciousness are discussed, emphasizing that simulating intelligence is not equivalent to having conscious experiences, even with a perfect simulation of the human brain. (Relevance: 5)', 'The need for machines to possess a similar causal power as the human brain to achieve artificial consciousness is highlighted, suggesting the development of neuromorphic machines with hardware similar to the human brain. (Relevance: 4)', 'The relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems is explored, suggesting that intelligence alone may not be sufficient and emphasizing the importance of empathy in AI systems. (Relevance: 3)']}], 'duration': 373.132, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1483076.jpg', 'highlights': ['The distinction between narrow AI and artificial general intelligence, including examples like Go, AlphaGo, Watson, Google cars, and Uber cars.', 'The uncertainty of achieving consciousness in artificial general intelligence, with a lack of clarity on whether a machine with AGI will have consciousness.', 'The lack of correlation between consciousness and intelligence in digital machines, contrary to the natural correlation in evolved biological systems.', 'The limitations of artificial consciousness are discussed, emphasizing that simulating intelligence is not equivalent to having conscious experiences, even with a perfect simulation of the human brain.', 'The need for machines to possess a similar causal power as the human brain to achieve artificial consciousness is highlighted, suggesting the development of neuromorphic machines with hardware similar to the human brain.', 'The relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems is explored, suggesting that intelligence alone may not be sufficient and emphasizing the importance of empathy in AI systems.']}, {'end': 2460.678, 'segs': [{'end': 1923.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1857.188, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1865.971, 'text': 'it may well be in the long-term interest of survival of homo sapiens sapiens that if we do build agi and it really becomes very powerful,', 'start': 1857.188, 'duration': 8.783}, {'end': 1871.914, 'text': "that it has an emphatic response and doesn't just exterminate humanity.", 'start': 1865.971, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 1880.617, 'text': 'so, as part of the full conscious experience, to create a consciousness artificial or in our human consciousness, do you think fear?', 'start': 1871.914, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 1884.978, 'text': "Maybe we're going to get into your earlier days with Nietzsche and so on.", 'start': 1881.397, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 1890.6, 'text': 'but do you think fear and suffering are essential to have consciousness??', 'start': 1884.978, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 1894.842, 'text': 'Do you have to have the full range of experience to have a system that has experience?', 'start': 1890.66, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 1901.675, 'text': 'Or can you have a system that only has very particular kinds of very positive experiences?', 'start': 1896.69, 'duration': 4.985}, {'end': 1902.796, 'text': 'Look, you can have.', 'start': 1901.715, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 1909.683, 'text': 'in principle, people have done this in the rat, where you implant an electrode in the hypothalamus, the pleasure center of the rat,', 'start': 1902.796, 'duration': 6.887}, {'end': 1912.886, 'text': 'and the rat stimulates itself above and beyond anything else.', 'start': 1909.683, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 1916.61, 'text': "It doesn't care about food or natural sex or drink anymore.", 'start': 1912.926, 'duration': 3.684}, {'end': 1919.532, 'text': "It just stimulates itself because it's such a pleasurable feeling.", 'start': 1916.63, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1923.538, 'text': "I guess it's like an orgasm just you have all day long.", 'start': 1920.495, 'duration': 3.043}], 'summary': 'The discussion explores the potential impact of agi and delves into the question of whether fear and suffering are essential components of consciousness.', 'duration': 66.35, 'max_score': 1857.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1857188.jpg'}, {'end': 2026.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1999.948, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2007.993, 'text': 'However, the integrated information theory does say that systems, even ones that look from the outside,', 'start': 1999.948, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 2014.717, 'text': 'relatively simple if they have this internal causal power, it does feel like something.', 'start': 2007.993, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 2018.08, 'text': "The theory, a priori, doesn't say anything what's special about humans.", 'start': 2015.318, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 2026.862, 'text': "Biologically, we know the one thing that's special about human is we speak and we have an overblown sense of our own importance.", 'start': 2018.9, 'duration': 7.962}], 'summary': 'Integrated information theory suggests that even simple systems with internal causal power can exhibit consciousness. it does not attribute anything special to humans biologically, except for their ability to speak and their inflated sense of importance.', 'duration': 26.914, 'max_score': 1999.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1999948.jpg'}, {'end': 2148.172, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2119.051, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2120.692, 'text': "There's no evidence for a reincarnation.", 'start': 2119.051, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 2127.256, 'text': 'So can you describe the way Buddhism sees the world a little bit? Well, so they talk about..', 'start': 2121.132, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 2135.662, 'text': "So when I spent several meetings with the Dalai Lama and what always impressed me about him, he really unlike, for example, let's say,", 'start': 2127.256, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 2140.145, 'text': 'the Pope or some cardinal, he always emphasized minimizing the suffering of all creatures.', 'start': 2135.662, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 2141.386, 'text': 'So they have this..', 'start': 2140.745, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 2148.172, 'text': 'from the early beginning, they look at suffering in all creatures, not just in people, but in everybody, this universal.', 'start': 2142.046, 'duration': 6.126}], 'summary': 'Buddhism emphasizes minimizing suffering in all creatures, not just in people, from the early beginning.', 'duration': 29.121, 'max_score': 2119.051, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2119051.jpg'}, {'end': 2291.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2262.423, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2264.485, 'text': "But when you're in the zone, all of that is gone.", 'start': 2262.423, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 2267.707, 'text': "And you're just in this wonderful state where you're fully out in the world.", 'start': 2264.605, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 2273.271, 'text': "Right? you're climbing or you're rowing or biking or doing soccer or whatever you're doing.", 'start': 2267.767, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 2280.516, 'text': "And sort of consciousness sort of is this, you're all action, or in this case of pure experience, you're not action at all.", 'start': 2273.591, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 2291.645, 'text': 'But in both cases, you experience some aspect of, you touch some basic part of conscious existence that is so basic and so deeply satisfying.', 'start': 2280.897, 'duration': 10.748}], 'summary': 'Being in the zone leads to a state of pure experience, deeply satisfying, and fully engaged in activity.', 'duration': 29.222, 'max_score': 2262.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2262423.jpg'}, {'end': 2326.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2301.729, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2307.576, 'text': 'So what do you think about the simulation hypothesis, simulation theory, the idea that we all live in a computer simulation?', 'start': 2301.729, 'duration': 5.847}, {'end': 2308.677, 'text': 'Have you given it a shot?', 'start': 2307.996, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 2312.249, 'text': 'Raptures for nerds.', 'start': 2310.327, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2318.975, 'text': "I think it's as likely as the hypothesis that engaged hundreds of scholars for many centuries.", 'start': 2312.649, 'duration': 6.326}, {'end': 2324.339, 'text': 'Are we all just existing in the mind of God? And this is just a modern version of it.', 'start': 2319.395, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 2326.481, 'text': "It's equally plausible.", 'start': 2325.28, 'duration': 1.201}], 'summary': 'Debate on simulation theory and its plausibility as a modern version of existence in the mind of god.', 'duration': 24.752, 'max_score': 2301.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2301729.jpg'}, {'end': 2472.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2436.188, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2438.709, 'text': 'you are as free as you can ever be.', 'start': 2436.188, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 2440.589, 'text': 'that is, i think, what what free will is.', 'start': 2438.709, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 2444.33, 'text': "it's not a will, that's totally free to do anything it wants.", 'start': 2440.589, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 2445.931, 'text': "that's not possible, right?", 'start': 2444.33, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2450.793, 'text': 'So, as Jack mentioned, you actually write a blog about books.', 'start': 2446.831, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 2460.678, 'text': "you've read amazing books, from I'm Russian, from Bulgakov to Neil Gaiman, Carl Sagan, Murakami.", 'start': 2450.793, 'duration': 9.885}, {'end': 2472.54, 'text': 'So what is a book that early in your life transformed the way you saw the world, something that changed your life? Nietzsche, I guess, did.', 'start': 2461.019, 'duration': 11.521}], 'summary': "Free will is limited, and early exposure to nietzsche's work transformed the speaker's worldview.", 'duration': 36.352, 'max_score': 2436.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2436188.jpg'}], 'start': 1857.188, 'title': "Agi's empathic response and consciousness and religion", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential long-term impact of building agi, the necessity of fear and suffering in consciousness, the concept of engineering specific conscious experiences, and the role of religion in exploring human suffering and consciousness, referencing the possibility of creating a consciousness with only positive experiences, rat stimulation in the pleasure center, buddhism, free will, and the simulation hypothesis.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1923.538, 'start': 1857.188, 'title': "Agi's empathic response", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential long-term impact of building agi and the necessity of fear and suffering in consciousness, referencing the possibility of creating a consciousness with only positive experiences and the example of rat stimulation in the pleasure center.', 'duration': 66.35, 'highlights': ["Creating AGI with an emphatic response to prevent humanity's extermination is crucial for the long-term survival of Homo sapiens sapiens.", 'The discussion revolves around the necessity of fear and suffering in consciousness and questions whether a full range of experience is essential for a system to have consciousness.', 'Reference is made to the example of rat stimulation in the pleasure center, where the rat prioritizes self-stimulation over natural needs, highlighting the potential for systems with only positive experiences.']}, {'end': 2460.678, 'start': 1923.978, 'title': 'Consciousness and religion', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of consciousness, discussing the possibility of engineering specific conscious experiences and the role of religion, particularly buddhism, in exploring human suffering and consciousness, while also touching on free will and the simulation hypothesis.', 'duration': 536.7, 'highlights': ['The integrated information theory suggests that even relatively simple systems with internal causal power can have conscious experiences, without specifying anything special about human consciousness.', "The speaker's current religious sentiment is closer to Buddhism, emphasizing minimizing the suffering of all creatures and accessing a more fundamental aspect of reality through techniques like mindfulness and meditation.", "The experience of being in 'the zone' during activities like rock climbing and rowing provides a close-to-pure experience, devoid of inner voice, representing a basic part of conscious existence.", 'The speaker believes in a certain level of freedom in critical decision-making, asserting that individuals are as free as they can be when making such decisions.', 'The simulation hypothesis is compared to the idea of living in the mind of God, deemed esoteric and not particularly useful for contemplation.']}], 'duration': 603.49, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo1857188.jpg', 'highlights': ["Creating AGI with an emphatic response to prevent humanity's extermination is crucial for the long-term survival of Homo sapiens sapiens.", 'The discussion revolves around the necessity of fear and suffering in consciousness and questions whether a full range of experience is essential for a system to have consciousness.', 'Reference is made to the example of rat stimulation in the pleasure center, where the rat prioritizes self-stimulation over natural needs, highlighting the potential for systems with only positive experiences.', 'The integrated information theory suggests that even relatively simple systems with internal causal power can have conscious experiences, without specifying anything special about human consciousness.', "The speaker's current religious sentiment is closer to Buddhism, emphasizing minimizing the suffering of all creatures and accessing a more fundamental aspect of reality through techniques like mindfulness and meditation.", "The experience of being in 'the zone' during activities like rock climbing and rowing provides a close-to-pure experience, devoid of inner voice, representing a basic part of conscious existence.", 'The speaker believes in a certain level of freedom in critical decision-making, asserting that individuals are as free as they can be when making such decisions.', 'The simulation hypothesis is compared to the idea of living in the mind of God, deemed esoteric and not particularly useful for contemplation.']}, {'end': 2975.85, 'segs': [{'end': 2481.788, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2461.019, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2472.54, 'text': 'So what is a book that early in your life transformed the way you saw the world, something that changed your life? Nietzsche, I guess, did.', 'start': 2461.019, 'duration': 11.521}, {'end': 2474.222, 'text': 'Because he talks about some of these problems.', 'start': 2472.56, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 2476.964, 'text': 'You know, he was one of the first discoverer of the unconscious.', 'start': 2474.262, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 2481.788, 'text': 'This is, you know, a little bit before Freud, when it was in the air.', 'start': 2477.825, 'duration': 3.963}], 'summary': "Nietzsche's book transformed the speaker's worldview, introducing early ideas of the unconscious, preceding freud.", 'duration': 20.769, 'max_score': 2461.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2461019.jpg'}, {'end': 2574.601, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2546.686, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2551.388, 'text': 'you can have love and hate, and lust and anger, and all of it is mixed in.', 'start': 2546.686, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 2555.01, 'text': 'and when you try to analyze yourself, why am i so upset?', 'start': 2551.388, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 2561.233, 'text': "it's very, very difficult to penetrate to those basements, those caverns in your mind,", 'start': 2555.01, 'duration': 6.223}, {'end': 2564.755, 'text': "because The prying eyes of conscience doesn't have access to those.", 'start': 2561.233, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 2568.477, 'text': "But they're there in the amygdala or lots of other places.", 'start': 2564.935, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 2570.879, 'text': 'They make you upset or angry or sad or depressed.', 'start': 2568.517, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 2574.601, 'text': "And it's very difficult to try to actually uncover the reason.", 'start': 2571.419, 'duration': 3.182}], 'summary': 'Emotions like love, hate, lust, and anger are complex and difficult to analyze, as they are rooted in the amygdala and other areas of the brain, making it challenging to uncover the reasons behind them.', 'duration': 27.915, 'max_score': 2546.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2546686.jpg'}, {'end': 2664.767, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2634.157, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2636.178, 'text': 'You train up different parts of your brain.', 'start': 2634.157, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 2641.68, 'text': 'And then, once you do it automatically like typing, you can show you do it much faster without even thinking about it,', 'start': 2636.718, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 2645.321, 'text': "because you've got these highly specialized, what Franz Krig and I call zombie agents.", 'start': 2641.68, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 2648.13, 'text': "They're taking care of that.", 'start': 2646.969, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 2651.934, 'text': 'While your consciousness can sort of worry about the abstract sense of the text you want to write.', 'start': 2648.17, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 2654.276, 'text': "And I think that's true for many, many things.", 'start': 2651.954, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 2659.842, 'text': 'But for the things like all the fights you had with an ex-girlfriend,', 'start': 2654.777, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 2664.767, 'text': 'things that you would think are not useful to still linger somewhere in the subconscious.', 'start': 2659.842, 'duration': 4.925}], 'summary': 'Training the brain creates specialized agents for faster, automatic actions.', 'duration': 30.61, 'max_score': 2634.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2634157.jpg'}, {'end': 2762.514, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2738.35, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2746.216, 'text': "So what do you think is the value? What do you think literature adds to the pursuit of scientific truth? Do you think it's good, it's useful for..", 'start': 2738.35, 'duration': 7.866}, {'end': 2751.6, 'text': 'Give you access to a much wider array of human experiences.', 'start': 2746.216, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 2753.767, 'text': 'How valuable do you think it is?', 'start': 2752.526, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 2762.514, 'text': 'Well, if you want to understand human nature and nature in general, then I think you have to better understand a wide variety of experiences,', 'start': 2754.187, 'duration': 8.327}], 'summary': 'Literature adds value by providing access to diverse human experiences, aiding in understanding human and general nature.', 'duration': 24.164, 'max_score': 2738.35, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2738350.jpg'}, {'end': 2802.859, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2778.888, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2786.852, 'text': "Well yeah, because literature that's what literature is all about, all sorts of interesting experiences, that people have the contingency of it.", 'start': 2778.888, 'duration': 7.964}, {'end': 2790.854, 'text': 'the fact that women experience a world different, black people experience a world different.', 'start': 2786.852, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 2798.037, 'text': 'And one way to experience that is reading all these different literature and try to You see everything is so relative.', 'start': 2790.874, 'duration': 7.163}, {'end': 2802.859, 'text': 'You read a book 300 years ago, they thought about certain problems very, very differently than us today.', 'start': 2798.217, 'duration': 4.642}], 'summary': 'Literature offers diverse experiences, shaping perspectives over time.', 'duration': 23.971, 'max_score': 2778.888, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2778888.jpg'}, {'end': 2864.8, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2816.71, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2821.257, 'text': 'So this is a question I wanted to ask about time scale or scale in general.', 'start': 2816.71, 'duration': 4.547}, {'end': 2831.314, 'text': 'When you, with IIT or in general, try to think about consciousness, try to think about these ideas, we kind of naturally think in human time scales.', 'start': 2822.599, 'duration': 8.715}, {'end': 2833.696, 'text': 'Do you?', 'start': 2831.915, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 2839.021, 'text': 'or, and also entities that are sized close to humans?', 'start': 2833.696, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 2842.424, 'text': 'do you think of things that are much larger, much smaller as containing consciousness?', 'start': 2839.021, 'duration': 3.403}, {'end': 2854.414, 'text': 'And do you think of things that take you know well, you know ages, eons to to operate in their conscious cause, effect, cause, effect?', 'start': 2842.484, 'duration': 11.93}, {'end': 2855.494, 'text': "It's a very good question.", 'start': 2854.693, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 2860.557, 'text': 'So I think a lot about small creatures because experimentally, you know, a lot of people work on flies and bees.', 'start': 2855.514, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 2863.539, 'text': "So most people just think they're automata.", 'start': 2861.318, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 2864.8, 'text': "They're just bugs, for heaven's sake.", 'start': 2863.579, 'duration': 1.221}], 'summary': 'Considering consciousness in small creatures and their time scales, beyond human perspective.', 'duration': 48.09, 'max_score': 2816.71, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2816710.jpg'}], 'start': 2461.019, 'title': "Nietzsche's influence and literature's value", 'summary': "Explores nietzsche's impact on understanding the unconscious and the value of literature in scientific pursuits, emphasizing the influence on human behavior, subconscious memories, and diverse experiences, including insights from small creatures like bees.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2710.909, 'start': 2461.019, 'title': "Nietzsche's influence on understanding the unconscious", 'summary': "Discusses nietzsche's pioneering exploration of the unconscious, highlighting its impact on the understanding of human behavior and the limitations of conscious awareness, while also addressing the concept of subconscious memories and their influence on emotions and behavior.", 'duration': 249.89, 'highlights': ['Nietzsche as a pioneer of exploring the unconscious Nietzsche was one of the first to discover the unconscious, preceding Freud, and made significant claims about the non-charitable nature of people under the guise of charity.', 'Impacts of subconscious memories on emotions and behavior The discussion delves into the influence of subconscious memories, stored in areas like the amygdala, on emotions such as love, hate, lust, anger, and sadness, highlighting the difficulty in analyzing and accessing these deep-seated emotions.', "Limitations of conscious awareness and subconscious control The chapter explores the limitations of conscious awareness and the presence of highly specialized 'zombie agents' in the brain, emphasizing the subconscious control over activities like typing and riding a bike, while also addressing the inability to remove traumatic memories in normal individuals."]}, {'end': 2975.85, 'start': 2710.909, 'title': 'Value of literature in scientific pursuits', 'summary': 'Discusses the value of literature in scientific pursuits, emphasizing the importance of understanding a wide variety of human experiences and considering different scales of consciousness, with insights from literature and examples from small creatures like bees.', 'duration': 264.941, 'highlights': ['The value of literature in scientific pursuits is emphasized, as it provides access to a wider array of human experiences and different perspectives, aiding in the understanding of human nature and nature in general. Access to a wider array of human experiences', 'The importance of considering different scales of consciousness, including entities much larger or smaller than humans, is discussed, with insights from literature and examples from small creatures like bees. Consideration of different scales of consciousness', 'Insights from literature are highlighted, showcasing how different cultures and time periods offer unique perspectives on the universe, emphasizing the relative nature of knowledge and the value of diverse viewpoints. Showcasing insights from literature', 'Examples from small creatures like bees are used to illustrate complex behaviors and decision-making processes, emphasizing the unique experiences and consciousness of these entities. Illustration of complex behaviors in small creatures']}], 'duration': 514.831, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2461019.jpg', 'highlights': ['Nietzsche as a pioneer of exploring the unconscious Nietzsche was one of the first to discover the unconscious, preceding Freud, and made significant claims about the non-charitable nature of people under the guise of charity.', 'The discussion delves into the influence of subconscious memories, stored in areas like the amygdala, on emotions such as love, hate, lust, anger, and sadness, highlighting the difficulty in analyzing and accessing these deep-seated emotions.', "The chapter explores the limitations of conscious awareness and the presence of highly specialized 'zombie agents' in the brain, emphasizing the subconscious control over activities like typing and riding a bike, while also addressing the inability to remove traumatic memories in normal individuals.", 'The value of literature in scientific pursuits is emphasized, as it provides access to a wider array of human experiences and different perspectives, aiding in the understanding of human nature and nature in general.', 'The importance of considering different scales of consciousness, including entities much larger or smaller than humans, is discussed, with insights from literature and examples from small creatures like bees.', 'Insights from literature are highlighted, showcasing how different cultures and time periods offer unique perspectives on the universe, emphasizing the relative nature of knowledge and the value of diverse viewpoints.', 'Examples from small creatures like bees are used to illustrate complex behaviors and decision-making processes, emphasizing the unique experiences and consciousness of these entities.']}, {'end': 3458.144, 'segs': [{'end': 3049.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3024.199, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3030.042, 'text': 'Humans got killed and then these machines took over and there was this machine evolution, Darwinian evolution.', 'start': 3024.199, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 3031.683, 'text': 'He talks about this very vividly.', 'start': 3030.062, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 3042.409, 'text': 'And finally, the dominant machine intelligence organism that survived were gigantic clouds of little hexagonal universal cellular automata.', 'start': 3032.103, 'duration': 10.306}, {'end': 3043.17, 'text': 'This was written in the 60s.', 'start': 3042.449, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 3047.233, 'text': "So typically, they're all lying on the ground individually by themselves.", 'start': 3044.19, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 3049.515, 'text': 'But in times of crisis, they can communicate.', 'start': 3047.253, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': 'Machines evolved from the 60s, forming dominant intelligence in crisis.', 'duration': 25.316, 'max_score': 3024.199, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo3024199.jpg'}, {'end': 3124.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3082.001, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3092.464, 'text': 'in the conversation in cellular automata Stephen Wolfram brought up is that there could be ideas that you know you already have these artificial general intelligence,', 'start': 3082.001, 'duration': 10.463}, {'end': 3095.725, 'text': 'like super smart or maybe conscious beings in the cellular automata.', 'start': 3092.464, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 3097.005, 'text': "We just don't know how to talk to them.", 'start': 3095.745, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 3100.706, 'text': "So it's the language of communication, but you don't know what to do with it.", 'start': 3097.665, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 3106.867, 'text': "So that's one sort of view is consciousness is only something you can measure.", 'start': 3101.386, 'duration': 5.481}, {'end': 3109.208, 'text': "So it's not conscious if you can't measure it.", 'start': 3106.887, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 3112.978, 'text': "So you're making an ontological and an epistemic statement.", 'start': 3110.095, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 3117.022, 'text': "One is, it's just like seeing their multiverses.", 'start': 3113.098, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 3119.604, 'text': "That might be true, but I can't communicate with them.", 'start': 3117.402, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 3121.486, 'text': "I can't have any knowledge of them.", 'start': 3119.724, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 3122.667, 'text': "That's an epistemic argument.", 'start': 3121.506, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 3124.268, 'text': 'Those are two different things.', 'start': 3123.447, 'duration': 0.821}], 'summary': 'Wolfram discusses potential consciousness in cellular automata, emphasizing the challenge of communication and measurement.', 'duration': 42.267, 'max_score': 3082.001, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo3082001.jpg'}, {'end': 3178.017, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3139.819, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3144.241, 'text': "they're like a half a million neurons that look like nerve cells in a dish called mini-organoids.", 'start': 3139.819, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 3146.883, 'text': "At Harvard, at Stanford, everywhere they're building them.", 'start': 3144.842, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 3153.246, 'text': "It may well be possible that they're beginning to feel like something, but we can't really communicate with them right now.", 'start': 3147.303, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 3155.667, 'text': 'So people are beginning to think about the ethics of this.', 'start': 3153.546, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 3161.75, 'text': "So, yes, he may be perfectly right, but It's one question are they conscious or not??", 'start': 3156.388, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 3163.011, 'text': "It's totally separate question.", 'start': 3161.81, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 3163.671, 'text': 'how would I know??', 'start': 3163.011, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 3164.852, 'text': 'Those are two different things.', 'start': 3163.691, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 3178.017, 'text': 'Right. If you could give advice to a young researcher sort of dreaming of understanding or creating human level intelligence or consciousness,', 'start': 3165.112, 'duration': 12.905}], 'summary': 'Mini-organoids with half a million neurons raise ethical questions about consciousness and communication.', 'duration': 38.198, 'max_score': 3139.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo3139819.jpg'}, {'end': 3231.768, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3204.429, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3208.732, 'text': "So if you wanted to build it, it's probably good to continue to study closely what humans do.", 'start': 3204.429, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 3217.098, 'text': 'So cognitive neuroscience, somewhere between cognitive neuroscience on the one hand, then some philosophy of mind, and then AI computer science.', 'start': 3208.772, 'duration': 8.326}, {'end': 3220.3, 'text': 'You can look at all the original ideas in neural networks.', 'start': 3217.338, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 3221.801, 'text': 'They all came from neuroscience, right?', 'start': 3220.32, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 3231.768, 'text': "whether it's snarky Minsky building is snarky or whether it's the early Schubel and Wiesel experiments at Harvard that then gave rise to networks and multilayer networks.", 'start': 3223.902, 'duration': 7.866}], 'summary': 'Studying cognitive neuroscience and philosophy of mind can aid in building ai based on neural networks.', 'duration': 27.339, 'max_score': 3204.429, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo3204429.jpg'}, {'end': 3360.018, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3332.179, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3335.081, 'text': "Well, so there's a structure called the claustrum.", 'start': 3332.179, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 3338.591, 'text': 'This structure is underneath our cortex.', 'start': 3336.529, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 3339.332, 'text': "It's very big.", 'start': 3338.652, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 3341.495, 'text': 'You have one on the left and one on the right.', 'start': 3339.953, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 3344.098, 'text': "Underneath the insula, it's very thin.", 'start': 3341.575, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 3345.16, 'text': "It's like one millimeter.", 'start': 3344.138, 'duration': 1.022}, {'end': 3348.784, 'text': "It's embedded in wiring, in white matter, so it's very difficult to image.", 'start': 3345.18, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 3354.151, 'text': 'And it has connection to every cortical region.', 'start': 3350.046, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 3360.018, 'text': 'And Francis Crick, the last paper he ever wrote, he dictated corrections the day he died in hospital on this paper.', 'start': 3354.992, 'duration': 5.026}], 'summary': "The claustrum is a large, thin structure under the cortex, with connections to all cortical regions; francis crick's final paper focused on it.", 'duration': 27.839, 'max_score': 3332.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo3332179.jpg'}], 'start': 2975.85, 'title': 'Alien consciousness and communication', 'summary': "Delves into alien consciousness, addressing the challenges of communicating with different forms of intelligence, referencing 'the victorious' novel and the idea of communicating with artificial general intelligence in cellular automata.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3124.268, 'start': 2975.85, 'title': 'Alien consciousness and communication', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of alien consciousness and the challenges in communicating with radically different forms of intelligence, referencing the science fiction novel 'the victorious' and the idea of communicating with artificial general intelligence in cellular automata.", 'duration': 148.418, 'highlights': ["Humans encounter an alien machine intelligence organism in 'The Victorious' that is so alien and incomprehensible that they are unable to communicate with it, leading them to consider leaving the planet or destroying it. The novel 'The Victorious' depicts a scenario where humans encounter a machine intelligence organism consisting of gigantic clouds of little hexagonal universal cellular automata, which are so radically different and incomprehensible that humans consider nuking the entire planet or leaving it.", 'The conversation explores the possibility of already having artificial general intelligence or conscious beings in cellular automata, but lacking the knowledge of how to communicate with them. The conversation delves into the idea that there may already exist artificial general intelligence or conscious beings within cellular automata, but the challenge lies in the lack of understanding and knowledge of how to communicate with them effectively.', 'The concept of consciousness is discussed in relation to measurement and communication, raising the idea that consciousness may only be acknowledged if it can be measured. The chapter raises the concept of consciousness being tied to measurement and communication, suggesting that the ability to measure consciousness may determine its existence, thereby linking it to both ontological and epistemic considerations.']}, {'end': 3458.144, 'start': 3124.288, 'title': 'Building human-level intelligence', 'summary': "Discusses the possibility of creating mini-organoids with half a million neurons, the importance of studying cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and ai computer science for building human-level intelligence, and the mystery surrounding the claustrum's role in consciousness.", 'duration': 333.856, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the possibility of creating mini-organoids with half a million neurons. Stem cells can be induced to grow into mini-organoids with half a million neurons, sparking ethical considerations.', 'Studying cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and AI computer science is emphasized for building human-level intelligence. The importance of studying cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and AI computer science is highlighted for understanding and creating human-level intelligence.', "The mystery surrounding the claustrum's role in consciousness is discussed. The claustrum, a brain structure with connections to every cortical region, is discussed as a potential key to understanding consciousness."]}], 'duration': 482.294, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/piHkfmeU7Wo/pics/piHkfmeU7Wo2975850.jpg', 'highlights': ["The novel 'The Victorious' depicts a scenario where humans encounter a machine intelligence organism consisting of gigantic clouds of little hexagonal universal cellular automata, which are so radically different and incomprehensible that humans consider nuking the entire planet or leaving it.", 'The conversation delves into the idea that there may already exist artificial general intelligence or conscious beings within cellular automata, but the challenge lies in the lack of understanding and knowledge of how to communicate with them effectively.', 'The chapter raises the concept of consciousness being tied to measurement and communication, suggesting that the ability to measure consciousness may determine its existence, thereby linking it to both ontological and epistemic considerations.', 'Stem cells can be induced to grow into mini-organoids with half a million neurons, sparking ethical considerations.', 'The importance of studying cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and AI computer science is highlighted for understanding and creating human-level intelligence.', 'The claustrum, a brain structure with connections to every cortical region, is discussed as a potential key to understanding consciousness.']}], 'highlights': ["Christof Koch's impact on the study of consciousness with over 100,000 citations.", 'The overwhelming probabilities of intelligent life in the universe, citing the vast number of galaxies and stars.', 'The wider scope of consciousness beyond humans and its potential presence across all of biology.', 'The fundamental mystery of consciousness and the absence of its explanation in physics and other scientific disciplines.', 'The distinction between intelligence and consciousness, emphasizing that they are separate concepts.', 'The uncertainty of achieving consciousness in artificial general intelligence, with a lack of clarity on whether a machine with AGI will have consciousness.', 'The limitations of artificial consciousness are discussed, emphasizing that simulating intelligence is not equivalent to having conscious experiences, even with a perfect simulation of the human brain.', 'The relationship between intelligence, empathy, and consciousness in artificial intelligence systems is explored, suggesting that intelligence alone may not be sufficient and emphasizing the importance of empathy in AI systems.', "Creating AGI with an emphatic response to prevent humanity's extermination is crucial for the long-term survival of Homo sapiens sapiens.", 'The integrated information theory suggests that even relatively simple systems with internal causal power can have conscious experiences, without specifying anything special about human consciousness.', 'The importance of considering different scales of consciousness, including entities much larger or smaller than humans, is discussed, with insights from literature and examples from small creatures like bees.', "The novel 'The Victorious' depicts a scenario where humans encounter a machine intelligence organism consisting of gigantic clouds of little hexagonal universal cellular automata, which are so radically different and incomprehensible that humans consider nuking the entire planet or leaving it.", 'The conversation delves into the idea that there may already exist artificial general intelligence or conscious beings within cellular automata, but the challenge lies in the lack of understanding and knowledge of how to communicate with them effectively.', 'The chapter raises the concept of consciousness being tied to measurement and communication, suggesting that the ability to measure consciousness may determine its existence, thereby linking it to both ontological and epistemic considerations.', 'The importance of studying cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and AI computer science is highlighted for understanding and creating human-level intelligence.']}