title
Chris Lattner: Future of Programming and AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #381

description
Chris Lattner is a legendary software and hardware engineer, leading projects at Apple, Tesla, Google, SiFive, and Modular AI, including the development of Swift, LLVM, Clang, MLIR, CIRCT, TPUs, and Mojo. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - iHerb: https://lexfridman.com/iherb and use code LEX to get 22% off your order - Numerai: https://numer.ai/lex - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off EPISODE LINKS: Chris's Twitter: https://twitter.com/clattner_llvm Chris's Website: http://nondot.org/sabre/ Mojo programming language: https://www.modular.com/mojo Modular AI: https://modular.com/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 2:20 - Mojo programming language 12:37 - Code indentation 21:04 - The power of autotuning 30:54 - Typed programming languages 47:38 - Immutability 59:56 - Distributed deployment 1:34:23 - Mojo vs CPython 1:50:12 - Guido van Rossum 1:57:13 - Mojo vs PyTorch vs TensorFlow 2:00:37 - Swift programming language 2:06:09 - Julia programming language 2:11:14 - Switching programming languages 2:20:40 - Mojo playground 2:25:30 - Jeremy Howard 2:36:16 - Function overloading 2:44:41 - Error vs Exception 2:52:21 - Mojo roadmap 3:05:23 - Building a company 3:17:09 - ChatGPT 3:23:32 - Danger of AI 3:27:27 - Future of programming 3:30:43 - Advice for young people SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Chris Lattner: Future of Programming and AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #381', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Chris lattner discusses the future of ai, addressing the increasing complexity of ai models, his innovations delivering over 30,000x speedup over python, mojo's role in enhancing python's features, including a 35,000x speedup, and the significance of mojo for responsible problem-solving. he also explores compiler technology, porting python to mojo for speedups, challenges in c/c++ parser for llvm, and the evolution of programming languages, highlighting mojo's potential impact with over 70,000 sign-ups on mojo playground.", 'chapters': [{'end': 192.304, 'segs': [{'end': 33.441, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.169, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1.73, 'text': 'On one access, you have more hardware coming in.', 'start': 0.169, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 5.031, 'text': 'On the other hand, you have an explosion of innovation in AI.', 'start': 1.85, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 11.373, 'text': 'And so what happened with both TensorFlow and PyTorch is that the explosion of innovation in AI has led to.', 'start': 5.771, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 13.614, 'text': "it's not just about matrix multiplication and convolution.", 'start': 11.373, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 16.254, 'text': 'These things have now like 2,000 different operators.', 'start': 13.794, 'duration': 2.46}, {'end': 20.316, 'text': "And on the other hand, you have, I don't know how many pieces of hardware there are.", 'start': 17.275, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 20.877, 'text': "It's a lot.", 'start': 20.416, 'duration': 0.461}, {'end': 27.339, 'text': "Part of my thesis, part of my belief of where computing goes, if you look out 10 years from now, is it's not going to get simpler.", 'start': 21.297, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 30.199, 'text': "Physics isn't going back to where we came from.", 'start': 28.578, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 33.441, 'text': "It's only going to get weirder from here on out.", 'start': 30.88, 'duration': 2.561}], 'summary': 'Ai innovation drives 2,000+ operators; hardware influx; computing complexity grows.', 'duration': 33.272, 'max_score': 0.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8169.jpg'}, {'end': 88.178, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 54.841, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 59.063, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Chris Ladner, his third time on this podcast.', 'start': 54.841, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 64.465, 'text': "As I've said many times before, he's one of the most brilliant engineers in modern computing.", 'start': 59.603, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 71.049, 'text': 'Having created LLM Compiler Infrastructure Project, the Clang Compiler, the Swift Programming Language,', 'start': 64.866, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 74.41, 'text': 'a lot of key contributions to TensorFlow and TPUs as part of Google.', 'start': 71.049, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 79.053, 'text': 'He served as Vice President of Autopilot Software at Tesla, was..', 'start': 74.831, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 88.178, 'text': 'a software innovator and leader at Apple, and now he co-created a new full-stack AI infrastructure for distributed training,', 'start': 79.733, 'duration': 8.445}], 'summary': 'Chris ladner, a brilliant engineer, created llm compiler, clang compiler, swift language, and made key contributions to tensorflow and tpus at google. he has held leadership positions at tesla and apple, and co-created a new full-stack ai infrastructure.', 'duration': 33.337, 'max_score': 54.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj854841.jpg'}, {'end': 125.177, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 96.642, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 102.285, 'text': 'that is a superset of Python, giving you all the usability of Python, but with the performance of C C++.', 'start': 96.642, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 111.41, 'text': 'In many cases, Mojo code has demonstrated over 30,000x speedup over Python.', 'start': 103.706, 'duration': 7.704}, {'end': 116.392, 'text': 'If you love machine learning, if you love Python, you should definitely give Mojo a try.', 'start': 111.97, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 125.177, 'text': 'This programming language, this new AI framework and infrastructure, and this conversation with Chris is mind-blowing.', 'start': 116.973, 'duration': 8.204}], 'summary': 'Mojo offers 30,000x speedup over python, combining python usability with c/c++ performance, making it ideal for machine learning enthusiasts.', 'duration': 28.535, 'max_score': 96.642, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj896642.jpg'}], 'start': 0.169, 'title': "The future of ai and chris lattner's innovations", 'summary': "Delves into the increasing complexity of ai models with 2,000 different operators and the need for a universal platform, along with chris lattner's notable contributions to modern computing, including creating innovative programming languages and infrastructure, demonstrating over 30,000x speedup over python in some cases.", 'chapters': [{'end': 52.155, 'start': 0.169, 'title': 'The future of ai and hardware', 'summary': 'Discusses the increasing complexity of ai models with 2,000 different operators and the growing number of hardware components, highlighting the need for a universal platform to adapt to the evolving technology landscape over the next 10 years.', 'duration': 51.986, 'highlights': ['The explosion of innovation in AI has led to the development of 2,000 different operators, increasing the complexity of AI models.', 'The growing number of hardware components adds to the complexity, necessitating a universal platform to adapt to the evolving technology landscape over the next 10 years.', 'The need for a universal platform is emphasized to avoid rewriting code with every new hardware device, highlighting the importance of adaptability in the face of evolving technology.']}, {'end': 192.304, 'start': 54.841, 'title': "Chris lattner's innovations in ai and programming", 'summary': "Discusses chris lattner's remarkable contributions to modern computing, including creating the llm compiler infrastructure project, the clang compiler, and the swift programming language, as well as his co-creation of the mojo programming language and modular ai infrastructure, demonstrating over 30,000x speedup over python in some cases.", 'duration': 137.463, 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's significant contributions to modern computing, such as creating the LLM Compiler Infrastructure Project, the Clang Compiler, and the Swift Programming Language, as well as his work with TensorFlow and TPUs at Google.", 'His co-creation of the Mojo programming language, a superset of Python, demonstrating over 30,000x speedup over Python in some cases, and the Modular AI infrastructure for distributed training, inference, and deployment on various hardware.', 'The impact of new GPUs, machine learning accelerators, and other ASICs on the speed and efficiency of AI, as well as the development of TPUs at Google as a large-scale deployed AI system.']}], 'duration': 192.135, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8169.jpg', 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's significant contributions to modern computing, including creating the LLM Compiler Infrastructure Project, the Clang Compiler, and the Swift Programming Language.", 'The explosion of innovation in AI has led to the development of 2,000 different operators, increasing the complexity of AI models.', 'The growing number of hardware components adds to the complexity, necessitating a universal platform to adapt to the evolving technology landscape over the next 10 years.', 'His co-creation of the Mojo programming language, a superset of Python, demonstrating over 30,000x speedup over Python in some cases, and the Modular AI infrastructure for distributed training, inference, and deployment on various hardware.']}, {'end': 1630.874, 'segs': [{'end': 246.918, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 192.844, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 200.991, 'text': "And it's not just about CPUs or GPUs, or TPUs, or NPUs, or IPUs or whatever all the PUs right?", 'start': 192.844, 'duration': 8.147}, {'end': 203.532, 'text': "It's about how do we program these things right?", 'start': 201.011, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 210.276, 'text': "And so for software folks like us, right, it doesn't do us any good if there's this amazing hardware that we can't use.", 'start': 203.612, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 224.363, 'text': "And one of the things you find out really quick is that having the theoretical capability of programming something and then having the world's power and the innovation of all the smart people in the world get unleashed on something can be quite different.", 'start': 211.216, 'duration': 13.147}, {'end': 229.246, 'text': 'And so really where Mojo came from was starting from a problem of.', 'start': 225.023, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 234.87, 'text': 'we need to be able to take machine learning, take the infrastructure underneath it and make it way more accessible, way more usable,', 'start': 229.246, 'duration': 5.624}, {'end': 242.034, 'text': 'way more understandable by normal people and researchers and other folks that are not themselves, like experts in GPUs and things like this.', 'start': 234.87, 'duration': 7.164}, {'end': 245.857, 'text': 'And then through that journey, we realized, hey, we need syntax for this.', 'start': 242.695, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 246.918, 'text': 'We need to do programming language.', 'start': 245.897, 'duration': 1.021}], 'summary': 'Mojo aims to make machine learning infrastructure more accessible and usable for non-experts by introducing a new programming language.', 'duration': 54.074, 'max_score': 192.844, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8192844.jpg'}, {'end': 322.086, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 293.787, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 297.493, 'text': 'Emojis are such a big part of our daily lives.', 'start': 293.787, 'duration': 3.706}, {'end': 299.576, 'text': 'Why is it not in programming??', 'start': 298.174, 'duration': 1.402}, {'end': 304.636, 'text': 'Well, and you take a step back and look at what file extensions are right?', 'start': 300.154, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 306.537, 'text': "They're basically metadata right?", 'start': 304.676, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 309.419, 'text': 'And so why are we spending all the screen space on them and all this stuff?', 'start': 306.577, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 313.801, 'text': 'Also, you have them stacked up next to text files and PDF files and whatever else.', 'start': 309.879, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 317.563, 'text': "If you're going to do something cool, you want it to stand out, right? Emojis are colorful.", 'start': 313.901, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 318.424, 'text': "They're visual.", 'start': 317.864, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 322.086, 'text': "They're beautiful, right? What's been the response so far from..", 'start': 318.544, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': 'Emojis can enhance programming with color and visuals, making files stand out.', 'duration': 28.299, 'max_score': 293.787, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8293787.jpg'}, {'end': 396.396, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 366.562, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 369.003, 'text': 'How am I going to type this? Like all these things.', 'start': 366.562, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 372.344, 'text': 'And so this is something where I think that the world will get there.', 'start': 369.103, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 374.405, 'text': "We don't have to bet the whole farm on this.", 'start': 372.644, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 378.126, 'text': "I think we can provide both paths, but I think it'll be great.", 'start': 374.545, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 381.627, 'text': 'When can we have emojis as part of the code? I wonder.', 'start': 379.026, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 384.055, 'text': 'Yeah, so I mean, lots of languages provide that.', 'start': 382.393, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 386.678, 'text': 'So I think that we have partial support for that.', 'start': 384.196, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 387.78, 'text': "It's probably not fully done yet.", 'start': 386.699, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 390.203, 'text': 'But yeah, you can do that.', 'start': 387.98, 'duration': 2.223}, {'end': 392.005, 'text': 'For example, in Swift, you can do that for sure.', 'start': 390.423, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 396.396, 'text': 'So an example we gave at Apple was the dog cow.', 'start': 392.495, 'duration': 3.901}], 'summary': 'Discussion on adding emojis to code, with partial support in various languages.', 'duration': 29.834, 'max_score': 366.562, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8366562.jpg'}, {'end': 453.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 427.963, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 432.945, 'text': 'And so modular is building and designing and driving Mojo forward.', 'start': 427.963, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 436.627, 'text': "And it's not because it's an interesting project theoretically to build.", 'start': 433.065, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 438.068, 'text': "It's because we need it.", 'start': 436.787, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 448.943, 'text': "And so at Modular we're really tackling the AI infrastructure landscape and the big problems in AI and the reasons that it is so difficult to use and scale and adopt and deploy,", 'start': 439.377, 'duration': 9.566}, {'end': 450.824, 'text': 'and all these big problems in AI.', 'start': 448.943, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 453.266, 'text': "And so we're coming at it from that perspective.", 'start': 451.425, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'Modular is focused on tackling big problems in ai infrastructure to make it easier to use, scale, adopt, and deploy.', 'duration': 25.303, 'max_score': 427.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8427963.jpg'}, {'end': 663.358, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 636.445, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 641.927, 'text': "how when I can not just write, but read other people's code, somehow I can understand it faster.", 'start': 636.445, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 651.19, 'text': "It's more condensed than other languages, like ones I'm really familiar with, like C++ and C.", 'start': 642.267, 'duration': 8.923}, {'end': 653.251, 'text': "There's a bunch of sexy little features.", 'start': 651.19, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 658.573, 'text': "We'll probably talk about some of them, but list comprehensions and stuff like this.", 'start': 655.111, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 663.137, 'text': "And don't forget the entire ecosystem of all the packages.", 'start': 660.093, 'duration': 3.044}, {'end': 663.358, 'text': 'Oh, yeah.', 'start': 663.157, 'duration': 0.201}], 'summary': 'Python code is easier to read and understand, with condensed syntax and a rich ecosystem of packages.', 'duration': 26.913, 'max_score': 636.445, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8636445.jpg'}, {'end': 716.417, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 687.131, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 688.691, 'text': "Well, and there's many things that went into that.", 'start': 687.131, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 690.872, 'text': 'So I think that ML was very good for Python.', 'start': 688.711, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 697.513, 'text': 'And so I think that TensorFlow and PyTorch and these systems embracing Python really took and helped Python grow.', 'start': 691.432, 'duration': 6.081}, {'end': 702.534, 'text': "But I think that the major thing underlying it is that Python's like the universal connector.", 'start': 698.093, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 705.875, 'text': 'It really helps bring together lots of different systems,', 'start': 703.694, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 709.555, 'text': 'so you can compose them and build out larger systems without having to understand how it works.', 'start': 705.875, 'duration': 3.68}, {'end': 716.417, 'text': "But then what is the problem with Python? I guess you could say several things, but probably that it's slow.", 'start': 710.356, 'duration': 6.061}], 'summary': "Python's popularity grew due to ml and it's a universal connector, but it's criticized for being slow.", 'duration': 29.286, 'max_score': 687.131, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8687131.jpg'}, {'end': 945.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 917.048, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 920.77, 'text': "We're not looking to break Python or change it or quote unquote fix it.", 'start': 917.048, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 922.551, 'text': 'We love Python for what it is.', 'start': 921.31, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 925.192, 'text': 'Our view is that Python is just not done yet.', 'start': 922.811, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 928.541, 'text': 'And so if you look at, you mentioned Python being slow.', 'start': 926.38, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 931.443, 'text': "Well, there's a couple of different things that go into that, which we can talk about if you want.", 'start': 928.742, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 936.667, 'text': "But one of them is it just doesn't have those features that you would use to do C-like programming.", 'start': 931.984, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 945.051, 'text': "And so if you say OK, well, I'm forced out of Python into C for certain use cases, Well then what we're doing is we're saying okay, well,", 'start': 937.568, 'duration': 7.483}], 'summary': 'Python has room for improvement, especially in terms of speed and c-like programming features.', 'duration': 28.003, 'max_score': 917.048, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8917048.jpg'}, {'end': 1042.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1011.099, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1015.263, 'text': 'And so it has very nice and very expressive dynamic metaprogramming features.', 'start': 1011.099, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 1018.589, 'text': 'In Mojo, we want all those features come in.', 'start': 1016.769, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 1020.47, 'text': "Like we don't want to break Python, we want it all to work.", 'start': 1018.789, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 1028.791, 'text': "But the problem is is you can't run those super dynamic features on an embedded processor or on a GPU right?", 'start': 1020.81, 'duration': 7.981}, {'end': 1031.852, 'text': "Or, if you could, you probably don't want to, just because of the performance.", 'start': 1029.071, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 1034.893, 'text': 'And so we entered this question of saying okay,', 'start': 1031.972, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 1042.755, 'text': 'how do you get the power of this dynamic metaprogramming into a language that has to be super efficient in specific cases?', 'start': 1034.893, 'duration': 7.862}], 'summary': 'Mojo aims to integrate dynamic metaprogramming features into python without compromising efficiency for embedded processors or gpus.', 'duration': 31.656, 'max_score': 1011.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81011099.jpg'}, {'end': 1180.412, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1152.979, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1157.724, 'text': 'is just a completely different universe from the normal runtime programming world.', 'start': 1152.979, 'duration': 4.745}, {'end': 1164.711, 'text': "And so if you do metaprogramming and programming, it's just like a different universe, different syntax, different concepts, different stuff going on.", 'start': 1158.244, 'duration': 6.467}, {'end': 1169.777, 'text': 'And so again, one of our goals with Mojo is to make things really easy to use, easy to learn.', 'start': 1164.771, 'duration': 5.006}, {'end': 1176.03, 'text': "And so there's a natural stepping stone And so as you do this, you say, okay, well, I have to do programming at runtime.", 'start': 1169.997, 'duration': 6.033}, {'end': 1178.01, 'text': 'I have to do programming at compile time.', 'start': 1176.05, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 1180.412, 'text': 'Why are these different things?', 'start': 1179.251, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'Metaprogramming is a different universe, aiming for easy use and learning.', 'duration': 27.433, 'max_score': 1152.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81152979.jpg'}, {'end': 1232.373, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1202.922, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 1208.906, 'text': 'It requires, I mean, what Mojo has underneath the covers is a completely new approach to the design of the compiler itself.', 'start': 1202.922, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 1214.349, 'text': 'And so this builds on these technologies like MLIR that you mentioned, but it also includes other,', 'start': 1209.646, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 1219.351, 'text': 'like caching and other interpreters and JIT compilers and other stuff like that.', 'start': 1214.349, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 1220.612, 'text': 'So you have like an interpreter inside the compiler.', 'start': 1219.371, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1221.933, 'text': 'Within the compiler, yes.', 'start': 1220.672, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1232.373, 'text': 'And so it really takes the standard model of programming languages and kind of twists it and unifies it with the runtime model,', 'start': 1223.427, 'duration': 8.946}], 'summary': "Mojo's compiler uses a new approach, incorporating mlir and interpreters, to unify programming and runtime models.", 'duration': 29.451, 'max_score': 1202.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81202922.jpg'}, {'end': 1284.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1246.723, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1253.067, 'text': 'And so, if you go back to Lisp, one of the most powerful things about it is that it said that the metaprogramming and the programming are the same.', 'start': 1246.723, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 1259.65, 'text': 'And so that made it way simpler, way more consistent, way easier to understand, reason about, and it made it more composable.', 'start': 1254.047, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 1264.192, 'text': 'So if you build a library, you can use it both at runtime and compile time, which is pretty cool.', 'start': 1259.75, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 1271.015, 'text': 'Yeah, and for machine learning, I think metaprogramming, I think we could generally say is extremely useful.', 'start': 1264.372, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 1274.997, 'text': "And so you get features, I mean, I'll jump around, but there's..", 'start': 1271.855, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 1280.422, 'text': 'the feature of auto tuning and adaptive compilation just blows my mind.', 'start': 1275.799, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 1281.303, 'text': 'Yeah Well, so, okay.', 'start': 1280.442, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 1284.085, 'text': "So let's come back to that.", 'start': 1281.323, 'duration': 2.762}], 'summary': "Lisp's metaprogramming simplifies, makes consistent, and composes code, useful for machine learning with features like auto tuning and adaptive compilation.", 'duration': 37.362, 'max_score': 1246.723, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81246723.jpg'}, {'end': 1371.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1345.672, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1353.83, 'text': "you know, we'll mention list comprehensions to me from a quick glance, a mojo, uh, which, by the way, I have to absolutely like.", 'start': 1345.672, 'duration': 8.158}, {'end': 1354.352, 'text': 'dive in.', 'start': 1353.83, 'duration': 0.522}, {'end': 1358.901, 'text': 'uh, As I realize how amazing this is, I absolutely must dive in.', 'start': 1354.352, 'duration': 4.549}, {'end': 1362.963, 'text': 'That looks like just an incredible feature for machine learning people.', 'start': 1360.082, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 1365.384, 'text': 'Yeah, well, so what is auto-tuning? So take a step back.', 'start': 1363.203, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 1367.485, 'text': 'Auto-tuning is a feature in Mojo.', 'start': 1366.244, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1371.026, 'text': "It's not, so very little of what we're doing is actually research.", 'start': 1367.765, 'duration': 3.261}], 'summary': "Mojo's auto-tuning feature is a great tool for machine learning, with very little research needed.", 'duration': 25.354, 'max_score': 1345.672, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81345672.jpg'}], 'start': 192.844, 'title': 'Challenges and impact of mojo language', 'summary': "Discusses challenges in programming hardware, introduces emojis in programming language mojo, explores python's influence on machine learning and mojo's role in enhancing python's features, and delves into metaprogramming in mojo for performance in machine learning.", 'chapters': [{'end': 246.918, 'start': 192.844, 'title': 'Challenges in programming hardware', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for accessible programming for various hardware types, highlighting the challenge in making machine learning infrastructure more understandable and usable for non-experts.', 'duration': 54.074, 'highlights': ['The challenge lies in making machine learning infrastructure more accessible, understandable, and usable for non-experts, requiring the development of syntax and programming language.', 'The theoretical capability of programming hardware may differ significantly from the actual innovation and power unleashed by smart individuals globally.', 'The focus is not only on various processing units (CPUs, GPUs, TPUs, NPUs, IPUs) but also on how to program them effectively for software professionals.']}, {'end': 687.111, 'start': 247.574, 'title': 'Mojo: emojis in programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the introduction of emojis as file extensions in the programming language mojo, addressing the support, challenges, and the broader scope of the language in ai and general programming, highlighting its role in simplifying the programming landscape and enhancing ai deployment.', 'duration': 439.537, 'highlights': ['Mojo introduces the use of emojis as file extensions, allowing for innovative and visually appealing coding experience. The language allows the file extension to be an emoji, such as the fire emoji, presenting a unique and colorful approach to file representation in programming.', 'The support for emojis in programming languages, including Mojo, is discussed, with mentions of partial support in languages like Swift. Discussion on the support for emojis in programming languages, indicating partial support in languages like Swift, highlighting the potential adoption and integration of emojis in coding.', "Modular and Mojo's role in simplifying the programming landscape and enhancing AI deployment is emphasized, addressing the language's broad applicability beyond AI. Emphasizing Mojo's role in simplifying the programming landscape and enhancing AI deployment, showcasing its broader applicability beyond AI and its potential to streamline programming complexities.", 'The challenges and potential impact of Mojo in addressing the complexities of AI infrastructure and deployment are discussed. Discussion on the challenges and potential impact of Mojo in addressing the complexities of AI infrastructure and deployment, highlighting its significance in simplifying and optimizing AI-related programming.', "The significance of Python's intuitive and condensed nature, along with its extensive ecosystem, is highlighted in the context of programming languages. Highlighting the significance of Python's intuitive and condensed nature, along with its extensive ecosystem, emphasizing its impact on programming languages and code readability."]}, {'end': 1152.979, 'start': 687.131, 'title': "Python's influence and mojo's role", 'summary': "Discusses python's influence on machine learning, its universal connector role, the debate around python's speed and design, and mojo's approach to compile-time metaprogramming for efficiency, with the goal of enhancing python's features while maintaining its strengths.", 'duration': 465.848, 'highlights': ["Python's influence on machine learning and its universal connector role Python's popularity and role as a universal connector has contributed to its growth, particularly in the field of machine learning, where it is prevalent and influential.", "Debate around Python's speed and design, including the use of indentation and its impact on errors The debate about Python's speed, design choices like indentation, and their impact on errors and bug occurrences, as well as the preference for Python's style over other languages' formatting methods.", "Mojo's approach to compile-time metaprogramming to enhance Python's efficiency and dynamic features Mojo's approach to compile-time metaprogramming aims to retain Python's expressive dynamic features while addressing the need for efficiency, particularly for embedded processors and GPUs, through the innovative use of compile-time metaprogramming."]}, {'end': 1630.874, 'start': 1152.979, 'title': 'Metaprogramming in mojo and its impact on machine learning', 'summary': "Delves into the unique universe of metaprogramming, highlighting mojo's goal to unify compile time and runtime programming, leveraging metaprogramming features, such as auto-tuning and adaptive compilation, to achieve ultimate performance in machine learning.", 'duration': 477.895, 'highlights': ["Mojo aims to unify compile time and runtime programming, making it easy to use and learn. Mojo's goal is to simplify metaprogramming by unifying compile time and runtime programming, making it easy to use and learn.", "Mojo's approach to compiler design includes MLIR, interpreters, JIT compilers, and caching, requiring a completely new approach to compiler design. Mojo's compiler implementation involves a new approach to design, incorporating MLIR, interpreters, JIT compilers, and caching, presenting significant challenges.", "Metaprogramming in Mojo allows the same style of programming at compile time and runtime, akin to Lisp's powerful metaprogramming features. Mojo's metaprogramming enables consistent programming at compile time and runtime, akin to Lisp's powerful metaprogramming features.", "Mojo's metaprogramming features, including auto-tuning and adaptive compilation, are extremely useful for machine learning. Mojo's metaprogramming features, like auto-tuning and adaptive compilation, are highly beneficial for machine learning tasks.", "Auto-tuning in Mojo allows for empirical optimization of algorithms for different hardware systems, improving code portability and performance. Mojo's auto-tuning feature enables empirical optimization of algorithms for different hardware systems, enhancing code portability and performance."]}], 'duration': 1438.03, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj8192844.jpg', 'highlights': ['The challenge lies in making machine learning infrastructure more accessible, understandable, and usable for non-experts, requiring the development of syntax and programming language.', 'Mojo introduces the use of emojis as file extensions, allowing for innovative and visually appealing coding experience.', "Python's influence on machine learning and its universal connector role has contributed to its growth, particularly in the field of machine learning, where it is prevalent and influential.", "Mojo's approach to compile-time metaprogramming aims to retain Python's expressive dynamic features while addressing the need for efficiency, particularly for embedded processors and GPUs, through the innovative use of compile-time metaprogramming.", "Mojo's goal is to simplify metaprogramming by unifying compile time and runtime programming, making it easy to use and learn.", "Mojo's metaprogramming enables consistent programming at compile time and runtime, akin to Lisp's powerful metaprogramming features.", "Mojo's metaprogramming features, like auto-tuning and adaptive compilation, are highly beneficial for machine learning tasks.", 'Auto-tuning in Mojo allows for empirical optimization of algorithms for different hardware systems, improving code portability and performance.', 'The theoretical capability of programming hardware may differ significantly from the actual innovation and power unleashed by smart individuals globally.', 'The focus is not only on various processing units (CPUs, GPUs, TPUs, NPUs, IPUs) but also on how to program them effectively for software professionals.', 'The support for emojis in programming languages, including Mojo, is discussed, with mentions of partial support in languages like Swift.', "Modular and Mojo's role in simplifying the programming landscape and enhancing AI deployment is emphasized, addressing the language's broad applicability beyond AI.", 'The challenges and potential impact of Mojo in addressing the complexities of AI infrastructure and deployment are discussed.', "The significance of Python's intuitive and condensed nature, along with its extensive ecosystem, is highlighted in the context of programming languages.", "Debate around Python's speed and design, including the use of indentation and its impact on errors.", "Mojo's approach to compiler design includes MLIR, interpreters, JIT compilers, and caching, requiring a completely new approach to compiler design."]}, {'end': 2782.354, 'segs': [{'end': 1675.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1649.167, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1654.911, 'text': 'And then how do you test it? It becomes this crazy complexity, multidimensional space that you have to worry about.', 'start': 1649.167, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 1657.954, 'text': "And, you know, that just doesn't scale very well.", 'start': 1655.752, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 1661.741, 'text': 'Actually, let me just jump around before I go to some specific features.', 'start': 1659.139, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 1667.325, 'text': "Like the increase in performance here that we're talking about can be just insane.", 'start': 1662.141, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 1675.351, 'text': 'You write that Moja can provide a 35,000x speedup over Python.', 'start': 1668.126, 'duration': 7.225}], 'summary': 'Moja can provide a 35,000x speedup over python in performance.', 'duration': 26.184, 'max_score': 1649.167, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81649167.jpg'}, {'end': 1850.476, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1824.092, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1827.715, 'text': 'Now you have threads, now you have like additional things like you can control memory hierarchy.', 'start': 1824.092, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 1834.221, 'text': 'And so what Mojo allows you to do is it allows you to start taking advantage of all these powerful things that have been built into the hardware over time.', 'start': 1827.735, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 1838.344, 'text': 'And it gives, the library gives very nice features.', 'start': 1834.421, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 1841.067, 'text': 'So you can say, just parallelize this, do this in parallel.', 'start': 1838.605, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 1850.476, 'text': "So it's very powerful weapons against slowness, which is why people have been, I think, having fun just taking code and making it go fast,", 'start': 1842.028, 'duration': 8.448}], 'summary': 'Mojo enables leveraging hardware features for parallelization and performance optimization.', 'duration': 26.384, 'max_score': 1824.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81824092.jpg'}, {'end': 2143.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2115.922, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2118.445, 'text': "But that doesn't mean that everybody should use them all the time.", 'start': 2115.922, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 2122.349, 'text': 'So what Mojo does is it says, cool, well, allow people to use types.', 'start': 2118.905, 'duration': 3.444}, {'end': 2125.272, 'text': 'And if you use types, you get nice things out of it.', 'start': 2122.71, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 2126.934, 'text': 'You get better performance and things like this.', 'start': 2125.473, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 2132.14, 'text': 'But Mojo is a full compatible superset of Python.', 'start': 2127.715, 'duration': 4.425}, {'end': 2135.924, 'text': 'And so that means it has to work without types.', 'start': 2133.443, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 2143.868, 'text': 'It has to support all the dynamic things, it has to support all the packages, it has to support list comprehensions and things like this.', 'start': 2137.065, 'duration': 6.803}], 'summary': 'Mojo allows optional use of types for better performance, while remaining fully compatible with python.', 'duration': 27.946, 'max_score': 2115.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82115922.jpg'}, {'end': 2545.768, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2516.583, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2521.543, 'text': 'So is there something like a nice standard implementation of integer and floats? Yeah.', 'start': 2516.583, 'duration': 4.96}, {'end': 2522.924, 'text': "So we're still building all that stuff out.", 'start': 2521.683, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 2525.044, 'text': 'So we provide integers and floats and all that stuff.', 'start': 2522.944, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 2529.565, 'text': "We also provide buffers and tensors and things like that that you'd expect in an ML context.", 'start': 2525.084, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 2534.966, 'text': 'Honestly, we need to keep designing and redesigning and working with the community to build that out and make that better.', 'start': 2530.125, 'duration': 4.841}, {'end': 2536.066, 'text': "That's not our strength right now.", 'start': 2534.986, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 2539.187, 'text': "Give us six months or a year, and I think it'll be way better.", 'start': 2537.146, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 2545.768, 'text': "But the power of putting it in the library means that we can have teams of experts that aren't compiler engineers,", 'start': 2539.447, 'duration': 6.321}], 'summary': 'Library to provide integers, floats, buffers, tensors; improving in 6 months to a year.', 'duration': 29.185, 'max_score': 2516.583, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82516583.jpg'}, {'end': 2725.383, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2699.636, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2704.14, 'text': "But in my experience, you get something that's way better if you work with the community.", 'start': 2699.636, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 2705.721, 'text': 'And so, yes, it can be frustrating.', 'start': 2704.3, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 2707.342, 'text': 'It can be challenging for lots of people involved.', 'start': 2705.741, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2713.007, 'text': 'And, you know, if you, I mean, if you mentioned our Discord, we have over 10,000 people on the Discord, 11,000 people or something.', 'start': 2707.402, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 2715.309, 'text': 'Keep in mind, we released Mojo like two weeks ago.', 'start': 2713.348, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 2719.318, 'text': "Yeah So it's very cool.", 'start': 2715.329, 'duration': 3.989}, {'end': 2725.383, 'text': 'But what that means is that 10,000, 11,000 people all will want something different.', 'start': 2719.979, 'duration': 5.404}], 'summary': 'Working with the community has attracted over 10,000 people to the discord within two weeks of releasing mojo, leading to diverse needs and challenges.', 'duration': 25.747, 'max_score': 2699.636, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82699636.jpg'}], 'start': 1630.874, 'title': 'Improving python performance with moja and mojo', 'summary': "Covers moja's 35,000x speedup over python, optimizing python performance with modern techniques such as parallelism and hardware features, and mojo's role as a python superset that provides better performance, community-driven technology with over 10,000 people on discord.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1712.992, 'start': 1630.874, 'title': 'Moja performance features', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of implementing new features without breaking the existing code, highlighting the complexity of handling c++ templates and c macros, and emphasizes the significant performance increase, with moja providing a 35,000x speedup over python by moving to a compiler.', 'duration': 82.118, 'highlights': ['Moja provides a 35,000x speedup over Python by moving to a compiler, resulting in a 2 to 5 to 10x speed increase, depending on the code.', 'Handling C++ templates or C macros typically involves if defs, leading to complicated code and testing complexity.', 'Moving from an interpreter to a compiler can provide a 2 to 5 to 10x speed increase, depending on the code, due to eliminating the extra layer of bytecodes and interpretation.']}, {'end': 2063.324, 'start': 1713.472, 'title': 'Optimizing python performance with modern techniques', 'summary': 'Discusses how modern techniques can optimize python performance, including reducing reference counting overhead, adopting parallelism, leveraging hardware features like vectors, and the optional use of types for better optimization and reduced errors.', 'duration': 349.852, 'highlights': ['Modern techniques optimize Python performance by reducing reference counting overhead, leading to a 10x improvement in speed. By avoiding reference counting overhead and moving data from heap to registers, a 10x speed improvement can be achieved.', 'Adopting parallelism and leveraging hardware features like vectors enable faster execution and better memory control. The use of parallelism and vectors allows for executing multiple operations at a time, leading to faster execution and improved memory hierarchy control.', 'The optional use of types in Python, facilitated by Mojo, allows for better optimization and reduced errors, without strict typing enforcement. Mojo enables the optional adoption of types in Python, leading to better optimization, reduced errors, and improved code completion without strict typing enforcement.']}, {'end': 2529.565, 'start': 2063.405, 'title': 'Mojo: python superset for performance', 'summary': 'Highlights how mojo, a superset of python, allows for optional type usage, providing better performance and compatibility without requiring a painful migration like python 2 to python 3, and aims to address the limitations of typing in python by enforcing types at compile time for better performance and providing a standard implementation of numerical types.', 'duration': 466.16, 'highlights': ['Mojo allows optional type usage, providing better performance and compatibility without requiring a painful migration like Python 2 to Python 3. Mojo allows optional type usage, providing better performance and compatibility, reducing the need for a painful migration like Python 2 to Python 3.', "Mojo aims to address the limitations of typing in Python by enforcing types at compile time for better performance. Mojo aims to address the limitations of typing in Python by enforcing types at compile time for better performance, providing a solution to the issues with Python's typing system.", 'Mojo provides a standard implementation of numerical types, including integers, floats, buffers, and tensors. Mojo provides a standard implementation of numerical types, including integers, floats, buffers, and tensors, catering to the needs of an ML context.']}, {'end': 2782.354, 'start': 2530.125, 'title': 'Building community-driven technology', 'summary': 'Discusses the early release of mojo, an open-source project, its current status, and the challenges and benefits of working with a large and diverse community, with over 10,000 people on discord, in the development process.', 'duration': 252.229, 'highlights': ["Mojo's early release with over 10,000 people on Discord The early release of Mojo has garnered a large community of over 10,000 people on Discord within two weeks, showcasing high interest and engagement.", 'Challenges and benefits of working with a diverse community The challenges and benefits of working with a large and diverse community are discussed, emphasizing the frustrations and pressures involved while highlighting the advantages of community-driven development.', 'Status of Mojo and its future roadmap The current status of Mojo is likened to a 0.1 version, with plans for significant improvement in the next year. The project has a transparent roadmap and is focused on open development and optimization.', 'Strategic approach to bug fixes and feature additions The project has been strategically focusing on bug fixes and deliberate feature additions, resulting in very few bugs and a deliberate implementation of new capabilities.']}], 'duration': 1151.48, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj81630874.jpg', 'highlights': ['Moja provides a 35,000x speedup over Python by moving to a compiler, resulting in a 2 to 5 to 10x speed increase, depending on the code.', "Mojo's early release with over 10,000 people on Discord The early release of Mojo has garnered a large community of over 10,000 people on Discord within two weeks, showcasing high interest and engagement.", 'The optional use of types in Python, facilitated by Mojo, allows for better optimization and reduced errors, without strict typing enforcement.', 'The use of parallelism and vectors allows for executing multiple operations at a time, leading to faster execution and improved memory hierarchy control.', 'Mojo provides a standard implementation of numerical types, including integers, floats, buffers, and tensors, catering to the needs of an ML context.']}, {'end': 4606.366, 'segs': [{'end': 2809.705, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2783.175, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2787.698, 'text': "Like in a year's time, Mojo will be actually quite amazing and solve tons of problems and be very good.", 'start': 2783.175, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 2790.26, 'text': 'People still have these problems.', 'start': 2789.259, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 2799.536, 'text': "And so you look at this and you say, and the way I look at this at least is to say, okay, well, we're solving big longstanding problems.", 'start': 2791.341, 'duration': 8.195}, {'end': 2803.243, 'text': 'To me, I again working on many different problems.', 'start': 2800.782, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 2805.163, 'text': 'I wanna make sure we do it right, right?', 'start': 2803.243, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 2809.705, 'text': "There's like a responsibility, you feel, because if you mess it up right,", 'start': 2805.183, 'duration': 4.522}], 'summary': "Mojo aims to solve longstanding problems in a year, addressing people's needs and ensuring responsible execution.", 'duration': 26.53, 'max_score': 2783.175, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82783175.jpg'}, {'end': 2945.228, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2922.09, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2929.276, 'text': 'also tensors and strings and things like this that are much higher level and make them behave like proper values.', 'start': 2922.09, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 2934.58, 'text': 'And so it makes it look like if you pass these things around, you get a logical copy of all the data.', 'start': 2929.536, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 2937.723, 'text': "And so if I pass you an array, it's your array.", 'start': 2935.281, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 2938.824, 'text': 'You can go do what you want to it.', 'start': 2937.763, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 2939.705, 'text': "You're not going to hurt my array.", 'start': 2938.844, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 2944.108, 'text': 'Now, that is an interesting and very powerful design principle.', 'start': 2940.405, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 2945.228, 'text': 'It defines away a ton of bugs.', 'start': 2944.128, 'duration': 1.1}], 'summary': 'Passing higher-level data types like tensors and strings ensures logical copies, preventing harm to original data and reducing bugs.', 'duration': 23.138, 'max_score': 2922.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82922090.jpg'}, {'end': 3531.704, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3507.208, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3512.792, 'text': 'But then physics and other things intervened and power consumption, like other things started to matter.', 'start': 3507.208, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 3518.956, 'text': 'And so what ended up happening is we went from single core computers to multi-core, then we went to accelerators right?', 'start': 3512.852, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 3522.899, 'text': 'And this, this trend towards specialization of hardware, is only going to continue.', 'start': 3518.976, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 3531.704, 'text': 'And so For years, us programming language nerds and compiler people have been saying okay, well, how do we tackle multi-core right?', 'start': 3523.499, 'duration': 8.205}], 'summary': 'Trend towards multi-core and specialized hardware continues, impacting power consumption and programming languages.', 'duration': 24.496, 'max_score': 3507.208, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj83507208.jpg'}, {'end': 3707.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3680.67, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3690.175, 'text': 'Now, the challenge with what the TensorFlow versus the PyTorch design points was that TensorFlow is kind of difficult to use for researchers,', 'start': 3680.67, 'duration': 9.505}, {'end': 3691.556, 'text': 'but it was actually pretty good for deployment.', 'start': 3690.175, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 3696.299, 'text': "PyTorch is really good for researchers, it's kind of not super great for deployment, right?", 'start': 3692.377, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 3699.901, 'text': 'And so I think that we as an industry have been struggling.', 'start': 3696.399, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 3707.605, 'text': "And if you look at what deploying a machine learning model today means, is that you'll have researchers who are, I mean wicked smart, of course,", 'start': 3700.241, 'duration': 7.364}], 'summary': 'Tensorflow is better for deployment, pytorch is better for researchers, industry is struggling with this duality.', 'duration': 26.935, 'max_score': 3680.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj83680670.jpg'}, {'end': 3785.027, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3757.931, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3763.274, 'text': "And so what we've seen today is that getting models in production can take weeks or months.", 'start': 3757.931, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 3764.794, 'text': "It's not atypical.", 'start': 3763.774, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 3770.157, 'text': 'I talk to lots of people and you talk about like VP of software at some Internet company trying to deploy a model.', 'start': 3764.814, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 3775.459, 'text': "And they're like, Why do I need a team of 45 people? It's so easy to train a model.", 'start': 3770.177, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 3777.5, 'text': "Why? Why can't I deploy it? Right.", 'start': 3775.519, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 3781.424, 'text': 'And if you dig into this, Every layer is problematic.', 'start': 3778.1, 'duration': 3.324}, {'end': 3785.027, 'text': 'So if you look at the language piece, I mean, this is tip of the iceberg.', 'start': 3781.724, 'duration': 3.303}], 'summary': 'Deploying models can take weeks or months, requiring large teams. language deployment is just the beginning.', 'duration': 27.096, 'max_score': 3757.931, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj83757931.jpg'}, {'end': 4372.444, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4345.484, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4348.665, 'text': 'On the other hand, you have an explosion of innovation in AI.', 'start': 4345.484, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 4355.027, 'text': 'And so what happened with both TensorFlow and PyTorch is that the explosion of innovation in AI has led to.', 'start': 4349.405, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 4357.248, 'text': "it's not just about matrix multiplication and convolution.", 'start': 4355.027, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 4359.869, 'text': 'These things have now like 2000 different operators.', 'start': 4357.428, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 4363.94, 'text': "And on the other hand, you have, I don't know how many pieces of hardware there are out there.", 'start': 4360.899, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 4364.5, 'text': "It's a lot.", 'start': 4364.02, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 4368.022, 'text': "It's not even hundreds, it's probably thousands.", 'start': 4365.761, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 4372.444, 'text': 'And across all of Edge and across all the different things.', 'start': 4368.902, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': 'Ai innovation has led to 2000+ operators and thousands of hardware pieces.', 'duration': 26.96, 'max_score': 4345.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84345484.jpg'}], 'start': 2783.175, 'title': 'Solving big problems responsibly and performance improvement', 'summary': 'Discusses the responsibility of solving big problems with mojo, emphasizing the importance of doing it right and potential positive change, as well as the performance improvement from immutability and value semantics, with examples from python and other languages, and the challenges in deploying machine learning models, ai hardware innovation, and modular frameworks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2862.476, 'start': 2783.175, 'title': 'Mojo: solving big problems responsibly', 'summary': 'Discusses the responsibility of solving big problems with mojo, aiming to heal divisions and have a positive impact on the world, while emphasizing the importance of doing it right and the potential to bring about positive change.', 'duration': 79.301, 'highlights': ['The responsibility of solving big problems with Mojo, aiming to heal divisions and have a positive impact on the world, while emphasizing the importance of doing it right and the potential to bring about positive change.', 'The vision to heal divisions and make a positive impact on the world by doing it right, while acknowledging the challenges and the need for responsible implementation.', 'The desire to create something beautiful, work together, and have a positive impact by healing divisions and promoting responsible use of technology.']}, {'end': 3346.118, 'start': 2862.756, 'title': 'Value semantics and performance improvement', 'summary': 'Discusses the performance improvement from immutability and value semantics, including the reduction of bugs and copies, with examples from python and other languages, and the implementation challenges of providing value semantics in a performant way across different types of objects and languages.', 'duration': 483.362, 'highlights': ['Mojo enables value semantics, making arrays, dictionaries, tensors, and strings behave like proper values, reducing bugs and defining away a ton of bugs. Value semantics enable collections to behave like proper values, reducing bugs and defining away a ton of bugs, with examples of arrays, dictionaries, tensors, and strings.', 'Implementing value semantics requires providing logical copies of data without actually performing copies, which can reduce bugs and the number of copies in practice. Implementing value semantics requires providing logical copies of data without actually performing copies, reducing bugs and the number of copies in practice.', 'The concept of value semantics has existed in many different worlds, and Mojo takes the best ideas from various systems to provide the power of languages like Rust without forcing it into all cases. Mojo takes the best ideas from various systems to provide the power of languages like Rust without forcing it into all cases.', 'Mojo allows the expression of ownership, enabling the tracking of who owns the object, similar to work done in the Rust and Swift communities, contributing to the efficient transfer of ownership instead of duplicating references. Mojo allows the expression of ownership, enabling the tracking of who owns the object, similar to work done in the Rust and Swift communities, contributing to the efficient transfer of ownership instead of duplicating references.', 'Mojo allows the expression of not wanting to get a copy of certain types, such as atomic numbers, and instead just getting a reference to them, enabling better management of unique objects like atomic numbers. Mojo allows the expression of not wanting to get a copy of certain types, such as atomic numbers, and instead just getting a reference to them, enabling better management of unique objects like atomic numbers.']}, {'end': 3637.986, 'start': 3346.699, 'title': "Rust's mojo: borrowed conventions and scalability", 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of mojo in rust, which allows passing around references to uniquely owned types without copying, and the challenges and solutions related to multi-core and distributed computing, emphasizing the impact on ai compute and deployment across multiple machines.', 'duration': 291.287, 'highlights': ["Rust's Mojo enables passing around references to uniquely owned types without copying, providing borrowed conventions and managing mutable references, resembling C++'s smart pointers. Mojo in Rust allows passing around references to uniquely owned types without copying and provides borrowed conventions and manages mutable references.", 'The challenges related to multi-core and distributed computing, and the shift towards specialization of hardware, have prompted innovations such as the invention of the tensor by machine learning practitioners and the development of AI compute accelerators. Innovations such as the invention of the tensor by machine learning practitioners and the development of AI compute accelerators have been prompted by the challenges related to multi-core and distributed computing, and the shift towards specialization of hardware.', 'Tensor, an abstract representation of parallelizable data sets, has facilitated an explosion in AI compute and enabled deployment and execution across multiple machines, resulting in unparalleled efficiency, scalability, and reliability for the largest workloads. Tensor, an abstract representation of parallelizable data sets, has facilitated an explosion in AI compute and enabled deployment and execution across multiple machines, resulting in unparalleled efficiency, scalability, and reliability for the largest workloads.']}, {'end': 4233.389, 'start': 3638.006, 'title': 'Challenges in deploying machine learning models', 'summary': 'Highlights the challenges in deploying machine learning models, discussing the usability and deployment issues of tensorflow and pytorch, the complexity in model deployment, the time-consuming process of getting models in production, and the need for a first principles approach to address the complexity in machine learning technology and infrastructure.', 'duration': 595.383, 'highlights': ['The challenge with TensorFlow versus the PyTorch design points was that TensorFlow is difficult to use for researchers, but good for deployment, while PyTorch is great for researchers but not ideal for deployment. Comparison of usability and deployment capabilities of TensorFlow and PyTorch, indicating the challenges in using each platform for different stages of model development.', 'Getting models in production can take weeks or months, with VP of software at some Internet companies needing a team of 45 people for deployment. The time-consuming process and resource-intensive nature of getting machine learning models into production, with a real-world example of the challenges faced by software development teams.', 'The complexity in machine learning technology and infrastructure, with various layers being problematic, such as language, serving, and hardware, leading to the need for a first principles approach to address the complexity. Discussion on the multifaceted complexity in machine learning technology and infrastructure, emphasizing the necessity for a fundamental approach to tackle the challenges at different layers.', 'The need for a first principles approach to address the complexity in machine learning technology and infrastructure, highlighting the lack of rethinking and redesigning of existing systems to adapt to the evolving landscape of machine learning. Emphasizing the requirement for a fundamental rethink and redesign of current systems to align with the changing landscape of machine learning technology and infrastructure.']}, {'end': 4606.366, 'start': 4233.849, 'title': 'Ai hardware innovation and modular frameworks', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for hardware innovation in ai, the challenges of integrating specialized accelerators into modular frameworks, and the shift towards compiler-based solutions to enable general hackability and performance optimization in machine learning algorithms.', 'duration': 372.517, 'highlights': ['The need for hardware innovation in AI and the challenges of integrating specialized accelerators into modular frameworks. The transcript highlights the increasing complexity in AI hardware and the challenge of integrating numerous pieces of hardware into modular frameworks, with the emergence of AI in various devices and the need for specialized hardware for different use cases.', "The shift towards compiler-based solutions to enable general hackability and performance optimization in machine learning algorithms. The transcript emphasizes the industry's shift towards turning the challenge of specialized kernels into a compiler problem, aiming to provide a more general, extensible, and hackable interface for dealing with the general case, with a specific example of optimizing the MatMul ReLU operation.", 'The impact of hardware innovation on AI applications and the potential for exotic accelerators like analog computing to revolutionize energy efficiency. The transcript discusses the potential impact of hardware innovation, such as analog computing, on energy efficiency in AI applications, highlighting the significance of unlocking such innovations and the challenges associated with developing compilers for exotic computing methods.']}], 'duration': 1823.191, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj82783175.jpg', 'highlights': ['Mojo aims to heal divisions and have a positive impact on the world, emphasizing the importance of doing it right and the potential to bring about positive change.', 'Value semantics enable collections to behave like proper values, reducing bugs and defining away a ton of bugs, with examples of arrays, dictionaries, tensors, and strings.', 'Innovations such as the invention of the tensor by machine learning practitioners and the development of AI compute accelerators have been prompted by the challenges related to multi-core and distributed computing, and the shift towards specialization of hardware.', 'Comparison of usability and deployment capabilities of TensorFlow and PyTorch, indicating the challenges in using each platform for different stages of model development.', 'The time-consuming process and resource-intensive nature of getting machine learning models into production, with a real-world example of the challenges faced by software development teams.', 'The transcript highlights the increasing complexity in AI hardware and the challenge of integrating numerous pieces of hardware into modular frameworks, with the emergence of AI in various devices and the need for specialized hardware for different use cases.']}, {'end': 5658.497, 'segs': [{'end': 4663.32, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4622.353, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4625.176, 'text': 'And I think that this has been very, very useful for the industry.', 'start': 4622.353, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 4632.325, 'text': 'This is one of the things that powers Google TPUs, PyTorch 2s, like rolling out really cool compiler stuff with Triton,', 'start': 4625.216, 'duration': 7.109}, {'end': 4633.446, 'text': 'other technology and things like this.', 'start': 4632.325, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4639.393, 'text': "And so the compiler people are kind of coming into their fore and saying like, awesome, this is a compiler problem, we'll compiler it.", 'start': 4633.966, 'duration': 5.427}, {'end': 4641.414, 'text': "here's the problem.", 'start': 4640.814, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 4643.455, 'text': "Not everybody's a compiler person.", 'start': 4642.414, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 4647.856, 'text': 'I love compiler people, trust me, right? But not everybody can or should be a compiler person.', 'start': 4643.855, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 4651.957, 'text': "Turns out that they're people that know analog computers really well.", 'start': 4647.916, 'duration': 4.041}, {'end': 4657.238, 'text': 'or they know some GPU internal architecture thing really well, or they know some crazy,', 'start': 4651.957, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 4662.339, 'text': 'sparse numeric interesting algorithm that is the cusp of research.', 'start': 4657.238, 'duration': 5.101}, {'end': 4663.32, 'text': "but they're not compiler people.", 'start': 4662.339, 'duration': 0.981}], 'summary': 'The industry benefits from diverse expertise, not just compiler skills.', 'duration': 40.967, 'max_score': 4622.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84622353.jpg'}, {'end': 4744.322, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4721.185, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4730.651, 'text': "this whole stack allows that stack to be extended and hacked and changed by researchers and by hardware innovators and by people who know things that we don't know,", 'start': 4721.185, 'duration': 9.466}, {'end': 4734.793, 'text': "cuz you know, modular has some smart people, but we don't have all the smart people, it turns out.", 'start': 4730.651, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 4744.322, 'text': 'Right What are heterogeneous runtimes? Yeah, so what is heterogeneous, right? So heterogeneous just means many different kinds of things together.', 'start': 4735.113, 'duration': 9.209}], 'summary': 'The stack allows for extension and modification by researchers, hardware innovators, and diverse knowledge experts.', 'duration': 23.137, 'max_score': 4721.185, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84721185.jpg'}, {'end': 4810.459, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4771.296, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4780.126, 'text': "And so you've got now what are effectively two computers, a CPU and a GPU, talking to each other, working together in a heterogeneous system.", 'start': 4771.296, 'duration': 8.83}, {'end': 4783.49, 'text': 'But that was 10 years ago.', 'start': 4782.148, 'duration': 1.342}, {'end': 4786.553, 'text': 'You look at a modern cell phone.', 'start': 4785.171, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 4789.495, 'text': "Modern cell phone, you've got CPUs.", 'start': 4787.335, 'duration': 2.16}, {'end': 4791.036, 'text': "And they're not just CPUs.", 'start': 4790.115, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 4792.956, 'text': "There's like big dot little CPUs.", 'start': 4791.076, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 4796.977, 'text': "And so there's multiple different kinds of CPUs that are kind of working together that are multi-core.", 'start': 4793.016, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 4798.217, 'text': "You've got GPUs.", 'start': 4797.277, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 4800.677, 'text': "You've got neural network accelerators.", 'start': 4798.777, 'duration': 1.9}, {'end': 4807.138, 'text': "You've got dedicated hardware blocks for media, so for video decode and JPEG decode and things like this.", 'start': 4801.097, 'duration': 6.041}, {'end': 4809.479, 'text': "And so you've got this massively complicated system.", 'start': 4807.579, 'duration': 1.9}, {'end': 4810.459, 'text': "And this isn't just cell phones.", 'start': 4809.499, 'duration': 0.96}], 'summary': 'Modern devices have diversified cpus, gpus, and accelerators, creating complex heterogeneous systems.', 'duration': 39.163, 'max_score': 4771.296, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84771296.jpg'}, {'end': 5015.719, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4984.606, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4987.749, 'text': 'I want to look at the communication, the bisection,', 'start': 4984.606, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 4994.393, 'text': 'bandwidth and like the overhead and the sending of all these different things and and build a model for this and then decide okay,', 'start': 4987.749, 'duration': 6.644}, {'end': 4996.674, 'text': "it's an optimization problem of where do I want to place this compute?", 'start': 4994.393, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 5002.218, 'text': 'So the old school theoretical computer science problem of scheduling.', 'start': 4997.975, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 5010.913, 'text': "and then how does presumably it's possible to somehow magically include auto tune into this? Absolutely.", 'start': 5002.218, 'duration': 8.695}, {'end': 5015.719, 'text': 'So I mean in my opinion, this is an opinion this is not.', 'start': 5011.033, 'duration': 4.686}], 'summary': 'Analyzing communication and bandwidth to optimize compute placement and include auto tune.', 'duration': 31.113, 'max_score': 4984.606, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84984606.jpg'}, {'end': 5050.232, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5023.877, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5029.96, 'text': 'But then, once you have a predictable execution layer, you can build lots of different policies on top of it, right?', 'start': 5023.877, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 5037.785, 'text': 'And so one policy can be that the human programmer says do that here, do that here, do that here, do that here and like,', 'start': 5030.161, 'duration': 7.624}, {'end': 5039.145, 'text': 'fully manually controls everything.', 'start': 5037.785, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 5045.229, 'text': "And the system should just do it, right? Then you quickly get in the mode of like, I don't want to have to tell it to do it.", 'start': 5040.486, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 5050.232, 'text': 'And so the next logical step that people typically take is they write some terrible heuristic.', 'start': 5046.089, 'duration': 4.143}], 'summary': 'A predictable execution layer enables building different policies, with potential for manual control and heuristic implementation.', 'duration': 26.355, 'max_score': 5023.877, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85023877.jpg'}, {'end': 5084.055, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5057.791, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5062.172, 'text': 'And then you then get into this mode of people care more and more and more.', 'start': 5057.791, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 5066.014, 'text': "And you say, OK, well, let's actually make the heuristic better.", 'start': 5062.212, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 5067.614, 'text': "Let's get into auto tuning.", 'start': 5066.174, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 5074.936, 'text': "Let's actually do a search of the space to decide well what is actually better?", 'start': 5067.654, 'duration': 7.282}, {'end': 5078.437, 'text': 'Well, then you get into this problem where you realize this is not a small space.', 'start': 5075.336, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 5079.698, 'text': 'This is a many dimensional.', 'start': 5078.477, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5084.055, 'text': 'hyperdimensional space that you cannot exhaustively search.', 'start': 5081.034, 'duration': 3.021}], 'summary': 'Challenges arise in optimizing heuristics due to a complex, multidimensional space.', 'duration': 26.264, 'max_score': 5057.791, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85057791.jpg'}, {'end': 5299.861, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5274.236, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5280.78, 'text': 'sending data back and forth to memory, whether it be local memory or distant memory or disk, or whatever it is.', 'start': 5274.236, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 5285.443, 'text': 'And that bottleneck, particularly as the training sizes get large.', 'start': 5281.581, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 5290.727, 'text': 'as you start doing tons of inferences all over the place, that becomes a huge bottleneck for people, right?', 'start': 5285.443, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 5292.549, 'text': 'So again,', 'start': 5292.149, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 5299.861, 'text': 'what happened is we went through a phase of many years where people took the special case and hand tuned it and tweaked it and tricked it out,', 'start': 5292.549, 'duration': 7.312}], 'summary': 'Data transfer bottleneck impacts training and inference, hindering performance.', 'duration': 25.625, 'max_score': 5274.236, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85274236.jpg'}, {'end': 5418.976, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5394.499, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5404.044, 'text': 'And this is what Mojo and what the modular stack provides is it provides this infrastructure and the system for factoring all this complexity and then allowing people to express algorithms.', 'start': 5394.499, 'duration': 9.545}, {'end': 5405.765, 'text': 'You talk about auto tuning, for example.', 'start': 5404.184, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 5412.43, 'text': "express algorithms in a more portable way so that when a new chip comes out, you don't have to rewrite it all.", 'start': 5406.545, 'duration': 5.885}, {'end': 5418.976, 'text': "So to me, I kind of joke, what is a compiler? Well, there's many ways to explain that.", 'start': 5413.571, 'duration': 5.405}], 'summary': 'Mojo and modular stack simplify expressing algorithms, enabling portability, and reducing need for rewriting with new chips.', 'duration': 24.477, 'max_score': 5394.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85394499.jpg'}], 'start': 4606.386, 'title': 'Compiler technology and heterogeneous runtimes in computing', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of compiler technology on industry advancements, including its role in powering google tpus, pytorch 2s, and the challenges of excluding individuals with specialized knowledge. it also delves into the concept of heterogeneous runtimes, highlighting the evolution of heterogeneous computing and the challenges and optimizations involved. additionally, it covers the challenges in optimizing machine learning execution, including the need for predictable systems, evolution of auto tuning, the bottleneck of memory access, and the importance of a modular stack for scalability and portability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4734.793, 'start': 4606.386, 'title': 'The role of compiler in technology development', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of compiler technology on industry advancements, including its role in powering google tpus, pytorch 2s, and the challenges of excluding individuals with specialized knowledge from contributing to technology development.', 'duration': 128.407, 'highlights': ['The compiler technology powers Google TPUs, PyTorch 2s, and other advancements in the industry, contributing significantly to technology development.', 'Challenges arise as the focus on turning everything into a compiler excludes individuals with specialized knowledge in areas like analog computers, GPU architecture, and sparse numeric algorithms from contributing to technology development.', 'Modular stack enables individuals with specialized knowledge to extend the stack without having to hack the compiler itself, allowing for contributions on both the algorithm and hardware sides.']}, {'end': 5002.218, 'start': 4735.113, 'title': 'Heterogeneous runtimes in computing', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of heterogeneous runtimes, highlighting the evolution of heterogeneous computing from simple cpu-gpu systems to complex multi-core systems in cell phones and laptops, as well as the challenges and optimizations involved in leveraging the strengths of different specialized systems in parallel computing environments.', 'duration': 267.105, 'highlights': ['Heterogeneous computing has evolved from simple CPU-GPU systems to complex multi-core systems in cell phones and laptops. The evolution of heterogeneous computing is demonstrated through the transition from simple CPU-GPU systems to the complex multi-core systems found in modern cell phones and laptops.', 'Challenges and optimizations exist in leveraging the strengths of different specialized systems in parallel computing environments. The chapter discusses the challenges and optimizations involved in leveraging the strengths of different specialized systems in parallel computing environments, highlighting the need for choreographing and optimizing the use of multiple types of CPUs, GPUs, neural network accelerators, and dedicated hardware blocks in modern computing systems.', 'The optimization problem of determining the placement of compute tasks involves analyzing factors such as communication time and operation time for different specialized systems. The chapter explores the optimization problem of determining the placement of compute tasks, which involves analyzing factors such as communication time and operation time for different specialized systems, including CPUs, neural network accelerators, and GPUs.']}, {'end': 5658.497, 'start': 5002.218, 'title': 'Optimizing machine learning execution', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in optimizing machine learning execution, including the need for predictable systems, the evolution of auto tuning, the bottleneck of memory access, and the importance of a modular stack for scalability and portability.', 'duration': 656.279, 'highlights': ['The importance of simple and predictable systems at the execution layer to build different policies on top of it. The world benefits from simple and predictable systems at the bottom that you can control, allowing the building of different policies on top of it.', 'The evolution of auto tuning from manual control to heuristic approaches and then to machine learning algorithms. Auto tuning has evolved from manual control to heuristic approaches and then to machine learning algorithms like genetic algorithms and reinforcement learning.', 'The bottleneck of memory access, particularly with specialized accelerators, leading to performance challenges during training and inference. Memory access bottleneck, especially with specialized accelerators, poses performance challenges during training and inference as the training sizes get large.', 'The importance of a modular stack to factor complexity, provide infrastructure for scalability, and enable the portability of algorithms across different hardware. A modular stack is crucial for factoring complexity, providing infrastructure for scalability, and enabling the portability of algorithms across different hardware.']}], 'duration': 1052.111, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj84606386.jpg', 'highlights': ['The compiler technology powers Google TPUs, PyTorch 2s, and other advancements in the industry, contributing significantly to technology development.', 'Challenges arise as the focus on turning everything into a compiler excludes individuals with specialized knowledge in areas like analog computers, GPU architecture, and sparse numeric algorithms from contributing to technology development.', 'Modular stack enables individuals with specialized knowledge to extend the stack without having to hack the compiler itself, allowing for contributions on both the algorithm and hardware sides.', 'Heterogeneous computing has evolved from simple CPU-GPU systems to complex multi-core systems in cell phones and laptops.', 'Challenges and optimizations exist in leveraging the strengths of different specialized systems in parallel computing environments, highlighting the need for choreographing and optimizing the use of multiple types of CPUs, GPUs, neural network accelerators, and dedicated hardware blocks in modern computing systems.', 'The optimization problem of determining the placement of compute tasks involves analyzing factors such as communication time and operation time for different specialized systems, including CPUs, neural network accelerators, and GPUs.', 'The importance of simple and predictable systems at the execution layer to build different policies on top of it.', 'The evolution of auto tuning from manual control to heuristic approaches and then to machine learning algorithms.', 'The bottleneck of memory access, particularly with specialized accelerators, leading to performance challenges during training and inference.', 'The importance of a modular stack to factor complexity, provide infrastructure for scalability, and enable the portability of algorithms across different hardware.']}, {'end': 6412.432, 'segs': [{'end': 5740.74, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5706.169, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5707.891, 'text': 'basic stuff and move it straight over.', 'start': 5706.169, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 5713.416, 'text': 'Now, Mojo will continue to grow out, and as it grows out it will have more and more and more features,', 'start': 5708.531, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 5719.783, 'text': 'and our North Star is to be a full superset of Python, and so you can bring over basically arbitrary Python code and have it just work.', 'start': 5713.416, 'duration': 6.367}, {'end': 5726.529, 'text': 'And it may not always be 12x faster, but it should be at least as fast and way faster in many cases.', 'start': 5720.483, 'duration': 6.046}, {'end': 5727.05, 'text': 'This is the goal.', 'start': 5726.549, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 5732.414, 'text': "Now it'll take time to do that, and Python is a complicated language.", 'start': 5729.552, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 5740.74, 'text': "There's not just the obvious things, but there's also non-obvious things that are complicated, like we have to be able to talk to CPython packages,", 'start': 5732.434, 'duration': 8.306}], 'summary': 'Mojo aims to be a full superset of python, at least as fast and way faster in many cases, as it grows and incorporates more features.', 'duration': 34.571, 'max_score': 5706.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85706169.jpg'}, {'end': 5863.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5837.807, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5842.071, 'text': "The downside of that is you don't get the benefits of Mojo for those packages right?", 'start': 5837.807, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 5845.333, 'text': "And so they'll run as fast as they do in the traditional CPython way.", 'start': 5842.091, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 5849.515, 'text': 'But what that does is that gives you an incremental migration path.', 'start': 5846.554, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 5854.036, 'text': "And so if you say, hey, cool, well, here's a, you know, the Python ecosystem is vast.", 'start': 5849.735, 'duration': 4.301}, {'end': 5855.356, 'text': 'I want all of it to just work.', 'start': 5854.096, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 5857.477, 'text': "But there's certain things that are really important.", 'start': 5855.936, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 5863.799, 'text': "And so if I'm doing weather forecasting or something, well, I want to be able to load all the data.", 'start': 5857.797, 'duration': 6.002}], 'summary': 'Incremental migration path for faster package execution with downsides in python ecosystem.', 'duration': 25.992, 'max_score': 5837.807, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85837807.jpg'}, {'end': 6081.05, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6046.623, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6051.246, 'text': 'I think CPython 3.11 came out in October or something like that.', 'start': 6046.623, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 6052.807, 'text': 'And it was 15% faster, 20% faster across the board.', 'start': 6051.266, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 6060.297, 'text': 'Which is pretty huge given how mature Python is and things like this.', 'start': 6056.274, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 6062.599, 'text': "And so that's awesome.", 'start': 6060.397, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 6063.039, 'text': 'I love it.', 'start': 6062.659, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 6065.501, 'text': "Doesn't run on GPU.", 'start': 6064.6, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 6067.903, 'text': "It doesn't do AI stuff.", 'start': 6066.622, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 6070.125, 'text': "Like it doesn't do vectors, doesn't do things.", 'start': 6067.983, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 6070.525, 'text': '20% is good.', 'start': 6070.145, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 6071.886, 'text': '35,000 times is better.', 'start': 6070.545, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 6081.05, 'text': "I'm a huge fan of that work, by the way, and it composes well with what we're doing.", 'start': 6078.089, 'duration': 2.961}], 'summary': "Cpython 3.11 released in october, 15-20% faster, doesn't run on gpu, not for ai, 35,000 times better.", 'duration': 34.427, 'max_score': 6046.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86046623.jpg'}, {'end': 6201.346, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6168.554, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6170.616, 'text': "And so that's the analogy.", 'start': 6168.554, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 6178.926, 'text': "Now here, there's not a Python is bad and a Mojo is good.", 'start': 6171.137, 'duration': 7.789}, {'end': 6181.749, 'text': 'Mojo just gives you superpowers.', 'start': 6180.288, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 6184.131, 'text': "And so if you want to stay with Python, that's cool.", 'start': 6182.31, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 6192.039, 'text': "But the tooling should be actually very beautiful and simple because we're doing the hard work of defining a superset.", 'start': 6185.373, 'duration': 6.666}, {'end': 6195.603, 'text': "Right. so there's several things to say there.", 'start': 6193.201, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 6201.346, 'text': 'but also the conversion tooling should probably give you hints as to like, how you can improve the code and then, yeah,', 'start': 6195.603, 'duration': 5.743}], 'summary': 'Mojo provides superpowers, improving tooling and code conversion.', 'duration': 32.792, 'max_score': 6168.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86168554.jpg'}, {'end': 6325.294, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6286.9, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6295.643, 'text': "And that's a really hard technical problem, but it's, in my opinion, worth it, right? And it's worth it because it's not about any one package.", 'start': 6286.9, 'duration': 8.743}, {'end': 6296.703, 'text': "It's about this ecosystem.", 'start': 6295.663, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 6298.723, 'text': "It's about what Python means for the world.", 'start': 6296.743, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 6302.824, 'text': "And it also means we don't want to repeat the Python 2 to Python 3 transition.", 'start': 6298.863, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 6306.485, 'text': 'Like we want people to be able to adopt this stuff quickly.', 'start': 6302.884, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 6309.366, 'text': 'And so by doing that work, we can help lift people.', 'start': 6306.745, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 6317.991, 'text': "Yeah, the challenge, it's really interesting, technical philosophical challenge of, really making a language a superset of another language.", 'start': 6309.946, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 6321.433, 'text': "It's breaking my brain a little bit.", 'start': 6319.932, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6322.773, 'text': 'Well, it paints you into corners.', 'start': 6321.453, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 6325.294, 'text': "So again, I'm very happy with Python.", 'start': 6323.013, 'duration': 2.281}], 'summary': 'Python aims to avoid repeating python 2 to python 3 transition, enabling quick adoption and lifting people.', 'duration': 38.394, 'max_score': 6286.9, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86286900.jpg'}], 'start': 5658.597, 'title': 'Porting python to mojo for speedups', 'summary': 'Explores mojo as a python superset, enabling at least 12x speedups, gradual migration, compatibility with cpython, challenges in porting python to mojo, future roadmap, potential for automation, and maintaining python compatibility.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6094.475, 'start': 5658.597, 'title': 'Mojo: python superset for massive speedups', 'summary': 'Explains how mojo aims to be a full superset of python, enabling the migration of python packages to run in mojo for at least 12x speedups, with gradual migration and compatibility with cpython.', 'duration': 435.878, 'highlights': ["Mojo aims to be a full superset of Python, enabling the migration of Python packages for at least 12x speedups. Mojo's goal is to be a full superset of Python, enabling the migration of Python packages to run in Mojo for at least 12x speedups, with gradual migration and compatibility with CPython.", "Mojo's incremental migration path allows the import of existing Python packages using CPython, providing a path for gradual migration and compatibility with CPython. The incremental migration path of Mojo allows the import of existing Python packages using CPython, providing a path for gradual migration and compatibility with CPython.", 'CPython 3.11 achieved a 15-20% speed improvement, but Mojo aims to achieve 35,000 times speed improvement for AI and vectorized tasks. CPython 3.11 achieved a 15-20% speed improvement, but Mojo aims to achieve 35,000 times speed improvement for AI and vectorized tasks, complementing the improvements in CPython.']}, {'end': 6412.432, 'start': 6095.355, 'title': 'Porting python to mojo: challenges and future expectations', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of porting python code to mojo, the challenges involved, the future roadmap, and the potential for automation, highlighting the benefits of mojo as a superset, the tools to improve code, and the importance of maintaining python compatibility.', 'duration': 317.077, 'highlights': ['Mojo as a superset of Python offers a path to adoption without losing compatibility, providing superpowers and the ability to improve code with beautiful and simple tooling. Mojo being a superset of Python allows adoption without losing compatibility, providing superpowers and simple tooling to improve code.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of maintaining Python compatibility and avoiding a repeat of the Python 2 to Python 3 transition to facilitate quick adoption of the changes. Emphasizing the importance of maintaining Python compatibility to facilitate quick adoption of changes and avoid a repeat of the Python 2 to Python 3 transition.', "The discussion also touches on the technical and philosophical challenge of making a language a superset of another, highlighting the profound impact of Python's dynamic metaprogramming features translating into elegant static metaprogramming features. Highlighting the technical and philosophical challenge of making a language a superset of another, and the profound impact of Python's dynamic metaprogramming features translating into elegant static metaprogramming features."]}], 'duration': 753.835, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj85658597.jpg', 'highlights': ['Mojo aims to be a full superset of Python, enabling the migration of Python packages for at least 12x speedups.', 'CPython 3.11 achieved a 15-20% speed improvement, but Mojo aims to achieve 35,000 times speed improvement for AI and vectorized tasks.', "Mojo's incremental migration path allows the import of existing Python packages using CPython, providing a path for gradual migration and compatibility with CPython.", 'Mojo as a superset of Python offers a path to adoption without losing compatibility, providing superpowers and simple tooling to improve code.', 'Emphasizing the importance of maintaining Python compatibility to facilitate quick adoption of changes and avoid a repeat of the Python 2 to Python 3 transition.', "The discussion also touches on the technical and philosophical challenge of making a language a superset of another, highlighting the profound impact of Python's dynamic metaprogramming features translating into elegant static metaprogramming features."]}, {'end': 7285.536, 'segs': [{'end': 6538.127, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6515.339, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6523.163, 'text': "I mean as an engineer it's actually much easier for me to go implement long tail compatibility, weird features, even if they're distasteful,", 'start': 6515.339, 'duration': 7.824}, {'end': 6526.264, 'text': 'and just do the hard work and figure it out.', 'start': 6523.163, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 6530.225, 'text': 'reverse engineer, understand what it is, write a bunch of test cases, try to understand the behavior.', 'start': 6526.264, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 6538.127, 'text': "It's way easier to do all that work as an engineer than it is to go talk to all C programmers and argue with them and try to get them to rewrite their code.", 'start': 6531.265, 'duration': 6.862}], 'summary': 'Engineers find it easier to implement long tail compatibility and weird features than convincing c programmers to rewrite code.', 'duration': 22.788, 'max_score': 6515.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86515339.jpg'}, {'end': 6601.436, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6573.939, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6579.441, 'text': "But when you're working with people and you're working with code and dusty-deck code bases and things like this,", 'start': 6573.939, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 6582.943, 'text': "it's not about what's theoretically beautiful.", 'start': 6579.441, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 6585.944, 'text': "it's about what's practical, what's real, what people actually use.", 'start': 6582.943, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 6589.546, 'text': "I don't meet a lot of people that say, I want to rewrite all my code.", 'start': 6586.725, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 6591.354, 'text': 'just for the sake of it.', 'start': 6590.714, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 6597.375, 'text': "By the way, there could be interesting possibilities, and we'll probably talk about it, where AI can help rewrite some code.", 'start': 6592.614, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 6601.436, 'text': "That might be a farther out future, but it's a really interesting one.", 'start': 6597.415, 'duration': 4.021}], 'summary': 'Practicality over theoretical beauty in code; ai may aid in rewriting code in the future.', 'duration': 27.497, 'max_score': 6573.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86573939.jpg'}, {'end': 6725.307, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6694.93, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6700.672, 'text': 'And so this is where, for example, you leverage CPython while bringing up the new thing.', 'start': 6694.93, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 6704.694, 'text': 'That approach is, I think, proven and comes from experience.', 'start': 6701.232, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 6708.176, 'text': 'And so Guido was very interested in like, okay, cool.', 'start': 6705.294, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 6710.398, 'text': 'I think that Python is really his legacy.', 'start': 6708.736, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 6711.138, 'text': "It's his baby.", 'start': 6710.418, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 6712.919, 'text': 'I have tons of respect for that.', 'start': 6711.158, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 6715.481, 'text': 'Incidentally, I see Mojo as a member of the Python family.', 'start': 6713.139, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 6718.923, 'text': "We're not trying to take Python away from Guido and from the Python community.", 'start': 6715.501, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 6725.307, 'text': "And so to me, it's really important that we're a good member of that community.", 'start': 6721.305, 'duration': 4.002}], 'summary': "Leveraging cpython, respecting guido's legacy, and being a good member of the python community.", 'duration': 30.377, 'max_score': 6694.93, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86694930.jpg'}, {'end': 7057.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7027.181, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7031.585, 'text': 'So for a package ported to Mojo and then create a Python interface.', 'start': 7027.181, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 7039.655, 'text': 'Yep, So how do just to linger on these packages NumPy, PyTorch and TensorFlow?', 'start': 7031.745, 'duration': 7.91}, {'end': 7041.397, 'text': 'how do they play nicely together?', 'start': 7039.655, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 7044.2, 'text': 'So is Mojo supposed to be.', 'start': 7041.457, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 7045.541, 'text': "let's talk about the machine learning ones.", 'start': 7044.2, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 7057.233, 'text': "Is Mojo kind of vision to replace PyTorch and TensorFlow, to incorporate it? What's the relationship in this? All right, so take a step back.", 'start': 7047.043, 'duration': 10.19}], 'summary': 'Port package to mojo, create python interface for numpy, pytorch, and tensorflow. discussing the role of mojo in machine learning.', 'duration': 30.052, 'max_score': 7027.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj87027181.jpg'}], 'start': 6412.452, 'title': 'Challenges of c/c++ parser for llvm and mojo language', 'summary': "Delves into the challenges of building a c/c++ parser for llvm, emphasizing the practical trade-offs and prioritizing long tail compatibility. additionally, it explores the development of mojo, a new language aimed at enhancing python's performance for ai applications while maintaining compatibility with packages like numpy and tensorflow.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6591.354, 'start': 6412.452, 'title': 'Challenges of building a c/c++ parser for llvm', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of building a c/c++ parser for llvm, highlighting the trade-offs between theoretical beauty and practicality, and the decision to prioritize long tail compatibility over rewriting code, reflecting on the realities of working with legacy code.', 'duration': 178.902, 'highlights': ['The decision to prioritize long tail compatibility over rewriting code, reflecting on the realities of working with legacy code.', 'Recognizing the trade-offs between theoretical beauty and practicality when working with people and legacy code bases.', 'Reflection on the challenges of implementing a standard compliant C and C++ parser for LLVM, and the difficulties encountered when faced with legacy code and long tail compatibility.', 'Realizing the impracticality of seeking theoretical perfection in code, acknowledging the importance of practicality and real-world usage.', 'The initial vision of building a standard compliant C and C++ parser for LLVM and the subsequent realization of the challenges posed by legacy code and long tail compatibility.']}, {'end': 7285.536, 'start': 6592.614, 'title': 'Mojo: bridging python and ai with a new language', 'summary': "Discusses the development of mojo, a new programming language, addressing guido's concerns about community fragmentation and its potential as a tool to enhance python's performance for ai applications while maintaining compatibility with packages like numpy and tensorflow.", 'duration': 692.922, 'highlights': ["Mojo's potential to enhance Python's performance for AI applications and its compatibility with packages like NumPy and TensorFlow Mojo can improve Python's performance for AI applications and is compatible with popular packages like NumPy and TensorFlow.", "Guido's concerns about community fragmentation and the lessons learned from the migration from Swift without fragmenting the community Guido is concerned about community fragmentation, and lessons from Swift migration without fragmenting the community are applicable to Mojo's development.", "Mojo's role as a member of the Python family and its potential to expand Python's impact on the world Mojo is seen as a member of the Python family and has the potential to expand Python's impact on the world.", "Mojo's ability to unify the Python and C++ worlds in AI development and its focus on solving industry challenges in AI Mojo unifies Python and C++ in AI development and aims to solve industry challenges in AI.", 'The approach of integrating Mojo with Python to allow progressive adoption and its potential to expedite the development cycle in AI Integrating Mojo with Python allows for progressive adoption and can expedite the development cycle in AI.']}], 'duration': 873.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj86412452.jpg', 'highlights': ["Mojo's potential to enhance Python's performance for AI applications and its compatibility with packages like NumPy and TensorFlow", "Mojo's ability to unify the Python and C++ worlds in AI development and its focus on solving industry challenges in AI", 'The decision to prioritize long tail compatibility over rewriting code, reflecting on the realities of working with legacy code', 'Recognizing the trade-offs between theoretical beauty and practicality when working with people and legacy code bases', 'The approach of integrating Mojo with Python to allow progressive adoption and its potential to expedite the development cycle in AI']}, {'end': 8873.122, 'segs': [{'end': 7422.387, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7398.778, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7405.98, 'text': 'And so a lot of the research that was done ended up pursuing and going out through the industry and influencing things.', 'start': 7398.778, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 7408.021, 'text': "And I think it's super exciting and awesome to see that.", 'start': 7406.02, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 7411.361, 'text': 'But the Swift for TensorFlow project itself did not work out super well.', 'start': 7408.921, 'duration': 2.44}, {'end': 7413.682, 'text': "And so there's a couple of different problems with that.", 'start': 7411.801, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 7417.483, 'text': 'One of which is that you may have noticed Swift is not Python.', 'start': 7414.262, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 7422.387, 'text': "There's a few people that write Python code.", 'start': 7419.284, 'duration': 3.103}], 'summary': 'Research influenced industry, swift for tensorflow faced issues due to lack of python compatibility.', 'duration': 23.609, 'max_score': 7398.778, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj87398778.jpg'}, {'end': 7790.225, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7761.174, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7767.076, 'text': "Python integrates into notebooks in a very elegant way that makes exploration super interactive and it's awesome.", 'start': 7761.174, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 7771.798, 'text': 'Python is also almost the glue of computing.', 'start': 7767.596, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 7776.799, 'text': 'Because it has such a simple object representation, a lot of things plug into it.', 'start': 7772.238, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 7781.761, 'text': 'That dynamic metaprogramming thing we were talking about also enables really expressive and beautiful APIs.', 'start': 7777.359, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 7790.225, 'text': "So there's lots of reasons that you can look at technical things that Python has done and say like okay, wow, this is actually a pretty amazing thing.", 'start': 7782.661, 'duration': 7.564}], 'summary': 'Python enables interactive exploration with elegant integration into notebooks and expressive apis.', 'duration': 29.051, 'max_score': 7761.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj87761174.jpg'}, {'end': 7837.559, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7804.129, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7804.929, 'text': "Yeah, and it's growing.", 'start': 7804.129, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 7807.69, 'text': "And it's growing, right? And it's growing in importance, right? And so..", 'start': 7805.069, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 7810.891, 'text': "And there's a reputation and prestige to machine learning.", 'start': 7807.69, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 7811.891, 'text': 'to where, like?', 'start': 7810.891, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 7816.352, 'text': "if you're a new programmer, you're thinking about like which programming language do I use?", 'start': 7811.891, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 7818.192, 'text': 'Well, I should probably care about machine learning.', 'start': 7816.392, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 7820.033, 'text': 'Therefore, let me try Python.', 'start': 7818.232, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 7821.553, 'text': 'And it kind of builds and builds and builds.', 'start': 7820.133, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 7824.133, 'text': 'And even go back before that.', 'start': 7821.613, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 7826.194, 'text': 'Like, my kids learned Python.', 'start': 7824.273, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 7831.317, 'text': "Not because I'm telling them to learn Python, but because- Were they rebelling against you or what?", 'start': 7827.615, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 7837.559, 'text': "Well, they also learned Scratch and things like this too, but it's because Python is taught everywhere,", 'start': 7832.397, 'duration': 5.162}], 'summary': "Python's popularity is growing, especially among new programmers for machine learning, with widespread teaching.", 'duration': 33.43, 'max_score': 7804.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj87804129.jpg'}, {'end': 8232.713, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8199.757, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8202.397, 'text': "Because it's so important, because the compute is so demanding,", 'start': 8199.757, 'duration': 2.64}, {'end': 8208.502, 'text': 'because of the smart cameras and the watches and all the different places the AI needs to work in our lives.', 'start': 8202.397, 'duration': 6.105}, {'end': 8209.983, 'text': "it's caused this explosion of hardware.", 'start': 8208.502, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 8217.308, 'text': "And so part of my thesis, part of my belief of where computing goes, if you look out 10 years from now, is it's not going to get simpler.", 'start': 8210.704, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 8220.145, 'text': "Physics isn't going back to where we came from.", 'start': 8218.544, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 8223.406, 'text': "It's only going to get weirder from here on out.", 'start': 8220.844, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 8232.713, 'text': "And so to me, the exciting part about what we're building is it's about building that universal platform, which the world can continue to get weird.", 'start': 8223.527, 'duration': 9.186}], 'summary': "Ai's demand for compute leads to hardware explosion. computing won't simplify, but get weirder in 10 years.", 'duration': 32.956, 'max_score': 8199.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88199757.jpg'}, {'end': 8362.796, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8336.178, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8339.902, 'text': 'Adopting Mojo kind of makes sense to start with, and then it gives you this opportunity to rethink these things.', 'start': 8336.178, 'duration': 3.724}, {'end': 8349.968, 'text': "So the two big gains are that there's a performance gain, and then there's the portability to all kinds of different devices.", 'start': 8340.222, 'duration': 9.746}, {'end': 8352.79, 'text': "And there's safety, right? So you talk about real types.", 'start': 8350.227, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 8359.474, 'text': "I mean, I'm not saying this is for everybody, but that's actually a pretty big thing, right? Yeah, types are..", 'start': 8352.809, 'duration': 6.665}, {'end': 8362.796, 'text': "And so there's a bunch of different aspects of what value Mojo provides.", 'start': 8359.474, 'duration': 3.322}], 'summary': 'Adopting mojo offers performance gains and portability to various devices, as well as safety through real types.', 'duration': 26.618, 'max_score': 8336.178, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88336178.jpg'}, {'end': 8500.318, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8473.581, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8484.987, 'text': "And so again, things are still super early, but we're having like one person a minute sign up, with over 70,000 people two weeks in.", 'start': 8473.581, 'duration': 11.406}, {'end': 8485.768, 'text': "It's kind of crazy.", 'start': 8485.047, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 8490.531, 'text': 'So you can sign up to a playground and you can use it in the cloud.', 'start': 8486.108, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 8491.932, 'text': 'Yeah In your browser.', 'start': 8490.811, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 8493.293, 'text': "And so what that's running on.", 'start': 8492.452, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 8497.135, 'text': "Yeah, what that's running on is that's running on cloud VMs.", 'start': 8493.313, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 8500.318, 'text': 'And so you share a machine with a bunch of other people.', 'start': 8497.396, 'duration': 2.922}], 'summary': 'Over 70,000 people signed up in two weeks, with one person per minute.', 'duration': 26.737, 'max_score': 8473.581, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88473581.jpg'}, {'end': 8675.487, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8655.109, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 8665.903, 'text': "and um, i'm very proud of the swift team because they've come We, but they came so far and made so much progress over this time since launch.", 'start': 8655.109, 'duration': 10.794}, {'end': 8667.183, 'text': "It's pretty incredible.", 'start': 8666.443, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 8668.684, 'text': 'And Swift is a very, very good thing.', 'start': 8667.223, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 8672.325, 'text': "But I just don't want to do that again, right? And so..", 'start': 8669.484, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 8675.487, 'text': 'So iterate more through the development process.', 'start': 8672.325, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'The swift team has made significant progress since launch, but there is a need to iterate more through the development process.', 'duration': 20.378, 'max_score': 8655.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88655109.jpg'}], 'start': 7285.596, 'title': 'Evolution of programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses swift for tensorflow project, its influence, and challenges, evolution of programming languages with a focus on python, reasons for its popularity, comparison with julia, adoption of mojo, its potential impact, and the launch of mojo playground with over 70,000 sign-ups.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7568.966, 'start': 7285.596, 'title': 'Swift for tensorflow project', 'summary': "Discusses the swift for tensorflow project, its influence on the industry, challenges faced, and the importance of compatibility with existing programming languages like python, emphasizing the learnings and technological advancements made despite the project's ultimate outcome.", 'duration': 283.37, 'highlights': ['The Swift for TensorFlow project aimed to explore innovative programming models and automatic differentiation, lasting for two to three years and resulting in influential research outcomes and technologies, such as the graph program abstraction.', "The project encountered challenges due to the lack of compatibility with Python, the predominant language in machine learning, and the limitations of TensorFlow's setup for eager mode programming at the time, highlighting the importance of meeting the programming world where it is and the significance of timing in technological developments.", 'Despite the project not achieving its intended success, it led to significant learning opportunities for the engineers involved and had a lasting influence on other systems like PyTorch, showcasing the value of research projects in fostering technological advancements and knowledge acquisition.']}, {'end': 7926.667, 'start': 7568.986, 'title': 'The evolution of programming and the popularity of python', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of programming languages, focusing on the comparison between julia and python, and highlights the reasons behind the popularity of python, such as its package ecosystem, low compile time, and dominance in machine learning.', 'duration': 357.681, 'highlights': ["Python's dominance in machine learning and its growing importance contribute to its popularity. Python is the main language for machine learning and is widely adopted, making it attractive for new programmers.", "Python's attributes like a huge package ecosystem, low startup time, and easy integration make it a popular choice for programmers. Python's attributes include a vast package ecosystem, low startup time, and easy integration, making it an attractive choice for programmers.", "Discussion on Julia's mission and its differences from Mojo in terms of programming focus and goals. Comparison between the programming focus and goals of Julia and Mojo, highlighting their differences."]}, {'end': 8432.563, 'start': 7927.628, 'title': 'Adoption of mojo in solving programming problems', 'summary': 'Discusses the factors influencing the adoption of mojo, its potential impact on programming, the future of computing, and its role in providing performance gains, portability, safety, and value. it also explores the possibility of major libraries adopting mojo and the potential for growth and evolution in programming languages and tools.', 'duration': 504.935, 'highlights': ["Mojo's potential impact on programming, providing performance gains, portability, and safety, is discussed, along with its value in solving important problems. Mojo's potential impact on programming, providing performance gains, portability, and safety is discussed, along with its value in solving important problems.", 'The discussion of the future of computing, the increasing demand for AI, and the need for a universal platform to handle the growing complexity of computing. The discussion of the future of computing, the increasing demand for AI, and the need for a universal platform to handle the growing complexity of computing.', 'Exploration of the potential for major libraries to adopt Mojo, the benefits of adopting Mojo for performance gains, and its role in rethinking and redesigning existing packages. Exploration of the potential for major libraries to adopt Mojo, the benefits of adopting Mojo for performance gains, and its role in rethinking and redesigning existing packages.', 'The evolution and growth of programming languages and tools, drawing parallels with the experiences with Swift and LLVM, and the value of learning from and evolving previous systems. The evolution and growth of programming languages and tools, drawing parallels with the experiences with Swift and LLVM, and the value of learning from and evolving previous systems.']}, {'end': 8873.122, 'start': 8432.563, 'title': 'Mojo playground launch and iterative development', 'summary': 'Discusses the launch of mojo playground, with over 70,000 sign-ups in two weeks, and the iterative development approach taken to avoid repeating the challenges faced with the launch of swift, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing a thorough development process over speed.', 'duration': 440.559, 'highlights': ['Over 70,000 people signed up for Mojo Playground within two weeks of launch. The rapid sign-up rate demonstrates significant interest in Mojo Playground, indicating a strong initial response to the launch.', 'Lessons learned from the challenges faced during the launch of Swift led to an iterative development approach for Mojo, aiming to avoid technical debt and ensure a thorough development process. The comparison to the challenges faced with the launch of Swift provides context for the decision to prioritize a thorough development process for Mojo, emphasizing the importance of avoiding technical debt and ensuring a smoother development experience.', 'Emphasis on setting expectations for Mojo Playground at version 0.1 and discouraging production use, prioritizing a collaborative and open development process. The focus on setting clear expectations and encouraging a collaborative and open development process indicates a deliberate approach to managing user expectations and ensuring a collective effort in refining the platform.', 'Initial challenges and excitement surrounding the launch of Mojo, with overwhelming response and interest in the deep problems being addressed in the Python ecosystem. The challenges and excitement surrounding the launch of Mojo, along with the specific interest in addressing deep problems in the Python ecosystem, highlight the initial impact and potential of the platform.']}], 'duration': 1587.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj87285596.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Swift for TensorFlow project resulted in influential research outcomes and technologies, such as the graph program abstraction.', "The project encountered challenges due to the lack of compatibility with Python and the limitations of TensorFlow's setup for eager mode programming.", "Python's dominance in machine learning and its growing importance contribute to its popularity.", "Python's attributes like a huge package ecosystem, low startup time, and easy integration make it a popular choice for programmers.", "Mojo's potential impact on programming, providing performance gains, portability, and safety, is discussed, along with its value in solving important problems.", 'The discussion of the future of computing, the increasing demand for AI, and the need for a universal platform to handle the growing complexity of computing.', 'Over 70,000 people signed up for Mojo Playground within two weeks of launch.', 'Lessons learned from the challenges faced during the launch of Swift led to an iterative development approach for Mojo, aiming to avoid technical debt and ensure a thorough development process.']}, {'end': 10327.655, 'segs': [{'end': 8922.818, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8895.849, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8900.35, 'text': "For people who don't know Jeremy Howard, he's like one of the most legit people in the machine learning community.", 'start': 8895.849, 'duration': 4.501}, {'end': 8902.971, 'text': "He's a grassroots.", 'start': 8900.87, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 8904.732, 'text': 'He really teaches.', 'start': 8903.771, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 8905.952, 'text': "He's an incredible educator.", 'start': 8904.792, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 8910.393, 'text': "He's an incredible teacher, but also legit in terms of a machine learning engineer himself.", 'start': 8905.972, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 8917.295, 'text': "And he's been running the fast.ai and looking, I think, for exactly what you've done with Mojo.", 'start': 8911.054, 'duration': 6.241}, {'end': 8922.818, 'text': 'Exactly. and so I mean So I met Jeremy pretty early on,', 'start': 8917.315, 'duration': 5.503}], 'summary': 'Jeremy howard is a respected figure in machine learning, known for teaching and engineering.', 'duration': 26.969, 'max_score': 8895.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88895849.jpg'}, {'end': 9212.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9182.617, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9185.959, 'text': "C doesn't have a dependency versioning management system right?", 'start': 9182.617, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 9192.562, 'text': "And so I'm not experienced in the state of the art and all the different Python package managers,", 'start': 9185.999, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 9195.383, 'text': "but my understanding is that's a massive part of the problem.", 'start': 9192.562, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 9198.685, 'text': 'And I think Mojo solves that part of the problem directly heads on.', 'start': 9196.024, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 9205.199, 'text': "Now, one of the things I think we'll do with the community, and this isn't, again, we're not solving all the world's problems at once.", 'start': 9199.375, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 9212.164, 'text': 'We have to be kind of focused to start with is that I think that we will have an opportunity to reevaluate packaging right?', 'start': 9205.219, 'duration': 6.945}], 'summary': "Mojo aims to solve c's versioning issue in package management, with plans to reevaluate packaging with the community.", 'duration': 29.547, 'max_score': 9182.617, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj89182617.jpg'}, {'end': 9640.785, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9613.753, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9620.081, 'text': "What's the coolness that comes from the strictness? So here you get into what is the trade-off with the superset? Yes.", 'start': 9613.753, 'duration': 6.328}, {'end': 9624.982, 'text': 'Okay So superset, you have to, or you really want to be compatible.', 'start': 9620.101, 'duration': 4.881}, {'end': 9630.983, 'text': "Like if you're doing a superset, you've decided compatibility with existing code is the important thing.", 'start': 9625.702, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 9634.104, 'text': 'Even if some of the decisions they made were maybe not what you choose.', 'start': 9631.743, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 9634.964, 'text': 'Yeah Okay.', 'start': 9634.284, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 9640.785, 'text': 'So that means you put a lot of time into compatibility and it means that you get locked into decisions of the past.', 'start': 9636.184, 'duration': 4.601}], 'summary': 'Superset trade-off: prioritizing compatibility over choices leads to being locked into past decisions.', 'duration': 27.032, 'max_score': 9613.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj89613753.jpg'}, {'end': 9811.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9781.792, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9785.176, 'text': "Maybe I'm wrong on that, but it feels like strictness leads to faster debugging.", 'start': 9781.792, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 9794.387, 'text': 'So in terms of going from, even on a small project, from zero to completion, it just, I guess it depends how many bugs you generate usually.', 'start': 9785.696, 'duration': 8.691}, {'end': 9797.992, 'text': "Well, so I mean, it's, again, lessons learned in looking at the ecosystem.", 'start': 9794.968, 'duration': 3.024}, {'end': 9798.432, 'text': "It's really..", 'start': 9798.052, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 9805.256, 'text': "I mean I think it's if you study some of these languages over time, like the Ruby community, for example.", 'start': 9799.445, 'duration': 5.811}, {'end': 9811.246, 'text': 'now Ruby is a pretty well-developed, pretty established community, but along their path they really invested in unit testing.', 'start': 9805.256, 'duration': 5.99}], 'summary': "Strictness leads to faster debugging, as seen in the ruby community's investment in unit testing.", 'duration': 29.454, 'max_score': 9781.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj89781792.jpg'}, {'end': 10014.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9985.016, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9993.484, 'text': "and so it's got a little bit of a different thing going on but if you look at compiled languages, many newer languages say OK, well,", 'start': 9985.016, 'duration': 8.468}, {'end': 9996.526, 'text': "let's not do that zero cost, exception handling thing.", 'start': 9993.484, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 10005.711, 'text': "Let's actually treat throwing an error the same as returning a variant, returning either the normal result or an error.", 'start': 9996.986, 'duration': 8.725}, {'end': 10014.255, 'text': "Now, programmers generally don't want to deal with all the typing machinery and pushing around a variant.", 'start': 10006.872, 'duration': 7.383}], 'summary': 'Newer compiled languages treat error handling as returning a variant, avoiding excessive typing.', 'duration': 29.239, 'max_score': 9985.016, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj89985016.jpg'}, {'end': 10122.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10091.716, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10098.318, 'text': 'And so one of the things I learned from Apple and that I still love is the art of API design is actually really profound.', 'start': 10091.716, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 10104.38, 'text': "I think this is something that Python's also done a pretty good job at in terms of building out this large scale package ecosystem.", 'start': 10098.838, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 10106.181, 'text': "It's about having standards and things like this.", 'start': 10104.42, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 10114.243, 'text': "And so we wouldn't want to enter a mode where You know, there's this theoretical feature that exists in language, but people don't use it in practice.", 'start': 10106.781, 'duration': 7.462}, {'end': 10122.105, 'text': "Now I'll also say one of the other really cool things about this implementation approach is that it can run on GPUs and it can run on accelerators and things like this.", 'start': 10115.083, 'duration': 7.022}], 'summary': 'Apple and python emphasize profound api design and gpu compatibility.', 'duration': 30.389, 'max_score': 10091.716, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810091716.jpg'}], 'start': 8874.099, 'title': 'Influential figures and technological solutions', 'summary': 'Covers influential figures like jeremy howard and their impact on machine learning, as well as technological solutions like mojo addressing pain points in python packaging. it also delves into the trade-off between superset compatibility and strictness, and the significance of api design and exception handling in code.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9093.736, 'start': 8874.099, 'title': 'Jeremy howard: a machine learning pioneer', 'summary': 'Discusses jeremy howard, a prominent figure in the machine learning community, and his influence on the development of mojo, emphasizing his dedication to making machine learning more accessible and practical, and his innovative approach to training models, as well as his commitment to educating others.', 'duration': 219.637, 'highlights': ["Jeremy Howard's influence on the development of Mojo and his dedication to making machine learning more accessible and practical, as well as his commitment to educating others.", "Jeremy Howard's innovative approach to training models, demonstrated by his triumph in a competition by training ImageNet faster through progressive imagery sizing, showcasing his commitment to pushing the limits.", "Jeremy Howard's dedication to understanding the depth of machine learning concepts, such as activation functions and trade-offs, and his mission to teach others, exemplifying his commitment to educating and empowering people in the field.", "Jeremy Howard's mission to make AI practical and useful, and his struggle with pushing the envelope in research, emphasizing his focus on practicality over hype in the field of AI."]}, {'end': 9613.472, 'start': 9094.216, 'title': 'Python packaging and mojo: addressing pain points', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and pain points of python packaging, including managing dependencies, versioning, and hybrid python-c code packaging, and highlights mojo as a potential solution to these problems, while also exploring the need for improved package discovery and the potential impact of mojo on reducing complexity in the c-python ecosystem.', 'duration': 519.256, 'highlights': ['Mojo addresses the challenges of packaging Python and C code together, providing a potential solution for managing dependencies and versioning, thus reducing complexity in the ecosystem. Mojo addresses the challenges of packaging Python and C code together, providing a potential solution for managing dependencies and versioning, thus reducing complexity in the ecosystem.', 'The need for improved package discovery and the potential impact of Mojo on reducing complexity in the C-Python ecosystem is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of accessible and usable interfaces for all skill levels. The need for improved package discovery and the potential impact of Mojo on reducing complexity in the C-Python ecosystem is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of accessible and usable interfaces for all skill levels.', "Exploring the challenges of retrofitting existing Python code with typing systems and the distinction between 'def' and 'fn' for function definition are discussed, shedding light on the complexities of integrating typing in Python code. Exploring the challenges of retrofitting existing Python code with typing systems and the distinction between 'def' and 'fn' for function definition are discussed, shedding light on the complexities of integrating typing in Python code."]}, {'end': 10090.555, 'start': 9613.753, 'title': 'The trade-off with superset and the impact of strictness', 'summary': 'Discusses the trade-off between superset compatibility and control, the impact of strict mode on predictability, debugging, and development speed, and the evolution of exception handling from zero-cost to performance optimization in newer languages like mojo and python.', 'duration': 476.802, 'highlights': ['The impact of strict mode on predictability and error checking provides more control and faster debugging, leading to a different philosophy in programming languages like Mojo. Strict mode improves predictability and error checking, allowing for more control and faster debugging.', 'The evolution of exception handling in newer languages like Mojo and Python focuses on treating throwing an error the same as returning a variant, resulting in performance optimization and influencing API design. Newer languages optimize exception handling by treating it the same as returning a variant, impacting API design.', 'The trade-off with superset involves compatibility with existing code and being locked into past decisions, impacting the control and predictability desired by systems programmers. Superset trade-off involves compatibility with existing code and the impact on control and predictability for systems programmers.']}, {'end': 10327.655, 'start': 10091.716, 'title': 'Api design & exception handling in code', 'summary': 'Discusses the profound art of api design, effective implementation approach, and the challenges of exceptions in code during compilation, emphasizing the importance of standards in building a large-scale package ecosystem.', 'duration': 235.939, 'highlights': ["The art of API design is profound and has been effectively implemented in Python's large-scale package ecosystem.", 'The implementation approach can run on GPUs and accelerators, allowing scalability to little embedded systems and GPUs.', 'The compiler like Mojo handles exception handling by returning a variant between nothing and an error, facilitating the management of try blocks and accept clauses.', 'The complexity of exception handling in Python increases with features like finally blocks and with clauses, impacting compatibility and adding a level of complexity.']}], 'duration': 1453.556, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj88874099.jpg', 'highlights': ["Jeremy Howard's dedication to making machine learning more accessible and practical, as well as his commitment to educating others.", 'Mojo addresses the challenges of packaging Python and C code together, providing a potential solution for managing dependencies and versioning, thus reducing complexity in the ecosystem.', 'Strict mode improves predictability and error checking, allowing for more control and faster debugging.', 'The trade-off with superset involves compatibility with existing code and being locked into past decisions, impacting the control and predictability desired by systems programmers.', 'The impact of exception handling in newer languages like Mojo and Python focuses on treating throwing an error the same as returning a variant, resulting in performance optimization and influencing API design.', "The art of API design is profound and has been effectively implemented in Python's large-scale package ecosystem."]}, {'end': 11128.333, 'segs': [{'end': 10386.132, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10352.742, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10357.284, 'text': "There's a few things on the roadmap that you have that it'd be cool to just fly through,", 'start': 10352.742, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 10362.986, 'text': "because it's interesting to see how many features there are in a language small and big.", 'start': 10357.284, 'duration': 5.702}, {'end': 10365.088, 'text': 'they have to implement.', 'start': 10363.806, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 10372.116, 'text': "So first of all, there's tuple support, and that has to do with some very specific aspect of it, like the parentheses or not parentheses, that.", 'start': 10365.308, 'duration': 6.808}, {'end': 10374.339, 'text': 'Yeah, this is just a totally syntactic thing.', 'start': 10372.497, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 10375.24, 'text': 'A syntactic thing.', 'start': 10374.499, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 10377.343, 'text': "OK, but it's cool still.", 'start': 10375.641, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 10386.132, 'text': 'So keyword arguments and functions? Yeah, so this is where in Python you can say call a function x equals 4.', 'start': 10379.185, 'duration': 6.947}], 'summary': 'Discussion on python features like tuple support and keyword arguments in functions.', 'duration': 33.39, 'max_score': 10352.742, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810352742.jpg'}, {'end': 10527.758, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10503.787, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10512.172, 'text': 'And an AI stack has a bunch of problems working with hardware and writing high-performance kernels and doing this kernel fusion thing I was talking about and getting the most out of the hardware.', 'start': 10503.787, 'duration': 8.385}, {'end': 10516.614, 'text': "And so we've really prioritized and built Mojo to solve Mojo's problem.", 'start': 10512.732, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 10521.075, 'text': 'Right now, our North Star is build out and support all the things.', 'start': 10517.874, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 10522.996, 'text': "And so we're making incredible progress.", 'start': 10521.336, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 10524.857, 'text': 'By the way, Mojo is only like seven months old.', 'start': 10523.096, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 10527.758, 'text': "So that's another interesting thing.", 'start': 10524.877, 'duration': 2.881}], 'summary': 'Mojo is an ai stack addressing hardware challenges, prioritizing building and supporting, with great progress, despite being only seven months old.', 'duration': 23.971, 'max_score': 10503.787, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810503787.jpg'}, {'end': 10642.658, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10607.925, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10609.465, 'text': 'You now get into garbage collection.', 'start': 10607.925, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 10616.007, 'text': 'You get into all these long debated, you talk about religions and trade-offs and things like this.', 'start': 10609.545, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 10618.548, 'text': 'This is a hugely hotly contested world.', 'start': 10616.067, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 10626.551, 'text': 'If you look at C++, the way this works is that if you define a variable or a set of variables within a function,', 'start': 10619.548, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 10630.192, 'text': 'they get destroyed in a last in first out order.', 'start': 10626.551, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 10633.194, 'text': "So it's like nesting okay?", 'start': 10630.813, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 10635.775, 'text': 'This has a huge problem, because if you define,', 'start': 10633.694, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 10642.658, 'text': "you have a big scope and you define a whole bunch of values at the top and then you use them and then you do a whole bunch of code that doesn't use them.", 'start': 10635.775, 'duration': 6.883}], 'summary': 'The c++ garbage collection system follows a last in first out order for destroying variables within a function, leading to potential issues with unused variables in larger scopes.', 'duration': 34.733, 'max_score': 10607.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810607925.jpg'}, {'end': 10680.909, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10652.643, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10657.306, 'text': 'you know, you talk about reference counting, optimizations and things like this a bunch of very low level things.', 'start': 10652.643, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 10664.59, 'text': "And so what Mojo does is it has a different approach on that from any language I'm familiar with where it destroys them as soon as possible.", 'start': 10657.946, 'duration': 6.644}, {'end': 10672.827, 'text': 'And by doing that, you get better memory use, you get better predictability, you get tail calls that work, you get a bunch of other things,', 'start': 10666.325, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 10674.107, 'text': 'you get better ownership tracking.', 'start': 10672.827, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 10680.909, 'text': "There's a bunch of these very simple things that are very fundamental, that are already built in there in Mojo today.", 'start': 10674.227, 'duration': 6.682}], 'summary': "Mojo's approach of immediate object destruction improves memory use, predictability, and tail calls.", 'duration': 28.266, 'max_score': 10652.643, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810652643.jpg'}, {'end': 10790.346, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10762.706, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10782.596, 'text': "well, there's also like how many design discussions do there have to be about particular details like implementation of particular small features? Because the features that seem small I bet some of them might be like really require really big design decisions?", 'start': 10762.706, 'duration': 19.89}, {'end': 10785.362, 'text': 'Well, so, I mean, let me give you another example of this.', 'start': 10783.561, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 10787.484, 'text': 'Python has a feature called async await.', 'start': 10785.763, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 10790.346, 'text': "So it's a new feature.", 'start': 10788.225, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': "Design discussions for small features and python's async await feature.", 'duration': 27.64, 'max_score': 10762.706, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810762706.jpg'}, {'end': 10870.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10833.053, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10839.48, 'text': 'Async await in Mojo is amazing because we have a high-performance heterogeneous compute runtime underneath the covers.', 'start': 10833.053, 'duration': 6.427}, {'end': 10844.905, 'text': 'that then allows non-blocking IO, so you get full use of your accelerator.', 'start': 10839.48, 'duration': 5.425}, {'end': 10847.072, 'text': "That's huge, it turns out.", 'start': 10845.851, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 10850.235, 'text': "It's actually really an important part of fully utilizing the machine.", 'start': 10847.152, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 10856.581, 'text': 'You talk about design discussions, that took a lot of discussions, right? And it probably will require more iteration.', 'start': 10850.716, 'duration': 5.865}, {'end': 10870.614, 'text': "And so my philosophy with Mojo is that you know we have a small team of really good people that are pushing forward and they're very good at the extremely deep knowing how the compiler and runtime and all the low-level stuff works together,", 'start': 10856.861, 'duration': 13.753}], 'summary': "Mojo's async await leverages high-performance runtime for non-blocking io, crucial for fully utilizing the machine.", 'duration': 37.561, 'max_score': 10833.053, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810833053.jpg'}, {'end': 10916.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10890.353, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10898.002, 'text': "We're renaming things, we're adding and making sure that they are designed well, we get usage experience, we iterate and work with the community,", 'start': 10890.353, 'duration': 7.649}, {'end': 10902.805, 'text': 'because Again, if you scale something really fast and everybody writes all their code and they start using it in production,', 'start': 10898.002, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 10904.166, 'text': "then it's impossible to change.", 'start': 10902.805, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 10906.107, 'text': 'And so you want to learn from people.', 'start': 10904.666, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 10908.088, 'text': 'You want to iterate and work on that early on.', 'start': 10906.127, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 10911.449, 'text': "And this is where design discussions, it's actually quite important.", 'start': 10908.148, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 10916.732, 'text': 'Could you incorporate an emoji into the language, into the main language? Good.', 'start': 10911.569, 'duration': 5.163}], 'summary': 'Iterating and designing well, with community feedback, is crucial for scaling and making changes early on.', 'duration': 26.379, 'max_score': 10890.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810890353.jpg'}], 'start': 10329.015, 'title': 'Mojo language features, implementation, and memory management', 'summary': "Discusses implementing language features in mojo including tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, lambda syntax, and global variables. it also emphasizes memory management, async await challenges, iterative language development, and mojo's design considerations with feedback from the community and in consideration of python's strengths and community.", 'chapters': [{'end': 10687.171, 'start': 10329.015, 'title': 'Mojo language features and implementation', 'summary': 'Discusses the roadmap for implementing various language features in mojo, including tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, lambda syntax, and global variables, highlighting the progress and challenges faced in building the ai stack with mojo, which is just seven months old.', 'duration': 358.156, 'highlights': ["Mojo's roadmap includes implementing tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, Lambda syntax, and global variables. The chapter discusses the roadmap for implementing various language features in Mojo, including tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, Lambda syntax, and global variables.", 'Mojo is making incredible progress and is built to solve problems in the AI stack, despite being only seven months old. Highlighting the progress and challenges faced in building the AI stack with Mojo, which is just seven months old.', "Mojo's approach to memory management ensures better memory use, predictability, tail call functionality, and ownership tracking. Mojo's memory management approach ensures better memory use, predictability, tail call functionality, and ownership tracking."]}, {'end': 11128.333, 'start': 10687.915, 'title': 'Memory management and language design', 'summary': "Discusses memory management in programming languages, emphasizing the importance of correctly handling memory after its last use, the challenges in designing features like async await, and the iterative approach to language development, with specific focus on the mojo language, which incorporates async await and is designed with feedback from the community and in consideration of python's strengths and community.", 'duration': 440.418, 'highlights': ['Mojo language incorporates async await for expressive asynchronous programming, benefiting from a high-performance heterogeneous compute runtime for non-blocking IO, allowing full use of accelerators. The addition of async await to the Mojo language enables more expressive asynchronous programming and takes advantage of a high-performance heterogeneous compute runtime, allowing non-blocking IO and full utilization of accelerators.', 'Iterative approach to language development involves obtaining feedback from the community, with the example of renaming a keyword based on community feedback, and emphasizing the importance of early iteration and learning from usage experience. The iterative approach to language development involves obtaining feedback from the community, such as renaming a keyword based on community feedback, and emphasizes the importance of early iteration and learning from usage experience.', 'Challenges in designing features like async await require significant design discussions and iterations, with the example of the discussions and iterations involved in implementing async await in Python and Mojo. Designing features like async await involves significant design discussions and iterations, as seen in the examples of the discussions and iterations involved in implementing async await in Python and Mojo.', 'Importance of correctly handling memory after its last use, emphasizing the impact of control flow and the need for reasoning about memory management, highlighting the significance of getting basic memory management right in language design. The importance of correctly handling memory after its last use is emphasized, along with the impact of control flow and the need for reasoning about memory management, highlighting the significance of getting basic memory management right in language design.']}], 'duration': 799.318, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj810329015.jpg', 'highlights': ["Mojo's roadmap includes implementing tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, Lambda syntax, and global variables.", "Mojo's approach to memory management ensures better memory use, predictability, tail call functionality, and ownership tracking.", 'Mojo is making incredible progress and is built to solve problems in the AI stack, despite being only seven months old.', 'Mojo language incorporates async await for expressive asynchronous programming, benefiting from a high-performance heterogeneous compute runtime for non-blocking IO, allowing full use of accelerators.', 'Iterative approach to language development involves obtaining feedback from the community, with the example of renaming a keyword based on community feedback, and emphasizing the importance of early iteration and learning from usage experience.', 'Challenges in designing features like async await require significant design discussions and iterations, with the example of the discussions and iterations involved in implementing async await in Python and Mojo.', 'Importance of correctly handling memory after its last use, emphasizing the impact of control flow and the need for reasoning about memory management, highlighting the significance of getting basic memory management right in language design.']}, {'end': 11817.214, 'segs': [{'end': 11156.445, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11128.834, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11134.916, 'text': "It's a relatively small team that's building up this gigantic stack,", 'start': 11128.834, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 11142.459, 'text': "this incredible stack that's going to perhaps define the future of development of our AI overlords.", 'start': 11134.916, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 11145.12, 'text': 'We just hope it will be useful.', 'start': 11143.5, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 11147.921, 'text': 'As do all of us.', 'start': 11146.921, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 11153.784, 'text': 'So what have you learned from this process of building up a team?', 'start': 11148.762, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 11156.445, 'text': 'Maybe one question is how do you hire?', 'start': 11154.124, 'duration': 2.321}], 'summary': 'Small team building a large ai stack, hoping for usefulness. learning process of team building and hiring.', 'duration': 27.611, 'max_score': 11128.834, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811128834.jpg'}, {'end': 11331.666, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11304.808, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11308.27, 'text': "They're just kind of floating in different places and they want to be amazing.", 'start': 11304.808, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 11308.97, 'text': "They just don't know how.", 'start': 11308.31, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 11311.792, 'text': 'And so a lot of it starts with have a clear vision.', 'start': 11309.33, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 11314.673, 'text': "And so we have a clear vision of what we're doing.", 'start': 11313.112, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 11322.619, 'text': 'And so I kind of grew up at Apple in my engineering life, right? And so a lot of the Apple DNA rubbed off on me.', 'start': 11315.254, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 11325.882, 'text': 'My co-founder Tim also is like a strong product guy.', 'start': 11323.56, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 11331.666, 'text': "And so what we learned is, you know, I was taught at Apple that you don't work from building cool technology.", 'start': 11326.142, 'duration': 5.524}], 'summary': 'Entrepreneurs aim to be amazing but lack a clear vision. apple influence guides their approach.', 'duration': 26.858, 'max_score': 11304.808, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811304808.jpg'}, {'end': 11371.711, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11343.263, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11346.387, 'text': 'What they care about is their problems, right?', 'start': 11343.263, 'duration': 3.124}, {'end': 11351.833, 'text': 'And if your product can help solve their problems, well, hey, they might be interested in that, right?', 'start': 11346.847, 'duration': 4.986}, {'end': 11357.039, 'text': 'And so, if you speak to them about their problems, if you understand and you have compassion, you understand what people are working with.', 'start': 11351.853, 'duration': 5.186}, {'end': 11359.242, 'text': 'then you can work backwards to building an amazing product.', 'start': 11357.039, 'duration': 2.203}, {'end': 11361.543, 'text': 'So the vision starts by defining the problem.', 'start': 11359.642, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 11363.925, 'text': 'And then you can work backwards in solving technology.', 'start': 11361.824, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 11371.711, 'text': "And at Apple, like it's, I think pretty famously said that, you know, for every, you know, there's a hundred no's for every yes.", 'start': 11364.406, 'duration': 7.305}], 'summary': "Understanding customer problems leads to building amazing products at apple, where there's a hundred no's for every yes.", 'duration': 28.448, 'max_score': 11343.263, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811343263.jpg'}, {'end': 11447.448, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11416.019, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11419.12, 'text': 'So we have to pay industry leading salaries and have good benefits and things like this.', 'start': 11416.019, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 11419.92, 'text': "That's a big piece.", 'start': 11419.22, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 11422.441, 'text': "We're a remote first company.", 'start': 11420.7, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 11423.801, 'text': 'And so we have to.', 'start': 11422.781, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 11430.442, 'text': 'So remote first has a very strong set of pros and cons.', 'start': 11426.461, 'duration': 3.981}, {'end': 11438.464, 'text': 'On the one hand, you can hire people from wherever they are and you can attract amazing talent even if they live in strange places or unusual places.', 'start': 11431.102, 'duration': 7.362}, {'end': 11440.844, 'text': 'On the other hand, you have time zones.', 'start': 11439.484, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 11447.448, 'text': "On the other hand, you have like everybody on the internet will fight if they don't understand each other.", 'start': 11442.165, 'duration': 5.283}], 'summary': 'Remote-first company prioritizes industry-leading salaries, benefits, and faces challenges with time zones and communication.', 'duration': 31.429, 'max_score': 11416.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811416019.jpg'}, {'end': 11484.392, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11456.695, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11459.917, 'text': "And so that's- And there's like an intimacy to the in-person brainstorming.", 'start': 11456.695, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 11462.638, 'text': "I guess you lose, but maybe you don't.", 'start': 11460.837, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 11466.121, 'text': 'Maybe if you get to know each other well and you trust each other, maybe you can do that.', 'start': 11462.919, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 11469.943, 'text': "Yeah Well, so when the pandemic first hit, I mean, I'm curious about your experience too.", 'start': 11466.141, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 11472.345, 'text': 'The first thing I missed was having whiteboards.', 'start': 11470.023, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 11473.786, 'text': 'Yeah, Right?', 'start': 11472.765, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 11481.09, 'text': "Those design discussions where you're like I, can, high intensity, work through things, get things done, work through the problem of the day,", 'start': 11473.906, 'duration': 7.184}, {'end': 11484.392, 'text': "understand where you're on, figure out and solve the problem and move forward.", 'start': 11481.09, 'duration': 3.302}], 'summary': 'In-person brainstorming fosters intimacy and productivity; whiteboard discussions are missed during pandemic.', 'duration': 27.697, 'max_score': 11456.695, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811456695.jpg'}, {'end': 11661.73, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11629.611, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11631.292, 'text': "So there's different philosophies in building teams.", 'start': 11629.611, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 11637.015, 'text': "For me, and so some people say hire 10x programmers, and that's the only thing.", 'start': 11631.872, 'duration': 5.143}, {'end': 11637.896, 'text': 'whatever that means, right?', 'start': 11637.015, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 11641.658, 'text': 'What I believe in is building well-balanced teams.', 'start': 11639.076, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 11645.144, 'text': 'teams that have people that are different in them.', 'start': 11642.523, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 11653.147, 'text': 'Like if you have all generals and no troops, or all troops and no generals, or you have all people that think in one way and not the other way,', 'start': 11645.164, 'duration': 7.983}, {'end': 11657.568, 'text': 'what you get is you get a very biased and skewed and weird situation where people end up being unhappy.', 'start': 11653.147, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 11661.73, 'text': "And so what I like to do is I like to build teams of people where they're not all the same.", 'start': 11658.189, 'duration': 3.541}], 'summary': 'Building well-balanced teams with diverse skills and perspectives leads to happier and more effective teams.', 'duration': 32.119, 'max_score': 11629.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811629611.jpg'}, {'end': 11728.956, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11702.492, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11707.014, 'text': "One of the first things that was profound was I'm not cleaning up somebody else's mess.", 'start': 11702.492, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 11710.916, 'text': "Mm-hmm And so if you look at- And that's liberating to some degree.", 'start': 11707.534, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 11712.158, 'text': "It's super liberating.", 'start': 11710.977, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 11718.844, 'text': "And also many of the projects I've built in the past have not been core to the product of the company.", 'start': 11713.259, 'duration': 5.585}, {'end': 11722.034, 'text': "Swift is not Apple's product.", 'start': 11720.293, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 11728.956, 'text': "MLIR is not Google's revenue machine or whatever.", 'start': 11723.794, 'duration': 5.162}], 'summary': "Realizing the liberation in working on core projects, not others' messes.", 'duration': 26.464, 'max_score': 11702.492, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811702492.jpg'}], 'start': 11128.834, 'title': 'Building ai team and remote work challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges in building a specialized ai team, importance of strong culture, and remote work challenges, emphasizing the need for in-person interactions and insights into leadership philosophy and decision-making process.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11395.231, 'start': 11128.834, 'title': 'Building an ai team and culture', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of building a specialized ai team, the importance of a strong culture, and the approach to product development, emphasizing the need to understand customer problems and work backwards to build an effective solution.', 'duration': 266.397, 'highlights': ['The importance of hiring specialized talent for building an AI team The speaker emphasizes the challenge of recruiting super specialized individuals for the team, who already hold positions at big tech companies.', 'The significance of establishing a strong company culture from the beginning The chapter stresses the importance of building an inclusive culture and having a clear vision, learned from experiences at Apple, to ensure a cohesive and effective team.', "The approach to product development by understanding customer problems The discussion emphasizes the need to understand and solve customer problems, rather than focusing solely on technology or product features, as seen in the case of the iPhone's development."]}, {'end': 11817.214, 'start': 11395.791, 'title': 'Remote work challenges and team building', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of remote work, emphasizing the importance of a well-balanced team and in-person interactions, and the benefits of building a company from scratch, providing insights into the leadership philosophy and decision-making process.', 'duration': 421.423, 'highlights': ['The importance of industry-leading salaries and benefits for recruiting talent is emphasized, along with the challenges and advantages of being a remote-first company.', 'The chapter highlights the significance of in-person interactions for team bonding and brainstorming, emphasizing the limitations of virtual collaboration and the essential nature of periodic in-person meetings.', 'The speaker discusses the benefits of building a well-balanced team with diverse perspectives and experiences, emphasizing the need for complementarity and avoiding homogeneity in thinking.', 'Insights into the liberating experience of building a company from scratch are provided, focusing on the direct impact of the tech being developed and the ease of decision-making in contrast to previous experiences.']}], 'duration': 688.38, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811128834.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of hiring specialized talent for building an AI team The speaker emphasizes the challenge of recruiting super specialized individuals for the team, who already hold positions at big tech companies.', 'The significance of establishing a strong company culture from the beginning The chapter stresses the importance of building an inclusive culture and having a clear vision, learned from experiences at Apple, to ensure a cohesive and effective team.', "The approach to product development by understanding customer problems The discussion emphasizes the need to understand and solve customer problems, rather than focusing solely on technology or product features, as seen in the case of the iPhone's development.", 'The importance of industry-leading salaries and benefits for recruiting talent is emphasized, along with the challenges and advantages of being a remote-first company.', 'The chapter highlights the significance of in-person interactions for team bonding and brainstorming, emphasizing the limitations of virtual collaboration and the essential nature of periodic in-person meetings.', 'The speaker discusses the benefits of building a well-balanced team with diverse perspectives and experiences, emphasizing the need for complementarity and avoiding homogeneity in thinking.', 'Insights into the liberating experience of building a company from scratch are provided, focusing on the direct impact of the tech being developed and the ease of decision-making in contrast to previous experiences.']}, {'end': 12834.414, 'segs': [{'end': 11892.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11849.997, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11859.444, 'text': 'but I struggle to understand because it forces me to ask questions about the nature of programming, of the nature of thought,', 'start': 11849.997, 'duration': 9.447}, {'end': 11870.812, 'text': 'because the language models are able to predict the kind of code I was about to write so well that it makes me wonder how unique my brain is and where the valuable ideas actually come from.', 'start': 11859.444, 'duration': 11.368}, {'end': 11880.256, 'text': 'like. how much do I contribute in terms of ingenuity, innovation, to code I write or design and that kind of stuff?', 'start': 11870.812, 'duration': 9.444}, {'end': 11884.258, 'text': 'When you stand on the shoulders of giants, are you really doing anything?', 'start': 11881.737, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 11886.879, 'text': 'And what LLMs are helping you do.', 'start': 11884.298, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 11889.981, 'text': 'is they help you stand on the shoulders of giants in your program?', 'start': 11886.879, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 11890.981, 'text': "There's mistakes.", 'start': 11890.321, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 11892.722, 'text': "They're interesting that you learn from.", 'start': 11891.501, 'duration': 1.221}], 'summary': 'Language models raise questions about the uniqueness of thought and contribution in programming, as well as the role of llms in innovation and learning from mistakes.', 'duration': 42.725, 'max_score': 11849.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811849997.jpg'}, {'end': 11944.673, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11914.156, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 11920.8, 'text': "things i've seen are that a lot of the llms are really good at crushing leak code projects and they can reverse the link list like crazy.", 'start': 11914.156, 'duration': 6.644}, {'end': 11926.704, 'text': "um, well, it turns out there's a lot of instances of that on the Internet and it's a pretty stock thing.", 'start': 11920.8, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 11932.727, 'text': 'If you want to see standard questions answered, LLMs can memorize all the answers and that can be amazing.', 'start': 11926.764, 'duration': 5.963}, {'end': 11936.649, 'text': "Also, they do generalize out from that and so there's good work on that.", 'start': 11933.607, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 11944.673, 'text': 'But I think that in my experience, building things, building something like you talk about Mojo, or you talk about these things,', 'start': 11936.789, 'duration': 7.884}], 'summary': 'Llms excel at solving leetcode projects and memorizing standard questions, but may lack practical experience in building real-world applications.', 'duration': 30.517, 'max_score': 11914.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811914156.jpg'}, {'end': 12004.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11970.786, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11974.288, 'text': 'And just like, you know, I think we all try to scale through delegation and things like this.', 'start': 11970.786, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 11982.032, 'text': 'Delegating route things to an LLM, I think is extremely valuable and that will help us all scale and be more productive.', 'start': 11974.888, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 11984.893, 'text': "But I think it's a fascinating companion.", 'start': 11982.372, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 11987.395, 'text': "But I'd say I don't think that that means that we're going to be done with coding.", 'start': 11985.013, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11988.555, 'text': 'Sure, sure.', 'start': 11987.415, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 11991.877, 'text': "But there's power in it as a companion.", 'start': 11989.036, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 11993.258, 'text': 'Yeah, absolutely.', 'start': 11991.897, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 11996.48, 'text': 'So from there, I would love to zoom in onto Mojo a little bit.', 'start': 11993.298, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 12004.605, 'text': 'Do you think about that? Do you think about LLMs generating Mojo code and helping sort of..', 'start': 11996.9, 'duration': 7.705}], 'summary': 'Delegating routine tasks to llms is valuable for scaling and productivity, with potential for llms to generate mojo code.', 'duration': 33.819, 'max_score': 11970.786, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811970786.jpg'}, {'end': 12072.37, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12043.328, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 12044.689, 'text': "they're never designed for machines.", 'start': 12043.328, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 12048.292, 'text': "And yet they're the intermediate representation.", 'start': 12045.389, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 12051.334, 'text': "They're the exchange format that we humans use to get stuff done.", 'start': 12048.352, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 12059.46, 'text': "And so these programming languages, they're an intermediate representation between the human and the computer, or the human and the compiler,", 'start': 12052.415, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 12060.181, 'text': 'roughly right?', 'start': 12059.46, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 12065.405, 'text': 'And so I think the LLMs will have no problem learning, whatever keyword we pick.', 'start': 12060.701, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 12067.666, 'text': 'Maybe the phi emoji is going to be critical.', 'start': 12065.785, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 12071.449, 'text': "Oh, maybe that's going to break it? It doesn't tokenize? No, the reverse of that.", 'start': 12067.686, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 12072.37, 'text': 'It will actually enable it.', 'start': 12071.529, 'duration': 0.841}], 'summary': 'Programming languages: intermediaries between humans and computers', 'duration': 29.042, 'max_score': 12043.328, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812043328.jpg'}, {'end': 12287.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12260.717, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 12269.202, 'text': 'Do you think about the good and the bad that can happen at scale deployment of AI systems.', 'start': 12260.717, 'duration': 8.485}, {'end': 12270.303, 'text': "Well, so I've.", 'start': 12269.743, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 12278.389, 'text': "I've thought a lot about it and there's a lot of different parts to this problem, everything from job displacement to Skynet, things like this.", 'start': 12270.303, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 12280.611, 'text': 'And so you can zoom into sub parts of this problem.', 'start': 12278.509, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 12287.38, 'text': "Um, I'm not super optimistic about AGI being solved next year.", 'start': 12281.472, 'duration': 5.908}], 'summary': 'Concerns about ai deployment at scale, including job displacement and agi development', 'duration': 26.663, 'max_score': 12260.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812260717.jpg'}, {'end': 12457.783, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12409.637, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 12414.581, 'text': 'Well, and there I think it depends on are you an optimist or a pessimist or a masochist?', 'start': 12409.637, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 12420.045, 'text': 'Just to clarify, optimist about human civilization.', 'start': 12415.842, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 12420.765, 'text': 'Me too.', 'start': 12420.405, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 12424.048, 'text': 'And so I look at that as saying, okay, cool, well, yeah, I do.', 'start': 12421.346, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 12427.19, 'text': 'And so some people say oh my God, is it going to destroy us all?', 'start': 12424.848, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 12427.93, 'text': 'How do we prevent that??', 'start': 12427.23, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 12430.772, 'text': 'I kind of look at it from a.', 'start': 12428.751, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 12431.873, 'text': 'is it going to unlock us all??', 'start': 12430.772, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 12433.755, 'text': 'You talk about coding.', 'start': 12433.154, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 12438.89, 'text': "Is it going to make so I don't have to do all the repetitive stuff? Well, suddenly that's a very optimistic way to look at it.", 'start': 12433.775, 'duration': 5.115}, {'end': 12445.355, 'text': 'And you look at what a lot of these technologies have done to improve our lives, and I want that to go faster.', 'start': 12438.91, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 12457.783, 'text': 'What do you think the future of programming looks like in the next 10,, 20, 30, 50 years? With LLMs and with Mojo, with modular,', 'start': 12445.375, 'duration': 12.408}], 'summary': 'Optimistic outlook on future of programming and technology advancements.', 'duration': 48.146, 'max_score': 12409.637, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812409637.jpg'}, {'end': 12512.232, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12479.884, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 12487.273, 'text': "And so what I'd love to see is more personalized experiences, more things, the research getting into production instead of being lost at NeurIPS.", 'start': 12479.884, 'duration': 7.389}, {'end': 12494.361, 'text': "And these things that impact people's lives by entering products.", 'start': 12488.494, 'duration': 5.867}, {'end': 12505.408, 'text': "And so one of the things that I'm a little bit concerned about is right now the big companies are investing huge amounts of money and are driving the top line of AI capability forward really quickly.", 'start': 12495.282, 'duration': 10.126}, {'end': 12512.232, 'text': 'But if it means that you have to have $100 million to train a model or more $100 billion, right?', 'start': 12506.108, 'duration': 6.124}], 'summary': 'Advocate for personalized ai experiences and concerns about high costs of model training.', 'duration': 32.348, 'max_score': 12479.884, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812479884.jpg'}, {'end': 12641.223, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12614.953, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 12619.616, 'text': "And so right now, unfortunately, because I mean it's not unfortunate, but it's just kind of where things are.", 'start': 12614.953, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 12625.781, 'text': "AI is this weird, different thing that's not integrated into programming languages and normal tool chains.", 'start': 12619.636, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 12629.124, 'text': "And all the technology is really weird and doesn't work right.", 'start': 12625.821, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 12630.305, 'text': 'And you have to babysit it.', 'start': 12629.164, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 12632.607, 'text': "And every time you switch hardware, it's different.", 'start': 12630.325, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 12633.808, 'text': "Shouldn't be that way.", 'start': 12633.107, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 12638.941, 'text': 'When you change that, when you fix that, suddenly, again, the tools and technologies can be way easier to use.', 'start': 12634.517, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 12641.223, 'text': 'You can start using them for many more things.', 'start': 12639.381, 'duration': 1.842}], 'summary': 'Ai technology integration is currently challenging, but improvements can make it more accessible and versatile.', 'duration': 26.27, 'max_score': 12614.953, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812614953.jpg'}, {'end': 12689.688, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12656.515, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 12657.715, 'text': 'What kind of stuff to learn?', 'start': 12656.515, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 12658.996, 'text': 'What kind of stuff to work on?', 'start': 12657.755, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 12661.017, 'text': 'Should they finish college?', 'start': 12660.016, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 12663.278, 'text': 'Should they go work at a company?', 'start': 12661.037, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 12664.338, 'text': 'Should they build a thing?', 'start': 12663.318, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 12665.159, 'text': 'What do you think?', 'start': 12664.458, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 12671.402, 'text': "Well, so I mean one of the things I'd say is that you'll be most successful if you work on something you're excited by.", 'start': 12665.599, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 12679.966, 'text': "And so don't get the book and read the book cover to cover and study and memorize and recite and flashcard and go build something.", 'start': 12672.502, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 12681.466, 'text': 'Like go solve a problem.', 'start': 12680.566, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 12683.127, 'text': 'go build the thing that you want to exist.', 'start': 12681.466, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 12684.387, 'text': 'go build an app.', 'start': 12683.127, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 12689.688, 'text': 'go train a model like go build something and actually use it and set a goal for yourself.', 'start': 12684.387, 'duration': 5.301}], 'summary': "Success comes from working on something you're excited by; go solve a problem, build an app, or train a model.", 'duration': 33.173, 'max_score': 12656.515, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812656515.jpg'}, {'end': 12744.366, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12709.676, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 12711.958, 'text': "I'll speak as a compiler nerd.", 'start': 12709.676, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 12717.102, 'text': "If everybody's going left, sometimes it's pretty cool to go right.", 'start': 12712.918, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 12720.624, 'text': "And so just because everybody's doing a thing, it doesn't mean..", 'start': 12718.163, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 12723.787, 'text': 'you have to do the same thing and follow the herd.', 'start': 12721.645, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 12733.376, 'text': 'In fact, I think that sometimes the most exciting paths through life lead to being curious about things that nobody else actually focuses on right?', 'start': 12723.987, 'duration': 9.389}, {'end': 12744.366, 'text': 'And it turns out that understanding deeply parts of the problem that people want to take for granted makes you extremely valuable and specialize in ways that The herd is not.', 'start': 12733.516, 'duration': 10.85}], 'summary': 'Innovation comes from going against the herd, specializing in unique areas has immense value.', 'duration': 34.69, 'max_score': 12709.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj812709676.jpg'}], 'start': 11818.955, 'title': 'Impact of llms on code generation', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of large language models (llms) on code generation, questioning the nature of programming and thought, the extent of human contribution, and the potential transformative effect on human civilization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11914.156, 'start': 11818.955, 'title': 'Impact of large language models on code generation', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of large language models (llms) on code generation, questioning the nature of programming and thought, and the extent of human contribution in code design and innovation, while exploring the role of llms in aiding programmers to stand on the shoulders of giants.', 'duration': 95.201, 'highlights': ['The nature of programming and thought is questioned as large language models (LLMs) are able to predict code so accurately that it raises concerns about the uniqueness of human creativity and the source of valuable ideas.', "The discussion delves into the level of human contribution in code design and innovation when using large language models (LLMs), prompting questions about the originality of the coder's input and the impact of standing on the shoulders of giants.", 'The speaker expresses optimism about the impact of large language models (LLMs) on program synthesis, highlighting the potential positive influence of LLMs in aiding programmers.', 'The conversation touches upon the mistakes and learning opportunities presented by large language models (LLMs) when used in code generation.']}, {'end': 12166.46, 'start': 11914.156, 'title': 'The rise of llms in coding', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of language model models (llms) on coding, including their proficiency in solving standard questions, potential for automating mechanical tasks, and their role as a companion rather than a replacement for human coding. it also highlights the potential usage of llms in programming languages and their impact on compilers.', 'duration': 252.304, 'highlights': ['Leveraging LLMs for standard questions and automated tasks, potentially reducing mechanical workload and enhancing productivity.', 'The potential integration of LLMs in programming languages and compilers, emphasizing their adaptability and impact on creative tasks.', 'The discussion about LLMs as companions rather than replacements for human coding, acknowledging their role in scaling and productivity while emphasizing the continued importance of human coding expertise.']}, {'end': 12554.983, 'start': 12168.621, 'title': 'Future of ai and its impact on civilization', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai on civilization, covering topics such as reliability at scale systems, concerns about ai deployment, and the future of programming. it emphasizes the need to make ai more accessible and discusses the potential transformative effect on human civilization.', 'duration': 386.362, 'highlights': ['The need to make AI more accessible and drive down complexity to enable more personalized experiences and impactful research to enter products.', 'Concerns about the concentration of AI capability in the hands of a few due to the exorbitant cost of training models, emphasizing the importance of enabling broader participation across the industry.', 'Discussion about the potential impact of AI on human civilization, with contrasting views about its potential to either destroy or unlock human potential, emphasizing the need for an optimistic perspective.', 'The discussion about reliability at scale systems and the challenge of expressing intent to the machine, highlighting the need for building more reliable systems and the potential use of LLM to provide specifications.', 'The consideration of the impact of AI deployment on human civilization, including concerns about job displacement, the slow adaptation of humans to technological advancements, and the transformative effect of AI on human civilization.']}, {'end': 12834.414, 'start': 12555.023, 'title': 'Future of programming and ai', 'summary': "Explores the future of programming, predicting a rise in the number of programmers due to ai, the integration of ai into programming languages, and the importance of practical application and problem-solving. it also provides advice for individuals interested in programming, emphasizing the significance of pursuing one's interests and being willing to explore unconventional paths.", 'duration': 279.391, 'highlights': ['The integration of AI into programming languages and tool chains can make technologies easier to use and broaden their applications, potentially leading to a rise in the number of programmers (e.g., high school or college students) by offering practical and niche opportunities.', 'Emphasizing the importance of practical application and problem-solving in programming, it is suggested that individuals should work on projects they are excited about, solve real problems, and set goals for themselves, highlighting the value of learning by building.', 'Career advice is offered, encouraging individuals to explore unconventional paths, specialize in areas that others overlook, and be curious about less mainstream aspects of programming, with the suggestion to consider exploring alternative programming languages such as Mojo instead of following the mainstream trend of using Python.']}], 'duration': 1015.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/pdJQ8iVTwj8/pics/pdJQ8iVTwj811818955.jpg', 'highlights': ['Large language models (LLMs) raise concerns about the uniqueness of human creativity and the source of valuable ideas.', "Questions arise about the originality of the coder's input and the impact of standing on the shoulders of giants when using LLMs.", 'Optimism is expressed about the potential positive influence of LLMs in aiding programmers.', 'Leveraging LLMs for standard questions and automated tasks can reduce mechanical workload and enhance productivity.', 'The potential integration of LLMs in programming languages and compilers emphasizes their adaptability and impact on creative tasks.', 'LLMs are seen as companions rather than replacements for human coding, acknowledging their role in scaling and productivity.', 'The need to make AI more accessible and drive down complexity to enable more personalized experiences and impactful research is emphasized.', 'Concerns about the concentration of AI capability in the hands of a few due to the exorbitant cost of training models are highlighted.', "Contrasting views about AI's potential to either destroy or unlock human potential are discussed, emphasizing the need for an optimistic perspective.", 'The consideration of the impact of AI deployment on human civilization, including concerns about job displacement and the transformative effect of AI, is highlighted.', 'The integration of AI into programming languages and tool chains can make technologies easier to use and broaden their applications, potentially leading to a rise in the number of programmers.', 'Emphasizing the importance of practical application and problem-solving in programming, it is suggested that individuals should work on projects they are excited about and solve real problems.', 'Career advice is offered, encouraging individuals to explore unconventional paths, specialize in areas that others overlook, and be curious about less mainstream aspects of programming.']}], 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's significant contributions to modern computing, including creating the LLM Compiler Infrastructure Project, the Clang Compiler, and the Swift Programming Language.", 'The explosion of innovation in AI has led to the development of 2,000 different operators, increasing the complexity of AI models.', 'The growing number of hardware components adds to the complexity, necessitating a universal platform to adapt to the evolving technology landscape over the next 10 years.', 'His co-creation of the Mojo programming language, a superset of Python, demonstrating over 30,000x speedup over Python in some cases, and the Modular AI infrastructure for distributed training, inference, and deployment on various hardware.', 'Mojo introduces the use of emojis as file extensions, allowing for innovative and visually appealing coding experience.', "Mojo's approach to compile-time metaprogramming aims to retain Python's expressive dynamic features while addressing the need for efficiency, particularly for embedded processors and GPUs, through the innovative use of compile-time metaprogramming.", "Mojo's metaprogramming enables consistent programming at compile time and runtime, akin to Lisp's powerful metaprogramming features.", "Mojo's metaprogramming features, like auto-tuning and adaptive compilation, are highly beneficial for machine learning tasks.", "Mojo's early release with over 10,000 people on Discord The early release of Mojo has garnered a large community of over 10,000 people on Discord within two weeks, showcasing high interest and engagement.", 'Mojo aims to heal divisions and have a positive impact on the world, emphasizing the importance of doing it right and the potential to bring about positive change.', 'The compiler technology powers Google TPUs, PyTorch 2s, and other advancements in the industry, contributing significantly to technology development.', 'Mojo aims to be a full superset of Python, enabling the migration of Python packages for at least 12x speedups.', "Mojo's potential to enhance Python's performance for AI applications and its compatibility with packages like NumPy and TensorFlow", 'The Swift for TensorFlow project resulted in influential research outcomes and technologies, such as the graph program abstraction.', "Jeremy Howard's dedication to making machine learning more accessible and practical, as well as his commitment to educating others.", "Mojo's roadmap includes implementing tuple support, keyword arguments, traits, classes, Lambda syntax, and global variables.", 'The importance of hiring specialized talent for building an AI team The speaker emphasizes the challenge of recruiting super specialized individuals for the team, who already hold positions at big tech companies.', 'Large language models (LLMs) raise concerns about the uniqueness of human creativity and the source of valuable ideas.', 'The need to make AI more accessible and drive down complexity to enable more personalized experiences and impactful research is emphasized.']}