title
Linux Interview Questions And Answers | Linux Administration Tutorial | Linux Training | Edureka

description
πŸ”₯ Linux Administration Certification Training (Use Code "π˜πŽπ”π“π”ππ„πŸπŸŽ"): https://www.edureka.co/linux-admin This video on Linux Interview Questions and Answers will help you prepare for Linux administration job interviews. Start your preparation by going through the 50 most frequently asked questions on Linux, from this Linux Interview Questions video. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Check our complete Linux admin playlist here: https://goo.gl/ZUTGVb #Linux #LinuxTurorial #LinuxTraining #LinuxInterviewQuestions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subscribe to our channel to get video updates. Hit the subscribe button above: https://goo.gl/6ohpTV Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - How it Works? 1. This is a 7 Week Instructor led Online Course, 25 hours of assignment and 10 hours of project work 2. We have a 24x7 One-on-One LIVE Technical Support to help you with any problems you might face or any clarifications you may require during the course. 3. At the end of the training you will have to undergo a 2-hour LIVE Practical Exam based on which we will provide you a Grade and a Verifiable Certificate! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - About the Course: Edureka's Linux Administration course covers all the concepts on administration methods in Linux. Starting from Linux installation to security administration, networking concepts, file system management, system services, Kernel services, Linux configuration. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Who should go for this course? This course can be taken by any professional who wants to be a Linux Administrator or wants to learn Linux. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Why learn Linux Administration? Linux is everywhere. In your daily life, you are communicating with Linux servers, major internet sites such as Facebook and Google are using Linux servers. In addition, most modern televisions and Android mobiles run on Linux. At the root of it, Linux is free software used to control desktop, laptop, supercomputers, mobile devices, networking equipment, airplanes and automobiles and so on. With Linux knowledge and an inexpensive computer you can create tiny gadgets at home, making it a widely acclaimed weapon in your skills' armour. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For more information, Please write back to us at sales@edureka.co or call us at IND: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775 (toll free). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Customer Review: Kanishk says, β€œLet me start of by congratulating the entire Edureka team for putting together such an amazing content for their courses. I am enrolled in their live course and my learning experience has been phenomenal. I tried learning Linux Administration on my own but in every attempt i hit a dead end. However, I learned Linux Administration from the very best. The quality and experience of the instructor are excellent and this reflects in his high quality post lecture hands on projects and assignments. I must also take this opportunity to thank the support staff for prompt doubt solving via their student forums. I am a permanent member of theirs and will continue to learn from Edureka.”

detail
{'title': 'Linux Interview Questions And Answers | Linux Administration Tutorial | Linux Training | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1227.591, 'start': 1174.972, 'weight': 0.803}, {'end': 2501.213, 'start': 2447.248, 'weight': 0.785}, {'end': 2794.259, 'start': 2743.998, 'weight': 0.787}, {'end': 4217.85, 'start': 4163.863, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 4314.78, 'start': 4259.668, 'weight': 0.751}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on linux administration covers linux interview questions, the linux kernel, bash shell, system monitoring techniques, lvm partitioning, root user capabilities, symbolic links, file system basics, environment variables, file operations, and linux essentials including key commands and practical examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 599.343, 'segs': [{'end': 49.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24.054, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 28.979, 'text': 'My name is Bhaskar Reddy and I have 14 plus years of experience in IT industry.', 'start': 24.054, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 37.848, 'text': 'My main expertise into Linux and Unix administration, storage management and various other virtualization technologies.', 'start': 29.86, 'duration': 7.988}, {'end': 43.552, 'text': "I've handled many projects in storage part Unix and Linux administration,", 'start': 38.889, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 49.676, 'text': 'especially into automation and virtualization technologies like HECE and fault tolerance.', 'start': 43.552, 'duration': 6.124}], 'summary': 'Bhaskar reddy has 14+ years of it experience, specializing in linux and unix administration, storage management, and virtualization technologies.', 'duration': 25.622, 'max_score': 24.054, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg24054.jpg'}, {'end': 95.714, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 72.116, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 79.983, 'text': 'Though we are not covering each and every aspect of Linux but we have selected few frequently asked questions and interviews.', 'start': 72.116, 'duration': 7.867}, {'end': 81.624, 'text': 'As we all know,', 'start': 80.983, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 89.751, 'text': 'Linux is completely a command oriented operating system and you can expect questions and interviews like in theory and practicals as well.', 'start': 81.624, 'duration': 8.127}, {'end': 93.533, 'text': "So thank you once again for all the attendees for joining today's session.", 'start': 90.171, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 95.714, 'text': "So let's get started with it.", 'start': 94.033, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Selected frequently asked linux questions and interviews for command-oriented system.', 'duration': 23.598, 'max_score': 72.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg72116.jpg'}, {'end': 141.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 115.385, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 120.728, 'text': 'If any practical question comes, I can show you practically by using this putty session.', 'start': 115.385, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 127.851, 'text': "I've just connected to one of my Linux box through putty software, so this would be practically oriented one.", 'start': 120.728, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 130.431, 'text': "so let's get with the interview questions here.", 'start': 127.851, 'duration': 2.58}, {'end': 134.774, 'text': 'the first question, the basic question, would be what is Linux?', 'start': 130.431, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 141.837, 'text': 'okay, so as a layman, as an interviewer, if I ask this question what is Linux?', 'start': 134.774, 'duration': 7.063}], 'summary': 'Practically demonstrate linux using putty session. begin with basic question: what is linux?', 'duration': 26.452, 'max_score': 115.385, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg115385.jpg'}, {'end': 292.601, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 263.16, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 267.383, 'text': 'You do not have to shell hundreds of dollars to get the OES like Windows.', 'start': 263.16, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 271.331, 'text': 'being open source in modified source code.', 'start': 268.41, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 277.634, 'text': 'The Linux operating system now offers millions of programs, applications to choose from.', 'start': 271.952, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 279.255, 'text': 'Most of them are free.', 'start': 277.915, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 285.878, 'text': 'Now once you have Linux installed, you no longer needed an antivirus because Linux is highly secure system.', 'start': 279.855, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 292.601, 'text': 'More so, there is a global development community constantly looking at ways to enhance its security.', 'start': 286.499, 'duration': 6.102}], 'summary': 'Linux offers millions of free programs, highly secure, no need for antivirus.', 'duration': 29.441, 'max_score': 263.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg263160.jpg'}, {'end': 459.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 426.187, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 433.869, 'text': 'when coming to unix, unix systems are divided into various other flavors, mostly developed by AT&T,', 'start': 426.187, 'duration': 7.682}, {'end': 437.73, 'text': 'as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations.', 'start': 433.869, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 445.595, 'text': 'in terms of manufacturer, Linux kernel is developed by the community, by Linus Torvalds.', 'start': 438.51, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 448.417, 'text': 'Linus Torvalds will oversee the things.', 'start': 445.595, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 459.404, 'text': 'and when you talk about Unix, three biggest distributions are Solaris, which is now acquired by Oracle AIX, by IBM vendor, HPUX,', 'start': 448.417, 'duration': 10.987}], 'summary': 'Unix systems have various flavors, with linux kernel developed by the community and overseen by linus torvalds. three major unix distributions are solaris (acquired by oracle), aix (by ibm), and hpux.', 'duration': 33.217, 'max_score': 426.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg426187.jpg'}, {'end': 574.851, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 492.685, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 501.451, 'text': 'GNU project was launched in September 1983 by Richard and Stallman to create a complete operating system which is free software.', 'start': 492.685, 'duration': 8.766}, {'end': 508.636, 'text': 'The main intention of GNU project is to create an operating system which is completely open source,', 'start': 502.051, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 511.699, 'text': 'which is completely freely available for all public users.', 'start': 508.636, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 519.784, 'text': 'The main licenses of the GNU project are the GNU GPL which is nothing but the general public licenses.', 'start': 512.419, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 527.911, 'text': "The name of the GNU project is derived from the recursive acronym which is nothing but GNU's not UNIX.", 'start': 520.586, 'duration': 7.325}, {'end': 531.034, 'text': 'okay, the full form of GNU.', 'start': 528.712, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 532.795, 'text': "it's a recursive term.", 'start': 531.034, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 534.936, 'text': 'GNU is not UNIX.', 'start': 532.795, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 539.159, 'text': 'UNIX was a very popular operating system in the mid 80s.', 'start': 534.936, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 548.625, 'text': 'so Richard Stallman designed GNU to be mostly compatible with UNIX operating system so that it would be convenient for people to migrate to GNU.', 'start': 539.159, 'duration': 9.466}, {'end': 553.806, 'text': 'so the GNU project was intended to create a Unix like operating system,', 'start': 549.185, 'duration': 4.621}, {'end': 560.828, 'text': 'but it should be freely available for all the public users and it should be a open source operating system.', 'start': 553.806, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 564.589, 'text': 'so this led to the birth of Linux operating system.', 'start': 560.828, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 569.17, 'text': 'okay, with the help of Linux kernel and the GNU utilities.', 'start': 564.589, 'duration': 4.581}, {'end': 571.09, 'text': 'there is a question from Prakash.', 'start': 569.17, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 574.851, 'text': 'the question is GNU compatible with POSIX standards?', 'start': 571.09, 'duration': 3.761}], 'summary': 'Gnu project, launched in 1983, aimed to create a free, open-source unix-like operating system, leading to the birth of linux.', 'duration': 82.166, 'max_score': 492.685, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg492685.jpg'}], 'start': 0.169, 'title': 'Linux and gnu project', 'summary': 'Covers linux interview questions, benefits of linux, and the importance of the gnu project in creating an open source operating system, emphasizing its compatibility with unix and its impact on the birth of linux.', 'chapters': [{'end': 141.837, 'start': 0.169, 'title': 'Linux interview questions', 'summary': "Covers an introduction to linux, the speaker's expertise in it industry, and a session on linux interview questions, which can be helpful for those attending interviews on linux administration.", 'duration': 141.668, 'highlights': ["The speaker, Bhaskar Reddy, has 14 plus years of experience in IT industry with main expertise in Linux and Unix administration, storage management, and various virtualization technologies. Bhaskar Reddy's 14 plus years of experience in IT industry, with expertise in Linux and Unix administration, storage management, and virtualization technologies.", 'The session will cover selected frequently asked questions and interviews on Linux administration, which is a command-oriented operating system. The session will cover selected frequently asked questions and interviews on Linux administration, focusing on its command-oriented nature.', 'The speaker will use practical examples during the session, such as using putty to log into a Linux server, to demonstrate interview questions. The speaker will use practical examples, such as using putty to log into a Linux server, to demonstrate interview questions.']}, {'end': 472.177, 'start': 141.837, 'title': 'Understanding linux operating system', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of an operating system, focusing on linux as an operating system and highlighting its benefits such as being free, open source, secure, and suitable for server environments, with examples of companies using it, as well as the differences between linux and unix.', 'duration': 330.34, 'highlights': ['Linux is free and open source, offering millions of free programs and applications, eliminating the need for antivirus software due to its high security, and being the preferred choice for server environments used by major companies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google.', 'The Linux kernel was developed by Linus Torvalds as a Unix clone, adhering to POSIX standards, and is distributed freely or at a lower cost compared to Unix, which has different cost structures according to vendors.', 'Linux is developed through open source collaboration and distributed by various vendors, whereas Unix systems have different flavors with varied cost structures according to vendors, and are developed by AT&T, commercial vendors, and non-profit organizations.']}, {'end': 599.343, 'start': 472.177, 'title': 'Importance of gnu project', 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of the gnu project, which was launched in september 1983 to create a freely available and open source operating system, with the main intention to be mostly compatible with unix operating system and led to the birth of linux operating system.', 'duration': 127.166, 'highlights': ['The GNU project was launched in September 1983 by Richard and Stallman to create a complete operating system which is free software, with the main intention to create an operating system which is completely open source and freely available for all public users.', 'The main licenses of the GNU project are the GNU GPL which is nothing but the general public licenses.', "The name of the GNU project is derived from the recursive acronym which is nothing but GNU's not UNIX, designed to be mostly compatible with UNIX operating system so that it would be convenient for people to migrate to GNU.", 'The GNU project was intended to create a Unix-like operating system, freely available for all public users and open source, leading to the birth of Linux operating system with the help of Linux kernel and the GNU utilities.', 'GNU is compatible with POSIX standards, as every operating system like Linux and Unix adheres to POSIX standards.']}], 'duration': 599.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg169.jpg', 'highlights': ["Bhaskar Reddy's 14 plus years of experience in IT industry, with expertise in Linux and Unix administration, storage management, and virtualization technologies.", 'The session will cover selected frequently asked questions and interviews on Linux administration, focusing on its command-oriented nature.', 'The speaker will use practical examples, such as using putty to log into a Linux server, to demonstrate interview questions.', 'Linux is free and open source, offering millions of free programs and applications, eliminating the need for antivirus software due to its high security, and being the preferred choice for server environments used by major companies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google.', 'The Linux kernel was developed by Linus Torvalds as a Unix clone, adhering to POSIX standards, and is distributed freely or at a lower cost compared to Unix, which has different cost structures according to vendors.', 'The GNU project was launched in September 1983 by Richard and Stallman to create a complete operating system which is free software, with the main intention to create an operating system which is completely open source and freely available for all public users.', "The name of the GNU project is derived from the recursive acronym which is nothing but GNU's not UNIX, designed to be mostly compatible with UNIX operating system so that it would be convenient for people to migrate to GNU.", 'GNU is compatible with POSIX standards, as every operating system like Linux and Unix adheres to POSIX standards.']}, {'end': 1533.861, 'segs': [{'end': 643.581, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 616.534, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 623.642, 'text': 'with over 13 million lines of code, The Linux kernel is one of the largest open source projects in the world.', 'start': 616.534, 'duration': 7.108}, {'end': 626.786, 'text': 'but what is a kernel and what it is used for?', 'start': 623.642, 'duration': 3.144}, {'end': 634.175, 'text': 'A kernel is the lowest level of easily replaceable software that interfaces with the hardware in your computer.', 'start': 627.367, 'duration': 6.808}, {'end': 643.581, 'text': 'it is responsible for interfacing all of your applications that are running in user mode down to the physical hardware and allowing the processes,', 'start': 634.776, 'duration': 8.805}], 'summary': 'The linux kernel has over 13 million lines of code, serving as the lowest level software interfacing with hardware.', 'duration': 27.047, 'max_score': 616.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg616534.jpg'}, {'end': 834.45, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 808.635, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 815.219, 'text': 'Okay, so, when you talk about shell in shell, we have different types in Linux and Unix operating system.', 'start': 808.635, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 823.444, 'text': 'We have bash shell, we have single shell, we have con shell, we have C shell, we have public domain con shell.', 'start': 815.659, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 827.326, 'text': 'we have different types of shells used in Linux and Unix operating system.', 'start': 823.444, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 830.127, 'text': 'But bash is the default shell.', 'start': 827.906, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 834.45, 'text': 'Bash has been adopted as the default shell for most Linux systems.', 'start': 830.488, 'duration': 3.962}], 'summary': 'Bash is the default shell for most linux systems.', 'duration': 25.815, 'max_score': 808.635, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg808635.jpg'}, {'end': 894.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 865.066, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 868.7, 'text': "born okay, he's the author for born again shell.", 'start': 865.066, 'duration': 3.634}, {'end': 874.342, 'text': 'now, while bash has been incorporated as the default shell, because in bash we have many such features.', 'start': 868.7, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 881.485, 'text': 'features like command aliasing, command completion by using the tab keys and the command history.', 'start': 874.342, 'duration': 7.143}, {'end': 889.841, 'text': 'also okay, like in order to execute the commands, like no need to remember all the commands in Linux operating system.', 'start': 881.485, 'duration': 8.356}, {'end': 894.703, 'text': 'okay, with lot of ease, you can execute all these commands by the features of bash.', 'start': 889.841, 'duration': 4.862}], 'summary': 'Bash has many features such as command aliasing, completion, and history, making it easy to execute linux commands.', 'duration': 29.637, 'max_score': 865.066, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg865066.jpg'}, {'end': 1112.478, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1086.463, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1095.492, 'text': 'according to my readings, daemons are services that provide several functions that may not be available under the base operating system.', 'start': 1086.463, 'duration': 9.029}, {'end': 1101.718, 'text': 'its main task is to listen for service request and at the same time to act on these requests.', 'start': 1095.492, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 1106.443, 'text': 'after the service is done, it is then disconnected and waits for further request.', 'start': 1101.718, 'duration': 4.725}, {'end': 1110.657, 'text': 'a domain process has no controlling terminal.', 'start': 1107.256, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 1112.478, 'text': 'it cannot open the terminal.', 'start': 1110.657, 'duration': 1.821}], 'summary': 'Daemons are services providing functions not available in the base os, listening for and acting on service requests, disconnected after service, and lacking a controlling terminal.', 'duration': 26.015, 'max_score': 1086.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1086463.jpg'}, {'end': 1227.591, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1174.972, 'weight': 0.803, 'content': [{'end': 1177.794, 'text': 'checking to see if we have received a new mail.', 'start': 1174.972, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 1179.856, 'text': 'when you do, it notifies you.', 'start': 1177.794, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 1185.921, 'text': 'okay. so most daemons tend to last a long time, be owned by root or do something useful.', 'start': 1179.856, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 1188.443, 'text': 'but this is a very tricky question.', 'start': 1185.921, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 1192.526, 'text': 'okay, what is the difference between a daemon and a process?', 'start': 1188.443, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 1196.177, 'text': "okay, so please don't get confused between this.", 'start': 1193.376, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 1204.101, 'text': 'a daemon is a service that provides several functions that may not be available under the base operating system.', 'start': 1196.177, 'duration': 7.924}, {'end': 1211.404, 'text': 'okay, the main advantage, the main task, is to listen for service request and at the same time it will be act on this request.', 'start': 1204.101, 'duration': 7.303}, {'end': 1214.556, 'text': 'so that is about the daemons.', 'start': 1212.113, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 1222.365, 'text': 'okay, one good example you can always run PS-EF and you check all the daemons in the TTY field.', 'start': 1214.556, 'duration': 7.809}, {'end': 1223.846, 'text': 'you see the question mark.', 'start': 1222.365, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1227.591, 'text': 'that means we have not initiated this system.', 'start': 1223.846, 'duration': 3.745}], 'summary': 'Daemon vs process: daemons provide additional functions, listen for service requests, and act on them. they are distinguishable in ps-ef by a question mark in the tty field.', 'duration': 52.619, 'max_score': 1174.972, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1174972.jpg'}, {'end': 1319.164, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1291.058, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1299.743, 'text': 'the default bootloader for Linux operating system is now is grub, which is called a grad unified bootloader.', 'start': 1291.058, 'duration': 8.685}, {'end': 1306.917, 'text': 'okay, when you talk about the latest version of Linux operating system, it has been replaced with grub2.', 'start': 1299.743, 'duration': 7.174}, {'end': 1312.982, 'text': 'okay, some more features has been added in grub and they have released the new version that is called grub2.', 'start': 1306.917, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 1317.083, 'text': 'okay, so this is all about lilo.', 'start': 1314.181, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1319.164, 'text': 'it is just a Linux loader.', 'start': 1317.083, 'duration': 2.081}], 'summary': 'Grub is the default bootloader for linux, replaced by grub2 in the latest version, with added features.', 'duration': 28.106, 'max_score': 1291.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1291058.jpg'}, {'end': 1391.26, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1366.608, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1375.833, 'text': 'One main advantage of open source technologies such as Linux is a wide range of options available to users and the increased security.', 'start': 1366.608, 'duration': 9.225}, {'end': 1381.275, 'text': 'With Linux being open source, several distributions are available to the end user.', 'start': 1376.313, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 1391.26, 'text': 'For example, distributions such as Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu and Mint are just a few of the distributions available to end users.', 'start': 1381.896, 'duration': 9.364}], 'summary': 'Open source technologies like linux offer users wide distribution options for increased security.', 'duration': 24.652, 'max_score': 1366.608, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1366608.jpg'}, {'end': 1492.976, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1465.169, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1469.67, 'text': 'okay, Prakash, does that answer your question?', 'start': 1465.169, 'duration': 4.501}, {'end': 1475.151, 'text': 'yes, according to my readings, like per annum, $369 would be charged.', 'start': 1469.67, 'duration': 5.481}, {'end': 1478.742, 'text': 'okay, according to the enterprise support, the basic support.', 'start': 1475.151, 'duration': 3.591}, {'end': 1480.944, 'text': 'again, in the support, you have different types.', 'start': 1478.742, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 1486.369, 'text': 'For basic support you have to pay $369.', 'start': 1482.365, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 1490.013, 'text': 'When you talk about Red Hat Enterprise Linux, you have to pay $369.', 'start': 1486.369, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 1492.976, 'text': "No problem Prakash, that's fine.", 'start': 1490.013, 'duration': 2.963}], 'summary': 'Red hat enterprise linux support costs $369 per annum.', 'duration': 27.807, 'max_score': 1465.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1465169.jpg'}], 'start': 599.343, 'title': 'Linux kernel, bash shell, and daemons', 'summary': "Explains the linux kernel, with over 13 million lines of code, and the bash shell's features like command aliasing and command history. it also discusses the importance of the bash shell, explains the concept of daemons, and covers the details of lilo, the advantages of linux being open source, and the cost of enterprise support, including the charge of $369 per annum for basic support.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1065.373, 'start': 599.343, 'title': 'Understanding linux kernel and bash shell', 'summary': 'Explains the linux kernel as the core of any operating system, responsible for translating user commands into machine language, with over 13 million lines of code. it also delves into the bash shell, the default command language interpreter in linux, offering features like command aliasing and command history.', 'duration': 466.03, 'highlights': ['The Linux kernel is one of the largest open source projects with over 13 million lines of code, serving as the core of any operating system, responsible for translating user commands into machine language. The Linux kernel, with over 13 million lines of code, serves as the core of any operating system, responsible for translating user commands into machine language.', 'Bash shell is the default command language interpreter for most Linux systems and offers features like command aliasing, command completion, and command history, enhancing user experience and efficiency. Bash shell, as the default command language interpreter for most Linux systems, offers features like command aliasing, command completion, and command history, enhancing user experience and efficiency.', 'Different types of shells are used in Linux and Unix operating systems, with bash being the default shell, offering advanced features not found in other shells like seashell, conch shell, and public domain conch shell. Different types of shells, including bash, seashell, conch shell, and public domain conch shell, are used in Linux and Unix operating systems, with bash providing advanced features not found in other shells.']}, {'end': 1214.556, 'start': 1065.373, 'title': 'Importance of bash shell and daemons', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of the bash shell and explains the concept of daemons, highlighting their main functions and characteristics, and providing examples to illustrate their usage in linux and unix operating systems.', 'duration': 149.183, 'highlights': ['Daemons are services that provide functions not available under the base operating system, listen for service requests, and act on these requests, with examples such as mail daemons and their characteristics like lasting a long time and being owned by root.', "A daemon process has no controlling terminal and runs in the background, usually starting up with the operating system and marked by the character 'd' at the end of the process name.", 'The main task of a daemon is to listen for service requests and act on them, while being disconnected after the service is done, waiting for further requests.']}, {'end': 1533.861, 'start': 1214.556, 'title': 'Linux: lilo and open source advantages', 'summary': 'Covers the details of lilo, the advantages of linux being open source, and the cost of enterprise support, including the charge of $369 per annum for basic support.', 'duration': 319.305, 'highlights': ['The default bootloader for Linux operating system is now is grub, which is called a grad unified bootloader. Grub is now the default bootloader for Linux, replacing Lilo, and the latest version is called grub2.', 'Linux being open source, several distributions are available to the end user, such as Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, and Mint, which are completely free to download. The open source nature of Linux allows for various free distributions like Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, and Mint, providing a wide range of options to users.', 'The cost of enterprise support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux is $369 per annum for basic support. The cost of enterprise support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux is $369 per annum for basic support, providing a specific quantifiable data point.']}], 'duration': 934.518, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg599343.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Linux kernel, with over 13 million lines of code, serves as the core of any operating system, responsible for translating user commands into machine language.', 'Bash shell, as the default command language interpreter for most Linux systems, offers features like command aliasing, command completion, and command history, enhancing user experience and efficiency.', 'Different types of shells, including bash, seashell, conch shell, and public domain conch shell, are used in Linux and Unix operating systems, with bash providing advanced features not found in other shells.', 'Daemons are services that provide functions not available under the base operating system, listen for service requests, and act on these requests, with examples such as mail daemons and their characteristics like lasting a long time and being owned by root.', 'The default bootloader for Linux is now grub, which is called a grad unified bootloader, replacing Lilo, and the latest version is called grub2.', 'The open source nature of Linux allows for various free distributions like Debian, Fedora, Ubuntu, and Mint, providing a wide range of options to users.', 'The cost of enterprise support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux is $369 per annum for basic support.']}, {'end': 1936.071, 'segs': [{'end': 1602.269, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1559.026, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1564.31, 'text': 'It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware.', 'start': 1559.026, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 1571.412, 'text': 'kernel provides a required abstraction to hide low-level hardware details to system or application programs.', 'start': 1564.81, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 1573.673, 'text': 'okay, we have already discussed what is kernel.', 'start': 1571.412, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 1574.994, 'text': 'next comes the second part.', 'start': 1573.673, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 1578.235, 'text': 'is system library and system utility?', 'start': 1574.994, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 1587.138, 'text': 'okay, system libraries are special functions or programs using which application programs or system utilities accesses kernel features.', 'start': 1578.235, 'duration': 8.903}, {'end': 1596.064, 'text': 'these libraries implements most of the functionalities of the operating system and do not require kernel modules, code access rights,', 'start': 1587.958, 'duration': 8.106}, {'end': 1597.546, 'text': 'like when you compare with windows.', 'start': 1596.064, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 1602.269, 'text': 'in windows we have dot dll, which is nothing but dynamic link libraries.', 'start': 1597.546, 'duration': 4.723}], 'summary': 'Kernel provides abstraction for hardware, system libraries access kernel features without code access rights.', 'duration': 43.243, 'max_score': 1559.026, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1559026.jpg'}, {'end': 1721.636, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1670.041, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1674.885, 'text': 'a linux vmstat command used to display statistics of a virtual memory.', 'start': 1670.041, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 1683.431, 'text': 'you can also see the kernel threads, the disks system processes, io blocks, interrupts, cpu activity and much more.', 'start': 1674.885, 'duration': 8.546}, {'end': 1686.614, 'text': 'okay, let me explain you this practically here.', 'start': 1683.431, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 1693.058, 'text': 'as I said, if you want to see the memory statistics, you can run the command called free-m.', 'start': 1686.614, 'duration': 6.444}, {'end': 1701.463, 'text': "according to my system, I just got approximately some 10 GB of RAM, because by default I'm seeing in megabytes here 9838 MB, out of which 651 is used,", 'start': 1693.058, 'duration': 8.405}, {'end': 1701.803, 'text': '8714 is free.', 'start': 1701.463, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 1716.092, 'text': 'or if you want to see that in gigabytes, you can run the command free-g if you want to see that in gigabytes,', 'start': 1708.127, 'duration': 7.965}, {'end': 1721.636, 'text': 'and when you talk about virtual memory statistics, you have a command called vmstat-a.', 'start': 1716.092, 'duration': 5.544}], 'summary': 'The vmstat command displays virtual memory statistics. the system has approximately 10 gb of ram with 651 mb used and 8714 mb free.', 'duration': 51.595, 'max_score': 1670.041, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1670041.jpg'}, {'end': 1828.84, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1796.787, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1802.891, 'text': 'And coming to the CPU, you have a command called SAR, the system activity report.', 'start': 1796.787, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 1809.915, 'text': 'okay, with SAR-U you can display the CPU usage.', 'start': 1803.571, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 1813.256, 'text': 'see exactly, you can see the CPU usage.', 'start': 1809.915, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 1819.88, 'text': 'okay, SAR-U displays the CPU usage for the current day that was collected until that point.', 'start': 1813.256, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 1824.662, 'text': "okay, if you want to see the real-time CPU usage, it's the same like VMstat.", 'start': 1819.88, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 1828.84, 'text': 'SAR-U 1 space 3.', 'start': 1824.662, 'duration': 4.178}], 'summary': 'Sar-u command displays cpu usage, collected data, and real-time usage like vmstat.', 'duration': 32.053, 'max_score': 1796.787, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1796787.jpg'}, {'end': 1908.972, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1879.901, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1885.066, 'text': 'Nagios is one such tool which is used for monitoring and for performance.', 'start': 1879.901, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 1892.072, 'text': 'wise, okay, like, for example, in real time, if any such server going beyond the threshold.', 'start': 1885.066, 'duration': 7.006}, {'end': 1893.594, 'text': 'okay, according to my requirement.', 'start': 1892.072, 'duration': 1.522}, {'end': 1903.51, 'text': 'now what i want is, i would like to notify all the users ok, if the CPU usage threshold crosses like 80%, okay,', 'start': 1894.114, 'duration': 9.396}, {'end': 1908.972, 'text': 'I would like to notify all the users if my CPU usage is going beyond 80% threshold.', 'start': 1903.51, 'duration': 5.462}], 'summary': 'Nagios is used for real-time server monitoring, notifying users if cpu usage exceeds 80%.', 'duration': 29.071, 'max_score': 1879.901, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1879901.jpg'}], 'start': 1533.861, 'title': 'Linux operating system components and system monitoring techniques', 'summary': 'Discusses the basic components of the linux operating system such as the kernel, system libraries, and system utilities. it also covers linux system monitoring techniques including memory and cpu stats, commands like free, vmstat, sar, and the importance of system monitoring tools like nagios for performance-wise monitoring.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1602.269, 'start': 1533.861, 'title': 'Components of linux operating system', 'summary': "Discusses the basic components of the linux operating system, primarily focusing on the kernel, system libraries, and system utilities, emphasizing their functionalities and interactions, with a special emphasis on the kernel's role.", 'duration': 68.408, 'highlights': ['The kernel is the core part of Linux, responsible for all major activities of the operating system, consisting of various modules and providing a required abstraction to hide low-level hardware details to system or application programs.', 'System libraries are special functions or programs that allow application programs or system utilities to access kernel features, implementing most of the functionalities of the operating system and not requiring kernel modules or code access rights.']}, {'end': 1936.071, 'start': 1602.269, 'title': 'Linux system monitoring techniques', 'summary': 'Discusses how to check memory and cpu stats as a linux admin, including commands like free, vmstat, and sar, and emphasizes the importance of system monitoring tools like nagios for performance-wise monitoring.', 'duration': 333.802, 'highlights': ["The command 'free -m' can be used to check memory statistics, displaying approximately 10 GB of RAM with 651 MB used and 8714 MB free.", "The 'vmstat' command displays virtual memory statistics, including kernel threads, disk system processes, IO blocks, interrupts, and CPU activity, providing detailed insights into the system's dynamic activity.", "The 'SAR' command is essential for monitoring CPU usage and memory free/used, and can be used with different arguments such as 'SAR -U 1 3' for real-time CPU usage monitoring.", 'Monitoring tools like Nagios are crucial for ensuring system performance and can be used to set threshold notifications, such as notifying users if the CPU usage crosses 80%.']}], 'duration': 402.21, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1533861.jpg', 'highlights': ['The kernel is the core part of Linux, responsible for all major activities of the operating system, consisting of various modules and providing a required abstraction to hide low-level hardware details to system or application programs.', 'System libraries are special functions or programs that allow application programs or system utilities to access kernel features, implementing most of the functionalities of the operating system and not requiring kernel modules or code access rights.', "The 'vmstat' command displays virtual memory statistics, including kernel threads, disk system processes, IO blocks, interrupts, and CPU activity, providing detailed insights into the system's dynamic activity.", "The command 'free -m' can be used to check memory statistics, displaying approximately 10 GB of RAM with 651 MB used and 8714 MB free.", "The 'SAR' command is essential for monitoring CPU usage and memory free/used, and can be used with different arguments such as 'SAR -U 1 3' for real-time CPU usage monitoring.", 'Monitoring tools like Nagios are crucial for ensuring system performance and can be used to set threshold notifications, such as notifying users if the CPU usage crosses 80%.']}, {'end': 2339.226, 'segs': [{'end': 2035.529, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2010.051, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2015.316, 'text': 'that flexibility is not available using fdisk partitioning tools.', 'start': 2010.051, 'duration': 5.265}, {'end': 2020.88, 'text': 'now, using advanced partitioning tool like lvm, which is called as a logical volume manager,', 'start': 2015.316, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 2030.227, 'text': 'we have a flexibility of either resizing a logical volume or reducing or shrinking the Size of a logical volume.', 'start': 2020.88, 'duration': 9.347}, {'end': 2035.529, 'text': "So let's see practically how you can do that in Linux operating system.", 'start': 2030.667, 'duration': 4.862}], 'summary': 'Lvm allows flexible resizing of logical volumes in linux.', 'duration': 25.478, 'max_score': 2010.051, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2010051.jpg'}, {'end': 2086.341, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2059.359, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2067.583, 'text': 'the size is 4.8 gb and currently this logical volume is mounted on the mount point called slash lvm.', 'start': 2059.359, 'duration': 8.224}, {'end': 2072.186, 'text': 'so now i got a requirement of reducing this logical volume size.', 'start': 2067.583, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 2076.411, 'text': 'okay, in other file systems and running out of space,', 'start': 2072.186, 'duration': 4.225}, {'end': 2083.016, 'text': 'I would like to reduce this logical volume and I want to increase the logical volume for other file systems.', 'start': 2076.411, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 2086.341, 'text': "so let's see how exactly we can do that.", 'start': 2083.658, 'duration': 2.683}], 'summary': 'Reduce logical volume size from 4.8gb, increase for other file systems', 'duration': 26.982, 'max_score': 2059.359, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2059359.jpg'}, {'end': 2227.121, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2192.466, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2197.929, 'text': 'now we can reduce by using the command resize to FS, specify the logical volume name.', 'start': 2192.466, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 2203.032, 'text': 'I would like to reduce from 5 GB to 3 GB.', 'start': 2197.929, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 2204.973, 'text': 'the current size is 5 GB.', 'start': 2203.032, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 2211.217, 'text': 'I would like to reduce to 3 GB and the remaining 2 GB I would like to accommodate to other file systems.', 'start': 2204.973, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 2216.835, 'text': 'enter now you see the logical volume size has been reduced.', 'start': 2212.392, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 2227.121, 'text': 'okay, so now we can run the command lv, reduce hyphen capital l 3 gb and specify your logical volume name.', 'start': 2216.835, 'duration': 10.286}], 'summary': 'Reduced logical volume from 5 gb to 3 gb and allocated 2 gb to other file systems.', 'duration': 34.655, 'max_score': 2192.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2192466.jpg'}, {'end': 2344.19, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2316.449, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2323.653, 'text': 'so we were discussing about like how to reduce or shrink the size of a lvm partition or a logical volume.', 'start': 2316.449, 'duration': 7.204}, {'end': 2324.934, 'text': "it's a five step process.", 'start': 2323.653, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2332.641, 'text': 'first you have to unmount, run fsck, run the resize to fs to 3gb or whatever required size you want,', 'start': 2324.934, 'duration': 7.707}, {'end': 2336.324, 'text': 'and then you run the command lv reduce to reduce the logical volume.', 'start': 2332.641, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 2339.226, 'text': 'then you can mount that particular file system.', 'start': 2336.324, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 2344.19, 'text': 'okay, the next question being explain the functionality of a root user.', 'start': 2339.226, 'duration': 4.964}], 'summary': 'Five-step process to shrink lvm partition: unmount, fsck, resize fs, lv reduce, mount. root user functionality explained.', 'duration': 27.741, 'max_score': 2316.449, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2316449.jpg'}], 'start': 1936.071, 'title': 'Lvm partitioning and management', 'summary': 'Discusses the advantages of using lvm over traditional partitioning tools, showcasing the flexibility of resizing and shrinking logical volumes in linux, with practical examples and the process of shrinking a logical volume, including unmounting, running fsck, resizing fs, reducing the logical volume, and remounting the file system.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2086.341, 'start': 1936.071, 'title': 'Lvm partitioning and management', 'summary': 'Discusses the advantages of using lvm over traditional partitioning tools, showcasing the flexibility of resizing and shrinking logical volumes, and providing practical examples of reducing logical volume size and increasing space for other file systems in linux.', 'duration': 150.27, 'highlights': ['LVM provides flexibility in resizing and shrinking logical volumes, unlike fixed partition sizes created by traditional tools like fdisk. LVM allows for resizing and shrinking logical volumes, providing flexibility in storage management, unlike fixed partition sizes created by tools like fdisk.', "The logical volume 'zoom linux' has a file system size of 4.8 GB and is currently mounted on the mount point '/lvm'. The logical volume 'zoom linux' has a file system size of 4.8 GB and is currently mounted on the mount point '/lvm'.", 'The chapter also addresses the frequently asked interview question about reducing or shrinking the size of an LVM partition. The chapter also addresses the frequently asked interview question about reducing or shrinking the size of an LVM partition.']}, {'end': 2339.226, 'start': 2086.341, 'title': 'Shrinking lvm partition in linux', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of shrinking a logical volume in linux, highlighting the necessity to unmount, run fsck, resize to fs, reduce the logical volume, and then remount the file system.', 'duration': 252.885, 'highlights': ['The process of shrinking a logical volume in Linux involves unmounting, running fsck, resizing to the required size, reducing the logical volume, and remounting the file system.', "In Linux, the default file systems are ext3 and ext4, which are used for reading and writing data, in contrast to Windows' default file system NTFS.", 'Flexibility to reduce or shrink the size of a logical volume is only available in advanced partitioning tools like LVM, as opposed to fixed disk partitions in which the size cannot be modified.', 'Before reducing the logical volume in Linux, it is essential to unmount the logical volume and run e2fsck to check for any problems in the file system.', 'The logical volume size can be reduced from 5 GB to 3 GB, and the remaining 2 GB can be allocated to other file systems, demonstrating the practical application of shrinking a logical volume.']}], 'duration': 403.155, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg1936071.jpg', 'highlights': ['LVM provides flexibility in resizing and shrinking logical volumes, unlike fixed partition sizes created by traditional tools like fdisk.', "The logical volume 'zoom linux' has a file system size of 4.8 GB and is currently mounted on the mount point '/lvm'.", 'The process of shrinking a logical volume in Linux involves unmounting, running fsck, resizing to the required size, reducing the logical volume, and remounting the file system.', 'The logical volume size can be reduced from 5 GB to 3 GB, and the remaining 2 GB can be allocated to other file systems, demonstrating the practical application of shrinking a logical volume.']}, {'end': 2973.698, 'segs': [{'end': 2388.983, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2365.083, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2372.547, 'text': 'root is the conventional name of the user who has all the rights or permissions to all the files and programs in all modes.', 'start': 2365.083, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 2378.18, 'text': 'okay, the root user can do many things which an ordinary user cannot,', 'start': 2373.379, 'duration': 4.801}, {'end': 2383.642, 'text': 'such as changing the ownerships of files binding to network ports numbered below 1024.', 'start': 2378.18, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 2388.983, 'text': 'so root is the default account every time Linux is installed.', 'start': 2383.642, 'duration': 5.341}], 'summary': "The 'root' user in linux has all rights and permissions to files and programs, including changing ownerships and binding to network ports below 1024.", 'duration': 23.9, 'max_score': 2365.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2365083.jpg'}, {'end': 2434.005, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2408.111, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2413.755, 'text': 'okay. so there comes your question again what is CLI and what is GUI?', 'start': 2408.111, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 2424.262, 'text': 'okay, CLI is nothing but the command line interface is a console or text-based representation in which the user types the commands to operate the software or devices.', 'start': 2413.755, 'duration': 10.507}, {'end': 2434.005, 'text': 'the main advantage of CLI is multiple steps can be executed by specifying a single command, which is not possible in graphical mode.', 'start': 2425.143, 'duration': 8.862}], 'summary': 'Cli is a text-based interface for executing multiple steps with single commands, unlike gui.', 'duration': 25.894, 'max_score': 2408.111, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2408111.jpg'}, {'end': 2501.213, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2447.248, 'weight': 0.785, 'content': [{'end': 2452.31, 'text': 'okay, simple definition, what is CLI and what is GUI?', 'start': 2447.248, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 2456.751, 'text': 'so how can you find out how much memory used in Linux operating system?', 'start': 2452.31, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 2460.032, 'text': "it's again same question here.", 'start': 2456.751, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 2462.433, 'text': 'so how exactly you can find out.', 'start': 2460.032, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 2463.994, 'text': 'there are many such programs here.', 'start': 2462.433, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 2466.035, 'text': 'the command would be free.', 'start': 2463.994, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 2472.857, 'text': 'okay, the free command is the most simple and easy to use command to check memory usage on Linux operating system.', 'start': 2466.035, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 2478.014, 'text': 'so here is an example free-n or free-g.', 'start': 2473.587, 'duration': 4.427}, {'end': 2482.8, 'text': 'or you can also cap the contents of slash, proc, slash, meminfo.', 'start': 2478.014, 'duration': 4.786}, {'end': 2486.786, 'text': 'this will also give you the complete information about your memory.', 'start': 2482.8, 'duration': 3.986}, {'end': 2488.328, 'text': 'you can see here the total memory.', 'start': 2486.786, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 2492.97, 'text': 'okay, memory in free and memory available.', 'start': 2489.049, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 2495.271, 'text': 'and you see the used and everything here.', 'start': 2492.97, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 2497.111, 'text': 'okay, you can use this command.', 'start': 2495.271, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 2501.213, 'text': 'also. you can just cap the contents of slash, proc, slash, meminfo.', 'start': 2497.111, 'duration': 4.102}], 'summary': 'Free command is the simplest way to check memory usage in linux, with options for detailed information.', 'duration': 53.965, 'max_score': 2447.248, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2447248.jpg'}, {'end': 2492.97, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2462.433, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2463.994, 'text': 'there are many such programs here.', 'start': 2462.433, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 2466.035, 'text': 'the command would be free.', 'start': 2463.994, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 2472.857, 'text': 'okay, the free command is the most simple and easy to use command to check memory usage on Linux operating system.', 'start': 2466.035, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 2478.014, 'text': 'so here is an example free-n or free-g.', 'start': 2473.587, 'duration': 4.427}, {'end': 2482.8, 'text': 'or you can also cap the contents of slash, proc, slash, meminfo.', 'start': 2478.014, 'duration': 4.786}, {'end': 2486.786, 'text': 'this will also give you the complete information about your memory.', 'start': 2482.8, 'duration': 3.986}, {'end': 2488.328, 'text': 'you can see here the total memory.', 'start': 2486.786, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 2492.97, 'text': 'okay, memory in free and memory available.', 'start': 2489.049, 'duration': 3.921}], 'summary': "The 'free' command in linux provides a simple way to check memory usage, offering total and available memory information.", 'duration': 30.537, 'max_score': 2462.433, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2462433.jpg'}, {'end': 2545.803, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2513.402, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2518.107, 'text': 'so this is also one of the most frequently asked questions in interviews.', 'start': 2513.402, 'duration': 4.705}, {'end': 2520.15, 'text': 'so what is a swap space?', 'start': 2518.107, 'duration': 2.043}, {'end': 2529.138, 'text': 'swap space in Linux is used when the amount of physical RAM physical memory, which is also called as a RAM okay is full.', 'start': 2520.15, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 2537.501, 'text': 'if the system needs more memory resources and the ram is full, inactive pages in memory are moved to the swap space.', 'start': 2529.138, 'duration': 8.363}, {'end': 2545.803, 'text': 'while swap space can help machines with a small amount of ram, it should not be considered as a replacement for more ram.', 'start': 2537.501, 'duration': 8.302}], 'summary': 'Swap space in linux is used when ram is full, moving inactive pages to swap space. it should not replace more ram.', 'duration': 32.401, 'max_score': 2513.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2513402.jpg'}, {'end': 2692.242, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2661.418, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2670.362, 'text': 'if you got SCSI drives or SAS drives, the naming conventions would be SDA and SDB and under this first hard drive here, if you see,', 'start': 2661.418, 'duration': 8.944}, {'end': 2681.05, 'text': 'you have the partition starting from SDA1 to SDA13, the first partition slash dev, slash sda1 and the second partition sda2, like that.', 'start': 2670.362, 'duration': 10.688}, {'end': 2692.242, 'text': 'okay, so these are the naming conventions used for your storage devices and this is how exactly you can access partitions under linux operating system.', 'start': 2681.05, 'duration': 11.192}], 'summary': 'Scsi and sas drives use naming conventions sda and sdb for partitions under linux os.', 'duration': 30.824, 'max_score': 2661.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2661418.jpg'}, {'end': 2794.259, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2743.998, 'weight': 0.787, 'content': [{'end': 2751.402, 'text': 'Similarly, in Linux, how are names assigned to different serial ports? What we also called as communication ports.', 'start': 2743.998, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 2758.287, 'text': 'The communication ports are identified as slash dev slash ttwife s0 to ttwife s1.', 'start': 2752.063, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 2764.37, 'text': 'You see practically here, ls-l slash dev slash ttwife s star.', 'start': 2758.347, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 2767.032, 'text': 'You see here, the communication ports.', 'start': 2765.031, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2770.681, 'text': 'okay, tt5s0, tt5s1.', 'start': 2767.819, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 2777.706, 'text': 'okay, what we normally called as communication ports in windows, communication 1, communication 2, like that.', 'start': 2770.681, 'duration': 7.025}, {'end': 2784.612, 'text': 'okay. coming to the next question, asking about printer ports, how exactly you can identify the printer ports in linux?', 'start': 2777.706, 'duration': 6.906}, {'end': 2790.936, 'text': 'same thing slash, dev, slash, lp, star, lp0, lp1, lp2.', 'start': 2784.612, 'duration': 6.324}, {'end': 2794.259, 'text': 'these are the names to use for printer ports.', 'start': 2790.936, 'duration': 3.323}], 'summary': 'In linux, communication ports are named ttwife s0 to ttwife s1, and printer ports are named lp0, lp1, lp2.', 'duration': 50.261, 'max_score': 2743.998, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2743998.jpg'}, {'end': 2919.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2890.106, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2894.511, 'text': 'okay, like rwx or 755 or 644.', 'start': 2890.106, 'duration': 4.405}, {'end': 2898.695, 'text': 'with help of chmod you can change permissions.', 'start': 2894.511, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 2908.446, 'text': 'okay, in order to change ownerships, you have a command like chown and chgrp in order to change ownerships for files and directories.', 'start': 2898.695, 'duration': 9.751}, {'end': 2911.127, 'text': 'okay, see here the command.', 'start': 2909.066, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 2919.93, 'text': 'ch mode is to change permissions and if you would like to change the ownerships, you can use the command ch own and ch grp.', 'start': 2911.127, 'duration': 8.803}], 'summary': 'Chmod can change permissions to rwx or 755 or 644, chown and chgrp for ownerships.', 'duration': 29.824, 'max_score': 2890.106, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2890106.jpg'}], 'start': 2339.226, 'title': 'Root user and linux os basics', 'summary': 'Explains the significance and capabilities of the root user in computing, emphasizing its role in system administration. additionally, it covers linux os basics, including cli and gui, memory usage, swap space, partition naming conventions, file permissions, and ownership changes, providing commands and best practices for efficient system management.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2388.983, 'start': 2339.226, 'title': 'Functionality of root user', 'summary': 'Explains the functionality of a root user in computing, highlighting its significance in system administration and its capabilities such as changing file ownership and binding to network ports below 1024, stressing root as the default account on linux installations.', 'duration': 49.757, 'highlights': ['The root user, also known as the super user or administrator, has all the rights and permissions to all files and programs in Unix-like computer operating systems.', 'Root user can perform tasks that ordinary users cannot, including changing file ownerships and binding to network ports numbered below 1024.', 'Root is the default account every time Linux is installed.']}, {'end': 2973.698, 'start': 2388.983, 'title': 'Linux operating system basics', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of the linux operating system, including cli and gui, memory usage, swap space, partition naming conventions, file permissions, and ownership changes, highlighting commands and best practices for efficient system management.', 'duration': 584.715, 'highlights': ['CLI vs GUI explanation CLI is a command line interface allowing multiple steps to be executed by specifying a single command, while GUI is a graphical user interface for interacting with software or devices through graphical icons.', "Memory usage in Linux The 'free' command is used to check memory usage, providing information on total memory, memory in use, and memory available, with examples of 'free -n' or 'free -g' for specific details.", 'Swap space and its purpose Swap space is used when physical RAM is full, and its preferred size is twice the amount of physical memory, mainly for low-end machines to improve system performance.', "Partition naming conventions Storage devices are named based on conventions like 'SDA' for SCSI drives and 'HDA' for IDE drives, with partition numbering and access explained.", "File permissions and ownership changes Basic file and directory permissions (read, write, execute) in Linux are detailed, along with commands like 'chmod' for changing permissions and 'chown'/'chgrp' for changing ownerships."]}], 'duration': 634.472, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2339226.jpg', 'highlights': ['The root user, also known as the super user or administrator, has all the rights and permissions to all files and programs in Unix-like computer operating systems.', 'Root user can perform tasks that ordinary users cannot, including changing file ownerships and binding to network ports numbered below 1024.', 'Root is the default account every time Linux is installed.', 'CLI vs GUI explanation CLI is a command line interface allowing multiple steps to be executed by specifying a single command, while GUI is a graphical user interface for interacting with software or devices through graphical icons.', "Memory usage in Linux The 'free' command is used to check memory usage, providing information on total memory, memory in use, and memory available, with examples of 'free -n' or 'free -g' for specific details.", 'Swap space and its purpose Swap space is used when physical RAM is full, and its preferred size is twice the amount of physical memory, mainly for low-end machines to improve system performance.', "Partition naming conventions Storage devices are named based on conventions like 'SDA' for SCSI drives and 'HDA' for IDE drives, with partition numbering and access explained.", "File permissions and ownership changes Basic file and directory permissions (read, write, execute) in Linux are detailed, along with commands like 'chmod' for changing permissions and 'chown'/'chgrp' for changing ownerships."]}, {'end': 3455.013, 'segs': [{'end': 3051.421, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3023.334, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3029.517, 'text': "so this is one special kind of file that points to another file like i've compared with windows.", 'start': 3023.334, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 3035.641, 'text': 'right, we have shortcuts, but please remember, symbolic link does not contain the data.', 'start': 3029.517, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 3042.81, 'text': 'okay, symbolic link will not have the data, all the data we have in the target file but not in the shortcut.', 'start': 3036.181, 'duration': 6.629}, {'end': 3045.914, 'text': 'okay, and what are the benefits of using symbolic link?', 'start': 3042.81, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 3051.421, 'text': 'it just allows instant access, easy of access of application or a program.', 'start': 3045.914, 'duration': 5.507}], 'summary': 'Symbolic links provide instant, easy access to target file data.', 'duration': 28.087, 'max_score': 3023.334, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3023334.jpg'}, {'end': 3337.05, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3287.115, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3292.979, 'text': 'in those file systems you can have a file up to length of 255 characters, okay.', 'start': 3287.115, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 3297.622, 'text': 'and the maximum path of 4096 characters, okay.', 'start': 3292.979, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 3299.063, 'text': 'what we have discussed here?', 'start': 3297.622, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 3307.669, 'text': 'the maximum path you can have up to 4096 characters and one particular file name you can have up to 255 characters.', 'start': 3299.063, 'duration': 8.606}, {'end': 3313.853, 'text': 'okay. coming to the next question, which type of files are prefixed with a dot?', 'start': 3309.21, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 3323.178, 'text': 'so generally in linux and unix operating system, if any objects starts with dot or prefixed with dot, those are called hidden files.', 'start': 3313.853, 'duration': 9.325}, {'end': 3327.02, 'text': "i'm at the super user home directory if i want to see all the files.", 'start': 3323.178, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 3331.343, 'text': 'here you can run a command ls, hyphen a including all the files.', 'start': 3327.02, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 3334.907, 'text': 'you see one particular file prefixed with the dot.', 'start': 3331.983, 'duration': 2.924}, {'end': 3337.05, 'text': 'so this is exactly a hidden file.', 'start': 3334.907, 'duration': 2.143}], 'summary': 'Files can be up to 255 characters long, with paths up to 4096 characters. hidden files are prefixed with a dot.', 'duration': 49.935, 'max_score': 3287.115, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3287115.jpg'}, {'end': 3413.128, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3386.002, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3397.403, 'text': "whenever a user's desktop environment when you talk about users desktop environment, like icons, wallpapers, windows like folders, toolbars okay,", 'start': 3386.002, 'duration': 11.401}, {'end': 3403.545, 'text': "is stored in a remote server rather than on a local PC, then it's exactly called as a virtual desktop.", 'start': 3397.403, 'duration': 6.142}, {'end': 3413.128, 'text': 'okay, the desktop virtualization software separates the physical machine from the software and presence and isolated operating system for users.', 'start': 3403.545, 'duration': 9.583}], 'summary': "Virtual desktop stores user's desktop environment on a remote server, separating physical machine from software and operating system.", 'duration': 27.126, 'max_score': 3386.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3386002.jpg'}], 'start': 2973.698, 'title': 'Symbolic links in linux', 'summary': 'Explains the creation, qualities, and differences of symbolic links in linux, highlighting their benefits for easy accessibility and interaction with the operating system. it also discusses file name and path length limitations, identification of hidden files, and the concept and benefits of virtual desktops.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3045.914, 'start': 2973.698, 'title': 'Symbolic links in linux', 'summary': 'Explains symbolic links in linux, highlighting the comparison to windows shortcuts and emphasizing that symbolic links do not contain data but point to another file, offering benefits for easy accessibility and interaction with the operating system.', 'duration': 72.216, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes that symbolic links in Linux do not contain data but point to another file, similar to Windows shortcuts, offering a convenient way to access and interact with the operating system.', 'It explains that symbolic links are a special kind of file that points to another file and compares them to Windows shortcuts for easy accessibility.', 'The chapter highlights the benefits of using symbolic links for easy accessing and interacting with the operating system.']}, {'end': 3455.013, 'start': 3045.914, 'title': 'Symbolic links and file systems in linux', 'summary': 'Discusses the creation of symbolic links, their qualities, and differences from hard links, file name and path length limitations in linux, identification of hidden files, and the concept and benefits of virtual desktops.', 'duration': 409.099, 'highlights': ['The maximum file length in Linux is 255 characters, and the maximum path length is 4096 characters for most file systems like ext3 and ext4. In Linux, the maximum file length is 255 characters, and the maximum path length is 4096 characters for file systems like ext3 and ext4.', 'Objects prefixed with a dot in Linux and Unix are considered hidden files or directories, often holding important configuration data. Files and directories prefixed with a dot in Linux and Unix are considered hidden and can hold important configuration data.', "A virtual desktop stores a user's desktop environment on a remote server and provides benefits such as cost savings, efficient resource use, improved data integrity, and centralized administration. A virtual desktop stores a user's desktop environment on a remote server and offers benefits such as cost savings, efficient resource use, improved data integrity, and centralized administration.", 'Symbolic links can be created for both files and directories and can cross file systems, while hard links can only be created for files and cannot span across file systems. Symbolic links can be created for both files and directories and can span across file systems, whereas hard links can only be created for files and cannot span across file systems.']}], 'duration': 481.315, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg2973698.jpg', 'highlights': ['Symbolic links in Linux do not contain data but point to another file, offering a convenient way to access and interact with the operating system.', 'The maximum file length in Linux is 255 characters, and the maximum path length is 4096 characters for most file systems like ext3 and ext4.', 'Objects prefixed with a dot in Linux and Unix are considered hidden files or directories, often holding important configuration data.', "A virtual desktop stores a user's desktop environment on a remote server and provides benefits such as cost savings, efficient resource use, improved data integrity, and centralized administration."]}, {'end': 3785.928, 'segs': [{'end': 3521.2, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3455.013, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3464.716, 'text': 'as you know, empty directory name serves as a nameless base for the Linux file system, deserves as a attachment for other directories, files,', 'start': 3455.013, 'duration': 9.703}, {'end': 3466.897, 'text': 'drives and devices.', 'start': 3464.716, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 3472.398, 'text': 'okay, empty directory, how can you create folders and files using the terminal?', 'start': 3466.897, 'duration': 5.501}, {'end': 3480.061, 'text': 'so in Linux operating system, if you want to create a directory, you can use the command mkdir and to create files.', 'start': 3472.398, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 3491.907, 'text': 'we have many such programs, for example like vi cat command, or you can use graphical based editors like gedit and edit pico nano.', 'start': 3480.061, 'duration': 11.846}, {'end': 3494.889, 'text': 'you have many such programs to create files.', 'start': 3491.907, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 3503.214, 'text': 'okay, you even have line editors, screen based editors, graphical based editors to create files in linux and unix operating system.', 'start': 3494.889, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 3508.237, 'text': 'okay, but if you want to create a directory, you want to create a folder, use the command mkdir.', 'start': 3503.214, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 3513.938, 'text': 'Okay, and Next question would be what are the different ways to view the contents of a file?', 'start': 3508.977, 'duration': 4.961}, {'end': 3517.939, 'text': 'Okay, to give the contents of a file Once again, we have many such programs here.', 'start': 3514.178, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 3521.2, 'text': 'We have many such inbuilt Linux programs.', 'start': 3518.18, 'duration': 3.02}], 'summary': 'Linux offers various tools like mkdir and inbuilt programs for creating directories and viewing file contents.', 'duration': 66.187, 'max_score': 3455.013, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3455013.jpg'}, {'end': 3569.02, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3544.836, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3554.563, 'text': 'okay, software packages installed in linux and other processors the path where the various softwares are installed will be stored as a environment variables.', 'start': 3544.836, 'duration': 9.727}, {'end': 3561.296, 'text': 'environment variables are used to pass information into processes that are spawned from the shell,', 'start': 3555.333, 'duration': 5.963}, {'end': 3569.02, 'text': 'shell variables and variables that are contained exclusively within the shell in which they were set or defined.', 'start': 3561.296, 'duration': 7.724}], 'summary': 'Linux stores software path as environment variables for passing information into processes.', 'duration': 24.184, 'max_score': 3544.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3544836.jpg'}, {'end': 3614.198, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3588.855, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3593.56, 'text': 'in the case, if we want to see the system variables, you can run the command env.', 'start': 3588.855, 'duration': 4.705}, {'end': 3600.627, 'text': 'env is the command to display all the environment variables which are set by default with the operating system.', 'start': 3593.56, 'duration': 7.067}, {'end': 3605.391, 'text': 'okay, one good example of an environment variable would be path.', 'start': 3600.627, 'duration': 4.764}, {'end': 3614.198, 'text': 'okay, this is a system variable which has the information about the path of all your binaries, all your executables.', 'start': 3605.391, 'duration': 8.807}], 'summary': "Use 'env' command to display system variables like 'path' with binary/executable information.", 'duration': 25.343, 'max_score': 3588.855, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3588855.jpg'}, {'end': 3766.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3736.997, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3741.258, 'text': 'is this is also one of the frequently asked questions in the next year.', 'start': 3736.997, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 3745.759, 'text': 'okay, so what is exactly a redirection?', 'start': 3741.258, 'duration': 4.501}, {'end': 3753.221, 'text': 'so in linux redirection is used to pass the output of one operation as input to another operation in the same command.', 'start': 3745.759, 'duration': 7.462}, {'end': 3761.264, 'text': 'if you see one example here, as an administrator i would like to find out, like the users who logged in with my operating system,', 'start': 3753.221, 'duration': 8.043}, {'end': 3766.645, 'text': 'who currently using my operating system i can run the command called w with the w.', 'start': 3761.264, 'duration': 5.381}], 'summary': 'In linux, redirection is used to pass output as input for commands, facilitating system administration.', 'duration': 29.648, 'max_score': 3736.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3736997.jpg'}], 'start': 3455.013, 'title': 'Linux file system basics and environment variables', 'summary': 'Discusses linux file system basics, including the creation of directories and files using the terminal, and covers environment variables in linux, including their functionality, types, and examples, as well as features of the bash shell such as command aliasing and redirection.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3521.2, 'start': 3455.013, 'title': 'Linux file system basics', 'summary': "Discusses the creation of directories and files using the terminal in linux, highlighting the use of 'mkdir' command for creating directories and various programs such as 'vi', 'cat', 'gedit' for file creation.", 'duration': 66.187, 'highlights': ["The command 'mkdir' is used to create directories in Linux operating system.", "Various programs such as 'vi', 'cat', 'gedit', and line editors are available for creating files in Linux and Unix operating system.", "The chapter emphasizes the use of 'mkdir' command for creating directories and mentions different programs like 'vi', 'cat', and 'gedit' for file creation."]}, {'end': 3785.928, 'start': 3521.2, 'title': 'Linux environment variables and cli features', 'summary': 'Covers environment variables in linux, including their functionality, types, and examples, as well as features of the bash shell such as command aliasing, command completion using tab keys, and redirection in linux.', 'duration': 264.728, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains environment variables as global settings controlling the behavior of a shell, and mentions that the path where various softwares are installed is stored as environment variables, used to pass information into processes spawned from the shell.', "It also discusses system variables and user-defined variables within environment variables, and demonstrates how to view system variables using the 'env' command, providing examples of system variables like 'path' and 'home' directory.", 'Furthermore, it illustrates the functionality of the tab key in the CLI, showcasing how it can be used for command and file name completion, with examples of completing file names using the tab key and showing the number of programs starting with a specific letter using the tab key.', "Additionally, the chapter explains redirection in Linux, stating that it is used to pass the output of one operation as input to another operation in the same command, and provides an example of using the 'w' command to gather information about users logged into the operating system."]}], 'duration': 330.915, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3455013.jpg', 'highlights': ["The command 'mkdir' is used to create directories in Linux operating system.", "Various programs such as 'vi', 'cat', 'gedit', and line editors are available for creating files in Linux and Unix operating system.", "The chapter emphasizes the use of 'mkdir' command for creating directories and mentions different programs like 'vi', 'cat', and 'gedit' for file creation.", 'The chapter explains environment variables as global settings controlling the behavior of a shell, and mentions that the path where various softwares are installed is stored as environment variables, used to pass information into processes spawned from the shell.', "It also discusses system variables and user-defined variables within environment variables, and demonstrates how to view system variables using the 'env' command, providing examples of system variables like 'path' and 'home' directory.", "The chapter explains redirection in Linux, stating that it is used to pass the output of one operation as input to another operation in the same command, and provides an example of using the 'w' command to gather information about users logged into the operating system."]}, {'end': 4172.348, 'segs': [{'end': 3889.383, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3835.427, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3840.089, 'text': 'okay, it is called as the redirector, the redirector symbol.', 'start': 3835.427, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 3840.949, 'text': 'the greater than symbol.', 'start': 3840.089, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 3851.387, 'text': 'okay, they give one more examples here the cat files, file 1, file 2, the contents of file 1, file 2 will be in file 3.', 'start': 3841.638, 'duration': 9.749}, {'end': 3856.351, 'text': 'okay, if file 3 already exists, the file 3 would be overwritten.', 'start': 3851.387, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 3864.516, 'text': "and if you don't want to overwritten, if you want to append, you use double redirecting to okay and what is grep?", 'start': 3856.351, 'duration': 8.165}, {'end': 3873.378, 'text': 'so this command is used for searching for a particular string, or you can also call it as a word, searching for particular word in a text file.', 'start': 3864.516, 'duration': 8.862}, {'end': 3876.819, 'text': 'okay, it also supports pattern based searching.', 'start': 3873.378, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 3881.72, 'text': 'the pattern based searching is done by including options and parameters in the command.', 'start': 3876.819, 'duration': 4.901}, {'end': 3885.721, 'text': 'okay, one such example is the command is grep.', 'start': 3881.72, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 3889.383, 'text': 'i have one file here, the file called testing.', 'start': 3885.721, 'duration': 3.662}], 'summary': 'Introduction to using the redirector symbol and grep command for file redirection and text file searching.', 'duration': 53.956, 'max_score': 3835.427, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3835427.jpg'}, {'end': 4043.068, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3962.732, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3964.853, 'text': 'okay, you see the command kill.', 'start': 3962.732, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 3968.515, 'text': 'and if you want to terminate all process at once, you can use the command kill 0.', 'start': 3964.853, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 3972.818, 'text': "okay, it shouldn't be executed on production environments.", 'start': 3968.515, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 3977.963, 'text': 'kill 0, not recommended command, but only for information sake.', 'start': 3972.818, 'duration': 5.145}, {'end': 3981.887, 'text': 'and how to insert commands in command prompt.', 'start': 3977.963, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 3984.068, 'text': 'so this is a very basic question.', 'start': 3981.887, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 3989.293, 'text': 'commands are inserted by using the hash symbol before the command text.', 'start': 3984.068, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 3991.455, 'text': 'you see any such configuration file.', 'start': 3989.293, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 3997.858, 'text': 'for example, if you take slash etc, slash, grub.conf or slash etc.', 'start': 3991.455, 'duration': 6.403}, {'end': 3999.88, 'text': 'slash profile, for example.', 'start': 3997.858, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 4002.021, 'text': 'okay, you see the comments here.', 'start': 3999.88, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 4005.644, 'text': 'the comments can be provided by using the hash symbols.', 'start': 4002.021, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 4010.607, 'text': 'so these are the commented lines and these are called uncommented lines.', 'start': 4005.644, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 4016.138, 'text': 'okay, so can you insert several commands in a single command line entry?', 'start': 4011.536, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 4017.839, 'text': 'if so, then have.', 'start': 4016.138, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 4019.539, 'text': "it's a very good question.", 'start': 4017.839, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 4022.961, 'text': 'so this is also called as a command chaining.', 'start': 4019.539, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 4029.623, 'text': 'like you can execute multiple commands one by one, okay, by using a semicolon.', 'start': 4022.961, 'duration': 6.662}, {'end': 4033.105, 'text': 'okay, if i give you one practical example here.', 'start': 4029.623, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 4039.567, 'text': 'the first thing is, i would like to create a directory called directory one and then I want to go to this directory.', 'start': 4033.105, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 4043.068, 'text': 'then under this directory I would like to create all these files.', 'start': 4039.567, 'duration': 3.501}], 'summary': "Using the 'kill 0' command is not recommended for terminating all processes at once; inserting commands in the command prompt involves using the hash symbol and command chaining with a semicolon allows for executing multiple commands in a single command line entry.", 'duration': 80.336, 'max_score': 3962.732, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3962732.jpg'}], 'start': 3785.928, 'title': 'Linux command operations', 'summary': "Covers file redirection and pattern searching using the greater than symbol, including overwriting and appending files, and explains the grep command for searching for specific words or patterns in a text file. it also discusses terminating processes in linux using the 'kill' command and inserting commands in the command prompt using the hash symbol. additionally, it covers the concept of command chaining and using commands to display and search for specific files in a directory.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3935.534, 'start': 3785.928, 'title': 'File redirection and pattern searching', 'summary': 'Covers file redirection using the greater than symbol, including examples of overwriting and appending files, and explains the grep command for searching for specific words or patterns in a text file, including options like line numbers and word count.', 'duration': 149.606, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains file redirection using the greater than symbol, including examples of overwriting and appending files. For example, contents of file 1 and file 2 can be redirected to file 3, which would be overwritten if it already exists.', 'The grep command is introduced for searching specific words or patterns in a text file, with options like displaying line numbers and word count. An example demonstrates searching for a specific word in a file called testing, displaying line number and word count information.']}, {'end': 4172.348, 'start': 3936.178, 'title': 'Linux process termination & command insertion', 'summary': "Discusses terminating processes in linux using the 'kill' command, including the caution against using 'kill 0' on production environments, and inserting commands in command prompt by using the hash symbol. it also covers the concept of command chaining and using commands to display and search for specific files in a directory.", 'duration': 236.17, 'highlights': ["Terminating Processes in Linux The chapter emphasizes using the 'kill' command to terminate processes in Linux, cautioning against using 'kill 0' on production environments, and highlighting the significance of process IDs (PIDs) in identifying processes.", "Command Insertion in Command Prompt It explains the method of inserting commands in command prompt by using the hash symbol, including examples of using hash symbols for comments in configuration files such as 'grub.conf' and 'profile'.", 'Command Chaining It introduces the concept of command chaining in Linux, exemplifying the execution of multiple commands in succession using a semicolon, and provides a practical example of creating a directory and files in a single command line entry.', "Displaying and Searching Files The transcript covers the use of commands to display all '.txt' files along with their permissions, and demonstrates a combination of 'find' and 'grep' commands to search for '.txt' files containing the string 'edureka'."]}], 'duration': 386.42, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg3785928.jpg', 'highlights': ['The grep command is introduced for searching specific words or patterns in a text file, with options like displaying line numbers and word count.', 'The chapter explains file redirection using the greater than symbol, including examples of overwriting and appending files.', "Terminating Processes in Linux The chapter emphasizes using the 'kill' command to terminate processes in Linux, cautioning against using 'kill 0' on production environments.", 'Command Chaining It introduces the concept of command chaining in Linux, exemplifying the execution of multiple commands in succession using a semicolon.', "Command Insertion in Command Prompt It explains the method of inserting commands in command prompt by using the hash symbol, including examples of using hash symbols for comments in configuration files such as 'grub.conf' and 'profile'."]}, {'end': 4893.163, 'segs': [{'end': 4197.834, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4172.348, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4177.77, 'text': 'this is how you can do it same thing how to find the status of a process.', 'start': 4172.348, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 4186.136, 'text': 'if you want to find the status of a process in linux operating system, you can run the command called ps hyphen, aux.', 'start': 4177.77, 'duration': 8.366}, {'end': 4190.648, 'text': 'okay, so you see the status here, the status of a process.', 'start': 4186.136, 'duration': 4.512}, {'end': 4194.571, 'text': 'if it is S, it is interruptible sleep state.', 'start': 4190.648, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 4197.834, 'text': 'that means it is waiting for an event to complete.', 'start': 4194.571, 'duration': 3.263}], 'summary': "In linux, use 'ps -aux' to find process status; 's' indicates interruptible sleep state.", 'duration': 25.486, 'max_score': 4172.348, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4172348.jpg'}, {'end': 4314.78, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4259.668, 'weight': 0.751, 'content': [{'end': 4267.892, 'text': 'okay, like this, you can find out the process states by using the command ps-aux, the status of a process.', 'start': 4259.668, 'duration': 8.224}, {'end': 4272.413, 'text': 'you should look into this column, the status of a process.', 'start': 4267.892, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 4276.475, 'text': 'okay, and what is the command to calculate the size of a folder?', 'start': 4272.413, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 4285.744, 'text': 'this is also one of the important question and you can find out with the command du, which is nothing but the directory usage,', 'start': 4278.083, 'duration': 7.661}, {'end': 4289.905, 'text': 'and with the arguments hyphen, sh of the directory boot.', 'start': 4285.744, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 4291.886, 'text': 'you see, for the directory boot.', 'start': 4289.905, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 4294.566, 'text': 'it is occupied 135 MB.', 'start': 4291.886, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 4297.927, 'text': 'okay, the command du is to find out the directory.', 'start': 4294.566, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 4300.447, 'text': 'usage of a particular directory.', 'start': 4297.927, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 4303.388, 'text': 'okay, how to check the memory status of the system?', 'start': 4300.447, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 4304.668, 'text': 'it is a repeated question again.', 'start': 4303.388, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 4308.893, 'text': 'the command is free hyphen m or free hyphen g?', 'start': 4305.348, 'duration': 3.545}, {'end': 4310.495, 'text': 'okay, same thing.', 'start': 4308.893, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 4314.78, 'text': 'and how to log in as root in linux from the terminal.', 'start': 4310.495, 'duration': 4.285}], 'summary': 'Using commands like ps-aux, du, and free, you can find process states, folder size, and memory status in linux.', 'duration': 55.112, 'max_score': 4259.668, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4259668.jpg'}, {'end': 4303.388, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4278.083, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4285.744, 'text': 'this is also one of the important question and you can find out with the command du, which is nothing but the directory usage,', 'start': 4278.083, 'duration': 7.661}, {'end': 4289.905, 'text': 'and with the arguments hyphen, sh of the directory boot.', 'start': 4285.744, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 4291.886, 'text': 'you see, for the directory boot.', 'start': 4289.905, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 4294.566, 'text': 'it is occupied 135 MB.', 'start': 4291.886, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 4297.927, 'text': 'okay, the command du is to find out the directory.', 'start': 4294.566, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 4300.447, 'text': 'usage of a particular directory.', 'start': 4297.927, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 4303.388, 'text': 'okay, how to check the memory status of the system?', 'start': 4300.447, 'duration': 2.941}], 'summary': "Using 'du' command, the directory 'boot' occupies 135 mb. du command finds directory usage.", 'duration': 25.305, 'max_score': 4278.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4278083.jpg'}, {'end': 4403.348, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4379.022, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4385.125, 'text': 'this is a very, very important question and this is frequently asked in interviews, and the command would be no hub.', 'start': 4379.022, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 4387.672, 'text': 'okay, the command is no hub.', 'start': 4386.03, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 4391.756, 'text': 'by using the no hub command, the process will run in the background.', 'start': 4387.672, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 4398.803, 'text': 'okay, any process which receives the no hub signal, okay, will be terminated when you log out the program.', 'start': 4391.756, 'duration': 7.047}, {'end': 4403.348, 'text': 'okay, until then the process would be running in the background all the time.', 'start': 4398.803, 'duration': 4.545}], 'summary': "Using 'nohup' command runs process in background, terminates on log out.", 'duration': 24.326, 'max_score': 4379.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4379022.jpg'}, {'end': 4536.923, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4513.375, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4522.979, 'text': 'the link count, when exactly the file was last accessed, last modified okay, all that you can see in inode.', 'start': 4513.375, 'duration': 9.604}, {'end': 4532.722, 'text': 'so an inode number points to an inode table, which is a data structure that stores all that information the size of the file, the device ID,', 'start': 4522.979, 'duration': 9.743}, {'end': 4536.923, 'text': 'the user ID, group ID, the file mode, permissions everything.', 'start': 4532.722, 'duration': 4.201}], 'summary': 'Inodes store file metadata like size, access time, and permissions.', 'duration': 23.548, 'max_score': 4513.375, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4513375.jpg'}, {'end': 4599.095, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4568.055, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4572.577, 'text': 'renice command will modify the scheduling priority of a running process.', 'start': 4568.055, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 4579.982, 'text': 'okay, so the process scheduling priority ranges from minus 20 to 19.', 'start': 4573.638, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 4581.043, 'text': 'keep this in mind.', 'start': 4579.982, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 4582.644, 'text': 'this is very important.', 'start': 4581.043, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 4587.227, 'text': 'okay, the process scheduling priority range from minus 20 to 19.', 'start': 4582.644, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 4589.628, 'text': 'we also call this as a nice value.', 'start': 4587.227, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 4599.095, 'text': 'okay, a nice value of minus 20 represents the highest priority and the nice value of 19 represents the least priority of a process.', 'start': 4589.628, 'duration': 9.467}], 'summary': 'The renice command adjusts process scheduling priority from -20 to 19.', 'duration': 31.04, 'max_score': 4568.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4568055.jpg'}, {'end': 4748.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4723.974, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4730.017, 'text': 'and the last question is like what are shadow passwords and how they are enabled?', 'start': 4723.974, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 4734.179, 'text': 'so shadow passwords are given for better system security.', 'start': 4730.017, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 4737.441, 'text': "every user's passwords will be stored in slash etc.", 'start': 4734.179, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 4746.726, 'text': 'slash password file and by implementing shadow passwords, all passwords will be stored in encrypted format in a new file called slash etc.', 'start': 4737.441, 'duration': 9.285}, {'end': 4748.347, 'text': 'slash shadow.', 'start': 4746.726, 'duration': 1.621}], 'summary': 'Shadow passwords enhance system security by storing passwords in encrypted format in a separate file.', 'duration': 24.373, 'max_score': 4723.974, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4723974.jpg'}], 'start': 4172.348, 'title': 'Linux essentials', 'summary': "Provides insights into linux process status and commands such as 'ps aux' and 'du -sh', and covers essential linux interview questions, highlighting key commands and their practical examples.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4303.388, 'start': 4172.348, 'title': 'Linux process status and commands', 'summary': "Discusses how to find the status of a process in a linux operating system using the command 'ps aux', detailing the different process states and their meanings, as well as how to calculate the size of a folder using 'du -sh' command and checking the memory status of the system.", 'duration': 131.04, 'highlights': ["The command 'ps aux' can be used to find the status of a process in a Linux operating system, where different process states such as S (interruptible sleep state), D (uninterruptible sleep state), R (running state), Z (zombie process), and T (stopped state) are explained with their meanings and significance.", "The command 'du -sh' is used to calculate the size of a folder in Linux, and for example, the size of the directory 'boot' is shown as 135 MB, providing a means to find out the directory usage of a particular directory.", 'The transcript also touches on checking the memory status of the system, although not in detail, indicating the presence of further information on this topic.']}, {'end': 4893.163, 'start': 4303.388, 'title': 'Linux interview essentials', 'summary': 'Covers essential linux interview questions, including logging in as root, running programs in the background, tracking events, partial backup, inodes, processor intensive job priority, and shadow passwords, with key commands such as sudo, su-, nohup, nice, and renice, emphasizing their importance and practical examples.', 'duration': 589.775, 'highlights': ['The command to run a Linux program in the background is nohup, and the process will run in the background until terminated, a frequently asked interview question with practical importance. nohup command runs a process in the background, remains active until logout, and is crucial for interviews.', 'Inode stores file information like size, permissions, ownership, and timestamps, highlighting its significance in file management and system administration. Inode stores metadata about files, including size, permissions, ownership, and timestamps, essential for file management and system administration.', 'The commands nice and renice are used to set process priorities in Linux, with the priority range from -20 to 19, offering practical examples and emphasizing their importance in system resource management. nice and renice commands set process priorities within the range of -20 to 19, crucial for system resource management, with practical examples.', 'Shadow passwords enhance system security by storing encrypted passwords separately in a file called /etc/shadow, addressing the security vulnerability of storing passwords in the /etc/password file. Shadow passwords store encrypted passwords separately in /etc/shadow, improving system security and addressing vulnerabilities from storing passwords in the /etc/password file.']}], 'duration': 720.815, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3tvtXOg5rg/pics/p3tvtXOg5rg4172348.jpg', 'highlights': ["The command 'ps aux' explains different process states and their meanings in a Linux operating system.", "The command 'du -sh' is used to calculate the size of a folder in Linux, providing a means to find out the directory usage.", 'The nohup command runs a process in the background until terminated, crucial for interviews.', 'Inode stores file information like size, permissions, ownership, and timestamps, essential for file management and system administration.', 'The commands nice and renice set process priorities in Linux within the range of -20 to 19, crucial for system resource management.', 'Shadow passwords enhance system security by storing encrypted passwords separately in a file called /etc/shadow.']}], 'highlights': ['Linux is free and open source, offering millions of free programs and applications, eliminating the need for antivirus software due to its high security, and being the preferred choice for server environments used by major companies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google.', 'The Linux kernel was developed by Linus Torvalds as a Unix clone, adhering to POSIX standards, and is distributed freely or at a lower cost compared to Unix, which has different cost structures according to vendors.', 'The GNU project was launched in September 1983 by Richard and Stallman to create a complete operating system which is free software, with the main intention to create an operating system which is completely open source and freely available for all public users.', "The name of the GNU project is derived from the recursive acronym which is nothing but GNU's not UNIX, designed to be mostly compatible with UNIX operating system so that it would be convenient for people to migrate to GNU.", 'The kernel is the core part of Linux, responsible for all major activities of the operating system, consisting of various modules and providing a required abstraction to hide low-level hardware details to system or application programs.', 'System libraries are special functions or programs that allow application programs or system utilities to access kernel features, implementing most of the functionalities of the operating system and not requiring kernel modules or code access rights.', "The 'vmstat' command displays virtual memory statistics, including kernel threads, disk system processes, IO blocks, interrupts, and CPU activity, providing detailed insights into the system's dynamic activity.", "The 'SAR' command is essential for monitoring CPU usage and memory free/used, and can be used with different arguments such as 'SAR -U 1 3' for real-time CPU usage monitoring.", 'LVM provides flexibility in resizing and shrinking logical volumes, unlike fixed partition sizes created by traditional tools like fdisk.', 'The root user, also known as the super user or administrator, has all the rights and permissions to all files and programs in Unix-like computer operating systems.', 'Symbolic links in Linux do not contain data but point to another file, offering a convenient way to access and interact with the operating system.', "The command 'ps aux' explains different process states and their meanings in a Linux operating system.", "The command 'du -sh' is used to calculate the size of a folder in Linux, providing a means to find out the directory usage.", 'Inode stores file information like size, permissions, ownership, and timestamps, essential for file management and system administration.', 'Shadow passwords enhance system security by storing encrypted passwords separately in a file called /etc/shadow.']}