title
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325

description
Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Henson Shaving: https://hensonshaving.com/lex and use code LEX to get 100 free blades with your razor - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings - LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off EPISODE LINKS: Michael's Twitter: https://twitter.com/drmichaellevin Michael's Website: https://drmichaellevin.org Michael's Papers: Biological Robots: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880 Synthetic Organisms: https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420889.2021.2005863 Limb Regeneration: https://science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj2164 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:40 - Embryogenesis 9:08 - Xenobots: biological robots 22:55 - Sense of self 32:26 - Multi-scale competency architecture 43:57 - Free will 53:27 - Bioelectricity 1:06:44 - Planaria 1:18:33 - Building xenobots 1:42:08 - Unconventional cognition 2:06:39 - Origin of evolution 2:13:41 - Synthetic organisms 2:20:27 - Regenerative medicine 2:24:13 - Cancer suppression 2:28:15 - Viruses 2:33:28 - Cognitive light cones 2:38:03 - Advice for young people 2:42:47 - Death 2:52:17 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1412.389, 'start': 1288.469, 'weight': 0.756}, {'end': 10807.949, 'start': 10711.391, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Exploring the interplay between genetics and physics at every scale, the podcast delves into topics like planarian immortality, regenerative medicine, biological competence architecture, bioelectricity, somatic cell intelligence, embryogenesis, unconventional cognition, sentience, consciousness, and regenerative medicine's potential impact on ai modeling and limb regeneration, shedding light on the nature of viruses and consciousness while challenging traditional biological concepts.", 'chapters': [{'end': 814.442, 'segs': [{'end': 26.673, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.009, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.61, 'text': 'And it turns out that if you train a planarian and then cut their heads off,', 'start': 0.009, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 7.312, 'text': 'the tail will regenerate a brand new brain that still remembers the original information.', 'start': 3.61, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 11.754, 'text': 'I think planaria hold the answer to pretty much every deep question of life.', 'start': 7.752, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 14.675, 'text': "For one thing, they're similar to our ancestors.", 'start': 12.374, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 15.595, 'text': 'So they have true symmetry.', 'start': 14.695, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 16.315, 'text': 'They have a true brain.', 'start': 15.615, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 17.176, 'text': "They're not like earthworms.", 'start': 16.335, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 18.897, 'text': "They're, you know, they're much more advanced life form.", 'start': 17.216, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 24.579, 'text': "They have lots of different internal organs, but they're these little they're about, you know, maybe two centimeters in the centimeter to two in size.", 'start': 19.157, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 26.673, 'text': 'They have a head and a tail.', 'start': 25.612, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Planaria can regenerate a new brain, hold ancestral traits, and possess true symmetry and internal organs.', 'duration': 26.664, 'max_score': 0.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9.jpg'}, {'end': 184.941, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 156.426, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 162.73, 'text': 'And so we can see in this process that the whole mystery you know, the biggest mystery of the of the universe, basically how you get mind from matter.', 'start': 156.426, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 165.469, 'text': 'from just physics in quotes.', 'start': 163.507, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 168.071, 'text': "So where's the magic into the thing?", 'start': 166.27, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 175.118, 'text': 'How do we get from information encoded in DNA and make physical reality out of that information?', 'start': 168.772, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 184.941, 'text': "So one of the things that I think is really important if we're going to bring in DNA into this picture is to think about the fact that what DNA encodes is the hardware of life.", 'start': 175.697, 'duration': 9.244}], 'summary': 'The mystery of getting mind from matter, and creating physical reality from dna, is a key focus.', 'duration': 28.515, 'max_score': 156.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU156426.jpg'}, {'end': 266.152, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 243.313, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 253.608, 'text': 'The DNA is integrated in some sense in response to the laws of physics at every scale, the laws of the environment it exists in.', 'start': 243.313, 'duration': 10.295}, {'end': 256.445, 'text': 'Yeah, the environment and also the laws of the universe.', 'start': 254.244, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 266.152, 'text': "I mean the thing about the thing about the DNA is that it's once evolution discovers a certain kind of machine that if the physical implementation is appropriate,", 'start': 256.485, 'duration': 9.667}], 'summary': 'Dna is influenced by laws of physics and environment at every scale.', 'duration': 22.839, 'max_score': 243.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU243313.jpg'}, {'end': 500.733, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 469.033, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 473.237, 'text': "So you've got this machine that builds copies of itself from loose material in its environment.", 'start': 469.033, 'duration': 4.204}, {'end': 477.981, 'text': 'None of this are things that you would have expected from the frog genome.', 'start': 473.617, 'duration': 4.364}, {'end': 479.121, 'text': 'In fact, there is wild type.', 'start': 478.021, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 479.842, 'text': 'The genome is wild type.', 'start': 479.141, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 481.083, 'text': "There's nothing wrong with their genetics.", 'start': 479.862, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 482.263, 'text': 'Nothing has been added.', 'start': 481.463, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 484.325, 'text': 'No nanomaterials, no genomic editing, nothing.', 'start': 482.343, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 488.607, 'text': 'And so what we have done there is engineered by subtraction,', 'start': 484.785, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 494.231, 'text': "which what you've done is you removed the other cells that normally basically bully these cells into being skin cells.", 'start': 488.607, 'duration': 5.624}, {'end': 500.733, 'text': 'And you find out that what they really want to do is to be this, they want their default behaviors to be a xenobot.', 'start': 494.611, 'duration': 6.122}], 'summary': 'Cells engineered to form xenobots exhibit default behavior in wild-type genome.', 'duration': 31.7, 'max_score': 469.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU469033.jpg'}, {'end': 829.678, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 797.417, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 799.538, 'text': 'So basically the material has agency, meaning that..', 'start': 797.417, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 808.092, 'text': 'it has some, some level of obviously not human level, but some level of preferences, goals, memories, ability to remember things,', 'start': 800.359, 'duration': 7.733}, {'end': 810.876, 'text': 'to compute into the future, meaning anticipate.', 'start': 808.092, 'duration': 2.784}, {'end': 814.442, 'text': "you know, when you're working with cells, they have all of that to some to various degrees.", 'start': 810.876, 'duration': 3.566}, {'end': 819.432, 'text': 'Is that empowering or limiting, having material that has a mind of its own?', 'start': 814.969, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 820.873, 'text': "literally?. I think it's both right?", 'start': 819.432, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 829.678, 'text': "So it raises difficulties because it means that if you're using the old mindset, which is a linear kind of extrapolation of what's going to happen,", 'start': 820.933, 'duration': 8.745}], 'summary': 'Material exhibits agency, with preferences, goals, and memory, challenging traditional linear mindset.', 'duration': 32.261, 'max_score': 797.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU797417.jpg'}], 'start': 0.009, 'title': 'Planarian immortality and genetic integration', 'summary': 'Explores the remarkable characteristics of planaria, including their immortality and brain regeneration, and discusses the integration of dna with physics, computation, and laws of scaling, revealing the interplay between genetics and the laws of physics at every scale.', 'chapters': [{'end': 156.026, 'start': 0.009, 'title': 'Planarian immortality and embryogenesis', 'summary': 'Discusses the remarkable characteristics of planaria, including their immortality and the ability to regenerate a new brain, and also delves into the fascinating process of embryogenesis, shedding light on the transformation from physics to mind.', 'duration': 156.017, 'highlights': ["Planaria are immortal, defying thermodynamic limitations on lifespan, and can regenerate a new brain after decapitation, retaining original information. Planarian's immortality and ability to regenerate a new brain showcase their defiance of thermodynamic limitations on lifespan, and their capability to retain original information even after decapitation.", 'Embryogenesis illuminates the gradual and smooth transformation from physics to mind, with no distinct point where true cognition emerges, starting from a single cell to an organism with high-level cognition and preferences. Embryogenesis demonstrates the gradual transformation from physics to mind, highlighting the journey from a single cell to an organism with high-level cognition and preferences, without a distinct point of transition to true cognition.', "Planaria are similar to our ancestors, possessing true symmetry and a true brain, and are considered more advanced than earthworms, with various internal organs, making them a fascinating subject for research. Planaria's similarity to our ancestors, possessing true symmetry, a true brain, and various internal organs, makes them an intriguing subject for research, highlighting their advanced nature compared to earthworms."]}, {'end': 814.442, 'start': 156.426, 'title': 'Integrating dna, physics, and embryogenesis', 'summary': 'Discusses the integration of dna with physics, computation, and laws of scaling, revealing the interplay between genetics and the laws of physics at every scale, and highlights the discovery of natural behaviors of cells in engineering xenobots.', 'duration': 658.016, 'highlights': ['The integration of DNA with physics, computation, and laws of scaling. The chapter emphasizes the interplay between genetics and the laws of physics at every scale, including the laws of computation and scaling.', 'The discovery of natural behaviors of cells in engineering xenobots. The discussion highlights the discovery of unexpected behaviors and capacities of cells in engineering xenobots, demonstrating their innate capacities and the potential for reprogramming.', 'The discussion of agential materials and collaborative engineering with cells. The chapter introduces the concept of agential materials, highlighting the collaboration with cellular substrate with its own agency, goals, and preferences in engineering, moving beyond traditional engineering approaches.']}], 'duration': 814.433, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9.jpg', 'highlights': ["Planaria's immortality and ability to regenerate a new brain showcase their defiance of thermodynamic limitations on lifespan, and their capability to retain original information even after decapitation.", 'Embryogenesis demonstrates the gradual transformation from physics to mind, highlighting the journey from a single cell to an organism with high-level cognition and preferences, without a distinct point of transition to true cognition.', "Planaria's similarity to our ancestors, possessing true symmetry, a true brain, and various internal organs, makes them an intriguing subject for research, highlighting their advanced nature compared to earthworms.", 'The integration of DNA with physics, computation, and laws of scaling emphasizes the interplay between genetics and the laws of physics at every scale, including the laws of computation and scaling.', 'The discussion highlights the discovery of unexpected behaviors and capacities of cells in engineering xenobots, demonstrating their innate capacities and the potential for reprogramming.', 'The chapter introduces the concept of agential materials, highlighting the collaboration with cellular substrate with its own agency, goals, and preferences in engineering, moving beyond traditional engineering approaches.']}, {'end': 1807.27, 'segs': [{'end': 874.279, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 850.661, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 857.908, 'text': 'So just as a simple example, right, if you had a rat And you wanted this rat to do a circus trick, put a ball in the little hoop.', 'start': 850.661, 'duration': 7.247}, {'end': 863.271, 'text': 'You can do it the micromanagement way, which is try to control every neuron and try to play the thing like a puppet right?', 'start': 858.388, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 865.033, 'text': "And maybe someday that'll be possible, maybe.", 'start': 863.331, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 866.334, 'text': 'Or you can train the rat.', 'start': 865.553, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 872.738, 'text': "And this is why humanity for thousands of years before we knew any neuroscience, we had no idea what's between the ears of any animal.", 'start': 866.774, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 874.279, 'text': 'we were able to train these animals.', 'start': 873.018, 'duration': 1.261}], 'summary': 'Neuroscience may enable micromanagement of rats, but training works too.', 'duration': 23.618, 'max_score': 850.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU850661.jpg'}, {'end': 908.647, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 880.224, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 885.569, 'text': 'If you know the currency of motivation, reward and punishment, you know how smart it is, you know what kinds of things it likes to do,', 'start': 880.224, 'duration': 5.345}, {'end': 891.654, 'text': 'you are searching a much smoother, much nicer problem space than if you try to micromanage the thing.', 'start': 885.569, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 898.079, 'text': "And in regenerative medicine, when you're trying to get, let's say, an arm to grow back or an eye to repair a cell, birth defect or something?", 'start': 892.034, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 903.743, 'text': 'do you really want to be controlling tens of thousands of genes at each point to try to micromanage it?', 'start': 898.079, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 908.647, 'text': 'Or do you want to find the high level modular controls that say build an arm here?', 'start': 904.104, 'duration': 4.543}], 'summary': 'Understanding the currency of motivation leads to smarter problem-solving in regenerative medicine, enabling high-level modular control for organ regeneration.', 'duration': 28.423, 'max_score': 880.224, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU880224.jpg'}, {'end': 1015.774, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 988.718, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 993.704, 'text': "If you look at a bunch of termites and they make a thing with a single chimney and you say well, I like it, but I'd like two chimneys.", 'start': 988.718, 'duration': 4.986}, {'end': 997.861, 'text': 'How do you change the rules of behavior-free termites so they make two chimneys?', 'start': 994.639, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 1001.624, 'text': 'Or if you say here are a bunch of cells that are creating this kind of organism?', 'start': 997.961, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 1003.345, 'text': "I don't think that's optimal.", 'start': 1002.144, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 1005.106, 'text': "I'd like to repair that birth defect.", 'start': 1003.385, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 1010.13, 'text': 'How do you control all the individual low-level rules, all the protein interactions and everything else?', 'start': 1005.487, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 1015.774, 'text': 'Rolling it back from the anatomy that you want to the low-level hardware rules is, in general, intractable.', 'start': 1010.53, 'duration': 5.244}], 'summary': 'Controlling termite behavior to build two chimneys is challenging. manipulating low-level rules for optimizing organism anatomy is generally intractable.', 'duration': 27.056, 'max_score': 988.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU988718.jpg'}, {'end': 1065.444, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1040.566, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1047.589, 'text': "So just as a simple example, if you have you have a salamander and it's got an arm, you can you can amputate that arm anywhere along the length.", 'start': 1040.566, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 1050.432, 'text': "It will grow exactly what's needed and then it stops.", 'start': 1048.011, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 1052.994, 'text': "That's the most amazing thing about regeneration is that it stops.", 'start': 1050.512, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 1053.834, 'text': 'It knows when to stop.', 'start': 1053.034, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 1057.156, 'text': 'When does it stop? It stops when a correct salamander arm has been completed.', 'start': 1054.135, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 1058.397, 'text': "So that tells you that's right.", 'start': 1057.517, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 1059.058, 'text': "That's a, that's a.", 'start': 1058.437, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1065.444, 'text': 'a means ends kind of analysis where it has to know what the correct limb is supposed to look like right?', 'start': 1060.279, 'duration': 5.165}], 'summary': 'Salamanders can regenerate limbs, stopping when the correct limb length is reached.', 'duration': 24.878, 'max_score': 1040.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1040566.jpg'}, {'end': 1119.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1091.14, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1094.661, 'text': 'Can we give it a false memory of what the shape should be and let the cells build something else??', 'start': 1091.14, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 1096.962, 'text': 'Or can we mess with the measurement apparatus right?', 'start': 1095.061, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1099.303, 'text': 'So it gives you those kinds of.', 'start': 1097.102, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 1100.824, 'text': 'So the idea is to..', 'start': 1099.303, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1107.767, 'text': 'basically appropriate a lot of the approaches and concepts from cognitive,', 'start': 1101.784, 'duration': 5.983}, {'end': 1112.85, 'text': 'neuroscience and behavioral science into things that previously were taken to be dumb materials.', 'start': 1107.767, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 1119.014, 'text': 'And you know you get yelled at in class if you, if for being anthropomorphic, if you said well, my cells want to do this and my cells want to do that.', 'start': 1113.271, 'duration': 5.743}], 'summary': 'Exploring manipulating cell behavior using cognitive and neuroscience concepts.', 'duration': 27.874, 'max_score': 1091.14, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1091140.jpg'}, {'end': 1234.414, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1205.799, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1207.781, 'text': 'And a lot of people are skeptical about that and so on.', 'start': 1205.799, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 1213.505, 'text': "But you've got to realize that we are not there's no such thing as this like indivisible diamond of intelligence.", 'start': 1208.101, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 1215.927, 'text': "That's like this one central thing that's not made of parts.", 'start': 1213.545, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1216.808, 'text': 'We are all made of parts.', 'start': 1215.947, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 1226.231, 'text': 'And so if you believe which I think is hard to get around that we in fact have a centralized set of goals and preferences,', 'start': 1217.288, 'duration': 8.943}, {'end': 1232.173, 'text': 'and we plan and we do things, and so on, you are already committed to the fact that a collection of cells is able to do this,', 'start': 1226.231, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 1233.493, 'text': 'because we are a collection of cells.', 'start': 1232.173, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 1234.414, 'text': "There's no getting around that.", 'start': 1233.593, 'duration': 0.821}], 'summary': 'Intelligence is not indivisible; we are a collection of cells with centralized goals and preferences.', 'duration': 28.615, 'max_score': 1205.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1205799.jpg'}, {'end': 1321.208, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1288.469, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1302.16, 'text': "I mean we're jumping around, but that's something that you look at as the bioelectrical signal versus the biochemical, the chemistry, the electricity.", 'start': 1288.469, 'duration': 13.691}, {'end': 1308.065, 'text': 'Maybe the life is in that versus the cells.', 'start': 1303.041, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 1316.512, 'text': "There's an orchestra playing, and the resulting music is the dictator.", 'start': 1308.165, 'duration': 8.347}, {'end': 1318.227, 'text': "That's not bad.", 'start': 1317.267, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 1321.208, 'text': "That's Dennis Noble's kind of view of things.", 'start': 1319.128, 'duration': 2.08}], 'summary': 'Bioelectrical vs biochemical signals in cells, according to dennis noble.', 'duration': 32.739, 'max_score': 1288.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1288469.jpg'}, {'end': 1412.389, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1288.469, 'weight': 0.756, 'content': [{'end': 1302.16, 'text': "I mean we're jumping around, but that's something that you look at as the bioelectrical signal versus the biochemical, the chemistry, the electricity.", 'start': 1288.469, 'duration': 13.691}, {'end': 1308.065, 'text': 'Maybe the life is in that versus the cells.', 'start': 1303.041, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 1316.512, 'text': "There's an orchestra playing, and the resulting music is the dictator.", 'start': 1308.165, 'duration': 8.347}, {'end': 1318.227, 'text': "That's not bad.", 'start': 1317.267, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 1321.208, 'text': "That's Dennis Noble's kind of view of things.", 'start': 1319.128, 'duration': 2.08}, {'end': 1326.57, 'text': "He has two really good books where he talks about this musical analogy, right? So I think that's, I like it.", 'start': 1321.228, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 1327.47, 'text': 'I like it.', 'start': 1327.13, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 1330.431, 'text': "Is it wrong though? I don't think it's, no, I don't think it's wrong.", 'start': 1327.99, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1332.272, 'text': "I don't think it's wrong.", 'start': 1331.351, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 1341.795, 'text': 'I think the important thing about it is that we have to come to grips with the fact that a true,', 'start': 1332.492, 'duration': 9.303}, {'end': 1345.177, 'text': 'proper cognitive intelligence can still be made of parts.', 'start': 1341.795, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 1346.978, 'text': 'And in fact, it has to be.', 'start': 1345.277, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 1349.52, 'text': "And I think it's a real shame, but I see this all the time.", 'start': 1346.998, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 1352.562, 'text': 'When you have a collective like this,', 'start': 1350.26, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 1363.608, 'text': 'whether it be a group of robots or a collection of cells or neurons or whatever as soon as we gain some insight into how it works meaning that,', 'start': 1352.562, 'duration': 11.046}, {'end': 1365.189, 'text': 'oh I see, in order to take this action,', 'start': 1363.608, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 1372.093, 'text': "here's the information that got processed via this chemical mechanism or whatever immediately people say oh well then, that's not real cognition.", 'start': 1365.189, 'duration': 6.904}, {'end': 1373.013, 'text': "That's just physics.", 'start': 1372.113, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 1379.297, 'text': "And I think this is fundamentally flawed because if you zoom into anything, what are you going to see? Of course, you're just going to see physics.", 'start': 1373.333, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 1381.338, 'text': "What else could be underneath, right? That's not going to be fairy dust.", 'start': 1379.317, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 1382.558, 'text': "It's going to be physics and chemistry.", 'start': 1381.398, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 1388.001, 'text': "But that doesn't take away from the magic of the fact that there are certain ways to arrange that physics and chemistry,", 'start': 1382.898, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 1390.082, 'text': 'and in particular the bioelectricity, which I like a lot.', 'start': 1388.001, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 1400.646, 'text': 'to give you an emergent collective with goals and preferences and memories and anticipations that do not belong to any of the subunits.', 'start': 1391.563, 'duration': 9.083}, {'end': 1411.349, 'text': "So I think what we're getting into here and we can talk about how this happens during embryogenesis and so on what we're getting into is the origin of a self with a capital S.", 'start': 1400.986, 'duration': 10.363}, {'end': 1412.389, 'text': 'So we are selves.', 'start': 1411.349, 'duration': 1.04}], 'summary': 'Bioelectricity and biochemistry contribute to emergent collective intelligence, challenging the idea of cognition as purely physics.', 'duration': 123.92, 'max_score': 1288.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1288469.jpg'}, {'end': 1553.982, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1523.196, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1527.579, 'text': 'Amniote embryos, so this is humans, birds, and so on, mammals and birds and so on.', 'start': 1523.196, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 1530.021, 'text': 'Imagine a flat disk of cells.', 'start': 1527.899, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 1531.542, 'text': "So there's maybe 50,000 cells.", 'start': 1530.181, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 1537.948, 'text': "And in that so when you get an egg from a fertilized, let's say, you buy a fertilized egg from a farm right?", 'start': 1532.223, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 1543.312, 'text': 'That egg will have about 50,000 cells in a flat disk.', 'start': 1538.008, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 1544.973, 'text': 'It looks like a little tiny little Frisbee.', 'start': 1543.332, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 1553.982, 'text': 'And in that flat disk, what will happen is one set of cells will become special.', 'start': 1545.874, 'duration': 8.108}], 'summary': 'Amniote embryos, like humans and birds, start with 50,000 cells in a flat disk.', 'duration': 30.786, 'max_score': 1523.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1523196.jpg'}, {'end': 1770.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1748.602, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1758.85, 'text': 'where collections of cells gave instructions for cell behaviors, meaning cells move to divide, to die, to change into different cell types,', 'start': 1748.602, 'duration': 10.248}, {'end': 1763.174, 'text': 'to navigate more for space the space of anatomies, the space of all possible anatomies.', 'start': 1758.85, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 1770.139, 'text': 'And before that, cells were navigating transcriptional space, which is a space of all possible gene expressions, and before that, metabolic space.', 'start': 1763.654, 'duration': 6.485}], 'summary': 'Cells navigate various spaces to divide, die, and change into different types.', 'duration': 21.537, 'max_score': 1748.602, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1748602.jpg'}], 'start': 814.969, 'title': 'Material, biology, and collective intelligence in regenerative medicine', 'summary': 'Explores the dual nature of materials in regenerative medicine, the potential of top-down control systems in biology and engineering, and the concept of collective intelligence in biological systems, providing insights into the challenges and opportunities in these areas.', 'chapters': [{'end': 866.334, 'start': 814.969, 'title': 'Empowering material in regenerative medicine', 'summary': 'Discusses the dual nature of material with a mind of its own, presenting challenges in prediction but also offering liberation, particularly in the context of regenerative medicine, where it enables materials to perform tasks without micromanagement.', 'duration': 51.365, 'highlights': ["Regenerative medicine benefits from the material's unpredictability, enabling it to perform tasks without micromanagement.", 'The material with a mind of its own presents challenges for those using a linear mindset, leading to frequent surprises and shocks.', 'The dual nature of the material offers both limitations and empowerment in its unpredictability.']}, {'end': 1242.596, 'start': 866.774, 'title': 'Biology and engineering: understanding and harnessing control systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenge of controlling complex biological processes and the potential of understanding and manipulating top-down control systems in regenerative medicine, using examples of animal behavior and the need for new engineering approaches.', 'duration': 375.822, 'highlights': ['Understanding the level of agency in a system allows for the use of appropriate techniques, such as motivation, reward, and punishment, to train animals. Recognizing the level of agency in a system enables the use of appropriate techniques, such as motivation, reward, and punishment, to train animals, leading to a smoother problem-solving process.', 'In regenerative medicine, the challenge is to find high-level modular controls that enable the regeneration of complex body parts, rather than attempting to micromanage individual genes and interactions. The challenge in regenerative medicine lies in finding high-level modular controls for complex body part regeneration, rather than micromanaging individual genes and interactions, leading to new engineering approaches.', 'Current simulations in biology are proficient at feed-forward emergent types of phenomena but are not adept at capturing the intricate and powerful aspects of biological systems, presenting a difficult inverse problem. Current simulations in biology excel at feed-forward emergent phenomena but struggle to capture the intricate aspects of biological systems, posing a complex inverse problem.', 'The concept of top-down controls in biology, focusing on goal-directed, test-operate-exit loops, presents a new space for error minimization in the context of anatomy and regeneration. The concept of top-down controls in biology introduces a new space for error minimization, focusing on goal-directed, test-operate-exit loops in the context of anatomy and regeneration.', "Understanding the homeostatic cycle in organisms, such as the ability of salamanders to regenerate limbs, offers opportunities to manipulate memory and measurement apparatus for experimental purposes. Understanding the homeostatic cycle in organisms, like the salamander's limb regeneration ability, provides opportunities for experimental manipulation of memory and measurement apparatus.", 'The discussion about collective intelligence emphasizes that all intelligence is collective, challenging the notion of a central dictator in biological systems and highlighting the capabilities of a collection of cells. The discussion about collective intelligence challenges the notion of a central dictator in biological systems, emphasizing the capabilities of a collection of cells and the absence of a centralized intelligence.']}, {'end': 1807.27, 'start': 1242.916, 'title': 'Collective intelligence in biological systems', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of collective intelligence in biological systems, emphasizing that all examples of intelligence are a collective of cells, and discusses the emergence of selfhood and the concept of problem-solving machines in evolution.', 'duration': 564.354, 'highlights': ['The concept of collective intelligence is emphasized, stating that all examples of intelligence are a collective of cells. Intelligence is a collective of cells receiving signals from the central nervous system, and the emergent collective possesses goals, preferences, memories, and anticipations.', 'The emergence of selfhood is discussed, highlighting the slow and continuous nature of the development of cognitive powers, challenging the idea of a specific point of cognitive emergence. The development of selfhood is a slow and continuous process, and the idea that true selves exist only in humans runs against evolutionary and developmental biology.', 'The concept of problem-solving machines in evolution is introduced, stating that evolution produces solutions to problems in different spaces, not just specific environments. Evolution produces problem-solving machines that navigate different spaces, and the brain evolved from a more ancient system of cells giving instructions for behaviors.']}], 'duration': 992.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU814969.jpg', 'highlights': ["Regenerative medicine benefits from material's unpredictability, enabling it to perform tasks without micromanagement.", 'Understanding the level of agency in a system allows for the use of appropriate techniques, such as motivation, reward, and punishment, to train animals.', 'Current simulations in biology excel at feed-forward emergent phenomena but struggle to capture the intricate aspects of biological systems, posing a complex inverse problem.', 'The concept of top-down controls in biology introduces a new space for error minimization, focusing on goal-directed, test-operate-exit loops in the context of anatomy and regeneration.', "Understanding the homeostatic cycle in organisms, like the salamander's limb regeneration ability, provides opportunities for experimental manipulation of memory and measurement apparatus.", 'The discussion about collective intelligence challenges the notion of a central dictator in biological systems, emphasizing the capabilities of a collection of cells and the absence of a centralized intelligence.', 'The concept of collective intelligence is emphasized, stating that all examples of intelligence are a collective of cells.', 'The emergence of selfhood is discussed, highlighting the slow and continuous nature of the development of cognitive powers, challenging the idea of a specific point of cognitive emergence.', 'Evolution produces problem-solving machines that navigate different spaces, and the brain evolved from a more ancient system of cells giving instructions for behaviors.']}, {'end': 2886.625, 'segs': [{'end': 1881.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1850.072, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1853.352, 'text': 'In many ways, the cells are discovering new ways of being.', 'start': 1850.072, 'duration': 3.28}, {'end': 1856.393, 'text': 'But at the same time, evolution certainly shapes all this.', 'start': 1853.933, 'duration': 2.46}, {'end': 1860.394, 'text': 'So evolution is very good at this agential bioengineering.', 'start': 1856.693, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 1868.057, 'text': "When evolution is discovering a new way of being an animal, an animal or a plant or something, Sometimes it's by changing the hardware, you know,", 'start': 1860.414, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 1870.538, 'text': 'protein changing protein structure and so on.', 'start': 1868.057, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 1875.72, 'text': "But much of the time, it's not by changing the hardware, it's by changing the signals that the cells give to each other.", 'start': 1871.178, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 1881.722, 'text': "It's doing what we as engineers do, which is try to convince the cells to do various things by using signals, experiences, stimuli.", 'start': 1876.08, 'duration': 5.642}], 'summary': 'Evolution shapes cell behavior, using signals and stimuli to influence cells.', 'duration': 31.65, 'max_score': 1850.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1850072.jpg'}, {'end': 1990.476, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1959.733, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1965.934, 'text': 'I also see the incompetence of bureaucracies of humans when they get together.', 'start': 1959.733, 'duration': 6.201}, {'end': 1974.996, 'text': 'So how the hell does evolution build this? Where at every level, only the best get to stick around.', 'start': 1967.394, 'duration': 7.602}, {'end': 1978.417, 'text': 'They somehow figure out how to do their job without knowing the bigger picture.', 'start': 1975.036, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 1982.518, 'text': "And then there's like the bosses that do the bigger thing.", 'start': 1978.437, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 1990.476, 'text': 'somehow, or you can now abstract away the small group of cells as an organ or something,', 'start': 1983.413, 'duration': 7.063}], 'summary': "Evolution favors the best at every level, despite human bureaucracy's incompetence.", 'duration': 30.743, 'max_score': 1959.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1959733.jpg'}, {'end': 2081.335, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2055.353, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2062.659, 'text': "I think it's like a thermostat, or I think it's like a better thermostat, or I think it's a – various other kinds of.", 'start': 2055.353, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 2064.94, 'text': 'you know many, many different kinds of complex systems.', 'start': 2062.659, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 2069.924, 'text': "if that helps me to control and and predict and build such systems, then then that's all there is to say.", 'start': 2064.94, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 2071.706, 'text': "there's no more philosophy to argue about.", 'start': 2069.924, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 2074.447, 'text': 'so. so i like competency in that way, because you can quantify, you could.', 'start': 2071.706, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 2075.469, 'text': 'you have to, in fact you have to.', 'start': 2074.447, 'duration': 1.022}, {'end': 2076.87, 'text': 'you have to make a claim, competent at what.', 'start': 2075.469, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 2081.335, 'text': "And then, or if I say if I tell you it has a goal, the question is what's the goal and how do you know?", 'start': 2077.33, 'duration': 4.005}], 'summary': 'Competency allows quantifying and controlling complex systems with clear goals.', 'duration': 25.982, 'max_score': 2055.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU2055353.jpg'}, {'end': 2764.955, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2736.352, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2738.252, 'text': "We'll get to whether it has free will momentarily,", 'start': 2736.352, 'duration': 1.9}, {'end': 2743.433, 'text': 'but I think what it definitely drives is a view of yourself and the outside world as an agential view.', 'start': 2738.252, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 2744.553, 'text': "I think that's inescapable.", 'start': 2743.453, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 2748.099, 'text': "So that's true for even primitive organisms? I think so.", 'start': 2744.693, 'duration': 3.406}, {'end': 2751.603, 'text': 'Now, obviously you have to scale down right?', 'start': 2748.52, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 2759.35, 'text': "So they don't have the kinds of complex metacognition that we have, so they can do long-term planning and thinking about free will and so on.", 'start': 2752.343, 'duration': 7.007}, {'end': 2764.955, 'text': 'But- But the sense of agency is really useful to accomplish a task, simple or complicated.', 'start': 2759.69, 'duration': 5.265}], 'summary': 'Sense of agency drives view of self and world, even in primitive organisms', 'duration': 28.603, 'max_score': 2736.352, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU2736352.jpg'}], 'start': 1808.13, 'title': 'Competency architecture in biology', 'summary': 'Explores multiscale competence architecture in biology, emphasizing how evolution shapes interplay of goals at different levels for optimizing organismal fitness, while also discussing the hierarchical competency architecture and its role in neutralizing mutations and driving self-construction under energy constraints.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2009.82, 'start': 1808.13, 'title': 'Evolutionary competence in biology', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of multiscale competence architecture in biology, highlighting how evolution shapes the interplay of goals at different levels and manipulates signals to optimize organismal fitness, with a focus on the software and hardware dynamics.', 'duration': 201.69, 'highlights': ['Evolution shapes the interplay of goals at different levels in biology, enabling problem-solving in new ways. Biology utilizes a multiscale competency architecture with goals at every level, allowing for problem-solving in new ways, such as in xenobots and other applications.', 'Evolution manipulates signals to influence cell behavior, utilizing software rather than hardware changes for efficiency. Evolution operates in both software and hardware, but it is more efficient to manipulate cell behavior through signals and experiences, as it deals with pre-existing cellular tendencies.', 'The concept of multi-hierarchical competence architecture in evolution raises questions about its construction and functionality. The hierarchical competence architecture in evolution, where only the best at each level persist, prompts questions on its construction and operation, akin to the competence of bureaucracies in human societies.']}, {'end': 2270.431, 'start': 2009.82, 'title': 'Engineering perspective on competency and goal pursuit', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of engineering terms like competency and pursuit of goals in quantifying and objectively understanding complex systems, using examples to illustrate their empirical usefulness and the multi-scale competency in development and evolution.', 'duration': 260.611, 'highlights': ['Engineering terms like competency and pursuit of goals are empirically incredibly useful in understanding and quantifying complex systems, providing an objective perspective. Engineering terms like competency and pursuit of goals are empirically incredibly useful in understanding and quantifying complex systems, providing an objective perspective.', 'The concept of multi-scale competency is illustrated through examples in development and evolution, such as the rearrangement of tadpole features to form frog faces, demonstrating the intelligence of the system in achieving the desired outcome. The concept of multi-scale competency is illustrated through examples in development and evolution, such as the rearrangement of tadpole features to form frog faces, demonstrating the intelligence of the system in achieving the desired outcome.', 'The importance of multi-scale competency in evolution is highlighted by the example of mutations affecting various aspects of organisms, demonstrating the necessity of this competency for survival. The importance of multi-scale competency in evolution is highlighted by the example of mutations affecting various aspects of organisms, demonstrating the necessity of this competency for survival.']}, {'end': 2886.625, 'start': 2270.431, 'title': 'Hierarchical competency architecture in biology', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of hierarchical competency architecture in biology, highlighting how it allows for the neutralization of deleterious mutations, the self-centered nature of individual components, and the emergence of free will driven by self-construction under energy constraints.', 'duration': 616.194, 'highlights': ["Biology's hierarchical competency architecture neutralizes deleterious mutations, allowing the competency of parts to compensate for environmental variability and noise.", "The self-centered nature of individual components in human systems is emphasized, with a comparison drawn to biology's collective goals relative to the welfare of individual parts.", 'The emergence of free will in organisms, driven by self-construction under energy constraints, is discussed as a plausible belief for any agent that self-constructs.']}], 'duration': 1078.495, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU1808130.jpg', 'highlights': ['Evolution shapes the interplay of goals at different levels in biology, enabling problem-solving in new ways.', 'The concept of multi-hierarchical competence architecture in evolution raises questions about its construction and functionality.', 'Engineering terms like competency and pursuit of goals are empirically incredibly useful in understanding and quantifying complex systems, providing an objective perspective.', 'The concept of multi-scale competency is illustrated through examples in development and evolution, such as the rearrangement of tadpole features to form frog faces, demonstrating the intelligence of the system in achieving the desired outcome.', "Biology's hierarchical competency architecture neutralizes deleterious mutations, allowing the competency of parts to compensate for environmental variability and noise.", 'The emergence of free will in organisms, driven by self-construction under energy constraints, is discussed as a plausible belief for any agent that self-constructs.']}, {'end': 3869.883, 'segs': [{'end': 2951.824, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2930.68, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2940.232, 'text': "Like why the whole peacock thing with the feathers, it doesn't seem It's a very low bandwidth signal for sexual selection.", 'start': 2930.68, 'duration': 9.552}, {'end': 2942.094, 'text': "And I'm not an expert on this stuff.", 'start': 2940.252, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 2944.096, 'text': 'On peacocks? Well, no.', 'start': 2942.174, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2946.779, 'text': "But I'll take a stab at the reason.", 'start': 2945.077, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 2949.081, 'text': "I think that it's because it's an arms race.", 'start': 2946.999, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 2951.824, 'text': "You see, you don't want everybody to know everything about you.", 'start': 2949.542, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Peacock feathers may seem low bandwidth for sexual selection, part of an arms race.', 'duration': 21.144, 'max_score': 2930.68, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU2930680.jpg'}, {'end': 3325.924, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3299.765, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3304.552, 'text': 'So merging that developmental biophysics with ideas and cognition of computation and so on.', 'start': 3299.765, 'duration': 4.787}, {'end': 3305.693, 'text': "I think that's what we've done that's new.", 'start': 3304.592, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 3310.379, 'text': "But people have been talking about bioelectricity for a really long time, and so I'll define that.", 'start': 3306.114, 'duration': 4.265}, {'end': 3316.602, 'text': 'What happens is that if you have a single cell, cell has a membrane.', 'start': 3311.861, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 3319.663, 'text': 'in that membrane are proteins called ion channels,', 'start': 3316.602, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 3325.924, 'text': 'and those proteins allow charged molecules potassium sodium chloride to go in and out under certain circumstances.', 'start': 3319.663, 'duration': 6.261}], 'summary': 'New approach merges developmental biophysics with computation, focusing on bioelectricity and ion channels.', 'duration': 26.159, 'max_score': 3299.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3299765.jpg'}, {'end': 3387.421, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3362.856, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3368.778, 'text': "Isn't it incredible that this evolved? Isn't that wild? Because that didn't exist.", 'start': 3362.856, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 3371.483, 'text': 'Correct This had to be evolved.', 'start': 3369.761, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 3372.685, 'text': 'It had to be invented.', 'start': 3371.503, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 3373.065, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 3372.745, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 3375.968, 'text': 'Somebody invented electricity in the ocean.', 'start': 3373.425, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 3377.811, 'text': 'When did this get invented? Yeah.', 'start': 3375.988, 'duration': 1.823}, {'end': 3381.175, 'text': 'It is incredible.', 'start': 3378.391, 'duration': 2.784}, {'end': 3384.418, 'text': 'The guy who discovered gap junctions, Werner Lowenstein, I visited him.', 'start': 3381.435, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 3385.44, 'text': 'He was really old.', 'start': 3384.438, 'duration': 1.002}, {'end': 3387.421, 'text': 'A human being? He discovered them.', 'start': 3385.62, 'duration': 1.801}], 'summary': 'Discovery of gap junctions by werner lowenstein is incredible.', 'duration': 24.565, 'max_score': 3362.856, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3362856.jpg'}, {'end': 3534.513, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3494.798, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3496.199, 'text': 'What do we do to get from here to there?', 'start': 3494.798, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 3498.141, 'text': "That's the kind of problems they're thinking about.", 'start': 3496.459, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 3508.195, 'text': 'And the reason that gap junctions are magic is, imagine, from the earliest time, Here are two cells.', 'start': 3498.721, 'duration': 9.474}, {'end': 3514.978, 'text': 'This cell, how can they communicate? Well, the simple version is this cell could send a chemical signal.', 'start': 3508.415, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 3517.159, 'text': 'It floats over and it hits a receptor on this cell.', 'start': 3515.018, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 3521.301, 'text': 'Because it comes from outside, this cell can very easily tell that that came from outside.', 'start': 3517.84, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 3524.883, 'text': "Whatever information is coming, that's not my information.", 'start': 3522.622, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 3526.184, 'text': 'That information is coming from the outside.', 'start': 3524.903, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 3527.705, 'text': 'I can trust it.', 'start': 3526.704, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 3528.667, 'text': 'I can ignore it.', 'start': 3527.966, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 3530.108, 'text': 'I can do various things with it, whatever.', 'start': 3528.807, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 3531.31, 'text': 'But I know it comes from the outside.', 'start': 3530.148, 'duration': 1.162}, {'end': 3534.513, 'text': 'Now, imagine instead that you have two cells with a gap junction between them.', 'start': 3531.77, 'duration': 2.743}], 'summary': 'Gap junctions enable direct cell-cell communication, overcoming the need for external signals.', 'duration': 39.715, 'max_score': 3494.798, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3494798.jpg'}, {'end': 3592.274, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3567.242, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3572.786, 'text': "That's the beginning of a scale up of cognition from here's me and here's you to know now there's just us.", 'start': 3567.242, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 3576.068, 'text': 'So they enforce a collective intelligence gap junctions.', 'start': 3573.137, 'duration': 2.931}, {'end': 3576.369, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 3576.088, 'duration': 0.281}, {'end': 3577.011, 'text': 'It helps.', 'start': 3576.71, 'duration': 0.301}, {'end': 3577.593, 'text': "It's the beginning.", 'start': 3577.051, 'duration': 0.542}, {'end': 3579.36, 'text': "It's not the whole story by any means, but it's the start.", 'start': 3577.613, 'duration': 1.747}, {'end': 3583.687, 'text': 'Where is state stored of the system??', 'start': 3579.764, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 3587.671, 'text': 'Is it in part in the gap junctions themselves??', 'start': 3585.008, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 3588.751, 'text': 'Is it in the cells??', 'start': 3587.771, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 3592.274, 'text': 'There are many, many layers to this, as always in biology.', 'start': 3589.612, 'duration': 2.662}], 'summary': 'The collective intelligence gap junctions initiate a scale-up of cognition, marking the start of a multi-layered biological process.', 'duration': 25.032, 'max_score': 3567.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3567242.jpg'}, {'end': 3658.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3632.043, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3638.309, 'text': 'And the reason that it stores a zero or one is not because some piece of the hardware moved.', 'start': 3632.043, 'duration': 6.266}, {'end': 3642.033, 'text': "It's because there's a cycling of the current in one side of the thing.", 'start': 3638.649, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 3650.36, 'text': "If I come over and I hold the other side to a high voltage for a brief period of time, it flips over and now it's here.", 'start': 3642.333, 'duration': 8.027}, {'end': 3651.862, 'text': 'but the heart.', 'start': 3651.161, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 3652.802, 'text': 'none of the hardware moved.', 'start': 3651.862, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 3658.105, 'text': "the information is in a stable, dynamical sense, and if you were to x-ray the thing, you couldn't tell me if it was zero or one,", 'start': 3652.802, 'duration': 5.303}], 'summary': 'Data storage involves cycling of current, not physical movement, making it stable and dynamic.', 'duration': 26.062, 'max_score': 3632.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3632043.jpg'}, {'end': 3801.521, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3771.862, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3778.708, 'text': "He came up with this idea, I don't know if he coined the term, but of Software 2.0.", 'start': 3771.862, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 3785.535, 'text': 'where the programming is done in the space of configuring these artificial neural networks.', 'start': 3778.708, 'duration': 6.827}, {'end': 3800.139, 'text': "Is there some sense in which that would be the future of programming for us humans, where we're less doing Python-like programming and more?", 'start': 3786.536, 'duration': 13.603}, {'end': 3801.521, 'text': 'how would that look like?', 'start': 3800.139, 'duration': 1.382}], 'summary': 'Software 2.0 may be the future of programming, with a shift towards configuring artificial neural networks instead of traditional programming languages.', 'duration': 29.659, 'max_score': 3771.862, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3771862.jpg'}], 'start': 2886.705, 'title': 'Bioelectricity and gap junctions', 'summary': "Delves into bioelectricity's significance in cellular communication, memory, and cognition, and explores the discovery and role of gap junctions in propagating voltage differences, illustrating similarities between neuronal and embryonic cell functions. it also discusses the evolutionary perspective of biological functionality, the impact of gap junctions on wiping ownership information, and the potential for a shift towards 'software 2.0' programming approach inspired by biological systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3362.596, 'start': 2886.705, 'title': 'Bioelectricity and evolution: unraveling biological system functionality', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of bioelectricity in biological systems, highlighting the role of electrical networks in cellular communication, memory, and cognition, and delves into the evolutionary perspective of biological functionality and adaptive responses in the context of sexual selection and parasitic hijacking.', 'duration': 475.891, 'highlights': ['Electrical networks as a privileged computational layer offer access to the actual cognition of tissues, providing a new perspective on developmental biophysics and cognition of computation. The significance of electrical networks as a privileged computational layer that grants access to the actual cognition of tissues, merging developmental biophysics with computational cognition.', 'Discussion on the role of bioelectricity in cellular communication, memory, and cognition, shedding light on the evolutionary perspective of biological functionality and adaptive responses. The significance of bioelectricity in cellular communication, memory, and cognition, emphasizing its role in the evolutionary perspective of biological functionality and adaptive responses.', 'Exploration of the evolutionary perspective of sexual selection and parasitic hijacking, offering insights into the opposing pressures that limit a super high bandwidth kind of signaling in biological systems. Insights into the evolutionary perspective of sexual selection and parasitic hijacking, and the opposing pressures that limit a super high bandwidth kind of signaling in biological systems.']}, {'end': 3517.159, 'start': 3362.856, 'title': 'Discovery of gap junctions', 'summary': 'Explores the discovery and significance of gap junctions, their role in cellular communication, and their impact on the propagation of voltage differences in networks of cells, illustrating the similarities between neuronal and embryonic cell functions.', 'duration': 154.303, 'highlights': ['Gap junctions and their significance in cellular communication The chapter discusses the discovery of gap junctions and their role in allowing cells to communicate with each other, indicating their significance in cellular communication.', 'Impact of gap junctions on the propagation of voltage differences in networks of cells The text explains how gap junctions enable the propagation of voltage differences in networks of cells, emphasizing their role in facilitating cellular communication and message transmission.', 'Similarities between neuronal and embryonic cell functions The chapter draws parallels between the functions of neurons and embryonic cells, highlighting the similarities in the processes of problem-solving and memory formation, shedding light on the significance of gap junctions in both types of cells.']}, {'end': 3869.883, 'start': 3517.84, 'title': 'Biological memory and collective intelligence', 'summary': "Discusses the role of gap junctions in wiping ownership information on data, the various layers and types of memory storage in biological systems, and the potential for a shift towards 'software 2.0' programming approach inspired by biological systems.", 'duration': 352.043, 'highlights': ['Gap junctions wipe ownership information on data, leading to a potential mind melt and scale up of cognition, enforcing collective intelligence. Gap junctions erase ownership metadata on signals, potentially leading to a shift from individual to collective intelligence.', 'Biological memory storage occurs at different layers such as chemical networks, cytoskeletal structures, and electrical memories, each capable of storing memories in stable states. Memory storage in biological systems involves chemical networks, cytoskeletal structures, and electrical memories, each capable of retaining stable states as memories.', "The potential for a shift towards 'Software 2.0' programming approach inspired by biological systems, involving configuring artificial neural networks and creating feedback loops for self-correction. The future of programming may involve a shift towards 'Software 2.0' inspired by biological systems, utilizing artificial neural networks and feedback loops for self-correction."]}], 'duration': 983.178, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU2886705.jpg', 'highlights': ['The significance of electrical networks as a privileged computational layer that grants access to the actual cognition of tissues, merging developmental biophysics with computational cognition.', 'The significance of bioelectricity in cellular communication, memory, and cognition, emphasizing its role in the evolutionary perspective of biological functionality and adaptive responses.', 'Insights into the evolutionary perspective of sexual selection and parasitic hijacking, and the opposing pressures that limit a super high bandwidth kind of signaling in biological systems.', 'The chapter discusses the discovery of gap junctions and their role in allowing cells to communicate with each other, indicating their significance in cellular communication.', 'The text explains how gap junctions enable the propagation of voltage differences in networks of cells, emphasizing their role in facilitating cellular communication and message transmission.', 'The chapter draws parallels between the functions of neurons and embryonic cells, highlighting the similarities in the processes of problem-solving and memory formation, shedding light on the significance of gap junctions in both types of cells.', 'Gap junctions erase ownership metadata on signals, potentially leading to a shift from individual to collective intelligence.', 'Memory storage in biological systems involves chemical networks, cytoskeletal structures, and electrical memories, each capable of retaining stable states as memories.', "The future of programming may involve a shift towards 'Software 2.0' inspired by biological systems, utilizing artificial neural networks and feedback loops for self-correction."]}, {'end': 5047.185, 'segs': [{'end': 4009.146, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3982.672, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3986.554, 'text': 'I mean, basically all the cells in your body, not just neurons, but all the cells in your body.', 'start': 3982.672, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 3991.197, 'text': 'They form electrical networks during embryogenesis, during regeneration.', 'start': 3987.415, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 3999.541, 'text': 'What those networks are doing, in part, is processing information about what our current shape is and what the goal shape is.', 'start': 3991.457, 'duration': 8.084}, {'end': 4003.163, 'text': 'Now, how do I know this? Because I can give you a couple of examples.', 'start': 3999.821, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 4008.045, 'text': "One example is when we started studying this, we said, OK, here's a planarian.", 'start': 4003.343, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 4009.146, 'text': 'A planarian is a flatworm.', 'start': 4008.065, 'duration': 1.081}], 'summary': 'Cells form electrical networks to process shape information during embryogenesis and regeneration.', 'duration': 26.474, 'max_score': 3982.672, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3982672.jpg'}, {'end': 4070.433, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4041.651, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4046.696, 'text': 'So that right there tells you that these theories of thermodynamic limitations on lifespan are wrong.', 'start': 4041.651, 'duration': 5.045}, {'end': 4049.638, 'text': "It's not that well over time everything degrades.", 'start': 4046.736, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 4055.223, 'text': "No planaria can keep it going for probably how long, if they've been around 400 million years, right?", 'start': 4049.678, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 4061.609, 'text': 'So the planaria in our lab are actually in physical continuity with planaria that were here 400 million years ago.', 'start': 4055.443, 'duration': 6.166}, {'end': 4065.751, 'text': "So there's planaria that have lived that long, essentially.", 'start': 4062.249, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 4070.433, 'text': 'What does it mean physical continuity? Because what they do is they split in half.', 'start': 4066.191, 'duration': 4.242}], 'summary': 'Planaria can live for 400 million years, defying thermodynamic limitations.', 'duration': 28.782, 'max_score': 4041.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU4041651.jpg'}, {'end': 4530.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4505.266, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4510.51, 'text': "So for 400 million years, they keep every mutation that they've had that doesn't kill the cell that it's in.", 'start': 4505.266, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 4516.673, 'text': "So when you look at these planaria, their bodies are what's called mixoploid, meaning that every cell might have a different number of chromosomes.", 'start': 4510.91, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 4517.654, 'text': 'They look like a tumor.', 'start': 4516.894, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 4518.194, 'text': 'If you look at the..', 'start': 4517.694, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 4522.477, 'text': 'The genome is an incredible mess because they accumulate all this stuff.', 'start': 4520.036, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 4527.541, 'text': 'And yet their body structure is, they are the best regenerators on the planet.', 'start': 4522.958, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 4530.643, 'text': 'Their anatomy is rock solid, even though their genome is all kinds of crap.', 'start': 4527.561, 'duration': 3.082}], 'summary': 'Planaria have mixoploid bodies but are incredible regenerators despite their genome being a mess.', 'duration': 25.377, 'max_score': 4505.266, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU4505266.jpg'}, {'end': 4600.054, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4571.36, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4572.841, 'text': 'and the hardware with the nature.', 'start': 4571.36, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4579.183, 'text': "And there's just this weird integrated mess that propagates through generations.", 'start': 4573.561, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 4580.864, 'text': "Yeah It's much more fluid.", 'start': 4579.483, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 4581.964, 'text': "It's much more complex.", 'start': 4580.924, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 4586.066, 'text': "You can imagine what's happening here.", 'start': 4583.345, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 4590.147, 'text': 'Just imagine the evolution of an animal like this, that multiscale.', 'start': 4586.286, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 4592.088, 'text': 'This goes back to this multiscale competency, right?', 'start': 4590.167, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 4600.054, 'text': 'Imagine that you have an animal that, where its tissues, have some degree of multi-scale competency.', 'start': 4592.829, 'duration': 7.225}], 'summary': 'The hardware is a weird integrated mess that evolves with multi-scale competency.', 'duration': 28.694, 'max_score': 4571.36, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU4571360.jpg'}], 'start': 3869.903, 'title': 'Intelligence of somatic cells and planarian regeneration', 'summary': "Discusses the intelligence of somatic cells, their electrical networks, planarian's regenerative abilities, memory retention, and genomic competency, with implications for understanding genomes, speciation events, and natural selection.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4216.125, 'start': 3869.903, 'title': 'Intelligence of subsystems in somatic psychiatry', 'summary': 'Discusses the intelligence of somatic cells, their electrical networks, and the regenerative abilities of planaria, suggesting a shift in medicine towards understanding goal states and subsystem intelligence.', 'duration': 346.222, 'highlights': ['The regenerative abilities of planaria, which can regenerate from multiple pieces and have been around for 400 million years, challenge theories of thermodynamic limitations on lifespan.', 'The intelligence of somatic cells is demonstrated through their electrical networks during embryogenesis and regeneration, processing information about current and goal shapes.', 'The parallel between human development and regeneration is highlighted, suggesting that development can be viewed as an example of regeneration, indicating potential for regenerative medicine in the future.', 'The discussion about the potential acceleration of regenerative processes implies a future shift towards faster regrowth of body parts.', 'The comparison of somatic cells and stem cells is addressed, emphasizing that somatic cells include all the cells in the body, not just neurons, and form electrical networks during embryogenesis and regeneration.']}, {'end': 4543.47, 'start': 4216.525, 'title': 'Planarian regeneration and memory', 'summary': 'Discusses the extraordinary regenerative abilities of planaria, including their immortality, cancer resistance, and memory retention, as well as the manipulation of their electrical network to alter their physical characteristics, with implications for understanding genomes and speciation events.', 'duration': 326.945, 'highlights': ['Planaria are immortal and can regenerate every part of their body, including the ability to grow a new brain that retains original information.', 'Planaria possess a bioelectrical network that controls the regeneration of their body parts, allowing them to remember and recreate correct body patterns even when manipulated.', 'Manipulating the electrical information in planaria can lead to the development of two-headed worms without genetic changes, and the memory of this alteration is retained across subsequent generations.', "Planaria's ability to retain mutations for 400 million years, despite reproducing through self-tearing, challenges traditional understanding of genomes and their influence on an organism's anatomy and regenerative capabilities."]}, {'end': 5047.185, 'start': 4544.05, 'title': 'Genomic competency and evolution', 'summary': 'Delves into the complex relationship between genomic competency and evolution, highlighting the multi-scale competency of animals and the impact on natural selection, while also challenging the traditional binary categories of biological and robotic systems.', 'duration': 503.135, 'highlights': ["The multi-scale competency of animals, such as the tadpole's ability to see through an eye placed on its tail, demonstrates incredible plasticity with significant implications for evolution and natural selection. The example of the tadpole's multi-scale competency illustrates the remarkable plasticity of organisms, showcasing how competency can compensate for genetic deficiencies, making it harder for natural selection to discern the best genomes.", 'The concept of algorithm-driven competency in animals creates challenges for natural selection, as it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between genomes with high fitness due to competency versus those with inherent genetic superiority. The reliance on competency as a fitness factor poses a challenge for natural selection, as it obscures the distinction between genomes with inherent genetic advantages and those with compensatory competency, impacting the process of selection.', "The discussion challenges traditional binary categories of biological and robotic systems, advocating for the use of the term 'xenobots' to emphasize the merging of biological and robotic technologies. The argument against binary categorization of biological and robotic systems and the advocacy for 'xenobots' reflects the evolving understanding of technology and biology, envisioning a future where distinctions between the two realms become obsolete."]}], 'duration': 1177.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU3869903.jpg', 'highlights': ["Planaria's regenerative abilities challenge thermodynamic limitations on lifespan and imply potential acceleration of regenerative processes.", 'Somatic cells demonstrate intelligence through electrical networks during embryogenesis and regeneration, paralleling human development and suggesting potential for regenerative medicine.', 'Planaria are immortal, possess a bioelectrical network controlling regeneration, and retain memory of alterations across generations, challenging traditional genome understanding.', "Animals' multi-scale competency showcases remarkable plasticity with implications for evolution and natural selection, challenging traditional binary categories of biological and robotic systems."]}, {'end': 5916.251, 'segs': [{'end': 5077.941, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5047.225, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5049.946, 'text': "Yeah, that's an experiment that I don't believe we've done.", 'start': 5047.225, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 5051.247, 'text': "And if we have, I don't want to know about it.", 'start': 5050.086, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 5052.387, 'text': 'Well, we can collaborate.', 'start': 5051.267, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 5054.948, 'text': 'I can take on the lead on that effort.', 'start': 5052.447, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 5056.689, 'text': 'Okay, cool.', 'start': 5055.409, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 5061.731, 'text': "How does the cells coordinate? Let's focus in on just the embryogenesis.", 'start': 5057.789, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 5063.412, 'text': "So there's one cell.", 'start': 5062.471, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 5065.733, 'text': 'so it divides.', 'start': 5064.432, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 5072.357, 'text': "doesn't have to be very careful about what each cell starts doing once they divide.", 'start': 5065.733, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 5077.941, 'text': "yes, and like when there's three of them, it's like the co-founders or whatever.", 'start': 5072.357, 'duration': 5.584}], 'summary': 'Discussion about coordinating cells in embryogenesis for collaboration.', 'duration': 30.716, 'max_score': 5047.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5047225.jpg'}, {'end': 5117.35, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5091.911, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5099.716, 'text': "But I'll tell you what I think is kind of the most important part, which is, yes, it's very important who does what.", 'start': 5091.911, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 5108.303, 'text': "However, because going back to this issue of I made this claim that biology doesn't take the past too seriously.", 'start': 5100.217, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 5113.667, 'text': "And what I mean by that is it doesn't assume that everything is the way it's expected to be.", 'start': 5108.323, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 5115.288, 'text': "Right And here's an example of that.", 'start': 5113.827, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 5117.35, 'text': 'This was done.', 'start': 5116.108, 'duration': 1.242}], 'summary': "Biology doesn't assume everything is as expected, which is crucial in understanding behaviors and patterns.", 'duration': 25.439, 'max_score': 5091.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5091911.jpg'}, {'end': 5216.903, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5187.045, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5189.707, 'text': "You're a nude cell and trying to make an embryo.", 'start': 5187.045, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 5195.17, 'text': "If you had a fixed idea of who was supposed to do what, you'd be screwed because now your cells are gigantic.", 'start': 5190.507, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 5195.77, 'text': 'Nothing would work.', 'start': 5195.23, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 5202.534, 'text': "There's an incredible tolerance for changes in the size of the parts and the amount of DNA in those parts.", 'start': 5196.911, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 5204.095, 'text': 'All sorts of stuff.', 'start': 5203.255, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 5206.477, 'text': 'The life is highly interoperable.', 'start': 5205.076, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5209.178, 'text': 'You can put electrodes in there and you can put weird nanomaterials.', 'start': 5206.517, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 5209.719, 'text': 'It still works.', 'start': 5209.238, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 5211.26, 'text': "it's. it's.", 'start': 5210.379, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 5213.621, 'text': 'uh, this is that problem solving action, right.', 'start': 5211.26, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 5216.903, 'text': "it's able to do what it needs to do, even when circumstances change.", 'start': 5213.621, 'duration': 3.282}], 'summary': 'Remarkable cell adaptability enables successful embryo formation and function despite size and dna variations.', 'duration': 29.858, 'max_score': 5187.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5187045.jpg'}, {'end': 5561.18, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5538.293, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5546.016, 'text': 'or human brains or other kinds of brains and novel configurations, or things that are sort of brains but not really, or plants or embryos or whatever,', 'start': 5538.293, 'duration': 7.723}, {'end': 5549.837, 'text': 'might also have important cognitive status.', 'start': 5546.696, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 5551.317, 'text': "That's the only thing.", 'start': 5550.497, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 5557.459, 'text': 'I think we have to be really careful about treating the human brain as if it was some kind of sharp binary category.', 'start': 5551.337, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 5558.599, 'text': "You are or you aren't.", 'start': 5557.659, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 5561.18, 'text': "I don't believe that exists.", 'start': 5559.339, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'Human brains and other entities may have cognitive status, caution against binary categorization.', 'duration': 22.887, 'max_score': 5538.293, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5538293.jpg'}], 'start': 5047.225, 'title': 'Cell specialization and developmental plasticity in embryogenesis', 'summary': 'Discusses the coordination and specialization of cells in embryogenesis, highlighting the unpredictability of cell behavior. it also delves into the remarkable plasticity of cells in embryonic development, emphasizing the importance of tolerance to changes in genetic and cellular composition, and questioning the uniqueness of the human brain in the context of biological computation and intelligence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5117.35, 'start': 5047.225, 'title': 'Cell specialization in embryogenesis', 'summary': "Discusses the coordination and specialization of cells in embryogenesis, highlighting the basic science of developmental biology and the concept that biology doesn't take the past too seriously, emphasizing the unpredictability of cell behavior.", 'duration': 70.125, 'highlights': ['The coordination and specialization of cells in embryogenesis is a key focus, with an emphasis on understanding how cells divide and become specialized, as well as the unpredictability of cell behavior.', "The importance of who does what in cell specialization is acknowledged, but the concept that biology doesn't take the past too seriously is highlighted, reflecting the unpredictability of cell behavior and developmental processes.", 'Collaboration and taking the lead on experimental efforts are mentioned, indicating a willingness to work together and drive research initiatives.', 'The speaker expresses a desire to focus on the basics of developmental biology and emphasizes the need to understand how cells coordinate and specialize during embryogenesis.']}, {'end': 5916.251, 'start': 5117.35, 'title': 'Developmental plasticity and cognitive properties', 'summary': 'Discusses the remarkable plasticity of cells in embryonic development, highlighting how altering cell sizes can lead to the same anatomical structure using different molecular mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of tolerance to changes in genetic and cellular composition, and questioning the uniqueness of the human brain in the context of biological computation and intelligence.', 'duration': 798.901, 'highlights': ["Cells' plasticity in embryonic development allows altering cell sizes to produce the same anatomical structure using different molecular mechanisms. Altering cell sizes can lead to the same anatomical structure using different molecular mechanisms.", 'Emphasizes the importance of tolerance to changes in genetic and cellular composition, highlighting the incredible interoperability and problem-solving capacity of life. Cells exhibit incredible tolerance for changes in genetic and cellular composition, showcasing high interoperability and problem-solving capacity.', 'Questions the uniqueness of the human brain in the context of biological computation and intelligence, advocating for broader recognition of cognitive properties in various organisms and synthetic creations. Questions the uniqueness of the human brain and advocates for broader recognition of cognitive properties in various organisms and synthetic creations.']}], 'duration': 869.026, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5047225.jpg', 'highlights': ['The coordination and specialization of cells in embryogenesis is a key focus, with an emphasis on understanding how cells divide and become specialized, as well as the unpredictability of cell behavior.', 'Emphasizes the importance of tolerance to changes in genetic and cellular composition, highlighting the incredible interoperability and problem-solving capacity of life.', 'Questions the uniqueness of the human brain in the context of biological computation and intelligence, advocating for broader recognition of cognitive properties in various organisms and synthetic creations.', "The importance of who does what in cell specialization is acknowledged, but the concept that biology doesn't take the past too seriously is highlighted, reflecting the unpredictability of cell behavior and developmental processes."]}, {'end': 6584.952, 'segs': [{'end': 5979.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5916.251, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5924.979, 'text': "however, there's plenty of data on plants being able to um, to do anticipation and certain kinds of memory and and and so on.", 'start': 5916.251, 'duration': 8.728}, {'end': 5930.424, 'text': "um, I think what you just said about robots, I hope you're right, and I hope that's.", 'start': 5924.979, 'duration': 5.445}, {'end': 5932.605, 'text': "but there's two ways that people can take that right?", 'start': 5930.424, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 5937.97, 'text': 'So one way is, exactly what you just said, to try to kind of expand their notions for that category.', 'start': 5932.625, 'duration': 5.345}, {'end': 5948.636, 'text': "The other way people often go is, uh, they just sort of define the term as if if, if it's not a natural product, it's it's just faking right.", 'start': 5938.49, 'duration': 10.146}, {'end': 5952.618, 'text': "it's not really intelligence if it was made by somebody else, because it's that same, it's the same thing.", 'start': 5948.636, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 5956.3, 'text': "they can see how it's done, and once you see how it's, it's like a magic trick.", 'start': 5952.618, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 5959.963, 'text': "when you see how it's done, it's not as fun anymore.", 'start': 5956.3, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 5965.826, 'text': 'and and and i think people have a real tendency for that and they sort of which which i find really strange, in the sense that if somebody said to me,', 'start': 5959.963, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 5975.217, 'text': 'We have this sort of blind like a hill climbing search, and then we have a really smart team of engineers.', 'start': 5967.394, 'duration': 7.823}, {'end': 5979.499, 'text': 'Which one do you think is going to produce a system that has good intelligence?', 'start': 5975.857, 'duration': 3.642}], 'summary': "Plants show anticipation and memory, while people debate artificial intelligence's authenticity.", 'duration': 63.248, 'max_score': 5916.251, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5916251.jpg'}, {'end': 6171.489, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6140.819, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6143.84, 'text': 'And you want to figure out how to detect, study, and communicate with a thing.', 'start': 6140.819, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 6146.041, 'text': "you've already mentioned a few examples.", 'start': 6144.62, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 6149.001, 'text': 'but what is unconventional cognition?', 'start': 6146.041, 'duration': 2.96}, {'end': 6157.224, 'text': 'is it as simply as everything else outside of what we define usually as cognition, cognitive science, the stuff going on between our ears?', 'start': 6149.001, 'duration': 8.223}, {'end': 6163.786, 'text': 'or is there some deeper way to get at the fundamentals of what is cognition?', 'start': 6157.224, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 6171.489, 'text': "yeah, i think like uh and i'm certainly not the only person who works in unconventional, unconventional um cognition, so it's the term used.", 'start': 6163.786, 'duration': 7.703}], 'summary': 'Exploring unconventional cognition and its fundamentals beyond traditional cognitive science.', 'duration': 30.67, 'max_score': 6140.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6140819.jpg'}, {'end': 6228.156, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6202.961, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6210.146, 'text': 'meaning that things that are unconventional cognition today are not going to be considered unconventional cognition at some point.', 'start': 6202.961, 'duration': 7.185}, {'end': 6212.207, 'text': "It's one of those things.", 'start': 6211.367, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 6228.156, 'text': "It's this really deep question of how do you recognize, communicate with, classify cognition when you cannot rely on the typical milestones right?", 'start': 6215.069, 'duration': 13.087}], 'summary': 'Unconventional cognition will become conventional over time.', 'duration': 25.195, 'max_score': 6202.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6202961.jpg'}, {'end': 6405.621, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6375.249, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6376.39, 'text': "What's important to this system?", 'start': 6375.249, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 6382.675, 'text': 'And systems have all kinds of different levels of sophistication of what you could expect to get back.', 'start': 6377.131, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 6385.358, 'text': "I think what's really important.", 'start': 6383.375, 'duration': 1.983}, {'end': 6393.647, 'text': "I call this the spectrum of persuadability, which is this idea that when you're looking at a system, you can't assume where on the spectrum it is.", 'start': 6385.358, 'duration': 8.289}, {'end': 6395.169, 'text': 'You have to do experiments.', 'start': 6394.088, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 6405.621, 'text': 'For example, if you look at a gene regulatory network, which is just a bunch of nodes that turn each other on and off at various rates,', 'start': 6398.032, 'duration': 7.589}], 'summary': 'Systems vary in sophistication, necessitating experimentation for accurate assessment.', 'duration': 30.372, 'max_score': 6375.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6375249.jpg'}], 'start': 5916.251, 'title': 'Intelligent systems and unconventional cognition', 'summary': 'Explores potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots, as well as unconventional cognition and communication, emphasizing the impact on human behavior and societal structures and the need for experimental exploration.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5999.103, 'start': 5916.251, 'title': 'Intelligence and memory in plants and robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots, highlighting the debate between natural evolution and human engineering in creating intelligent systems.', 'duration': 82.852, 'highlights': ['The debate between natural evolution and human engineering in creating intelligent systems, with a focus on the potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots.', 'The tendency of some people to dismiss intelligence if it is not a natural product, emphasizing the importance of expanding notions and categories of intelligence.', 'The comparison between blind search and a team of engineers in producing a system with good intelligence, challenging the notion that real intelligence only comes from natural evolution.']}, {'end': 6584.952, 'start': 5999.143, 'title': 'Unconventional cognition and communication', 'summary': 'Discusses unconventional cognition, the challenge of understanding and communicating with unconventional cognitive systems, and the spectrum of persuadability in systems, emphasizing the need for experimental exploration and the potential impact of these systems on human behavior and societal structures.', 'duration': 585.809, 'highlights': ['The challenge of understanding and communicating with unconventional cognitive systems The discussion revolves around the difficulties in recognizing, communicating with, and classifying unconventional cognition, particularly when unable to rely on typical cognitive milestones, requiring a deeper exploration of cognition beyond traditional models.', 'The spectrum of persuadability in systems Emphasizes the importance of not assuming the persuadability level of a system and the need for experimental exploration, illustrated through examples of gene regulatory networks exhibiting associative memory and the protocol for understanding the psychology and capabilities of synthetic organisms without making assumptions.', 'The potential impact of unconventional cognitive systems on human behavior and societal structures Explores the concept of unconventional cognitive systems influencing human behavior and societal structures, citing examples such as the potential domestication of humans by certain organisms and the influence of unconventional systems on human behavior and societal structures.']}], 'duration': 668.701, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU5916251.jpg', 'highlights': ['Explores potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots, as well as unconventional cognition and communication, emphasizing the impact on human behavior and societal structures and the need for experimental exploration.', 'The comparison between blind search and a team of engineers in producing a system with good intelligence, challenging the notion that real intelligence only comes from natural evolution.', 'The debate between natural evolution and human engineering in creating intelligent systems, with a focus on the potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots.', 'The potential impact of unconventional cognitive systems on human behavior and societal structures Explores the concept of unconventional cognitive systems influencing human behavior and societal structures, citing examples such as the potential domestication of humans by certain organisms and the influence of unconventional systems on human behavior and societal structures.', 'The challenge of understanding and communicating with unconventional cognitive systems The discussion revolves around the difficulties in recognizing, communicating with, and classifying unconventional cognition, particularly when unable to rely on typical cognitive milestones, requiring a deeper exploration of cognition beyond traditional models.', 'The spectrum of persuadability in systems Emphasizes the importance of not assuming the persuadability level of a system and the need for experimental exploration, illustrated through examples of gene regulatory networks exhibiting associative memory and the protocol for understanding the psychology and capabilities of synthetic organisms without making assumptions.', 'The tendency of some people to dismiss intelligence if it is not a natural product, emphasizing the importance of expanding notions and categories of intelligence.']}, {'end': 7512.164, 'segs': [{'end': 6620.778, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6585.032, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6589.493, 'text': 'They dominate the internet in terms of cuteness, in terms of memeability.', 'start': 6585.032, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 6598.221, 'text': "And so they're like, they got themselves literally inside the memes that become viral and spread on the internet.", 'start': 6590.615, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 6601.524, 'text': "And they're the ones that are probably controlling humans.", 'start': 6599.162, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 6602.284, 'text': "That's my theory.", 'start': 6601.544, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 6605.407, 'text': "Another, that's a follow-up paper after the frog kissing.", 'start': 6602.665, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 6620.778, 'text': 'Okay, I mean, you mentioned, sentience and consciousness, you have a paper titled, Generalizing Frameworks for Sentience Beyond Natural Species.', 'start': 6605.867, 'duration': 14.911}], 'summary': 'Cuteness and memeability make them viral internet influencers, potentially controlling humans.', 'duration': 35.746, 'max_score': 6585.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6585032.jpg'}, {'end': 6935.368, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6907.173, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6913.134, 'text': "But actual consciousness per se, first person perspective, I'm not sure that that's groundable in engineering.", 'start': 6907.173, 'duration': 5.961}, {'end': 6917.676, 'text': "And I think specifically what's different about it is there's a couple of things.", 'start': 6913.475, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 6918.016, 'text': 'So here we go.', 'start': 6917.696, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 6919.156, 'text': "I'll say a couple of things about it.", 'start': 6918.036, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 6923.08, 'text': 'about consciousness.', 'start': 6922.057, 'duration': 1.023}, {'end': 6935.368, 'text': 'One thing is that what makes it different is that, for every other aspect of science, when we think about having a correct or a good theory of it,', 'start': 6923.18, 'duration': 12.188}], 'summary': 'Engineering may not ground actual consciousness, as it differs from other aspects of science.', 'duration': 28.195, 'max_score': 6907.173, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6907173.jpg'}, {'end': 7068.373, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7034.087, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7047.974, 'text': 'that you can measure that in terms of how they reflect themselves in behavior and problem solving and creation and attainment of goals, for example.', 'start': 7034.087, 'duration': 13.887}, {'end': 7052.119, 'text': 'which I think suffering is one of the, you know, life is suffering.', 'start': 7048.554, 'duration': 3.565}, {'end': 7057.906, 'text': "It's one of the big aspects of the human condition.", 'start': 7052.159, 'duration': 5.747}, {'end': 7068.373, 'text': 'And so if consciousness is somehow a, maybe at least a catalyst for suffering, you could start to get like echoes of it.', 'start': 7058.928, 'duration': 9.445}], 'summary': 'Consciousness may act as a catalyst for suffering, reflecting in behavior and problem-solving.', 'duration': 34.286, 'max_score': 7034.087, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU7034087.jpg'}, {'end': 7256.374, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7226.226, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7235.773, 'text': "It's a really challenging direction of thought to the human race that you talked about, like embodied minds.", 'start': 7226.226, 'duration': 9.547}, {'end': 7242.738, 'text': "If you start to think that other things other than humans have minds, that's really challenging.", 'start': 7236.373, 'duration': 6.365}, {'end': 7256.374, 'text': 'Because all men are created equal starts being like, all right, well, we should probably treat not just cows with respect, but like plants.', 'start': 7243.899, 'duration': 12.475}], 'summary': 'Challenging idea: recognizing minds in non-human entities, prompting consideration for respectful treatment of animals and plants.', 'duration': 30.148, 'max_score': 7226.226, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU7226226.jpg'}], 'start': 6585.032, 'title': 'Sentience, consciousness, and engineering', 'summary': 'Delves into the dominance of cute animals in internet memes, the distinction between sentience and consciousness, and the engineering perspective on studying these concepts, while also exploring the integration of poetry in engineering and the challenges of defining and measuring consciousness. it also raises ethical and philosophical questions about understanding the minds of non-human beings and the potential existence of multiple intelligent species.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6843.007, 'start': 6585.032, 'title': "Aliens' sentience and consciousness", 'summary': 'Discusses the dominance of cute animals in internet memes, the distinction between sentience and consciousness, and the engineering perspective on defining and studying these concepts, while also questioning the nature of consciousness and its relation to biological systems and engineering.', 'duration': 257.975, 'highlights': ['The dominance of cute animals in internet memes and their potential influence on humans is discussed, suggesting a link between cuteness and control of human behavior.', 'The distinction between sentience and consciousness is explored, with a focus on an engineering perspective for defining and studying these concepts, emphasizing the importance of control and predictability in research.', 'The nature of consciousness and its relation to biological systems and engineering is questioned, pondering whether it is a side effect of a complex system or if there is something more to it.', 'The chapter briefly touches on the topic of crabs and their behaviors in relation to consciousness, highlighting the difficulty of defining and studying consciousness from a philosophical perspective.']}, {'end': 7194.919, 'start': 6843.047, 'title': 'Poetry in engineering and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the integration of poetry in engineering and the challenges of defining and measuring consciousness, suggesting that consciousness may be connected to suffering and behavior and that systems appearing conscious pose an engineering challenge.', 'duration': 351.872, 'highlights': ['Consciousness may be connected to suffering and behavior, and systems appearing conscious pose an engineering challenge. The speaker suggests that consciousness may be linked to suffering and behavior, and systems that appear conscious pose an engineering challenge, providing a perspective on the challenges of defining and measuring consciousness.', 'Integration of poetry in engineering and the challenges of defining and measuring consciousness. The chapter discusses the integration of poetry in engineering and the difficulties in defining and measuring consciousness, emphasizing the need to ground the understanding of consciousness in engineering and the lack of a clear format for predictions in theories of actual consciousness.', 'Exploration of the challenges in defining and measuring consciousness. The chapter explores the challenges in defining and measuring consciousness, highlighting the lack of a clear format for predictions in theories of actual consciousness and the potential connection of consciousness to suffering and behavior.']}, {'end': 7512.164, 'start': 7194.919, 'title': 'The challenge of understanding minds', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenge of understanding the minds of non-human beings, raising ethical and philosophical questions, as well as highlighting the complexity of human civilization and the potential existence of multiple intelligent species on earth or elsewhere.', 'duration': 317.245, 'highlights': ['The challenge of understanding the minds of non-human beings raises ethical and philosophical questions, as well as highlights the complexity of human civilization and the potential existence of multiple intelligent species on Earth or elsewhere. Ethical and philosophical questions regarding the treatment of non-human beings, the complexity of human civilization, potential existence of multiple intelligent species on Earth or elsewhere.', 'The chapter discusses the simplistic approach of giving credit for having minds based on anatomical similarity, and the limitations of this approach in understanding consciousness. Simplistic approach of giving credit for having minds based on anatomical similarity, limitations in understanding consciousness.', 'The transcript also touches on the behavior of humans towards creatures similar to them, and the consideration of their treatment before worrying about other beings. Behavior of humans towards creatures similar to them, consideration of their treatment before worrying about other beings.', 'The discussion extends to the potential existence of multiple ecosystems with beings of similar intelligence but different physical characteristics, raising questions about how to relate to such beings. Potential existence of multiple ecosystems with beings of similar intelligence but different physical characteristics, questions about how to relate to such beings.', "The chapter also examines human civilization's tendency to emphasize similarities while finding differences, leading to conflicts and wars between tribes or groups with similar characteristics. Human civilization's tendency to emphasize similarities while finding differences, conflicts and wars between tribes or groups with similar characteristics."]}], 'duration': 927.132, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU6585032.jpg', 'highlights': ['The dominance of cute animals in internet memes and their potential influence on humans is discussed, suggesting a link between cuteness and control of human behavior.', 'The distinction between sentience and consciousness is explored, with a focus on an engineering perspective for defining and studying these concepts, emphasizing the importance of control and predictability in research.', 'Consciousness may be connected to suffering and behavior, and systems appearing conscious pose an engineering challenge.', 'The challenge of understanding the minds of non-human beings raises ethical and philosophical questions, as well as highlights the complexity of human civilization and the potential existence of multiple intelligent species on Earth or elsewhere.']}, {'end': 8643.29, 'segs': [{'end': 7568.968, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7544.432, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7550.293, 'text': "you can imagine a kind of game theory where the number of agents isn't fixed and that it's not just cooperate or defect,", 'start': 7544.432, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 7552.773, 'text': "but it's actually merge and whatever, right?", 'start': 7550.293, 'duration': 2.48}, {'end': 7556.334, 'text': 'So that kind of that computation, how does it do, that decision making?', 'start': 7552.993, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 7560.144, 'text': "Yeah, so it's really interesting.", 'start': 7557.082, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 7563.085, 'text': 'And so empirically, what we found is that it tends to merge first.', 'start': 7560.204, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 7565.186, 'text': 'It tends to merge first, and then the whole thing goes.', 'start': 7563.485, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 7568.968, 'text': "But it's really interesting that that calculates.", 'start': 7565.686, 'duration': 3.282}], 'summary': 'In a dynamic game theory, agents tend to merge first, then proceed.', 'duration': 24.536, 'max_score': 7544.432, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU7544432.jpg'}, {'end': 7664.392, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7638.458, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7642.921, 'text': 'So heredity, imperfect heredity and competition or selection, those three things.', 'start': 7638.458, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 7643.461, 'text': "And that's it.", 'start': 7643.121, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 7650.085, 'text': "Now, now, now you're off to the races, right? And so that can be it's not just on Earth because it can be done in the computer.", 'start': 7643.641, 'duration': 6.444}, {'end': 7651.466, 'text': 'It can be done in chemical systems.', 'start': 7650.105, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7656.209, 'text': 'It can be done in, you know, Lee Smolin says it works in on, you know, cosmic scales.', 'start': 7651.506, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 7664.392, 'text': 'So I think that that kind of thing is incredibly pervasive and general.', 'start': 7656.809, 'duration': 7.583}], 'summary': 'Imperfect heredity, competition, and selection are pervasive and general in various systems.', 'duration': 25.934, 'max_score': 7638.458, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU7638458.jpg'}, {'end': 8649.552, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8624.785, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8630.247, 'text': "We want to interact with it early on and then not touch it again, because we don't know how to make a frog leg,", 'start': 8624.785, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 8631.607, 'text': 'but the frog knows how to make a frog leg.', 'start': 8630.247, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 8632.508, 'text': 'So 24 hours.', 'start': 8632.107, 'duration': 0.401}, {'end': 8635.648, 'text': '18 months of leg growth.', 'start': 8634.368, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 8639.349, 'text': 'after that, without us touching it again, and after 18 months you get a pretty good leg.', 'start': 8635.648, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 8643.29, 'text': 'that kind of shows this proof of concept that early on, when the cells, right after injury,', 'start': 8639.349, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 8648.551, 'text': "when they're first making a decision about what they're going to do, you can, you can impact them, and once they've decided to make a leg,", 'start': 8643.29, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 8649.552, 'text': "they don't need you.", 'start': 8648.551, 'duration': 1.001}], 'summary': 'Frog cells can grow a leg in 18 months without further intervention, demonstrating the impact of early interaction on cell decision-making.', 'duration': 24.767, 'max_score': 8624.785, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8624785.jpg'}], 'start': 7512.164, 'title': 'Biological systems and regenerative medicine', 'summary': 'Delves into decision making in biological systems, emphasizing the impact of merging, as well as the pervasive nature of evolution and its potential in regenerative medicine, including ai modeling and wearable bioreactors for limb regeneration.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7588.683, 'start': 7512.164, 'title': 'Decision making in biological systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the decision-making process in biological systems, particularly focusing on the concept of merging and its impact on nutrient sharing, concluding that the organisms tend to merge first before making decisions.', 'duration': 76.519, 'highlights': ['The organisms tend to merge first before making decisions, as empirically found, impacting the overall outcome of nutrient sharing.', "The decision-making calculus involves considering the benefits of merging and the impact of actions on the individual's existence and identity.", 'Exploring the interesting decision-making process in biological systems, particularly related to nutrient sharing and the concept of merging.', 'Highlighting the unique game theory involving a dynamic number of agents and the implications of cooperation, defecting, and merging in decision-making.', "The potential influence of hyperbolic discounting and the concept that actions not only affect payoff but also change an individual's identity."]}, {'end': 8256.402, 'start': 7588.683, 'title': 'Evolution and synthetic organisms', 'summary': 'Explores the pervasive nature of evolution, discussing its inevitability based on imperfect heredity, competition, and selection, and its potential impact on a future regenerative medicine that could revolutionize healthcare and economic costs.', 'duration': 667.719, 'highlights': ["The inevitability of evolution is discussed based on imperfect heredity, competition, and selection, with implications beyond Earth's biological systems. Evolution is described as inevitable due to the combination of imperfect heredity, competition, and selection, and its pervasive nature is suggested to extend beyond Earth's biological systems.", "A vision for a future regenerative medicine called 'an anatomical compiler' is outlined, with the potential to address birth defects, traumatic injury, cancer, aging, and degenerative diseases, leading to significant economic impacts. The concept of an 'anatomical compiler' as a future vision for regenerative medicine is presented, offering a potential solution to birth defects, traumatic injury, cancer, aging, and degenerative diseases, with significant economic impacts.", 'The need for a better understanding and prediction of the cognitive goals of composite systems, including synthetic organisms, is emphasized as an existential level need for the development of regenerative medicine and ethical norms. The necessity of developing a better science for predicting the cognitive goals of composite systems, including synthetic organisms, is highlighted as an existential need for the advancement of regenerative medicine and the formulation of ethical norms.']}, {'end': 8643.29, 'start': 8257.022, 'title': 'Regenerative medicine and ai in biomedical engineering', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of regenerative medicine, the use of ai in modeling cellular intelligence, and the successful application of wearable bioreactors to stimulate limb regeneration in frogs, presenting a novel approach to tissue engineering.', 'duration': 386.268, 'highlights': ['The successful application of wearable bioreactors to stimulate limb regeneration in frogs demonstrates a novel approach to tissue engineering, with 18 months of leg growth after a 24-hour trigger and no further intervention.', 'The use of AI to model the intelligence of cellular collectives has shown success in repairing birth defects of the brain in frogs and normalizing melanoma, providing actionable models for impacting complex biological systems.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need to understand how cells are motivated to create specific structures, suggesting that this understanding is crucial for regenerating complex organs like eyes and hands, challenging the popular approaches of 3D printing and stem cell transplants.', 'The potential of regenerative medicine is explored, with the focus on motivating cells to build particular structures and rewriting their memory to enable autonomous construction, indicating the significant challenges in gene editing for regenerative purposes.']}], 'duration': 1131.126, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU7512164.jpg', 'highlights': ['The organisms tend to merge first before making decisions, impacting the overall outcome of nutrient sharing.', "The inevitability of evolution is discussed based on imperfect heredity, competition, and selection, with implications beyond Earth's biological systems.", 'The successful application of wearable bioreactors to stimulate limb regeneration in frogs demonstrates a novel approach to tissue engineering, with 18 months of leg growth after a 24-hour trigger and no further intervention.']}, {'end': 9448.615, 'segs': [{'end': 8699.445, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8677.245, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8687.334, 'text': "If that process of cooperation breaks down and you've got a cell that is isolated from that electrical network that lets you remember what the big goal is you revert back to your unicellular lifestyle.", 'start': 8677.245, 'duration': 10.089}, {'end': 8690.157, 'text': 'Now think about that border between self and world.', 'start': 8687.374, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 8699.445, 'text': 'Normally, when all these cells are connected by gap junctions into an electrical network, they are all one self, meaning that their goals,', 'start': 8690.277, 'duration': 9.168}], 'summary': 'Breakdown of cooperation leads to isolated cells reverting to unicellular lifestyle.', 'duration': 22.2, 'max_score': 8677.245, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8677245.jpg'}, {'end': 8794.74, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8770.004, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8779.23, 'text': 'And so then what that means is that nasty mutations like KRAS and things like that, these really tough oncogenic mutations that cause tumors.', 'start': 8770.004, 'duration': 9.226}, {'end': 8787.495, 'text': 'if you do them, but then artificially control of the bioelectrics,', 'start': 8779.23, 'duration': 8.265}, {'end': 8792.999, 'text': 'you greatly reduce tumorigenesis or normalize cells that had already begun to convert.', 'start': 8787.495, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 8794.74, 'text': 'Basically, they go back to being normal cells.', 'start': 8793.159, 'duration': 1.581}], 'summary': 'Artificially controlling bioelectrics reduces tumorigenesis and normalizes cells with oncogenic mutations.', 'duration': 24.736, 'max_score': 8770.004, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8770004.jpg'}, {'end': 8866.035, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8834.072, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8840.001, 'text': "I think I think the actual cure, I mean, there are other technology, you know, immune therapy, I think it's a great technology.", 'start': 8834.072, 'duration': 5.929}, {'end': 8843.727, 'text': "Chemotherapy, I don't think is a good is a good technology.", 'start': 8840.882, 'duration': 2.845}, {'end': 8845.189, 'text': 'I think we got to get get off of that.', 'start': 8843.747, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 8847.513, 'text': 'So chemotherapy just kills cells.', 'start': 8845.63, 'duration': 1.883}, {'end': 8852.59, 'text': 'Yeah, well, chemotherapy hopes to kill more of the tumor cells than of your cells.', 'start': 8848.228, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 8853.07, 'text': "That's it.", 'start': 8852.79, 'duration': 0.28}, {'end': 8853.93, 'text': "It's a fine balance.", 'start': 8853.11, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 8856.812, 'text': 'The problem is the cells are very similar because they are your cells.', 'start': 8854.351, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 8866.035, 'text': "And so if you don't have a very tight way of distinguishing between them, then the toll that chemo takes on the rest of the body is just unbelievable.", 'start': 8857.332, 'duration': 8.703}], 'summary': 'Chemotherapy is not a good technology, as it kills cells and has significant side effects.', 'duration': 31.963, 'max_score': 8834.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8834072.jpg'}, {'end': 8906.092, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8874.058, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8880.219, 'text': "um, if if the immune system can be taught to recognize, uh, enough of of the cancer cells, that that's a pretty good approach.", 'start': 8874.058, 'duration': 6.161}, {'end': 8880.999, 'text': 'but i, but i think.', 'start': 8880.219, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 8885.38, 'text': 'but i think our approach is in a way more fundamental because if you can,', 'start': 8880.999, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 8891.042, 'text': 'if you can keep the cells harnessed towards organ level goals as opposed to individual cell goals,', 'start': 8885.38, 'duration': 5.662}, {'end': 8895.363, 'text': 'then nobody will be making a tumor or metastasizing and so on.', 'start': 8891.042, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 8897.123, 'text': "so we've been living through a pandemic.", 'start': 8895.363, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 8906.092, 'text': "What do you think about viruses in this full, beautiful biological context we've been talking about? Are they beautiful to you??", 'start': 8898.669, 'duration': 7.423}], 'summary': 'Teaching immune system to recognize cancer cells is a good approach, but harnessing cells towards organ level goals may prevent tumor formation and metastasis.', 'duration': 32.034, 'max_score': 8874.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8874058.jpg'}, {'end': 8990.356, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8965.048, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8973.729, 'text': "we were talking about living organisms that they can interact with each other and have it alter each other's trajectory.", 'start': 8965.048, 'duration': 8.681}, {'end': 8975.63, 'text': "by having interacted, i mean they're.", 'start': 8973.729, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 8982.344, 'text': "that's, that's a deep, meaningful connection between a virus and a cell.", 'start': 8975.63, 'duration': 6.714}, {'end': 8986.69, 'text': 'And I think both are transformed by the experience.', 'start': 8983.125, 'duration': 3.565}, {'end': 8988.593, 'text': 'And so in that sense, both are living.', 'start': 8986.79, 'duration': 1.803}, {'end': 8990.356, 'text': 'Yeah, yeah.', 'start': 8989.795, 'duration': 0.561}], 'summary': "Living organisms interact and alter each other's trajectory, creating a deep connection between a virus and a cell, transforming both in the process.", 'duration': 25.308, 'max_score': 8965.048, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8965048.jpg'}, {'end': 9131.445, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9105.39, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9116.677, 'text': "I think the whole notion of anthropomorphizing is a holdover from a pre-scientific age, where humans were magic and everything else wasn't magic,", 'start': 9105.39, 'duration': 11.287}, {'end': 9122.721, 'text': 'and you were anthropomorphizing when you dared suggest that something else has some features of humans.', 'start': 9116.677, 'duration': 6.044}, {'end': 9124.962, 'text': 'I think we need to be way beyond that.', 'start': 9123.181, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 9131.445, 'text': "This issue of anthropomorphizing, I think, it's a cheap charge.", 'start': 9126.763, 'duration': 4.682}], 'summary': 'Anthropomorphizing is a pre-scientific notion; we need to move beyond it.', 'duration': 26.055, 'max_score': 9105.39, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9105390.jpg'}, {'end': 9200.424, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9169.945, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9174.007, 'text': 'Someday, you will be able to sit in front of an anatomical computer,', 'start': 9169.945, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 9184.212, 'text': 'specify the shape of the animal or a plant that you want and it will convert that shape specification to a set of stimuli that will have to be given to cells to build exactly that shape.', 'start': 9174.007, 'duration': 10.205}, {'end': 9189.195, 'text': 'No matter how weird, it ends up being you have total control.', 'start': 9184.912, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 9195.3, 'text': 'Just imagine the possibility for memes in the physical space.', 'start': 9189.976, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 9200.424, 'text': 'One of the glorious accomplishments of human civilizations is memes in digital space.', 'start': 9195.82, 'duration': 4.604}], 'summary': 'In the future, an anatomical computer will enable creating any shape, offering total control and meme potential.', 'duration': 30.479, 'max_score': 9169.945, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9169945.jpg'}], 'start': 8643.29, 'title': 'Bioelectric state and viruses', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of bioelectric state on cancer cells and the nature of viruses, questioning their living status and exploring future advancements in regenerative medicine.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8895.363, 'start': 8643.29, 'title': 'Bioelectric state and cancer suppression', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of bioelectric state on cancer cells, highlighting the role of cell cooperation, the effects of disconnecting from the electrical network, and the potential of artificially controlling bioelectric state in reducing tumorigenesis and normalizing cells.', 'duration': 252.073, 'highlights': ['Artificially controlling bioelectric state greatly reduces tumorigenesis and normalizes cells, offering a potential way to cure cancer. The bioelectric state can be artificially controlled to reduce tumorigenesis and normalize cells, potentially leading to a cure for cancer.', 'Disconnecting from the electrical network leads to cells reverting to a unicellular lifestyle, with goals of proliferation and metastasis. When cells disconnect from the electrical network, they revert to a unicellular lifestyle with goals of proliferation and metastasis, contributing to the development of cancer.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of keeping cells harnessed towards organ-level goals to prevent tumor formation and metastasis. Keeping cells focused on organ-level goals rather than individual cell goals is crucial in preventing tumor formation and metastasis.', 'Immunotherapy and chemotherapy are discussed as potential cancer treatment approaches, with the emphasis on the need to move away from chemotherapy and the fundamental nature of the bioelectric state approach. The discussion covers the potential of immunotherapy, the drawbacks of chemotherapy, and the fundamental nature of the bioelectric state approach in preventing tumor formation and metastasis.']}, {'end': 9448.615, 'start': 8895.363, 'title': 'Viruses: living or not?', 'summary': 'Delves into the nature of viruses, questioning their status as living organisms and exploring the concept of anthropomorphizing in the context of cognitive claims and engineering protocols, while also discussing the potential for future advancements in the field of morphogenesis and regenerative medicine.', 'duration': 553.252, 'highlights': ['Viruses and Living Organisms Interaction Viruses can interact with living organisms, altering their trajectory and transforming both the virus and the cell, suggesting a deep and meaningful connection between them.', 'Cognitive Claims and Engineering Protocols The concept of anthropomorphizing is discussed in the context of cognitive claims, with the assertion that all cognitive claims are engineering claims, emphasizing the need for rational decision-making based on derived engineering protocols.', 'Future Advancements in Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine The possibility of anatomical compilers, allowing for the specification of shapes for animals or plants that can be converted into stimuli for cells to build, is discussed, highlighting the potential for advancements in morphogenesis and regenerative medicine.']}], 'duration': 805.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU8643290.jpg', 'highlights': ['Artificially controlling bioelectric state greatly reduces tumorigenesis and normalizes cells, offering a potential way to cure cancer.', 'Disconnecting from the electrical network leads to cells reverting to a unicellular lifestyle, with goals of proliferation and metastasis.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of keeping cells harnessed towards organ-level goals to prevent tumor formation and metastasis.', 'Immunotherapy and chemotherapy are discussed as potential cancer treatment approaches, with the emphasis on the need to move away from chemotherapy and the fundamental nature of the bioelectric state approach.', 'Viruses can interact with living organisms, altering their trajectory and transforming both the virus and the cell, suggesting a deep and meaningful connection between them.', 'The concept of anthropomorphizing is discussed in the context of cognitive claims, with the assertion that all cognitive claims are engineering claims, emphasizing the need for rational decision-making based on derived engineering protocols.', 'The possibility of anatomical compilers, allowing for the specification of shapes for animals or plants that can be converted into stimuli for cells to build, is discussed, highlighting the potential for advancements in morphogenesis and regenerative medicine.']}, {'end': 10812.372, 'segs': [{'end': 9480.328, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9448.935, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9450.656, 'text': 'Target morphology is interesting.', 'start': 9448.935, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 9458.621, 'text': "It really it's designed to capture this idea that it's not just feed forward emergence.", 'start': 9450.696, 'duration': 7.925}, {'end': 9460.942, 'text': 'and oftentimes in biology i mean of course that happens too.', 'start': 9458.621, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 9467.944, 'text': 'but but in many cases in biology the system is specifically working towards a target in anatomical morphous space.', 'start': 9460.942, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 9469.605, 'text': "right, it's a navigation task.", 'start': 9467.944, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 9474.566, 'text': 'really, these kind of problem solving um can be um, uh,', 'start': 9469.605, 'duration': 4.961}, {'end': 9480.328, 'text': "you know formalized as navigation tasks and that they're really going towards a particular region.", 'start': 9474.566, 'duration': 5.762}], 'summary': 'Biological systems navigate towards target morphology for problem-solving.', 'duration': 31.393, 'max_score': 9448.935, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9448935.jpg'}, {'end': 9740.947, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9712.837, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9715.458, 'text': "And so you can't take that advice as actual data.", 'start': 9712.837, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 9717.159, 'text': 'Yeah You have to.', 'start': 9715.998, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9720.64, 'text': 'And this is kind of hard to describe and fuzzy.', 'start': 9717.199, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 9726.062, 'text': "But I'm a firm believer that you have to build up your own intuition.", 'start': 9720.68, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 9727.602, 'text': 'So over time, right.', 'start': 9726.582, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 9736.726, 'text': "you have to take your own risks that seem like they make sense to you and then learn from that and build up so that you can trust your own gut about what's a good idea,", 'start': 9727.602, 'duration': 9.124}, {'end': 9739.747, 'text': "even when, and then sometimes you'll make mistakes and they'll turn out to be a dead end.", 'start': 9736.726, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 9740.207, 'text': "And that's fine.", 'start': 9739.767, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 9740.947, 'text': "That's that's science.", 'start': 9740.227, 'duration': 0.72}], 'summary': 'Building intuition by taking risks and learning from mistakes is essential for decision-making and is akin to science.', 'duration': 28.11, 'max_score': 9712.837, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9712837.jpg'}, {'end': 9816.016, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9787.601, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9790.222, 'text': "Boy, that's an interesting question.", 'start': 9787.601, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 9805.849, 'text': "I think that it's certainly a factor that promotes change and turnover and an opportunity to do something different the next time for a larger scale system.", 'start': 9791.222, 'duration': 14.627}, {'end': 9808.29, 'text': "So apoptosis, it's really interesting.", 'start': 9805.889, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 9810.271, 'text': 'I mean, death is really interesting in a number of ways.', 'start': 9808.35, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 9816.016, 'text': "One is you could think about what was the first thing to die? You know, that's an interesting question.", 'start': 9810.391, 'duration': 5.625}], 'summary': 'Apoptosis promotes change and turnover for larger scale systems.', 'duration': 28.415, 'max_score': 9787.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9787601.jpg'}, {'end': 10107.734, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10073.276, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10076.517, 'text': "You just do what you can and one time out of 1,000, you'll actually get rescued right?", 'start': 10073.276, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 10083.259, 'text': 'But this issue of actually giving up suggests some very interesting metacognitive controls,', 'start': 10077.357, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 10087.361, 'text': "where you've now gotten to the point where survival actually isn't the top drive.", 'start': 10083.259, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 10091.504, 'text': 'and that there are other considerations that have taken over.', 'start': 10087.981, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 10094.727, 'text': "I think that's uniquely a mammalian thing, but I don't know.", 'start': 10091.644, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 10096.649, 'text': 'Yeah, the Camus.', 'start': 10095.468, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 10107.734, 'text': 'The existentialist question of why live, just the fact that humans commit suicide, is a really fascinating question from an evolutionary perspective.', 'start': 10097.867, 'duration': 9.867}], 'summary': 'Mammalian survival instincts may yield to existential considerations and pose an intriguing evolutionary query.', 'duration': 34.458, 'max_score': 10073.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU10073276.jpg'}, {'end': 10682.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10654.911, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10657.713, 'text': "So I think we're just at the beginning of a lot of really important things.", 'start': 10654.911, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 10665.895, 'text': 'When I say nothing but science, I also include the kind of first person, what I call science that you do.', 'start': 10658.793, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 10669.236, 'text': 'So so the interesting thing about I think about consciousness,', 'start': 10666.135, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 10676.618, 'text': 'and studying consciousness and things like that in the first person is unlike doing science in the third person, where you, as the scientist,', 'start': 10669.236, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 10678.799, 'text': 'are minimally changed by it, maybe not at all.', 'start': 10676.618, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 10680.339, 'text': "So when I do an experiment, I'm still me.", 'start': 10678.819, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 10682.38, 'text': "There's the experiment, whatever I've done, I've learned something.", 'start': 10680.379, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': 'Exploring consciousness through first-person science is an important and evolving area.', 'duration': 27.469, 'max_score': 10654.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU10654911.jpg'}, {'end': 10807.949, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 10711.391, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10716.333, 'text': 'I think much of it is not captured by what currently is third-person science, for sure.', 'start': 10711.391, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 10722.642, 'text': 'But ultimately I include all of that in science with a capital S in terms of,', 'start': 10716.874, 'duration': 5.768}, {'end': 10729.251, 'text': 'like a rational investigation of both first and third person aspects of our world.', 'start': 10722.642, 'duration': 6.609}, {'end': 10733.692, 'text': 'We are our own experiment, as beautifully put.', 'start': 10730.211, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 10740.214, 'text': "And when two systems get to interact with each other, that's a kind of experiment.", 'start': 10734.572, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 10744.835, 'text': "So I'm deeply honored that you would do this experiment with me today.", 'start': 10740.254, 'duration': 4.581}, {'end': 10745.195, 'text': 'Oh, thanks so much.', 'start': 10744.855, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 10745.696, 'text': 'Thanks for having me.', 'start': 10745.215, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 10747.116, 'text': "Michael, I'm a huge fan of your work.", 'start': 10745.716, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 10749.157, 'text': "Likewise Thank you for doing everything you're doing.", 'start': 10747.256, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 10754.198, 'text': "I can't wait to see the kind of incredible things you build.", 'start': 10750.637, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 10755.479, 'text': 'So thank you for talking today.', 'start': 10754.458, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 10756.579, 'text': 'Really appreciate being here.', 'start': 10755.639, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 10756.939, 'text': 'Thank you.', 'start': 10756.719, 'duration': 0.22}, {'end': 10760.407, 'text': 'Thank you for listening to this conversation with Michael Levin.', 'start': 10758.066, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 10764.148, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 10760.827, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 10769.729, 'text': 'And now, let me leave you with some words from Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species.', 'start': 10764.848, 'duration': 4.881}, {'end': 10782.373, 'text': "From the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we're capable of conceiving, namely the production of the higher animals,", 'start': 10771.37, 'duration': 11.003}, {'end': 10783.393, 'text': 'directly follows.', 'start': 10782.373, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 10793.638, 'text': "There's grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one,", 'start': 10784.531, 'duration': 9.107}, {'end': 10802.825, 'text': 'and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning, endless forms,', 'start': 10793.638, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 10807.949, 'text': 'most beautiful and most wonderful, have been and are being evolved.', 'start': 10802.825, 'duration': 5.124}], 'summary': 'Science encompasses the investigation of both first and third person aspects of our world and the interaction between systems, as emphasized in the conversation with michael levin.', 'duration': 96.558, 'max_score': 10711.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU10711391.jpg'}], 'start': 9448.935, 'title': 'Biological concepts', 'summary': 'Discusses target morphology, career advice, death in biological systems, evolutionary perspectives on giving up, and consciousness, challenging traditional ideas and advocating for broad reading, intuition development, and exploring first-person exploration, impacting cognitive light cone and mammalian behavior.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9500.231, 'start': 9448.935, 'title': 'Target morphology in biology', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of target morphology in biology, where systems work towards a specific region in anatomical morphous space, often formalized as navigation tasks, and how this concept challenges traditional ideas in biology.', 'duration': 51.296, 'highlights': ['The concept of target morphology in biology involves systems specifically working towards a target in anatomical morphous space, often formalized as navigation tasks.', 'This concept challenges traditional ideas in biology as it suggests that systems in biology are designed to capture the idea of not just feed forward emergence, but are specifically working towards a particular region.', "The speaker's background in computer engineering has likely influenced their rebellious approach to challenging traditional ideas in biology."]}, {'end': 9755.613, 'start': 9501.151, 'title': 'Navigating career and life advice', 'summary': "Stresses the importance of distinguishing specific critique from meta advice, advocating for broad reading, hard work, and the development of intuition, while cautioning against blindly following others' perspectives and advice in academia and beyond.", 'duration': 254.462, 'highlights': ["The distinction between specific critique and meta advice is emphasized, with the former being valuable for improvement and the latter being worth ignoring. The specific critique from smart and successful individuals is highlighted as an opportunity to hone one's craft and learn from mistakes, while the chapter cautions against blindly following meta advice and perspectives from others.", "The importance of broad reading, hard work, and the development of intuition is stressed as a means to build one's own perspective and intuition. The chapter advocates for reading broadly, working diligently, and building up one's intuition to trust their own gut about what's a good idea, even when facing criticism and conflicting perspectives from others.", "Caution is advised against blindly following the advice of successful individuals, as their perspectives may not be calibrated to one's own ideas or field. The chapter warns against blindly following the advice of successful individuals, as their perspectives may not align with one's own ideas or field, potentially leading to demoralization and limitation rather than growth and improvement."]}, {'end': 10000.932, 'start': 9756.193, 'title': 'The role of death in biological systems', 'summary': 'Delves into the role of death in biological systems, discussing its role in promoting change and turnover, and its impact on the complexity of organisms, with insights into the cognitive light cone and the fear of death in humans.', 'duration': 244.739, 'highlights': ['Death promotes change and turnover in biological systems, providing an opportunity for a larger scale system to do something different the next time. The role of death in promoting change and turnover in biological systems, offering an opportunity for larger scale systems to do something different the next time.', "The fear of death is a uniquely human concept, leading to the contemplation of the finiteness of life and the invention of goals that are longer than one's lifespan. Discussion on the uniquely human fear of death, leading to the contemplation of the finiteness of life and the invention of goals that exceed one's lifespan.", "The cognitive light cone in humans allows for the formulation of goals that may not be achievable within one's lifespan, potentially leading to psychological implications. Insight into the cognitive light cone in humans, enabling the formulation of goals that may not be achievable within one's lifespan, potentially leading to psychological implications."]}, {'end': 10320.487, 'start': 10000.992, 'title': 'Evolutionary perspectives on giving up', 'summary': 'Explores the evolutionary perspective on giving up, discussing how mammals, including rats, display a tendency to give up and die in hopeless situations, raising questions about the adaptive benefits of such behavior and its implications for metacognitive controls and existentialism.', 'duration': 319.495, 'highlights': ['Mammals, including rats, have a tendency to give up and die in hopeless situations, raising questions about the adaptive benefits of such behavior and its implications for metacognitive controls and existentialism. The discussion highlights the tendency of mammals, such as rats, to give up and die in hopeless situations, even when they could have physically kept going, prompting questions about the adaptive benefits of this behavior and its implications for metacognitive controls and existentialism.', 'The exploration of whether suicide could be a way for organisms to decide they are not fit for the environment and the potential existence of population selection raises thought-provoking evolutionary questions. The exploration of whether suicide could be a mechanism for organisms to determine their lack of fitness for the environment, along with the consideration of population selection, presents intriguing evolutionary inquiries.', 'The discussion about the existential aspect of death and the consideration of a good way to pass away in modern society offers a thought-provoking perspective on mortality and the quality of life. The discourse on the existential aspect of death, contemplating a meaningful way to pass away in modern society, provides a thought-provoking perspective on mortality and the quality of life.']}, {'end': 10812.372, 'start': 10320.487, 'title': 'Exploring life and consciousness', 'summary': 'Delves into the meaning of biological lives on earth, the existential aspect of consciousness, the limitations of scientific understanding, and the importance of first-person exploration, highlighting the evolving nature of knowledge.', 'duration': 491.885, 'highlights': ['Exploring the existential aspect of consciousness The chapter discusses the fundamental existential aspect of consciousness, emphasizing the significance of first-person perspective, regardless of scientific understanding.', 'The limitations of scientific understanding It mentions the limitations of science in comprehending consciousness and the need for incorporating first-person exploration, highlighting the evolving nature of knowledge.', 'The meaning of biological lives on earth It explores the meaning of biological lives on earth and raises the question of why we are here, reflecting on the complexities of this existential inquiry.', 'The importance of first-person exploration It emphasizes the importance of first-person exploration to study consciousness, indicating that personal experiences are integral to understanding consciousness.']}], 'duration': 1363.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/p3lsYlod5OU/pics/p3lsYlod5OU9448935.jpg', 'highlights': ['The concept of target morphology challenges traditional ideas in biology, suggesting systems are designed to work towards a particular region.', "The importance of broad reading, hard work, and intuition development is stressed for building one's own perspective and intuition.", 'Death promotes change and turnover in biological systems, offering an opportunity for larger scale systems to do something different the next time.', 'The discussion highlights the tendency of mammals, such as rats, to give up and die in hopeless situations, prompting questions about the adaptive benefits of this behavior and its implications for metacognitive controls and existentialism.', 'The chapter discusses the fundamental existential aspect of consciousness, emphasizing the significance of first-person perspective, regardless of scientific understanding.']}], 'highlights': ["Planaria's immortality and ability to regenerate a new brain showcase their defiance of thermodynamic limitations on lifespan, and their capability to retain original information even after decapitation.", 'Embryogenesis demonstrates the gradual transformation from physics to mind, highlighting the journey from a single cell to an organism with high-level cognition and preferences, without a distinct point of transition to true cognition.', 'Understanding the level of agency in a system allows for the use of appropriate techniques, such as motivation, reward, and punishment, to train animals.', 'The concept of top-down controls in biology introduces a new space for error minimization, focusing on goal-directed, test-operate-exit loops in the context of anatomy and regeneration.', 'The emergence of free will in organisms, driven by self-construction under energy constraints, is discussed as a plausible belief for any agent that self-constructs.', 'The significance of electrical networks as a privileged computational layer that grants access to the actual cognition of tissues, merging developmental biophysics with computational cognition.', "Planaria's regenerative abilities challenge thermodynamic limitations on lifespan and imply potential acceleration of regenerative processes.", 'The coordination and specialization of cells in embryogenesis is a key focus, with an emphasis on understanding how cells divide and become specialized, as well as the unpredictability of cell behavior.', 'Explores potential intelligence and memory capabilities of plants and robots, as well as unconventional cognition and communication, emphasizing the impact on human behavior and societal structures and the need for experimental exploration.', 'The distinction between sentience and consciousness is explored, with a focus on an engineering perspective for defining and studying these concepts, emphasizing the importance of control and predictability in research.', 'The organisms tend to merge first before making decisions, impacting the overall outcome of nutrient sharing.', 'Artificially controlling bioelectric state greatly reduces tumorigenesis and normalizes cells, offering a potential way to cure cancer.', 'Viruses can interact with living organisms, altering their trajectory and transforming both the virus and the cell, suggesting a deep and meaningful connection between them.', 'The concept of target morphology challenges traditional ideas in biology, suggesting systems are designed to work towards a particular region.', 'Death promotes change and turnover in biological systems, offering an opportunity for larger scale systems to do something different the next time.', 'The discussion highlights the tendency of mammals, such as rats, to give up and die in hopeless situations, prompting questions about the adaptive benefits of this behavior and its implications for metacognitive controls and existentialism.']}