title
01 - Course Introduction & Relational Model (CMU Databases Systems / Fall 2019)

description
Prof. Andy Pavlo (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pavlo/) Slides: https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2019/slides/01-introduction.pdf Notes https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2019/notes/01-introduction.pdf 15-445/645 Intro to Database Systems (Fall 2019) Carnegie Mellon University https://15445.courses.cs.cmu.edu/fall2019/

detail
{'title': '01 - Course Introduction & Relational Model (CMU Databases Systems / Fall 2019)', 'heatmap': [{'end': 3978.199, 'start': 3922.792, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'The course begins with an introduction to oracle as the second most deployed database system, covers the course website, syllabus, and class overview, introduces the bustub database system, emphasizes the importance of databases in real-life applications, and delves into the history and evolution of database management systems and the relational data model, including relational algebra and sql.', 'chapters': [{'end': 402.475, 'segs': [{'end': 115.779, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 52.523, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 61.327, 'text': "So, rather than just not having classes this entire first week, I wanted to record this while I'm on the road, post it online and then that way,", 'start': 52.523, 'duration': 8.804}, {'end': 65.849, 'text': 'when we start having in-class lectures next week, we can get started on the good stuff.', 'start': 61.327, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 75.094, 'text': "So before we get into today's lecture, I first want to talk about how Oracle is helping us out this semester with course development.", 'start': 66.59, 'duration': 8.504}, {'end': 81.498, 'text': 'So Oracle is actually one of the first relational database management systems that came out in the 1970s.', 'start': 75.954, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 84.48, 'text': "And I'll explain what a relational database is in a few slides.", 'start': 81.578, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 91.424, 'text': "So again, it was one of the original ones, but it's still widely used and sold today, right?", 'start': 84.5, 'duration': 6.924}, {'end': 95.407, 'text': "It's probably the second most deployed database system in the world.", 'start': 91.504, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 97.668, 'text': "It's certainly the most deployed commercial system in the world.", 'start': 95.667, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 101.351, 'text': "And so, even though it's from the 1970s and there's other systems in the 1970s that are still sort of around,", 'start': 98.289, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 108.875, 'text': "Oracle is actually still under active development and they're adding a lot of you know interesting new modern features to it.", 'start': 103.792, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 115.779, 'text': "So this course is about the what I'll call it to maybe use traditional database management systems, or classical design.", 'start': 109.496, 'duration': 6.283}], 'summary': 'Oracle is a widely used database system from the 1970s, still under active development, and the second most deployed in the world.', 'duration': 63.256, 'max_score': 52.523, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc52523.jpg'}, {'end': 210.64, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 180.797, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 183.679, 'text': "I mean the main takeaways here we can't accept everyone.", 'start': 180.797, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 188.183, 'text': 'so the waitlist now, I think, is 150 when I checked earlier today.', 'start': 183.679, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 195.308, 'text': "so unfortunately that means that if you're not enrolled in the course at this point, the likelihood that you're going to get in is is very low.", 'start': 188.183, 'duration': 7.125}, {'end': 201.273, 'text': "I mean people will drop the course over the over the next week or so and then we'll take people off the waitlist.", 'start': 195.308, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 204.015, 'text': "but I unfortunately I just can't take everyone.", 'start': 201.273, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 206.237, 'text': "so you're more than welcome to audit the course.", 'start': 204.015, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 210.64, 'text': "just let me know that you're auditing, But we can't officially hold that.", 'start': 206.237, 'duration': 4.403}], 'summary': 'Current waitlist has 150 people; likelihood of getting in is low. people will be taken off the waitlist as others drop the course.', 'duration': 29.843, 'max_score': 180.797, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc180797.jpg'}, {'end': 247.534, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 222.648, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 227.772, 'text': "So again I'm sorry but everything's available online so you're more than welcome to follow along if you want.", 'start': 222.648, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 233.906, 'text': 'Right So 1545645 is at its core.', 'start': 229.744, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 239.85, 'text': 'The course is about the design and implementation of database management systems.', 'start': 233.946, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 247.534, 'text': 'So that means that this is not a course on how to use a database to build like an application, like a website or something like that,', 'start': 240.51, 'duration': 7.024}], 'summary': 'Course 1545645 focuses on database management systems design and implementation.', 'duration': 24.886, 'max_score': 222.648, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc222648.jpg'}, {'end': 390.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 364.8, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 371.423, 'text': "So up to that point up to recovery that's the core knowledge you need to have to understand how a database management system works.", 'start': 364.8, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 376.706, 'text': 'And then from there we can then build on that and start talking about more, you know,', 'start': 372.263, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 384.77, 'text': 'more advanced topics like distributed databases or various other types of databases that are out there, or extensions of relational databases.', 'start': 376.706, 'duration': 8.064}, {'end': 390.712, 'text': "So again, like the way to think about this is we'll go through every single layer of how to actually build the system.", 'start': 385.45, 'duration': 5.262}], 'summary': 'Understanding core knowledge of database management system is essential to discuss advanced topics like distributed databases and relational database extensions.', 'duration': 25.912, 'max_score': 364.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc364800.jpg'}], 'start': 33.075, 'title': "Oracle's role in database systems", 'summary': "Discusses oracle as the second most deployed database system, still under active development, and the instructor's lecture recording for the students' benefit, while highlighting the limited capacity and focus of the database management system course.", 'chapters': [{'end': 153.796, 'start': 33.075, 'title': "Oracle's role in database systems", 'summary': "Discusses how oracle is a widely used commercial database system, with oracle being the second most deployed database system in the world and still under active development, while the instructor records the lecture from la for the students' benefit.", 'duration': 120.721, 'highlights': ['Oracle is the second most deployed database system in the world. Oracle is widely used and sold today, making it the second most deployed database system globally.', 'Oracle is still under active development and adding new modern features. Despite originating in the 1970s, Oracle is continuously evolving with the addition of new modern features.', 'Instructor records the lecture from LA to benefit students during the first week. The instructor records the lecture from LA to ensure students can access the content during the first week of classes despite his absence.']}, {'end': 402.475, 'start': 155.751, 'title': 'Database management system course overview', 'summary': 'Highlights the limited capacity of the course, with a maximum of 100 students and a waitlist of 150, making it unlikely for additional enrollment, and emphasizes the focus of the course on designing and implementing database management systems, distinguishing it from other related courses.', 'duration': 246.724, 'highlights': ['The course has a maximum capacity of 100 students with a waitlist of 150, making it unlikely for additional enrollment. The capacity of the course is limited, with a maximum of 100 students and a waitlist of 150, indicating the likelihood of additional enrollment being low.', 'The course focuses on the design and implementation of database management systems, distinct from courses focused on using and administering databases. The course emphasizes its focus on designing and implementing database management systems, contrasting it with courses centered on using or administering databases.', 'The course covers various topics including relational databases, querying, executing transactions, and recovery, providing a comprehensive understanding of database management systems. The course provides a comprehensive understanding of database management systems by covering topics such as relational databases, querying, executing transactions, and recovery.']}], 'duration': 369.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc33075.jpg', 'highlights': ['Oracle is widely used and sold today, making it the second most deployed database system globally.', 'Oracle is continuously evolving with the addition of new modern features.', 'The instructor records the lecture from LA to ensure students can access the content during the first week of classes despite his absence.', 'The course has a maximum capacity of 100 students with a waitlist of 150, indicating the likelihood of additional enrollment being low.', 'The course emphasizes its focus on designing and implementing database management systems, contrasting it with courses centered on using or administering databases.', 'The course provides a comprehensive understanding of database management systems by covering topics such as relational databases, querying, executing transactions, and recovery.']}, {'end': 764.283, 'segs': [{'end': 443.458, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 402.475, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 404.376, 'text': 'or running and running them in the cloud environment.', 'start': 402.475, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 412.357, 'text': 'So the right now the course website is online along the syllabus and the schedule.', 'start': 406.112, 'duration': 6.245}, {'end': 416.2, 'text': 'So the basic outline there should be a lecture twice a week.', 'start': 412.778, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 420.764, 'text': "And then, with each lecture there's a there's readings that go along with it, that are supplemental,", 'start': 416.721, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 424.647, 'text': "that extend the kind of things that I'll be talking about as well.", 'start': 420.764, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 427.109, 'text': "also provides some course notes, which I'll mention in a second.", 'start': 424.647, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 432.212, 'text': 'So at all times please refer to the course web page that should be up to date.', 'start': 427.99, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 436.354, 'text': "You know have the most up to date information on what's going on.", 'start': 433.213, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 440.556, 'text': 'So unfortunately we always have to talk about academic honesty.', 'start': 437.415, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 443.458, 'text': "I'll go a little bit more detail what I mean about this as we go along.", 'start': 440.616, 'duration': 2.842}], 'summary': 'Course website is live with syllabus and schedule, offering lectures twice a week and supplemental readings.', 'duration': 40.983, 'max_score': 402.475, 'thumbnail': ''}, {'end': 495.654, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 465.613, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 469.617, 'text': "You don't copy from each other but just be very careful because we will check for these things.", 'start': 465.613, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 476.984, 'text': 'And as I said all the discussion and announcements for projects lectures homeworks will be on Piazza.', 'start': 470.357, 'duration': 6.627}, {'end': 478.706, 'text': "We'll do grading with great scope.", 'start': 477.364, 'duration': 1.342}, {'end': 485.609, 'text': "Your final grade will be posted on Canvas because that's what CMU wants, but the day-to-day discussion will be on Piazza.", 'start': 480.086, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 489.911, 'text': "And there's a link on the course webpage now that'll take you to our page.", 'start': 486.009, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 495.654, 'text': 'There is a textbook assigned for this class, Database Systems Concepts.', 'start': 491.712, 'duration': 3.942}], 'summary': 'Course announcements and discussions on piazza, grading with great scope, final grade on canvas, and assigned textbook: database systems concepts.', 'duration': 30.041, 'max_score': 465.613, 'thumbnail': ''}, {'end': 595.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 569.601, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 575.943, 'text': "So homeworks will be 15%, then it will be course projects, which I'll discuss in a second, that'll be 45%.", 'start': 569.601, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 585.087, 'text': 'So, for those of you that are CS undergrads, because the project grade, your final grade, is comprised of 45% of projects.', 'start': 575.943, 'duration': 9.144}, {'end': 591.67, 'text': "that's why this course counts for the system software elective for the CS undergrad curriculum.", 'start': 585.087, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 595.822, 'text': "And then there'll be a midterm and final example, that 20 percent.", 'start': 593.099, 'duration': 2.723}], 'summary': 'Course grading: 15% homework, 45% projects, 20% midterm and final', 'duration': 26.221, 'max_score': 569.601, 'thumbnail': ''}, {'end': 680.253, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 652.639, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 656.78, 'text': "But it's one emphasize this that like, you're not allowed to work in groups and try to figure things out.", 'start': 652.639, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 658.561, 'text': "It's not like a theory class.", 'start': 656.86, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 661.822, 'text': 'All these assignments can be done and should be done individually.', 'start': 658.661, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 664.795, 'text': 'All right for the projects.', 'start': 663.353, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 667.238, 'text': "This is the one I'm pretty excited about.", 'start': 665.816, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 673.145, 'text': 'So throughout the course of the semester you will build your own database storage manager from scratch.', 'start': 667.298, 'duration': 5.847}, {'end': 680.253, 'text': "So you'll start adding pieces one by one and start building out a sort of full feature a database storage manager.", 'start': 673.746, 'duration': 6.507}], 'summary': 'Students are expected to work individually on assignments and a project to build a database storage manager throughout the semester.', 'duration': 27.614, 'max_score': 652.639, 'thumbnail': ''}, {'end': 733.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 709.127, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 714.911, 'text': 'So you sort of have to have the first project working correctly in order for the second project to work correctly in the third and so forth.', 'start': 709.127, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 721.214, 'text': "So this particular system that we're using this semester is written entirely in C++ 17.", 'start': 716.312, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 724.136, 'text': "It doesn't mean we're using all the advanced features of C++ 17.", 'start': 721.214, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 733.902, 'text': "It just means that It's, you know, it's not like you're, you know, C++ 99, sort of traditional C++ you may have learned in other classes.", 'start': 724.136, 'duration': 9.766}], 'summary': 'System written in c++ 17, with advanced features, for sequential project dependencies.', 'duration': 24.775, 'max_score': 709.127, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc709127.jpg'}], 'start': 402.475, 'title': 'Course website, syllabus, and class overview', 'summary': 'Introduces the course website, syllabus, and schedule, emphasizing academic honesty, supplementary readings, and the use of piazza. it also discusses the database systems class overview, covering the textbook, grading breakdown, assignments, and course projects with a focus on c++ programming and individual work.', 'chapters': [{'end': 485.609, 'start': 402.475, 'title': 'Course website and syllabus announcement', 'summary': 'Introduces the launch of the course website with the syllabus and schedule, emphasizing the importance of academic honesty and the use of supplementary readings, while also highlighting the use of piazza for discussions and announcements.', 'duration': 83.134, 'highlights': ['The course website is online with the syllabus and schedule, featuring a lecture twice a week and supplementary readings.', "Emphasizing the importance of academic honesty and the need to avoid plagiarism or stealing others' work.", 'Utilizing Piazza for discussions, announcements, and grading, with the final grade being posted on Canvas.']}, {'end': 764.283, 'start': 486.009, 'title': 'Database systems class overview', 'summary': 'Discusses the textbook, grading breakdown, assignments, and course projects for the database systems class, including a focus on c++ programming and individual work, with projects building on each other throughout the semester.', 'duration': 278.274, 'highlights': ['The breakdown for your grade in the class will be the following: 45% for course projects, 20% for midterm and final example, and 15% for homeworks, with an additional 10% bonus points for extra credit. The grading breakdown includes 45% for course projects, 20% for midterm and final, and 15% for homeworks, with an additional 10% bonus points for extra credit.', 'Throughout the course of the semester, students will build their own database storage manager from scratch using C++ 17, with projects building on each other, emphasizing the importance of keeping up to date with the projects. Students will build their own database storage manager from scratch using C++ 17, with projects building on each other throughout the semester.', 'The course projects will not require writing SQL, and students are expected to work on the theoretical side of database systems, with assignments to be done individually and not in groups. The course projects will not require writing SQL, and students are expected to work on the theoretical side of database systems, with assignments to be done individually and not in groups.']}], 'duration': 361.808, 'thumbnail': '', 'highlights': ['The course website is online with the syllabus and schedule, featuring a lecture twice a week and supplementary readings.', "Emphasizing the importance of academic honesty and the need to avoid plagiarism or stealing others' work.", 'Utilizing Piazza for discussions, announcements, and grading, with the final grade being posted on Canvas.', 'The breakdown for your grade in the class will be the following: 45% for course projects, 20% for midterm and final example, and 15% for homeworks, with an additional 10% bonus points for extra credit.', 'Throughout the course of the semester, students will build their own database storage manager from scratch using C++ 17, with projects building on each other, emphasizing the importance of keeping up to date with the projects.', 'The course projects will not require writing SQL, and students are expected to work on the theoretical side of database systems, with assignments to be done individually and not in groups.']}, {'end': 1090.985, 'segs': [{'end': 801.209, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 765.203, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 773.13, 'text': "You know this time is really spent to be discussing the sort of the more high level important database concepts that you're trying to implement in your code.", 'start': 765.203, 'duration': 7.927}, {'end': 784.657, 'text': "So the All the projects this year will be implemented on this new academic system that we've been working on called bus tub.", 'start': 774.811, 'duration': 9.846}, {'end': 787.799, 'text': 'So all the source code will be released on GitHub.', 'start': 785.477, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 791.962, 'text': "Of course, obviously, it won't have the implementation of the piece that you're supposed to implement.", 'start': 788.519, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 793.783, 'text': "But you're sort of fill that in.", 'start': 792.702, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 801.209, 'text': "So at a high level, it's a disk based or disk oriented database management system that will support volcano style query processing.", 'start': 794.464, 'duration': 6.745}], 'summary': "New academic system 'bus tub' will implement disk-based database with volcano style query processing. projects this year will be on 'bus tub' and source code will be on github.", 'duration': 36.006, 'max_score': 765.203, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc765203.jpg'}, {'end': 962.873, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 918.15, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 925.758, 'text': "So after you run out of slip days, then you'll lose 25% on the assignments total points every time.", 'start': 918.15, 'duration': 7.608}, {'end': 927.981, 'text': "It's for every 24 hours that it's late.", 'start': 925.818, 'duration': 2.163}, {'end': 932.045, 'text': "So again, we'll just keep track of this as we go along in the semester.", 'start': 929.562, 'duration': 2.483}, {'end': 938.312, 'text': "Obviously, if there's medical conditions or other issues that come up, please contact me and we can accommodate you.", 'start': 932.886, 'duration': 5.426}, {'end': 945.19, 'text': 'So again, as I said before, all these projects and the homework should be done individually.', 'start': 940.049, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 946.67, 'text': "They're not group assignments.", 'start': 945.21, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 950.991, 'text': "You're not allowed to work it out together and submit a single submission together.", 'start': 946.71, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 953.111, 'text': 'You should be doing everything individually.', 'start': 951.631, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 960.793, 'text': 'Now some code for some projects may be still online from previous years.', 'start': 953.752, 'duration': 7.041}, {'end': 962.873, 'text': "Don't take that.", 'start': 962.233, 'duration': 0.64}], 'summary': 'Late assignments lose 25% every 24 hours. individual work only. code from previous years not allowed.', 'duration': 44.723, 'max_score': 918.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc918150.jpg'}, {'end': 1049.577, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1019.171, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1024.153, 'text': "there's two sort of ways to get involved in database research or other database topics going on at Carnegie Mellon.", 'start': 1019.171, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 1032.646, 'text': 'So the CMU database group has our weekly meetings on Mondays at 430 in the Gates Gates building on a floor.', 'start': 1025.203, 'duration': 7.443}, {'end': 1041.011, 'text': 'And this is other students, visitors from companies and people in Pittsburgh from abroad coming and giving talks about what,', 'start': 1033.166, 'duration': 7.845}, {'end': 1042.952, 'text': "the kind of research or kind of work that they're doing.", 'start': 1041.011, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1049.577, 'text': 'If you want to get involved in the development of a sort of advanced system.', 'start': 1044.071, 'duration': 5.506}], 'summary': 'Cmu database group hosts weekly meetings for database research and development.', 'duration': 30.406, 'max_score': 1019.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1019171.jpg'}, {'end': 1096.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1072.775, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1081.38, 'text': 'I will say also to, if you want to take the advanced class, 15 721 in the spring all those projects are based on on this, this new,', 'start': 1072.775, 'duration': 8.605}, {'end': 1082.56, 'text': "this other system we're building.", 'start': 1081.38, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 1089.824, 'text': 'So if you want to get started on that and sort of learn, learn how that system works and get involved in the early days of this thing, you know,', 'start': 1083.961, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 1090.985, 'text': 'by all means come to this.', 'start': 1089.824, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 1096.931, 'text': "Okay, So with that, that's, that's, that's it for the course.", 'start': 1092.846, 'duration': 4.085}], 'summary': 'Advanced class 15-721 in spring will focus on new system. get involved early.', 'duration': 24.156, 'max_score': 1072.775, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1072775.jpg'}], 'start': 765.203, 'title': 'Bustub database system and course guidelines', 'summary': 'Provides an introduction to the bustub database system, focusing on its features and open-source implementation. it also outlines the guidelines for database course assignments, including late policy, plagiarism warnings, and research opportunities at carnegie mellon university.', 'chapters': [{'end': 876.194, 'start': 765.203, 'title': 'Introduction to bustub database system', 'summary': 'Introduces the bustub database system, a disk-based management system that supports volcano style query processing, with pluggable apis for different replacement algorithms, index data structures, and control schemes, aiming to evolve into a full-fledged database over the years, with all projects implemented on the open-source system bustub.', 'duration': 110.991, 'highlights': ['The database system, BusTub, is introduced as a disk-based management system supporting volcano style query processing and designed with pluggable APIs for various functionalities, aiming to evolve into a full-fledged database over the years.', 'All projects this year will be implemented on the new academic system, BusTub, with the source code to be released on GitHub, allowing for different projects every year and gradually building out the system with new features and functionality.', 'The system, BusTub, is designed to be open source, allowing for different projects every year, ensuring that all projects will be entirely different and not worried about people finding and copying code due to the yearly changes.', 'The projects require writing queries in physical operator form, as the database system does not support SQL at this point, with the name of the system, BusTub, to be explained offline.']}, {'end': 1090.985, 'start': 877.255, 'title': 'Database course guidelines and opportunities', 'summary': 'Outlines the late policy for homework and projects, emphasizes individual work, warns against plagiarism, and highlights opportunities to get involved in database research at carnegie mellon university.', 'duration': 213.73, 'highlights': ['The late policy for homework and projects grants each student four slip days, with a 25% deduction on total points for every 24 hours that an assignment is late.', 'Emphasizes the requirement for individual work on projects and homework, prohibiting collaboration and warning against plagiarism, backed by the use of a plagiarism checker and potential consequences.', 'Highlights opportunities for involvement in database research at Carnegie Mellon University, including weekly meetings of the CMU database group and team meetings for the development of an advanced system.', 'Provides information about the advanced class 15 721 in the spring, which is based on the new database management system being built, and encourages students to get involved in the early stages of the system.']}], 'duration': 325.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc765203.jpg', 'highlights': ['The database system, BusTub, is introduced as a disk-based management system supporting volcano style query processing and designed with pluggable APIs for various functionalities, aiming to evolve into a full-fledged database over the years.', 'All projects this year will be implemented on the new academic system, BusTub, with the source code to be released on GitHub, allowing for different projects every year and gradually building out the system with new features and functionality.', 'The system, BusTub, is designed to be open source, allowing for different projects every year, ensuring that all projects will be entirely different and not worried about people finding and copying code due to the yearly changes.', 'The late policy for homework and projects grants each student four slip days, with a 25% deduction on total points for every 24 hours that an assignment is late.', 'Emphasizes the requirement for individual work on projects and homework, prohibiting collaboration and warning against plagiarism, backed by the use of a plagiarism checker and potential consequences.', 'Highlights opportunities for involvement in database research at Carnegie Mellon University, including weekly meetings of the CMU database group and team meetings for the development of an advanced system.', 'Provides information about the advanced class 15 721 in the spring, which is based on the new database management system being built, and encourages students to get involved in the early stages of the system.']}, {'end': 1620.615, 'segs': [{'end': 1139.996, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1117.158, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1124.383, 'text': 'So maybe every single complex or any computer applications you can think of at the end of the day, deep down inside of it,', 'start': 1117.158, 'duration': 7.225}, {'end': 1125.444, 'text': "there's going to be a database.", 'start': 1124.383, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1133.03, 'text': "If it's a mobile phone application, if it's running your desktop, if it's a website, if it's some kind of complex computer simulation,", 'start': 1126.625, 'duration': 6.405}, {'end': 1135.552, 'text': "at the end of the day there's always a database.", 'start': 1133.03, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 1136.873, 'text': 'Everyone has database problems.', 'start': 1135.672, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 1139.996, 'text': 'Many things can then just be reduced down to database problems.', 'start': 1137.354, 'duration': 2.642}], 'summary': 'All computer applications have a database at their core, leading to common database problems.', 'duration': 22.838, 'max_score': 1117.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1117158.jpg'}, {'end': 1200.382, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1172.745, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1181.311, 'text': 'So the example I always like to use for this class is that say we want to have a digital music store or something like Spotify or the iTunes store.', 'start': 1172.745, 'duration': 8.566}, {'end': 1190.897, 'text': "Right So we're so backing this application will be a database that's going to keep track of the various artists we have and their albums.", 'start': 1181.331, 'duration': 9.566}, {'end': 1200.382, 'text': 'So what we would put in this database would be basic information about their artists and then information about what albums that those artists have released.', 'start': 1192.256, 'duration': 8.126}], 'summary': 'Creating a digital music store with a database for artist and album information.', 'duration': 27.637, 'max_score': 1172.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1172745.jpg'}, {'end': 1248.006, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1218.009, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1218.389, 'text': "We don't know.", 'start': 1218.009, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 1219.29, 'text': "we don't know about my sequel.", 'start': 1218.389, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 1219.99, 'text': "we don't know Oracle.", 'start': 1219.29, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 1220.59, 'text': "we don't know postgres.", 'start': 1219.99, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 1221.271, 'text': "we don't know any of that.", 'start': 1220.59, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 1223.972, 'text': "So in our own application, we're going to write this code ourselves.", 'start': 1221.311, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 1236.28, 'text': 'So the simplest database we could implement and manage in our application would be just one where we store our data and a bunch of commerce separated value files or CFP files.', 'start': 1224.993, 'duration': 11.287}, {'end': 1246.165, 'text': "And then in our application code we're going to write the procedures, the methods to read this data and extract information.", 'start': 1237.199, 'duration': 8.966}, {'end': 1248.006, 'text': 'we need to answer questions or queries for them.', 'start': 1246.165, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'The application will manage data using csv files, writing code to read and extract information.', 'duration': 29.997, 'max_score': 1218.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1218009.jpg'}, {'end': 1395.357, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1370.047, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1377.911, 'text': 'and this will motivate for why we want to build a general purpose or a database management system that can handle all these things.', 'start': 1370.047, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 1388.494, 'text': 'So the first question is how can we ensure that in our application that for every single album that an artist puts out,', 'start': 1379.71, 'duration': 8.784}, {'end': 1392.936, 'text': 'the artist field in that album file is guaranteed to be the same?', 'start': 1388.494, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 1395.357, 'text': "How do we know that we don't have a spelling mistake for Ice Cube?", 'start': 1393.116, 'duration': 2.241}], 'summary': 'Developing a database management system to ensure consistency in artist fields for albums.', 'duration': 25.31, 'max_score': 1370.047, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1370047.jpg'}, {'end': 1513.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1487.611, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1492.295, 'text': "And so my sample file had three lines, so that's not big of a deal.", 'start': 1487.611, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 1494.736, 'text': 'So that can be done pretty fast.', 'start': 1493.295, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1497.679, 'text': 'But what if I had a billion albums?', 'start': 1494.756, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 1503.703, 'text': 'Do I really want to be opening the file every single time and scanning and parsing every single one to answer every single query??', 'start': 1498.819, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 1506.125, 'text': 'No, right, because that would be really really slow.', 'start': 1504.303, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 1513.945, 'text': 'Now next issue is that would have say you know our application that showed here is written in some other Python code.', 'start': 1508.243, 'duration': 5.702}], 'summary': 'Processing a billion albums would be slow without optimization.', 'duration': 26.334, 'max_score': 1487.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1487611.jpg'}], 'start': 1092.846, 'title': 'Importance of databases in real life', 'summary': 'Highlights the significance of databases in computer applications, emphasizing their role in modeling real-world data. it discusses implementing a basic database and presents an example of a digital music store database. additionally, it covers various issues related to database management systems, including data integrity, validity, performance, interoperability, concurrency, and safety.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1345.42, 'start': 1092.846, 'title': 'Importance of databases in real life', 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of databases in various computer applications, emphasizing that databases are essential for modeling real-world data, and provides an example of a digital music store database. it also discusses implementing a basic database using comma-separated value files and writing code to read and extract information from the database.', 'duration': 252.574, 'highlights': ['Databases are crucial in various computer applications, as they are utilized in mobile phone applications, desktops, websites, and complex computer simulations.', 'Databases are defined as collections of related data that model some aspect of the real world, emphasizing the importance of organizing data for effective querying and manipulation.', "The example of a digital music store database, including the storage of artists' information and albums, illustrates the practical application of databases in real-life scenarios.", 'Implementing a basic database involves storing data in comma-separated value files and writing code to read and extract information, demonstrating a simple approach to managing data without using existing database management systems.', 'The process of querying a CSV file for specific information, such as determining the year Ice Cube went solo, is explained using Python code, showcasing the practical implementation of database queries.']}, {'end': 1620.615, 'start': 1345.88, 'title': 'Database management system issues', 'summary': 'Discusses the problems of managing data in an application, highlighting issues such as data integrity, data validity, performance, interoperability, concurrency, and data safety.', 'duration': 274.735, 'highlights': ['Ensuring data integrity by guaranteeing consistency in the artist field for every album, and handling potential changes in artist names.', 'Ensuring data validity for different data types, such as validating that the album year is a four-digit number and preventing random strings.', 'Performance concerns regarding the inefficiency of scanning and parsing a large volume of data for every query, impacting application speed and responsiveness.', 'Interoperability challenges when using the same database with applications written in different languages, requiring duplicated parsing logic and complicating data sharing.', 'Concurrency issues when multiple processes attempt to write to the file simultaneously, risking data corruption and invalidation.', 'Data safety considerations, including managing updates during system crashes and potential database replication for fault tolerance.']}], 'duration': 527.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1092846.jpg', 'highlights': ['Databases are crucial in various computer applications, utilized in mobile phone applications, desktops, websites, and complex computer simulations.', "The example of a digital music store database illustrates the practical application of databases in real-life scenarios, including the storage of artists' information and albums.", 'Ensuring data integrity by guaranteeing consistency in the artist field for every album, and handling potential changes in artist names.', 'Performance concerns regarding the inefficiency of scanning and parsing a large volume of data for every query, impacting application speed and responsiveness.', 'Implementing a basic database involves storing data in comma-separated value files and writing code to read and extract information, demonstrating a simple approach to managing data without using existing database management systems.']}, {'end': 1963.699, 'segs': [{'end': 1679.466, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1648.305, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1655.348, 'text': 'You want to offload this or you want all that sort of complex logic of how to manage the data in the database.', 'start': 1648.305, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 1658.849, 'text': 'You want a database management system to manage that for you.', 'start': 1655.768, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 1671.219, 'text': 'So a database management system is specialized software that allows applications to store and analyze information in the database without having to worry about the underlying details of how to do that.', 'start': 1659.79, 'duration': 11.429}, {'end': 1679.466, 'text': "And it's software that can be reused from one application to the next so that you're not reinventing the wheel all over again.", 'start': 1672.16, 'duration': 7.306}], 'summary': 'Database management system offloads complex logic, allowing reuse across applications.', 'duration': 31.161, 'max_score': 1648.305, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1648305.jpg'}, {'end': 1761.526, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1730.047, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1734.329, 'text': 'Why would anybody love databases or database systems so much? So you have to understand, think about this.', 'start': 1730.047, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 1736.429, 'text': "At CMU, we're a large school.", 'start': 1734.429, 'duration': 2}, {'end': 1738.05, 'text': 'We have courses and everything.', 'start': 1736.789, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1744.194, 'text': 'right. uh, you know, in this course is for operating systems, of course, and for networking things like that.', 'start': 1738.67, 'duration': 5.524}, {'end': 1750.118, 'text': 'but database management systems are sort of a special class of software that are so important that,', 'start': 1744.194, 'duration': 5.924}, {'end': 1753.801, 'text': "like there's full-time people like me that teach a course just on this.", 'start': 1750.118, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 1761.526, 'text': "right like a web browser is important, but there's no class on like how to build a web browser, at least as far as i know right,", 'start': 1753.801, 'duration': 7.725}], 'summary': 'Databases are crucial, with dedicated courses and instructors at cmu.', 'duration': 31.479, 'max_score': 1730.047, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1730047.jpg'}, {'end': 1856.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1818.806, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1825.731, 'text': "and people quickly realized hey, it'd be nice to have specialized software like a database management system that can manage large data sets for us.", 'start': 1818.806, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 1829.814, 'text': "So you have to understand back in the day it's not like how it was now.", 'start': 1826.772, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 1836.107, 'text': "In the early days, some things that we'll talk about in this course that we sort of take for granted now, because, oh, of course,", 'start': 1831.624, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 1837.628, 'text': 'this is how you want to do certain things.', 'start': 1836.107, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1841.69, 'text': "Back in the 1960s and 1970s, it wasn't obvious that this is the way to do things.", 'start': 1838.068, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 1856.399, 'text': 'So in particular, the story I like to talk about is back in the late 1960s, there was this guy, Ted Codd, who worked at IBM Research.', 'start': 1843.051, 'duration': 13.348}], 'summary': 'In the 1960s, the need for specialized software like a database management system became apparent for managing large data sets.', 'duration': 37.593, 'max_score': 1818.806, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1818806.jpg'}], 'start': 1620.615, 'title': 'Database management systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the historical significance and evolution of database management systems since the 1960s, emphasizing the need to offload complex logic and the importance of specialized software.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1963.699, 'start': 1620.615, 'title': 'Database management systems', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance and evolution of database management systems, emphasizing the need to offload complex logic and the historical significance of specialized software like database management systems since the 1960s.', 'duration': 343.084, 'highlights': ['Database management systems offload complex logic and allow applications to store and analyze information without worrying about underlying details. Database management systems are specialized software that allows applications to store and analyze information without having to worry about the underlying details of how to do that.', 'Database management systems are important and widely used, with a specialized class of software and dedicated courses for teaching them. Database management systems are so prevalent and widely used everywhere that there are full-time people teaching courses dedicated to this specialized class of software.', 'The historical significance of database management systems dates back to the 1960s, with the first one coming online in 1965 at General Electric, addressing the issue of managing large data sets. The first database management system came online in 1965 at General Electric, addressing the need for specialized software to manage large data sets.']}], 'duration': 343.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1620615.jpg', 'highlights': ['Database management systems offload complex logic and allow applications to store and analyze information without worrying about underlying details.', 'The historical significance of database management systems dates back to the 1960s, with the first one coming online in 1965 at General Electric, addressing the issue of managing large data sets.', 'Database management systems are important and widely used, with a specialized class of software and dedicated courses for teaching them.']}, {'end': 2784.735, 'segs': [{'end': 1991.663, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1963.979, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1969.868, 'text': "But Ted Kott quickly realized that people were wasting their time in fixing up software that they didn't need to.", 'start': 1963.979, 'duration': 5.889}, {'end': 1975.452, 'text': 'So what Ted Codd proposed was this thing called the relational model.', 'start': 1971.129, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 1986.4, 'text': 'So the first paper came out on this in 1969, but the one that everyone cites is this one from the communications of the ATM that came out in 1970.', 'start': 1976.113, 'duration': 10.287}, {'end': 1991.663, 'text': 'So most people read the one that the relational model of data for large share data banks.', 'start': 1986.4, 'duration': 5.263}], 'summary': 'Ted codd proposed the relational model in 1969, widely cited in 1970 for large-scale data banks.', 'duration': 27.684, 'max_score': 1963.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1963979.jpg'}, {'end': 2101.501, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2074.51, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2078.353, 'text': 'This is how people write database applications before the relational model.', 'start': 2074.51, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 2084.905, 'text': 'And this is actually pretty controversial at the time, because everyone was saying oh,', 'start': 2079.556, 'duration': 5.349}, {'end': 2090.734, 'text': "there's no way software can ever produce a query plan that's as efficient as what a human can do.", 'start': 2084.905, 'duration': 5.829}, {'end': 2094.518, 'text': 'This is sort of the same argument that people made in 1970s about compilers.', 'start': 2091.154, 'duration': 3.364}, {'end': 2101.501, 'text': 'And they said, oh, you know, no compiler could ever write, you know, generate machine code as efficient as handwritten assembly.', 'start': 2095.273, 'duration': 6.228}], 'summary': 'Pre-relational database applications faced skepticism due to doubts about software efficiency.', 'duration': 26.991, 'max_score': 2074.51, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2074510.jpg'}, {'end': 2218.408, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2194.201, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2201.683, 'text': "or changing its layout or recompiling certain things, changing the data structures, and we don't have to change any application code.", 'start': 2194.201, 'duration': 7.482}, {'end': 2206.905, 'text': 'So we have a clean now separate clean separation between the logical and physical layers, which is absolutely what we want.', 'start': 2202.023, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 2214.826, 'text': 'Alright, so the relational data model is, is not the only data model, though.', 'start': 2209.403, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 2218.408, 'text': "It's certainly the most widely used data model.", 'start': 2216.147, 'duration': 2.261}], 'summary': 'Separation between logical and physical layers achieved, supporting various data models.', 'duration': 24.207, 'max_score': 2194.201, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2194201.jpg'}, {'end': 2290.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2263.339, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2268.643, 'text': "And then the schema is to say what is the data we're actually storing with this application for this given data model?", 'start': 2263.339, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 2274.721, 'text': 'So again, as I said, relational data model is just one of several other data models.', 'start': 2270.54, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 2276.242, 'text': "I'm showing a small sample here.", 'start': 2274.741, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2284.385, 'text': "Again, most database systems that you know about today and the ones we'll cover in this course MySQL, Postgres, Oracle DB2,", 'start': 2277.002, 'duration': 7.383}, {'end': 2290.607, 'text': 'SQL Server SQLite all these are relational database systems that use the relational data model.', 'start': 2284.385, 'duration': 6.222}], 'summary': 'Relational data model is one of several, used by various database systems like mysql, postgres, oracle, db2, sql server, and sqlite.', 'duration': 27.268, 'max_score': 2263.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2263339.jpg'}, {'end': 2434.045, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2404.417, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2405.598, 'text': "And that's what we're going to focus on.", 'start': 2404.417, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2408.762, 'text': 'Because again, relational data model can be used to model anything.', 'start': 2405.919, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 2414.793, 'text': 'So the relational data model is comprised of three parts.', 'start': 2410.97, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 2418.876, 'text': 'So again, the first is the structure of the relations.', 'start': 2415.373, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 2425.18, 'text': "This is like the schema, how we're going to define what are in our relations, what their attributes are, what their types are, and so forth.", 'start': 2419.056, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 2434.045, 'text': "Then we'll have the integrity constraints that will define to specify what is a valid instance of a database,", 'start': 2426.161, 'duration': 7.884}], 'summary': 'The relational data model comprises three parts: structure of relations, integrity constraints, and can be used to model anything.', 'duration': 29.628, 'max_score': 2404.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2404417.jpg'}, {'end': 2531.626, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2502.205, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2513.813, 'text': 'So, in the original relational model written by Ted Codd in the 1970s, all these values had to be atomic or scalar values,', 'start': 2502.205, 'duration': 11.608}, {'end': 2517.296, 'text': "meaning they couldn't be arrays, they couldn't be nested objects, and so forth.", 'start': 2513.813, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 2521.539, 'text': 'You always had to be one string, one integer, one float.', 'start': 2518.096, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 2528.384, 'text': "So again, that's what the original relational data model talked about, but in recent times.", 'start': 2522.44, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 2531.626, 'text': 'you now can store arrays.', 'start': 2530.426, 'duration': 1.2}], 'summary': 'Original relational model required only atomic values, but now allows arrays.', 'duration': 29.421, 'max_score': 2502.205, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2502205.jpg'}, {'end': 2715.867, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2690.12, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2694.524, 'text': "Right For this example, here, it's a synthetic one that's exposed through a logical layer.", 'start': 2690.12, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 2698.247, 'text': 'So that could be because this could have been generated through an auto increment key.', 'start': 2695.365, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2701.891, 'text': "There's also foreign keys in relational data model.", 'start': 2699.969, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2711.444, 'text': 'So foreign key is a way to specify that an attribute from one relation has to exist in at least one tuple in another relation.', 'start': 2702.438, 'duration': 9.006}, {'end': 2715.867, 'text': "So this is how you're going to maintain integrity across different relations,", 'start': 2711.864, 'duration': 4.003}], 'summary': 'The example involves a synthetic data exposed through a logical layer, using foreign keys to maintain integrity in relational data model.', 'duration': 25.747, 'max_score': 2690.12, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2690120.jpg'}], 'start': 1963.979, 'title': 'Relational data model', 'summary': "Discusses ted codd's influential proposal of the relational model in 1969, revolutionizing data storage and access. it explains the model's benefits, components, and evolution to accommodate newer concepts like arrays and json objects.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2129.726, 'start': 1963.979, 'title': 'Relational data model revolution', 'summary': "Discusses ted codd's influential proposal of the relational model in 1969, which revolutionized data storage and access, leading to the adoption of high-level languages for querying and challenging the belief that human-written code was more efficient.", 'duration': 165.747, 'highlights': ["Ted Codd's proposal of the relational model in 1969 Ted Codd's proposal of the relational model in 1969 revolutionized data storage and access, laying the foundation for the adoption of high-level languages for querying.", 'Introduction of high-level language for querying The introduction of high-level language for querying challenged the belief that human-written code was more efficient, leading to the adoption of complex query plans by database systems.', 'Controversy over the efficiency of query plans The controversy over the efficiency of query plans in the 1970s was challenged by the emergence of complex query plans, which could often outperform human-written code in terms of efficiency.']}, {'end': 2784.735, 'start': 2131.764, 'title': 'Relational data model overview', 'summary': 'Explains the relational data model, highlighting its benefits of providing a clean separation between logical and physical layers, its widespread use, and its components including structure, integrity constraints, and data manipulation. it also discusses the evolution of the relational model to accommodate newer concepts like arrays and json objects.', 'duration': 652.971, 'highlights': ['The relational data model provides a clean separation between logical and physical layers, allowing the system to move things around or change layout without requiring changes to application code. This clean separation enables the system to move data around or change layout without impacting application code, ensuring flexibility and adaptability.', 'Relational data model is the most widely used model, including systems such as MySQL, Postgres, Oracle, DB2, SQL Server, and SQLite. The relational data model is the most widely used, with popular systems like MySQL, Postgres, and Oracle DB2 adopting it.', 'The relational data model consists of three parts: structure of relations, integrity constraints, and manipulation of data. The relational data model comprises three key components: structure of relations, integrity constraints, and data manipulation, which are essential for defining, enforcing, and accessing data.', 'The evolution of the relational model allows for the storage of arrays and JSON objects in relational databases, relaxing the original constraint of atomic values. Recent developments in the relational model permit the storage of arrays and JSON objects, deviating from the original requirement of atomic values.', 'Foreign keys in the relational data model maintain integrity across different relations, ensuring that inserted data maps to existing entities. Foreign keys are crucial for maintaining integrity across relations, preventing the insertion of data that does not correspond to existing entities.']}], 'duration': 820.756, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc1963979.jpg', 'highlights': ["Ted Codd's proposal of the relational model in 1969 revolutionized data storage and access, laying the foundation for the adoption of high-level languages for querying.", 'The introduction of high-level language for querying challenged the belief that human-written code was more efficient, leading to the adoption of complex query plans by database systems.', 'The controversy over the efficiency of query plans in the 1970s was challenged by the emergence of complex query plans, which could often outperform human-written code in terms of efficiency.', 'The relational data model provides a clean separation between logical and physical layers, allowing the system to move things around or change layout without requiring changes to application code.', 'The relational data model is the most widely used, with popular systems like MySQL, Postgres, and Oracle DB2 adopting it.', 'The relational data model comprises three key components: structure of relations, integrity constraints, and data manipulation, which are essential for defining, enforcing, and accessing data.', 'Recent developments in the relational model permit the storage of arrays and JSON objects, deviating from the original requirement of atomic values.', 'Foreign keys in the relational data model maintain integrity across different relations, ensuring that inserted data maps to existing entities.']}, {'end': 3185.867, 'segs': [{'end': 2849.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2825.42, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2833.209, 'text': "meaning we'll specify at a high level strategy of how the data system should find our particular result that we're looking for.", 'start': 2825.42, 'duration': 7.789}, {'end': 2839.416, 'text': "So I don't mean exactly like the procedural code, the Python example I showed before, but just sort of a high level.", 'start': 2833.85, 'duration': 5.566}, {'end': 2841.759, 'text': 'say hey, this is what we want you to execute.', 'start': 2839.416, 'duration': 2.343}, {'end': 2846.657, 'text': 'The other approach is called non-procedural or declarative.', 'start': 2843.055, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 2849.499, 'text': "And this is where we're going to say, this is what we want.", 'start': 2846.958, 'duration': 2.541}], 'summary': 'Specify high-level strategy for data system to find specific result.', 'duration': 24.079, 'max_score': 2825.42, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2825420.jpg'}, {'end': 2959.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2929.341, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2935.825, 'text': "So these again, these are the fundamental operators we have to retrieve manipulate tuples in relation to produce answers that we're looking for.", 'start': 2929.341, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 2942.329, 'text': 'So one important thing to mention is that this algebra is based on on sets.', 'start': 2936.845, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 2950.615, 'text': 'So the set is an unordered list or unordered collection of data where you cannot have unique values.', 'start': 2943.129, 'duration': 7.486}, {'end': 2952.337, 'text': 'Now when we talk about SQL.', 'start': 2951.136, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 2959.243, 'text': 'SQL is not going to be based on set algebra, even though it uses relational algebra as the underlying operators doing query execution.', 'start': 2952.337, 'duration': 6.906}], 'summary': 'Fundamental operators in set algebra used for query execution, not applicable to sql.', 'duration': 29.902, 'max_score': 2929.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2929341.jpg'}, {'end': 3028.987, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2997.928, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3000.194, 'text': "So again, these are the fundamental ones and we'll go through each of these.", 'start': 2997.928, 'duration': 2.266}, {'end': 3003.33, 'text': 'So the first one is select.', 'start': 3002.369, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 3009.214, 'text': 'Select is basically taking a subset of the tuples that satisfies some selection predicate.', 'start': 3003.39, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 3010.915, 'text': 'So you can sort of think this is like a filter.', 'start': 3009.454, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 3014.477, 'text': "You say, here's a given input relation.", 'start': 3010.955, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 3018.6, 'text': "Here's the predicate that I want you to evaluate for every single tuple.", 'start': 3015.097, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 3028.987, 'text': "And if it evaluates to true, meaning the predicate is satisfied particular tuple, we'll add it to our output relation for the select operator.", 'start': 3019.12, 'duration': 9.867}], 'summary': 'Select operator filters tuples based on a given predicate.', 'duration': 31.059, 'max_score': 2997.928, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2997928.jpg'}], 'start': 2785.476, 'title': 'Data handling strategies and relational algebra', 'summary': "Covers data access strategies, comparing procedural and non-procedural approaches, aiming for reduced code implementation. it also explains relational algebra's seven fundamental operators, including select and projection, used in composing complex sql queries.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2861.828, 'start': 2785.476, 'title': 'Data manipulation and accessing strategies', 'summary': 'Discusses the strategies for getting data out of the database, comparing procedural and non-procedural approaches, and the benefits of using a non-procedural approach, aiming to reduce the implementation of extra code and hard coding.', 'duration': 76.352, 'highlights': ['Procedural approach specifies a high-level strategy for finding the result, similar to the Python example shown before. The procedural approach involves specifying a high-level strategy for finding the desired result, similar to the Python example shown before, aiming to guide the data system on how to execute the operation efficiently.', 'Non-procedural approach focuses on specifying the desired result without detailing the production process, aiming to allow the data system to efficiently generate the answer. The non-procedural approach involves specifying the desired result without detailing the production process, aiming to allow the data system to efficiently generate the answer without specifying how to go about getting it.', 'Discussion on the benefits of using a non-procedural approach, aiming to relieve from writing hard code and implementing extra code in the application. The chapter discusses the benefits of using a non-procedural approach, aiming to relieve from writing hard code and implementing extra code in the application, which can provide a more efficient and flexible way of accessing and manipulating data.']}, {'end': 3185.867, 'start': 2862.868, 'title': 'Understanding relational algebra', 'summary': 'Explains relational algebra, proposed by ted kott in the 1970s, focusing on seven fundamental operators, including select and projection, which are used to compose complex queries in sql, with select being a filter and projection creating a subset of specified attributes.', 'duration': 322.999, 'highlights': ['Relational algebra is based on sets, which are unordered collections of data with unique values, and SQL uses relational algebra as underlying operators for query execution. The algebra is based on sets, which are unordered collections of data with unique values, and SQL uses relational algebra as underlying operators for query execution.', 'Ted Kott proposed seven fundamental operators in relation to algebra, which are used to retrieve and manipulate tuples in relation to produce answers. Ted Kott proposed seven fundamental operators in relation to algebra, which are used to retrieve and manipulate tuples in relation to produce answers.', 'The select operator acts as a filter, taking a subset of tuples that satisfy a selection predicate, and the projection operator generates a new output relation containing only a subset of specified attributes from the input relation. The select operator acts as a filter, taking a subset of tuples that satisfy a selection predicate, and the projection operator generates a new output relation containing only a subset of specified attributes from the input relation.']}], 'duration': 400.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc2785476.jpg', 'highlights': ['The non-procedural approach involves specifying the desired result without detailing the production process, aiming to allow the data system to efficiently generate the answer without specifying how to go about getting it.', 'The procedural approach specifies a high-level strategy for finding the result, similar to the Python example shown before, aiming to guide the data system on how to execute the operation efficiently.', 'The chapter discusses the benefits of using a non-procedural approach, aiming to relieve from writing hard code and implementing extra code in the application, which can provide a more efficient and flexible way of accessing and manipulating data.', 'SQL uses relational algebra as underlying operators for query execution, which are based on sets, unordered collections of data with unique values.', 'Ted Kott proposed seven fundamental operators in relation to algebra, which are used to retrieve and manipulate tuples in relation to produce answers.', 'The select operator acts as a filter, taking a subset of tuples that satisfy a selection predicate, and the projection operator generates a new output relation containing only a subset of specified attributes from the input relation.']}, {'end': 3998.312, 'segs': [{'end': 3215.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3188.408, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3200.113, 'text': "Our union operator is where we're going to take two relations and we're going to produce a new output relation that contains all the tuples in either the first relation or the second relation,", 'start': 3188.408, 'duration': 11.705}, {'end': 3200.714, 'text': 'or both of them.', 'start': 3200.113, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 3204.498, 'text': 'You just combine these two relations and match them together.', 'start': 3201.716, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 3215.186, 'text': "So if you do the union on R and S, you get a giant, you're basically concatenating S on R as the output.", 'start': 3204.518, 'duration': 10.668}], 'summary': 'The union operator combines two relations to create a new output containing all tuples from either or both relations.', 'duration': 26.778, 'max_score': 3188.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc3188408.jpg'}, {'end': 3764.177, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3735.055, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3743.297, 'text': "although SQL is the standard way people express queries from the relational model, it isn't the only way you could do this.", 'start': 3735.055, 'duration': 8.242}, {'end': 3746.378, 'text': 'It just happened to be the one that everyone uses and standardize on.', 'start': 3743.577, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 3752.759, 'text': "And actually, when Ted Codd wrote the Relational Model Paper first in 1970, he actually didn't even propose SQL.", 'start': 3746.398, 'duration': 6.361}, {'end': 3754.279, 'text': "He didn't even propose any high-level language.", 'start': 3752.779, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 3755.82, 'text': "He just said, hey, here's a relational algebra.", 'start': 3754.299, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3764.177, 'text': 'He then later proposed his own language called Alpha that was a competitor to SQL in the 1970s.', 'start': 3756.894, 'duration': 7.283}], 'summary': "Sql isn't the only way to express queries from the relational model; ted codd proposed a competitor language called alpha in the 1970s.", 'duration': 29.122, 'max_score': 3735.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc3735055.jpg'}, {'end': 3853.084, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3826.37, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3832.535, 'text': 'And then, over time, as the database changes, as the database is, the system itself changes or workload changes,', 'start': 3826.37, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 3836.538, 'text': 'it can adapt and improve itself without us having to go back or change our application.', 'start': 3832.535, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 3841.942, 'text': "Again, for this reason, that's why I'm super excited about the relational model, and I think it's always the right way to go.", 'start': 3837.299, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 3849.146, 'text': "All right, so just to finish up here, and again, I realize it's awkward for me sitting here in the bathtub giving you this lecture.", 'start': 3841.962, 'duration': 7.184}, {'end': 3853.084, 'text': 'I appreciate you guys sitting through this.', 'start': 3851.383, 'duration': 1.701}], 'summary': 'Relational model can adapt and improve without manual changes. excitement for its potential.', 'duration': 26.714, 'max_score': 3826.37, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc3826370.jpg'}, {'end': 3978.199, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 3922.792, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3929.597, 'text': 'the most important thing you need to understand about databases throughout this through the rest of your life is the following when you look back at the 36 chambers,', 'start': 3922.792, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 3932.839, 'text': 'you understand who were the original nine involved in it.', 'start': 3929.597, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 3943.119, 'text': 'you have the risa, the jizza Inspector, Deck, Ghostface, Killa Master, Killa You, God, Meth Man, Old Dirty Bastard and Raekwon.', 'start': 3932.839, 'duration': 10.28}, {'end': 3946.881, 'text': 'But the other important thing, too, is Capadonna was in jail at the time.', 'start': 3943.82, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 3953.245, 'text': "So he was actually an original member of the clan, but because he was in jail, he couldn't be on the 36 Chambers.", 'start': 3946.921, 'duration': 6.324}, {'end': 3957.007, 'text': "So that's the most important thing you need to understand throughout this entire semester.", 'start': 3953.905, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 3958.428, 'text': 'Okay? All right, guys.', 'start': 3957.247, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 3959.792, 'text': 'See you next time.', 'start': 3959.332, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 3978.199, 'text': 'Stay sober, lay on the sofa.', 'start': 3976.938, 'duration': 1.261}], 'summary': 'The original nine members of the 36 chambers included capadonna, who was in jail at the time.', 'duration': 55.407, 'max_score': 3922.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc3922792.jpg'}], 'start': 3188.408, 'title': 'Relational algebra and sql', 'summary': 'Discusses relational algebra operators such as union, intersection, difference, product, and joins, and provides an overview of sql emphasizing its high-level query expressiveness and adaptability to database changes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3400.515, 'start': 3188.408, 'title': 'Relational algebra operators', 'summary': 'Discusses relational algebra operators including union, intersection, difference, product, and joins, emphasizing their functionality, requirements, and use cases in sql.', 'duration': 212.107, 'highlights': ['The union operator combines two relations to produce a new output relation containing all tuples from either or both of the input relations. The union operator in relational algebra combines two relations to produce a new output relation containing all tuples from either or both of the input relations.', 'The intersection operator produces an output relation containing tuples that appear in both input relations. The intersection operator in relational algebra produces an output relation containing tuples that appear in both input relations.', 'The difference operator selects tuples that appear in the first relation but not the second relation. The difference operator in relational algebra selects tuples that appear in the first relation but not the second relation.', 'The product operator generates all combinations of tuples from two input relations, producing a giant output of unique combinations. The product operator in relational algebra generates all combinations of tuples from two input relations, producing a giant output of unique combinations.', 'The natural join works by combining tuples from two relations based on matching attributes, producing an output containing all matched tuples. The natural join in relational algebra works by combining tuples from two relations based on matching attributes, producing an output containing all matched tuples.']}, {'end': 3998.312, 'start': 3400.515, 'title': 'Relational algebra & sql overview', 'summary': 'Discusses the basics of relational algebra, including natural join operator, original relational algebra operators, and the importance of relational model and sql. it emphasizes the high-level query expressiveness of sql and its adaptability to database changes without code modification.', 'duration': 597.797, 'highlights': ['The relational algebra includes natural join operator, original relational algebra operators, and extensions like sorting, duplicate elimination, aggregation, etc.', 'SQL provides a high-level query language, allowing adaptation and improvement of database systems without changing application code.', 'The importance of understanding relational model and SQL for future encounters with databases is emphasized, as it enables adaptability without code changes.', "The lecture concludes with a humorous reference to the original members of the Wu-Tang Clan and the significance of Capadonna's absence from the 36 Chambers album."]}], 'duration': 809.904, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/oeYBdghaIjc/pics/oeYBdghaIjc3188408.jpg', 'highlights': ['SQL provides a high-level query language, allowing adaptation and improvement of database systems without changing application code.', 'The importance of understanding relational model and SQL for future encounters with databases is emphasized, as it enables adaptability without code changes.', 'The natural join works by combining tuples from two relations based on matching attributes, producing an output containing all matched tuples.', 'The product operator generates all combinations of tuples from two input relations, producing a giant output of unique combinations.', 'The union operator combines two relations to produce a new output relation containing all tuples from either or both of the input relations.']}], 'highlights': ['Oracle is widely used and sold today, making it the second most deployed database system globally.', 'The course emphasizes its focus on designing and implementing database management systems, contrasting it with courses centered on using or administering databases.', 'The course provides a comprehensive understanding of database management systems by covering topics such as relational databases, querying, executing transactions, and recovery.', 'The course website is online with the syllabus and schedule, featuring a lecture twice a week and supplementary readings.', 'The breakdown for your grade in the class will be the following: 45% for course projects, 20% for midterm and final example, and 15% for homeworks, with an additional 10% bonus points for extra credit.', 'The database system, BusTub, is introduced as a disk-based management system supporting volcano style query processing and designed with pluggable APIs for various functionalities, aiming to evolve into a full-fledged database over the years.', 'The late policy for homework and projects grants each student four slip days, with a 25% deduction on total points for every 24 hours that an assignment is late.', 'Databases are crucial in various computer applications, utilized in mobile phone applications, desktops, websites, and complex computer simulations.', 'Database management systems offload complex logic and allow applications to store and analyze information without worrying about underlying details.', "Ted Codd's proposal of the relational model in 1969 revolutionized data storage and access, laying the foundation for the adoption of high-level languages for querying.", 'The relational data model provides a clean separation between logical and physical layers, allowing the system to move things around or change layout without requiring changes to application code.', 'The non-procedural approach involves specifying the desired result without detailing the production process, aiming to allow the data system to efficiently generate the answer without specifying how to go about getting it.', 'SQL provides a high-level query language, allowing adaptation and improvement of database systems without changing application code.', 'The natural join works by combining tuples from two relations based on matching attributes, producing an output containing all matched tuples.']}