title
David Patterson: Computer Architecture and Data Storage | Lex Fridman Podcast #104
description
David Patterson is a Turing award winner and professor of computer science at Berkeley. He is known for pioneering contributions to RISC processor architecture used by 99% of new chips today and for co-creating RAID storage. The impact that these two lines of research and development have had on our world is immeasurable. He is also one of the great educators of computer science in the world. His book with John Hennessy "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach" is how I first learned about and was humbled by the inner workings of machines at the lowest level.
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PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website:
https://lexfridman.com/podcast
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https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
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RSS:
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Full episodes playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
3:28 - How have computers changed?
4:22 - What's inside a computer?
10:02 - Layers of abstraction
13:05 - RISC vs CISC computer architectures
28:18 - Designing a good instruction set is an art
31:46 - Measures of performance
36:02 - RISC instruction set
39:39 - RISC-V open standard instruction set architecture
51:12 - Why do ARM implementations vary?
52:57 - Simple is beautiful in instruction set design
58:09 - How machine learning changed computers
1:08:18 - Machine learning benchmarks
1:16:30 - Quantum computing
1:19:41 - Moore's law
1:28:22 - RAID data storage
1:36:53 - Teaching
1:40:59 - Wrestling
1:45:26 - Meaning of life
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detail
{'title': 'David Patterson: Computer Architecture and Data Storage | Lex Fridman Podcast #104', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5871.363, 'start': 5796.464, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "David patterson's innovations in risk processor architecture and raid storage are utilized in 99% of new chips today; the discussion covers the evolution of computer instruction sets, architectural trade-offs, and the rise of risc-v architecture as an open and free instruction set architecture with potential in the internet of things. it also delves into the impact of machine learning on hardware, quantum computing projections, and the invention and impact of raid technology in revolutionizing data storage and redundancy.", 'chapters': [{'end': 148.608, 'segs': [{'end': 69.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42.045, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 50.512, 'text': 'Please consider supporting the podcast by going to jordanharbinger.com slash Lex and downloading Cash App and using code LexPodcast.', 'start': 42.045, 'duration': 8.467}, {'end': 53.035, 'text': 'Click on the links, buy the stuff.', 'start': 51.093, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 58.92, 'text': "It's the best way to support this podcast and, in general, the journey I'm on in my research and startup.", 'start': 53.595, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 61.541, 'text': 'This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.', 'start': 59.46, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 69.266, 'text': 'If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, review it with five stars on Apple Podcasts, support it on Patreon or connect with me on Twitter.', 'start': 61.902, 'duration': 7.364}], 'summary': 'Support the podcast by using code lexpodcast on jordanharbinger.com to download cash app and buy the stuff.', 'duration': 27.221, 'max_score': 42.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg42045.jpg'}, {'end': 119.352, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 85.298, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 87.58, 'text': 'Go to jordanharbinger.com slash Lex.', 'start': 85.298, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 89.102, 'text': "It's how he knows I sent you.", 'start': 87.981, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 94.147, 'text': "On that page, there's links to subscribe to it on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and everywhere else.", 'start': 89.803, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 96.469, 'text': "I've been binging on this podcast.", 'start': 94.888, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 97.41, 'text': "It's amazing.", 'start': 96.709, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 98.771, 'text': 'Jordan is a great human being.', 'start': 97.47, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 104.938, 'text': "He gets the best out of his guests, dives deep, calls them out when it's needed, and makes the whole thing fun to listen to.", 'start': 99.412, 'duration': 5.526}, {'end': 111.064, 'text': "He's interviewed Kobe Bryant, Mark Cuban, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Garry Kasparov, and many more.", 'start': 104.958, 'duration': 6.106}, {'end': 119.352, 'text': "I recently listened to his conversation with Frank Abagnale, author of Catch Me If You Can, and one of the world's most famous con men.", 'start': 111.825, 'duration': 7.527}], 'summary': 'Check out jordanharbinger.com/lex for a podcast with interviews of famous guests like kobe bryant and mark cuban.', 'duration': 34.054, 'max_score': 85.298, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg85298.jpg'}], 'start': 0.149, 'title': "David patterson's innovations", 'summary': "Explores david patterson's groundbreaking work in risk processor architecture and raid storage, which are utilized in 99% of new chips today. additionally, it covers his influence as an educator in computer science and mentions podcast sponsors, jordan harbinger show and cash app.", 'chapters': [{'end': 148.608, 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'David patterson: computer science innovator', 'summary': 'Discusses the pioneering contributions of david patterson in risk processor architecture and raid storage, highlighting their significant impact on the world, including being used by 99% of new chips today, and his role as an educator in computer science. it also briefly mentions the sponsors of the podcast, jordan harbinger show and cash app.', 'duration': 148.459, 'highlights': ["David Patterson's pioneering contributions to risk processor architecture used by 99% of new chips today and co-creating RAID storage have had an immeasurable impact on the world.", 'David Patterson is recognized as one of the great educators of computer science in the world.', 'The podcast sponsors mentioned are the Jordan Harbinger Show and Cash App, with emphasis on supporting the podcast through specific actions such as subscribing, reviewing, and connecting with the host.']}], 'duration': 148.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg149.jpg', 'highlights': ["David Patterson's pioneering contributions to risk processor architecture used by 99% of new chips today and co-creating RAID storage have had an immeasurable impact on the world.", 'David Patterson is recognized as one of the great educators of computer science in the world.', 'The podcast sponsors mentioned are the Jordan Harbinger Show and Cash App, with emphasis on supporting the podcast through specific actions such as subscribing, reviewing, and connecting with the host.']}, {'end': 1590.116, 'segs': [{'end': 218.476, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 194.225, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 203.114, 'text': 'And Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST, an organization that is helping to advance robotics and STEM education for young people around the world.', 'start': 194.225, 'duration': 8.889}, {'end': 207.679, 'text': "And now, here's my conversation with David Patterson.", 'start': 204.435, 'duration': 3.244}, {'end': 211.014, 'text': "Let's start with the big historical question.", 'start': 209.033, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 218.476, 'text': 'How have computers changed in the past 50 years, at both the fundamental architectural level and in general in your eyes?', 'start': 211.774, 'duration': 6.702}], 'summary': 'Cash app will donate $10 to first; david patterson discusses the evolution of computers in the past 50 years.', 'duration': 24.251, 'max_score': 194.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg194225.jpg'}, {'end': 296.455, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 269.594, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 273.897, 'text': 'So a computer forever has classically had five pieces.', 'start': 269.594, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 281.742, 'text': "There's input and output, which kind of naturally, as you'd expect, is input is like speech or typing, and output is displays.", 'start': 273.997, 'duration': 7.745}, {'end': 289.813, 'text': "There's a memory, and like the name sounds, it remembers things.", 'start': 284.611, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 295.915, 'text': "So it's integrated circuits whose job is you put information in, then when you ask for it, it comes back out.", 'start': 290.253, 'duration': 5.662}, {'end': 296.455, 'text': "That's memory.", 'start': 295.935, 'duration': 0.52}], 'summary': 'Computer has five essential components: input, output, memory, and integrated circuits.', 'duration': 26.861, 'max_score': 269.594, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg269594.jpg'}, {'end': 544.948, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 521.542, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 528.644, 'text': 'this is what was predicted, and you could imagine it was easy to believe that Morris law was gonna continue, and so this would be the implications.', 'start': 521.542, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 533.325, 'text': 'On the other side, there are these kind of shocking events in your life.', 'start': 529.904, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 544.948, 'text': 'Like I remember driving in Marin across the bay in San Francisco and seeing a bulletin board at a local civic center and it had a URL on it.', 'start': 533.405, 'duration': 11.543}], 'summary': "Predicted the continuation of moore's law, while encountering shocking events such as seeing a url on a bulletin board in marin.", 'duration': 23.406, 'max_score': 521.542, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg521542.jpg'}, {'end': 845.568, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 820.612, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 826.655, 'text': 'And what we call that vocabulary, we call that, the words of that vocabulary are called instructions.', 'start': 820.612, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 831.038, 'text': 'And the technical term for the vocabulary is instruction set.', 'start': 827.696, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 834.3, 'text': 'Those instructions are like what we talked about earlier.', 'start': 832.198, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 837.562, 'text': 'There can be instructions like add, subtract, and multiply, divide.', 'start': 834.36, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 845.568, 'text': "There's instructions to put data into memory, which is called a store instruction, and to get data back, which is called the load instructions.", 'start': 838.003, 'duration': 7.565}], 'summary': 'Introducing vocabulary of instructions in an instruction set, including add, subtract, multiply, divide, store, and load instructions.', 'duration': 24.956, 'max_score': 820.612, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg820612.jpg'}, {'end': 1145.969, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1118.734, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1124.577, 'text': 'So relying on the compiler to reduce your complicated code into something simple and fast.', 'start': 1118.734, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 1134.082, 'text': 'So to me, comparing RISC, maybe this is a dumb question, but why is it that focusing the definition,', 'start': 1124.917, 'duration': 9.165}, {'end': 1145.969, 'text': 'the design and the instruction set on very few simple instructions in the long run provide faster execution? versus coming up with, like you said,', 'start': 1134.082, 'duration': 11.887}], 'summary': "Relying on compiler to simplify code for faster execution, comparing risc's focus on simple instructions for speed.", 'duration': 27.235, 'max_score': 1118.734, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg1118734.jpg'}], 'start': 149.149, 'title': 'Technological evolution', 'summary': "Highlights the convenience of cash app and its impact on cryptocurrency, discusses the evolution of computers, explores moore's law and layers of abstraction in computing, and delves into the open source hardware revolution and the risc vs cisc debate.", 'chapters': [{'end': 194.225, 'start': 149.149, 'title': 'Cash app and cryptocurrency history', 'summary': 'Highlights the convenience of cash app for sending money, buying bitcoin, and investing in the stock market with as little as $1, and discusses the fascinating history of money and cryptocurrency, with mentions of the ascent of money book and the early development of cryptocurrency, while also offering a $10 incentive for using the code lexpodcast.', 'duration': 45.076, 'highlights': ['The convenience of Cash App for sending money, buying Bitcoin, and investing in the stock market with as little as $1.', 'Discussion of the history of money and cryptocurrency, with mentions of the Ascent of Money book and the early development of cryptocurrency.', 'Offering a $10 incentive for using the code LEXPODCAST when getting Cash App from the App Store or Google Play.']}, {'end': 419.098, 'start': 194.225, 'title': 'Computers: past, present, future', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of computers over the past 50 years, highlighting the invention of the microprocessor, its impact on size, speed, and ubiquity, and the fundamental components of a computer, and the capability of performing billions of basic operations per second.', 'duration': 224.873, 'highlights': ['The invention of the microprocessor revolutionized computing, leading to smaller, faster, and more affordable devices, with the capability to perform millions of operations per second.', 'The fundamental components of a computer include input/output, memory, and processor, consisting of control and arithmetic unit, which collectively enable the execution of billions of basic operations per second.', 'The microprocessor, invented 40 years ago, performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, at a rate of billions per second, enabling the creation of tasks surpassing human capabilities.', "The ubiquity of microprocessors is evident, with approximately half of the world's population owning cell phones, showcasing their widespread adoption and impact on modern society."]}, {'end': 724.587, 'start': 421.219, 'title': "Moore's law and layers of abstraction in computing", 'summary': "Discusses the impact of moore's law on the semiconductor industry and society, highlighting how gordon moore's prediction of the doubling of transistors guided the industry, leading to the proliferation of computers and the popularization of the internet. it also explores the concept of layers of abstraction in computer science, emphasizing its role in coping with complicated hardware and software.", 'duration': 303.368, 'highlights': ["Gordon Moore's prediction of the doubling of transistors guided the industry, leading to the proliferation of computers and the popularization of the internet. Moore's prediction of the doubling of transistors and its impact on the industry, resulting in the proliferation of computers and the popularization of the internet.", 'The concept of layers of abstraction in computer science, emphasizing its role in coping with complicated hardware and software. The discussion of layers of abstraction in computer science and its role in coping with complicated hardware and software.', "The shock and impact of witnessing the popularization of the internet and personal computers on society. The shock and impact of witnessing the popularization of the internet and personal computers on society, as well as the lay people's perception of the internet's emergence."]}, {'end': 1052.26, 'start': 725.187, 'title': 'Open source hardware revolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the emergence of open source hardware, particularly in the instruction set level, challenging the traditional proprietary nature of hardware, and the controversial but successful adoption of reduced instruction set computer (risc) architecture, resulting in significant performance improvements.', 'duration': 327.073, 'highlights': ['The emergence of open source hardware, particularly in the instruction set level, challenging the traditional proprietary nature of hardware. The discussion highlights the recent trend of open source hardware, allowing access to hardware designs and interfaces, breaking the traditional proprietary nature.', 'The controversial but successful adoption of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, resulting in significant performance improvements. The adoption of RISC architecture, which proposed a simpler set of instructions for microprocessors, led to executing more instructions but running four times faster, proving to be a successful and improved approach.']}, {'end': 1590.116, 'start': 1052.64, 'title': 'Risc vs cisc: the debate and evolution', 'summary': "Discusses the historical debate between risc and cisc architectures, the shift from assembly language to higher-level languages like c, and the impact of risc on software development and moore's law, and the commercial considerations in the debate.", 'duration': 537.476, 'highlights': ['The historical debate between RISC and CISC architectures in the 1980s was fiercely contested at conferences and eventually settled in favor of RISC. The debate between RISC and CISC in the 1980s was heavily debated at conferences, with the eventual settlement in favor of RISC.', 'The shift from assembly language to higher-level languages like C and C++, exemplified by the development of Unix, demonstrated that complex software like operating systems could be efficiently written in higher-level languages. The shift from assembly language to higher-level languages like C and C++, exemplified by the development of Unix, demonstrated the efficient writing of complex software in higher-level languages.', "The impact of RISC on software development and Moore's law, with the realization that simpler instructions aligned better with Moore's law's doubling of transistors every two years. RISC's impact on software development and its alignment with Moore's law's doubling of transistors every two years, as simpler instructions were found to align better with this trend.", 'The consideration of commercial success in the debate between RISC and CISC, with the recognition that technical superiority may not guarantee commercial significance. The consideration of commercial success in the debate between RISC and CISC, with the recognition that technical superiority may not guarantee commercial significance.']}], 'duration': 1440.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg149149.jpg', 'highlights': ['The convenience of Cash App for sending money, buying Bitcoin, and investing in the stock market with as little as $1.', 'The invention of the microprocessor revolutionized computing, leading to smaller, faster, and more affordable devices, with the capability to perform millions of operations per second.', "Gordon Moore's prediction of the doubling of transistors guided the industry, leading to the proliferation of computers and the popularization of the internet.", 'The emergence of open source hardware, particularly in the instruction set level, challenging the traditional proprietary nature of hardware.', 'The historical debate between RISC and CISC architectures in the 1980s was fiercely contested at conferences and eventually settled in favor of RISC.']}, {'end': 2142.949, 'segs': [{'end': 1767.825, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1738.613, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1743.916, 'text': "You're trying to create an instruction set that everything in there can be used by compilers.", 'start': 1738.613, 'duration': 5.303}, {'end': 1749.379, 'text': "There's not things that are missing that'll make it difficult for the program to run.", 'start': 1744.676, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 1753.66, 'text': 'they run efficiently, but you want it to be easy to build as well.', 'start': 1750.919, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 1760.042, 'text': "So it's that kind of, so you're thinking, I'd say you're thinking hardware, trying to find a hardware-software compromise that'll work well.", 'start': 1753.7, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 1767.825, 'text': "And it's, you know, it's a matter of taste, right? It's kind of fun to build instruction sets.", 'start': 1760.722, 'duration': 7.103}], 'summary': 'Design an instruction set for efficient and easy program execution with hardware-software compromise.', 'duration': 29.212, 'max_score': 1738.613, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg1738613.jpg'}, {'end': 1882.734, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1856.07, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1871.788, 'text': 'and then you develop both the hardware and the compiler and you get numbers on how well your computer does given its instruction set and how well you implemented it in your microprocessor and how good your compilers are.', 'start': 1856.07, 'duration': 15.718}, {'end': 1879.333, 'text': "In computer architecture, using professor's terms, we grade on a curve rather than grade an absolute scale.", 'start': 1873.089, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 1882.734, 'text': 'When you say these programs run this fast.', 'start': 1879.353, 'duration': 3.381}], 'summary': 'Computer architecture grades on a curve, assessing hardware and compiler efficiency.', 'duration': 26.664, 'max_score': 1856.07, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg1856070.jpg'}, {'end': 1945.593, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1922.237, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1929.942, 'text': "And the other side is what are the metrics that you're thinking about when looking at these trade-offs? Yeah, let's talk about the metrics.", 'start': 1922.237, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 1936.927, 'text': 'So During these debates, we actually had kind of a hard time explaining, convincing people the ideas.', 'start': 1930.062, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 1939.869, 'text': "And partly, we didn't have a formula to explain it.", 'start': 1937.027, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 1945.593, 'text': 'And a few years into it, we hit upon a formula that helped explain what was going on.', 'start': 1940.429, 'duration': 5.164}], 'summary': 'Debates struggled without metrics, but a formula later clarified the trade-offs.', 'duration': 23.356, 'max_score': 1922.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg1922237.jpg'}, {'end': 2124.739, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2090.107, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2093.549, 'text': "And there's all kinds of tricks to try and reduce the number of clock cycles per instruction.", 'start': 2090.107, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 2102.468, 'text': 'But it turned out that the way they would do these complex instructions is they would actually build what we would call an interpreter,', 'start': 2095.643, 'duration': 6.825}, {'end': 2105.71, 'text': 'a very simple hardware interpreter.', 'start': 2102.468, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 2113.334, 'text': 'But it turned out that for the Sys constructions, if you had to use one of those interpreters, it would be like 10 clock cycles per instruction,', 'start': 2105.99, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 2116.315, 'text': 'where the RISC constructions could be two.', 'start': 2113.334, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 2123.559, 'text': "There'd be this factor of five advantage in clock cycles per instruction, we have to execute say 25 or 50% more instructions.", 'start': 2116.355, 'duration': 7.204}, {'end': 2124.739, 'text': "So that's where the win would come.", 'start': 2123.599, 'duration': 1.14}], 'summary': 'Risc constructions have a 5x clock cycle advantage over sys constructions, leading to 25-50% more instructions executed.', 'duration': 34.632, 'max_score': 2090.107, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2090107.jpg'}], 'start': 1590.116, 'title': 'Computer instruction set evolution and architectural trade-offs', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of computer instruction sets, focusing on intel's approach and the success of x86 architecture in the pc era with high volumes. it also covers architectural trade-offs, the significance of performance metrics, and the impact of clock cycles per instruction on program execution time.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1904.726, 'start': 1590.116, 'title': 'Evolution of computer instruction sets', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of computer instruction sets, detailing how intel's approach to translating cisc instructions into risc instructions in hardware contributed to the success of the x86 architecture, which was valuable in the pc era, with high volumes of 100 million personal computers per year.", 'duration': 314.61, 'highlights': ["Intel's strategy of translating CISC instructions into RISC instructions in hardware on the fly at gigahertz clock speeds allowed them to maintain compatibility with valuable PC software base, contributing to the success of the x86 architecture with high volumes of 100 million personal computers per year. Intel's translation of CISC instructions into RISC instructions in hardware at high clock speeds, compatibility with valuable PC software base, 100 million personal computers per year", "The shift from taste and hunches to a more quantifiable approach in computer architecture during the 1980s, as exemplified by the book 'Computer Architecture, A Quantitative Approach', marked a significant change in the field. Shift from taste and hunches to quantifiable approach in computer architecture, impact of 'Computer Architecture, A Quantitative Approach' book", 'The use of benchmarks and suite of programs to measure the performance of computer instruction sets, hardware implementation, and compilers, grading on a curve in computer architecture, and comparing against other computers of the same era for a more scientific and experimental approach. Use of benchmarks and suite of programs to measure performance, grading on a curve, comparing against other computers for scientific approach']}, {'end': 2142.949, 'start': 1905.946, 'title': 'Architectural trade-offs and performance metrics', 'summary': 'Discusses the trade-offs in designing architectures, the importance of performance metrics in evaluating these trade-offs, and the impact of clock cycles per instruction on program execution time.', 'duration': 237.003, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the significance of clock cycles per instruction in program execution time, with RISC architecture demonstrating a fivefold advantage over CISC due to a lower clock cycle count. RISC architecture exhibits a significant advantage in clock cycles per instruction, with a fivefold reduction compared to CISC, contributing to improved program execution time.', 'The discussion delves into the impact of parallelism on clock cycles per instruction, highlighting its influence on program execution time and the strategies to reduce the number of clock cycles per instruction. Parallelism affects the average clock cycles per instruction and consequently impacts program execution time, prompting the exploration of techniques to minimize the number of clock cycles per instruction.', 'The chapter introduces a formula to explain program execution time based on factors including the number of instructions, average clock cycles per instruction, and clock cycle time, providing a quantifiable approach to evaluating performance metrics. The chapter presents a formula to elucidate program execution time, incorporating elements such as the number of instructions, average clock cycles per instruction, and clock cycle time, offering a quantifiable method for assessing performance metrics.']}], 'duration': 552.833, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg1590116.jpg', 'highlights': ["Intel's translation of CISC instructions into RISC instructions in hardware at high clock speeds, compatibility with valuable PC software base, 100 million personal computers per year", 'The use of benchmarks and suite of programs to measure performance, grading on a curve, comparing against other computers for scientific approach', "The shift from taste and hunches to quantifiable approach in computer architecture, impact of 'Computer Architecture, A Quantitative Approach' book", 'RISC architecture exhibits a significant advantage in clock cycles per instruction, with a fivefold reduction compared to CISC, contributing to improved program execution time', 'Parallelism affects the average clock cycles per instruction and consequently impacts program execution time, prompting the exploration of techniques to minimize the number of clock cycles per instruction', 'The chapter presents a formula to elucidate program execution time, incorporating elements such as the number of instructions, average clock cycles per instruction, and clock cycle time, offering a quantifiable method for assessing performance metrics']}, {'end': 2631.129, 'segs': [{'end': 2238.622, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2194.758, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2198.081, 'text': 'The instructions that have been around forever are kind of the same.', 'start': 2194.758, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 2200.382, 'text': "And that's the outrageous prediction, actually.", 'start': 2198.301, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 2202.344, 'text': 'Yeah Given how fast computers have been growing.', 'start': 2200.422, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2205.666, 'text': 'Well, and, you know, Morse law was going to go on, we thought, for 25 more years.', 'start': 2202.364, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 2207.327, 'text': 'You know who knows?', 'start': 2206.446, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 2209.608, 'text': 'But kind of the surprising thing.', 'start': 2207.767, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2211.71, 'text': 'in fact you know, Hennessy and I, you know,', 'start': 2209.608, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 2219.155, 'text': 'won the ACM AM Turing Award for both the risk construction set contributions and for that textbook I mentioned.', 'start': 2211.71, 'duration': 7.445}, {'end': 2228.519, 'text': "But, you know, we're surprised that here we are, 35, 40 years later after we did our work.", 'start': 2219.775, 'duration': 8.744}, {'end': 2238.622, 'text': 'The conventionalism of the best way to do instruction sets is still those risk instruction sets that looked very similar to what we looked like we did in the 1980s.', 'start': 2228.539, 'duration': 10.083}], 'summary': 'Despite rapid computer growth, risc instruction sets remain conventional after 35-40 years.', 'duration': 43.864, 'max_score': 2194.758, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2194758.jpg'}, {'end': 2290.851, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2261.73, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2264.271, 'text': 'So any of the buttons that are in the calculator in the computer.', 'start': 2261.73, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 2272.203, 'text': "So if there's a memory function key and, like I said, those are, turns into putting something in memories called a store, bring something back,", 'start': 2264.751, 'duration': 7.452}, {'end': 2272.624, 'text': "it's gonna load.", 'start': 2272.203, 'duration': 0.421}, {'end': 2274.467, 'text': 'Just a quick tangent.', 'start': 2273.105, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 2280.046, 'text': 'When you say memory, what does memory mean? Well, I told you there were five pieces of a computer.', 'start': 2274.908, 'duration': 5.138}, {'end': 2283.368, 'text': "And if you remember in a calculator, there's a memory key.", 'start': 2280.066, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 2286.269, 'text': 'So you want to have intermediate calculation and bring it back later.', 'start': 2283.428, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 2290.851, 'text': "So you'd hit the memory plus key, M plus maybe, and it would put that into memory.", 'start': 2286.769, 'duration': 4.082}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the memory function in a calculator, including the process of storing and recalling data using the memory key.', 'duration': 29.121, 'max_score': 2261.73, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2261730.jpg'}, {'end': 2413.237, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2385.36, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2388.243, 'text': 'They did a couple at Stanford in in the 1980s.', 'start': 2385.36, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 2397.288, 'text': 'In 2010, we decided we wanted to do a new instruction set, learning from the mistakes of those RISC architectures of the 1980s.', 'start': 2389.023, 'duration': 8.265}, {'end': 2401.511, 'text': 'And that was done here at Berkeley almost exactly 10 years ago.', 'start': 2398.008, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 2407.694, 'text': 'And the people who did it, I participated, but Krista Sanovich and others drove it.', 'start': 2401.751, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 2413.237, 'text': 'They called it RISC-V to honor those RISC, the four RISC projects of the 1980s.', 'start': 2408.615, 'duration': 4.622}], 'summary': 'Risc-v instruction set developed at berkeley, based on 1980s risc architectures.', 'duration': 27.877, 'max_score': 2385.36, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2385360.jpg'}, {'end': 2482.114, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2455.537, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2462.247, 'text': "It's a really exciting possibility, but, just like in the Scientific American, if you were to predict 10,, 20,", 'start': 2455.537, 'duration': 6.71}, {'end': 2471.506, 'text': '30 years from now that kind of ability to utilize open source instruction set architectures like RISC-V,', 'start': 2462.247, 'duration': 9.259}, {'end': 2473.508, 'text': 'what kind of possibilities might that unlock??', 'start': 2471.506, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 2477.51, 'text': 'Yeah, and so, just to make it clear, because this is confusing', 'start': 2473.708, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 2482.114, 'text': "The specification of RISC-V is something that's like in a textbook.", 'start': 2478.491, 'duration': 3.623}], 'summary': 'Potential of open source risc-v instruction set for future technology development.', 'duration': 26.577, 'max_score': 2455.537, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2455537.jpg'}, {'end': 2525.496, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2504.008, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2514.432, 'text': "So they're written in something that's called Verilog or VHDL, but it's put up on the web just like you can see the C++ code for Linux on the web.", 'start': 2504.008, 'duration': 10.424}, {'end': 2520.474, 'text': "So that's the open instruction set enables open source implementations of RISC-V.", 'start': 2514.832, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 2523.555, 'text': 'So you can literally build a processor using this instruction set.', 'start': 2520.534, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 2525.496, 'text': 'Yep People are, people are.', 'start': 2523.575, 'duration': 1.921}], 'summary': 'Risc-v enables open source processor implementations using verilog or vhdl.', 'duration': 21.488, 'max_score': 2504.008, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2504008.jpg'}], 'start': 2143.429, 'title': 'Evolution of microprocessors and computer architecture', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of microprocessors from the controversial risk instruction set in the 1980s to the surprising similarities in 2020. it also covers the evolution of computer architecture from basic constructions in calculators to the increasing popularity of open source implementations such as risc-v, which has gained significant global support.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2238.622, 'start': 2143.429, 'title': 'Evolution of microprocessors', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of microprocessors, from the controversial risk instruction set in the 1980s to the surprising similarity of microprocessors in 2020, highlighting the enduring relevance of the risk instruction sets.', 'duration': 95.193, 'highlights': ['The enduring relevance of the risk instruction sets is highlighted by the surprising similarity of microprocessors in 2020 to those designed in the 1980s.', 'The prediction made in 1995 about the future of microprocessors for 2020 turned out to be accurate, contributing to the understanding of the enduring nature of microprocessor design.', 'The initial controversy surrounding the risk instruction set in the 1980s transitioned to recognition of its technical soundness by 1984, indicating the gradual acceptance and validation of the argument.']}, {'end': 2631.129, 'start': 2239.942, 'title': 'Evolution of computer architecture', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of computer architecture, from the basic constructions in calculators to the introduction of conditional branch instructions, the development of risc-v instruction set, and the increasing popularity of open source implementations, particularly risc-v, which has gained significant momentum and support globally.', 'duration': 391.187, 'highlights': ['The introduction of conditional branch instructions in computers has significantly enhanced their decision-making capabilities, enabling them to make billions of decisions per second, and has paved the way for the development of programs with machine learning capabilities.', 'The creation of the RISC-V instruction set, which is open source, has led to a surge in its adoption and utilization, with increasing support from both academic and industrial sectors globally.', 'The advent of open source implementations of RISC-V, facilitated by its open instruction set, has sparked significant interest and growth, leading to the formation of the RISC-V foundation and a substantial increase in participation and attendance at related conferences.', 'The accidental discovery of the need for an open instruction set architecture, particularly RISC-V, has led to its widespread adoption and support, with its popularity and utilization continuing to grow globally.', 'The evolution of computer architecture has been influenced by the mistakes of the past, leading to the development of RISC-V, which incorporates a core set of instructions similar to those from simpler architectures in the 1980s and is characterized by its open nature, allowing for open source processors and implementations.']}], 'duration': 487.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2143429.jpg', 'highlights': ['The enduring relevance of the risk instruction sets is highlighted by the surprising similarity of microprocessors in 2020 to those designed in the 1980s.', 'The prediction made in 1995 about the future of microprocessors for 2020 turned out to be accurate, contributing to the understanding of the enduring nature of microprocessor design.', 'The initial controversy surrounding the risk instruction set in the 1980s transitioned to recognition of its technical soundness by 1984, indicating the gradual acceptance and validation of the argument.', 'The introduction of conditional branch instructions in computers has significantly enhanced their decision-making capabilities, enabling them to make billions of decisions per second, and has paved the way for the development of programs with machine learning capabilities.', 'The creation of the RISC-V instruction set, which is open source, has led to a surge in its adoption and utilization, with increasing support from both academic and industrial sectors globally.', 'The advent of open source implementations of RISC-V, facilitated by its open instruction set, has sparked significant interest and growth, leading to the formation of the RISC-V foundation and a substantial increase in participation and attendance at related conferences.', 'The accidental discovery of the need for an open instruction set architecture, particularly RISC-V, has led to its widespread adoption and support, with its popularity and utilization continuing to grow globally.', 'The evolution of computer architecture has been influenced by the mistakes of the past, leading to the development of RISC-V, which incorporates a core set of instructions similar to those from simpler architectures in the 1980s and is characterized by its open nature, allowing for open source processors and implementations.']}, {'end': 3474.805, 'segs': [{'end': 2704.532, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2678.297, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2687.217, 'text': "because I'm not familiar how difficult this kind of transition would be, how much challenges this kind of transition would entail?", 'start': 2678.297, 'duration': 8.92}, {'end': 2692.402, 'text': 'Do you see, let me ask my dumb question in another way.', 'start': 2687.237, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 2694.163, 'text': "No, that's, I know where you're headed.", 'start': 2692.442, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 2702.15, 'text': "Well, there's a bunch, I think the thing you point out, there's these very popular proprietary instruction sets, the x86.", 'start': 2695.564, 'duration': 6.586}, {'end': 2704.532, 'text': 'And so how do we move to RISC-V?', 'start': 2702.611, 'duration': 1.921}], 'summary': 'Exploring challenges in transitioning from x86 to risc-v architecture', 'duration': 26.235, 'max_score': 2678.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2678297.jpg'}, {'end': 2764.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2733.769, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2749.954, 'text': 'The Cloud is simply companies like Alibaba and Amazon and Google Microsoft having these giant datacenters with tens of thousands of servers in maybe 100 of these datacenters all over the world.', 'start': 2733.769, 'duration': 16.185}, {'end': 2751.594, 'text': "That's what the Cloud is.", 'start': 2750.514, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 2757.096, 'text': 'The computer that dominates the Cloud is the x86 instruction set.', 'start': 2751.614, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 2764.28, 'text': 'The instruction sets used in the Cloud are the x86 almost Almost 100% of that today is x86.', 'start': 2757.116, 'duration': 7.164}], 'summary': 'The cloud is dominated by x86 instruction set, with companies like alibaba, amazon, google, and microsoft operating tens of thousands of servers in around 100 datacenters worldwide.', 'duration': 30.511, 'max_score': 2733.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2733769.jpg'}, {'end': 2982.495, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2957.408, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2963.81, 'text': "But if RISC-V really catches on in a period of a decade, you can imagine that's changing over too.", 'start': 2957.408, 'duration': 6.402}, {'end': 2971.112, 'text': 'Do you have a sense why RISC-V or ARM has dominated? You mentioned these three categories.', 'start': 2963.83, 'duration': 7.282}, {'end': 2973.572, 'text': 'Why does it dominate the mobile device space?', 'start': 2971.332, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 2982.495, 'text': "Maybe my naive intuition is that there's some aspects of power efficiency that are important, that somehow come along with RISC.", 'start': 2974.153, 'duration': 8.342}], 'summary': 'Risc-v and arm dominate mobile devices due to power efficiency and potential future impact.', 'duration': 25.087, 'max_score': 2957.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2957408.jpg'}, {'end': 3102.845, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3076.394, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3082.098, 'text': 'all use the ARM architecture and yet the performance of the systems varies.', 'start': 3076.394, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 3089.983, 'text': "I mean I don't know whose opinion you take on, but Apple, for some reason, seems to perform better in terms of these implementations,", 'start': 3082.218, 'duration': 7.765}, {'end': 3090.564, 'text': 'these architectures.', 'start': 3089.983, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 3096.728, 'text': 'So where does the magic enter the picture? How does that happen? Yeah, so what ARM pioneered was a new business model.', 'start': 3090.584, 'duration': 6.144}, {'end': 3099.75, 'text': "They said, well, here's our proprietary instruction set.", 'start': 3097.128, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 3102.845, 'text': "and we'll give you two ways to do it.", 'start': 3100.956, 'duration': 1.889}], 'summary': 'Arm architecture shows varying performance, apple excels, arm pioneers new business model.', 'duration': 26.451, 'max_score': 3076.394, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3076394.jpg'}, {'end': 3185.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3165.351, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3176.817, 'text': "And that's given Apple an advantage in the marketplace in that the iPhones tend to be faster than most everybody else's phones that are there.", 'start': 3165.351, 'duration': 11.466}, {'end': 3182.4, 'text': "It'd be nice to be able to jump around and kind of explore different little sides of this.", 'start': 3177.958, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 3185.602, 'text': 'But let me ask one sort of romanticized question.', 'start': 3182.64, 'duration': 2.962}], 'summary': "Apple's iphones are faster than most competitors' phones in the marketplace.", 'duration': 20.251, 'max_score': 3165.351, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3165351.jpg'}, {'end': 3376.031, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3341.275, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3345.059, 'text': 'And so you can see these instruction sets getting bigger and bigger as they get older.', 'start': 3341.275, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 3347.501, 'text': 'So RISC-V, you know, lets you..', 'start': 3345.479, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 3355.745, 'text': "be as slim as you're as a teenager and you only have to add these extra features if you're really gonna use them, rather than you have no choice.", 'start': 3348.562, 'duration': 7.183}, {'end': 3358.047, 'text': 'you have to keep growing with the instruction set.', 'start': 3355.745, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 3363.169, 'text': "I don't know if the analogy holds up, but that's a beautiful notion that there's.", 'start': 3358.347, 'duration': 4.822}, {'end': 3364.57, 'text': "it's almost like a nudge towards.", 'start': 3363.169, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 3366.35, 'text': "here's the simple core.", 'start': 3364.57, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 3367.191, 'text': "that's the essential.", 'start': 3366.35, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 3376.031, 'text': 'And I think the surprising thing is still if we brought back the pioneers from the 1950s and showed them the instruction set architectures,', 'start': 3367.828, 'duration': 8.203}], 'summary': 'Risc-v allows slim instruction sets, adding extra features if needed, avoiding continuous growth.', 'duration': 34.756, 'max_score': 3341.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3341275.jpg'}], 'start': 2631.129, 'title': 'The rise of risc-v architecture', 'summary': 'Discusses the rising popularity of risc-v as an open and free instruction set architecture, highlighting its benefits such as accessibility, modification, and collaboration, and its potential in the internet of things. it also covers the challenges of transitioning from popular proprietary instruction sets like x86 to risc-v, and the dominance of x86 in the cloud and arm in cell phones.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2704.532, 'start': 2631.129, 'title': 'Risc-v: open and free architecture', 'summary': 'Discusses the popularity of risc-v as an open and free instruction set architecture, highlighting the benefits such as accessibility, modification, and collaboration, akin to the rise of linux, and the challenges of transitioning from popular proprietary instruction sets like x86 to risc-v.', 'duration': 73.403, 'highlights': ['RISC-V is popular due to its open and free nature, allowing accessibility, modification, and collaboration, similar to the rise of Linux today compared to 20 years ago.', 'Transitioning from popular proprietary instruction sets like x86 to RISC-V poses challenges in terms of difficulty and entailment of the transition.']}, {'end': 3474.805, 'start': 2704.532, 'title': 'Future of computing: risc-v, arm, and the cloud', 'summary': "Discusses the dominance of x86 in the cloud, arm in cell phones, and the potential of risc-v in the internet of things, highlighting the energy efficiency advantage of risc architectures, apple's superior microprocessor design team, and the educational and adaptable features of risc-v.", 'duration': 770.273, 'highlights': ["RISC-V's potential in the Internet of Things due to lack of dominant player and adaptability of its instruction set, making it popular in embedded devices and offering opportunities for enhancement.", 'The energy efficiency advantage of RISC architectures over complex instruction set architectures like x86, making them more suitable for cloud data centers, cell phones, and embedded devices.', "Apple's advantage in microprocessor design, resulting in faster performance of iPhones compared to other ARM-based phones, demonstrating the impact of hardware design on system performance.", 'The educational and adaptable features of RISC-V, with a core set of instructions that the software stack runs on and optional features that can be added for performance enhancement, providing a powerful and simple instruction set for a wide range of applications.', 'The enduring simplicity of instruction set architectures like RISC-V, which have remained fundamentally straightforward over decades, suggesting their potential role in underlying all computation and artificial intelligence systems.']}], 'duration': 843.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg2631129.jpg', 'highlights': ["RISC-V's potential in the Internet of Things due to lack of dominant player and adaptability of its instruction set, making it popular in embedded devices and offering opportunities for enhancement.", 'The energy efficiency advantage of RISC architectures over complex instruction set architectures like x86, making them more suitable for cloud data centers, cell phones, and embedded devices.', 'The enduring simplicity of instruction set architectures like RISC-V, which have remained fundamentally straightforward over decades, suggesting their potential role in underlying all computation and artificial intelligence systems.', 'The educational and adaptable features of RISC-V, with a core set of instructions that the software stack runs on and optional features that can be added for performance enhancement, providing a powerful and simple instruction set for a wide range of applications.', "Apple's advantage in microprocessor design, resulting in faster performance of iPhones compared to other ARM-based phones, demonstrating the impact of hardware design on system performance.", 'Transitioning from popular proprietary instruction sets like x86 to RISC-V poses challenges in terms of difficulty and entailment of the transition.', 'RISC-V is popular due to its open and free nature, allowing accessibility, modification, and collaboration, similar to the rise of Linux today compared to 20 years ago.']}, {'end': 4565.536, 'segs': [{'end': 3700.544, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3672.812, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3680.856, 'text': 'By sheer coincidence, at the same time that this is happening, has been this revolution in artificial intelligence called machine learning.', 'start': 3672.812, 'duration': 8.044}, {'end': 3683.617, 'text': "As I'm sure your other.", 'start': 3680.876, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 3691.057, 'text': "Yes, I've said AI had these two competing schools of thought.", 'start': 3686.673, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 3696.861, 'text': 'is that we could figure out artificial intelligence by just writing the rules top-down, or that was wrong.', 'start': 3691.057, 'duration': 5.804}, {'end': 3700.544, 'text': 'You had to look at data and infer what the rules are.', 'start': 3696.901, 'duration': 3.643}], 'summary': 'Revolution in machine learning coincides with artificial intelligence development.', 'duration': 27.732, 'max_score': 3672.812, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3672812.jpg'}, {'end': 3890.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3860.244, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3868.673, 'text': "so that's going to increase the demand for computing, because instead of programmers being smart, writing those, those things down,", 'start': 3860.244, 'duration': 8.429}, {'end': 3873.137, 'text': "we're going to instead use computers to examine a lot of data, to kind of create the programs.", 'start': 3868.673, 'duration': 4.464}, {'end': 3874.179, 'text': "that's the idea.", 'start': 3873.137, 'duration': 1.042}, {'end': 3879.922, 'text': 'Remarkably, this gets used for all kinds of things very successfully.', 'start': 3876.56, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 3890.347, 'text': 'The image recognition, the language translation, the game playing, and it gets into pieces of the software stack like databases and stuff like that.', 'start': 3879.942, 'duration': 10.405}], 'summary': 'Increasing demand for computing due to data-driven program creation, applied successfully in image recognition, language translation, and game playing.', 'duration': 30.103, 'max_score': 3860.244, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3860244.jpg'}, {'end': 4376.325, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4347.44, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4360.572, 'text': "I think, because of things like social networking, Twitter and stuff like that, if you put up bullshit stuff that's just purposely misleading,", 'start': 4347.44, 'duration': 13.132}, {'end': 4367.077, 'text': 'you can get a violent reaction in social media pointing out the flaws in your arguments, right?', 'start': 4360.572, 'duration': 6.505}, {'end': 4376.325, 'text': "And so, from a marketing perspective, you have to be careful today that you didn't have to be careful that there'll be people who put out the flaw.", 'start': 4367.157, 'duration': 9.168}], 'summary': 'Social media can lead to violent reactions to misleading content, necessitating caution in marketing.', 'duration': 28.885, 'max_score': 4347.44, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg4347440.jpg'}], 'start': 3474.805, 'title': 'Evolution of computer architecture and machine learning impact', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of computer architecture, including the impact of moore's law slowdown on intel processors, and the revolution of machine learning in hardware, emphasizing its dominance over traditional ai, wide applicability, impact on software development, and acceleration through specialized hardware. it also highlights the significance of mlperf in creating industry standards for machine learning performance, involving 10 universities and 50 companies, leading to fair comparisons and enhanced reputation for engineers, and changing the landscape of marketing.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3672.212, 'start': 3474.805, 'title': 'Future of computer architecture', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of computer architecture, from the era of moore's law doubling performance every 18 months to the contemporary approach of adding accelerators to microprocessors due to the slowdown of moore's law, resulting in minimal improvements of intel processors.", 'duration': 197.407, 'highlights': ["The era of Moore's Law doubling computer performance every 18 months led to the rapid obsolescence of perfectly good computers, as newer models were significantly faster, resulting in a societal shift from regular computer upgrades to only replacing them when necessary.", "With the slowdown of Moore's Law, the focus has shifted to adding accelerators to microprocessors that are tailored for specific applications, as general-purpose computers are not expected to significantly increase in speed, with Intel processors only improving a few percent annually compared to their previous doubling every 18 months.", "The addition of accelerators to microprocessors is driven by the belief that general-purpose computers will not substantially increase in speed due to the slowdown of Moore's Law, resulting in the need for specialized accelerators for specific domains and applications.", 'The discussion explores the potential of different computational mediums such as ASIC, domain-specific systems, quantum computers, and their connection to the instruction set, raising questions about the fundamental coupling of hardware systems and their impact on computational capabilities.']}, {'end': 4174.361, 'start': 3672.812, 'title': 'Machine learning revolution in hardware', 'summary': 'Discusses the revolution of machine learning in hardware, highlighting the dominance of machine learning over traditional ai, the wide applicability of machine learning, the impact on software development, and the acceleration of machine learning through specialized hardware.', 'duration': 501.549, 'highlights': ['Machine learning dominance over traditional AI Machine learning has won over traditional AI, with a focus on leveraging data to infer rules, leading to the development of hardware specifically designed for machine learning, such as accelerators for efficient matrix multiplication.', 'Wide applicability of machine learning Machine learning is widely applicable, used for diverse purposes such as image recognition, language translation, and game playing, indicating the broad impact and demand for machine learning in various domains.', 'Impact on software development Machine learning is fundamentally changing the nature of programming by shifting the focus to data and hyperparameters, leading to a new era of software design (software 2.0) and the need for specialized devices to accelerate neural network-based machine learning systems.', 'Acceleration of machine learning through specialized hardware The hardware industry is experiencing a revolution in accelerating machine learning, with a focus on domain-specific languages like TensorFlow and PyTorch, optimizations at the compiler and hardware level, and the necessity of integrating hardware and software development for successful implementation.']}, {'end': 4565.536, 'start': 4174.421, 'title': 'Importance of mlperf in measuring machine learning performance', 'summary': 'Highlights the significance of mlperf in creating industry standards for machine learning performance, involving 10 universities and 50 companies, which has led to fair comparisons and enhanced reputation for engineers, thus changing the landscape of marketing and showcasing the importance of benchmarks.', 'duration': 391.115, 'highlights': ['MLPerf has become the standard way to measure machine learning performance and involves 10 universities and 50 companies. MLPerf has gained industry-wide adoption and participation, demonstrating its significance.', 'The involvement of MLPerf has led to fair comparisons among different hardware for machine learning, such as TPUs, GPUs, and CPUs. MLPerf has facilitated fair comparisons, providing valuable insights into the relative performance of different hardware for machine learning.', 'The chapter emphasizes the impact of benchmarks in changing the landscape of marketing and showcasing the importance of benchmarks in providing fair comparisons and enhancing the reputation of engineers. The emphasis on benchmarks has altered the approach to marketing and has led to the enhanced reputation of engineers, thus highlighting the importance of fair comparisons in the industry.']}], 'duration': 1090.731, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg3474805.jpg', 'highlights': ["The slowdown of Moore's Law has shifted the focus to adding accelerators to microprocessors tailored for specific applications.", 'Machine learning dominance over traditional AI has led to the development of hardware specifically designed for machine learning.', 'MLPerf has become the standard way to measure machine learning performance and involves 10 universities and 50 companies.']}, {'end': 5301.896, 'segs': [{'end': 4701.493, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4660.554, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4663.896, 'text': "I'm glad people are working on it, but you know, it's not right around the corner.", 'start': 4660.554, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 4673.642, 'text': "Those two reports to me say probably it'll be 2030 before quantum computing is a, something that could happen.", 'start': 4665.337, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 4677.823, 'text': 'And when it does happen, this is gonna be big science stuff.', 'start': 4674.122, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 4688.086, 'text': "This is micro Kelvin, almost absolute zero things that if they vibrate, if truck goes by, it won't work, right? So this'll be in data center stuff.", 'start': 4677.883, 'duration': 10.203}, {'end': 4689.787, 'text': "We're not gonna have a quantum cell phone.", 'start': 4688.106, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 4693.429, 'text': "And it's probably a 2030 kind of thing.", 'start': 4691.047, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 4699.752, 'text': "So I'm happy that other people are working on it, but just you know, it's hard, with all the news about it,", 'start': 4693.969, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 4701.493, 'text': "not to think that it's right around the corner.", 'start': 4699.752, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': 'Quantum computing likely by 2030, big science at micro kelvin, data center focused, no quantum cell phone.', 'duration': 40.939, 'max_score': 4660.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg4660554.jpg'}, {'end': 4943.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4922.21, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4932.316, 'text': "There's the, I don't know, there's been this aura associated with Moore's law that they've enjoyed for 50 years about, look at the field we're in.", 'start': 4922.21, 'duration': 10.106}, {'end': 4934.457, 'text': "We're doubling transistors every two years.", 'start': 4932.356, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 4937.619, 'text': 'What an amazing field, which is amazing thing that they were able to pull off.', 'start': 4934.517, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 4941.342, 'text': 'But even as Gordon Moore said, you know, no exponential can last forever.', 'start': 4938.08, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 4943.463, 'text': 'It lasted for 50 years, which is amazing.', 'start': 4941.642, 'duration': 1.821}], 'summary': "Moore's law enjoyed 50 years of doubling transistors every two years, but no exponential can last forever.", 'duration': 21.253, 'max_score': 4922.21, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg4922210.jpg'}, {'end': 5229.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5196.099, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5198.681, 'text': 'Are you going to have to start making your software stack more efficient?', 'start': 5196.099, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 5201.403, 'text': 'Are you going to have to start learning about machine learning?', 'start': 5198.841, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 5208.75, 'text': "It's kind of it's a warning or call for arms that the world is changing right now.", 'start': 5201.623, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 5211.412, 'text': 'A lot of computer science PhDs are unaware of that.', 'start': 5209.09, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5219.397, 'text': "A way to try and get their attention is to say that Moore's Law is slowing down and that's going to affect your assumptions,", 'start': 5212.733, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 5221.459, 'text': "and we're trying to get the word out.", 'start': 5219.397, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 5229.964, 'text': "When companies like TSMC and Intel say oh no, no, no, Moore's Law is fine, then people think okay, I don't have to change my behavior,", 'start': 5221.739, 'duration': 8.225}], 'summary': "Warning: world changing, need for efficient software, learning machine learning, moore's law impact.", 'duration': 33.865, 'max_score': 5196.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5196099.jpg'}, {'end': 5289.867, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5261.96, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5264.302, 'text': "they haven't made zero progress, but they've made small progress.", 'start': 5261.96, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 5266.465, 'text': "So there's some indications out there.", 'start': 5264.382, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 5272.893, 'text': "And then our behavior, right? Nobody buys the next laptop because it's so much faster than the laptop from the past.", 'start': 5266.485, 'duration': 6.408}, {'end': 5281.981, 'text': "For cell phones, I think, I don't know, I don't know why people buy new cell phones, because a new one's announced.", 'start': 5273.473, 'duration': 8.508}, {'end': 5285.044, 'text': "The cameras are better, but that's kind of domain specific, right?", 'start': 5282.562, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 5289.867, 'text': "They're putting special purpose hardware to make the processing of images go much better.", 'start': 5285.084, 'duration': 4.783}], 'summary': 'Small progress made in technology, with focus on improved cameras and specialized hardware.', 'duration': 27.907, 'max_score': 5261.96, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5261960.jpg'}], 'start': 4565.536, 'title': "Quantum computing and moore's law", 'summary': "Discusses the future of quantum computing, projecting its readiness around 2030, and debates the relevance of moore's law, with one side advocating its validity based on transistor count, while the other urges radical changes in computer science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4780.772, 'start': 4565.536, 'title': 'Quantum computing: a 2030 vision', 'summary': 'Discusses the current status of quantum computing, highlighting that error-corrected quantum computing is expected to be a decade away, likely around 2030, and emphasizes the need for continued focus on traditional computing technologies for the next decade.', 'duration': 215.236, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes that error-corrected quantum computing is expected to be a decade away, likely around 2030, and highlights the challenges associated with quantum computing, such as the requirement for micro Kelvin temperatures and its limited scope of applications.', 'The speaker expresses skepticism about the near-term viability of quantum computing and suggests that traditional computing technologies will continue to outperform quantum computing for quite a while, noting that there is a need to focus on computing advancements for the next decade.', 'The speaker compares the development of quantum computing to the pursuit of nuclear fusion, highlighting the need for a realistic perspective on the timeline and potential impact of quantum computing, and emphasizes the importance of focusing on computing advancements within the next decade.']}, {'end': 5301.896, 'start': 4781.652, 'title': "Is moore's law dead?", 'summary': "Discusses the debate around the continuation of moore's law, with one side arguing that the law is still valid based on the number of transistors, while the other side claims that it is slowing down and impacting the industry, urging for radical changes in computer science.", 'duration': 520.244, 'highlights': ["Moore's Law is no longer holding as the number of transistors is not doubling every two years, impacting the semiconductor industry's perception and marketing. The speaker argues that Moore's Law is no longer valid as the number of transistors is not doubling every two years, which affects the semiconductor industry's perception and marketing strategies.", "The speaker emphasizes the need for radical changes in computer science due to the slowdown of Moore's Law, urging for innovation and efficiency in software development and the whole software stack. The speaker stresses the need for radical changes in computer science due to the slowdown of Moore's Law, highlighting the importance of innovation and efficiency in software development and the entire software stack.", "The impact of Moore's Law slowing down is discussed, emphasizing the need for transparency and metrics to measure computer performance and the potential lack of significant progress in technology over the years. The discussion focuses on the impact of Moore's Law slowing down, highlighting the necessity for transparency and metrics to measure computer performance, revealing a potential lack of significant progress in technology over the years."]}], 'duration': 736.36, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg4565536.jpg', 'highlights': ['Error-corrected quantum computing expected around 2030, with challenges like micro Kelvin temperatures and limited applications.', 'Skepticism about near-term viability of quantum computing, advocating focus on computing advancements for the next decade.', 'Comparison of quantum computing development to pursuit of nuclear fusion, emphasizing realistic perspective on timeline and impact.', "Moore's Law no longer valid as transistors not doubling every two years, impacting semiconductor industry's perception and marketing.", "Urging radical changes in computer science due to Moore's Law slowdown, emphasizing innovation and efficiency in software development.", "Discussion on the impact of Moore's Law slowdown, highlighting the need for transparency and metrics to measure computer performance."]}, {'end': 5795.924, 'segs': [{'end': 5397.562, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5373.864, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5383.891, 'text': 'But they started building what are called hard disk drives, which is magnetic material that can remember information storage for the Mac.', 'start': 5373.864, 'duration': 10.027}, {'end': 5390.156, 'text': 'And Randy asked the question when he saw this, disk next to his Mac.', 'start': 5384.031, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 5391.877, 'text': 'Gee, these are brand new, small things.', 'start': 5390.196, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 5397.562, 'text': 'Before that, for the big computers, the disk would be the size of washing machines.', 'start': 5391.917, 'duration': 5.645}], 'summary': 'Hard disk drives store information for mac, smaller than old ones.', 'duration': 23.698, 'max_score': 5373.864, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5373864.jpg'}, {'end': 5705.56, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5676.348, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5681.053, 'text': 'So the big drive change is switching that over to a semiconductor technology called flash.', 'start': 5676.348, 'duration': 4.705}, {'end': 5690.783, 'text': "So within the last, I'd say about decade, is increasing fraction of all the computers in the world are using semiconductor for storage.", 'start': 5681.594, 'duration': 9.189}, {'end': 5702.677, 'text': 'The flash drive, instead of being magnetic, their optical, well, their semiconductor writing of information very densely.', 'start': 5691.224, 'duration': 11.453}, {'end': 5705.56, 'text': "And that's been a huge difference.", 'start': 5704.259, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': 'In the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the use of semiconductor flash technology for computer storage, resulting in a dense and efficient method for writing information.', 'duration': 29.212, 'max_score': 5676.348, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5676348.jpg'}, {'end': 5760.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5728.602, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5732.925, 'text': 'For the individual disks, but still the RAID mechanism applies to those different kinds of disks.', 'start': 5728.602, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 5742.112, 'text': "Yes, the people will still use RAID ideas because it's kind of what's different, kind of, interesting psychologically if you think about it.", 'start': 5733.406, 'duration': 8.706}, {'end': 5747.334, 'text': 'People have always worried about the reliability of computing since the earliest days.', 'start': 5743.793, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 5760.12, 'text': "But if we're talking about computation, if your computer makes a mistake and the computer has ways to check and say, we screwed up, we made a mistake.", 'start': 5748.035, 'duration': 12.085}], 'summary': 'Raid mechanism applies to different disks; people prioritize computing reliability and error-checking.', 'duration': 31.518, 'max_score': 5728.602, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5728602.jpg'}, {'end': 5803.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5776.662, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5784.391, 'text': "So if you have a laptop and you're not backing it up on the cloud or something like this, and your disk drive breaks, which it can do,", 'start': 5776.662, 'duration': 7.729}, {'end': 5787.435, 'text': "you'll lose all that information and you just go crazy.", 'start': 5785.012, 'duration': 2.423}, {'end': 5795.924, 'text': 'The importance of reliability for storage is tremendously higher than the importance of reliability for computation because of the consequences of it.', 'start': 5787.915, 'duration': 8.009}, {'end': 5803.312, 'text': 'Yes, so RAID ideas are still very popular even with the switch of the technology, although flash drives are more reliable.', 'start': 5796.464, 'duration': 6.848}], 'summary': 'Reliability is crucial for storage; raid is popular despite flash drive reliability.', 'duration': 26.65, 'max_score': 5776.662, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5776662.jpg'}], 'start': 5302.927, 'title': 'Raid technology', 'summary': 'Discusses the invention and impact of raid technology, co-authored in 1988 by randy katz and garth gibson, which revolutionized data storage and redundancy, leading to a significant transformation in the storage industry from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5356.711, 'start': 5302.927, 'title': 'Introduction to raid technology', 'summary': 'Discusses the introduction and impact of raid technology, co-authored in 1988, and its revolutionary effect, involving randy katz and garth gibson, in the area of data storage and redundancy.', 'duration': 53.784, 'highlights': ['The introduction and impact of RAID technology, co-authored in 1988, and its revolutionary effect.', 'Co-authored with Randy Katz and star graduate student Garth Gibson, involving the fourth generation RISC project and an early Apple Macintosh computer.']}, {'end': 5795.924, 'start': 5356.711, 'title': 'Invention of raid technology', 'summary': 'Explains the invention of raid technology, which involved the idea of using an array of inexpensive disks for storage to increase speed, reduce cost, and enhance reliability, leading to a significant transformation in the storage industry from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor.', 'duration': 439.213, 'highlights': ['The invention of RAID involved the idea of using an array of inexpensive disks to increase speed, reduce cost, and enhance reliability, leading to a significant transformation in the storage industry from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor. This highlights the core concept of the invention of RAID technology and its impact on the storage industry.', 'The switch from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor for storage has been a huge change in the storage industry, with most of the computers in the world now using semiconductor for storage. This emphasizes the significant shift in storage technology from disks to semiconductor, particularly the widespread adoption of semiconductor storage in most computers.', 'The importance of reliability for storage is tremendously higher than the importance of reliability for computation due to the consequences of data loss. This highlights the critical significance of reliability in storage compared to computation, emphasizing the severe consequences of data loss.']}], 'duration': 492.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5302927.jpg', 'highlights': ['The invention of RAID involved the idea of using an array of inexpensive disks to increase speed, reduce cost, and enhance reliability, leading to a significant transformation in the storage industry from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor.', 'The switch from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor for storage has been a huge change in the storage industry, with most of the computers in the world now using semiconductor for storage.', 'The importance of reliability for storage is tremendously higher than the importance of reliability for computation due to the consequences of data loss.', 'Co-authored with Randy Katz and star graduate student Garth Gibson, involving the fourth generation RISC project and an early Apple Macintosh computer.']}, {'end': 6581.928, 'segs': [{'end': 5871.363, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5796.464, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5803.312, 'text': 'Yes, so RAID ideas are still very popular even with the switch of the technology, although flash drives are more reliable.', 'start': 5796.464, 'duration': 6.848}, {'end': 5811.397, 'text': "If you're not doing anything like backing it up to get some redundancy so they handle it, you're taking great risks.", 'start': 5804.654, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 5821.362, 'text': "You said that for you and possibly for many others, teaching and research don't conflict with each other, as one might suspect.", 'start': 5813.878, 'duration': 7.484}, {'end': 5823.403, 'text': 'And in fact, they kind of complement each other.', 'start': 5821.462, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 5829.005, 'text': 'So maybe a question I have is, how has teaching helped you in your research or just in your..', 'start': 5823.443, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 5838.629, 'text': 'entirety as a person who both teaches and does research and just thinks and creates new ideas in this world? Yes.', 'start': 5830.666, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 5844.912, 'text': "I think what happens is when you're a college student, you know there's this tenure system in doing research.", 'start': 5838.749, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 5858.157, 'text': 'This model that is popular in America I think America really made it happen is we can attract these really great faculty to research universities because they get to do research as well as teach.', 'start': 5845.852, 'duration': 12.305}, {'end': 5863.42, 'text': "And that, especially in fast moving fields, this means people are up to date and they're teaching those kind of things.", 'start': 5858.397, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 5871.363, 'text': 'So, but when you run into a really bad professor, a really bad teacher, I think the students think well, this guy must be a great researcher,', 'start': 5863.64, 'duration': 7.723}], 'summary': 'Raid ideas still popular despite flash drive reliability. teaching and research complement each other, benefiting faculty and students.', 'duration': 74.899, 'max_score': 5796.464, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5796464.jpg'}, {'end': 5871.363, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5845.852, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5858.157, 'text': 'This model that is popular in America I think America really made it happen is we can attract these really great faculty to research universities because they get to do research as well as teach.', 'start': 5845.852, 'duration': 12.305}, {'end': 5863.42, 'text': "And that, especially in fast moving fields, this means people are up to date and they're teaching those kind of things.", 'start': 5858.397, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 5871.363, 'text': 'So, but when you run into a really bad professor, a really bad teacher, I think the students think well, this guy must be a great researcher,', 'start': 5863.64, 'duration': 7.723}], 'summary': 'American model attracts great faculty for research and teaching, ensuring up-to-date education.', 'duration': 25.511, 'max_score': 5845.852, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5845852.jpg'}, {'end': 5963.886, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5934.543, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5940.226, 'text': "And even- But it's an interesting question whether specifically that's probably true, but specifically for teaching,", 'start': 5934.543, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 5944.349, 'text': "if there's something in teaching that it's the Richard Feynman right idea.", 'start': 5940.226, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 5953.055, 'text': 'Right Is there something about teaching that actually makes your research, makes you think deeper and more outside the box and- Yeah, absolutely.', 'start': 5944.369, 'duration': 8.686}, {'end': 5954.216, 'text': 'I was gonna bring up Feynman.', 'start': 5953.075, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 5956.859, 'text': 'I mean, he criticized the Institute of Advanced Studies.', 'start': 5954.256, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 5963.886, 'text': 'So the Institute of Advanced Studies was this thing that was created near Princeton where Einstein and all these smart people went.', 'start': 5956.879, 'duration': 7.007}], 'summary': 'Teaching can enhance research by encouraging deep thinking and creativity, as seen in the case of richard feynman.', 'duration': 29.343, 'max_score': 5934.543, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5934543.jpg'}, {'end': 6053.943, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6022.343, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6024.805, 'text': 'I mean, in general, I think people are surprised.', 'start': 6022.343, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 6035.571, 'text': "I've seen a lot of people who don't think they like teaching come give guest lectures or teach a course and get hooked on seeing the lights turn on right?", 'start': 6025.405, 'duration': 10.166}, {'end': 6044.396, 'text': "You can explain something to people that they don't understand and suddenly they get something that's important and difficult,", 'start': 6036.071, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 6048.559, 'text': 'and just seeing the lights turn on is a real satisfaction there.', 'start': 6044.396, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 6053.943, 'text': "I don't think there's any specific example of that.", 'start': 6049.199, 'duration': 4.744}], 'summary': 'Teaching can surprise people, as they get hooked on seeing the lights turn on when explaining something important and difficult.', 'duration': 31.6, 'max_score': 6022.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg6022343.jpg'}, {'end': 6334.827, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6307.348, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6310.551, 'text': "So it was, it was, I'm really glad I did wrestling.", 'start': 6307.348, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 6313.933, 'text': 'I think it was really good for my self-image and I learned a lot from it.', 'start': 6310.591, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 6317.356, 'text': "So I think that's And sports done well.", 'start': 6313.973, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 6326.321, 'text': "there's really lots of positives you can take about it, of leadership, how to form teams and how to be successful.", 'start': 6317.356, 'duration': 8.965}, {'end': 6328.483, 'text': "So we've talked about metrics a lot.", 'start': 6326.982, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6334.827, 'text': "There's a really cool in terms of bench press and weightlifting pound years metric that you've developed that we don't have time to talk about,", 'start': 6328.523, 'duration': 6.304}], 'summary': 'Wrestling positively impacted self-image, leadership, and team formation, and a unique bench press and weightlifting pound years metric was developed.', 'duration': 27.479, 'max_score': 6307.348, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg6307348.jpg'}, {'end': 6373.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6345.694, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6349.616, 'text': "Let's look at the most ridiculous, the biggest question of the meaning of life.", 'start': 6345.694, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 6359.642, 'text': 'If you were to try to put metrics on a life well-lived, what would those metrics be? Yeah, a friend of mine, Randy Katz, said this.', 'start': 6350.657, 'duration': 8.985}, {'end': 6364.244, 'text': "He said, you know, when it's time to sign off, it's..", 'start': 6359.682, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 6368.585, 'text': "The measure isn't the number of zeros in your bank account.", 'start': 6366.141, 'duration': 2.444}, {'end': 6373.411, 'text': "It's the number of inches in the obituary in the New York Times, as he said it.", 'start': 6368.625, 'duration': 4.786}], 'summary': 'Metrics for a well-lived life: not zeros in bank account, but inches in obituary.', 'duration': 27.717, 'max_score': 6345.694, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg6345694.jpg'}, {'end': 6519.25, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6495.973, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6502.739, 'text': 'And the nine magic words are, I was wrong, you were right, I love you, okay? And you gotta say all nine.', 'start': 6495.973, 'duration': 6.766}, {'end': 6505.381, 'text': "You can't say, I was wrong, you were right, you're a jerk.", 'start': 6502.779, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 6507.443, 'text': "You know, you can't say that.", 'start': 6505.441, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 6516.348, 'text': 'So freely acknowledging that you made a mistake, the other person was right, and that you love them really, gets over a lot of bumps in the road.', 'start': 6507.643, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 6517.849, 'text': "So that's what I pass along.", 'start': 6516.508, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 6519.25, 'text': 'Beautifully put.', 'start': 6518.549, 'duration': 0.701}], 'summary': "Admitting 'i was wrong, you were right, i love you' resolves conflicts.", 'duration': 23.277, 'max_score': 6495.973, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg6495973.jpg'}, {'end': 6581.928, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6559.718, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6564.522, 'text': 'at Lex Friedman spelled without the E try to figure out how to do that.', 'start': 6559.718, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 6566.824, 'text': "It's just F-R-I-D-M-A-N.", 'start': 6564.542, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 6571.408, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Henry David Thoreau.', 'start': 6567.484, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 6574.891, 'text': 'Our life is fretted away by detail.', 'start': 6572.468, 'duration': 2.423}, {'end': 6577.593, 'text': 'Simplify, simplify.', 'start': 6575.651, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 6581.928, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 6579.056, 'duration': 2.872}], 'summary': "Lex friedman spelled without the e as f-r-i-d-m-a-n. words from henry david thoreau: 'simplify, simplify.'", 'duration': 22.21, 'max_score': 6559.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg6559718.jpg'}], 'start': 5796.464, 'title': 'Raid, teaching-research synergy, life lessons from wrestling, and metrics for a well-lived life', 'summary': 'Discusses the enduring popularity of raid over flash drives, emphasizes the importance of redundancy, and explores the symbiotic relationship between teaching and research. it also delves into life lessons from wrestling, focusing on self-confidence, team bonding, and assertiveness, and discusses metrics for a well-lived life, emphasizing the value of relationships and impact on others over material success.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6070.495, 'start': 5796.464, 'title': 'Raid and teaching-research synergy', 'summary': 'Discusses the enduring popularity of raid despite the reliability of flash drives, emphasizing the importance of redundancy. it also explores the symbiotic relationship between teaching and research, exemplified by successful faculty members who have excelled in both areas, thereby challenging the notion of conflict between the two. additionally, it delves into the impact of teaching on research, highlighting the synergistic effect of student interaction on stimulating research.', 'duration': 274.031, 'highlights': ['The enduring popularity of RAID despite the reliability of flash drives, emphasizing the importance of redundancy. RAID remains popular despite the reliability of flash drives, highlighting the significance of redundancy for data protection.', 'The successful faculty members who have excelled in both teaching and research, challenging the notion of conflict between the two. Faculty members such as Manuel Blum, Richard Karp, and others have excelled in both teaching and research, challenging the perceived conflict between the two domains.', 'The impact of student interaction on stimulating research, emphasizing the synergistic effect of teaching on research. Student interaction is highlighted as having a synergistic effect on stimulating research, challenging the traditional separation between teaching and research.']}, {'end': 6581.928, 'start': 6074.898, 'title': 'Life lessons from wrestling and metrics for a well-lived life', 'summary': 'Explores the life lessons and skills acquired from wrestling, such as self-confidence, team bonding, and assertiveness, and delves into the metrics for a life well-lived, emphasizing the value of relationships and impact on others over material success.', 'duration': 507.03, 'highlights': ['Wrestling contributed to self-confidence and assertiveness, leading to a sense of responsibility to stand up against injustice, translating into both physical and intellectual domains. Improved self-confidence, leading to the willingness to stand up against physical and intellectual injustices.', 'Lessons from wrestling included skills in forming successful teams and the ability to create large teams for common goals, influencing effective team-building in academic settings. Ability to form successful teams and lead large groups of faculty and grad students towards common goals.', 'Metrics for a well-lived life were emphasized as the impact on others and relationships, with pride drawn from affecting people and maintaining long-term relationships rather than material accomplishments. The importance of impacting others and maintaining long-term relationships over material accomplishments.', "The nine magic words for a successful relationship were shared, emphasizing the importance of freely acknowledging mistakes, conceding, and expressing love. The nine magic words: 'I was wrong, you were right, I love you' were emphasized for maintaining a good relationship."]}], 'duration': 785.464, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/naed4C4hfAg/pics/naed4C4hfAg5796464.jpg', 'highlights': ['RAID remains popular despite the reliability of flash drives, highlighting the significance of redundancy for data protection.', 'Faculty members such as Manuel Blum, Richard Karp, and others have excelled in both teaching and research, challenging the perceived conflict between the two domains.', 'Student interaction is highlighted as having a synergistic effect on stimulating research, challenging the traditional separation between teaching and research.', 'Wrestling contributed to self-confidence and assertiveness, leading to a sense of responsibility to stand up against injustice, translating into both physical and intellectual domains.', 'Ability to form successful teams and lead large groups of faculty and grad students towards common goals.', 'The importance of impacting others and maintaining long-term relationships over material accomplishments.', "The nine magic words: 'I was wrong, you were right, I love you' were emphasized for maintaining a good relationship."]}], 'highlights': ["David Patterson's pioneering contributions to risk processor architecture used by 99% of new chips today and co-creating RAID storage have had an immeasurable impact on the world.", 'The invention of the microprocessor revolutionized computing, leading to smaller, faster, and more affordable devices, with the capability to perform millions of operations per second.', 'The creation of the RISC-V instruction set, which is open source, has led to a surge in its adoption and utilization, with increasing support from both academic and industrial sectors globally.', "RISC-V's potential in the Internet of Things due to lack of dominant player and adaptability of its instruction set, making it popular in embedded devices and offering opportunities for enhancement.", "The slowdown of Moore's Law has shifted the focus to adding accelerators to microprocessors tailored for specific applications.", 'The invention of RAID involved the idea of using an array of inexpensive disks to increase speed, reduce cost, and enhance reliability, leading to a significant transformation in the storage industry from primarily disks to being primarily semiconductor.', 'RAID remains popular despite the reliability of flash drives, highlighting the significance of redundancy for data protection.', 'The importance of reliability for storage is tremendously higher than the importance of reliability for computation due to the consequences of data loss.', "The nine magic words: 'I was wrong, you were right, I love you' were emphasized for maintaining a good relationship."]}