title
Chris Lattner: The Future of Computing and Programming Languages | Lex Fridman Podcast #131

description
Chris Lattner is a world-class software & hardware engineer, leading projects at Apple, Tesla, Google, and SiFive. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get a free week of premium - Neuro: https://www.getneuro.com and use code LEX to get 15% off - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex to get 15% off annual sub - Cash App: https://cash.app/ and use code LexPodcast to get $10 EPISODE LINKS: Chris's Twitter: https://twitter.com/clattner_llvm Chris's Website: http://nondot.org/sabre/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 2:25 - Working with Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, Jeff Dean 7:55 - Why do programming languages matter? 13:55 - Python vs Swift 24:48 - Design decisions 30:06 - Types 33:54 - Programming languages are a bicycle for the mind 36:26 - Picking what language to learn 42:25 - Most beautiful feature of a programming language 51:50 - Walrus operator 1:01:16 - LLVM 1:06:28 - MLIR compiler framework 1:10:35 - SiFive semiconductor design 1:23:09 - Moore's Law 1:26:22 - Parallelization 1:30:50 - Swift concurrency manifesto 1:41:39 - Running a neural network fast 1:47:16 - Is the universe a quantum computer? 1:52:57 - Effects of the pandemic on society 2:10:09 - GPT-3 2:14:28 - Software 2.0 2:27:54 - Advice for young people 2:32:37 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Chris Lattner: The Future of Computing and Programming Languages | Lex Fridman Podcast #131', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Chris lattner discusses revolutionizing chip design, leadership insights, programming languages' impact, controversy around python's walrus operator, mlir, risc-v, custom chip design, future of computing, tech's impact on silicon valley, gpt-3, and ai in computing, covering topics such as swift concurrency manifesto, community involvement, and the potential impact of agi systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 92.626, 'segs': [{'end': 44.959, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.089, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4.173, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Chris Lattner, his second time on the podcast.', 'start': 0.089, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 12.92, 'text': "He's one of the most brilliant engineers in modern computing, having created LLVM compiler infrastructure project, the Clang compiler,", 'start': 4.773, 'duration': 8.147}, {'end': 18.545, 'text': 'the Swift programming language, a lot of key contributions to TensorFlow and TPUs as part of Google.', 'start': 12.92, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 23.546, 'text': 'He served as vice president of autopilot software at Tesla,', 'start': 19.145, 'duration': 4.401}, {'end': 30.968, 'text': 'was a software innovator and leader at Apple and now is at Sci-5 as senior vice president of platform engineering,', 'start': 23.546, 'duration': 7.422}, {'end': 35.85, 'text': 'looking to revolutionize chip design to make it faster, better and cheaper.', 'start': 30.968, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 40.131, 'text': 'Quick mention of each sponsor, followed by some thoughts related to the episode.', 'start': 36.59, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 44.959, 'text': 'First sponsor is Blinkist, an app that summarizes key ideas from thousands of books.', 'start': 40.936, 'duration': 4.023}], 'summary': 'Chris lattner, a prominent engineer, contributed to llvm, clang, swift, tensorflow, tpus, and is now revolutionizing chip design at sci-5.', 'duration': 44.87, 'max_score': 0.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs89.jpg'}], 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Revolutionizing chip design with chris lattner', 'summary': 'Features chris lattner, a prominent engineer known for creating llvm, clang, swift, and contributing to tensorflow and tpus. he discusses his roles at tesla, apple, and sci-5, aiming to revolutionize chip design. the episode also includes a mention of the sponsors blinkist, neuro, masterclass, and cash app.', 'chapters': [{'end': 92.626, 'start': 0.089, 'title': 'Revolutionizing chip design with chris lattner', 'summary': 'Features chris lattner, a prominent engineer known for creating llvm, clang, swift, and contributing to tensorflow and tpus. he discusses his roles at tesla, apple, and sci-5, aiming to revolutionize chip design. the episode also includes a mention of the sponsors blinkist, neuro, masterclass, and cash app.', 'duration': 92.537, 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's key contributions to LLVM, Clang, Swift, and TensorFlow demonstrate his impact on modern computing.", 'His role as the senior vice president of platform engineering at Sci-5 signifies his dedication to revolutionizing chip design.', 'The episode features sponsored products such as Blinkist, Neuro, Masterclass, and Cash App, offering a diverse range of services.']}], 'duration': 92.537, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs89.jpg', 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's key contributions to LLVM, Clang, Swift, and TensorFlow demonstrate his impact on modern computing.", 'His role as the senior vice president of platform engineering at Sci-5 signifies his dedication to revolutionizing chip design.', 'The episode features sponsored products such as Blinkist, Neuro, Masterclass, and Cash App, offering a diverse range of services.']}, {'end': 2246.177, 'segs': [{'end': 136.808, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 92.626, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 98.65, 'text': "because he is so damn good as an engineer and leader of engineers, and yet he's able to stay humble,", 'start': 92.626, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 103.033, 'text': 'especially humble enough to hear the voices of disagreement and to learn from them.', 'start': 98.65, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 108.858, 'text': "He was supportive of me and this podcast from the early days, and for that, I'm forever grateful.", 'start': 103.834, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 113.282, 'text': 'To be honest, most of my life, no one really believed that I would amount to much.', 'start': 109.538, 'duration': 3.744}, {'end': 120.089, 'text': 'So when another human being looks at me and makes me feel like I might be someone special, it can be truly inspiring.', 'start': 113.963, 'duration': 6.126}, {'end': 122.151, 'text': "That's a lesson for educators.", 'start': 120.85, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 129.758, 'text': 'The weird kid in the corner with a dream is someone who might need your love and support in order for that dream to flourish.', 'start': 122.812, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 136.808, 'text': 'If you enjoy this thing, subscribe on YouTube, review it with five stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify,', 'start': 130.979, 'duration': 5.829}], 'summary': 'An engineer and leader, staying humble, supporting others, and inspiring educators to nurture dreams.', 'duration': 44.182, 'max_score': 92.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs92626.jpg'}, {'end': 191.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 160.364, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 165.586, 'text': 'I guess you could do maybe a pairwise comparison between them instead of a group comparison.', 'start': 160.364, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 170.148, 'text': 'So if you look at Steve Jobs and Elon, I worked a lot more with Elon than I did with Steve.', 'start': 165.806, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 172.229, 'text': 'They have a lot of commonality.', 'start': 171.028, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 174.829, 'text': "They're both visionary in their own way.", 'start': 172.389, 'duration': 2.44}, {'end': 176.97, 'text': "They're both very demanding in their own way.", 'start': 174.849, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 184.313, 'text': 'My sense is Steve is much more human factor focused, where Elon is more technology focused.', 'start': 178.791, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 191.215, 'text': "What does human factor mean? Steve's trying to build things that feel good, that people love, that affect people's lives, how they live.", 'start': 184.613, 'duration': 6.602}], 'summary': 'Comparison of steve jobs and elon musk: both visionary and demanding, with different focuses.', 'duration': 30.851, 'max_score': 160.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs160364.jpg'}, {'end': 348.903, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 313.238, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 314.659, 'text': 'I think leadership is really hard.', 'start': 313.238, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 316.16, 'text': "It really depends on what you're looking for there.", 'start': 314.699, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 319.362, 'text': "I think you really need to know what you're talking about.", 'start': 317.241, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 327.589, 'text': 'Being grounded on the product, on the technology, on the business, on the mission is really important.', 'start': 320.863, 'duration': 6.726}, {'end': 330.531, 'text': "Understanding what people are looking for, why they're there.", 'start': 328.389, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 334.074, 'text': 'One of the most amazing things about Tesla is the unifying vision.', 'start': 330.831, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 339.398, 'text': 'People are there because they believe in clean energy and electrification, all these kinds of things.', 'start': 334.674, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 348.903, 'text': 'The other is to understand what really motivates people, how to get the best people, how to build a plan that actually can be executed.', 'start': 341.999, 'duration': 6.904}], 'summary': 'Effective leadership requires understanding the product, technology, and mission, as well as motivating and unifying teams around a vision, as exemplified at tesla.', 'duration': 35.665, 'max_score': 313.238, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs313238.jpg'}, {'end': 419.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 396.474, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 404.877, 'text': "The thing that I've become more comfortable with as I've gained experience is being okay with not knowing.", 'start': 396.474, 'duration': 8.403}, {'end': 411.959, 'text': "And so a major part of leadership is actually, it's not about having the right answer, it's about getting the right answer.", 'start': 406.037, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 419.964, 'text': "And so if you're working in a team of amazing people right in many of these places, many of these companies all have amazing people.", 'start': 412.859, 'duration': 7.105}], 'summary': 'Leadership is about getting the right answer, not having it. embrace not knowing and rely on amazing team members.', 'duration': 23.49, 'max_score': 396.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs396474.jpg'}, {'end': 686.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 655.273, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 657.374, 'text': 'And what it is, and UI means user interface.', 'start': 655.273, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 662.977, 'text': "And so what's really going on is it's the interface between the guts and the human.", 'start': 658.254, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 670.493, 'text': "And humans are hard, right? Humans have feelings, they have things they like, they have things they don't like.", 'start': 664.366, 'duration': 6.127}, {'end': 677.121, 'text': 'And a lot of people treat programming languages as though humans are just kind of abstract creatures that cannot be predicted.', 'start': 670.894, 'duration': 6.227}, {'end': 680.425, 'text': 'But it turns out that actually there is better and worse.', 'start': 677.541, 'duration': 2.884}, {'end': 686.822, 'text': 'Like people can tell when a program language is good or when it was an accident right?', 'start': 681.698, 'duration': 5.124}], 'summary': 'Ui is the interface between the guts and humans. programming languages can be better or worse.', 'duration': 31.549, 'max_score': 655.273, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs655273.jpg'}, {'end': 864.877, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 835.9, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 837.341, 'text': 'And so you look at Python, for example.', 'start': 835.9, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 841.984, 'text': "Python is really good at assembling things, but it's not so great at building all the libraries.", 'start': 837.381, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 847.027, 'text': 'And so what you get, because of performance reasons, other things like this, is you get Python layered on top of C.', 'start': 842.564, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 848.868, 'text': 'for example.', 'start': 848.368, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 853.291, 'text': "And that means that doing certain kinds of things, well, it doesn't really make sense to do in Python.", 'start': 849.309, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 854.532, 'text': 'Instead, you do it in C.', 'start': 853.311, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 857.593, 'text': "And then you wrap it, and then you're living in two worlds.", 'start': 854.532, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 863.017, 'text': "And two worlds never is really great, because tooling and the debugger doesn't work right, and all these kinds of things.", 'start': 857.653, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 864.877, 'text': 'can you clarify a little bit?', 'start': 863.797, 'duration': 1.08}], 'summary': "Python's strength lies in assembling, but not in building all libraries; often layered on top of c for performance, leading to challenges in tooling and debugging.", 'duration': 28.977, 'max_score': 835.9, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs835900.jpg'}, {'end': 984.67, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 956.071, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 957.913, 'text': "It's not just about pounding out the code.", 'start': 956.071, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 962.997, 'text': 'And so this is where things like catching bugs at compile time is valuable, for example.', 'start': 958.473, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 970.581, 'text': 'But if you dive into the details in this, Swift, for example, has certain things like value semantics,', 'start': 964.298, 'duration': 6.283}, {'end': 980.708, 'text': 'which is this fancy way of saying that when you treat a variable like a value, it acts like a mathematical object would.', 'start': 970.581, 'duration': 10.127}, {'end': 984.67, 'text': 'OK, so you have used PyTorch a little bit.', 'start': 981.468, 'duration': 3.202}], 'summary': 'Value semantics in swift aid in bug prevention during coding.', 'duration': 28.599, 'max_score': 956.071, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs956071.jpg'}, {'end': 1115.497, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1091.798, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1098.585, 'text': 'Right But also the efficiency that comes with certain advantages there, certain implementation details there really benefit you as a programmer.', 'start': 1091.798, 'duration': 6.787}, {'end': 1103.41, 'text': 'Right. So if I the value semantics like, how do you know that a thing should be treated like a value?', 'start': 1098.745, 'duration': 4.665}, {'end': 1110.135, 'text': 'Yeah, so Swift has a pretty strong culture and good language support for defining values.', 'start': 1103.752, 'duration': 6.383}, {'end': 1115.497, 'text': 'And so if you have an array, so tensors are one example that the machine learning folks are very used to.', 'start': 1110.455, 'duration': 5.042}], 'summary': "Swift's strong culture and good language support for defining values benefit programmers, with tensors being one example familiar to machine learning practitioners.", 'duration': 23.699, 'max_score': 1091.798, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs1091798.jpg'}, {'end': 1518.716, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1493.16, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 1507.228, 'text': "we'll look at historically I mean this might touch like it's almost like a Steve Jobs question to like how much dictatorial decision making is required versus collaborative.", 'start': 1493.16, 'duration': 14.068}, {'end': 1511.11, 'text': "And we'll talk about how that can go wrong or right.", 'start': 1508.368, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 1515.213, 'text': "But Yeah, well, Swift, so I can't speak to, in general, all design everywhere.", 'start': 1511.19, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 1518.716, 'text': "So the way it works with Swift is that there's a core team.", 'start': 1515.593, 'duration': 3.123}], 'summary': "Discussion on the balance between dictatorial decision making and collaboration, focusing on swift's core team.", 'duration': 25.556, 'max_score': 1493.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs1493160.jpg'}, {'end': 1860.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1834.882, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 1841.727, 'text': 'And so so like when you import Python and Swift, which, by the way, works really well, you have everything comes in as a Python object.', 'start': 1834.882, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 1847.431, 'text': "Now, here there are tradeoffs because It depends on what you're optimizing for.", 'start': 1841.887, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 1850.152, 'text': 'And Python is a super successful language for a really good reason.', 'start': 1847.451, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 1854.816, 'text': 'Because it has one type, you get duck typing for free and things like this.', 'start': 1851.113, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 1860.159, 'text': "But also you're making it very easy to pound out code on the one hand,", 'start': 1855.376, 'duration': 4.783}], 'summary': 'Python and swift import works well, python is successful due to its one type and duck typing.', 'duration': 25.277, 'max_score': 1834.882, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs1834882.jpg'}, {'end': 1905.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1874.888, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 1881.652, 'text': "And it blows up, and you're just saying, well, what did I do wrong? And so types are good and bad, and they have trade-offs.", 'start': 1874.888, 'duration': 6.764}, {'end': 1884.694, 'text': "They're good for performance and certain other things, depending on where you're coming from.", 'start': 1881.672, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 1886.114, 'text': "But it's all about trade-offs.", 'start': 1884.714, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 1888.576, 'text': 'And so this is what design is.', 'start': 1886.394, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 1895.579, 'text': "Design is about weighing trade-offs and trying to understand the ramifications of the things that you're weighing, like types or not,", 'start': 1888.616, 'duration': 6.963}, {'end': 1897.04, 'text': 'or one type or many types.', 'start': 1895.579, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 1905.312, 'text': 'But also within many types, how powerful do you make that type system is another very complicated question with lots of trade-offs.', 'start': 1898.701, 'duration': 6.611}], 'summary': 'Types have trade-offs for performance and design decisions.', 'duration': 30.424, 'max_score': 1874.888, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs1874888.jpg'}, {'end': 2072.48, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2035.239, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2044.061, 'text': "So the key thing to think about with programming languages and you think about what a programming language is there for is it's about making a human more productive,", 'start': 2035.239, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 2047.402, 'text': "right?. And so there's an old I think it's a Steve Jobs quote about.", 'start': 2044.061, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 2049.103, 'text': "it's a bicycle for the mind.", 'start': 2047.402, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 2052.583, 'text': 'Right You can definitely walk.', 'start': 2050.085, 'duration': 2.498}, {'end': 2056.889, 'text': "but you'll get there a lot faster if you can bicycle on your way.", 'start': 2053.848, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 2060.512, 'text': 'And- A programming language is a bicycle for the mind? Yeah.', 'start': 2057.65, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 2063.614, 'text': "Is basically, wow, that's a really interesting way to think about it.", 'start': 2060.572, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 2066.996, 'text': 'By raising the level of abstraction, now you can fit more things in your head.', 'start': 2063.694, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 2072.48, 'text': "By being able to just directly leverage somebody's library, you can now get something done quickly.", 'start': 2067.417, 'duration': 5.063}], 'summary': 'Programming languages enhance productivity by raising abstraction levels and leveraging libraries for faster development.', 'duration': 37.241, 'max_score': 2035.239, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs2035239.jpg'}], 'start': 92.626, 'title': 'Leadership and programming insights', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of support and humility in leadership, insights on leadership qualities from prominent figures like steve jobs, elon musk, and jeff dean, the significance of programming languages in expressing ideas and impact on productivity, and the benefits of value semantics in swift for debugging, error reduction, and performance.', 'chapters': [{'end': 136.808, 'start': 92.626, 'title': 'Inspiring support and humility', 'summary': "Highlights the importance of support and humility in leadership, emphasizing the impact of acknowledgment and encouragement on individuals' growth, as well as the significance of recognizing and nurturing potential in unconventional spaces.", 'duration': 44.182, 'highlights': ["He was supportive of me and this podcast from the early days, and for that, I'm forever grateful.", 'When another human being looks at me and makes me feel like I might be someone special, it can be truly inspiring.', 'The weird kid in the corner with a dream is someone who might need your love and support in order for that dream to flourish.', 'To be honest, most of my life, no one really believed that I would amount to much.']}, {'end': 453.684, 'start': 136.808, 'title': 'Leadership insights from steve jobs, elon musk, and jeff dean', 'summary': "Discusses chris lattner's insights on the leadership qualities of steve jobs, elon musk, and jeff dean, highlighting their visionary nature, ability to push and inspire engineers, and the importance of being grounded in the product and technology, while emphasizing the need for vulnerability and trust in building a successful team.", 'duration': 316.876, 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner discusses the visionary and demanding nature of Steve Jobs and Elon Musk, emphasizing Jobs' focus on human factors and Musk's focus on technology, with a mention of their commonality and ability to predict the development of exponentials.", "Lattner highlights the importance of understanding and motivating people, building an executable plan, and prioritizing well as key aspects of leadership, citing Tesla's unifying vision and the significance of knowing the product, technology, business, and mission.", 'Lattner emphasizes the value of being comfortable with not knowing, fostering trust, openness, and vulnerability within a team, and encouraging a collaborative environment where individuals feel safe to contribute ideas, regardless of their initial quality.']}, {'end': 956.031, 'start': 453.704, 'title': 'Importance of programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of programming languages, emphasizing their role in expressing ideas, the trade-offs in language design, the importance of user interface in programming languages, and the impact on productivity and safety.', 'duration': 502.327, 'highlights': ['Programming languages play a crucial role in expressing human ideas and utilizing computer capabilities, with trade-offs in design and various levels of abstraction.', "User interface design in programming languages is essential, as it serves as the interface between the computer's functionality and human interaction, impacting user experience and productivity.", "The impact of programming languages on productivity and safety is significant, with factors such as boilerplate code, safety, and proper libraries affecting developers' experience and code stability.", "The availability of libraries and the ease of assembling them in a programming language greatly influence the efficiency and speed of development, with examples such as Python's strengths in assembly but limitations in building certain libraries."]}, {'end': 1647.147, 'start': 956.071, 'title': 'Value semantics in swift', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of value semantics in swift, including its impact on debugging, error reduction, and performance, and the collaborative design process of the swift evolution community.', 'duration': 691.076, 'highlights': ['Value semantics in Swift improves debugging by reducing errors and bringing errors closer to the source, enhancing productivity and performance. Reduction in errors, improved debugging, enhanced productivity, and performance benefits.', "Swift's value semantics allows for performance optimization without imposing significant costs, balancing complexity and power for users. Performance optimization, balanced complexity and power for users.", "The collaborative design process of Swift involves a core team of experienced individuals providing continuity and a Swift Evolution Community for diverse idea generation, consensus building, and long-term direction. Collaborative design process, core team's continuity, Swift Evolution Community's role in idea generation and consensus building."]}, {'end': 2246.177, 'start': 1647.427, 'title': 'Designing productive programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses the trade-offs in language design, such as types, complexity, and productivity, with examples from python, swift, and javascript, emphasizing the goal of making the programmer more productive by raising the level of abstraction.', 'duration': 598.75, 'highlights': ['The trade-offs in language design, such as types, complexity, and productivity, are crucial for making programming languages good. The transcript extensively discusses the trade-offs involved in language design, including types, complexity, and productivity, and emphasizes the importance of balancing these trade-offs to make a programming language good.', "Python's one type system allows for easy coding but can introduce complicated bugs, highlighting the trade-offs in language design. The discussion on Python's one type system explains how it facilitates easy coding but can lead to the introduction of complicated bugs, showcasing a trade-off in language design.", 'The goal of programming languages is to make humans more productive by raising the level of abstraction and leveraging libraries. The transcript emphasizes that the primary goal of programming languages is to enhance human productivity by increasing the level of abstraction and enabling the direct leverage of libraries.']}], 'duration': 2153.551, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs92626.jpg', 'highlights': ['The weird kid in the corner with a dream is someone who might need your love and support in order for that dream to flourish.', 'When another human being looks at me and makes me feel like I might be someone special, it can be truly inspiring.', "He was supportive of me and this podcast from the early days, and for that, I'm forever grateful.", 'To be honest, most of my life, no one really believed that I would amount to much.', 'Lattner emphasizes the value of being comfortable with not knowing, fostering trust, openness, and vulnerability within a team, and encouraging a collaborative environment where individuals feel safe to contribute ideas, regardless of their initial quality.', "Chris Lattner discusses the visionary and demanding nature of Steve Jobs and Elon Musk, emphasizing Jobs' focus on human factors and Musk's focus on technology, with a mention of their commonality and ability to predict the development of exponentials.", "Lattner highlights the importance of understanding and motivating people, building an executable plan, and prioritizing well as key aspects of leadership, citing Tesla's unifying vision and the significance of knowing the product, technology, business, and mission.", 'Programming languages play a crucial role in expressing human ideas and utilizing computer capabilities, with trade-offs in design and various levels of abstraction.', "User interface design in programming languages is essential, as it serves as the interface between the computer's functionality and human interaction, impacting user experience and productivity.", "The availability of libraries and the ease of assembling them in a programming language greatly influence the efficiency and speed of development, with examples such as Python's strengths in assembly but limitations in building certain libraries.", 'Value semantics in Swift improves debugging by reducing errors and bringing errors closer to the source, enhancing productivity and performance. Reduction in errors, improved debugging, enhanced productivity, and performance benefits.', "Swift's value semantics allows for performance optimization without imposing significant costs, balancing complexity and power for users. Performance optimization, balanced complexity and power for users.", "The collaborative design process of Swift involves a core team of experienced individuals providing continuity and a Swift Evolution Community for diverse idea generation, consensus building, and long-term direction. Collaborative design process, core team's continuity, Swift Evolution Community's role in idea generation and consensus building.", 'The trade-offs in language design, such as types, complexity, and productivity, are crucial for making programming languages good. The transcript extensively discusses the trade-offs involved in language design, including types, complexity, and productivity, and emphasizes the importance of balancing these trade-offs to make a programming language good.', "Python's one type system allows for easy coding but can introduce complicated bugs, highlighting the trade-offs in language design. The discussion on Python's one type system explains how it facilitates easy coding but can lead to the introduction of complicated bugs, showcasing a trade-off in language design.", 'The goal of programming languages is to make humans more productive by raising the level of abstraction and leveraging libraries. The transcript emphasizes that the primary goal of programming languages is to enhance human productivity by increasing the level of abstraction and enabling the direct leverage of libraries.']}, {'end': 3079.996, 'segs': [{'end': 2655.878, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2608.815, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2614.237, 'text': 'you need high quality libraries and then you need a user base around them that can assemble them and do cool things with them.', 'start': 2608.815, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 2617.978, 'text': 'Right And so to me, the question is what enables high quality libraries.', 'start': 2614.437, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 2620.682, 'text': 'Okay Yeah.', 'start': 2619.879, 'duration': 0.803}, {'end': 2632.049, 'text': "And there's a huge divide in the world between libraries who enable high-quality libraries versus the ones that put special stuff in the language.", 'start': 2620.842, 'duration': 11.207}, {'end': 2637.031, 'text': 'So programming languages that enable high-quality libraries? Got it.', 'start': 2632.89, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 2644.494, 'text': 'And what I mean by that is expressive libraries that then feel like a natural integrated part of the language itself.', 'start': 2637.871, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 2653.917, 'text': 'So an example of this in Swift is that int and float and also array and string, things like this, these are all part of the library.', 'start': 2645.634, 'duration': 8.283}, {'end': 2655.878, 'text': 'Int is not hard-coded into Swift.', 'start': 2653.997, 'duration': 1.881}], 'summary': 'High-quality libraries are essential for programming languages, with swift as an example.', 'duration': 47.063, 'max_score': 2608.815, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs2608815.jpg'}, {'end': 2797.382, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2770.893, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2775.074, 'text': 'Because in Lisp, all the libraries are basically part of the language.', 'start': 2770.893, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 2777.454, 'text': 'You write term rewrite systems and things like this.', 'start': 2775.494, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 2783.836, 'text': "Can you, as a counterexample, provide what makes it difficult to write a library that's native?", 'start': 2778.115, 'duration': 5.721}, {'end': 2784.796, 'text': 'Is it the Python C??', 'start': 2783.916, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 2790.178, 'text': "Well, I'll give you two examples Java and C++.", 'start': 2785.516, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 2793.08, 'text': "There's Java and C.", 'start': 2790.198, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2797.382, 'text': 'They both allow you to define your own types, but int is hard-coded in the language.', 'start': 2793.08, 'duration': 4.302}], 'summary': 'In lisp, libraries are integrated into the language, while in python and c++ it is difficult to create native libraries due to language constraints.', 'duration': 26.489, 'max_score': 2770.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs2770893.jpg'}, {'end': 2972.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2945.281, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2950.465, 'text': 'Clang, for example, GCC, all these compilers will detect that as a likely bug, produce a warning.', 'start': 2945.281, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 2952.647, 'text': "Do they? I feel like they didn't.", 'start': 2950.765, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 2953.648, 'text': 'Or Clang does.', 'start': 2952.887, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 2955.71, 'text': "GCC didn't.", 'start': 2953.808, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 2962.558, 'text': "It's like one of the important things about programming language design is like you're literally creating suffering in the world.", 'start': 2955.73, 'duration': 6.828}, {'end': 2972.051, 'text': 'I feel like, I mean, one way to see it is the bicycle for the mind, but the other way is the minimizing suffering.', 'start': 2965.229, 'duration': 6.822}], 'summary': 'Compilers like clang and gcc may produce warnings for likely bugs, with clang being more proactive, while gcc did not, highlighting the impact of programming language design on minimizing suffering.', 'duration': 26.77, 'max_score': 2945.281, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs2945281.jpg'}, {'end': 3054.292, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3030.94, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3037.764, 'text': "When Swift 2 came out, we said, hey, it's open source and there's this open process which people can help evolve and direct the language.", 'start': 3030.94, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 3043.367, 'text': 'The community at large, like Swift users can now help shape the language as it is.', 'start': 3038.144, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 3048.449, 'text': 'What happened as part of that process is a lot of really bad mistakes got taken out.', 'start': 3043.647, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 3054.292, 'text': 'For example, Swift used to have the C style plus plus and minus minus operators.', 'start': 3049.85, 'duration': 4.442}], 'summary': 'Swift 2 went open source, allowing community input to improve language, removing bad mistakes like c-style operators.', 'duration': 23.352, 'max_score': 3030.94, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3030940.jpg'}], 'start': 2246.497, 'title': 'Programming language advantages and libraries', 'summary': 'Delves into the advantages of programming languages, highlighting the role in facilitating high-quality libraries, with emphasis on catalyst for learning new languages and significance of building ecosystems. additionally, it explores the impact of language design on library creation and the influence of community involvement, using examples such as swift and lisp.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2695.399, 'start': 2246.497, 'title': 'Programming language advantages', 'summary': "Discusses the advantages of programming languages, emphasizing the importance of finding a catalyst to learn new languages, the significance of building ecosystems, and the ability of programming languages to enable high-quality libraries, as demonstrated by the example of swift's library integration.", 'duration': 448.902, 'highlights': ["Programming languages require a catalyst to learn, such as building a project that aligns with the language's strengths and ecosystem readiness. Learning a programming language depends on finding an excuse to build something suitable for the language and its ecosystem, such as writing an iOS app using Swift.", "Swift's library integration demonstrates the importance of programming languages enabling high-quality libraries that feel like a natural, integrated part of the language. Swift's integration of int, float, array, and string into its library enables these features to be used in defining other custom types, emphasizing the significance of programming languages enabling expressive libraries.", 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of building ecosystems around programming languages, highlighting the differences in library support between languages and the impact on getting things done quickly. The importance of building ecosystems around programming languages is emphasized, with a focus on enabling high-quality libraries and the impact on getting things done quickly.']}, {'end': 3079.996, 'start': 2695.799, 'title': 'Programming language libraries and expressivity', 'summary': 'Discusses the beauty of programming languages enabling high-quality native libraries, the impact of language design on library creation, and the power of community involvement in shaping a language, illustrated through examples like lisp and swift, while exploring the trade-offs and considerations in language design.', 'duration': 384.197, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the beauty of programming languages enabling high-quality native libraries, illustrated through examples like Lisp where all libraries are essentially part of the language. The beauty of programming languages enabling high-quality native libraries is exemplified through Lisp, where all libraries are essentially part of the language, allowing the creation of term rewrite systems and similar functionalities.', 'The impact of language design on library creation and expressivity is discussed, with examples from Java and C++ highlighting the challenges of creating native libraries due to hard-coded elements in the language. The impact of language design on library creation and expressivity is illustrated through examples from Java and C++, highlighting the challenges of creating native libraries due to hard-coded elements in the language, such as int being hard-coded in Java and C++.', 'The power of community involvement in shaping a language, as demonstrated by the evolution of Swift and the removal of bad design choices through community contribution, is emphasized. The power of community involvement in shaping a language is highlighted through the evolution of Swift and the removal of bad design choices through community contribution, such as the removal of C style plus plus and minus minus operators.', 'The trade-offs and considerations in language design, including the decision to break convention and the impact on minimizing suffering and reducing bugs, are explored. The chapter explores the trade-offs and considerations in language design, including the decision to break convention and the impact on minimizing suffering and reducing bugs, highlighting the importance of evaluating the trade-offs to determine the theoretical and practical benefits of design decisions.']}], 'duration': 833.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs2246497.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of building ecosystems around programming languages is emphasized, with a focus on enabling high-quality libraries and the impact on getting things done quickly.', "Swift's library integration demonstrates the importance of programming languages enabling high-quality libraries that feel like a natural, integrated part of the language.", 'The power of community involvement in shaping a language is highlighted through the evolution of Swift and the removal of bad design choices through community contribution.', 'The chapter emphasizes the beauty of programming languages enabling high-quality native libraries, illustrated through examples like Lisp where all libraries are essentially part of the language.', 'The impact of language design on library creation and expressivity is illustrated through examples from Java and C++, highlighting the challenges of creating native libraries due to hard-coded elements in the language.', 'The chapter explores the trade-offs and considerations in language design, including the decision to break convention and the impact on minimizing suffering and reducing bugs.']}, {'end': 3947.568, 'segs': [{'end': 3197.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3157.997, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3162.519, 'text': 'It finally drove Guido to step down from EDFL, the toxicity of the community.', 'start': 3157.997, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 3166.942, 'text': 'So maybe what do you think about the Walrus operator in Python?', 'start': 3162.859, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 3173.685, 'text': 'Is there an equivalent thing in Swift that really stress tested the community?', 'start': 3167.002, 'duration': 6.683}, {'end': 3178.528, 'text': 'And then, on the flip side, what do you think about Guido stepping down over it?', 'start': 3174.346, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 3185.432, 'text': "Yeah, well, if I look past the details of the Walrus operator, one of the things that makes it most polarizing is that it's syntactic sugar.", 'start': 3178.748, 'duration': 6.684}, {'end': 3193.396, 'text': 'What do you mean by syntactic sugar? It means you can take something that already exists in language and you can express it in a more concise way.', 'start': 3187.149, 'duration': 6.247}, {'end': 3195.958, 'text': "Okay, I'm going to play devil's advocate.", 'start': 3193.416, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 3197.54, 'text': 'This is great.', 'start': 3196.078, 'duration': 1.462}], 'summary': "Guido stepped down from edfl due to community toxicity and debate over the walrus operator's syntactic sugar.", 'duration': 39.543, 'max_score': 3157.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3157997.jpg'}, {'end': 3324.849, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3295.527, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3299.608, 'text': "Yeah, have you passed across much? Yeah, I've met him a couple of times, but I don't know Guido well.", 'start': 3295.527, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 3308.352, 'text': 'But the sense that I got out of that whole dynamic was that he had put not just the decision-maker weight on his shoulders,', 'start': 3300.088, 'duration': 8.264}, {'end': 3320.785, 'text': 'But it was so tied to his personal identity that he took it personally and he felt the need and he kind of put himself in the situation of being the person instead of building a base of support around him.', 'start': 3308.872, 'duration': 11.913}, {'end': 3324.849, 'text': 'I mean, this is probably not quite literally true, but by..', 'start': 3320.805, 'duration': 4.044}], 'summary': 'Guido took the decision personally, lacking support.', 'duration': 29.322, 'max_score': 3295.527, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3295527.jpg'}, {'end': 3473.271, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3446.241, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3452.663, 'text': "When it comes to languages, the community is kind of right in terms of it's a very high burden to add something to a language.", 'start': 3446.241, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 3456.884, 'text': "So as soon as you add something, you have a community of people building on it, and you can't remove it.", 'start': 3453.243, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 3465.648, 'text': "And if there's a community of people that feel really uncomfortable with it, then taking it slow, I think, is an important thing to do,", 'start': 3458.145, 'duration': 7.503}, {'end': 3473.271, 'text': "and there's no rush, particularly with something that's 25 years old and is very established and it's not coming into its own.", 'start': 3465.648, 'duration': 7.623}], 'summary': 'Adding to a language is a high burden; taking it slow is important for a 25-year-old established language.', 'duration': 27.03, 'max_score': 3446.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3446241.jpg'}, {'end': 3935.445, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3911.867, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3919.053, 'text': "Interesting thing you kind of mentioned with LLVM, or just in general, that as something evolves, you're not able to see the faults.", 'start': 3911.867, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 3925.938, 'text': 'So do you fall in love with the thing over time or do you start hating everything about the thing over time??', 'start': 3919.733, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 3935.445, 'text': "Well so my personal folly is that I see maybe not all, but many of the faults and And they grate on me and I don't have time to go fix them.", 'start': 3926.298, 'duration': 9.147}], 'summary': 'As things evolve, faults can be overlooked, leading to a love-hate relationship with the product.', 'duration': 23.578, 'max_score': 3911.867, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3911867.jpg'}], 'start': 3080.636, 'title': "Python's walrus operator, guido's resignation, and language evolution burden", 'summary': "Delves into the controversy surrounding python's walrus operator, its impact on the community, and the reasons behind guido's resignation, along with the challenges of evolving programming languages, emphasizing leadership burden and the need for community involvement.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3445.78, 'start': 3080.636, 'title': "Python's walrus operator and guido's resignation", 'summary': "Discusses the controversy around python's walrus operator, its impact on the community, and the reasons behind guido's resignation, highlighting the syntactic sugar concept and the polarizing effect of new language features, as well as the overwhelming pressure and personal ties experienced by guido.", 'duration': 365.144, 'highlights': ["The controversy surrounding Python's walrus operator and its impact on the community, including the reasons behind Guido's resignation. The discussion revolves around the walrus operator in Python 3.8, its polarizing nature, and the toxicity of the community that led to Guido's resignation.", 'Explanation of syntactic sugar and the trade-offs involved in introducing new language features. The concept of syntactic sugar is explained, emphasizing the trade-offs and subjective nature of introducing new language features that offer a more concise way of expressing existing functionality.', 'The overwhelming pressure and personal ties experienced by Guido, leading to his resignation. The overwhelming pressure and personal ties experienced by Guido are discussed, highlighting the impact of shouldering decision-making weight and taking criticisms personally.']}, {'end': 3947.568, 'start': 3446.241, 'title': 'The burden of language evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of evolving programming languages, emphasizing the burden of leadership in making decisions for established languages like python and llvm, and the need for community involvement and transparency in the decision-making process.', 'duration': 501.327, 'highlights': ['The burden of leadership in making decisions for established languages like Python and LLVM is emphasized, highlighting the challenges and risks associated with making changes to languages with long-standing user communities. Emphasis on the burden of leadership and the challenges and risks of making changes to established languages like Python and LLVM.', 'The importance of community involvement and transparency in the decision-making process for programming languages is discussed, highlighting the need for clear communication and rationale behind decisions to gain community buy-in. Emphasis on the importance of community involvement and transparency in decision-making for programming languages.', 'The evolution of programming languages like LLVM and the challenges associated with addressing faults and making necessary improvements are explored, underscoring the need for continuous evolution and community engagement to prevent stagnation. Exploration of the challenges in evolving programming languages like LLVM, emphasizing the need for continuous evolution and community engagement.']}], 'duration': 866.932, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3080636.jpg', 'highlights': ["The controversy surrounding Python's walrus operator and its impact on the community, including the reasons behind Guido's resignation.", 'The overwhelming pressure and personal ties experienced by Guido, leading to his resignation.', 'Explanation of syntactic sugar and the trade-offs involved in introducing new language features.', 'Emphasis on the burden of leadership and the challenges and risks of making changes to established languages like Python and LLVM.', 'The importance of community involvement and transparency in decision-making for programming languages.', 'The evolution of programming languages like LLVM and the challenges associated with addressing faults and making necessary improvements.']}, {'end': 4908.863, 'segs': [{'end': 4134.517, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4110.916, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4121.225, 'text': 'And so what MLIR does is it provides a tremendous amount of compiler infrastructure that allows you to build these domain-specific compilers in a much faster way and have the result be good.', 'start': 4110.916, 'duration': 10.309}, {'end': 4126.649, 'text': "If we're thinking about the future, now we're talking about like ASICs, so anything.", 'start': 4121.986, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 4127.29, 'text': 'Yeah, yeah.', 'start': 4126.89, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 4134.517, 'text': "So if we project into the future, it's very possible that the number of these kinds of ASICs vary dramatically.", 'start': 4127.731, 'duration': 6.786}], 'summary': 'Mlir accelerates domain-specific compiler development, potentially increasing asic variety.', 'duration': 23.601, 'max_score': 4110.916, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs4110916.jpg'}, {'end': 4279.777, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4255.268, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4261.551, 'text': 'SciFive is a company who was founded with this architecture called RISC-V.', 'start': 4255.268, 'duration': 6.283}, {'end': 4264.372, 'text': 'RISC-V is a new instruction set.', 'start': 4262.671, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 4267.473, 'text': 'Instruction sets are the things inside of your computer that tell it how to run things.', 'start': 4264.432, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 4273.695, 'text': 'x86 from Intel and ARM from the ARM company and things like this are other instruction sets.', 'start': 4269.013, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 4277.497, 'text': "I've talked to, sorry to interrupt, I've talked to Dave Patterson, who's super excited about RISC-V.", 'start': 4273.935, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 4278.717, 'text': 'Dave is awesome.', 'start': 4277.757, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 4279.777, 'text': "He's brilliant.", 'start': 4279.117, 'duration': 0.66}], 'summary': 'Scifive is a company founded on risc-v architecture, exciting dave patterson.', 'duration': 24.509, 'max_score': 4255.268, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs4255268.jpg'}, {'end': 4881.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4856.416, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4864.743, 'text': "I think, when you look at Sci-5, tackling silicon and how people build chips, which is a very different space, that's where you say.", 'start': 4856.416, 'duration': 8.327}, {'end': 4866.965, 'text': "I think we'll see a lot more custom chips.", 'start': 4864.743, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 4869.747, 'text': 'And that means that you get much more battery life.', 'start': 4867.505, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 4874.971, 'text': 'You get better tuned solutions for your IoT thingy.', 'start': 4869.787, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 4878.094, 'text': 'You get people that move faster.', 'start': 4876.212, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 4881.276, 'text': 'You get the ability to have faster time to market, for example.', 'start': 4878.114, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Custom chips lead to improved battery life, faster time to market, and better-tuned iot solutions.', 'duration': 24.86, 'max_score': 4856.416, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs4856416.jpg'}], 'start': 3949.768, 'title': 'Mlir, risc-v, and custom chip design', 'summary': 'Discusses the introduction of mlir, a new compiler framework, the impact of risc-v in revolutionizing the computing industry, and the potential benefits of custom chip design, showcasing the diverse implementations and flexible solutions offered by these technologies.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4212.77, 'start': 3949.768, 'title': 'Mlir: a new compiler framework', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of implementing new code, resistance to change, and introduces mlir, a new compiler framework that provides a more efficient way to build domain-specific compilers and solve various problems in a flexible manner, which has joined the llvm family as part of its umbrella projects.', 'duration': 263.002, 'highlights': ['MLIR provides a more efficient way to build domain-specific compilers and solve various problems in a flexible manner. MLIR is a new compiler framework that allows for the efficient construction of domain-specific compilers, solving a wide range of problems in a flexible manner.', 'MLIR has joined the LLVM family as part of its umbrella projects. MLIR has become part of the LLVM family as part of its umbrella projects, demonstrating its significance and impact within the compiler framework community.', 'Resistance to change and challenges in implementing new code are discussed. The chapter delves into the resistance to change and challenges in implementing new code, shedding light on the dynamics within the development process.']}, {'end': 4450.493, 'start': 4212.83, 'title': 'Risc-v and scifive: revolutionizing computing', 'summary': "Explores the impact of risc-v, an open standard instruction set, and scifive's role in producing some of the world's best risc-v cores, revolutionizing the computing industry with their open-source approach and diverse implementations.", 'duration': 237.663, 'highlights': ["SciFive is a company founded on the RISC-V architecture, an open standard instruction set, designed and built by three of its founders in Berkeley, and it has some of the world's best RISC-V cores. SciFive's foundation on the RISC-V architecture, known for its open standard and high-quality cores, showcases its pivotal role in revolutionizing the computing industry.", "RISC-V is an open standard that allows anyone to build chips for it, unlike proprietary instruction sets like x86 from Intel and ARM from the ARM company, which are limited to specific manufacturers. The open standard of RISC-V enables unrestricted chip production, in contrast to proprietary instruction sets, leading to a significant shift in the computing industry's dynamics.", 'The separation of chip design and manufacturing is evident, with fabs like TSMC and Samsung responsible for mass manufacturing, while the design process involves well-studied, old problems with tools and systems controlled by a few major companies. The distinct roles in chip design and manufacturing, along with the dominance of a few companies in controlling design tools and systems, underlines the complexities and consolidation in the chip production process.']}, {'end': 4908.863, 'start': 4451.693, 'title': 'Risc-v and custom chip design', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of hardware design, the flexibility of risc-v instruction set, the benefits of custom chip design, and the potential impact of risc-v on the future of computing, highlighting the potential for faster time to market and increased diversity in hardware options.', 'duration': 457.17, 'highlights': ['RISC-V offers more optionality in the space of instruction sets, providing flexibility and an ecosystem of different cores with various trade-offs, enabling faster time to market for custom chips and meeting diverse product requirements. Flexibility of RISC-V instruction set, ecosystem of different cores, faster time to market, diverse product requirements', 'Custom chip design using RISC-V can lead to better-tuned solutions for IoT devices, increased battery life, and faster time to market, potentially resulting in a higher number of customized smart devices in the market. Better-tuned solutions for IoT devices, increased battery life, faster time to market, higher number of customized smart devices', 'RISC-V addresses the issue of diverse instruction sets and offers more optionality, potentially leading to better tools, languages, and features for developers across various hardware platforms. Addressing diverse instruction sets, better tools and languages for developers, scalability of RISC-V across different hardware platforms']}], 'duration': 959.095, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs3949768.jpg', 'highlights': ['MLIR provides a more efficient way to build domain-specific compilers and solve various problems in a flexible manner.', 'RISC-V is an open standard that allows anyone to build chips for it, unlike proprietary instruction sets like x86 from Intel and ARM from the ARM company, which are limited to specific manufacturers.', 'Custom chip design using RISC-V can lead to better-tuned solutions for IoT devices, increased battery life, and faster time to market, potentially resulting in a higher number of customized smart devices in the market.']}, {'end': 5528.852, 'segs': [{'end': 4970.884, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4941.806, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4948.232, 'text': "However, what that means is they're now buying an off-the-shelf chip that isn't a perfect fit for their needs,", 'start': 4941.806, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 4952.395, 'text': "and so they're paying a lot of money for it because they're buying silicon that they're not using.", 'start': 4948.232, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 4961.202, 'text': 'Well, if you now reduce the cost of designing the chip, Now you get a lot more chips and the more you reduce it, the easier it is to design chips.', 'start': 4953.516, 'duration': 7.686}, {'end': 4970.884, 'text': 'The more the world keeps evolving and we get more AI accelerators, we get more other things, we get more standards to talk to, we get 6G.', 'start': 4962.522, 'duration': 8.362}], 'summary': 'Using off-the-shelf chips leads to unnecessary costs. reducing chip design costs leads to more chips and easier design.', 'duration': 29.078, 'max_score': 4941.806, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs4941806.jpg'}, {'end': 5134.758, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5100.39, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5103.373, 'text': 'Okay Like literally the same program ran twice as fast.', 'start': 5100.39, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 5106.396, 'text': 'You just wrote a check and waited a year, year and a half.', 'start': 5103.813, 'duration': 2.583}, {'end': 5109.899, 'text': "Well, so that's what a lot of people think about Moore's law.", 'start': 5107.037, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 5111.08, 'text': 'And I think that is dead.', 'start': 5110.18, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 5117.006, 'text': "And so what we're seeing instead is we're pushing, we're pushing people to write software in different ways.", 'start': 5111.881, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 5123.351, 'text': "And so we're pushing people to write CUDA so they can get GPU compute and the thousands of cores on GPU.", 'start': 5117.286, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 5131.176, 'text': "We're talking about C programmers having to use pthreads because they now have 100 threads or 50 cores in a machine or something like that.", 'start': 5123.391, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 5134.758, 'text': "You're now talking about machine learning accelerators that are now domain-specific.", 'start': 5131.957, 'duration': 2.801}], 'summary': "Moore's law is dead, pushing people to write cuda for gpu compute and use pthreads for multiple threads.", 'duration': 34.368, 'max_score': 5100.39, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5100390.jpg'}, {'end': 5213.218, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5178.444, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5180.525, 'text': 'We can have one world that scales in a much better way.', 'start': 5178.444, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 5188.992, 'text': 'On a small tangent, then I think most programming languages are designed for CPUs, for single core, even just in their spirit,', 'start': 5181.105, 'duration': 7.887}, {'end': 5190.473, 'text': 'even if they allow for parallelization.', 'start': 5188.992, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 5200.602, 'text': 'So what does it look like for a programming language to have parallelization, or massive parallelization, as its first principle?', 'start': 5190.493, 'duration': 10.109}, {'end': 5205.472, 'text': 'So the canonical example of this is the hardware design world.', 'start': 5201.368, 'duration': 4.104}, {'end': 5213.218, 'text': "So Verilog, VHDL, these kinds of languages, they're what's called a high-level synthesis language.", 'start': 5206.453, 'duration': 6.765}], 'summary': 'Programming languages designed for parallelization, like verilog and vhdl, allow for massive parallelization in hardware design.', 'duration': 34.774, 'max_score': 5178.444, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5178444.jpg'}, {'end': 5297.756, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5270.709, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5278.851, 'text': 'And so having that as the domain that you program towards makes it so that by default, you get parallel systems.', 'start': 5270.709, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 5286.013, 'text': 'If you look at CUDA, CUDA is a point halfway in the space where, in CUDA, when you write a CUDA kernel for your GPU,', 'start': 5279.471, 'duration': 6.542}, {'end': 5287.973, 'text': "it feels like you're writing a scalar program.", 'start': 5286.013, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 5290.534, 'text': "So you're like, you have ifs, you have for loops, stuff like this.", 'start': 5288.113, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 5292.034, 'text': "You're just writing normal code.", 'start': 5290.554, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 5297.756, 'text': 'But what happens outside of that in your driver is that it actually is running you on like 1,000 things at once.', 'start': 5292.654, 'duration': 5.102}], 'summary': 'Programming for cuda enables parallel processing with 1,000 things at once.', 'duration': 27.047, 'max_score': 5270.709, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5270709.jpg'}, {'end': 5485.21, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5457.686, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5461.39, 'text': 'Anything that has the word manifesto in it is very interesting.', 'start': 5457.686, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 5469.144, 'text': "Can you summarize the key ideas of each of the five parts you've written about? So what is a manifesto? Yes.", 'start': 5462.412, 'duration': 6.732}, {'end': 5470.684, 'text': 'How about we start there?', 'start': 5469.684, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 5476.107, 'text': 'So, in the Swift community we have this problem, which is, on the one hand,', 'start': 5471.925, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 5481.429, 'text': 'you want to have relatively small proposals that you can kind of fit in your head.', 'start': 5476.107, 'duration': 5.322}, {'end': 5485.21, 'text': 'you can understand the details at a very fine-grained level that move the world forward.', 'start': 5481.429, 'duration': 3.781}], 'summary': 'Swift community faces challenge of small, detailed proposals to advance', 'duration': 27.524, 'max_score': 5457.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5457686.jpg'}], 'start': 4909.724, 'title': 'Custom chip design and programming models', 'summary': "Addresses economic challenges in custom chip design, emphasizing the need for affordable and adaptable solutions. it also discusses the future of silicon, moore's law, and programming model design challenges, advocating for a programming language designed for massive parallelization and the swift concurrency manifesto.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4983.208, 'start': 4909.724, 'title': 'Challenges in custom chip design', 'summary': 'Discusses the economic challenges of custom chip design, where companies often opt for off-the-shelf chips due to cost constraints, resulting in higher expenses and suboptimal performance, while emphasizing the need for more affordable and adaptable chip design solutions to accommodate evolving technology and diverse user needs.', 'duration': 73.484, 'highlights': ['Companies often opt for off-the-shelf chips due to cost constraints, resulting in higher expenses and suboptimal performance. Due to the economic perspective, many companies are compelled to choose existing off-the-shelf chips instead of building custom ones, leading to increased expenses and suboptimal performance.', 'Emphasizes the need for more affordable and adaptable chip design solutions to accommodate evolving technology and diverse user needs. The discussion stresses the importance of reducing the cost of designing chips to enable companies to create more affordable and adaptable chip solutions to meet the evolving technological landscape and diverse user requirements.', 'Easier chip design facilitates the production of a greater number of chips. Reducing the cost of chip design leads to an increase in the production of chips, making it easier to design and manufacture a larger quantity of chips.']}, {'end': 5247.764, 'start': 4983.348, 'title': 'Future of silicon and programming models', 'summary': "Discusses the future of silicon and programming models, touching on moore's law, the economic aspect of moore's law, the change in programming model to utilize silicon, and the need for a programming language designed for massive parallelization.", 'duration': 264.416, 'highlights': ["Moore's Law has a specific economic aspect to it, and there is disagreement on its interpretation, with some believing that it is still alive due to potential progress in physics, while others argue that single-threaded performance improvement is dead. Disagreement on the interpretation of Moore's Law, potential 1,000x progress left in physics, and decline in single-threaded performance improvement.", 'The shift in programming model towards utilizing silicon involves writing software in different ways, such as using CUDA for GPU compute, pthreads for multi-threading, and domain-specific machine learning accelerators. Utilization of CUDA, pthreads, and domain-specific machine learning accelerators for improved performance.', 'The need for a programming language designed for massive parallelization is emphasized, citing examples from the hardware design world like Verilog and VHDL, which operate with infinite parallelism as a first principle. Emphasis on the need for a programming language designed for massive parallelization and examples from the hardware design world.']}, {'end': 5528.852, 'start': 5247.764, 'title': 'Programming model design challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in programming model design, including the need for abstraction, implicitly parallel systems, and the importance of having a programming model that allows developers to express their intent, detect bugs quickly, and maintain productivity. it also explores the concept of swift concurrency manifesto, aiming to provide a broad picture and terminology for achieving long-term goals in the swift community.', 'duration': 281.088, 'highlights': ['The need for abstraction and implicitly parallel systems in programming model design The chapter emphasizes the necessity of abstraction and implicitly parallel systems in programming model design, highlighting the default parallelism achieved by programming towards a specific domain.', 'Challenges in designing programming models to allow developers to express their intent, detect bugs quickly, and maintain productivity The discussion delves into the challenges of designing programming models that enable developers to express their intent, detect bugs quickly, and maintain productivity, emphasizing the difficulty of these problems within the domain.', 'Significance of Swift Concurrency Manifesto in providing a broad picture and terminology for achieving long-term goals The Swift Concurrency Manifesto is highlighted as a tool for providing a broad picture and terminology to guide long-term goals in the Swift community, aiming to offer a framework for understanding and achieving progress in tackling big arcs.']}], 'duration': 619.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs4909724.jpg', 'highlights': ['Emphasis on the need for a programming language designed for massive parallelization and examples from the hardware design world.', 'The discussion stresses the importance of reducing the cost of designing chips to enable companies to create more affordable and adaptable chip solutions to meet the evolving technological landscape and diverse user requirements.', 'The chapter emphasizes the necessity of abstraction and implicitly parallel systems in programming model design, highlighting the default parallelism achieved by programming towards a specific domain.', 'Utilization of CUDA, pthreads, and domain-specific machine learning accelerators for improved performance.', "Disagreement on the interpretation of Moore's Law, potential 1,000x progress left in physics, and decline in single-threaded performance improvement.", 'The Swift Concurrency Manifesto is highlighted as a tool for providing a broad picture and terminology to guide long-term goals in the Swift community, aiming to offer a framework for understanding and achieving progress in tackling big arcs.', 'Reducing the cost of chip design leads to an increase in the production of chips, making it easier to design and manufacture a larger quantity of chips.']}, {'end': 6757.699, 'segs': [{'end': 5581.196, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5552.064, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5555.785, 'text': 'And so you need things to be able to run separately and then communicate with each other.', 'start': 5552.064, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 5556.946, 'text': 'And this means asynchrony.', 'start': 5555.825, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5560.827, 'text': 'And this means that you need a way to modeling asynchronous communication.', 'start': 5557.466, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 5563.247, 'text': 'Many languages have features like this.', 'start': 5561.767, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 5565.368, 'text': 'Async await is a popular one.', 'start': 5563.768, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 5567.949, 'text': "And so that's what I think is very likely in Swift.", 'start': 5565.388, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 5573.492, 'text': "But as you start building this tower of abstractions, it's not just about how do you write this?", 'start': 5569.409, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 5575.293, 'text': 'You then reach into the.', 'start': 5573.692, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 5576.493, 'text': 'how do you get memory safety?', 'start': 5575.293, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 5581.196, 'text': 'Because you want correctness, you want debuggability and sanity for developers.', 'start': 5577.474, 'duration': 3.722}], 'summary': 'Swift likely to have async await for modeling asynchronous communication, focusing on memory safety and correctness.', 'duration': 29.132, 'max_score': 5552.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5552064.jpg'}, {'end': 5647.72, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5613.09, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5620.132, 'text': 'this whole value semantics thing is really powerful there, because it turns out that math and copies actually work even in concurrent worlds.', 'start': 5613.09, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 5625.954, 'text': 'And so you get a lot of safety just out of the box, but there are also some hard problems and it talks about some of that.', 'start': 5620.753, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 5632.175, 'text': 'When you start building up to the next level up and you start talking beyond memory safety, you have to talk about what is the programmer model?', 'start': 5627.054, 'duration': 5.121}, {'end': 5634.116, 'text': 'How does a human think about this?', 'start': 5632.996, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 5641.738, 'text': "So a developer that's trying to build a program think about this, and it proposes a really old model with a new spin called Actors.", 'start': 5634.296, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 5647.72, 'text': 'Actors are about saying we have islands of single threadedness logically.', 'start': 5642.178, 'duration': 5.542}], 'summary': 'Value semantics enable safe concurrent programming with the proposed actor model.', 'duration': 34.63, 'max_score': 5613.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5613090.jpg'}, {'end': 5707.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5682.733, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5690.973, 'text': 'And why just processes? Well, why not different machines? And so now you have a very nice gradual transition towards distributed programming.', 'start': 5682.733, 'duration': 8.24}, {'end': 5696.997, 'text': "And, of course, when you start talking about the big future, the manifesto doesn't go into it,", 'start': 5691.774, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 5703.201, 'text': 'but accelerators are things you talk to asynchronously by sending messages to them.', 'start': 5696.997, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 5707.324, 'text': 'And how do you program those? Well, that gets very interesting.', 'start': 5704.302, 'duration': 3.022}], 'summary': 'Transition from processes to distributed programming with asynchronous accelerators.', 'duration': 24.591, 'max_score': 5682.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5682733.jpg'}, {'end': 5996.095, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5952.299, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5956.16, 'text': 'Now what do I do? Well, this is the problem with unpredictable performance.', 'start': 5952.299, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 5958.881, 'text': 'If you care about performance, predictability is a very important thing.', 'start': 5956.32, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 5968.363, 'text': 'And so what the proposal does is it provides architectural patterns for being able to lay out your code gives you full control over that,', 'start': 5959.541, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 5970.024, 'text': 'makes it really simple, so you can explain it.', 'start': 5968.363, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5975.705, 'text': 'And then if you want to scale out in different ways, you have full control over that.', 'start': 5970.184, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 5981.759, 'text': "So in your sense, the intuition is for a compiler, it's too hard to do automated parallelization.", 'start': 5976.493, 'duration': 5.266}, {'end': 5989.708, 'text': "Because the compilers do stuff automatically that's incredibly impressive for other things.", 'start': 5982.52, 'duration': 7.188}, {'end': 5993.653, 'text': "Right But for parallelization, we're not close to there.", 'start': 5989.849, 'duration': 3.804}, {'end': 5996.095, 'text': 'Well, it depends on the programming model.', 'start': 5994.574, 'duration': 1.521}], 'summary': 'Proposal provides architectural patterns for predictable performance, offering full control and simplicity. automated parallelization remains challenging.', 'duration': 43.796, 'max_score': 5952.299, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5952299.jpg'}, {'end': 6042.453, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6015.582, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6023.467, 'text': 'So the machine learning nerds, among other endearing things like solving cat detectors and other things like that,', 'start': 6015.582, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 6029.069, 'text': 'have done this amazing breakthrough of producing a programming model operations that you compose together.', 'start': 6023.467, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 6036.151, 'text': 'that has raised the level of abstraction high enough that suddenly you can have auto parallelizing compilers.', 'start': 6029.069, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 6042.453, 'text': 'You can write a model using TensorFlow and have it run on 1024 nodes of a TPU.', 'start': 6036.811, 'duration': 5.642}], 'summary': 'Machine learning breakthrough enables auto parallelizing compilers and running models on 1024 nodes of a tpu.', 'duration': 26.871, 'max_score': 6015.582, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs6015582.jpg'}, {'end': 6760.841, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6735.94, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6741.925, 'text': "This is what caused a serious knee in deep learning and the algorithms that we're using.", 'start': 6735.94, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 6745.509, 'text': "And so I think that's what quantum needs to go through.", 'start': 6742.086, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 6754.476, 'text': "And so right now it's in that formidable finding itself getting literally the physics figured out and um, and then,", 'start': 6745.549, 'duration': 8.927}, {'end': 6757.699, 'text': "and then it has to figure out the application that makes, uh, that's useful.", 'start': 6754.476, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 6760.841, 'text': "yeah, but i'm, i'm not skeptical that i think that will happen.", 'start': 6757.699, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Quantum computing faces challenges in physics and applications, but will likely succeed.', 'duration': 24.901, 'max_score': 6735.94, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs6735940.jpg'}], 'start': 5529.733, 'title': 'Future computing', 'summary': 'Discusses swift concurrency manifesto proposing asynchronous communication, memory safety, actors model, and gradual transition towards distributed programming. it also highlights challenges in auto-parallelizing compilers and future of computing including quantum systems and applications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5823.762, 'start': 5529.733, 'title': 'Swift concurrency manifesto', 'summary': 'Discusses the swift concurrency manifesto, proposing asynchronous communication, memory safety, actors model, gradual transition towards distributed programming, and the trade-off of magic and human control in language features and libraries.', 'duration': 294.029, 'highlights': ['The chapter proposes a new model called Actors for expressing islands of single threadedness and asynchronous communication, prioritizing safety by default. Actors model is proposed for expressing islands of single threadedness and asynchronous communication, prioritizing safety by default.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of memory safety in concurrent programming and the value of Swift's value semantics in providing safety in concurrent worlds. The chapter emphasizes the importance of memory safety in concurrent programming and the value of Swift's value semantics in providing safety in concurrent worlds.", 'The chapter discusses the need for a simple model with guardrails and an escape hatch for handling complexity, highlighting the trade-off between magic and human control in language features and libraries. The chapter discusses the need for a simple model with guardrails and an escape hatch for handling complexity, highlighting the trade-off between magic and human control in language features and libraries.', 'The chapter addresses the gradual transition towards distributed programming, allowing communication between different processes and machines. The chapter addresses the gradual transition towards distributed programming, allowing communication between different processes and machines.', 'The chapter mentions the proposal of async await features similar to other languages and the importance of modeling asynchronous communication. The chapter mentions the proposal of async await features similar to other languages and the importance of modeling asynchronous communication.']}, {'end': 6399.187, 'start': 5824.363, 'title': 'Challenges in auto-parallelizing compilers', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced by auto-parallelizing compilers, highlighting the unpredictability of performance, the importance of architectural control in code layout, and the breakthroughs in machine learning that have enabled auto-parallelizing compilers.', 'duration': 574.824, 'highlights': ['Breakthroughs in machine learning have enabled auto-parallelizing compilers, allowing for high-level composition of operations and the exploitation of parallelism, such as running a model using TensorFlow on 1024 nodes of a TPU. Machine learning breakthroughs have raised the level of abstraction, enabling auto-parallelizing compilers to exploit parallelism, e.g., running a model using TensorFlow on 1024 nodes of a TPU.', 'Unpredictable performance in auto-parallelizing compilers poses a significant challenge, emphasizing the importance of predictability in achieving high performance. The unpredictability of performance in auto-parallelizing compilers underlines the critical importance of predictability in achieving high performance.', 'The proposal provides architectural patterns for laying out code and offers full control over scalability, simplifying the process and enhancing predictability in achieving high performance. The proposal provides architectural patterns for laying out code and offers full control over scalability, simplifying the process and enhancing predictability in achieving high performance.']}, {'end': 6757.699, 'start': 6399.247, 'title': 'Future of computing: quantum systems and applications', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of future computing, including the utilization of new hardware, the expansion of computing to various devices, the challenges and potential breakthroughs in quantum computing, and the need for identifying useful applications that justify the economic cost.', 'duration': 358.452, 'highlights': ['The potential of expanding computing to all kinds of devices, creating a world where everything becomes a computing surface.', 'The challenges and unanswered questions regarding the architecture and practicality of quantum systems and quantum computers.', 'The need for identifying useful applications that justify the economic cost of quantum computers, similar to the historical challenges faced by early computers in identifying their usefulness and applications.', "The comparison of quantum computing's current state to the early stages of machine learning, highlighting the need for a breakthrough, talent influx, and economic applications to drive its development and practical applications.", 'The emphasis on making people more productive through better error messages and creating specific error messages that help in code fixing, showcasing the importance of user experience and productivity in computing.']}], 'duration': 1227.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs5529733.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter proposes a new model called Actors for expressing islands of single threadedness and asynchronous communication, prioritizing safety by default.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of memory safety in concurrent programming and the value of Swift's value semantics in providing safety in concurrent worlds.", 'The chapter addresses the gradual transition towards distributed programming, allowing communication between different processes and machines.', 'The chapter mentions the proposal of async await features similar to other languages and the importance of modeling asynchronous communication.', 'Machine learning breakthroughs have raised the level of abstraction, enabling auto-parallelizing compilers to exploit parallelism, e.g., running a model using TensorFlow on 1024 nodes of a TPU.', 'The unpredictability of performance in auto-parallelizing compilers underlines the critical importance of predictability in achieving high performance.', 'The proposal provides architectural patterns for laying out code and offers full control over scalability, simplifying the process and enhancing predictability in achieving high performance.', "The comparison of quantum computing's current state to the early stages of machine learning, highlighting the need for a breakthrough, talent influx, and economic applications to drive its development and practical applications."]}, {'end': 7805.841, 'segs': [{'end': 6835.739, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6781.207, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6782.811, 'text': "we've talked about all these projects.", 'start': 6781.207, 'duration': 1.604}, {'end': 6793.806, 'text': "It's kind of like if we just step back and zoom out about the way you did that work and we look at COVID times, this pandemic we're living through,", 'start': 6783.962, 'duration': 9.844}, {'end': 6794.826, 'text': 'that may.', 'start': 6793.806, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 6802.309, 'text': 'if I look at the way Silicon Valley folks are talking about it, the way MIT is talking about it, this might last for a long time.', 'start': 6794.826, 'duration': 7.483}, {'end': 6809.432, 'text': 'Not just the virus, but the remote nature The economic impact.', 'start': 6803.129, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 6811.834, 'text': "Yeah, it's going to be a mess.", 'start': 6809.792, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 6814.415, 'text': "Do you think what's your prediction?", 'start': 6812.134, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 6823.402, 'text': 'I mean from SyFy to Google, to just all the places you worked in just Silicon Valley.', 'start': 6814.516, 'duration': 8.886}, {'end': 6824.202, 'text': "you're in the middle of it.", 'start': 6823.402, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 6830.337, 'text': 'What do you think is, how is this whole place going to change? Yeah, so I mean, I really can only speak to the tech perspective.', 'start': 6824.282, 'duration': 6.055}, {'end': 6832.518, 'text': 'I am in that bubble.', 'start': 6830.517, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 6835.739, 'text': "I think it's going to be really interesting,", 'start': 6832.538, 'duration': 3.201}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the long-lasting impact of covid-19 on silicon valley and the tech industry.', 'duration': 54.532, 'max_score': 6781.207, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs6781207.jpg'}, {'end': 6888.17, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6858.809, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6864.012, 'text': 'And so you can have conversations without physical appearance being part of the dynamic, which is pretty powerful.', 'start': 6858.809, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 6871.337, 'text': "You're taking remote employees that have already been remote, and you're saying you're now on the same level and footing as everybody else.", 'start': 6864.513, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 6872.338, 'text': 'Nobody gets whiteboards.', 'start': 6871.457, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 6878.062, 'text': "You're not going to be the one person that doesn't get to be participating in the whiteboard conversation, and that's pretty powerful.", 'start': 6873.479, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 6888.17, 'text': "You're forcing people to think asynchronously in some cases, because it's hard to just get people physically together,", 'start': 6879.343, 'duration': 8.827}], 'summary': 'Remote conversations empower inclusion and asynchronous thinking.', 'duration': 29.361, 'max_score': 6858.809, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs6858809.jpg'}, {'end': 7056.797, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7029.959, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7037.405, 'text': 'Yeah, So, but also people like look at themselves in the mirror and ask the question of like, what do I want to do in life?', 'start': 7029.959, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 7040.467, 'text': "For some reason they haven't done it until COVID.", 'start': 7037.625, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 7042.068, 'text': 'They really ask that question,', 'start': 7040.787, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 7050.593, 'text': 'and that results often in moving or leaving the company with starting your own business or transitioning to a different company.', 'start': 7042.068, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 7056.797, 'text': "Do you think we're going to see that a lot? I can't speak to that.", 'start': 7050.613, 'duration': 6.184}], 'summary': 'People are reevaluating their career choices due to covid, resulting in many making significant changes.', 'duration': 26.838, 'max_score': 7029.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7029959.jpg'}, {'end': 7308.083, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7253.295, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7264.622, 'text': "Something that's bothered me in the machine learning community I'm guessing it might be prevalent in other places is something that feels like in 2020 increased level of toxicity.", 'start': 7253.295, 'duration': 11.327}, {'end': 7266.283, 'text': 'Like, people are just..', 'start': 7265.302, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 7281.381, 'text': "quicker to pile on, to just be, they're just harsh on each other to like mob, pick a person that screwed up and like make it a big thing.", 'start': 7267.714, 'duration': 13.667}, {'end': 7285.103, 'text': 'And is there something that we can like?', 'start': 7282.241, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 7287.904, 'text': 'Have you observed that in other places??', 'start': 7286.503, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 7290.066, 'text': 'Is there some way out of this??', 'start': 7288.545, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 7296.172, 'text': "I think there's an inherent thing in humanity that's kind of an us versus them thing, which is that you want to succeed.", 'start': 7290.207, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 7298.474, 'text': "And how do you succeed? Well, it's relative to somebody else.", 'start': 7296.212, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 7308.083, 'text': "And so what's happening, at least in some part, is that with the internet and with online communication, the world's getting smaller.", 'start': 7299.635, 'duration': 8.448}], 'summary': "In 2020, there's an observed increase in online toxicity and mob behavior, possibly due to the 'us versus them' mentality and the shrinking world through online communication.", 'duration': 54.788, 'max_score': 7253.295, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7253295.jpg'}, {'end': 7594.492, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7570.382, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7577.249, 'text': "And you say you know, you integrate across all the short-term horribleness that's happening and you look at what that means.", 'start': 7570.382, 'duration': 6.867}, {'end': 7584.656, 'text': 'and is the, you know improvement across the world, or the regression across the world, uh, significant enough to make it a good or bad thing?', 'start': 7577.249, 'duration': 7.407}, {'end': 7585.517, 'text': "I think that's the question.", 'start': 7584.676, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 7589.35, 'text': "Yeah, and for that, it's good to study history.", 'start': 7586.789, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 7594.492, 'text': "I mean, one of the big problems for me right now is I'm reading The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.", 'start': 7589.49, 'duration': 5.002}], 'summary': 'Studying history helps understand global changes and their significance.', 'duration': 24.11, 'max_score': 7570.382, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7570382.jpg'}, {'end': 7766.639, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7737.659, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7743.682, 'text': 'And human nature, you know, we can look to all the negative things that humanity has, all the pettiness and all the..', 'start': 7737.659, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 7751.968, 'text': 'self-servingness and just the cruelty, the biases.', 'start': 7744.883, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 7753.369, 'text': 'Humans can be very horrible.', 'start': 7752.168, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 7757.392, 'text': "But on the other hand, we're capable of amazing things.", 'start': 7753.409, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 7763.036, 'text': 'And the progress across 100-year chunks is striking.', 'start': 7758.493, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 7766.639, 'text': "And even across decades, we've come a long ways.", 'start': 7763.517, 'duration': 3.122}], 'summary': 'Humanity can be both cruel and capable of amazing progress, evident in the striking progress across 100-year chunks and decades.', 'duration': 28.98, 'max_score': 7737.659, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7737659.jpg'}], 'start': 6757.699, 'title': "Tech's impact on silicon valley & humanity", 'summary': "Discusses the long-term impact of covid-19 on silicon valley, predicts a tech industry shift, analyzes remote work's effects on inclusivity and innovation, explores the significance of empathy in online interactions, and emphasizes humanity's potential for positive change despite challenges.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6835.739, 'start': 6757.699, 'title': 'Tech perspective on changing silicon valley', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential long-term impact of the covid-19 pandemic on silicon valley and predicts a significant shift in the tech industry, presenting a tech-focused insight into the future.', 'duration': 78.04, 'highlights': ["The COVID-19 pandemic's long-term impact on Silicon Valley and the tech industry is discussed, predicting significant changes in the way tech operates.", "The speaker's prediction about the programming language of the simulation being possibly Lisp instead of Swift is mentioned, suggesting a potential shift in the technology landscape.", 'The conversation hints at the potential remote nature and economic impact of the pandemic, pointing towards a prolonged effect on the industry.', "The speaker's insight into the future of Silicon Valley and the tech industry, drawing from their experience at various companies, is highlighted."]}, {'end': 7461.1, 'start': 6835.739, 'title': 'The impact of remote work and social changes', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of remote work culture, highlighting its effects on inclusivity, adaptability, and social changes, and the potential for increased innovation and progress, while also addressing the challenges of toxicity in online communication and the need for nuanced discussions.', 'duration': 625.361, 'highlights': ['The remote work culture has a significant impact on inclusivity by normalizing the dynamics and providing equal footing for traditionally underrepresented communities. The remote work culture serves as a great normalizer, providing equal opportunities for underrepresented communities and remote employees, ultimately fostering more inclusive behavior.', 'The shift to remote work encourages asynchronous thinking and problem-solving, leading to more inclusive behavior and potential innovation. The shift to remote work encourages asynchronous thinking and problem-solving, contributing to more inclusive behavior and potential innovation in work dynamics.', 'The pandemic has led to significant social changes, prompting individuals to reevaluate their life choices, resulting in relocations, career transitions, and new perspectives. The pandemic has prompted individuals to reevaluate their life choices, leading to relocations, career transitions, and the exploration of new perspectives and priorities.', 'Online communication has seen increased toxicity and shallow discussions, hindering nuanced and productive conversations. Online communication has experienced heightened toxicity and shallow discussions, impeding the possibility of nuanced and productive conversations, necessitating a shift towards more meaningful exchanges.']}, {'end': 7805.841, 'start': 7461.1, 'title': 'Empathy and progress in humanity', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of empathy in online interactions and the impact of current social and economic struggles, while expressing optimism for humanity's long-term progress and the potential for positive change despite the challenges. it also discusses the significance of historical evaluation and the potential for individuals to drive productive change.", 'duration': 344.741, 'highlights': ["The importance of empathy in online interactions and the impact of current social and economic struggles Discusses the significance of being empathetic in online interactions and the impact of social and economic struggles, highlighting the need for understanding people's bad days and the short-term pain caused by situations like job loss and food insecurity.", "Optimism for humanity's long-term progress and potential for positive change despite challenges Expresses optimism for humanity's long-term progress and potential for positive change, despite acknowledging the rough ride in the short term, including the idea that current challenges will lead to progress in the long term.", 'The significance of historical evaluation and the potential for individuals to drive productive change Emphasizes the importance of studying history and evaluating decisions made in the present, highlighting the potential for individuals to drive productive change and positively influence the future by understanding historical inflection points.']}], 'duration': 1048.142, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs6757699.jpg', 'highlights': ["The COVID-19 pandemic's long-term impact on Silicon Valley and the tech industry is discussed, predicting significant changes in the way tech operates.", 'The remote work culture has a significant impact on inclusivity by normalizing the dynamics and providing equal footing for traditionally underrepresented communities.', 'The importance of empathy in online interactions and the impact of current social and economic struggles.', "The speaker's insight into the future of Silicon Valley and the tech industry, drawing from their experience at various companies, is highlighted.", 'The shift to remote work encourages asynchronous thinking and problem-solving, leading to more inclusive behavior and potential innovation.', "Optimism for humanity's long-term progress and potential for positive change despite challenges.", 'The significance of historical evaluation and the potential for individuals to drive productive change.', 'The pandemic has prompted individuals to reevaluate their life choices, leading to relocations, career transitions, and the exploration of new perspectives and priorities.', 'Online communication has seen increased toxicity and shallow discussions, hindering nuanced and productive conversations.']}, {'end': 9751.382, 'segs': [{'end': 7837.42, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7805.961, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7818.431, 'text': 'Let me ask on, you know, the machine learning world has been kind of, inspired their imagination, captivated with GPT three and these language models.', 'start': 7805.961, 'duration': 12.47}, {'end': 7821.732, 'text': "I thought it'd be cool to get your opinion on it.", 'start': 7818.451, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 7826.295, 'text': "What's your thoughts on this exciting world of?", 'start': 7821.792, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 7827.875, 'text': 'um, it connects.', 'start': 7826.295, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 7837.42, 'text': 'the computation actually, uh, is of language models that are huge and take multiple, many, many computers, not just the train,', 'start': 7827.875, 'duration': 9.545}], 'summary': 'Machine learning world captivated by gpt-3 language models, requiring huge computation power.', 'duration': 31.459, 'max_score': 7805.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7805961.jpg'}, {'end': 7932.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7878.649, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7880.09, 'text': "I think that's still a concern.", 'start': 7878.649, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 7883.192, 'text': 'I think that we need to look at how technology is applied.', 'start': 7880.11, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 7889.095, 'text': 'And well-meaning tools can be applied in very horrible ways, and they can have very profound impact on that.', 'start': 7883.312, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 7893.418, 'text': 'I think the GPT-3 is a huge technical achievement.', 'start': 7890.876, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 7897.6, 'text': 'And what will GPT-4 be? It will probably be bigger, more expensive to train.', 'start': 7894.078, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 7901.103, 'text': 'Really cool architectural tricks.', 'start': 7898.701, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 7907.667, 'text': "What do you think is there? I don't know how much thought you've done on distributed computing.", 'start': 7902.223, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 7910.369, 'text': 'Is there.', 'start': 7908.768, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 7917.675, 'text': "is there some technical challenges that are interesting that you're hopeful about exploring in terms of, you know, a system that,", 'start': 7910.369, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 7929.343, 'text': "like a piece of code that you know with GPT-4, that might have, I don't know hundreds of trillions of parameters,", 'start': 7917.675, 'duration': 11.668}, {'end': 7932.085, 'text': 'would have to run on thousands of computers?', 'start': 7929.343, 'duration': 2.742}], 'summary': "Concerns about technology impact, gpt-4's potential and distributed computing challenges.", 'duration': 53.436, 'max_score': 7878.649, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7878649.jpg'}, {'end': 8197.218, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8167.769, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8172.231, 'text': 'And so having a data-driven approach to do this kind of stuff, I think, can be very valuable.', 'start': 8167.769, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 8174.091, 'text': 'On the other hand, there are huge trade-offs.', 'start': 8172.751, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 8178.873, 'text': "And it's not clear to me that Software 2.0 is the answer.", 'start': 8174.171, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 8182.334, 'text': "And probably Andre wouldn't argue that it's the answer for every problem either.", 'start': 8178.893, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 8187.986, 'text': 'I look at machine learning as not a replacement for software 1.0.', 'start': 8184.713, 'duration': 3.273}, {'end': 8189.893, 'text': 'I look at it as a new programming paradigm.', 'start': 8187.986, 'duration': 1.907}, {'end': 8197.218, 'text': 'So programming paradigms, when you look across domains, is structured programming,', 'start': 8191.454, 'duration': 5.764}], 'summary': 'A data-driven approach can be valuable, but software 2.0 may not be the answer for every problem.', 'duration': 29.449, 'max_score': 8167.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs8167769.jpg'}, {'end': 8543.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8517.599, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8524.244, 'text': 'So I think that learned models in general are extremely powerful, and I think that people underestimate them.', 'start': 8517.599, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 8526.826, 'text': 'Maybe you can suggest what I should do.', 'start': 8525.164, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 8530.869, 'text': 'So I have access to the GPT-3 API.', 'start': 8527.206, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 8534.111, 'text': 'Would I be able to generate Swift code, for example?', 'start': 8531.449, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 8537.133, 'text': 'Do you think that could do something interesting and would work?', 'start': 8534.271, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 8540.396, 'text': 'So GPT-3 is probably not trained on the right corpus.', 'start': 8537.153, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 8543.637, 'text': 'So it probably has the ability to generate some Swift.', 'start': 8541.196, 'duration': 2.441}], 'summary': 'Learned models like gpt-3 are powerful but may be limited in generating swift code.', 'duration': 26.038, 'max_score': 8517.599, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs8517599.jpg'}, {'end': 8946.884, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8922.817, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8930.258, 'text': 'And whether it be implementing a new programming language or implementing a new system, or implementing a new research paper, designing a new thing,', 'start': 8922.817, 'duration': 7.441}, {'end': 8935.539, 'text': "moving the world forward in science and philosophy, whatever it really comes down to somebody who's willing to put in the work.", 'start': 8930.258, 'duration': 5.281}, {'end': 8946.884, 'text': "The work is hard for a whole bunch of different reasons, one of which is it's work, right?", 'start': 8936.959, 'duration': 9.925}], 'summary': 'Innovation requires hard work and dedication in various fields.', 'duration': 24.067, 'max_score': 8922.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs8922817.jpg'}, {'end': 9180.428, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9158.328, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9166.456, 'text': 'We mentioned that the universe is kind of like a compiler, you know, the entirety of it, the whole evolution is kind of a compilation.', 'start': 9158.328, 'duration': 8.128}, {'end': 9170.399, 'text': 'Maybe us human beings are kind of compilers.', 'start': 9167.737, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 9176.965, 'text': "Let me ask the old absurd question that I didn't ask you last time, which is what's the meaning of it all??", 'start': 9171.64, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 9178.467, 'text': 'Is there a meaning??', 'start': 9177.846, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 9180.428, 'text': 'Like, if you asked a compiler, why?', 'start': 9178.747, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'The universe is like a compiler, and humans are compilers, pondering the meaning of it all.', 'duration': 22.1, 'max_score': 9158.328, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs9158328.jpg'}, {'end': 9427.519, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9394.007, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9394.848, 'text': "You don't want to say anything.", 'start': 9394.007, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 9395.689, 'text': 'Please be nice to me.', 'start': 9394.888, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 9398.932, 'text': 'You know, when Skynet kills everybody, please spare me.', 'start': 9395.709, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 9402.355, 'text': 'Wise look ahead thinking.', 'start': 9400.233, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 9406.299, 'text': 'Yeah, but I mean, I think that people spend a lot of time worrying about this kind of stuff.', 'start': 9402.656, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 9409.562, 'text': 'And I think that what we should be worrying about is how do we make the world better?', 'start': 9406.439, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 9413.566, 'text': "And the thing that I'm most scared about with AGIs is not that.", 'start': 9410.003, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 9421.854, 'text': 'that necessarily the Skynet will start shooting everybody with lasers and stuff like that to use us for our calories.', 'start': 9415.167, 'duration': 6.687}, {'end': 9427.519, 'text': "The thing that I'm worried about is that humanity, I think, needs a challenge.", 'start': 9423.115, 'duration': 4.404}], 'summary': 'Agis pose a concern, but focus should be on improving the world.', 'duration': 33.512, 'max_score': 9394.007, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs9394007.jpg'}], 'start': 7805.961, 'title': 'Gpt-3 and ai in computing', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of gpt-3 and large language models in machine learning, implications for the future of machine learning, ai's role in code generation, and career advice in computing, emphasizing the need for embracing change and the potential impact of agi systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7855.292, 'start': 7805.961, 'title': 'Gpt-3 and the world of language models', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of gpt-3 and large language models in the machine learning world, emphasizing the significance of model size and data quantity in improving model performance.', 'duration': 49.331, 'highlights': ['The significance of model size and data quantity in improving model performance, as making the model bigger and using more data can lead to a better model if trained properly and with a good architecture.', 'The extensive computation required for large language models like GPT-3, which involves the use of multiple computers for both training and inference.']}, {'end': 8424.281, 'start': 7855.893, 'title': 'Gpt-3 and the future of machine learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications of gpt-3, the potential of gpt-4, challenges in distributed computing, the concept of software 2.0, and the trade-offs between imperative code and learned models.', 'duration': 568.388, 'highlights': ['The implications of GPT-3 and the potential of GPT-4 are significant, with a focus on technical achievements and architectural advancements.', 'Challenges in distributed computing, including running a piece of code with hundreds of trillions of parameters on thousands of computers, are discussed with an emphasis on scalability and utility.', 'The concept of Software 2.0 as a programming paradigm is debated, highlighting its benefits in solving structured problems and its potential impact on accessibility, alongside the trade-offs and the argument for a coexistence with imperative code.', 'The discussion of the potential replacement of imperative code with learned models and the challenges of energy efficiency, robustness, bias in data, and the need for testing and validation processes is explored, emphasizing the importance of learning from software 1.0 principles when implementing deep learning models.']}, {'end': 8872.876, 'start': 8424.281, 'title': 'Ai and code generation', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of learned models like gpt-3 in generating code and the challenges in expressing intent and ensuring correctness, while also discussing the limitations of current model architectures and the need for equational reasoning in achieving correctness.', 'duration': 448.595, 'highlights': ["Learned models like GPT-3 have the potential to generate code, but expressing intent and ensuring correctness are unsolved challenges. GPT-3's potential to generate code is discussed, with the challenges of expressing intent and ensuring correctness highlighted.", 'The need for equational reasoning and higher level logic in ensuring correctness is discussed. The importance of equational reasoning and higher level logic in achieving correctness is mentioned as a key consideration.', 'The limitations of current model architectures in terms of equational reasoning and reasoning ability are highlighted. The limitations of current model architectures in terms of equational reasoning and reasoning ability are addressed.']}, {'end': 9156.896, 'start': 8874.417, 'title': 'Advice for pursuing a career in computing', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of embracing change, putting in hard work, and following one's passion in pursuing a career in computing, emphasizing the value of experimenting and finding something one loves doing, even if it's challenging, and highlights the significance of self-doubt and imposter syndrome as well as the benefits of learning from those who know more.", 'duration': 282.479, 'highlights': ["Embracing change and putting in hard work is essential for making profound leaps in the field, whether it's implementing new systems or designing new technologies. ", "Experimenting and finding something one loves doing, even if it's challenging, is crucial in the early stages of one's career, as it can lead to adding value to the world. ", 'Self-doubt and imposter syndrome are common challenges even for successful individuals, and putting oneself in uncomfortable situations can lead to growth and learning. ']}, {'end': 9751.382, 'start': 9158.328, 'title': 'The meaning of life and the value of contribution', 'summary': 'Explores the meaning of life, the value of contribution, and the potential impact of artificial general intelligence (agi) systems on human society, emphasizing the importance of personal challenge and contribution to avoid a degraded world.', 'duration': 593.054, 'highlights': ['The universe and human beings may be akin to compilers, and the meaning of life is questioned, with a preference for a life of value and contribution. Comparison of universe and human beings to compilers; questioning the meaning of life; preference for a life of value and contribution.', 'The importance of diverse thought and perspectives in fostering innovation and the value of bringing different kinds of people together. The importance of diverse thought and perspectives in fostering innovation; value of bringing different kinds of people together.', 'Concern about the potential impact of AGI systems on human society, emphasizing the need for personal challenge and contribution to prevent a degraded world. Concern about the potential impact of AGI systems on human society; emphasis on the need for personal challenge and contribution to prevent a degraded world.']}], 'duration': 1945.421, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nWTvXbQHwWs/pics/nWTvXbQHwWs7805961.jpg', 'highlights': ['The extensive computation required for large language models like GPT-3, involving the use of multiple computers for both training and inference.', 'The implications of GPT-3 and the potential of GPT-4 are significant, with a focus on technical achievements and architectural advancements.', 'Challenges in distributed computing, including running a piece of code with hundreds of trillions of parameters on thousands of computers, are discussed with an emphasis on scalability and utility.', 'The concept of Software 2.0 as a programming paradigm is debated, highlighting its benefits in solving structured problems and its potential impact on accessibility, alongside the trade-offs and the argument for a coexistence with imperative code.', 'Learned models like GPT-3 have the potential to generate code, but expressing intent and ensuring correctness are unsolved challenges.', "Embracing change and putting in hard work is essential for making profound leaps in the field, whether it's implementing new systems or designing new technologies.", 'The universe and human beings may be akin to compilers, and the meaning of life is questioned, with a preference for a life of value and contribution.', 'Concern about the potential impact of AGI systems on human society, emphasizing the need for personal challenge and contribution to prevent a degraded world.']}], 'highlights': ["Chris Lattner's key contributions to LLVM, Clang, Swift, and TensorFlow demonstrate his impact on modern computing.", 'His role as the senior vice president of platform engineering at Sci-5 signifies his dedication to revolutionizing chip design.', 'The importance of building ecosystems around programming languages is emphasized, with a focus on enabling high-quality libraries and the impact on getting things done quickly.', 'MLIR provides a more efficient way to build domain-specific compilers and solve various problems in a flexible manner.', 'RISC-V is an open standard that allows anyone to build chips for it, unlike proprietary instruction sets like x86 from Intel and ARM from the ARM company, which are limited to specific manufacturers.', 'Custom chip design using RISC-V can lead to better-tuned solutions for IoT devices, increased battery life, and faster time to market, potentially resulting in a higher number of customized smart devices in the market.', "The COVID-19 pandemic's long-term impact on Silicon Valley and the tech industry is discussed, predicting significant changes in the way tech operates.", 'The extensive computation required for large language models like GPT-3, involving the use of multiple computers for both training and inference.', 'Challenges in distributed computing, including running a piece of code with hundreds of trillions of parameters on thousands of computers, are discussed with an emphasis on scalability and utility.', 'The concept of Software 2.0 as a programming paradigm is debated, highlighting its benefits in solving structured problems and its potential impact on accessibility, alongside the trade-offs and the argument for a coexistence with imperative code.']}