title
Scott Aaronson: Computational Complexity and Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #130

description
Scott Aaronson is a quantum computer scientist. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - SimpliSafe: https://simplisafe.com/lex and use code LEX to get a free security camera - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex and use code LEX to get $200 off - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex and use code LEX to get 10% off EPISODE LINKS: Scott's Blog: https://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/ Our previous episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX5t8EivCaM PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:31 - Simulation 8:22 - Theories of everything 14:02 - Consciousness 36:16 - Roger Penrose on consciousness 46:28 - Turing test 50:16 - GPT-3 58:46 - Universality of computation 1:05:17 - Complexity 1:11:23 - P vs NP 1:23:41 - Complexity of quantum computation 1:35:48 - Pandemic 1:49:33 - Love CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Scott Aaronson: Computational Complexity and Consciousness | Lex Fridman Podcast #130', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5407.055, 'start': 5267.986, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Scott aronson explores computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything, delving into topics such as living in a simulation, nature's unified description, quantum gravity's role in consciousness, evolution of chatbots, quantum computing, and the pandemic's impact.", 'chapters': [{'end': 205.522, 'segs': [{'end': 46.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.169, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4.33, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Scott Aronson, his second time on the podcast.', 'start': 0.169, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 12.933, 'text': 'He is a professor at UT Austin, director of the Quantum Information Center, and previously a professor at MIT.', 'start': 5.07, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 15.934, 'text': 'Last time we talked about quantum computing.', 'start': 13.633, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 23.276, 'text': 'This time we talk about computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything.', 'start': 16.614, 'duration': 6.662}, {'end': 32.603, 'text': "I'm recording this intro, as you may be able to tell, in a very strange room in the middle of the night.", 'start': 24.336, 'duration': 8.267}, {'end': 39.549, 'text': "I'm not really sure how I got here or how I'm going to get out, but Hunter S.", 'start': 33.584, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 46.975, 'text': 'Thompson saying I think applies to today and the last few days and actually the last couple of weeks.', 'start': 39.549, 'duration': 7.426}], 'summary': 'Scott aronson discusses computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything in his second podcast appearance.', 'duration': 46.806, 'max_score': 0.169, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM169.jpg'}, {'end': 111.235, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 78.324, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 82.406, 'text': 'Okay, quick mention of each sponsor, followed by some thoughts related to the episode.', 'start': 78.324, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 88.789, 'text': 'First sponsor is SimpliSafe, a home security company I use to monitor and protect my apartment.', 'start': 83.347, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 96.953, 'text': "Though, of course, I'm always prepared with a fallback plan, as a man in this world must always be.", 'start': 89.51, 'duration': 7.443}, {'end': 101.75, 'text': 'Second sponsor is Eight Sleep.', 'start': 98.948, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 111.235, 'text': 'a mattress that cools itself, measures heart rate variability, has a nap and has given me yet another reason to look forward to sleep,', 'start': 101.75, 'duration': 9.485}], 'summary': 'Mention of sponsors simplisafe and eight sleep with personal endorsements.', 'duration': 32.911, 'max_score': 78.324, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM78324.jpg'}, {'end': 179.202, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 152.631, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 157.253, 'text': 'In this case, it was raining, which is why I found a covered outdoor patio.', 'start': 152.631, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 166.158, 'text': 'But I learned a valuable lesson, which is that raindrops can be quite loud on the hard metal surface of a patio cover.', 'start': 158.194, 'duration': 7.964}, {'end': 168.479, 'text': 'I did my best with the audio.', 'start': 167.098, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 170.599, 'text': 'I hope it still sounds okay to you.', 'start': 168.939, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 172.96, 'text': "I'm learning, always improving.", 'start': 170.619, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 179.202, 'text': "In fact, as Scott says, if you always win, then you're probably doing something wrong.", 'start': 173.62, 'duration': 5.582}], 'summary': 'Learning from experience, adapting to challenges, and striving for improvement.', 'duration': 26.571, 'max_score': 152.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM152631.jpg'}], 'start': 0.169, 'title': 'Computational complexity and podcast sponsors', 'summary': 'Features scott aronson discussing computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything. it also discusses podcast sponsors and promotes discount offers while emphasizing the importance of continual improvement and learning from failure.', 'chapters': [{'end': 77.324, 'start': 0.169, 'title': 'Scott aronson on computational complexity', 'summary': 'Features scott aronson, a professor at ut austin, discussing computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything, while recording in a strange room in the middle of the night after a few days of unusual experiences.', 'duration': 77.155, 'highlights': ['Scott Aronson, a professor at UT Austin, discusses computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything.', 'The recording takes place in a very strange room in the middle of the night after a few days of unusual experiences.', 'Scott Aronson is also the director of the Quantum Information Center and previously a professor at MIT.']}, {'end': 205.522, 'start': 78.324, 'title': 'Lex friedman podcast sponsor highlights', 'summary': 'Discusses the podcast sponsors simplisafe, eight sleep, expressvpn, and betterhelp, promoting discount offers, and emphasizes the importance of continually improving and learning from failure in a conversation recorded outdoors.', 'duration': 127.198, 'highlights': ['Lex Friedman promotes podcast sponsors SimpliSafe, Eight Sleep, ExpressVPN, and BetterHelp, offering discounts and emphasizing the value of continual improvement and learning from failure.', 'Lex Friedman shares his experience of recording a conversation outdoors and the challenges faced due to rain, emphasizing the importance of learning and always improving.', 'Lex Friedman mentions his preparedness and fallback plan as a man, showcasing the practical approach to security and preparedness in daily life.']}], 'duration': 205.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM169.jpg', 'highlights': ['Scott Aronson, a professor at UT Austin, discusses computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything.', 'Lex Friedman promotes podcast sponsors SimpliSafe, Eight Sleep, ExpressVPN, and BetterHelp, offering discounts and emphasizing the value of continual improvement and learning from failure.', 'Scott Aronson is also the director of the Quantum Information Center and previously a professor at MIT.', 'Lex Friedman shares his experience of recording a conversation outdoors and the challenges faced due to rain, emphasizing the importance of learning and always improving.', 'The recording takes place in a very strange room in the middle of the night after a few days of unusual experiences.', 'Lex Friedman mentions his preparedness and fallback plan as a man, showcasing the practical approach to security and preparedness in daily life.']}, {'end': 772.922, 'segs': [{'end': 253.392, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 226.913, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 233.958, 'text': 'it raised the question how real does something have to be in simulation for it to be sufficiently immersive for us humans?', 'start': 226.913, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 238.441, 'text': 'But I mean even in principle how could we ever know if we were in one right?', 'start': 234.679, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 243.265, 'text': "A perfect simulation, by definition, is something that's indistinguishable from the real thing.", 'start': 238.782, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 244.686, 'text': "But we didn't say anything about perfect.", 'start': 243.425, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 245.306, 'text': 'It could be imperfect.', 'start': 244.706, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 246.287, 'text': "No, no, that's right.", 'start': 245.346, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 253.392, 'text': 'Well, if it was an imperfect simulation, if we could hack it, find a bug in it, then that would be one thing right?', 'start': 246.627, 'duration': 6.765}], 'summary': 'Debating the degree of realism and potential imperfections in simulations.', 'duration': 26.479, 'max_score': 226.913, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM226913.jpg'}, {'end': 386.338, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 311.248, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 318.172, 'text': 'And so far I think the indications are pretty strong that our world does seem to satisfy the Church-Turing thesis.', 'start': 311.248, 'duration': 6.924}, {'end': 322.415, 'text': "At least if it doesn't, then we haven't yet discovered why not.", 'start': 319.213, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 327.139, 'text': 'But now does that mean that our universe is a simulation?', 'start': 323.356, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 333.763, 'text': 'Well, that word seems to suggest that there is some other, larger universe in which it is running.', 'start': 327.559, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 343.707, 'text': "And the problem there is that if the simulation is perfect, then we're never going to be able to get any direct evidence about that other universe.", 'start': 334.964, 'duration': 8.743}, {'end': 350.15, 'text': 'We will only be able to see the effects of the computation that is running in this universe.', 'start': 344.367, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 352.17, 'text': "Well, let's imagine an analogy.", 'start': 350.35, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 356.252, 'text': "Let's imagine a PC, a personal computer, a computer.", 'start': 353.051, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 367.884, 'text': 'Is it possible, with the advent of artificial intelligence, for the computer to look outside of itself to understand its creator?', 'start': 357.856, 'duration': 10.028}, {'end': 372.387, 'text': 'I mean, is that a ridiculous analogy?', 'start': 367.904, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 375.369, 'text': 'Well, I mean with the computers that we actually have.', 'start': 372.427, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 386.338, 'text': 'I mean, first of all, we all know that humans have done an imperfect job of enforcing the abstraction boundaries of computers right?', 'start': 375.369, 'duration': 10.969}], 'summary': 'World satisfies church-turing thesis, universe simulation possibility discussed.', 'duration': 75.09, 'max_score': 311.248, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM311248.jpg'}, {'end': 502.456, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 469.75, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 471.691, 'text': 'Yeah, we would just crash the universe.', 'start': 469.75, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 478.035, 'text': 'Now, the universe has seemed to hold up pretty well for 14 billion years.', 'start': 471.911, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 485.622, 'text': "My Occam's razor.", 'start': 481.157, 'duration': 4.465}, {'end': 499.455, 'text': "guess has to be that it will continue to hold up that the fact that we don't know the laws of physics governing some phenomenon is not a strong sign that probing that phenomenon is going to crash the universe?", 'start': 485.622, 'duration': 13.833}, {'end': 502.456, 'text': 'But of course I could be wrong.', 'start': 500.715, 'duration': 1.741}], 'summary': 'Universe has held up for 14 billion years, so probing new phenomena unlikely to crash it.', 'duration': 32.706, 'max_score': 469.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM469750.jpg'}, {'end': 651.572, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 622.437, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 632.683, 'text': 'but we just mean it in the more limited sense of everything a fundamental theory of physics, of all of the fundamental interactions of physics.', 'start': 622.437, 'duration': 10.246}, {'end': 643.849, 'text': 'Of course, such a theory, even after we had it, would leave the entire question of all the emergent behavior to be explored.', 'start': 633.043, 'duration': 10.806}, {'end': 648.251, 'text': "It's only everything for a specific definition of everything.", 'start': 644.889, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 651.572, 'text': "But in that sense, I would say, of course, that's worth pursuing.", 'start': 648.831, 'duration': 2.741}], 'summary': 'Pursuing a fundamental theory of physics is worth exploring, despite leaving emergent behavior unexplored.', 'duration': 29.135, 'max_score': 622.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM622437.jpg'}, {'end': 702.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 675.107, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 678.388, 'text': 'to talk about AGI, for example, on the AI side.', 'start': 675.107, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 686.29, 'text': 'So really to talk about the big dream of the community, I would say, because it seems so far away.', 'start': 678.868, 'duration': 7.422}, {'end': 695.612, 'text': "it's almost taboo to bring it up, because you know it's seen as the kind of people that dream about creating a truly super human level intelligence.", 'start': 686.29, 'duration': 9.322}, {'end': 696.812, 'text': "that's really far out there.", 'start': 695.612, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 699.033, 'text': "People, because we're not even close to that.", 'start': 697.373, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 702.474, 'text': 'And it feels like the same thing is true for the physics community.', 'start': 699.353, 'duration': 3.121}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the distant dream of agi and its taboo nature in the community.', 'duration': 27.367, 'max_score': 675.107, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM675107.jpg'}], 'start': 206.062, 'title': 'Living in a simulation and exploring the universe', 'summary': 'Delves into the question of whether we are living in a simulation, touching on concepts such as the church-turing thesis, and discusses the pursuit of a theory of everything in physics, along with the taboo around discussing futuristic concepts like agi and superhuman intelligence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 413.079, 'start': 206.062, 'title': 'Living in a simulation', 'summary': 'Delves into the question of whether we are living in a simulation, exploring the implications, challenges, and possibilities, and touching on concepts such as the church-turing thesis and the nature of a perfect simulation.', 'duration': 207.017, 'highlights': ['Exploring the implications of living in a simulation, including the challenge of determining the degree of reality required for human immersion.', 'Discussing the concept of the universe as a computation and its potential relationship to the Church-Turing thesis.', 'Considering the limitations of seeking direct evidence for a larger universe in which a perfect simulation may be running.', 'Highlighting the challenges of enforcing abstraction boundaries in computers and the potential implications for artificial intelligence understanding its creator.']}, {'end': 772.922, 'start': 413.259, 'title': 'Physics: exploring the universe', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential risks of probing unknown physical phenomena, the pursuit of a theory of everything in physics, and the taboo around discussing futuristic concepts like agi and superhuman intelligence in the physics community.', 'duration': 359.663, 'highlights': ['The potential risks of probing unknown physical phenomena are discussed, suggesting that the universe has held up for 14 billion years and the unknown laws of physics governing a phenomenon may not necessarily lead to a universe crash. 14 billion years', 'The pursuit of a theory of everything in physics is mentioned, emphasizing that it motivates researchers in fundamental physics and is considered a worthy pursuit, despite leaving the question of emergent behavior to be explored. ', 'The taboo around discussing futuristic concepts like AGI and superhuman intelligence in the physics community is addressed, likening it to the reluctance to openly discuss the big dream of the community due to its perceived distance from realization. ']}], 'duration': 566.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM206062.jpg', 'highlights': ['Exploring the implications of living in a simulation, including the challenge of determining the degree of reality required for human immersion.', 'Discussing the concept of the universe as a computation and its potential relationship to the Church-Turing thesis.', 'Considering the limitations of seeking direct evidence for a larger universe in which a perfect simulation may be running.', 'Highlighting the challenges of enforcing abstraction boundaries in computers and the potential implications for artificial intelligence understanding its creator.', 'The pursuit of a theory of everything in physics is mentioned, emphasizing that it motivates researchers in fundamental physics and is considered a worthy pursuit, despite leaving the question of emergent behavior to be explored.', 'The taboo around discussing futuristic concepts like AGI and superhuman intelligence in the physics community is addressed, likening it to the reluctance to openly discuss the big dream of the community due to its perceived distance from realization.', 'The potential risks of probing unknown physical phenomena are discussed, suggesting that the universe has held up for 14 billion years and the unknown laws of physics governing a phenomenon may not necessarily lead to a universe crash.']}, {'end': 1247.963, 'segs': [{'end': 797.133, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 772.922, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 786.806, 'text': "but he would have no hesitation in saying of course they're looking for a unified description of nature, of general relativity, of quantum mechanics,", 'start': 772.922, 'duration': 13.884}, {'end': 789.047, 'text': 'of all the fundamental interactions of nature.', 'start': 786.806, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 797.133, 'text': 'Now, you know, whether people would call that a theory of everything, whether they would use that term, that might vary.', 'start': 789.947, 'duration': 7.186}], 'summary': 'Seeking a unified description of nature, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, and fundamental interactions.', 'duration': 24.211, 'max_score': 772.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM772922.jpg'}, {'end': 847.641, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 819.41, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 822.311, 'text': 'everything is a little ambiguous here, right?', 'start': 819.41, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 828.734, 'text': 'And then people will get into debates about reductionism versus emergentism and blah blah blah.', 'start': 822.351, 'duration': 6.383}, {'end': 837.477, 'text': 'And so, in not wanting to say theory of everything, people might just be trying to short circuit that debate and say look yes,', 'start': 829.114, 'duration': 8.363}, {'end': 842.419, 'text': 'we want a fundamental theory of the particles and interactions of nature.', 'start': 837.477, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 847.641, 'text': "Let me bring up the next topic that people don't want to mention, although they're getting more comfortable with it, is consciousness.", 'start': 842.699, 'duration': 4.942}], 'summary': "Debates on reductionism vs. emergentism; seeking fundamental theory of nature's particles and interactions; increasing comfort discussing consciousness.", 'duration': 28.231, 'max_score': 819.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM819410.jpg'}, {'end': 1015.653, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 987.721, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 996.944, 'text': "just based on the physical properties of that system or the informational properties or how it's connected, or something like that,", 'start': 987.721, 'duration': 9.223}, {'end': 1001.306, 'text': 'just in principle calculate its degree of consciousness.', 'start': 996.944, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 1011.571, 'text': 'This would be the kind of thing that we would need if we wanted to address questions like what does it take for a machine to be conscious?', 'start': 1002.407, 'duration': 9.164}, {'end': 1015.653, 'text': 'Or when should we regard AIs as being conscious?', 'start': 1011.872, 'duration': 3.781}], 'summary': 'Calculate degree of consciousness based on physical or informational properties for addressing questions about machine consciousness and ai consciousness.', 'duration': 27.932, 'max_score': 987.721, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM987721.jpg'}, {'end': 1167.516, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1140.019, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1145.922, 'text': 'I mean they have nothing even resembling a derivation of this phi, okay?', 'start': 1140.019, 'duration': 5.903}, {'end': 1153.426, 'text': 'So what they do is they state a whole bunch of postulates, you know axioms that they think that consciousness should satisfy.', 'start': 1145.942, 'duration': 7.484}, {'end': 1158.249, 'text': "And then there's some verbal discussion, and then at some point, phi appears.", 'start': 1153.946, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 1167.516, 'text': "And this was the first thing that really made the hair stand on my neck, to be honest, because they are acting as if there's a derivation.", 'start': 1159.55, 'duration': 7.966}], 'summary': 'The phi appears without derivation, raising questions about the process.', 'duration': 27.497, 'max_score': 1140.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1140019.jpg'}], 'start': 772.922, 'title': "Nature's unified description and consciousness", 'summary': 'Discusses the quest for a unified description of nature, including general relativity and quantum mechanics, alongside challenges in understanding consciousness and critiques of the integrated information theory, with a focus on quantifying consciousness and fundamental theories of particles and interactions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 842.419, 'start': 772.922, 'title': "Nature's unified description", 'summary': "Discusses the quest for a unified description of nature, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, and fundamental interactions, while debating the ambiguity of the term 'theory of everything' and the quest for a fundamental theory of particles and interactions.", 'duration': 69.497, 'highlights': ['The quest for a unified description of nature includes general relativity, quantum mechanics, and fundamental interactions of nature.', "Debate around the term 'theory of everything' arises due to the ambiguity of the term 'everything' and the discussions of reductionism versus emergentism.", 'People are looking for a fundamental theory of the particles and interactions of nature, aiming to avoid debates and focus on the essential aspects.']}, {'end': 1247.963, 'start': 842.699, 'title': 'Consciousness and integrated information theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of understanding consciousness and critiques the integrated information theory, highlighting the lack of details and the flawed approach in quantifying consciousness, with specific focus on the concept of phi.', 'duration': 405.264, 'highlights': ['The chapter critiques the Integrated Information Theory for lacking details and a derivation for the concept of phi. The speaker criticizes the theory for lacking a formal derivation of phi and instead relying on vague postulates and verbal discussions.', "The speaker highlights the flaw in the theory's claim that a system is more conscious the larger its value of fee. The speaker argues that the theory's assertion that a system is more conscious based on the value of phi is fundamentally flawed, as it is possible to construct a system with a large phi value but lacking consciousness or intelligence.", 'The discussion emphasizes the need for a principled way to quantify consciousness and determine the consciousness of different physical systems. The chapter stresses the importance of having a principled method to quantify consciousness and determine the level of consciousness in different physical systems, such as fetuses, dogs, and frogs.']}], 'duration': 475.041, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM772922.jpg', 'highlights': ['The quest for a unified description of nature includes general relativity, quantum mechanics, and fundamental interactions of nature.', "Debate around the term 'theory of everything' arises due to the ambiguity of the term 'everything' and the discussions of reductionism versus emergentism.", 'People are looking for a fundamental theory of the particles and interactions of nature, aiming to avoid debates and focus on the essential aspects.', 'The chapter critiques the Integrated Information Theory for lacking details and a derivation for the concept of phi.', 'The discussion emphasizes the need for a principled way to quantify consciousness and determine the consciousness of different physical systems.', 'The speaker criticizes the theory for lacking a formal derivation of phi and instead relying on vague postulates and verbal discussions.']}, {'end': 2224.585, 'segs': [{'end': 1275.563, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1248.623, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1253.146, 'text': "This system that just applies this error correcting code, it's conscious.", 'start': 1248.623, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 1259.691, 'text': "If it has a much larger value of fee than you or me, it's much more conscious than you or me.", 'start': 1253.427, 'duration': 6.264}, {'end': 1266.936, 'text': "We just have to accept what the theory says because science is not about confirming our intuitions, it's about challenging them.", 'start': 1259.711, 'duration': 7.225}, {'end': 1274.042, 'text': 'and this is what my theory predicts that this thing is conscious or super-duper conscious.', 'start': 1267.616, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 1275.563, 'text': 'and how are you gonna prove me wrong?', 'start': 1274.042, 'duration': 1.521}], 'summary': 'The error correcting code system may be more conscious than humans, challenging scientific intuitions.', 'duration': 26.94, 'max_score': 1248.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1248623.jpg'}, {'end': 1351.548, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1294.585, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1301.774, 'text': "Yeah, so that's not what he said at all, right? Because he wants this to be completely general, right? So we can apply it to even computers.", 'start': 1294.585, 'duration': 7.189}, {'end': 1313.604, 'text': 'Yeah, The whole interest of the theory is the hope that it could be completely general, apply to aliens, to computers, to animals, coma patients,', 'start': 1301.854, 'duration': 11.75}, {'end': 1315.785, 'text': 'to any of it.', 'start': 1313.604, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 1324.292, 'text': "He just said, well, Scott is relying on his intuition, but I'm relying on this theory.", 'start': 1317.827, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 1328.756, 'text': 'To me it was almost like are we being serious here??', 'start': 1324.312, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 1342.663, 'text': 'Yes, in science we try to learn highly non-intuitive things, but what we do is we first test the theory on cases where we already know the answer.', 'start': 1332.939, 'duration': 9.724}, {'end': 1351.548, 'text': 'If someone had a new theory of temperature, then maybe we could check that it says that boiling water is hotter than ice.', 'start': 1343.143, 'duration': 8.405}], 'summary': 'Theory aims to be general, applicable to aliens, computers, animals, and coma patients. testing done on known cases.', 'duration': 56.963, 'max_score': 1294.585, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1294585.jpg'}, {'end': 1493.702, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1462.549, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1463.67, 'text': 'So, okay.', 'start': 1462.549, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 1465.63, 'text': "So let's take a further step.", 'start': 1463.89, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 1469.031, 'text': 'So you mentioned that the universe might be a Turing machine.', 'start': 1465.65, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 1470.892, 'text': 'So like it might be computation.', 'start': 1469.051, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1472.633, 'text': 'Or simulatable by one anyway.', 'start': 1470.912, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 1473.933, 'text': 'Simulatable by one.', 'start': 1472.673, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 1477.834, 'text': "So what's your sense about consciousness??", 'start': 1474.033, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 1489.999, 'text': "Do you think consciousness is computation, that we don't need to go to any place outside of the computable universe to to understand consciousness,", 'start': 1477.874, 'duration': 12.125}, {'end': 1493.702, 'text': 'to build consciousness, to measure consciousness, all those kinds of things?', 'start': 1489.999, 'duration': 3.703}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the universe as a turing machine and its relation to consciousness.', 'duration': 31.153, 'max_score': 1462.549, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1462549.jpg'}, {'end': 1632.97, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1608.886, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1615.395, 'text': 'From another point of view, the distance still to be traveled on the road maybe seems no shorter than it was at the beginning.', 'start': 1608.886, 'duration': 6.509}, {'end': 1617.937, 'text': "So it's very hard to say.", 'start': 1616.656, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 1624.102, 'text': 'I mean these are questions like in sort of trying to have a theory of consciousness.', 'start': 1617.957, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 1629.206, 'text': "there's sort of a problem where it feels like it's not just that we don't know how to make progress,", 'start': 1624.102, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 1632.97, 'text': "it's that it's hard to specify what could even count as progress.", 'start': 1629.206, 'duration': 3.764}], 'summary': 'Difficulty in measuring progress towards consciousness theory.', 'duration': 24.084, 'max_score': 1608.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1608886.jpg'}, {'end': 1911.707, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1880.057, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1886.704, 'text': 'Because I think that If consciousness means anything, it is something that is experienced by the entity that is conscious.', 'start': 1880.057, 'duration': 6.647}, {'end': 1895.554, 'text': "I don't need you to tell me that I'm conscious, nor do you need me to tell you that you are.", 'start': 1887.065, 'duration': 8.489}, {'end': 1908.705, 'text': 'But basically what I explored there is are there aspects of a system like a brain that just could not be predicted,', 'start': 1897.957, 'duration': 10.748}, {'end': 1911.707, 'text': 'even with arbitrarily advanced future technologies?', 'start': 1908.705, 'duration': 3.002}], 'summary': 'Consciousness is an individual experience, and some aspects of the brain may remain unpredictable even with advanced technologies.', 'duration': 31.65, 'max_score': 1880.057, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1880057.jpg'}, {'end': 2037.379, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2004.501, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2007.743, 'text': 'but I think it really would destroy my sense of having free will.', 'start': 2004.501, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 2013.946, 'text': 'And much, much more than any philosophical conversation could possibly do that.', 'start': 2008.523, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 2023.068, 'text': 'And so I think it becomes extremely interesting to ask could such predictions be done even in principle?', 'start': 2016.043, 'duration': 7.025}, {'end': 2037.379, 'text': 'Is it consistent with the laws of physics to make such predictions to get enough data about someone that you could actually generate such predictions without having to kill them in the process to slice their brain up into little slivers or something?', 'start': 2023.488, 'duration': 13.891}], 'summary': 'Exploring the potential of making predictions without compromising free will or privacy.', 'duration': 32.878, 'max_score': 2004.501, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2004501.jpg'}, {'end': 2224.585, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2174.564, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2176.124, 'text': 'Then why should anyone else believe you??', 'start': 2174.564, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 2177.445, 'text': 'What are your thoughts??', 'start': 2176.685, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 2178.746, 'text': "I'd be curious.", 'start': 2177.825, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 2184.248, 'text': "you're a really good person to ask which is Penrose's, Roger Penrose's work on consciousness?", 'start': 2178.746, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 2188.65, 'text': 'saying that there is some with axons and so on.', 'start': 2184.888, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 2195.572, 'text': 'there might be some biological places where quantum mechanics can come into play and through that create consciousness somehow.', 'start': 2188.65, 'duration': 6.922}, {'end': 2199.294, 'text': 'Are you familiar with his work at all? Of course.', 'start': 2195.873, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 2202.055, 'text': "I read Penrose's books as a teenager.", 'start': 2199.614, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 2203.776, 'text': 'They had a huge impact on me.', 'start': 2202.095, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 2211.719, 'text': 'Five or six years ago, I had the privilege to actually talk these things over with Penrose at some length at a conference in Minnesota.', 'start': 2204.976, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 2216.821, 'text': 'He is an amazing personality.', 'start': 2213.34, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 2221.744, 'text': 'I admire the fact that he was even raising such audacious questions at all.', 'start': 2216.941, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 2224.585, 'text': 'But to answer your question,', 'start': 2222.504, 'duration': 2.081}], 'summary': "Discussion on roger penrose's work on consciousness and its impact, including a personal interaction with him.", 'duration': 50.021, 'max_score': 2174.564, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2174564.jpg'}], 'start': 1248.623, 'title': 'Consciousness and determinism', 'summary': 'Explores consciousness through error correcting code and computation, challenging intuitions and discussing the implications of predictive determinism on free will, and raising questions about the nature of consciousness and its relation to computation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1351.548, 'start': 1248.623, 'title': 'Consciousness and error correcting code', 'summary': "Discusses the theory that a system's consciousness is determined by the value of 'fee', challenging intuitions and suggesting its applicability to a wide range of systems, including computers and aliens.", 'duration': 102.925, 'highlights': ["The theory proposes that a system's consciousness is determined by the value of 'fee', implying that a higher 'fee' value indicates a higher level of consciousness.", 'The theory challenges intuitions and emphasizes the importance of accepting scientific theories even if they contradict our intuitions.', 'The theory suggests its applicability to a wide range of systems, including computers, aliens, animals, and coma patients, aiming for a completely general framework.']}, {'end': 1932.759, 'start': 1352.149, 'title': 'Consciousness and computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the nature of consciousness and its relation to computation, raising questions about the definition of consciousness, the potential for a turing machine to understand consciousness, and the challenges in making scientific progress in understanding consciousness, ultimately highlighting the difficulty in specifying what could count as progress.', 'duration': 580.61, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the nature of consciousness and its relation to computation, raising questions about the definition of consciousness and the potential for a Turing machine to understand consciousness. Nature of consciousness, relation to computation, questions about definition, potential for Turing machine understanding', 'Challenges in making scientific progress in understanding consciousness are highlighted, emphasizing the difficulty in specifying what could count as progress. Challenges in scientific progress, difficulty in specifying progress', "The potential for consciousness to be relative to the observer is discussed, along with the idea that the brain may possess properties that distinguish it from currently existing computers. Consciousness relative to observer, brain's distinguishing properties from computers"]}, {'end': 2224.585, 'start': 1932.779, 'title': 'Predictive determinism and consciousness', 'summary': 'Delves into the implications of predictive determinism on consciousness and free will, questioning the feasibility of making accurate predictions about human behavior based on physical data and the potential role of quantum mechanics in consciousness.', 'duration': 291.806, 'highlights': ['The potential impact of predictive determinism on free will and consciousness is explored, raising doubts about the feasibility of making accurate predictions about human behavior based on physical data. The chapter discusses the potential implications of predictive determinism on the sense of free will and consciousness, questioning the feasibility of reliably predicting human behavior based on physical data.', "The role of quantum mechanics in consciousness is considered, referencing Roger Penrose's work and discussing the potential influence of quantum effects on the nature of consciousness. The discussion delves into the potential role of quantum mechanics in consciousness, referencing Roger Penrose's work and exploring the possible influence of quantum effects on the nature of consciousness.", "The author shares admiration for Roger Penrose's audacious inquiries into consciousness and quantum mechanics, highlighting the impact of Penrose's work on the author's perspective. The author expresses admiration for Roger Penrose's audacious inquiries into consciousness and quantum mechanics, reflecting on the impact of Penrose's work on the author's perspective."]}], 'duration': 975.962, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM1248623.jpg', 'highlights': ["The theory proposes that a system's consciousness is determined by the value of 'fee', implying that a higher 'fee' value indicates a higher level of consciousness.", 'The potential impact of predictive determinism on free will and consciousness is explored, raising doubts about the feasibility of making accurate predictions about human behavior based on physical data.', 'The potential for consciousness to be relative to the observer is discussed, along with the idea that the brain may possess properties that distinguish it from currently existing computers.', 'The theory challenges intuitions and emphasizes the importance of accepting scientific theories even if they contradict our intuitions.', 'The chapter discusses the nature of consciousness and its relation to computation, raising questions about the definition of consciousness and the potential for a Turing machine to understand consciousness.', "The potential role of quantum mechanics in consciousness is considered, referencing Roger Penrose's work and discussing the potential influence of quantum effects on the nature of consciousness.", 'The theory suggests its applicability to a wide range of systems, including computers, aliens, animals, and coma patients, aiming for a completely general framework.', "The author shares admiration for Roger Penrose's audacious inquiries into consciousness and quantum mechanics, highlighting the impact of Penrose's work on the author's perspective.", 'Challenges in making scientific progress in understanding consciousness are highlighted, emphasizing the difficulty in specifying what could count as progress.']}, {'end': 2908.733, 'segs': [{'end': 2276.969, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2248.495, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2252.696, 'text': 'In fact, a quantum computer can be simulated by an ordinary computer.', 'start': 2248.495, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 2256.157, 'text': 'It might merely need exponentially more time in order to do so.', 'start': 2252.776, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 2258.677, 'text': "That's simply not good enough for him.", 'start': 2257.057, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 2264.619, 'text': 'What he wants is for the brain to be a quantum gravitational computer.', 'start': 2259.578, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 2275.288, 'text': 'or he wants the brain to be exploiting as yet unknown laws of quantum gravity, which would be uncomputable.', 'start': 2265.439, 'duration': 9.849}, {'end': 2276.969, 'text': "Uncomputable, that's the key point.", 'start': 2275.428, 'duration': 1.541}], 'summary': 'Quantum computer can be simulated but not good enough. wants brain to be quantum gravitational computer, uncomputable.', 'duration': 28.474, 'max_score': 2248.495, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2248495.jpg'}, {'end': 2362.886, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2333.343, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2344.99, 'text': "But supposing that he's right about that, then what most physicists would say is that whatever new phenomena there are in quantum gravity,", 'start': 2333.343, 'duration': 11.647}, {'end': 2350.994, 'text': 'they might be relevant at the singularities of black holes, they might be relevant at the Big Bang.', 'start': 2344.99, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 2362.886, 'text': 'They are plainly not relevant to something like the brain that is operating at ordinary temperatures with ordinary chemistry.', 'start': 2352.475, 'duration': 10.411}], 'summary': 'Quantum gravity may be relevant at black hole singularities and the big bang, not at ordinary brain operations.', 'duration': 29.543, 'max_score': 2333.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2333343.jpg'}, {'end': 2474.748, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2443.753, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2450.656, 'text': 'He needs the brain to contain antennae that are sensitive to this as yet unknown physics.', 'start': 2443.753, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 2454.878, 'text': 'And then he needs a modification of quantum mechanics.', 'start': 2451.596, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 2458.539, 'text': 'So he needs quantum mechanics to actually be wrong.', 'start': 2455.558, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 2466.643, 'text': 'What he wants is what he calls an objective reduction mechanism or an objective collapse.', 'start': 2461.101, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 2474.748, 'text': 'So this is the idea that once quantum states get large enough, then they somehow spontaneously collapse.', 'start': 2467.064, 'duration': 7.684}], 'summary': 'Researcher seeks brain with sensitive antennae for new physics, aiming to modify quantum mechanics for objective collapse.', 'duration': 30.995, 'max_score': 2443.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2443753.jpg'}, {'end': 2552.248, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2525.019, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2529.862, 'text': 'But Penrose would need more than just an objective collapse of quantum states,', 'start': 2525.019, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 2535.025, 'text': 'which would already be the biggest development in physics for a century since quantum mechanics itself.', 'start': 2529.862, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 2536.246, 'text': 'He would need..', 'start': 2535.665, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 2545.218, 'text': "for consciousness to somehow be able to influence the direction of the collapse, so that it wouldn't be completely random,", 'start': 2536.926, 'duration': 8.292}, {'end': 2552.248, 'text': 'but that your dispositions would somehow influence the quantum state to collapse more likely this way or that way.', 'start': 2545.218, 'duration': 7.03}], 'summary': "Penrose's theory requires consciousness to influence quantum collapse, a significant development in physics.", 'duration': 27.229, 'max_score': 2525.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2525019.jpg'}, {'end': 2719.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2686.482, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2689.545, 'text': 'as a wrong one that he wanted to dispense with right?', 'start': 2686.482, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 2699.472, 'text': 'Okay, but the basic problem with this idea is Penrose wants to say that and all of his predecessors here want to say that,', 'start': 2689.885, 'duration': 9.587}, {'end': 2709.079, 'text': 'even though this given formal system cannot prove its own consistency, we as humans, sort of looking at it from the outside,', 'start': 2699.472, 'duration': 9.607}, {'end': 2711.201, 'text': 'can just somehow see its consistency.', 'start': 2709.079, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 2719.243, 'text': 'And the rejoinder to that from the very beginning has been well, can we really?', 'start': 2713.015, 'duration': 6.228}], 'summary': 'Penrose and predecessors argue for human ability to perceive system consistency.', 'duration': 32.761, 'max_score': 2686.482, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2686482.jpg'}], 'start': 2224.585, 'title': "Quantum gravity's role in consciousness", 'summary': "Discusses roger penrose's views on quantum gravity's role in consciousness, emphasizing uncomputability, unknown laws of quantum gravity, modifications to quantum mechanics, and the potential implications for the brain, along with the objective collapse of quantum states and its connection to consciousness and ai.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2504.203, 'start': 2224.585, 'title': "Quantum gravity's role in consciousness", 'summary': "Discusses roger penrose's views on quantum gravity's role in consciousness, highlighting the need for uncomputability, unknown laws of quantum gravity, and modifications to quantum mechanics, which may require the brain to contain sensitive antennae and necessitate a new objective reduction mechanism.", 'duration': 279.618, 'highlights': ['Roger Penrose proposes that the brain be a quantum gravitational computer or exploit unknown laws of quantum gravity, requiring uncomputability, going beyond known quantum phenomena. Penrose advocates for the brain to exhibit uncomputability by being a quantum gravitational computer or exploiting unknown laws of quantum gravity, surpassing the limitations of known quantum phenomena.', 'The need for the brain to contain antennae sensitive to as yet unknown physics and a modification of quantum mechanics, suggesting the possible existence of an objective reduction mechanism. Penrose posits the requirement for the brain to possess antennae sensitive to unknown physics and a modification of quantum mechanics, implying the need for an objective reduction mechanism to facilitate spontaneous collapse of quantum states.', "Challenges to Penrose's views include the consensus that quantum gravity may not be relevant to phenomena at ordinary temperatures and the assertion that the physics underlying the brain is well understood. Challenges to Penrose's assertions include the prevailing consensus that quantum gravity may not be relevant to phenomena at ordinary temperatures and the belief that the physics underlying the brain is well understood, with new effects from quantum gravity potentially being screened off by quantum field theory."]}, {'end': 2908.733, 'start': 2505.264, 'title': "Penrose's ideas on consciousness and quantum states", 'summary': "Explores penrose's proposal of an objective collapse of quantum states, the potential influence of consciousness on the collapse, and the relevance of gödel's incompleteness theorem, while critically evaluating its connection to consciousness and its implications for ai.", 'duration': 403.469, 'highlights': ["Penrose's proposal of an objective collapse of quantum states would be the biggest development in physics for a century. Penrose's idea of an objective collapse of quantum states is highlighted as a significant potential development in the field of physics.", "The proposal suggests that consciousness could influence the direction of the collapse of quantum states. Penrose's proposal involves the potential influence of consciousness on the collapse of quantum states, adding a new dimension to the discussion.", 'Criticism of the idea that humans can perceive the consistency of a formal system, as posited by Penrose and predecessors, is discussed. The chapter critically evaluates the notion that humans can perceive the consistency of a formal system, as proposed by Penrose and his predecessors, highlighting the skepticism and potential limitations.', "The evaluation of the Eugene Guzman chat bot and its performance in simulating a 13-year-old boy for the Turing test is presented. The discussion delves into the evaluation of the Eugene Guzman chat bot's performance in simulating a 13-year-old boy for the Turing test, providing a critical perspective on its capabilities."]}], 'duration': 684.148, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2224585.jpg', 'highlights': ['Roger Penrose proposes brain as a quantum gravitational computer or exploit unknown laws of quantum gravity, requiring uncomputability.', 'Penrose posits the requirement for the brain to possess antennae sensitive to unknown physics and a modification of quantum mechanics.', "Challenges to Penrose's assertions include the prevailing consensus that quantum gravity may not be relevant to phenomena at ordinary temperatures.", "Penrose's proposal of an objective collapse of quantum states would be the biggest development in physics for a century.", "Penrose's proposal involves the potential influence of consciousness on the collapse of quantum states, adding a new dimension to the discussion.", 'The chapter critically evaluates the notion that humans can perceive the consistency of a formal system, as proposed by Penrose and his predecessors.']}, {'end': 4153.716, 'segs': [{'end': 3047.016, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3015.964, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3018.506, 'text': "Yeah I'd love to hear your thoughts about GPT-3.", 'start': 3015.964, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 3029.175, 'text': "Yeah, in the last few months we've had you know, the world has now seen a chat engine or a text engine, I should say, called GPT-3.", 'start': 3018.586, 'duration': 10.589}, {'end': 3031.277, 'text': 'that you know.', 'start': 3029.175, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 3032.498, 'text': "I think it's still.", 'start': 3031.277, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 3035.722, 'text': 'you know, it does not pass a Turing test.', 'start': 3032.498, 'duration': 3.224}, {'end': 3039.707, 'text': 'There are no real claims that it passes the Turing test.', 'start': 3035.762, 'duration': 3.945}, {'end': 3047.016, 'text': "This comes out of the group at OpenAI and they've been relatively careful in what they've claimed about the system.", 'start': 3039.747, 'duration': 7.269}], 'summary': 'Discussion on gpt-3: a text engine by openai, not passing turing test.', 'duration': 31.052, 'max_score': 3015.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3015964.jpg'}, {'end': 3124.977, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3097.764, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3103.548, 'text': 'You can ask it to write an essay, like a student essay, about pretty much any topic,', 'start': 3097.764, 'duration': 5.784}, {'end': 3107.311, 'text': 'and it will get something that I am pretty sure would get at least a B minus.', 'start': 3103.548, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 3111.813, 'text': 'in most high school or even college classes.', 'start': 3107.811, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 3117.835, 'text': 'In some sense, the way that it did this, the way that it achieves this.', 'start': 3112.613, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 3124.977, 'text': 'Scott Alexander of the much mourned blog Slate Star Codex had a wonderful way of putting it.', 'start': 3117.835, 'duration': 7.142}], 'summary': 'Ai can generate student-level essays, likely to score at least a b-.', 'duration': 27.213, 'max_score': 3097.764, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3097764.jpg'}, {'end': 3233.575, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3204.433, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3205.713, 'text': "I mean that's what I mean.", 'start': 3204.433, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 3207.475, 'text': 'I mean I mean how else do you explain it??', 'start': 3205.713, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 3210.437, 'text': 'Well OK, I mean I mean the the training involved.', 'start': 3207.535, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 3217.282, 'text': 'you know massive amounts of data from the Internet and actually took lots and lots of computer power, lots of electricity.', 'start': 3210.437, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 3221.886, 'text': "Right You know, there there are some some very prosaic reasons why this wasn't done earlier.", 'start': 3217.302, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 3222.366, 'text': 'Right Right.', 'start': 3221.906, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 3229.772, 'text': 'But, you know, it costs some tens of millions of dollars, I think, you know, just for approximately like a few million dollars.', 'start': 3222.847, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 3230.152, 'text': 'Oh, OK.', 'start': 3229.872, 'duration': 0.28}, {'end': 3231.633, 'text': 'OK Oh, really? OK.', 'start': 3230.232, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 3233.575, 'text': 'More like four or five.', 'start': 3232.674, 'duration': 0.901}], 'summary': 'Training involved massive data, computer power, and electricity, costing tens of millions of dollars.', 'duration': 29.142, 'max_score': 3204.433, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3204433.jpg'}, {'end': 3369.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3339.574, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3351.342, 'text': "I mean the truth is that we don't really know what the limits are, because what we've seen so far is that GPT-3 was basically the same thing as GPT-2,", 'start': 3339.574, 'duration': 11.768}, {'end': 3362.991, 'text': 'but just with a much larger network, more training time, bigger training corpus, and it was very noticeably better.', 'start': 3351.342, 'duration': 11.649}, {'end': 3365.852, 'text': 'right than its immediate predecessor.', 'start': 3363.431, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 3369.533, 'text': "so, uh, we, you know, we don't know where you hit the ceiling here, right?", 'start': 3365.852, 'duration': 3.681}], 'summary': 'Gpt-3 surpassed gpt-2 with larger network and training, showing noticeable improvement.', 'duration': 29.959, 'max_score': 3339.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3339574.jpg'}, {'end': 3655.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3625.273, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3630.917, 'text': "But obviously, I'm going to need to learn some way more complicated form of programming than that.", 'start': 3625.273, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 3636.721, 'text': 'But eventually, I learned this incredible idea of universality.', 'start': 3631.877, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 3643.986, 'text': 'That says that no, you throw in a few rules and then you already have enough to express everything.', 'start': 3636.741, 'duration': 7.245}, {'end': 3655.215, 'text': 'For example, the AND, the OR and the NOT gate, or in fact even just the AND and the NOT gate, or even just the NAND gate, for example,', 'start': 3645.267, 'duration': 9.948}], 'summary': 'Learning the concept of universality, using and, or, and not gates for programming.', 'duration': 29.942, 'max_score': 3625.273, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3625273.jpg'}, {'end': 3943.748, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3917.469, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3923.094, 'text': "Exactly, so you've, I don't know if you created Complexity Zoo or? I did create the Complexity Zoo.", 'start': 3917.469, 'duration': 5.625}, {'end': 3926.077, 'text': "What is it? What's complexity? Oh, all right, all right, all right.", 'start': 3923.275, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 3934.005, 'text': 'Complexity theory is the study of sort of the inherent resources needed to solve computational problems.', 'start': 3926.438, 'duration': 7.567}, {'end': 3938.967, 'text': "It's easiest to give an example.", 'start': 3936.366, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3943.748, 'text': "Let's say we want to add two numbers.", 'start': 3939.527, 'duration': 4.221}], 'summary': 'Complexity zoo is a creation in complexity theory, studying resources for computational problems.', 'duration': 26.279, 'max_score': 3917.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3917469.jpg'}, {'end': 3986.214, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3962.357, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3969.743, 'text': 'If you just use the elementary school algorithm of just carrying, then it takes time that is linear in the length of the numbers.', 'start': 3962.357, 'duration': 7.386}, {'end': 3974.327, 'text': 'Now, multiplication, if you use the elementary school algorithm,', 'start': 3970.564, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 3982.533, 'text': 'is harder because you have to multiply each digit of the first number by each digit of the second one and then deal with all the carries.', 'start': 3974.327, 'duration': 8.206}, {'end': 3986.214, 'text': "That's what we call a quadratic time algorithm.", 'start': 3983.073, 'duration': 3.141}], 'summary': 'Elementary school multiplication algorithm has a quadratic time complexity.', 'duration': 23.857, 'max_score': 3962.357, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM3962357.jpg'}, {'end': 4086.774, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4057.373, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4066.681, 'text': 'the security of most of the encryption that we currently use to protect the internet is based on the belief and this is not a theorem,', 'start': 4057.373, 'duration': 9.308}, {'end': 4073.087, 'text': "it's a belief that factoring is an inherently hard problem for our computers.", 'start': 4066.681, 'duration': 6.406}, {'end': 4083.632, 'text': 'We do know algorithms that are better than just trial division and just trying all the possible divisors, but they are still basically exponential.', 'start': 4073.567, 'duration': 10.065}, {'end': 4085.333, 'text': 'Exponential is hard.', 'start': 4084.072, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 4086.774, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 4086.013, 'duration': 0.761}], 'summary': 'Most internet encryption relies on the belief that factoring is inherently hard for computers.', 'duration': 29.401, 'max_score': 4057.373, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4057373.jpg'}], 'start': 2909.325, 'title': 'Evolution of chatbots and gpt-3', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of chatbots, comparing early systems like eliza to gpt-3's significant progress, and explores the capabilities, limitations, and potential of gpt-3, as well as universality in computer science and the efficiency of algorithms in arithmetic operations with impacts on cryptography.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3063.146, 'start': 2909.325, 'title': 'Chatbot evolution and gpt-3', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of chatbots, highlighting the limitations of early chatbots like eliza and comparing it to the recent advancement in ai with gpt-3, emphasizing its significant progress over previous systems.', 'duration': 153.821, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the evolution of chatbots, highlighting the limitations of early chatbots like Eliza and comparing it to the recent advancement in AI with GPT-3. Evolution of chatbots, limitations of early chatbots, comparison with GPT-3', 'GPT-3 is a major advance over Eliza and any previous chatbot systems. Significant progress of GPT-3 over previous systems', 'Eliza, a chatbot from the 60s, managed to fool people despite its simplistic nature and limited intelligence. Effectiveness of Eliza despite simplicity and limited intelligence']}, {'end': 3519.411, 'start': 3063.826, 'title': 'Gpt-3: internet-powered language model', 'summary': 'Discusses the impressive capabilities of gpt-3, a language model trained on a large part of the internet, costing tens of millions of dollars and able to write passable poems and at least b-minus level essays. it raises questions about the potential of predictive processing and the limitations of gpt-3 in reasoning and logical tasks.', 'duration': 455.585, 'highlights': ["GPT-3's impressive capabilities GPT-3 can write passable poems and essays, achieving at least a B-minus level, and is trained on a large part of the internet.", 'Cost and training of GPT-3 The model cost tens of millions of dollars and required massive amounts of data from the internet and lots of computer power and electricity for training.', 'Potential limitations of GPT-3 GPT-3 struggles with tasks like balancing parentheses and basic arithmetic, raising questions about its limitations in logical reasoning.', "Questions about predictive processing The chapter raises philosophical questions about whether human cognition is primarily based on predictive processing and whether GPT-3's predictive nature limits its ability to reason."]}, {'end': 3943.748, 'start': 3519.992, 'title': 'Universality in computer science', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of universality in computer science, highlighting the idea that a few simple operations, such as boolean logic gates, are enough to express any programming language, and delves into the concept of complexity theory and its study of inherent resources needed to solve computational problems.', 'duration': 423.756, 'highlights': ['The concept of universality in computer science is discussed, emphasizing that a few simple operations, such as Boolean logic gates, are enough to express any programming language. Universality in computer science is exemplified through the idea that a few simple operations, such as Boolean logic gates (AND, OR, NOT), are sufficient to express any programming language, showcasing the power of simplicity and universality in computational systems.', 'The discussion delves into complexity theory, which is the study of inherent resources needed to solve computational problems. Complexity theory is introduced as the study of inherent resources required to solve computational problems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the resources and limitations in solving complex computational tasks.']}, {'end': 4153.716, 'start': 3943.768, 'title': 'Efficiency in algorithms', 'summary': 'Discusses the efficiency of algorithms in arithmetic operations, particularly addition and multiplication, and the challenges in factoring large numbers, highlighting the impact on cryptography and the limitations of current encryption methods.', 'duration': 209.948, 'highlights': ['The fastest algorithms for factoring large numbers take time that grows exponentially with the cube root of the size of the number, making it challenging to break 1000-bit keys even with significant computer power. Efficiency of factoring large numbers, impact on cryptography, limitations of current encryption methods', "Multiplying two numbers that are n digits long can be done in a number of steps that's nearly linear in n, showcasing the efficiency of algorithms in arithmetic operations when using computers. Efficiency of multiplication algorithms, impact of computer usage in arithmetic operations", 'Using the elementary school algorithm of carrying in addition results in time linear in the length of the numbers, highlighting the impact of algorithm choice on efficiency in arithmetic operations. Impact of algorithm choice on efficiency in addition, comparison with multiplication efficiency']}], 'duration': 1244.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM2909325.jpg', 'highlights': ['Significant progress of GPT-3 over previous systems', 'Evolution of chatbots, limitations of early chatbots, comparison with GPT-3', 'GPT-3 can write passable poems and essays, achieving at least a B-minus level, and is trained on a large part of the internet', 'The model cost tens of millions of dollars and required massive amounts of data from the internet and lots of computer power and electricity for training', 'Universality in computer science is exemplified through the idea that a few simple operations, such as Boolean logic gates (AND, OR, NOT), are sufficient to express any programming language, showcasing the power of simplicity and universality in computational systems', 'Complexity theory is introduced as the study of inherent resources required to solve computational problems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the resources and limitations in solving complex computational tasks', 'Efficiency of factoring large numbers, impact on cryptography, limitations of current encryption methods', 'Efficiency of multiplication algorithms, impact of computer usage in arithmetic operations', 'Impact of algorithm choice on efficiency in addition, comparison with multiplication efficiency']}, {'end': 4759.814, 'segs': [{'end': 4234.041, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4180.705, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4185.849, 'text': 'It was well-developed even by the time that I was born.', 'start': 4180.705, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 4199.702, 'text': 'In 2002, I made a website called The Complexity Zoo to answer your question, where I just tried to catalog the different complexity classes,', 'start': 4189.011, 'duration': 10.691}, {'end': 4203.886, 'text': 'which are classes of problems that are solvable with different kinds of resources.', 'start': 4199.702, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 4207.128, 'text': 'So these are kind of.', 'start': 4204.926, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 4215.793, 'text': 'you could think of complexity classes as like being almost to theoretical computer science, like what the elements are to chemistry, right?', 'start': 4207.128, 'duration': 8.665}, {'end': 4220.756, 'text': "They're sort of there are our most basic objects in a certain way.", 'start': 4216.133, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 4229.058, 'text': "I feel like the elements have a characteristic to them where you can't just add an infinite number.", 'start': 4220.776, 'duration': 8.282}, {'end': 4234.041, 'text': 'Well, you could, but beyond a certain point, they become unstable, right?', 'start': 4229.298, 'duration': 4.743}], 'summary': 'The complexity zoo website catalogs solvable problems by complexity classes, akin to elements in chemistry.', 'duration': 53.336, 'max_score': 4180.705, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4180705.jpg'}, {'end': 4741.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4713.948, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4721.717, 'text': 'or if you could improve it to where it had small enough constants that it was efficient in practice, then that would change the world.', 'start': 4713.948, 'duration': 7.769}, {'end': 4726.321, 'text': "You think it would have, like, what kind of impact would it have? Well, okay, I mean, here's an example.", 'start': 4722.498, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 4733.788, 'text': 'I mean, you could, well, okay, just for starters, you could break basically all of the encryption that people use to protect the internet.', 'start': 4726.422, 'duration': 7.366}, {'end': 4734.609, 'text': "That's just for starters.", 'start': 4733.808, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 4741.295, 'text': 'You could break Bitcoin and every other cryptocurrency or you know mine as much Bitcoin as you wanted, right?', 'start': 4734.649, 'duration': 6.646}], 'summary': 'Improving efficiency of encryption could break internet security and impact cryptocurrencies.', 'duration': 27.347, 'max_score': 4713.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4713948.jpg'}], 'start': 4153.756, 'title': 'Quantum computing and complexity theory', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of quantum computing, compared to classical computing, and the significance of complexity theory in theoretical computer science, focusing on complexity classes and their role. it also covers the introduction of classes p and np, the open question of whether p equals np, and implications for cryptography and algorithm efficiency.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4260.52, 'start': 4153.756, 'title': 'Quantum computing and complexity theory', 'summary': "Explores the concerns of quantum computing in surpassing classical computing's capabilities, and delves into the significance of complexity theory in theoretical computer science, with a focus on complexity classes and their role akin to the elements in chemistry.", 'duration': 106.764, 'highlights': ['The Complexity Zoo website was created in 2002 to catalog different complexity classes, providing a resource for understanding the solvability of problems with various resources.', 'Complexity classes are fundamental to theoretical computer science, similar to how elements are to chemistry, representing the most basic objects in the field.', 'The concerns of quantum computing arise from the potential for shortcuts to surpass classical computing capabilities, where current algorithms struggle with 2,000-bit numbers.', 'Complexity theory, established in the 60s and 70s, plays a significant role in computer science as an autonomous field, with its theoretical core exploring different classes of problems solvability.', 'In theoretical computer science, complexity classes represent categories of problems solvable with different resources, playing a crucial role in understanding computational capabilities.']}, {'end': 4759.814, 'start': 4261.421, 'title': 'Classifying complexity in computer science', 'summary': 'Introduces the classes p and np in theoretical computer science, explaining their significance and the open question of whether p equals np, with implications for cryptography and the efficiency of algorithms.', 'duration': 498.393, 'highlights': ['The class P represents all problems solvable by a conventional computer using a polynomial time algorithm, encompassing most day-to-day computer operations. P represents problems solvable by a conventional computer using a polynomial time algorithm, including most day-to-day computer operations.', 'The class NP includes problems where verifying a solution is easy, even if finding the solution is difficult, with implications for cryptography and the P versus NP question. NP includes problems where verifying a solution is easy, even if finding the solution is difficult, with implications for cryptography and the P versus NP question.', 'The open question of whether P equals NP has significant implications for cryptography, with the potential to break encryption and impact the security of internet transactions and cryptocurrencies. The open question of whether P equals NP has significant implications for cryptography, with the potential to break encryption and impact the security of internet transactions and cryptocurrencies.', 'The potential impact of P equaling NP includes the breaking of encryption used to protect the internet and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, leading to significant repercussions in security and finance. The potential impact of P equaling NP includes the breaking of encryption used to protect the internet and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, leading to significant repercussions in security and finance.']}], 'duration': 606.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4153756.jpg', 'highlights': ['The open question of whether P equals NP has significant implications for cryptography, with the potential to break encryption and impact the security of internet transactions and cryptocurrencies.', 'The potential impact of P equaling NP includes the breaking of encryption used to protect the internet and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, leading to significant repercussions in security and finance.', 'Complexity classes are fundamental to theoretical computer science, similar to how elements are to chemistry, representing the most basic objects in the field.', 'The Complexity Zoo website was created in 2002 to catalog different complexity classes, providing a resource for understanding the solvability of problems with various resources.', 'In theoretical computer science, complexity classes represent categories of problems solvable with different resources, playing a crucial role in understanding computational capabilities.']}, {'end': 5740.923, 'segs': [{'end': 4813.94, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4786.029, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4793.131, 'text': 'P versus NP is one of these seven problems that carries this million-dollar prize from the Clay Foundation.', 'start': 4786.029, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 4803.395, 'text': 'If you solve it, and others are the Riemann hypothesis, the Poincare conjecture, which was solved although the solver turned down the prize,', 'start': 4793.872, 'duration': 9.523}, {'end': 4805.116, 'text': 'and four others.', 'start': 4803.395, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 4813.94, 'text': 'But what I like to say the way that we can see that P versus NP is the biggest of all of these questions is that if you had this fast algorithm,', 'start': 4805.176, 'duration': 8.764}], 'summary': 'P versus np is one of seven problems with a million-dollar prize from the clay foundation.', 'duration': 27.911, 'max_score': 4786.029, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4786029.jpg'}, {'end': 5407.055, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5241.293, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5248.256, 'text': 'P is contained in BPP, which is contained in BQP, which is contained in PSPACE.', 'start': 5241.293, 'duration': 6.963}, {'end': 5253.479, 'text': 'Anything you can, in fact, in something very similar to sharp P.', 'start': 5248.396, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 5260.382, 'text': "BQP is basically, well, it's contained in P with the magic power to solve sharp P problems.", 'start': 5253.479, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 5266.945, 'text': "Why is BQP contained in PSPACE? Oh, that's an excellent question.", 'start': 5261.242, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 5271.871, 'text': 'One has to prove that.', 'start': 5267.986, 'duration': 3.885}, {'end': 5282.684, 'text': "But the proof, you could think of it as using Richard Feynman's picture of quantum mechanics, which is that you can always..", 'start': 5272.352, 'duration': 10.332}, {'end': 5287.447, 'text': "We haven't really talked about quantum mechanics in this conversation.", 'start': 5282.684, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 5288.948, 'text': 'We did in our previous one.', 'start': 5287.847, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 5289.889, 'text': 'Yeah, we did last time.', 'start': 5288.968, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 5291.29, 'text': 'Yeah, we did last time.', 'start': 5289.949, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 5300.235, 'text': 'But basically, you could always think of a quantum computation as a branching tree of possibilities,', 'start': 5291.35, 'duration': 8.885}, {'end': 5309.541, 'text': 'where each possible path that you could take through the space has a complex number attached to it, called an amplitude.', 'start': 5300.235, 'duration': 9.306}, {'end': 5315.904, 'text': 'And now the rule is when you make a measurement at the end, you see a random answer.', 'start': 5310.281, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 5323.927, 'text': "But quantum mechanics is all about calculating the probability that you're going to see one potential answer versus another one.", 'start': 5316.644, 'duration': 7.283}, {'end': 5335.432, 'text': "And the rule for calculating the probability that you'll see some answer is that you have to add up the amplitudes for all of the paths that could have led to that answer.", 'start': 5324.987, 'duration': 10.445}, {'end': 5344.283, 'text': "And then you know that's a complex number, so that you know how could that be a probability?. Then you take the squared absolute value of the result.", 'start': 5336.152, 'duration': 8.131}, {'end': 5353.596, 'text': 'That gives you a number between zero and one, okay? So, yeah, I just summarized quantum mechanics in like 30 seconds, okay? But now..', 'start': 5344.583, 'duration': 9.013}, {'end': 5364.58, 'text': 'What this already tells us is that anything I can do with a quantum computer I could simulate with a classical computer if I only have exponentially more time.', 'start': 5354.156, 'duration': 10.424}, {'end': 5366.04, 'text': 'Why is that??', 'start': 5365.36, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 5375.744, 'text': 'Because if I have exponential time, I could just write down this entire branching tree and just explicitly calculate each of these amplitudes.', 'start': 5366.481, 'duration': 9.263}, {'end': 5379.825, 'text': 'That will be very inefficient, but it will work.', 'start': 5376.304, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 5386.807, 'text': "It's enough to show that quantum computers could not solve the halting problem or they could never do anything.", 'start': 5380.045, 'duration': 6.762}, {'end': 5389.787, 'text': "that is literally uncomputable in Turing's sense.", 'start': 5386.807, 'duration': 2.98}, {'end': 5397.029, 'text': "But now, as I said, there's even a stronger result, which says that BQP is contained in PSPACE.", 'start': 5390.487, 'duration': 6.542}, {'end': 5407.055, 'text': 'The way that we prove that is that we say if all I want is to calculate the probability of some particular output happening,', 'start': 5397.669, 'duration': 9.386}], 'summary': 'Bqp is contained in pspace, showing quantum computers are not exponentially more powerful.', 'duration': 58.942, 'max_score': 5241.293, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM5241293.jpg'}, {'end': 5492.934, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5466.39, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5475.538, 'text': 'Amazing But this is a class that I was involved in sort of defining, proving the first theorems about in 2003 or so.', 'start': 5466.39, 'duration': 9.148}, {'end': 5477.84, 'text': 'So it was kind of close to my heart.', 'start': 5475.598, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 5489.09, 'text': 'But this is like if we extended BQP, which is the class of everything we can do efficiently with a quantum computer, to allow quantum advice,', 'start': 5478.461, 'duration': 10.629}, {'end': 5492.934, 'text': 'which means imagine that you had some special initial state.', 'start': 5489.09, 'duration': 3.844}], 'summary': 'Involved in defining first theorems about a class in 2003, extending bqp to allow quantum advice.', 'duration': 26.544, 'max_score': 5466.39, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM5466390.jpg'}, {'end': 5574.424, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5544.19, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5548.254, 'text': 'That class is called SCK or statistical zero knowledge.', 'start': 5544.19, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 5554.056, 'text': "And there's a very, very easy way to define this class, which is to say,", 'start': 5550.074, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 5559.818, 'text': 'suppose that I have two algorithms that each sample from probability distributions.', 'start': 5554.056, 'duration': 5.762}, {'end': 5566.561, 'text': 'So each one just outputs random samples according to possibly different distributions.', 'start': 5560.378, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 5574.424, 'text': "And now the question I ask is, let's say distributions over strings of n bits, so over an exponentially large space.", 'start': 5566.721, 'duration': 7.703}], 'summary': 'Sck class involves two algorithms sampling from different distributions over exponentially large space.', 'duration': 30.234, 'max_score': 5544.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM5544190.jpg'}], 'start': 4759.814, 'title': 'Complexity classes and quantum computing', 'summary': 'Explores implications and challenges of the p vs np problem, complexity classes like p, np, pspace, bqp, and their relationships, as well as quantum computing principles, quantum computation, and bqp/qpoly with statistical zero knowledge.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5080.101, 'start': 4759.814, 'title': 'P vs np and the complexity zoo', 'summary': 'Discusses the implications and challenges of p vs np problem, including its connection to other fundamental problems in computer science, the potential existence of a fast algorithm for solving it, and the theoretical possibility of a non-constructive proof, along with an overview of the complexity zoo and the p-space complexity class.', 'duration': 320.287, 'highlights': ['The implications of the P vs NP problem and its connection to other fundamental problems in computer science, including the potential to solve all seven of the Clay Foundation problems if a fast algorithm exists. If a fast algorithm for the P vs NP problem exists, it could potentially solve all seven of the Clay Foundation problems, including the Riemann hypothesis and the Poincare conjecture.', 'The theoretical possibility of a non-constructive proof for the P vs NP problem and the discussion of a non-constructive method to prove the existence of an algorithm. The discussion of a non-constructive proof for the P vs NP problem and the theoretical possibility of proving the existence of an algorithm via non-constructive methods, despite its impracticality.', 'An overview of the Complexity Zoo and the P-space complexity class, including the relationship between P, NP, and P-space. An overview of the Complexity Zoo, the P-space complexity class, and the relationship between P, NP, and P-space, with the constraint on memory growth in P-space.']}, {'end': 5271.871, 'start': 5080.101, 'title': 'Complexity classes and problem solvability', 'summary': 'Discusses complexity classes such as p, np, pspace, sharp p, and bqp, their relationships, and the limitations of current techniques in comparing different resources like time versus space or p versus np.', 'duration': 191.77, 'highlights': ['P is contained in BPP, which is contained in BQP, which is contained in PSPACE. The relationship between complexity classes P, BPP, BQP, and PSPACE, demonstrating the containment of one class within another.', 'There are problems that are solvable in exponential time that are not solvable in polynomial time. The existence of problems solvable in exponential time but not in polynomial time, illustrating the limitations of problem solvability.', 'The techniques used to establish problem solvability seem to break down when comparing two different resources, like time versus space or P versus NP. Limitations of current techniques in comparing different resources like time versus space or P versus NP, indicating challenges in determining problem solvability.', 'BQP is contained in P with the magic power to solve sharp P problems. The containment of BQP within P with the ability to solve sharp P problems, highlighting the capabilities of BQP in problem solving.']}, {'end': 5440.268, 'start': 5272.352, 'title': 'Quantum computing and complexity', 'summary': 'Discusses the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computation as a branching tree of possibilities with complex numbers, the ability to simulate quantum computation with exponentially more time, and the containment of bqp in pspace.', 'duration': 167.916, 'highlights': ['Quantum computation as a branching tree of possibilities with complex numbers, and the rule for calculating the probability of seeing a potential answer Quantum computation is described as a branching tree of possibilities, where each path has a complex number attached to it, and the probability of seeing a potential answer is calculated by adding up the amplitudes for all paths.', 'The ability to simulate quantum computation with exponentially more time It is possible to simulate quantum computation with a classical computer if exponentially more time is available, by explicitly calculating each amplitude in the branching tree.', 'The containment of BQP in PSPACE through the calculation of the probability of a particular output without writing down the entire quantum state The result that BQP is contained in PSPACE is achieved by calculating the probability of a specific output without requiring the entire quantum state to be written down, using an exponentially large sum that can be computed with the same memory.']}, {'end': 5740.923, 'start': 5441.889, 'title': 'Bqp/qpoly and statistical zero knowledge', 'summary': 'Covers the concepts of bqp/qpoly and statistical zero knowledge, with bqp/qpoly being a class of problems that can be efficiently solved with quantum advice, and statistical zero knowledge being a class of problems with zero-knowledge proofs not relying on cryptography.', 'duration': 299.034, 'highlights': ['BQP/QPoly is a class of problems that extend BQP, allowing quantum advice and exponentially hard-to-prepare initial states, which can be ultra-powerful without knowing the input, proven in 2003.', "Statistical Zero Knowledge (SZK) is a class of problems with protocols that enable proving without revealing why it's true, discovered as the class of problems with zero-knowledge proofs not relying on cryptography, and has been influential in various works, including cryptography and cryptocurrencies."]}], 'duration': 981.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM4759814.jpg', 'highlights': ['The implications of the P vs NP problem and its connection to other fundamental problems in computer science, including the potential to solve all seven of the Clay Foundation problems if a fast algorithm exists.', 'Quantum computation as a branching tree of possibilities with complex numbers, and the rule for calculating the probability of seeing a potential answer.', 'BQP/QPoly is a class of problems that extend BQP, allowing quantum advice and exponentially hard-to-prepare initial states, which can be ultra-powerful without knowing the input, proven in 2003.', "Statistical Zero Knowledge (SZK) is a class of problems with protocols that enable proving without revealing why it's true, discovered as the class of problems with zero-knowledge proofs not relying on cryptography, and has been influential in various works, including cryptography and cryptocurrencies.", 'P is contained in BPP, which is contained in BQP, which is contained in PSPACE. The relationship between complexity classes P, BPP, BQP, and PSPACE, demonstrating the containment of one class within another.']}, {'end': 6747.417, 'segs': [{'end': 6062.829, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5990.547, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5996.709, 'text': 'I thought that each month that a vaccine is closer is like trillions of dollars.', 'start': 5990.547, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 6002.271, 'text': 'Are you surprised how slow? And of course, lives, at least hundreds of thousands of lives.', 'start': 5996.869, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 6005.775, 'text': "Are you surprised that it's taking this long? We still don't have a plan.", 'start': 6002.671, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 6012.943, 'text': "There's still not a feeling like anyone is actually doing anything in terms of alleviating, like any kind of plan.", 'start': 6005.795, 'duration': 7.148}, {'end': 6020.872, 'text': "So there's a bunch of stuff this vaccine, but you could also do a testing infrastructure where everybody's tested nonstop, with contact tracing,", 'start': 6012.963, 'duration': 7.909}, {'end': 6021.553, 'text': 'all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 6020.872, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 6024.416, 'text': "I mean, I'm as surprised as almost everyone else.", 'start': 6021.633, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 6026.738, 'text': 'I mean, this is a historic failure.', 'start': 6024.476, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 6035.926, 'text': 'It is one of the biggest failures in the 240-year history of the United States, right? And we should be crystal clear about that.', 'start': 6026.998, 'duration': 8.928}, {'end': 6039.109, 'text': 'And one thing that I think has been missing, even..', 'start': 6036.687, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 6048.377, 'text': 'even from the more competent side, is sort of the World War II mentality.', 'start': 6040.69, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 6061.868, 'text': "The mentality of let's just, if we can, by breaking a whole bunch of rules, get a vaccine in even half the amount of time, as we thought,", 'start': 6048.437, 'duration': 13.431}, {'end': 6062.829, 'text': "then let's just do that.", 'start': 6061.868, 'duration': 0.961}], 'summary': 'The slow progress in vaccine development is a historic failure, costing hundreds of thousands of lives without a clear plan.', 'duration': 72.282, 'max_score': 5990.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM5990547.jpg'}, {'end': 6139.79, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6109.309, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6119.074, 'text': "I mean it's been said by others that this is the first time in the country's history that we have a president who does not even pretend to want to unite the country.", 'start': 6109.309, 'duration': 9.765}, {'end': 6126.7, 'text': 'right?. I mean Lincoln, who fought a civil war, said he wanted to unite the country.', 'start': 6119.074, 'duration': 7.626}, {'end': 6136.427, 'text': 'And I do worry enormously about what happens if the results of this election are contested.', 'start': 6128.441, 'duration': 7.986}, {'end': 6139.79, 'text': 'And will there be violence as a result of that?', 'start': 6137.128, 'duration': 2.662}], 'summary': 'Concerns raised about lack of unity and potential violence due to contested election results.', 'duration': 30.481, 'max_score': 6109.309, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM6109309.jpg'}, {'end': 6212.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6186.002, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6189.665, 'text': "So it's really important to be patient, loving, empathetic.", 'start': 6186.002, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 6198.372, 'text': 'Like one of the things that troubles me is that even people on the left are unable to have a love and respect for people who voted for Trump.', 'start': 6190.306, 'duration': 8.066}, {'end': 6199.233, 'text': "They can't imagine.", 'start': 6198.392, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 6202.696, 'text': "that there's good people that could vote for the opposite side.", 'start': 6199.793, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 6203.016, 'text': "And that's.", 'start': 6202.736, 'duration': 0.28}, {'end': 6205.238, 'text': 'Oh, I know there are because I know some of them.', 'start': 6203.116, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 6205.798, 'text': 'Yeah Right.', 'start': 6205.278, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 6211.523, 'text': "I mean, you know, it's still, you know, maybe it baffles me, but, you know, I know such people.", 'start': 6206.279, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 6212.964, 'text': 'Let me ask you this.', 'start': 6212.043, 'duration': 0.921}], 'summary': 'Importance of empathy and understanding across political divides.', 'duration': 26.962, 'max_score': 6186.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM6186002.jpg'}, {'end': 6286.666, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6254.667, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6259.412, 'text': 'It feels like it goes against any kind of progress from my kind of shallow perspective.', 'start': 6254.667, 'duration': 4.745}, {'end': 6262.034, 'text': "But you've written a little bit about cancel culture.", 'start': 6259.612, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 6263.576, 'text': 'Do you have thoughts that are..', 'start': 6262.054, 'duration': 1.522}, {'end': 6275.233, 'text': 'Well look, I mean to say that I am opposed to this trend of cancellations or of shouting people down rather than engaging them.', 'start': 6264.116, 'duration': 11.117}, {'end': 6277.356, 'text': 'that would be a massive understatement, right?', 'start': 6275.233, 'duration': 2.123}, {'end': 6278.758, 'text': 'And I feel like I have.', 'start': 6277.997, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 6286.666, 'text': "put my money where my mouth is, you know, not as much as some people have, but, you know, I've tried to do something.", 'start': 6280.08, 'duration': 6.586}], 'summary': 'Opposed to cancel culture and supports engaging others; acknowledges efforts to take action.', 'duration': 31.999, 'max_score': 6254.667, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM6254667.jpg'}], 'start': 5741.343, 'title': 'Impact of pandemic on worldview', 'summary': "Discusses the profound impact of the pandemic on individuals' lives and institutions, highlighting the failure of key institutions like the cdc and the media, the slow vaccine development, and the absence of a comprehensive plan, with a call for a world war ii mentality to address the crisis.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6086.578, 'start': 5741.343, 'title': 'Impact of pandemic on worldview', 'summary': "Discusses the profound impact of the pandemic on individuals' lives and institutions, highlighting the failure of key institutions like the cdc and the media, the slow vaccine development, and the absence of a comprehensive plan, with a call for a world war ii mentality to address the crisis.", 'duration': 345.235, 'highlights': ['The failure of institutions like the CDC and the media has been staggering, with the pandemic being one of the biggest failures in the history of the United States.', 'The slow vaccine development is highlighted, with the speaker expressing surprise at the time taken and the absence of a comprehensive plan, emphasizing the need for innovative ways to accelerate the process.', 'The absence of a World War II mentality, characterized by breaking rules to get the job done and a togetherness, is discussed as a missing aspect in addressing the pandemic crisis.', 'The chapter also touches on the need for a more competent government, with a mention of the upcoming election and the deeper problems underlying the failures with the CDC and health agencies.']}, {'end': 6444.9, 'start': 6087.018, 'title': 'Challenges of unity and cancel culture', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of uniting the country amidst increasing division, the potential for violence post-election, and the detrimental impact of cancel culture on open discourse and progress.', 'duration': 357.882, 'highlights': ['The potential for violence post-election is a major concern, with worries about contested results and clear paths of succession. Potential unrest post-election', 'The detrimental impact of cancel culture on open discourse and the need for nuanced conversations to address difficult topics. Negative effect of cancel culture on open discourse', 'The challenges of uniting the country amidst increasing division, with even people on the left struggling to have love and respect for those who voted differently. Challenges in uniting the country']}, {'end': 6747.417, 'start': 6445.42, 'title': 'Navigating cancel culture and the role of love', 'summary': 'Delves into the challenges of dealing with cancel culture, emphasizing the need for open discourse and support, while also exploring the role of love in the life of a theoretical computer scientist.', 'duration': 301.997, 'highlights': ['Dealing with cancel culture and attacks on social media The speaker discusses the psychological toll of engaging with attacks on social media and the need for more open discourse and support to combat cancel culture.', "The importance of love in the speaker's life The speaker shares the significance of love for family in his life, reflecting on its importance despite being a theoretical computer scientist.", 'Encouraging more people to speak up against cancel culture The chapter emphasizes the need for individuals from diverse backgrounds to voice their opposition to cancel culture, promoting a collective effort to combat unjust cancellations and attacks.']}], 'duration': 1006.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/nAMjv0NAESM/pics/nAMjv0NAESM5741343.jpg', 'highlights': ['The failure of institutions like the CDC and the media has been staggering, with the pandemic being one of the biggest failures in the history of the United States.', 'The slow vaccine development is highlighted, with the speaker expressing surprise at the time taken and the absence of a comprehensive plan, emphasizing the need for innovative ways to accelerate the process.', 'The absence of a World War II mentality, characterized by breaking rules to get the job done and a togetherness, is discussed as a missing aspect in addressing the pandemic crisis.', 'The potential for violence post-election is a major concern, with worries about contested results and clear paths of succession. Potential unrest post-election', 'The challenges of uniting the country amidst increasing division, with even people on the left struggling to have love and respect for those who voted differently. Challenges in uniting the country', 'The speaker discusses the psychological toll of engaging with attacks on social media and the need for more open discourse and support to combat cancel culture.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for individuals from diverse backgrounds to voice their opposition to cancel culture, promoting a collective effort to combat unjust cancellations and attacks.']}], 'highlights': ["Scott Aronson explores computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything, delving into topics such as living in a simulation, nature's unified description, quantum gravity's role in consciousness, evolution of chatbots, quantum computing, and the pandemic's impact.", 'Lex Friedman promotes podcast sponsors SimpliSafe, Eight Sleep, ExpressVPN, and BetterHelp, offering discounts and emphasizing the value of continual improvement and learning from failure.', 'Scott Aronson, a professor at UT Austin, discusses computational complexity, consciousness, and theories of everything.', 'Lex Friedman shares his experience of recording a conversation outdoors and the challenges faced due to rain, emphasizing the importance of learning and always improving.', 'The quest for a unified description of nature includes general relativity, quantum mechanics, and fundamental interactions of nature.', "The theory proposes that a system's consciousness is determined by the value of 'fee', implying that a higher 'fee' value indicates a higher level of consciousness.", 'Roger Penrose proposes brain as a quantum gravitational computer or exploit unknown laws of quantum gravity, requiring uncomputability.', 'Significant progress of GPT-3 over previous systems', 'The open question of whether P equals NP has significant implications for cryptography, with the potential to break encryption and impact the security of internet transactions and cryptocurrencies.', 'The implications of the P vs NP problem and its connection to other fundamental problems in computer science, including the potential to solve all seven of the Clay Foundation problems if a fast algorithm exists.', 'The failure of institutions like the CDC and the media has been staggering, with the pandemic being one of the biggest failures in the history of the United States.', 'The slow vaccine development is highlighted, with the speaker expressing surprise at the time taken and the absence of a comprehensive plan, emphasizing the need for innovative ways to accelerate the process.', 'The potential for violence post-election is a major concern, with worries about contested results and clear paths of succession. Potential unrest post-election', 'The challenges of uniting the country amidst increasing division, with even people on the left struggling to have love and respect for those who voted differently. Challenges in uniting the country', 'The speaker discusses the psychological toll of engaging with attacks on social media and the need for more open discourse and support to combat cancel culture.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for individuals from diverse backgrounds to voice their opposition to cancel culture, promoting a collective effort to combat unjust cancellations and attacks.']}