title
Francis Collins: National Institutes of Health (NIH) | Lex Fridman Podcast #238
description
Francis Collins is the director of the NIH and former head of the Human Genome Project. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Francis's Twitter: https://twitter.com/NIHDirector
NIH: https://www.nih.gov
Human Genome Project: https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
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Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
1:18 - Lab-leak theory
4:26 - Gain-of-function research of viruses
16:35 - Bioterrorism
21:04 - Tony Fauci
31:15 - COVID Vaccines
37:20 - Joe Rogan
44:23 - Variants
49:05 - Rapid at home testing
53:18 - Animal testing
58:44 - Stepping down as director of the NIH
1:02:37 - Barack Obama
1:04:40 - Accelerating Medicines Partnership
1:15:18 - Faith
1:20:47 - Fear of death
1:23:49 - Meaning of life
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detail
{'title': 'Francis Collins: National Institutes of Health (NIH) | Lex Fridman Podcast #238', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "The lex fridman podcast #238 features francis collins, director of nih, overseeing 27 institutes, leading projects like brain initiative and human genome project. discussions include covid-19 origins, gain-of-function research, ethical implications, science leadership challenges, joe rogan's controversial stance, covid-19 variants and vaccines, ethical challenges in nih-funded animal research, dr. collins' resignation, and advances in biomedical research, along with his role in the human genome project and reconciling science and faith.", 'chapters': [{'end': 80.515, 'segs': [{'end': 80.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.269, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6.993, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Francis Collins, director of the NIH, the National Institutes of Health,', 'start': 0.269, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 12.476, 'text': 'appointed and reappointed to the role by three presidents Obama, Trump and Biden.', 'start': 6.993, 'duration': 5.483}, {'end': 19.821, 'text': "He oversees 27 separate institutes and centers, including NIAID, which makes him Anthony Fauci's boss.", 'start': 13.197, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 29.471, 'text': 'At the NIH, Francis helped launch and led a huge number of projects that pushed the frontiers of science, health and medicine,', 'start': 20.885, 'duration': 8.586}, {'end': 38.657, 'text': 'including one of my favorites, the BRAIN Initiative that seeks to map the human brain and understand how the function arises from neural circuitry.', 'start': 29.471, 'duration': 9.186}, {'end': 46.903, 'text': 'Before the NIH, Francis led the Human Genome Project, one of the largest and most ambitious efforts in the history of science.', 'start': 39.658, 'duration': 7.245}, {'end': 52.111, 'text': 'Given all that, Francis is a humble, thoughtful, kind man.', 'start': 47.93, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 57.493, 'text': "And because of this, to me, he's one of the best representatives of science in the world.", 'start': 52.752, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 67.257, 'text': 'He is a man of God, and yet also a friend of the late Christopher Hitchens, who called him, quote, one of the greatest living Americans.', 'start': 58.374, 'duration': 8.883}, {'end': 70.077, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 68.337, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 73.179, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 70.378, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 77.12, 'text': "And now, here's my conversation with Francis Collins.", 'start': 73.599, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 80.515, 'text': 'Science at its best is a source of hope.', 'start': 78.493, 'duration': 2.022}], 'summary': 'Francis collins, nih director, oversaw 27 institutes, led brain initiative, and human genome project.', 'duration': 80.246, 'max_score': 0.269, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE269.jpg'}], 'start': 0.269, 'title': 'Francis collins: leading science and health innovations', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with francis collins, director of the nih, overseeing 27 institutes and centers, and leading groundbreaking projects like the brain initiative and the human genome project.', 'chapters': [{'end': 80.515, 'start': 0.269, 'title': 'Francis collins: leading science and health innovations', 'summary': 'Features a conversation with francis collins, director of the nih, overseeing 27 institutes and centers, and leading groundbreaking projects like the brain initiative and the human genome project.', 'duration': 80.246, 'highlights': ["Francis Collins oversees 27 separate institutes and centers at the NIH, including NIAID, which makes him Anthony Fauci's boss.", 'He led the Human Genome Project, one of the largest efforts in the history of science.', 'Francis helped launch and lead projects like the BRAIN Initiative, aiming to map the human brain and understand neural circuitry.', 'He is known for being a humble, thoughtful, and kind representative of science, respected by figures like Christopher Hitchens.', 'The conversation with Francis Collins emphasizes the role of science as a source of hope.']}], 'duration': 80.246, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE269.jpg', 'highlights': ["Francis Collins oversees 27 separate institutes and centers at the NIH, including NIAID, making him Anthony Fauci's boss.", 'He led the Human Genome Project, one of the largest efforts in the history of science.', 'Francis helped launch and lead projects like the BRAIN Initiative, aiming to map the human brain and understand neural circuitry.', 'The conversation with Francis Collins emphasizes the role of science as a source of hope.', 'He is known for being a humble, thoughtful, and kind representative of science, respected by figures like Christopher Hitchens.']}, {'end': 387.519, 'segs': [{'end': 123.792, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 81.396, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 87.342, 'text': "So for me, it's been difficult to watch as it has during the pandemic become at times a source of division.", 'start': 81.396, 'duration': 5.946}, {'end': 95.269, 'text': 'What I would love to do in this conversation with you is touch some difficult topics and do so with empathy and humility,', 'start': 88.203, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 101.275, 'text': 'so that we may begin to regain a sense of trust in science and that it may once again become a source of hope.', 'start': 95.269, 'duration': 6.006}, {'end': 102.917, 'text': "I hope that's okay with you.", 'start': 102.036, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 104.038, 'text': 'I love the goal.', 'start': 103.277, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 106.9, 'text': "Let's start with some hard questions.", 'start': 105.038, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 113.845, 'text': 'You called for, quote, thorough, expert-driven and objective inquiry into the origins of COVID-19.', 'start': 107.68, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 121.471, 'text': "So let me ask, is there a reasonable chance that COVID-19 leaked from a lab? I can't exclude that.", 'start': 114.285, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 123.792, 'text': "I think it's fairly unlikely.", 'start': 122.011, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': "Challenging pandemic's impact on trust in science, discussing covid-19 origins with humility and empathy.", 'duration': 42.396, 'max_score': 81.396, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE81396.jpg'}, {'end': 215.426, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 192.368, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 200.434, 'text': "So the world is full of scientists that are working together, but in the political space, in the political science space, there's tensions.", 'start': 192.368, 'duration': 8.066}, {'end': 209.302, 'text': "What is it like to do great science in a time of a pandemic when there's political tensions? It's very unfortunate.", 'start': 201.575, 'duration': 7.727}, {'end': 213.304, 'text': 'Pasteur said science knows no one country.', 'start': 209.982, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 215.426, 'text': 'He was right about that.', 'start': 213.324, 'duration': 2.102}], 'summary': 'Global scientists face challenges in pandemic due to political tensions.', 'duration': 23.058, 'max_score': 192.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE192368.jpg'}, {'end': 292.718, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 266.629, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 275.032, 'text': 'In 2014,, US put a hold on gain-of-function research in response to a number of laboratory biosecurity incidents, including anthrax,', 'start': 266.629, 'duration': 8.403}, {'end': 276.352, 'text': 'smallpox and influenza.', 'start': 275.032, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 285.796, 'text': 'In December 2017, NIH lifted this ban because quote gain-of-function research is important in helping us identify,', 'start': 277.093, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 292.718, 'text': 'understand and develop strategies and effective countermeasures against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to public health.', 'start': 285.796, 'duration': 6.922}], 'summary': 'Us lifted ban on gain-of-function research in 2017 to combat evolving pathogens.', 'duration': 26.089, 'max_score': 266.629, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE266629.jpg'}, {'end': 335.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 307.262, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 325.016, 'text': "gain-of-function is causing such confusion that I need to take a minute and just sort of talk about what the common scientific use of that term is and where it is very different when we're talking about the current oversight of potentially dangerous human pathogens.", 'start': 307.262, 'duration': 17.754}, {'end': 330.719, 'text': "As you know, in science, we're doing gain of function experiments all the time.", 'start': 327.218, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 335.362, 'text': 'We support a lot of cancer immunotherapy at NIH.', 'start': 332.26, 'duration': 3.102}], 'summary': 'Gain-of-function research is common in science, including at nih for cancer immunotherapy.', 'duration': 28.1, 'max_score': 307.262, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE307262.jpg'}, {'end': 409.151, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 358.796, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 360.017, 'text': "That's a gain of function.", 'start': 358.796, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 363.958, 'text': 'You gave that patient a gain in their immune function that may have saved their life.', 'start': 360.277, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 367.74, 'text': "So we've got to be careful not to say, oh, gain of function is bad.", 'start': 363.978, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 373.002, 'text': "Most of what we do in science that's good involves quite a bit of that.", 'start': 368.26, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 376.308, 'text': 'And we are all living with gains of function every day.', 'start': 374.266, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 379.231, 'text': "I have a gain of function because I'm wearing these eyeglasses.", 'start': 376.328, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 381.533, 'text': 'Otherwise, I would not be seeing you as clearly.', 'start': 379.351, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 383.755, 'text': "I'm happy for that gain of function.", 'start': 382.114, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 387.519, 'text': "So that's where a lot of confusion has happened.", 'start': 384.856, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 409.151, 'text': 'The kind of gain of function which is now subject to very rigorous and very carefully defined oversight is when you are working with an established human pathogen that is known to be potentially causing a pandemic and you are enhancing or potentially enhancing its transmissibility or its virulence.', 'start': 387.879, 'duration': 21.272}], 'summary': 'Gain of function in science is often beneficial, but strict oversight is needed for work with potential pandemic pathogens.', 'duration': 50.355, 'max_score': 358.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE358796.jpg'}], 'start': 81.396, 'title': 'Covid-19 origins and gain-of-function research', 'summary': 'Discusses regaining trust in science amidst covid-19, addressing virus origins, political impact, and the lifting of the us ban on gain-of-function research in 2017, emphasizing its importance and everyday examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 265.589, 'start': 81.396, 'title': 'Covid-19 origins and science trust', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of regaining trust in science amidst the covid-19 pandemic, addressing the possibility of the virus leaking from a lab, the need for thorough investigation into its origins, and the impact of political tensions on scientific collaboration.', 'duration': 184.193, 'highlights': ['The need for a thorough investigation into the origins of COVID-19 is emphasized, with the possibility of the virus leaking from a lab considered, and the importance of finding the intermediate host highlighted. The chapter delves into the need for a thorough investigation into the origins of COVID-19, considering the possibility of the virus leaking from a lab, and emphasizing the importance of finding the intermediate host to determine its natural origin.', 'The impact of political tensions on scientific collaboration is discussed, highlighting the challenges of conducting international research amid political conflicts. The chapter addresses the impact of political tensions on scientific collaboration, particularly in conducting international research, underscoring the challenges posed by political conflicts.', 'The connection between science and politics is explored, noting that while scientific questions are paramount, they often carry political implications. The chapter delves into the connection between science and politics, emphasizing that while scientific questions are of utmost importance, they frequently carry significant political implications.', 'The significance of empathy and humility in addressing difficult topics and regaining trust in science is highlighted, promoting a collaborative approach to discussing challenging ethical questions. The chapter emphasizes the importance of approaching difficult topics with empathy and humility to regain trust in science, promoting a collaborative approach in addressing challenging ethical questions.']}, {'end': 387.519, 'start': 266.629, 'title': 'Pros and cons of gain-of-function research', 'summary': "Discusses the lifting of the us ban on gain-of-function research in 2017, highlighting its importance in identifying and developing strategies against rapidly evolving pathogens, while addressing the confusion surrounding the term 'gain of function' and its implications. it also emphasizes the common occurrence of gain-of-function experiments in science, including cancer immunotherapy, and the everyday examples of gain of function.", 'duration': 120.89, 'highlights': ['The lifting of the US ban on gain-of-function research in 2017 was due to the importance of this research in identifying and developing strategies against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to public health. The ban on gain-of-function research was lifted by the NIH in December 2017, emphasizing its importance in identifying and developing strategies against rapidly evolving pathogens.', "The common occurrence of gain-of-function experiments in science, including cancer immunotherapy, illustrates the positive impact of such research in saving lives and addressing medical conditions. The chapter emphasizes the positive impact of gain-of-function experiments in science, citing examples such as cancer immunotherapy where patients' immune cells are treated with genetic therapy, resulting in a gain in their immune function that may have saved their lives.", "Addressing the confusion surrounding the term 'gain of function', the chapter emphasizes the need to differentiate its common scientific use from the current oversight of potentially dangerous human pathogens. The chapter addresses the confusion surrounding the term 'gain of function' and emphasizes the need to differentiate its common scientific use from the current oversight of potentially dangerous human pathogens.", 'The chapter also highlights everyday examples of gain of function, such as wearing eyeglasses, to illustrate the common occurrence of gain-of-function in daily life. The chapter illustrates the common occurrence of gain-of-function in daily life, using examples like wearing eyeglasses to show how individuals benefit from gain-of-function in everyday activities.']}], 'duration': 306.123, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE81396.jpg', 'highlights': ['The need for a thorough investigation into the origins of COVID-19 is emphasized, considering the possibility of the virus leaking from a lab and the importance of finding the intermediate host.', 'The lifting of the US ban on gain-of-function research in 2017 was due to its importance in identifying and developing strategies against rapidly evolving pathogens.', 'The impact of political tensions on scientific collaboration is discussed, highlighting the challenges of conducting international research amid political conflicts.', 'The significance of empathy and humility in addressing difficult topics and regaining trust in science is highlighted, promoting a collaborative approach to discussing challenging ethical questions.', 'The connection between science and politics is explored, emphasizing that while scientific questions are paramount, they often carry political implications.', 'The common occurrence of gain-of-function experiments in science, including cancer immunotherapy, illustrates the positive impact of such research in saving lives and addressing medical conditions.', "Addressing the confusion surrounding the term 'gain of function', the chapter emphasizes the need to differentiate its common scientific use from the current oversight of potentially dangerous human pathogens.", 'The chapter also highlights everyday examples of gain of function, such as wearing eyeglasses, to illustrate the common occurrence of gain-of-function in daily life.']}, {'end': 1185.89, 'segs': [{'end': 484.318, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 462.064, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 473.094, 'text': 'And so if you can do it safely, studying influenza or coronaviruses like SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 would be a good thing to be able to know about.', 'start': 462.064, 'duration': 11.03}, {'end': 478.733, 'text': 'But you have to be able to do it safely because we all know Lab accidents can happen.', 'start': 473.294, 'duration': 5.439}, {'end': 484.318, 'text': 'I mean, look at SARS where there have been lab accidents and people who have gotten sick as a result.', 'start': 479.254, 'duration': 5.064}], 'summary': 'Studying influenza and coronaviruses like sars, mers, and sars-cov-2 is valuable if done safely to prevent lab accidents and illness.', 'duration': 22.254, 'max_score': 462.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE462064.jpg'}, {'end': 934.26, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 912.634, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 923.128, 'text': 'That this issue about the kind of gain of function that might result in a serious human pathogen has been front and center in many deliberations for a decade or more,', 'start': 912.634, 'duration': 10.494}, {'end': 925.291, 'text': 'involved a lot of my time along the way, by the way.', 'start': 923.128, 'duration': 2.163}, {'end': 934.26, 'text': 'and has been discussed publicly on multiple occasions, including two major meetings of the National Academy of Sciences,', 'start': 926.212, 'duration': 8.048}], 'summary': 'The issue of gain of function in human pathogens has been deliberated for a decade, discussed publicly at national academy of sciences meetings.', 'duration': 21.626, 'max_score': 912.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE912634.jpg'}, {'end': 1029.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1000.85, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1009.553, 'text': 'I apologize for the existential questions, but it seems obvious to me that as gain of function,', 'start': 1000.85, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 1017.536, 'text': 'type of research and development becomes easier and cheaper, it will become greater and greater risk.', 'start': 1009.553, 'duration': 7.983}, {'end': 1024.598, 'text': "So if it doesn't no longer need to be contained within the laboratories of high security.", 'start': 1018.096, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 1029.964, 'text': 'It feels like this is one of the greatest threats facing human civilization.', 'start': 1026.204, 'duration': 3.76}], 'summary': 'As gain of function research becomes easier, the risk increases, posing a major threat to human civilization.', 'duration': 29.114, 'max_score': 1000.85, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1000850.jpg'}, {'end': 1076.872, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1055.874, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1065.682, 'text': 'If there was an evil source that wished to create a virus that was highly pathogenic in their garage, the technology does get easier.', 'start': 1055.874, 'duration': 9.808}, {'end': 1074.35, 'text': 'And there is no international oversight about this either that you could say has the same stringency as what we have in the United States.', 'start': 1066.663, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 1076.872, 'text': 'So yes, that is a concern.', 'start': 1074.97, 'duration': 1.902}], 'summary': 'Concerns over lack of international oversight in virus creation technology.', 'duration': 20.998, 'max_score': 1055.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1055874.jpg'}, {'end': 1176.406, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1147.652, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1151.174, 'text': "to be able to decide what's allowable and what's not and enforce it??", 'start': 1147.652, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 1155.336, 'text': 'I mean, look where we are with germline genome editing for humans, for instance.', 'start': 1151.374, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 1157.578, 'text': 'There is no enforcement mechanism.', 'start': 1155.676, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 1161.24, 'text': "There's just bully pulpits and governments that get to decide for themselves.", 'start': 1157.598, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 1163.041, 'text': 'You talked about evil.', 'start': 1162, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1166.882, 'text': 'What about incompetence? Does that worry you? I was born in the Soviet Union.', 'start': 1163.101, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 1170.123, 'text': 'My dad, a physicist, worked at Chernobyl.', 'start': 1168.083, 'duration': 2.04}, {'end': 1171.884, 'text': 'That comes to mind.', 'start': 1171.024, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 1173.265, 'text': "That wasn't evil.", 'start': 1172.464, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 1176.406, 'text': "I don't know what word you want to put it.", 'start': 1173.745, 'duration': 2.661}], 'summary': 'Lack of enforcement in germline genome editing, concern for incompetence and past nuclear disasters.', 'duration': 28.754, 'max_score': 1147.652, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1147652.jpg'}], 'start': 387.879, 'title': 'Oversight and ethical implications of gain-of-function research', 'summary': 'Examines the stringent oversight and ethical implications of gain-of-function research, addressing limited permission for experiments, importance of studying potential pandemic pathogens, controversy surrounding the wuhan institute of virology, risks and benefits, need for reconsideration of thresholds, and potential threats to human civilization, with a focus on international oversight and the concern of technology misuse.', 'chapters': [{'end': 708.347, 'start': 387.879, 'title': 'Oversight of gain-of-function research', 'summary': 'Discusses the stringent oversight of gain-of-function research, the limited permission for experiments, and the importance of studying potential pandemic pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses. it also addresses the controversy surrounding the wuhan institute of virology and the battle of words between senator rand paul and dr. anthony fauci.', 'duration': 320.468, 'highlights': ['Gain-of-function research on established human pathogens with pandemic potential requires stringent oversight, with only three experiments being permitted in the last few years, all related to influenza. The chapter emphasizes the rigorous oversight of gain-of-function research on known human pathogens, with only three approved experiments in the past few years, all focusing on influenza, highlighting the limited permission for such high-risk studies.', 'Studying potential pandemic pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses, if done safely, can enhance preparedness for future pandemics. The importance of safely studying potential pandemic pathogens such as influenza and coronaviruses, like SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, is underscored as a means to improve preparedness for future pandemics.', "Experiments at the Wuhan Institute of Virology, although related to bat viruses, did not meet the stringent oversight required for gain-of-function research on potential pandemic pathogens. The chapter addresses the controversy surrounding the Wuhan Institute of Virology, stating that the experiments did not meet the required stringent oversight for gain-of-function research on potential pandemic pathogens, clarifying the issues related to the grantee institution's notification failure and the nature of the viruses studied.", "The controversy surrounding the origins of SARS-CoV-2 is refuted, emphasizing the genetic dissimilarity of the studied bat viruses to SARS-CoV-2 and criticizing claims connecting them to the pandemic's origins. The refutation of the controversy surrounding the origins of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the genetic dissimilarity of the studied bat viruses to SARS-CoV-2 and criticizing irresponsible claims connecting them to the pandemic's origins.", "Dr. Anthony Fauci's dedication to preventing infectious diseases and his expertise are acknowledged while addressing the political targeting and efforts to discredit him. The acknowledgment of Dr. Anthony Fauci's dedication to preventing infectious diseases, including HIV, and his expertise, alongside addressing the political targeting and efforts to discredit him, highlights the chapter's stance on the matter."]}, {'end': 1185.89, 'start': 708.347, 'title': 'Ethical implications of gain of function research', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical implications of gain of function research, including the risks and benefits, the need for reconsideration of thresholds, and the potential threats to human civilization, with a focus on the lack of international oversight and the concern of misuse of technology.', 'duration': 477.543, 'highlights': ['The threshold for gain of function research was explicitly laid out after three years of deliberation, and there was a plan to reconvene to reconsider it before the COVID-19 pandemic changed the priorities. The explicit definition of the threshold for gain of function research was the result of three years of deliberation, and there was a plan to reassess it before the pandemic disrupted the process.', 'The concern that as gain of function research becomes easier and cheaper, it poses a greater risk to human civilization, with the potential for a leaked man-made virus to cause widespread destruction. The discussion raises the concern that as gain of function research becomes more accessible, there is a heightened risk of a leaked man-made virus causing widespread destruction, posing a significant threat to human civilization.', 'The lack of international oversight and the potential for misuse of technology, with the possibility that an evil source could create a highly pathogenic virus without stringent regulations. The lack of stringent international oversight raises concerns about the potential for misuse of technology, including the creation of highly pathogenic viruses by malicious entities, highlighting the need for comprehensive regulations to prevent such scenarios.', 'The concern about the potential misuse of technology, particularly in the absence of stringent international regulations and the risk posed by the increasing accessibility of gain of function research. The discussion highlights the concern about potential misuse of technology, especially in the absence of strict international regulations, and emphasizes the risk posed by the increasing accessibility of gain of function research.', 'The need for a mechanism to enforce ethical standards, citing the lack of enforcement in germline genome editing and the concern about the potential misuse of technology due to incompetence or bureaucratic failures. There is a need for a mechanism to enforce ethical standards, as evidenced by the lack of enforcement in germline genome editing, raising concerns about potential misuse of technology due to incompetence or bureaucratic failures.']}], 'duration': 798.011, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE387879.jpg', 'highlights': ['Studying potential pandemic pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses can enhance preparedness for future pandemics.', 'The explicit definition of the threshold for gain of function research was the result of three years of deliberation.', 'The concern that as gain of function research becomes easier and cheaper, it poses a greater risk to human civilization.', 'The lack of international oversight raises concerns about the potential for misuse of technology, including the creation of highly pathogenic viruses by malicious entities.', 'There is a need for a mechanism to enforce ethical standards, as evidenced by the lack of enforcement in germline genome editing.']}, {'end': 2235.376, 'segs': [{'end': 1216.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1186.85, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1192.758, 'text': 'We know that SARS, for instance, did manage to leak out of a lab in China two or three times.', 'start': 1186.85, 'duration': 5.908}, {'end': 1197.225, 'text': 'And at least in some instances, people died, fortunately quickly contained.', 'start': 1193.499, 'duration': 3.726}, {'end': 1207.542, 'text': 'All one can do in that circumstance, because you need to study the virus and understand it in order to keep it from causing a broader pandemic,', 'start': 1198.795, 'duration': 8.747}, {'end': 1216.109, 'text': 'but you need to insist upon the kind of biosecurity the BSL-2, 3, and 4 framework under which those experiments have to be done.', 'start': 1207.542, 'duration': 8.567}], 'summary': 'Sars leaked from lab in china 2-3 times, causing deaths, but contained. emphasize bsl-2, 3, 4 biosecurity for virus study.', 'duration': 29.259, 'max_score': 1186.85, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1186850.jpg'}, {'end': 1311.049, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1278.587, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1287.636, 'text': 'It is painful for me to see division and distrust, but many people in politics and elsewhere have called for Anthony Fauci to be fired.', 'start': 1278.587, 'duration': 9.049}, {'end': 1297.162, 'text': 'When there are such calls of distrust in public about a leader like Anthony Fauci who should garner trust, do you think he should be fired?', 'start': 1289.298, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 1298.803, 'text': 'Absolutely not.', 'start': 1297.782, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1311.049, 'text': 'To do so would be basically to give the opportunity for those who want to make up stories about anybody to destroy them.', 'start': 1300.484, 'duration': 10.565}], 'summary': 'Calls for firing anthony fauci are unjustified, as it would fuel distrust and false accusations.', 'duration': 32.462, 'max_score': 1278.587, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1278587.jpg'}, {'end': 1369.019, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1346.313, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1354.735, 'text': "They don't like the fact that Tony changes the medical recommendations about what to do with COVID-19 over the space of more than a year.", 'start': 1346.313, 'duration': 8.422}, {'end': 1360.056, 'text': "And they call that flip-flopping and you can't trust the guy because he says one thing last year and one thing this year.", 'start': 1355.655, 'duration': 4.401}, {'end': 1361.837, 'text': 'Well, the science has changed.', 'start': 1360.337, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 1364.518, 'text': 'Delta variant has changed everything.', 'start': 1362.677, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1367.839, 'text': "You don't want him to be saying the same thing he did a year ago.", 'start': 1364.898, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 1369.019, 'text': 'That would be wrong now.', 'start': 1368.059, 'duration': 0.96}], 'summary': 'Critics accuse tony of flip-flopping on covid-19; science and delta variant justify changes.', 'duration': 22.706, 'max_score': 1346.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1346313.jpg'}, {'end': 1951.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1923.327, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1931.312, 'text': "and that often doesn't turn out to be what you thought, and the variety of reasons is quite broad.", 'start': 1923.327, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 1940.627, 'text': 'I think a big concern is just this sense of uncertainty about whether this was done too fast and that corners were cut.', 'start': 1932.682, 'duration': 7.945}, {'end': 1943.008, 'text': 'And there are good answers to that.', 'start': 1940.707, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 1951.614, 'text': "Along with that, a sense that maybe this vaccine will have long-term effects that we won't know about for years to come.", 'start': 1944.608, 'duration': 7.006}], 'summary': 'Uncertainty about fast vaccine development, concerns about long-term effects.', 'duration': 28.287, 'max_score': 1923.327, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1923327.jpg'}, {'end': 2042.161, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2009.6, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2010.581, 'text': 'And that is shameful.', 'start': 2009.6, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 2015.865, 'text': "I'm really sympathetic with the people who are confused and fearful.", 'start': 2011.381, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 2022.85, 'text': "I am not sympathetic with people who are distributing information that's demonstrably false and continue to do so.", 'start': 2016.705, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 2024.431, 'text': "They're taking lives.", 'start': 2023.491, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 2032.437, 'text': "I didn't realize how strong that sector of disinformation would be.", 'start': 2025.492, 'duration': 6.945}, {'end': 2038.282, 'text': "And it's been, in many ways, more effective than the means of spreading the truth.", 'start': 2033.338, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 2042.161, 'text': 'This is gonna take us into another place.', 'start': 2039.52, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Rampant disinformation is causing confusion and fear, taking lives, and outperforming truth.', 'duration': 32.561, 'max_score': 2009.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2009600.jpg'}, {'end': 2149.063, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2122.949, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2137.239, 'text': "I actually think that the sense that there's no one place for truth is just a thing that will inspire leaders and science communicators to speak not from a place of authority,", 'start': 2122.949, 'duration': 14.29}, {'end': 2138.52, 'text': 'but from a place of humility.', 'start': 2137.239, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2144.584, 'text': "I think it's just challenging people to communicate in a new way, to be listeners first.", 'start': 2139.14, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 2149.063, 'text': "I think the problem isn't that there's a lot of misinformation.", 'start': 2145.939, 'duration': 3.124}], 'summary': 'Challenging leaders to communicate humbly and listen first, amid misinformation.', 'duration': 26.114, 'max_score': 2122.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2122949.jpg'}], 'start': 1186.85, 'title': 'Science leadership challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses lab biosecurity, support for dr. fauci, challenges in science communication, vaccine hesitancy, misinformation impact, and the need for humility in communication.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1421.993, 'start': 1186.85, 'title': 'Lab biosecurity and support for dr. fauci', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks of pathogens leaking from labs, the need for biosecurity, and the support for dr. fauci amidst calls for his firing due to distrust and political arguments.', 'duration': 235.143, 'highlights': ["There's a risk of pathogens leaking from labs, emphasizing the need for biosecurity. SARS leaked from a lab in China, emphasizing the importance of biosecurity to prevent broader pandemics.", "Dr. Fauci is supported and should not be fired despite calls for his dismissal. Calls for Dr. Fauci's firing are based on political arguments and distrust, lacking legitimacy and truth.", "Dr. Fauci's evolving recommendations are based on changing science and circumstances. Changes in Dr. Fauci's COVID-19 recommendations are due to evolving science and the impact of the Delta variant, not inconsistency or untrustworthiness."]}, {'end': 1859.758, 'start': 1425.083, 'title': 'Leadership in science communication', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges faced by leaders in science communication, particularly focusing on the responsibilities of leaders like anthony fauci in representing and garnering trust in science amidst political attacks, and the difficulty of communicating uncertainty and complex scientific information to the public during catastrophic events like the pandemic.', 'duration': 434.675, 'highlights': ['The responsibility of Anthony Fauci, and leaders in general, to represent science and garner trust in science amidst political attacks and distrust. None', 'The challenge of communicating uncertainty and complex scientific information to the public, particularly in the context of limited supply of resources like masks during the early stages of the pandemic. None', 'The difficulty of distilling complex scientific information into soundbites for the media while maintaining accuracy and thoroughness. None', 'The impact of political targeting and attacks on leaders in science communication, and the potential effectiveness of displaying humility and admitting errors to gain trust. None', 'The significance of inspiring people with the power of science, particularly in the context of vaccine development, despite existing divisions and distrust. None', 'The discussion of the challenges and ethical considerations in communicating scientific uncertainty and complex information to the public, particularly in relation to the effectiveness of masks and the limited supply of resources. None']}, {'end': 2235.376, 'start': 1861.266, 'title': 'Vaccine hesitancy and the loss of truth', 'summary': 'Discusses vaccine hesitancy, addressing concerns about the covid vaccine, with a focus on empathy and the impact of misinformation, highlighting the epidemic of the loss of truth and the need for humility in communication.', 'duration': 374.11, 'highlights': ['The epidemic of the loss of truth and the need for humility in communication, with a focus on the impact of misinformation and the challenges of addressing vaccine hesitancy.', 'The concerns about the COVID vaccine, including hesitancy due to uncertainty about its speed of development and potential long-term effects, reflecting the broad variety of reasons for hesitancy.', 'The impact of misinformation on vaccine hesitancy, with a focus on fear induced by conflicting information from politicians, the internet, and certain media outlets, and the need to address the dissemination of demonstrably false information.', 'The need for leaders and science communicators to adopt humility and love in their communication approach, emphasizing the shift from authoritative to empathetic communication to address vaccine hesitancy and the broader epidemic of the loss of truth.', 'The importance of listening and understanding the experiences of people who are hesitant about the vaccine, highlighting the opportunity for leaders to improve communication and address concerns about uncertainty and fear.']}], 'duration': 1048.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE1186850.jpg', 'highlights': ['The risk of pathogens leaking from labs emphasizes the need for biosecurity to prevent broader pandemics.', "Calls for Dr. Fauci's firing lack legitimacy and truth, based on political arguments and distrust.", "Dr. Fauci's evolving recommendations are based on changing science and circumstances, not inconsistency or untrustworthiness.", 'The epidemic of the loss of truth emphasizes the need for humility in communication, addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation impact.', 'The concerns about the COVID vaccine reflect the broad variety of reasons for hesitancy, including uncertainty about its speed of development and potential long-term effects.', 'The impact of misinformation on vaccine hesitancy highlights the need to address the dissemination of demonstrably false information from various sources.']}, {'end': 2648.648, 'segs': [{'end': 2339.616, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2306.665, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2311.488, 'text': 'First of all, I think the concerns about Joe are not limited to his taking ivermectin.', 'start': 2306.665, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 2318.852, 'text': 'Much more seriously, his being fairly publicly negative about vaccines at a time where people are dying.', 'start': 2312.148, 'duration': 6.704}, {'end': 2323.165, 'text': '700,000 people have died from COVID-19.', 'start': 2320.944, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 2329.829, 'text': 'Estimates by Kaiser are at least 100,000 of those were unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people.', 'start': 2323.285, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 2339.616, 'text': 'And for Joe to promote that further, even as this pandemic rages through our population is simply irresponsible.', 'start': 2330.49, 'duration': 9.126}], 'summary': "Concerns about joe's negative vaccine stance and promotion of ivermectin are irresponsible in a pandemic that has caused 700,000 deaths, with kaiser estimating 100,000 unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people.", 'duration': 32.951, 'max_score': 2306.665, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2306665.jpg'}, {'end': 2405.193, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2356.417, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2360.36, 'text': 'and to the point where they were taking doses that were intended for livestock.', 'start': 2356.417, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 2364.683, 'text': 'And some of them got pretty sick as a result from overdosing on this stuff.', 'start': 2361.06, 'duration': 3.623}, {'end': 2366.424, 'text': 'That was not good judgment.', 'start': 2365.264, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 2371.232, 'text': 'The drug itself remains uncertain.', 'start': 2368.649, 'duration': 2.583}, {'end': 2379.744, 'text': "There's a recent review that looks at all of the studies of ivermectin and basically concludes that it probably doesn't work.", 'start': 2372.474, 'duration': 7.27}, {'end': 2382.047, 'text': 'We are running a study right now.', 'start': 2380.665, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 2383.929, 'text': 'I looked at that data this morning.', 'start': 2382.347, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 2390.799, 'text': 'in a trial called ACTIV-6, which is one of the ones that my public-private partnership is running.', 'start': 2385.093, 'duration': 5.706}, {'end': 2399.588, 'text': "We're up to about 400 patients who've been randomized to ivermectin or placebo and should know, perhaps as soon as a month from now,", 'start': 2391.079, 'duration': 8.509}, {'end': 2403.151, 'text': 'in a very carefully controlled trial, did it help or did it not?', 'start': 2399.588, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 2405.193, 'text': 'So there will be an answer.', 'start': 2403.712, 'duration': 1.481}], 'summary': "Ivermectin's effectiveness remains uncertain. a study with 400 patients will provide a conclusive answer in a month.", 'duration': 48.776, 'max_score': 2356.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2356417.jpg'}, {'end': 2562.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2532.507, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2537.31, 'text': 'why should certain categories of healthy and young people still get vaccinated?', 'start': 2532.507, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 2537.63, 'text': 'do you think?', 'start': 2537.31, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 2542.091, 'text': "Well, first, just to say it's great for Joe to be a skeptic, to ask questions.", 'start': 2538.206, 'duration': 3.885}, {'end': 2543.272, 'text': 'We should all be doing that.', 'start': 2542.151, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 2548.979, 'text': 'But then the next step is to go and see what the data says and see if there are actually answers to those questions.', 'start': 2543.793, 'duration': 5.186}, {'end': 2556.748, 'text': "So coming to healthy people, I've done a bunch of podcasts besides this one, the one I think I remember most.", 'start': 2549.64, 'duration': 7.108}, {'end': 2562.871, 'text': 'was a podcast with a worldwide wrestling superstar.', 'start': 2557.728, 'duration': 5.143}], 'summary': 'Healthy and young people should get vaccinated to reduce the spread of covid-19, as supported by data.', 'duration': 30.364, 'max_score': 2532.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2532507.jpg'}, {'end': 2648.648, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2603.939, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2610.103, 'text': 'You know, the average person in the ICU right now with COVID-19 is under age 50.', 'start': 2603.939, 'duration': 6.164}, {'end': 2613.625, 'text': "I think there's a lot of people still thinking, oh, it's just those old people in the nursing homes.", 'start': 2610.103, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 2614.666, 'text': "It's not gonna be about me.", 'start': 2613.705, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 2615.566, 'text': "They're wrong.", 'start': 2614.986, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 2623.891, 'text': 'And there are plenty of instances of people who were totally healthy, with no underlying diseases, taking good care of themselves, not obese,', 'start': 2615.586, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 2628.674, 'text': 'exercising, who have died from this disease.', 'start': 2623.891, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 2631.716, 'text': '700 children have died from this disease.', 'start': 2628.694, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 2637.082, 'text': 'Yes, some of them had underlying factors like obesity, but a lot of them did not.', 'start': 2632.659, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 2648.648, 'text': "So it's fair to say younger people are less susceptible to serious illness, kids even less so than young adults, but it ain't zero.", 'start': 2638.022, 'duration': 10.626}], 'summary': 'Icu covid-19 patients <50. 700 children died. younger people less susceptible, but not zero risk.', 'duration': 44.709, 'max_score': 2603.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2603939.jpg'}], 'start': 2235.437, 'title': "Joe rogan's controversial stance", 'summary': "Discusses joe rogan's controversial use of ivermectin for covid-19, the impact of his vaccine skepticism, and the need for evidence-based guidance amidst insufficient clinical trials.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2405.193, 'start': 2235.437, 'title': 'Joe rogan and ivermectin controversy', 'summary': 'Discusses the controversy surrounding joe rogan taking ivermectin as part of a covid-19 treatment, the insufficient evidence for its effectiveness, and the impact of his public stance on vaccines during the pandemic, highlighting the need for well-conducted clinical trials for specific evidence-based guidance.', 'duration': 169.756, 'highlights': ["Joe Rogan's public stance on vaccines is criticized for promoting vaccine hesitancy during the pandemic, contributing to unnecessary deaths, with at least 100,000 of the 700,000 COVID-19 deaths being estimated as unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people. Joe Rogan's negative stance on vaccines during the pandemic is criticized for contributing to unnecessary deaths, with at least 100,000 of the 700,000 COVID-19 deaths being estimated as unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people.", "The controversy surrounding ivermectin is discussed, including its capture of public attention, misuse for livestock, and uncertainties about its effectiveness, with a recent review suggesting that it probably doesn't work. The controversy surrounding ivermectin is discussed, including its capture of public attention, misuse for livestock, and uncertainties about its effectiveness, with a recent review suggesting that it probably doesn't work.", 'The need for well-conducted clinical trials for specific evidence-based guidance on the role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 is emphasized, with ongoing trials, such as ACTIV-6, aiming to provide a conclusive answer on its effectiveness within a month. The need for well-conducted clinical trials for specific evidence-based guidance on the role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 is emphasized, with ongoing trials, such as ACTIV-6, aiming to provide a conclusive answer on its effectiveness within a month.']}, {'end': 2648.648, 'start': 2406.229, 'title': "Joe's vaccine skepticism", 'summary': "Discusses joe's skepticism towards vaccines, emphasizing his trust in unverified internet claims over scientific evidence and the importance of vaccination for healthy and young individuals, despite anecdotal evidence and skepticism.", 'duration': 242.419, 'highlights': ['The average person in the ICU right now with COVID-19 is under age 50, indicating a misconception about the severity of the virus among younger individuals. The statement highlights the misconception that COVID-19 primarily affects older individuals, emphasizing the seriousness of the virus for younger age groups.', '700 children have died from this disease, debunking the misconception that younger individuals are not severely impacted by COVID-19. This data emphasizes the significant impact of COVID-19 on children, countering the belief that they are not highly susceptible to severe illness from the disease.', 'Emphasizes the importance of vaccination for healthy and young individuals, despite anecdotal evidence and skepticism. This highlights the crucial point of the discussion, emphasizing the necessity of vaccination for healthy and young individuals, despite skepticism and anecdotal evidence presented by Joe.']}], 'duration': 413.211, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2235437.jpg', 'highlights': ["Joe Rogan's negative stance on vaccines criticized for contributing to unnecessary deaths, with at least 100,000 of the 700,000 COVID-19 deaths estimated as unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people.", "The controversy surrounding ivermectin discussed, including its capture of public attention, misuse for livestock, and uncertainties about its effectiveness, with a recent review suggesting that it probably doesn't work.", 'The need for well-conducted clinical trials for specific evidence-based guidance on the role of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19 emphasized, with ongoing trials, such as ACTIV-6, aiming to provide a conclusive answer on its effectiveness within a month.', 'The average person in the ICU right now with COVID-19 is under age 50, indicating a misconception about the severity of the virus among younger individuals.', '700 children have died from this disease, debunking the misconception that younger individuals are not severely impacted by COVID-19.', 'Emphasizes the importance of vaccination for healthy and young individuals, despite anecdotal evidence and skepticism.']}, {'end': 3182.557, 'segs': [{'end': 2674.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2649.589, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2657.399, 'text': 'And if the vaccine is really safe and really effective, then you probably want everybody to take advantage of that.', 'start': 2649.589, 'duration': 7.81}, {'end': 2662.604, 'text': "Even though some are dropping their risks more than others, everybody's dropping their risks some.", 'start': 2657.639, 'duration': 4.965}, {'end': 2665.794, 'text': 'Are you worried about variants?', 'start': 2664.232, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 2674.722, 'text': "So, looking out into the future, what's your vision for all the possible trajectories that this virus takes in human society?", 'start': 2666.154, 'duration': 8.568}], 'summary': 'Ensuring vaccine safety and effectiveness for all, despite varying risk reductions. concern about virus variants and future trajectories.', 'duration': 25.133, 'max_score': 2649.589, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2649589.jpg'}, {'end': 2774.544, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2721.662, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2730.729, 'text': "So the real question many people are wrestling is, is Delta it? Is it such a fit virus that nothing else will be able to displace it? I don't know.", 'start': 2721.662, 'duration': 9.067}, {'end': 2732.85, 'text': "I mean, there's now Delta AY4.", 'start': 2731.349, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2744.732, 'text': "which is a variant of Delta that at least in the UK seems to be taking over the Delta population as though it's maybe even a little more contagious.", 'start': 2734.787, 'duration': 9.945}, {'end': 2749.155, 'text': "That might be the first hint that we're seeing something new here.", 'start': 2745.293, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 2751.616, 'text': "It's not a completely different virus.", 'start': 2749.215, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 2753.717, 'text': "It's still Delta, but it's Delta plus.", 'start': 2751.736, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 2764.183, 'text': "You know, the big worry, Lex, is what's out there that is so different that the vaccine protection doesn't work.", 'start': 2755.418, 'duration': 8.765}, {'end': 2771.282, 'text': "And we don't know how different it needs to be for the vaccine to start working.", 'start': 2767.42, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 2774.544, 'text': "That's the terrifying thing about each of these variants.", 'start': 2771.562, 'duration': 2.982}], 'summary': 'Delta variant evolves into delta ay4, potentially more contagious. concerns about vaccine effectiveness against new variants.', 'duration': 52.882, 'max_score': 2721.662, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2721662.jpg'}, {'end': 2819.181, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2797.574, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2806.657, 'text': "your immune system is so clever that it's also making a diversity of antibodies to cover some other things that might happen to that virus,", 'start': 2797.574, 'duration': 9.083}, {'end': 2810.778, 'text': "to make it a little different, and you're still getting really good coverage.", 'start': 2806.657, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 2819.181, 'text': 'Even for beta, which was South Africa, B1351, which is the most different, it looks pretty good.', 'start': 2811.979, 'duration': 7.202}], 'summary': 'The immune system produces diverse antibodies for virus coverage, including the b1351 variant.', 'duration': 21.607, 'max_score': 2797.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2797574.jpg'}, {'end': 2914.978, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2886.232, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2888.334, 'text': 'Not even counting the kids.', 'start': 2886.232, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 2888.854, 'text': '64 million.', 'start': 2888.534, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 2892.897, 'text': "Isn't that astounding? Get the kids vaccinated.", 'start': 2889.255, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 2895.939, 'text': 'Hopefully their parents will see that as a good thing, too.', 'start': 2893.377, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 2899.682, 'text': 'Get those of us who are due for boosters boosted,', 'start': 2897.06, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 2903.425, 'text': "because that's going to reduce our likelihood of having breakthrough infections and keep spreading it.", 'start': 2899.682, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 2908.816, 'text': "convince people that until we're really done with this and we're not now,", 'start': 2904.614, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 2914.978, 'text': 'that social distancing and mask wearing indoors are still critical to cut down the number of new infections.', 'start': 2908.816, 'duration': 6.162}], 'summary': '64 million kids need vaccinations to reduce infections and boost immunity.', 'duration': 28.746, 'max_score': 2886.232, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2886232.jpg'}, {'end': 3108.916, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3086.156, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3095.606, 'text': 'So we, NIH, with some requests from Congress, got a billion dollars to create this program called Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics, RADx.', 'start': 3086.156, 'duration': 9.45}, {'end': 3105.753, 'text': 'and we turned into a venture capital organization and we invited every small business or academic lab that had a cool idea about how to do home testing to bring it forward,', 'start': 3096.807, 'duration': 8.946}, {'end': 3108.916, 'text': 'and we threw them into what we called our shark tank of business.', 'start': 3105.753, 'duration': 3.163}], 'summary': 'Nih allocated $1 billion for radx program to support home testing innovations.', 'duration': 22.76, 'max_score': 3086.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3086156.jpg'}], 'start': 2649.589, 'title': 'Covid-19 variants and vaccines', 'summary': 'Discusses concerns about covid-19 variants, particularly the delta variant, and its impact on vaccine effectiveness, while emphasizing the continuous evolution of sars-cov-2 and the potential challenges it poses to vaccine protection. it also highlights the effectiveness of vaccines in generating diverse antibodies against different variants, the importance of boosting vaccination rates, and implementing widespread testing to curb the spread of the virus and potential variants, with a focus on the success of the radx program in accelerating home testing solutions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2774.544, 'start': 2649.589, 'title': 'Covid-19 variants and vaccines', 'summary': 'Discusses the concerns about covid-19 variants, particularly the delta variant, and the potential impact on vaccine effectiveness and the future trajectory of the virus, highlighting the continuous evolution of sars-cov-2 and the potential challenges it poses to vaccine protection.', 'duration': 124.955, 'highlights': ["The Delta variant's rapid spread made it a significant concern, leading to the emergence of new variants like Delta AY4, potentially even more contagious.", 'The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 through variants such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta raises concerns about the potential for future variants to render current vaccines less effective.', 'The worry about variants lies in the possibility of encountering a variant that significantly diminishes vaccine protection, raising concerns about the unknown threshold for vaccine effectiveness against new variants.']}, {'end': 3182.557, 'start': 2776.105, 'title': 'Vaccine efficacy and testing solutions', 'summary': 'Highlights the effectiveness of vaccines in generating diverse antibodies against different variants, the importance of boosting vaccination rates and implementing widespread testing to curb the spread of the virus and potential variants, with a focus on the success of the radx program in accelerating home testing solutions.', 'duration': 406.452, 'highlights': ['The vaccine is still effective in generating a diversity of antibodies against different variants, providing good coverage even for the highly different B1351 variant from South Africa. The vaccine demonstrates efficacy in producing diverse antibodies, offering good coverage even against highly different variants like B1351 from South Africa.', 'The need to increase vaccination rates and boosters to reduce breakthrough infections and transmission, particularly targeting the 64 million reluctant individuals who have not yet been vaccinated in the U.S. Emphasizes the importance of increasing vaccination rates and administering boosters to reduce breakthrough infections and transmission, with a focus on addressing the 64 million unvaccinated individuals in the U.S.', 'The significance of implementing widespread testing, particularly emphasizing the success and impact of the RADx program in accelerating home testing solutions, with an aim to produce and distribute millions of tests monthly. Stresses the importance of widespread testing and the success of the RADx program in accelerating home testing solutions, aiming to produce and distribute millions of tests monthly to curb the spread of the virus.']}], 'duration': 532.968, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE2649589.jpg', 'highlights': ["The Delta variant's rapid spread and the emergence of new variants like Delta AY4 are significant concerns.", 'The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 through variants raises concerns about potential challenges to vaccine protection.', 'The worry about variants lies in the possibility of encountering a variant that significantly diminishes vaccine protection.', 'The vaccine is effective in generating a diversity of antibodies against different variants, including the highly different B1351 variant from South Africa.', 'Increasing vaccination rates and administering boosters are crucial to reduce breakthrough infections and transmission, targeting the 64 million unvaccinated individuals in the U.S.', 'Implementing widespread testing, particularly through the RADx program, is essential in accelerating home testing solutions to curb the spread of the virus.']}, {'end': 3504.347, 'segs': [{'end': 3225.635, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3198.805, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3208.39, 'text': 'NIH was recently accused of funding research of a paper that had images of sedated puppies with their heads inserted into small enclosures containing disease-carrying sand flies.', 'start': 3198.805, 'duration': 9.585}, {'end': 3217.391, 'text': 'So I could just say that this story is not true, or at least the..', 'start': 3209.628, 'duration': 7.763}, {'end': 3225.035, 'text': 'I think it is true that the paper that showed those images cited NIH as a funding source, but that citation is not correct.', 'start': 3217.391, 'duration': 7.644}, {'end': 3225.635, 'text': 'That was not correct.', 'start': 3225.075, 'duration': 0.56}], 'summary': 'Nih accused of funding research with images of sedated puppies in small enclosures, but nih denies involvement.', 'duration': 26.83, 'max_score': 3198.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3198805.jpg'}, {'end': 3308.099, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3279.732, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3284.294, 'text': 'And there was a conclusion that biomedical research on chimps is not ethical.', 'start': 3279.732, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 3286.069, 'text': 'That was the conclusion.', 'start': 3285.049, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 3297.554, 'text': 'That was based on a lot of deep thinking and a lot of input from people who have considered this issue and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences that was asked to review the issue.', 'start': 3286.089, 'duration': 11.465}, {'end': 3297.874, 'text': 'I mean.', 'start': 3297.674, 'duration': 0.2}, {'end': 3308.099, 'text': "the question that I wanted them to look at was are we actually learning anything that's really essential from chimpanzee invasive research at this point?", 'start': 3297.874, 'duration': 10.225}], 'summary': 'Biomedical research on chimps deemed unethical by national academy of sciences.', 'duration': 28.367, 'max_score': 3279.732, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3279732.jpg'}, {'end': 3347.875, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3319.167, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3327.777, 'text': 'And that was the conclusion that there was really no kind of medical experimentation that needed to be done on chimps in order to proceed.', 'start': 3319.167, 'duration': 8.61}, {'end': 3329.298, 'text': 'So why are we still doing this?', 'start': 3327.857, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 3338.769, 'text': "Many of these were chimpanzees that were purchased because we thought they would be good hosts for HIV AIDS, and they sort of weren't.", 'start': 3329.739, 'duration': 9.03}, {'end': 3347.875, 'text': "And they were kept around in these primate laboratories with people coming up with other things to do, but they weren't compelling scientifically.", 'start': 3339.75, 'duration': 8.125}], 'summary': 'Conclusion: no need for medical experimentation on chimps for hiv/aids. many chimps purchased for hiv/aids research were not suitable hosts.', 'duration': 28.708, 'max_score': 3319.167, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3319167.jpg'}, {'end': 3438.701, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3385.548, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3391.27, 'text': 'And what kind of provision is going to be made to avoid pain and suffering?', 'start': 3385.548, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 3396.841, 'text': 'And those have input from the public as well as the scientific community.', 'start': 3392.438, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 3403.624, 'text': "Is that completely saying that every step that's happening there is ethical?", 'start': 3398.021, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 3407.126, 'text': 'by some standard?', 'start': 3403.624, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 3408.867, 'text': 'that would be hard for anybody to agree to?', 'start': 3407.126, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3412.81, 'text': "No, but at least it's a consensus of what people think is acceptable.", 'start': 3408.987, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 3423.335, 'text': 'Dogs are the only host for some diseases, like Leishmaniasis, which was that paper that we were not responsible for,', 'start': 3414.412, 'duration': 8.923}, {'end': 3428.037, 'text': 'but I know why they were doing the experiment or like Lymphatic Filariasis,', 'start': 3423.335, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 3436.16, 'text': "which is an experiment that we are supporting in Georgia that involves dogs getting infected with a parasite, because that's the only model.", 'start': 3428.037, 'duration': 8.123}, {'end': 3438.701, 'text': 'we have to know whether a treatment is going to work or not.', 'start': 3436.16, 'duration': 2.541}], 'summary': 'Public and scientific input shapes ethical consensus on experiments involving dogs for disease research.', 'duration': 53.153, 'max_score': 3385.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3385548.jpg'}, {'end': 3491.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3462.351, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3468.758, 'text': 'I think to say all animal research should be taken off the table is also very unethical,', 'start': 3462.351, 'duration': 6.407}, {'end': 3475.84, 'text': 'because that means you have basically doomed a lot of people for whom that research might have saved their lives to having no more hope.', 'start': 3468.758, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 3485.823, 'text': "And to me personally, there's far greater concerns ethically in terms of factory farming, for example, the treatment of animals in other contexts.", 'start': 3478.041, 'duration': 7.782}, {'end': 3491.404, 'text': "Oh, there's so much that goes on outside of medical research that is much more troubling.", 'start': 3486.303, 'duration': 5.101}], 'summary': 'Animal research is crucial for saving lives despite ethical concerns; other contexts, like factory farming, are more troubling.', 'duration': 29.053, 'max_score': 3462.351, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3462351.jpg'}], 'start': 3182.737, 'title': 'Ethical challenges in nih funded animal research', 'summary': 'Delves into ethical challenges faced by nih in funding research, including controversy over funding for sedated puppies and discontinuation of biomedical research involving chimpanzees. it also discusses ethical oversight in animal research, involving oversight groups and balancing public and scientific input. additionally, the ethical dilemmas in animal research are explored, emphasizing the necessity of using dogs as disease models and the greater concerns in contexts such as factory farming.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3359.942, 'start': 3182.737, 'title': 'Nih and ethical research', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical challenges faced by nih in funding research, including the controversy regarding funding for research involving sedated puppies and the decision to discontinue biomedical research involving chimpanzees.', 'duration': 177.205, 'highlights': ['NIH was accused of funding research involving sedated puppies, but the citation was found to be incorrect. The controversy surrounding NIH funding for research involving sedated puppies is addressed, highlighting the incorrect citation of NIH as a funding source.', "NIH's decision to discontinue biomedical research involving chimpanzees was based on ethical considerations and input from experts and the National Academy of Sciences. The discussion of NIH's decision to halt biomedical research involving chimpanzees is emphasized, emphasizing the ethical considerations and expert input that informed this decision.", 'The conclusion that there was no essential medical experimentation needed on chimps led to the decision to retire them to a sanctuary. The decision to retire chimpanzees to a sanctuary due to the lack of essential medical experimentation needed on them is highlighted, emphasizing the ethical implications of this conclusion.']}, {'end': 3412.81, 'start': 3361.598, 'title': 'Ethical oversight in animal research', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of ethical oversight in animal research, highlighting the involvement of oversight groups and the balance between public and scientific input to ensure the ethical treatment of companion animals during research.', 'duration': 51.212, 'highlights': ['Oversight groups play a crucial role in deciding the justification and provisions to avoid pain and suffering in animal research, with input from both the public and the scientific community.', 'The consensus reached by these oversight groups aims to determine what is considered acceptable in terms of ethical standards for animal research.', 'The involvement of public input alongside scientific input ensures a balanced approach to ethical decision-making in animal research.']}, {'end': 3504.347, 'start': 3414.412, 'title': 'Ethical considerations in animal research', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical dilemmas in animal research, highlighting the necessity of using dogs as disease models and the ethical implications of banning all animal research, emphasizing the greater concerns in contexts such as factory farming.', 'duration': 89.935, 'highlights': ['Using dogs as disease models is necessary for certain experiments, such as those related to Leishmaniasis and Lymphatic Filariasis, to determine the effectiveness of treatments, thus highlighting the crucial role of animals in medical research.', 'Banning all animal research is deemed unethical as it may deprive many individuals of potentially life-saving treatments, with the speaker emphasizing the greater ethical concerns in contexts like factory farming.', 'The speaker humorously expresses a preference for dogs over cats, while acknowledging that ethical decisions about animal research are complex and challenging, thereby adding a lighthearted tone to the discussion.']}], 'duration': 321.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3182737.jpg', 'highlights': ["NIH's decision to discontinue biomedical research involving chimpanzees was based on ethical considerations and input from experts and the National Academy of Sciences.", 'The controversy surrounding NIH funding for research involving sedated puppies is addressed, highlighting the incorrect citation of NIH as a funding source.', 'Using dogs as disease models is necessary for certain experiments, such as those related to Leishmaniasis and Lymphatic Filariasis, to determine the effectiveness of treatments, thus highlighting the crucial role of animals in medical research.', 'Oversight groups play a crucial role in deciding the justification and provisions to avoid pain and suffering in animal research, with input from both the public and the scientific community.', 'The conclusion that there was no essential medical experimentation needed on chimps led to the decision to retire them to a sanctuary.', 'The involvement of public input alongside scientific input ensures a balanced approach to ethical decision-making in animal research.', 'Banning all animal research is deemed unethical as it may deprive many individuals of potentially life-saving treatments, with the speaker emphasizing the greater ethical concerns in contexts like factory farming.']}, {'end': 4320.51, 'segs': [{'end': 3588.915, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3530.762, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3533.424, 'text': "I'm still going to be at NIH in a different capacity.", 'start': 3530.762, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 3535.125, 'text': 'Different capacity, right.', 'start': 3533.444, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3540.849, 'text': "And it's over a decade of an incredible career overseeing the NIH as its director.", 'start': 3535.285, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 3555.036, 'text': "Wow What are the things you're most proud of, of the NIH in your time here as its director, maybe memorable moments? There's a lot in 12 years.", 'start': 3540.869, 'duration': 14.167}, {'end': 3560.859, 'text': 'Science has just progressed in amazing ways over those 12 years.', 'start': 3556.697, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 3563.981, 'text': 'Think about where we are right now.', 'start': 3562.56, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 3573.129, 'text': 'Something like gene editing, being able to make changes in DNA even for therapeutic purposes, which is now curing sickle cell disease.', 'start': 3565.106, 'duration': 8.023}, {'end': 3578.111, 'text': 'Unthinkable when I became director in 2009.', 'start': 3574.049, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 3583.893, 'text': "The ability to study single cells and ask them what they're doing and get an answer.", 'start': 3578.111, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 3588.915, 'text': 'Single cell biology just has emerged in this incredibly powerful way.', 'start': 3584.553, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Over a decade at nih, incredible progress in science, including gene editing curing sickle cell disease and the emergence of single cell biology.', 'duration': 58.153, 'max_score': 3530.762, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3530762.jpg'}, {'end': 3678.885, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3637.761, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3641.183, 'text': 'understanding basics about coronaviruses and spike proteins,', 'start': 3637.761, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 3648.629, 'text': 'and how to combine structural biology and immunology and genomics into this package that allows you to make a vaccine in 11 months.', 'start': 3641.183, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 3653.652, 'text': 'Just, I would never have imagined that possible in 2009..', 'start': 3649.389, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 3661.457, 'text': "So to have been able to kind of be the midwife, helping all of those things get birthed, that's been just an amazing 12 years.", 'start': 3653.652, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 3663.279, 'text': 'And as NIH director,', 'start': 3662.298, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 3675.784, 'text': 'you have this convening power and this ability to look across the whole landscape of biomedical research and identify areas that are just like ready for something big to happen,', 'start': 3663.279, 'duration': 12.505}, {'end': 3678.885, 'text': "but isn't going to happen spontaneously, without some encouragement,", 'start': 3675.784, 'duration': 3.101}], 'summary': 'Combining structural biology, immunology, and genomics led to a vaccine in 11 months, a remarkable achievement in biomedical research.', 'duration': 41.124, 'max_score': 3637.761, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3637761.jpg'}, {'end': 3728.213, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3700.955, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3705.957, 'text': 'Last week, the whole issue of Nature Magazine was about the output of the Brain Initiative,', 'start': 3700.955, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 3713.119, 'text': 'basically now giving us a cell census of what those cells in the brain are doing, which has just never been imaginable.', 'start': 3705.957, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 3720.526, 'text': 'And interestingly, more than half, of the investigators in the BRAIN Initiative are engineers.', 'start': 3713.94, 'duration': 6.586}, {'end': 3723.909, 'text': "They're not biologists in a traditional sense.", 'start': 3721.848, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 3728.213, 'text': 'I love that, maybe partly because my PhD is in quantum mechanics.', 'start': 3724.09, 'duration': 4.123}], 'summary': "Nature magazine's recent issue focuses on brain initiative's cell census, involving over half engineers.", 'duration': 27.258, 'max_score': 3700.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3700955.jpg'}, {'end': 3898.045, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3880.101, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3893.599, 'text': "indeed, Another thing I've been able to do as director is to try to break down some of the boundaries that seem to be traditional between the public and the private sectors when it comes to areas of science that really could and should be open access anyway.", 'start': 3880.101, 'duration': 13.498}, {'end': 3898.045, 'text': "Why don't we work together? And that was obvious early on.", 'start': 3893.96, 'duration': 4.085}], 'summary': 'Director aims to break traditional boundaries between public and private sectors in science for open access.', 'duration': 17.944, 'max_score': 3880.101, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3880101.jpg'}], 'start': 3504.347, 'title': "Dr. collins' resignation and advances in biomedical research", 'summary': "Highlights dr. collins' resignation from nih after over a decade as director and the exponential medical research advances witnessed in the past 12 years, including gene editing for curing sickle cell disease, studying single-cell biology, cancer immunotherapy, and the development of covid-19 vaccine in 11 months, as well as the nih's role in fostering collaboration between public and private sectors resulting in successful open access scientific partnerships.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3560.859, 'start': 3504.347, 'title': 'Resignation and legacy at nih', 'summary': "Highlights dr. collins' resignation from nih after over a decade as director, reflecting on the progress of science during his tenure.", 'duration': 56.512, 'highlights': ["Dr. Collins' resignation from the NIH after over a decade as director.", 'Reflection on the progress of science during his 12-year tenure at the NIH.']}, {'end': 4320.51, 'start': 3562.56, 'title': 'Advances in biomedical research', 'summary': "Discusses the exponential medical research advances witnessed in the past 12 years, including gene editing for curing sickle cell disease, studying single-cell biology, cancer immunotherapy, and the development of covid-19 vaccine in 11 months, as well as the nih's role in fostering collaboration between public and private sectors resulting in successful open access scientific partnerships.", 'duration': 757.95, 'highlights': ['The development of COVID-19 vaccine in 11 months The ability to develop a COVID-19 vaccine in just 11 months, a feat that was previously unimaginable, showcases the rapid advancements in medical research and the culmination of decades of basic science understanding.', "Fostering collaboration between public and private sectors resulting in successful open access scientific partnerships The NIH's efforts to break down traditional boundaries between public and private sectors in scientific research led to successful collaborations, such as the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP), resulting in open access scientific projects focusing on diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Parkinson's, schizophrenia, and gene therapy for ultra-rare diseases.", 'Advancements in gene editing for curing sickle cell disease The ability to make changes in DNA for therapeutic purposes, leading to the curing of sickle cell disease, represents a significant milestone in biomedical research and demonstrates the remarkable progress in gene editing technology.', "The NIH's role in convening power and fostering collaborative environments for biomedical research As the NIH director, the speaker highlights the ability to identify areas in biomedical research ready for significant advancements and the role of the NIH in bringing together researchers from different disciplines to create an environment for major scientific breakthroughs.", 'The role of the Brain Initiative and the emergence of single-cell biology The speaker discusses the remarkable progress in single-cell biology and the Brain Initiative, including how the initiative has brought together around 600 investigators and resulted in a cell census of the brain, which was previously unimaginable.']}], 'duration': 816.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE3504347.jpg', 'highlights': ['The development of COVID-19 vaccine in 11 months showcases rapid advancements in medical research.', 'Advancements in gene editing for curing sickle cell disease represent a significant milestone in biomedical research.', 'Fostering collaboration between public and private sectors resulted in successful open access scientific partnerships.', "The NIH's role in convening power and fostering collaborative environments for biomedical research is highlighted.", 'The role of the Brain Initiative and the emergence of single-cell biology demonstrate remarkable progress in this field.', "Dr. Collins' resignation from the NIH after over a decade as director reflects on the progress of science during his tenure."]}, {'end': 5204.505, 'segs': [{'end': 4456.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4405.132, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4410.496, 'text': 'but we owned it, we had it and it has such profound consequences.', 'start': 4405.132, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 4413.418, 'text': "it's. it's both a book about our history.", 'start': 4410.496, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 4421.772, 'text': "It's a book of sort of the parts list of a human being, the genes that are in there and how they're regulated.", 'start': 4415.867, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 4433.501, 'text': "And it's also a medical textbook that can teach us things that will provide answers to illnesses we don't understand and alleviate suffering and premature death.", 'start': 4423.033, 'duration': 10.468}, {'end': 4436.343, 'text': "So it's a pretty amazing thing to contemplate.", 'start': 4433.541, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 4439.846, 'text': 'And it has utterly transformed the way we do science.', 'start': 4437.164, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 4442.668, 'text': 'And it is in the process of transforming science.', 'start': 4440.286, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 4446.799, 'text': 'the way we do medicine, although much of that still lies ahead.', 'start': 4443.277, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 4456.565, 'text': 'You know, while we were working on the Genome Project, it was sort of hard to get this sense of a wow-ness,', 'start': 4448.2, 'duration': 8.365}], 'summary': 'The human genome has transformed science and medicine, providing answers to illnesses and alleviating suffering and premature death.', 'duration': 51.433, 'max_score': 4405.132, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4405132.jpg'}, {'end': 4639.746, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4609.838, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4611.118, 'text': 'And, to my surprise,', 'start': 4609.838, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 4620.5, 'text': "encountered the person of Jesus Christ as unique in every possible way and answering a lot of the questions I couldn't otherwise answer.", 'start': 4611.118, 'duration': 9.382}, {'end': 4632.102, 'text': 'And somewhat kicking and screaming, I became a Christian, even though at the time, as a medical student already interested in genetics,', 'start': 4621.84, 'duration': 10.262}, {'end': 4637.003, 'text': 'people predicted my head would then explode because these were incompatible worldviews.', 'start': 4632.102, 'duration': 4.901}, {'end': 4639.746, 'text': 'They really have not been for me.', 'start': 4638.086, 'duration': 1.66}], 'summary': 'Surprisingly, became a christian despite expectations, as a medical student interested in genetics, finding answers in jesus christ.', 'duration': 29.908, 'max_score': 4609.838, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4609838.jpg'}, {'end': 4751.761, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4726.147, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4734.589, 'text': 'and that your friendship, despite their differing opinions on religion, was an example of the greatest armed truce in modern times.', 'start': 4726.147, 'duration': 8.442}, {'end': 4738.111, 'text': 'What did you learn from Christopher Hitchens about life?', 'start': 4735.41, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 4744.852, 'text': "or perhaps what is a fond memory you have of this man with whom you've disagreed, but who is also your friend?", 'start': 4738.111, 'duration': 6.741}, {'end': 4747.613, 'text': 'Yeah, I loved Hitch.', 'start': 4746.213, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 4749.494, 'text': "I'm sorry he's gone.", 'start': 4748.293, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 4751.761, 'text': 'Iron sharpens iron.', 'start': 4750.74, 'duration': 1.021}], 'summary': 'Learning from christopher hitchens about life and cherishing the friendship despite differences, expressing love and regret for his passing.', 'duration': 25.614, 'max_score': 4726.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4726147.jpg'}, {'end': 4912.429, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4891.67, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4901.139, 'text': 'I wrote this book 16 years ago, The Language of God, about science and faith, trying to explain how, from my perspective, these are compatible.', 'start': 4891.67, 'duration': 9.469}, {'end': 4902.68, 'text': 'These are in harmony.', 'start': 4901.559, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4908.125, 'text': "They're complementary if you are careful about which kind of question you're asking.", 'start': 4903.801, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 4912.429, 'text': 'And to my surprise, a lot of people seemed to be interested in that.', 'start': 4909.545, 'duration': 2.884}], 'summary': "Book 'the language of god' explains compatibility of science and faith, attracting interest from many.", 'duration': 20.759, 'max_score': 4891.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4891670.jpg'}, {'end': 5029.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4996.377, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4999.098, 'text': "And that was incredibly heartwarming, and that's enough.", 'start': 4996.377, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 5002.3, 'text': "You know, I don't want to build an edifice.", 'start': 4999.379, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 5006.282, 'text': "I don't have a plan for a monument or a statue, God help us.", 'start': 5002.44, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 5010.184, 'text': "I do feel like I've been incredibly fortunate.", 'start': 5007.663, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 5018.846, 'text': "I've had the chance to play a role in things that were pretty profound from the Genome Project to NIH to COVID vaccines.", 'start': 5010.264, 'duration': 8.582}, {'end': 5029.089, 'text': "And I ought to be plenty satisfied that I've had enough experiences here to feel pretty good about the way in which my life panned out.", 'start': 5019.526, 'duration': 9.563}], 'summary': 'Grateful for impactful contributions to genome project, nih, and covid vaccines.', 'duration': 32.712, 'max_score': 4996.377, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4996377.jpg'}, {'end': 5159.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5132.981, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5141.169, 'text': "And the meaning of life is to strive for that standard, recognizing you're going to fail over and over again, and that God forgives you.", 'start': 5132.981, 'duration': 8.188}, {'end': 5145.427, 'text': 'hopefully to put a little bit of love out there into the world.', 'start': 5142.406, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 5146.607, 'text': "That's what it's about.", 'start': 5145.487, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 5159.351, 'text': "Francis, I'm truly humbled and inspired by both your brilliance and your humility and that you would spend your extremely valuable time with me today.", 'start': 5147.408, 'duration': 11.943}], 'summary': "Life's meaning is to strive for high standards, acknowledging failure, and spreading love.", 'duration': 26.37, 'max_score': 5132.981, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE5132981.jpg'}], 'start': 4322.252, 'title': 'Francis collins and the human genome project', 'summary': "Explores the human genome project and its impact, alongside dr. collins' personal journey from atheism to christianity, emphasizing his role in reconciling science and faith and his contributions to biologos, the genome project, and covid vaccines.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4688.257, 'start': 4322.252, 'title': 'Human genome project and faith', 'summary': "Discusses the human genome project, its impact, and the role of faith and science in the individual's life, with dr. collins sharing his personal journey from atheism to christianity and the compatibility of science and faith.", 'duration': 366.005, 'highlights': ['Dr. Collins discusses the profound impact of the Human Genome Project, describing it as a book of human history and a medical textbook with the potential to provide answers to illnesses and alleviate suffering and premature death. Impact on medicine and science', 'Dr. Collins reflects on the announcement of the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2001, emphasizing the profoundness of the achievement and the sense of being at the beginning of understanding the three billion letter book, indicating the long-term impact of the project. Completion of the Human Genome Project', 'Dr. Collins shares his personal journey from atheism to Christianity, acknowledging the influence of his medical studies and the compelling nature of faith, showcasing the compatibility of science and faith in his life. Personal journey to Christianity']}, {'end': 5204.505, 'start': 4689.281, 'title': 'Francis collins: life, faith, and legacy', 'summary': "Delves into francis collins' friendship with christopher hitchens, his views on mortality and legacy, his impact on science and faith, and his perspective on the meaning of life, emphasizing his role in reconciling science and faith, his contributions to biologos, the genome project, and covid vaccines, and his belief in striving for altruism.", 'duration': 515.224, 'highlights': ["Francis Collins' friendship with Christopher Hitchens, their differing opinions on religion, and Collins' efforts to help Hitchens during his battle with cancer, showcasing the intersection of faith and friendship.", "Collins' role in reconciling science and faith through his book 'The Language of God' and the foundation BioLogos, which has influenced millions and fostered the acceptance of both science and spirituality.", "Collins' reflections on mortality, legacy, and the meaning of life, emphasizing his desire to make a positive impact and strive for altruism, informed by his Christian beliefs.", "Collins' humility and satisfaction with his contributions to profound projects such as the Genome Project and COVID vaccines, highlighting his impactful career in science and medicine."]}], 'duration': 882.253, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/mRZE-SJShkE/pics/mRZE-SJShkE4322252.jpg', 'highlights': ['Dr. Collins discusses the profound impact of the Human Genome Project, describing it as a book of human history and a medical textbook with the potential to provide answers to illnesses and alleviate suffering and premature death. Impact on medicine and science', 'Dr. Collins reflects on the announcement of the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2001, emphasizing the profoundness of the achievement and the sense of being at the beginning of understanding the three billion letter book, indicating the long-term impact of the project. Completion of the Human Genome Project', "Collins' role in reconciling science and faith through his book 'The Language of God' and the foundation BioLogos, which has influenced millions and fostered the acceptance of both science and spirituality.", 'Dr. Collins shares his personal journey from atheism to Christianity, acknowledging the influence of his medical studies and the compelling nature of faith, showcasing the compatibility of science and faith in his life. Personal journey to Christianity', "Francis Collins' friendship with Christopher Hitchens, their differing opinions on religion, and Collins' efforts to help Hitchens during his battle with cancer, showcasing the intersection of faith and friendship.", "Collins' reflections on mortality, legacy, and the meaning of life, emphasizing his desire to make a positive impact and strive for altruism, informed by his Christian beliefs.", "Collins' humility and satisfaction with his contributions to profound projects such as the Genome Project and COVID vaccines, highlighting his impactful career in science and medicine."]}], 'highlights': ["Francis Collins oversees 27 separate institutes and centers at the NIH, including NIAID, making him Anthony Fauci's boss.", 'The need for a thorough investigation into the origins of COVID-19 is emphasized, considering the possibility of the virus leaking from a lab and the importance of finding the intermediate host.', 'Studying potential pandemic pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses can enhance preparedness for future pandemics.', 'The risk of pathogens leaking from labs emphasizes the need for biosecurity to prevent broader pandemics.', "Joe Rogan's negative stance on vaccines criticized for contributing to unnecessary deaths, with at least 100,000 of the 700,000 COVID-19 deaths estimated as unnecessary deaths of unvaccinated people.", "The Delta variant's rapid spread and the emergence of new variants like Delta AY4 are significant concerns.", "NIH's decision to discontinue biomedical research involving chimpanzees was based on ethical considerations and input from experts and the National Academy of Sciences.", 'The development of COVID-19 vaccine in 11 months showcases rapid advancements in medical research.', 'Dr. Collins discusses the profound impact of the Human Genome Project, describing it as a book of human history and a medical textbook with the potential to provide answers to illnesses and alleviate suffering and premature death. Impact on medicine and science']}