title
Programming Terms: First-Class Functions

description
In this programming terms video, we will be looking at the term "First-Class Function". First-class functions are extremely important to grasp because understanding them will help us understand more complicated terms such as: Closures, Higher-order functions, currying, and more. We will be looking at examples of first-class functions in both Python and JavaScript so that we can really understand the concept, regardless of programming language. The code from this video can be found at: https://github.com/CoreyMSchafer/code_snippets/tree/master/FC_Functions ✅ Support My Channel Through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/coreyms ✅ Become a Channel Member: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCezIgC97PvUuR4_gbFUs5g/join ✅ One-Time Contribution Through PayPal: https://goo.gl/649HFY ✅ Cryptocurrency Donations: Bitcoin Wallet - 3MPH8oY2EAgbLVy7RBMinwcBntggi7qeG3 Ethereum Wallet - 0x151649418616068fB46C3598083817101d3bCD33 Litecoin Wallet - MPvEBY5fxGkmPQgocfJbxP6EmTo5UUXMot ✅ Corey's Public Amazon Wishlist http://a.co/inIyro1 ✅ Equipment I Use and Books I Recommend: https://www.amazon.com/shop/coreyschafer ▶️ You Can Find Me On: My Website - http://coreyms.com/ My Second Channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/coreymschafer Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CoreyMSchafer Twitter - https://twitter.com/CoreyMSchafer Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/coreymschafer/

detail
{'title': 'Programming Terms: First-Class Functions', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': 'Delves into first-class functions in javascript and python, emphasizing their significance in understanding higher order functions, currying, and closures, as well as the implementation and utility of custom map functions in both languages, with practical use cases demonstrated.', 'chapters': [{'end': 246.579, 'segs': [{'end': 40.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.249, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5.756, 'text': "Hey everybody, how's it going? In this programming terms video, we'll be going over the term first-class functions.", 'start': 0.249, 'duration': 5.507}, {'end': 12.724, 'text': "Now we're going to look at first-class functions in both JavaScript and in Python, so that you can see the concept in two different languages,", 'start': 6.096, 'duration': 6.628}, {'end': 14.526, 'text': 'and that may help the term sink in a little bit.', 'start': 12.724, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 17.67, 'text': "But don't worry if you don't know either of these languages.", 'start': 15.127, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 24.693, 'text': "What's important to take away from the video is the concept of first class functions and not the specific syntax of any one language.", 'start': 18.05, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 33.016, 'text': 'So understanding first class functions will help you understand other terms such as higher order functions, currying, and closures.', 'start': 25.173, 'duration': 7.843}, {'end': 34.756, 'text': "So it's a very useful term to know.", 'start': 33.156, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 37.597, 'text': 'Okay, so what is a first class function?', 'start': 35.216, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 40.698, 'text': 'If you look up the definition on Wikipedia,', 'start': 38.017, 'duration': 2.681}], 'summary': 'Explains first-class functions in javascript and python, highlighting their importance in understanding higher order functions, currying, and closures.', 'duration': 40.449, 'max_score': 0.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0249.jpg'}, {'end': 113.027, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 54.922, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 63.924, 'text': 'sometimes called a first-class object in a programming language, is an entity which supports all the operations generally available to other entities.', 'start': 54.922, 'duration': 9.002}, {'end': 70.166, 'text': 'These operations typically include being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable.', 'start': 64.284, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 77.472, 'text': 'Okay, so what exactly does that mean? So that means that we should be able to treat functions just like any other object or variable.', 'start': 70.646, 'duration': 6.826}, {'end': 82.016, 'text': 'So I think this will be more clear once we take a look at these coding examples.', 'start': 78.153, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 86.84, 'text': 'So here on the left I have Python and here on the right I have JavaScript.', 'start': 82.637, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 89.443, 'text': 'So you can see this concept working in two different languages.', 'start': 86.86, 'duration': 2.583}, {'end': 95.168, 'text': "Okay, so first of all, let's see what it means to assign a function to a variable.", 'start': 90.043, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 99.953, 'text': "Now this doesn't mean that we are assigning the result of the function to a variable.", 'start': 95.609, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 101.835, 'text': 'This is where some people get confused.', 'start': 100.334, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 106.52, 'text': "So in the example I have pulled up here, this is what we're used to doing with functions.", 'start': 102.216, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 113.027, 'text': "So we have a function called square, and we're setting this variable f equal to the square of 5.", 'start': 107.061, 'duration': 5.966}], 'summary': 'Functions as first-class objects can be assigned to variables and passed as arguments in programming languages.', 'duration': 58.105, 'max_score': 54.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM054922.jpg'}, {'end': 246.579, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 222.102, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 228.186, 'text': 'but we can also pass functions as arguments and return functions as the result of other functions.', 'start': 222.102, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 231.269, 'text': "So let's take a look at both of those examples.", 'start': 229.147, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 241.096, 'text': "And by the way, if a function accepts other functions as arguments or returns functions as their result, that's what you call a higher order function.", 'start': 231.729, 'duration': 9.367}, {'end': 246.579, 'text': "So first let's look at an example of passing a function as an argument to another function.", 'start': 241.576, 'duration': 5.003}], 'summary': 'Functions can be passed as arguments and returned as results, making them higher order functions.', 'duration': 24.477, 'max_score': 222.102, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0222102.jpg'}], 'start': 0.249, 'title': 'First-class functions in javascript and python', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of first-class functions in javascript and python, emphasizing its significance in understanding higher order functions, currying, and closures. it defines first-class functions as entities supporting operations such as being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable, with a focus on passing a function as an argument.', 'chapters': [{'end': 70.166, 'start': 0.249, 'title': 'First-class functions in javascript and python', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of first-class functions in javascript and python, emphasizing its significance in understanding higher order functions, currying, and closures, regardless of specific syntax. it also defines first-class functions as entities supporting various operations such as being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable.', 'duration': 69.917, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding first class functions as it helps in comprehending other related terms such as higher order functions, currying, and closures.', 'The concept of first class functions is explained by defining it as an entity supporting operations like being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable.', 'The chapter covers first-class functions in both JavaScript and Python, highlighting the value of seeing the concept in different languages to aid understanding.']}, {'end': 246.579, 'start': 70.646, 'title': 'First class functions in python and javascript', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of first class functions, demonstrating how functions can be assigned to variables, used as arguments, and returned as results in python and javascript, with a focus on passing a function as an argument.', 'duration': 175.933, 'highlights': ['Functions can be treated like any other object or variable, allowing them to be assigned to variables and used as arguments or return values in Python and JavaScript.', 'The ability to assign a function to a variable and use it as a function demonstrates the concept of first class functions, enabling the variable to be used in the same way as the original function.', 'Demonstrating the concept of higher order functions, which involve accepting other functions as arguments or returning functions as their result, exemplifies the versatility of first class functions.', 'The example of passing a function as an argument to another function illustrates the concept of higher order functions, showcasing the practical application of first class functions.']}], 'duration': 246.33, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0249.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding first class functions as it helps in comprehending other related terms such as higher order functions, currying, and closures.', 'The concept of first class functions is explained by defining it as an entity supporting operations like being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable.', 'The chapter covers first-class functions in both JavaScript and Python, highlighting the value of seeing the concept in different languages to aid understanding.', 'Demonstrating the concept of higher order functions, which involve accepting other functions as arguments or returning functions as their result, exemplifies the versatility of first class functions.', 'The example of passing a function as an argument to another function illustrates the concept of higher order functions, showcasing the practical application of first class functions.', 'Functions can be treated like any other object or variable, allowing them to be assigned to variables and used as arguments or return values in Python and JavaScript.', 'The ability to assign a function to a variable and use it as a function demonstrates the concept of first class functions, enabling the variable to be used in the same way as the original function.']}, {'end': 471.611, 'segs': [{'end': 272.314, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 246.98, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 251.843, 'text': 'So a great example of this is the map function in both Python and in JavaScript.', 'start': 246.98, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 264.031, 'text': 'So the map function takes a function and an array as its arguments and it runs each value of that array through the provided function and then returns a new array of those results.', 'start': 252.183, 'duration': 11.848}, {'end': 268.013, 'text': "So I think that'll be more clear if we take a look at an example here.", 'start': 264.611, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 272.314, 'text': 'So I have a sample map function here.', 'start': 268.893, 'duration': 3.421}], 'summary': 'The map function in python and javascript runs each value of an array through a provided function and returns a new array of the results.', 'duration': 25.334, 'max_score': 246.98, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0246980.jpg'}, {'end': 383.258, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 319.043, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 329.489, 'text': 'loop through all of the items in the passed in array and run each of those items through the function that we passed in as an argument and append that to the result.', 'start': 319.043, 'duration': 10.446}, {'end': 331.871, 'text': "And then after we're done, we're going to return the result.", 'start': 329.869, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 338.855, 'text': "So you can see here I have an example where I'm setting this squares variable equal to the my map function.", 'start': 332.291, 'duration': 6.564}, {'end': 346.718, 'text': "I'm passing in the square function that we created up here, and then I'm also passing in a list of values from one to five.", 'start': 339.375, 'duration': 7.343}, {'end': 351.16, 'text': 'And again, both here in Python and in JavaScript.', 'start': 347.359, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 357.803, 'text': "notice that I'm not using the parentheses when I pass this square function in to this other function,", 'start': 351.16, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 362.665, 'text': "because adding the parentheses would try to execute the function, and that's not what we're doing here.", 'start': 357.803, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 368.568, 'text': "We aren't executing the function until this line here within our map function.", 'start': 363.045, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 377.534, 'text': 'So let me go ahead and run this so that you can see the results whenever we pass in this list and the square function to our map function.', 'start': 369.068, 'duration': 8.466}, {'end': 379.336, 'text': 'So you can see here we printed out the squares.', 'start': 377.554, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 383.258, 'text': 'It took this list of 1 through 5 and squared all of those numbers.', 'start': 379.756, 'duration': 3.502}], 'summary': 'Loop through array, run function, and return result. example squares 1-5.', 'duration': 64.215, 'max_score': 319.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0319043.jpg'}, {'end': 471.611, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 429.413, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 436.056, 'text': 'So you can see all that we did differently was pass in this new function as an argument to our map function.', 'start': 429.413, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 443.839, 'text': 'And then it used that function within here to execute on each of these values instead of the square function.', 'start': 436.476, 'duration': 7.363}, {'end': 447.341, 'text': "So it's useful to be able to pass around functions like this.", 'start': 443.859, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 454.224, 'text': "Okay so lastly let's see what it looks like to return a function from another function.", 'start': 448.061, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 458.745, 'text': 'So that is one of the aspects of what it means to be a first-class function.', 'start': 454.564, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 464.348, 'text': 'Now this seems to be what trips people up the most, and I have to admit I get tripped up on this all the time too,', 'start': 459.146, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 467.089, 'text': 'because it can get complicated to keep track of everything.', 'start': 464.348, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 471.611, 'text': "And sometimes it can be hard to visualize exactly what's going on all at once,", 'start': 467.529, 'duration': 4.082}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating passing and returning functions in first-class functions.', 'duration': 42.198, 'max_score': 429.413, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0429413.jpg'}], 'start': 246.98, 'title': 'Custom map functions in python and javascript', 'summary': 'Explores the implementation and utility of custom map functions in python and javascript, including passing functions to other functions and creating a custom map function in javascript, showcasing the execution and results of the operation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 338.855, 'start': 246.98, 'title': 'Custom map function in python and javascript', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of a custom map function in python and javascript, which takes a function and an array as arguments, runs each value of the array through the function, and returns a new array of the results.', 'duration': 91.875, 'highlights': ['The map function takes a function and an array as its arguments and runs each value of that array through the provided function, returning a new array of the results.', 'The custom-built map function loops through all items in the passed-in array, runs each item through the function, and appends the result to the new array.']}, {'end': 383.258, 'start': 339.375, 'title': 'Passing functions to other functions', 'summary': 'Demonstrates passing a square function and a list of values from one to five to a map function in python and javascript, showcasing the execution and results of the operation.', 'duration': 43.883, 'highlights': ['Passing a square function and a list of values from one to five to a map function in Python and JavaScript', 'Execution and results of the operation', 'Demonstration of not using parentheses when passing the square function to another function']}, {'end': 471.611, 'start': 383.699, 'title': 'Javascript custom map function', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a custom map function in javascript, showcasing the ability to pass different functions as arguments and the concept of returning a function from another function, emphasizing the utility and versatility of first-class functions.', 'duration': 87.912, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses creating a custom map function in JavaScript. The transcript focuses on the creation of a custom map function in JavaScript to demonstrate its functionality and usage.', 'Showcasing the ability to pass different functions as arguments. It highlights the ability to pass various functions, such as the cube function, as arguments to the custom map function, showcasing its versatility.', 'Emphasizing the utility and versatility of first-class functions. The chapter emphasizes the concept of first-class functions and their utility in JavaScript, showcasing the ability to return a function from another function.']}], 'duration': 224.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0246980.jpg', 'highlights': ['The custom-built map function loops through all items in the passed-in array, runs each item through the function, and appends the result to the new array.', 'The map function takes a function and an array as its arguments and runs each value of that array through the provided function, returning a new array of the results.', 'Passing a square function and a list of values from one to five to a map function in Python and JavaScript', 'Showcasing the ability to pass different functions as arguments. It highlights the ability to pass various functions, such as the cube function, as arguments to the custom map function, showcasing its versatility.', 'Emphasizing the utility and versatility of first-class functions. The chapter emphasizes the concept of first-class functions and their utility in JavaScript, showcasing the ability to return a function from another function.', 'The chapter discusses creating a custom map function in JavaScript. The transcript focuses on the creation of a custom map function in JavaScript to demonstrate its functionality and usage.', 'Demonstration of not using parentheses when passing the square function to another function', 'Execution and results of the operation']}, {'end': 658.085, 'segs': [{'end': 555.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 493.098, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 497.804, 'text': 'Okay, so this is one of the simpler examples that I could think of to start out with.', 'start': 493.098, 'duration': 4.706}, {'end': 505.619, 'text': 'So we have this function here called logger, and this logger function takes in an argument message, argument,', 'start': 498.244, 'duration': 7.375}, {'end': 510.402, 'text': 'and then within this function we have another function called log message,', 'start': 505.619, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 523.429, 'text': "and this function doesn't take in any arguments and all it does when you execute this log message function is that it prints out this log statement with the message that we passed in to our logger function,", 'start': 510.402, 'duration': 13.027}, {'end': 530.633, 'text': 'and now, down here at the bottom, we are returning this log message function that is, within our logger function.', 'start': 523.429, 'duration': 7.204}, {'end': 536.275, 'text': "Now, I know that might sound confusing, but let's go ahead and run an example and walk through it and see if we can see what's going on.", 'start': 531.053, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 544.879, 'text': "Okay so let me go ahead and execute this in both Python and in JavaScript and let's walk through exactly what just happened.", 'start': 536.736, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 555.744, 'text': 'So what we did is we set this log high variable equal to our logger function and we passed in a message of high.', 'start': 545.38, 'duration': 10.364}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains a simple example of a logger function, demonstrating its usage in python and javascript.', 'duration': 62.646, 'max_score': 493.098, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0493098.jpg'}, {'end': 658.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 608.048, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 614.25, 'text': 'that it remembered our initial message that we passed in to this initial logger function.', 'start': 608.048, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 621.776, 'text': "Now this is what we call a closure, but again I'll go more in depth into closures in a future video.", 'start': 614.67, 'duration': 7.106}, {'end': 631.649, 'text': 'but this just kind of knocks the point home that understanding these first class functions will help you understand these more complex terms like closures and higher order functions.', 'start': 621.776, 'duration': 9.873}, {'end': 639.775, 'text': 'Okay, so why would returning a function from another function like this be useful.', 'start': 632.23, 'duration': 7.545}, {'end': 644.817, 'text': 'Some of the practical examples of this can get really complicated really fast.', 'start': 640.455, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 650.599, 'text': 'so I tried to make a semi-practical example that we could look at and still understand pretty well.', 'start': 644.817, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 658.085, 'text': "So I'm just gonna remove this logger function that I have here, and uncomment out the rest of the code that we have here.", 'start': 650.98, 'duration': 7.105}], 'summary': 'Understanding first class functions helps in comprehending closures and higher order functions, making complex concepts more accessible.', 'duration': 50.037, 'max_score': 608.048, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0608048.jpg'}], 'start': 471.611, 'title': 'First class functions', 'summary': 'Explains first class functions through python and javascript examples, showcasing function return, closures, and higher order functions, with practical use cases.', 'chapters': [{'end': 530.633, 'start': 471.611, 'title': 'Simple logger function example', 'summary': 'Discusses a simple logger function example, demonstrating the structure of the function and how it prints out a log statement with the passed-in message.', 'duration': 59.022, 'highlights': ["The function 'logger' takes in an argument 'message' and contains a nested function 'log message' that prints out the log statement with the passed-in message.", 'The log message function does not take in any arguments and solely prints out the log statement with the message passed to the logger function.']}, {'end': 658.085, 'start': 531.053, 'title': 'Understanding first class functions', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of first class functions through an example in python and javascript, demonstrating how a function can be returned from another function, leading to the concept of closures and higher order functions. it also touches upon the practical uses of returning functions from other functions.', 'duration': 127.032, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of first class functions through an example in Python and JavaScript. The transcript provides an example in both Python and JavaScript to illustrate the concept of first class functions.', 'Demonstrating how a function can be returned from another function, leading to the concept of closures and higher order functions. It elaborates on how a function is returned from another function, highlighting the concept of closures and higher order functions, providing a fundamental understanding of these concepts.', 'Touching upon the practical uses of returning functions from other functions. It briefly mentions the practical uses of returning functions from other functions, hinting at the complexity and usefulness of this concept in practical scenarios.']}], 'duration': 186.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0471611.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of first class functions through an example in Python and JavaScript.', 'Demonstrating how a function can be returned from another function, leading to the concept of closures and higher order functions.', 'Touching upon the practical uses of returning functions from other functions.', "The function 'logger' takes in an argument 'message' and contains a nested function 'log message' that prints out the log statement with the passed-in message.", 'The log message function does not take in any arguments and solely prints out the log statement with the message passed to the logger function.']}, {'end': 920.514, 'segs': [{'end': 711.174, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 682.748, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 686.111, 'text': 'And wrapText takes in an argument called message.', 'start': 682.748, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 695.139, 'text': 'And when you execute this wrapText function, it prints out the tag within opening brackets here.', 'start': 686.612, 'duration': 8.527}, {'end': 701.965, 'text': 'and then it prints out the message, and then it prints out the tag again in closing brackets, and it does the same thing here in JavaScript.', 'start': 695.499, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 711.174, 'text': "So then, back to our HTML tag function outside of the wrap text, what we're doing is returning this wrap text function.", 'start': 702.426, 'duration': 8.748}], 'summary': 'The wraptext function in javascript prints out a message within opening and closing brackets.', 'duration': 28.426, 'max_score': 682.748, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0682748.jpg'}, {'end': 838.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 795.834, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 800.336, 'text': 'So it prints out the tag that we passed in to HTML tag function here,', 'start': 795.834, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 808.36, 'text': 'and then it also printed out our message that we passed into each these variables, which is equal to our wrap text function.', 'start': 800.336, 'duration': 8.024}, {'end': 813.021, 'text': "and everything that I'm describing over here in Python is also the exact same thing.", 'start': 808.36, 'duration': 4.661}, {'end': 815.262, 'text': "that's not happening over here in JavaScript.", 'start': 813.021, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 815.662, 'text': 'you can see.', 'start': 815.262, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 820.744, 'text': "it's the exact same process setting this variable equal to HTML tag function.", 'start': 815.662, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 827.867, 'text': 'passing in the tag of h1, it returns the wrap text function, waiting for this message argument,', 'start': 820.744, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 835.388, 'text': 'and So now our print h1 variable is equal to that function that got returned waiting for that message.', 'start': 827.867, 'duration': 7.521}, {'end': 838.929, 'text': 'So now we can execute this just like any other function.', 'start': 835.849, 'duration': 3.08}], 'summary': 'In python, passing variables to functions results in expected output, unlike javascript.', 'duration': 43.095, 'max_score': 795.834, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0795834.jpg'}, {'end': 905.949, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 862.297, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 868.862, 'text': "A lot of people use this for logging and in Python it's similar to how we use decorators.", 'start': 862.297, 'duration': 6.565}, {'end': 875.147, 'text': 'And you can see how returning functions like this can get extremely complicated and confusing,', 'start': 869.262, 'duration': 5.885}, {'end': 878.23, 'text': "because it's easy to lose track of exactly what's going on.", 'start': 875.147, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 883.514, 'text': "Like I said, I'll go further into closures in a future video, But to understand those,", 'start': 878.85, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 891.681, 'text': 'we really need to have a grasp on these first-class functions And how we can use these functions not just execute the functions,', 'start': 883.514, 'duration': 8.167}, {'end': 894.863, 'text': 'but we can also pass them around just like any other variable.', 'start': 891.681, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 902.247, 'text': 'we can assign them to variables, we can pass them in as arguments, like we did in our previous example,', 'start': 894.863, 'duration': 7.384}, {'end': 905.949, 'text': 'and we can return these functions from other functions.', 'start': 902.247, 'duration': 3.702}], 'summary': 'Python uses decorators for logging, and first-class functions can be assigned, passed, and returned.', 'duration': 43.652, 'max_score': 862.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0862297.jpg'}], 'start': 658.205, 'title': 'Functions in python and javascript', 'summary': 'Covers the introduction to python functions including nested functions and demonstrates an example of an html tag function. it also explains first-class functions in javascript, showcasing how to use functions as variables, employ them for various purposes such as logging and decorators.', 'chapters': [{'end': 701.965, 'start': 658.205, 'title': 'Introduction to python functions', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of python functions and demonstrates the usage of nested functions, with an example of an html tag function that wraps a message with opening and closing tags in both python and javascript.', 'duration': 43.76, 'highlights': ['The function HTML tag takes in an argument called tag and contains a nested function called wrapText, which takes in an argument called message and prints out the tag along with the message within opening and closing brackets.', 'The transcript also shows the demonstration of the same concept in JavaScript, illustrating the usage of nested functions in a different programming language.']}, {'end': 920.514, 'start': 702.426, 'title': 'Using first-class functions in javascript', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of first-class functions in javascript, demonstrating how to return and use functions as variables, execute them with arguments, and apply them for practical purposes like logging and decorators.', 'duration': 218.088, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of first-class functions in JavaScript, demonstrating how to return and use functions as variables, execute them with arguments, and apply them for practical purposes like logging and decorators.', 'Illustrates the process of setting a variable equal to HTML tag function, passing in the tag of h1, returning the wrap text function, and executing it with a message argument, printing out the tags with the message and closing tags.', 'Describes the practical applications of using first-class functions for logging and compares it to the usage of decorators in Python.']}], 'duration': 262.309, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/kr0mpwqttM0/pics/kr0mpwqttM0658205.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of first-class functions in JavaScript, demonstrating how to return and use functions as variables, execute them with arguments, and apply them for practical purposes like logging and decorators.', 'Illustrates the process of setting a variable equal to HTML tag function, passing in the tag of h1, returning the wrap text function, and executing it with a message argument, printing out the tags with the message and closing tags.', 'Describes the practical applications of using first-class functions for logging and compares it to the usage of decorators in Python.', 'The function HTML tag takes in an argument called tag and contains a nested function called wrapText, which takes in an argument called message and prints out the tag along with the message within opening and closing brackets.', 'The transcript also shows the demonstration of the same concept in JavaScript, illustrating the usage of nested functions in a different programming language.']}], 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding first class functions as it helps in comprehending other related terms such as higher order functions, currying, and closures.', 'The concept of first class functions is explained by defining it as an entity supporting operations like being passed as an argument, returned from a function, and assigned to a variable.', 'Demonstrating the concept of higher order functions, which involve accepting other functions as arguments or returning functions as their result, exemplifies the versatility of first class functions.', 'The custom-built map function loops through all items in the passed-in array, runs each item through the function, and appends the result to the new array.', 'The map function takes a function and an array as its arguments and runs each value of that array through the provided function, returning a new array of the results.', 'Emphasizing the utility and versatility of first-class functions. The chapter emphasizes the concept of first-class functions and their utility in JavaScript, showcasing the ability to return a function from another function.', 'The chapter explains the concept of first class functions through an example in Python and JavaScript.', 'Illustrates the process of setting a variable equal to HTML tag function, passing in the tag of h1, returning the wrap text function, and executing it with a message argument, printing out the tags with the message and closing tags.', 'Describes the practical applications of using first-class functions for logging and compares it to the usage of decorators in Python.']}