title
C Programming for Beginners | C Programming Tutorial | Learn C | Intellipaat

description
🔥Intellipaat C Programming & Data Structure Training: https://intellipaat.com/c-data-structures-training/ In this C Programming for beginners video you will learn C Programming right from beginning to all the advanced concepts required to master this language. This C Programming tutorial is a full C Programming course where you will master how to write programs in C language extensively. #CProgrammingforBeginners #CProgrammingTutorial #CProgramming 📌 Do subscribe to Intellipaat channel & get regular updates on videos: http://bit.ly/Intellipaat 📕 Read complete C Programming tutorial here: https://bit.ly/2Lwg0ci 📝Following topics are covered in this tutorial: 0:00 - C programming for beginners 1:08- C program structure 4:05- How to Build C Program 6:53- Installing gcc 10:43- Input/Output in C 11:50- Formatting output with printf 15:37- Scanf() 17:17- example of io in C 20:47- Types of Instructions 21:51- Type Declaration Instructions 24:58- Arithmetic Instructions 26:28- Types of Arithmetic Instructions 26:52- Integer Mode Arithmetic Statement 27:25- Real Mode Arithmetic Statement 27:53- Mixed Mode Arithmetic statements 28:43- Associativity of operators 32:55- Practice 34:41- Exercise 35:26- Type of control structures 38:40- Decision control structure 53:28- Conditional operator 58:10- Loop control structure 1:10:27- Case control structure 1:35:12- Exercise 1:36:56- What are functions 1:41:08- Structure of C function 2:13:29- what is recursion 2:31:32- Recursion vs Iteration 2:50:14- What is Preprocessor 2:55:06- Preprocessor directives 3:06:30- Preprocessor operator 3:11:57- Practical session 3:21:16- What is an array 3:26:07- accessing array elements 3:31:19- Bound checking 3:33:41- passing array to function 3:40:41- Multi dimensional array 4:04:58- Strings 4:43:12- Structures 4:56:26- typedef 4:58:37- Union 5:13:25- what is File 5:30:23- Binary File I/O 5:49:17- Pointers 6:2:05 - Pointer arithmetic 6:33:56- Dynamic Memory Allocation 6:47:33- Linked List 6:56:37- Operations on linked list 7:19:24- Doubly linked list 7:35:02- Binary Tree 8:06:14- Tree Traversal 8:21:23-Sorting 8:42:0 - Quick sort 8:53:39- project Are you looking for something more? Enroll in our C Programming & data structure certification training and become a certified C Programmer (https://intellipaat.com/c-data-structures-training/). It is a 16 hrs instructor led Intellipaat C Programming training which is completely aligned with industry standards and certification bodies. If you’ve enjoyed this C Programming tutorial for beginners, like us and subscribe to our channel for more similar videos and free tutorials. Got any questions about C tutorial? Ask us in the comment section below. --------------------------- Intellipaat Edge 1. 24*7 Life time Access & Support 2. Flexible Class Schedule 3. Job Assistance 4. Mentors with +14 yrs 5. Industry Oriented Course ware 6. Life time free Course Upgrade ------------------------------ Why C Programming is important? Although numerous computer languages are used for writing computer applications, the computer programming language, C, is the most popular language worldwide. Everything from microcontrollers to operating systems is written in C since it’s very flexible and versatile, allowing maximum control with minimal commands. If you are interested in a career in computer programming, it would be wise to start by learning the C programming language. Who should watch this C Programming video? If you want to learn c programming & write computer applications then this Intellipaat c programming tutorial for beginners video is for you. The Intellipaat c programming language video is your first step to learn c programming. Since this c programming video can be taken by anybody, so if you are a beginner in technology then you can watch this c programming video to take your skills to the next level & learn c language. ------------------------------ For more Information: Please write us to sales@intellipaat.com, or call us at: +91- 7847955955 Website: https://intellipaat.com/c-data-structures-training/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/intellipaatonline LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/intellipaat/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Intellipaat

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{'title': 'C Programming for Beginners | C Programming Tutorial | Learn C | Intellipaat', 'heatmap': [{'end': 2063.146, 'start': 1025.167, 'weight': 0.86}, {'end': 3785.415, 'start': 3097.4, 'weight': 0.722}, {'end': 5515.395, 'start': 4800.149, 'weight': 0.878}, {'end': 12718.318, 'start': 12369.296, 'weight': 0.738}, {'end': 15468.786, 'start': 15113.318, 'weight': 0.711}], 'summary': 'This tutorial covers c programming basics, instructions, control structures, functions, recursion, preprocessor directives, arrays, strings, structures, file operations, memory allocation, pointers, sorting, searching, linked lists, binary trees, dynamic memory allocation, and sorting algorithms with practical examples and quantifiable outcomes, offering comprehensive learning.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1176.197, 'segs': [{'end': 30.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3.186, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 6.388, 'text': 'Hey guys, welcome to this session on C and data structures.', 'start': 3.186, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 11.21, 'text': "If you are a beginner in programming and want to create a strong foundation, you're in the right place.", 'start': 7.048, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 14.772, 'text': 'Before moving on with the session, let us look at its agenda.', 'start': 11.971, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 20.235, 'text': "At first, we'll be learning the basic concepts of C, data structures and its data types.", 'start': 15.732, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 26.358, 'text': "Then we'll look at the concepts of functions, preprocessors and recursion in C.", 'start': 21.015, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 30.12, 'text': "After that, we'll look at arrays, string, structure and union.", 'start': 26.358, 'duration': 3.762}], 'summary': 'Intro to c and data structures, covering basic concepts and data types, functions, preprocessors, recursion, arrays, string, structure, and union.', 'duration': 26.934, 'max_score': 3.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI3186.jpg'}, {'end': 98.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 72.625, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 84.269, 'text': 'the first section of a C program is a documentation, is not a mandatory section, but this always helps to understand what is.', 'start': 72.625, 'duration': 11.644}, {'end': 86.25, 'text': 'C program is all about.', 'start': 84.269, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 98.094, 'text': 'anybody reading your C file can get a first level understanding like what your C program is, what inputs it will take and what output it will give.', 'start': 86.25, 'duration': 11.844}], 'summary': "First section of a c program is documentation, which helps understand the program's purpose, inputs, and outputs.", 'duration': 25.469, 'max_score': 72.625, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI72625.jpg'}, {'end': 182.47, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 149.782, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 157.828, 'text': 'most of the time you need to include at least one library file, for example standard input output file.', 'start': 149.782, 'duration': 8.046}, {'end': 166.436, 'text': 'it depends upon your program if you want to use any library or not.', 'start': 157.828, 'duration': 8.608}, {'end': 170.379, 'text': 'so this is how your C program will look like.', 'start': 166.436, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 178.126, 'text': 'this is a very simple C program which says hello world, the orange color.', 'start': 170.379, 'duration': 7.747}, {'end': 182.47, 'text': 'you can see I have written this is my first C program.', 'start': 178.126, 'duration': 4.344}], 'summary': 'Basic c program with standard input/output and hello world message.', 'duration': 32.688, 'max_score': 149.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI149782.jpg'}, {'end': 592.749, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 546.655, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 564.885, 'text': 'here I am using printf.', 'start': 546.655, 'duration': 18.23}, {'end': 567.727, 'text': 'so this is my very first C program.', 'start': 564.885, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 571.791, 'text': 'here I have added a documentation.', 'start': 569.209, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 575.775, 'text': 'this is my first program here these are my pre-processors.', 'start': 571.791, 'duration': 3.984}, {'end': 580.739, 'text': 'hash include std.io.h is my main method.', 'start': 575.775, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 583.321, 'text': 'I am printing hello world and returning 0.', 'start': 580.739, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 584.422, 'text': 'so main method.', 'start': 583.321, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 589.587, 'text': 'you can either include a return type or not.', 'start': 584.422, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 592.749, 'text': 'so we will be covering this in later part of the series.', 'start': 589.587, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': "First c program printing 'hello world' and returning 0.", 'duration': 46.094, 'max_score': 546.655, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI546655.jpg'}, {'end': 907.622, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 823.885, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 840.02, 'text': 'so the order of format is very important and, for example, we have mentioned that percentages F is used for float, percentage D is used for integer.', 'start': 823.885, 'duration': 16.135}, {'end': 851.631, 'text': 'so if we give wrong sequence here, for example if we give B first and A second, so it will give us a compilation error.', 'start': 840.02, 'duration': 11.611}, {'end': 854.494, 'text': 'so just line of caution.', 'start': 851.631, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 858.498, 'text': 'order of formats matter.', 'start': 854.494, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 864.345, 'text': 'we should follow this same with the scanf in.', 'start': 859.96, 'duration': 4.385}, {'end': 869.011, 'text': 'scanf accepts input from the user.', 'start': 864.345, 'duration': 4.666}, {'end': 876.66, 'text': 'so whatever order of format we have given in scanf, we need to match it with the type of variable.', 'start': 869.011, 'duration': 7.649}, {'end': 883.453, 'text': 'So formatted output with a printf.', 'start': 880.071, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 887.896, 'text': 'So D displays a decimal or an integer.', 'start': 883.954, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 891.198, 'text': 'L is used to specify long.', 'start': 888.857, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 895.861, 'text': 'So long is another type of data type.', 'start': 892.719, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 901.565, 'text': 'We will be covering this in the next session in data types.', 'start': 897.722, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 907.622, 'text': 'E is for floating point in exponential format.', 'start': 903.059, 'duration': 4.563}], 'summary': 'Order of format is crucial in printf and scanf. use correct sequence and match with variable type.', 'duration': 83.737, 'max_score': 823.885, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI823885.jpg'}], 'start': 3.186, 'title': 'C programming basics and building programs', 'summary': 'Covers c programming basics, including data types, functions, preprocessing, recursion, arrays, strings, structures, unions, file input/output, memory allocation, linked lists, trees, pointers, sorting, searching, and program building using gcc compiler, with a focus on input and output operations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 71.753, 'start': 3.186, 'title': 'C and data structures session', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of c programming and data structures, including data types, functions, preprocessing, recursion, arrays, strings, structures, unions, file input/output operations, dynamic memory allocation, linked lists, trees, pointers, data sorting, data searching, and application implementation.', 'duration': 68.567, 'highlights': ['The session covers the basics of C programming and data structures, including data types, functions, preprocessing, recursion, arrays, strings, structures, unions, file input/output operations, dynamic memory allocation, linked lists, trees, pointers, data sorting, data searching, and application implementation.', 'The session emphasizes implementation of learned concepts in data sorting and data searching algorithms.', 'The agenda includes learning about dynamic memory allocation through functions like malloc, calloc, and free.', 'The agenda also covers concepts like linked lists, trees, and pointers, providing examples for better understanding.', 'The session starts with the basic concepts of C and data structures, and gradually progresses to more advanced topics.']}, {'end': 695.416, 'start': 72.625, 'title': 'Understanding c program building', 'summary': 'Explains the structure of a c program, including documentation, preprocessor section, global declarations, main function, user-defined functions, and the process of building a c program using gcc compiler, with a focus on input and output operations.', 'duration': 622.791, 'highlights': ['C program consists of sections like documentation, preprocessors, global declarations, main function, and user-defined functions, with options for global declarations and documentation.', 'Preprocessors are a set of library functions used in a C program.', 'Main function serves as the entry point of the C program.', 'GCC compiler is used for building a C program, and it pre-processes, compiles, assembles, and links the program to generate executable files.', 'Input and output operations in C are performed using library functions listed in the header file stdio.h.']}, {'end': 1176.197, 'start': 695.416, 'title': 'Introduction to printf and scanf in c', 'summary': 'Introduces the usage of printf and scanf in c, explaining the syntax, format specifiers, and the importance of matching the format with variables. it also covers the significance of ampersand in scanf and the standard practice of returning values from the main function.', 'duration': 480.781, 'highlights': ['Printf is used for outputting in a screen in a formatted manner, and the format includes a list of data types of variables to be outputted and optionally some text and control characters.', 'The order of format is crucial in printf and scanf, and mismatching the order can lead to compilation errors.', 'Ampersand is mandatory in scanf to specify the location to store the input data, and it is essential to match the format with the variables in the correct order.', 'Returning 0 from the main function is a standard practice for successful execution, whereas returning non-zero values indicates errors.']}], 'duration': 1173.011, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI3186.jpg', 'highlights': ['The session covers the basics of C programming and data structures, including various concepts and operations.', 'The session emphasizes implementation of learned concepts in data sorting and searching algorithms.', 'The agenda includes learning about dynamic memory allocation through functions like malloc, calloc, and free.', 'The session starts with the basic concepts of C and data structures, and gradually progresses to more advanced topics.', 'C program consists of sections like documentation, preprocessors, global declarations, main function, and user-defined functions.', 'GCC compiler is used for building a C program, and it pre-processes, compiles, assembles, and links the program to generate executable files.', 'Input and output operations in C are performed using library functions listed in the header file stdio.h.', 'Printf is used for outputting in a screen in a formatted manner, and the format includes a list of data types of variables to be outputted and optionally some text and control characters.', 'The order of format is crucial in printf and scanf, and mismatching the order can lead to compilation errors.', 'Ampersand is mandatory in scanf to specify the location to store the input data, and it is essential to match the format with the variables in the correct order.', 'Returning 0 from the main function is a standard practice for successful execution, whereas returning non-zero values indicates errors.']}, {'end': 2038.447, 'segs': [{'end': 1343.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1308.803, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1313.725, 'text': "so let's begin with type declaration instructions.", 'start': 1308.803, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 1319.928, 'text': 'the type declaration instructions is used to declare the type of variable.', 'start': 1313.725, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 1325.71, 'text': 'for example, here we are declaring an integer variable.', 'start': 1319.928, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 1329.133, 'text': 'so int a equal to 1, be equal to 2.', 'start': 1325.71, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 1331.335, 'text': 'type declaration without initialization.', 'start': 1329.133, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 1343.744, 'text': 'so type declaration here we are not initializing the variable and maybe later point of time in our program we can initialize a variables at one go,', 'start': 1331.335, 'duration': 12.409}], 'summary': 'Type declaration instructions declare variable types, e.g., int a=1, b=2.', 'duration': 34.941, 'max_score': 1308.803, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI1308803.jpg'}, {'end': 1491.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1452.22, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1460.371, 'text': 'because the initialization always happens from left to right.', 'start': 1452.22, 'duration': 8.151}, {'end': 1467.276, 'text': 'so here, if we declare first a will be declared like a,', 'start': 1460.371, 'duration': 6.905}, {'end': 1479.844, 'text': 'will be initialized like a equal to 1.5 and then b will be initialized where we say b equal to a plus 0.5, where a is already done.', 'start': 1467.276, 'duration': 12.568}, {'end': 1483.686, 'text': 'so this will be correct one.', 'start': 1479.844, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 1489.298, 'text': 'in this case we are using before it is initialized.', 'start': 1483.686, 'duration': 5.612}, {'end': 1491.822, 'text': 'so this is not a correct way.', 'start': 1489.298, 'duration': 2.524}], 'summary': 'Variables a and b are initialized in a specific order, a=1.5 and b=a+0.5, ensuring correct initialization.', 'duration': 39.602, 'max_score': 1452.22, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI1452220.jpg'}, {'end': 1734.24, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1704.28, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1711.823, 'text': 'A plus B, plus C plus num will give one integer and once we divide this number by 4, it will give some floating point value.', 'start': 1704.28, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 1722.068, 'text': 'so we have to declare average as a floating number, float and ABC num as an integer.', 'start': 1711.823, 'duration': 10.245}, {'end': 1734.24, 'text': 'so associativity of the operator, associativity of operator means how in one instruction, if we have multiple operators,', 'start': 1722.068, 'duration': 12.172}], 'summary': 'Sum of a, b, c, and num gives one integer; average declared as float.', 'duration': 29.96, 'max_score': 1704.28, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI1704280.jpg'}, {'end': 1873.451, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1836.654, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1850.758, 'text': 'for this kind of operators where we have multiplication, division and addition, if unit first follow the board mass rule, like the operator,', 'start': 1836.654, 'duration': 14.104}, {'end': 1857, 'text': 'precedence of multiplication and division is greater than plus.', 'start': 1850.758, 'duration': 6.242}, {'end': 1865.343, 'text': 'so either of multiplication division will happen first and then the addition operation will happen.', 'start': 1857, 'duration': 8.343}, {'end': 1873.451, 'text': 'so the operation can take in this manner first D by E will be calculated,', 'start': 1865.343, 'duration': 8.108}], 'summary': 'Operators have precedence rules: multiplication/division before addition.', 'duration': 36.797, 'max_score': 1836.654, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI1836654.jpg'}], 'start': 1176.197, 'title': 'C programming instructions and operations', 'summary': 'Covers types of instructions and type declaration in c programming, including arithmetic and control instructions, with examples of arithmetic operations and their execution in programming.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1308.803, 'start': 1176.197, 'title': 'C programming: types of instructions', 'summary': 'Covers types of instructions in c programming, including declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions, with a brief overview of their functions and usage in programming.', 'duration': 132.606, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers types of instructions in C programming, including declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions, with a brief overview of their functions and usage in programming.', 'Declaration instructions are used for variable declaration, arithmetic instructions are for arithmetic calculations, and control instructions involve logical operations and decision-making based on true or false outputs.', 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding and using these types of instructions effectively in C programming for various operations and decision-making processes.']}, {'end': 2038.447, 'start': 1308.803, 'title': 'C programming: type declaration and arithmetic operations', 'summary': 'Covers type declaration, arithmetic instructions, and the associativity of operators in c programming, including examples of integer, real, and mixed mode arithmetic operations, and the execution of arithmetic statements.', 'duration': 729.644, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers type declaration, arithmetic instructions, and the associativity of operators in C programming, including examples of integer, real, and mixed mode arithmetic operations.', 'The execution of arithmetic statements is explained, with emphasis on the evaluation of the right-hand side using constant and numerical values, and the assignment to variables on the left-hand side.', 'Examples of valid and invalid arithmetic statements are provided, illustrating the correct and incorrect usage of arithmetic operations in C programming.', 'The chapter includes practice exercises for mathematical calculations, emphasizing the practical application of arithmetic operations in C programming.']}], 'duration': 862.25, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI1176197.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers types of instructions in C programming, including declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions, with a brief overview of their functions and usage in programming.', 'The chapter covers type declaration, arithmetic instructions, and the associativity of operators in C programming, including examples of integer, real, and mixed mode arithmetic operations.', 'Declaration instructions are used for variable declaration, arithmetic instructions are for arithmetic calculations, and control instructions involve logical operations and decision-making based on true or false outputs.', 'The execution of arithmetic statements is explained, with emphasis on the evaluation of the right-hand side using constant and numerical values, and the assignment to variables on the left-hand side.', 'The chapter includes practice exercises for mathematical calculations, emphasizing the practical application of arithmetic operations in C programming.', 'The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding and using these types of instructions effectively in C programming for various operations and decision-making processes.', 'Examples of valid and invalid arithmetic statements are provided, illustrating the correct and incorrect usage of arithmetic operations in C programming.']}, {'end': 5807.427, 'segs': [{'end': 2460.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2389.357, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2392.178, 'text': "so in case of true, I'll be getting candies.", 'start': 2389.357, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 2395.119, 'text': 'in case of false, I will be not getting the candies.', 'start': 2392.178, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 2400.213, 'text': 'so how we can, how?', 'start': 2397.051, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 2411.62, 'text': 'we write in our c program so we write it if condition, then statement or block of statements.', 'start': 2400.213, 'duration': 11.407}, {'end': 2420.606, 'text': 'so in this it can be either one statement or many statements.', 'start': 2411.62, 'duration': 8.986}, {'end': 2422.527, 'text': "that's why we have written block of statements.", 'start': 2420.606, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 2428.581, 'text': "uh, okay, so let's try it out.", 'start': 2424.76, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 2432.982, 'text': "let's do some dry run of this code.", 'start': 2428.581, 'duration': 4.401}, {'end': 2436.462, 'text': "let's predict what should be the output of this program.", 'start': 2432.982, 'duration': 3.48}, {'end': 2440.703, 'text': 'okay, so i am declaring a variable, a equal to zero.', 'start': 2436.462, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 2443.444, 'text': 'uh, i will be entering a number.', 'start': 2440.703, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 2445.584, 'text': 'okay, user will be giving me a number.', 'start': 2443.444, 'duration': 2.14}, {'end': 2450.045, 'text': "if a is greater than zero, i'll be printing a is a positive number and return zero.", 'start': 2445.584, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 2453.247, 'text': 'so what this program is doing.', 'start': 2450.045, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 2460.313, 'text': 'it accepts one number from user and check if the number is positive or not.', 'start': 2453.247, 'duration': 7.066}], 'summary': 'C program checks if input number is positive or not.', 'duration': 70.956, 'max_score': 2389.357, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI2389357.jpg'}, {'end': 2711.853, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2674.946, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2677.589, 'text': "I'll give minus 4.", 'start': 2674.946, 'duration': 2.643}, {'end': 2682.913, 'text': 'say no, the given number is not greater than 0.', 'start': 2677.589, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 2688.988, 'text': 'so this is how we use if statement.', 'start': 2682.913, 'duration': 6.075}, {'end': 2693.749, 'text': 'here. I have used if and else, so both are related.', 'start': 2688.988, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 2706.332, 'text': "like if you don't use else statement, then it is considered that you don't want to do anything if the condition is false.", 'start': 2693.749, 'duration': 12.583}, {'end': 2711.853, 'text': 'so what it is better if you write else statement?', 'start': 2706.332, 'duration': 5.521}], 'summary': 'Using if and else statements, consider writing else statement for better clarity and functionality.', 'duration': 36.907, 'max_score': 2674.946, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI2674946.jpg'}, {'end': 3785.415, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 3097.4, 'weight': 0.722, 'content': [{'end': 3100.102, 'text': 'Let me compile it.', 'start': 3097.4, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 3112.448, 'text': 'Yes, the program is compiled correctly.', 'start': 3103.003, 'duration': 9.445}, {'end': 3116.188, 'text': 'Okay, enter the number to be checked.', 'start': 3114.588, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 3119.709, 'text': "I'll say 4.", 'start': 3116.789, 'duration': 2.92}, {'end': 3122.89, 'text': 'It says yes, the number is greater than 0.', 'start': 3119.709, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 3123.67, 'text': "I'll run it again.", 'start': 3122.89, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 3127.451, 'text': "I'll give minus 4.", 'start': 3124.05, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 3132.692, 'text': 'So it says yes, number is divisible by 2.', 'start': 3127.451, 'duration': 5.241}, {'end': 3134.653, 'text': "So I'll run it again.", 'start': 3132.692, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 3138.534, 'text': "I'll say minus 5.", 'start': 3135.133, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 3144.286, 'text': 'So it gives me a is neither greater than 0 nor divisible by 2.', 'start': 3138.534, 'duration': 5.752}, {'end': 3154.191, 'text': 'So this program checks if a number is greater than 0 or a number is divisible by 2.', 'start': 3144.286, 'duration': 9.905}, {'end': 3159.573, 'text': 'If not, then print that your number does not fall into the given criteria.', 'start': 3154.191, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 3170.078, 'text': 'So here is one more example of nested if and else.', 'start': 3166.756, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 3175.355, 'text': 'where we have two numbers m equal to 40 and equal to 20.', 'start': 3171.212, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 3180.158, 'text': "if m is greater than n, then it's printing.", 'start': 3175.355, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 3183.3, 'text': 'yes, m is greater than n.', 'start': 3180.158, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 3185.341, 'text': 'if it is less than n, then it is printing.', 'start': 3183.3, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 3187.423, 'text': 'yes, m is less than n else.', 'start': 3185.341, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 3194.047, 'text': 'if these two conditions are not fulfilling, then it says that m is equal to n.', 'start': 3187.423, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 3197.209, 'text': 'so this is also very simple example.', 'start': 3194.047, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 3206.19, 'text': 'uh, I like you to try it out at your place, so that you can get more understanding on the necessary file statement.', 'start': 3197.209, 'duration': 8.981}, {'end': 3210.893, 'text': 'Okay, the conditional operator.', 'start': 3209.292, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 3216.718, 'text': 'The conditional operator is also known as the ternary operator.', 'start': 3212.915, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 3223.263, 'text': 'The ternary operator, the statement of the syntax of ternary operator is this.', 'start': 3218.239, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 3224.965, 'text': 'We have one condition.', 'start': 3223.964, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 3229.877, 'text': 'If the condition is true, statement one will be executed.', 'start': 3225.874, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 3233.559, 'text': 'If condition is false, the statement two will be executed.', 'start': 3230.497, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 3244.007, 'text': 'Okay So then both condition and statements are divided, are separated by some delimiters.', 'start': 3234.34, 'duration': 9.667}, {'end': 3248.309, 'text': 'So question mark and colon are the delimiters here in this case.', 'start': 3244.107, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 3254.634, 'text': "Okay So let's write some code for this.", 'start': 3249.23, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 3279.194, 'text': 'Okay Example of ternary operator.', 'start': 3269.431, 'duration': 9.763}, {'end': 3291.979, 'text': 'I should include a studio dot h.', 'start': 3279.214, 'duration': 12.765}, {'end': 3292.659, 'text': 'Main method.', 'start': 3291.979, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 3313.246, 'text': 'now let me declare one variable, int a, equal to say 3.', 'start': 3304.161, 'duration': 9.085}, {'end': 3328.954, 'text': 'let me have a printf number checked here.', 'start': 3313.246, 'duration': 15.708}, {'end': 3334.403, 'text': 'we will be checking if the number is divisible by 2.', 'start': 3328.954, 'duration': 5.449}, {'end': 3345.111, 'text': 'scanf %d, %a.', 'start': 3334.403, 'duration': 10.708}, {'end': 3350.154, 'text': "let's have some condition.", 'start': 3345.111, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 3380.09, 'text': 'okay, if a %2 number, let me give the number.', 'start': 3350.154, 'duration': 29.936}, {'end': 3408.896, 'text': 'percentage is divisible by two, else percentage D is not visible to.', 'start': 3380.09, 'duration': 28.806}, {'end': 3418.021, 'text': 'okay, this will give me more.', 'start': 3408.896, 'duration': 9.125}, {'end': 3419.782, 'text': 'this will segregate output.', 'start': 3418.021, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 3426.78, 'text': 'okay, Let me save it and compile it.', 'start': 3419.782, 'duration': 6.998}, {'end': 3430.662, 'text': 'This is E minus O.', 'start': 3426.8, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 3433.283, 'text': 'Let me see.', 'start': 3430.662, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 3434.943, 'text': 'Compilation is successful.', 'start': 3433.803, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 3435.644, 'text': 'Let me run it.', 'start': 3434.963, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 3439.525, 'text': 'Okay Enter number to be checked.', 'start': 3437.404, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 3442.186, 'text': 'I say 5.', 'start': 3440.325, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 3443.867, 'text': 'So 5 is not divisible by 2.', 'start': 3442.186, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3445.968, 'text': 'Let me run it again.', 'start': 3443.867, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 3447.508, 'text': 'I will give 4.', 'start': 3445.988, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 3450.489, 'text': 'You say 4 is divisible by 2.', 'start': 3447.508, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 3454.87, 'text': 'So this is how we use the ternary operator.', 'start': 3450.489, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 3468.216, 'text': 'so basic syntax is the condition, then statement in case the condition is true, then the statement in case the condition is false.', 'start': 3454.87, 'duration': 13.346}, {'end': 3480.102, 'text': 'so this is if statement and this is else statement, okay, so this is the example.', 'start': 3468.216, 'duration': 11.886}, {'end': 3490.797, 'text': 'Here I have used the same example that we have just written the code for.', 'start': 3483.735, 'duration': 7.062}, {'end': 3494.258, 'text': "Now let's begin with loop control structure.", 'start': 3492.478, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 3497.899, 'text': 'So what are loop control structure?', 'start': 3496.339, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 3509.983, 'text': 'Loop control structure are nothing but the control structure that facilitates the operation that we want to repeat for certain times.', 'start': 3497.919, 'duration': 12.064}, {'end': 3516.301, 'text': 'C supports three type of loop control structure.', 'start': 3513.5, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 3522.903, 'text': 'One is for loop, one is while loop, one is to while loop.', 'start': 3518.662, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 3530.906, 'text': 'So this is just a basic flow chart of how your loop structure will look like.', 'start': 3524.644, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 3538.549, 'text': 'There would be one initialization and a condition that needs to be tested.', 'start': 3531.626, 'duration': 6.923}, {'end': 3543.706, 'text': 'the condition is true, the loop will be continued.', 'start': 3539.424, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 3549.488, 'text': 'if the condition is false, the loop will be ended.', 'start': 3543.706, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 3559.812, 'text': "for example, if you want to print the number from 1 to 10, I'll be initializing some variable.", 'start': 3549.488, 'duration': 10.324}, {'end': 3565.749, 'text': 'say, suppose int i equal to 0, check if I is less than 10.', 'start': 3559.812, 'duration': 5.937}, {'end': 3575.491, 'text': "if the condition is true, I will be doing some, I'll be doing some calculation or I'll be doing some other stuff.", 'start': 3565.749, 'duration': 9.742}, {'end': 3582.632, 'text': 'if the condition is not true, I will be falling into false statement.', 'start': 3575.491, 'duration': 7.141}, {'end': 3585.953, 'text': "so let's see what.", 'start': 3582.632, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 3589.834, 'text': 'what is the syntax of false statement?', 'start': 3585.953, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 3594.544, 'text': 'in for loop control structure, loop is executed till the condition becomes false.', 'start': 3589.834, 'duration': 4.71}, {'end': 3600.208, 'text': 'so this is the basic syntax of for loop.', 'start': 3594.544, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 3603.69, 'text': 'we have expression 1, expression 2 and expression 3.', 'start': 3600.208, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 3607.033, 'text': 'so expression 1 indicates initialization of variable,', 'start': 3603.69, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 3615.918, 'text': 'expression 2 indicates condition checking and expression 3 indicates the increment or decrement of the variable.', 'start': 3607.033, 'duration': 8.885}, {'end': 3619.764, 'text': "so here's a example.", 'start': 3615.918, 'duration': 3.846}, {'end': 3626.626, 'text': 'in this example we are printing a number from 0 to 9.', 'start': 3619.764, 'duration': 6.862}, {'end': 3631.987, 'text': 'hash include stdi, dot, h int, main int i.', 'start': 3626.626, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 3633.628, 'text': 'i am declaring i.', 'start': 3631.987, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 3635.448, 'text': 'now i am initializing i to 0.', 'start': 3633.628, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 3645.082, 'text': 'i am checking i is less than 10 and incrementing i by 1 here.', 'start': 3635.448, 'duration': 9.634}, {'end': 3655.008, 'text': "if this condition is true, I'll be getting inside the loop and I'll be printing the value of I.", 'start': 3645.082, 'duration': 9.926}, {'end': 3660.592, 'text': 'so this code will result in printing a number from 0 to 9.', 'start': 3655.008, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 3672.644, 'text': 'okay, so for while loop in while loop control structure the statement.', 'start': 3660.592, 'duration': 12.052}, {'end': 3678.507, 'text': 'also, the loop is executed until the condition becomes false.', 'start': 3672.644, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 3682.269, 'text': "so here's the syntax of while loop.", 'start': 3678.507, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 3689.293, 'text': 'so here syntax of while loop is while condition and statement.', 'start': 3682.269, 'duration': 7.024}, {'end': 3699.485, 'text': 'so while loop, we need to make sure how we are checking the condition and how we are exiting out of the loop.', 'start': 3689.293, 'duration': 10.192}, {'end': 3708.448, 'text': "if we don't do the condition check and don't make, and if you don't make sure that we are coming out of the loop,", 'start': 3699.485, 'duration': 8.963}, {'end': 3717.851, 'text': 'we will be stuck up and into an infinite loop, and this is really bad.', 'start': 3708.448, 'duration': 9.403}, {'end': 3724.881, 'text': 'so This is a sample program for writing the while loop.', 'start': 3717.851, 'duration': 7.03}, {'end': 3729.244, 'text': "Here I'm initializing a variable i equal to 3.", 'start': 3726.422, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 3738.701, 'text': "I'm saying while i is less than 10, I'm printing the number and incrementing it.", 'start': 3729.244, 'duration': 9.457}, {'end': 3745.187, 'text': 'so this this is very important and this this is also important.', 'start': 3738.701, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 3746.429, 'text': 'so what?', 'start': 3745.187, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 3747.73, 'text': 'what will happen?', 'start': 3746.429, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 3757.478, 'text': 'the loop will continue till my value of i will become greater than or equal to 10.', 'start': 3747.73, 'duration': 9.748}, {'end': 3763.842, 'text': 'If I remove this condition, then I have initialized I is 3..', 'start': 3757.478, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 3768.065, 'text': 'I will always be 3 and the loop will continue endlessly.', 'start': 3763.842, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 3775.229, 'text': 'So, to make sure that the loop will exit properly,', 'start': 3768.765, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 3785.415, 'text': "we should have some logic in place so that some point of time this condition should become false and we'll be exiting out of the loop.", 'start': 3775.229, 'duration': 10.186}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers examples of if-else statements, ternary operators, and loop control structures in c programming.', 'duration': 688.015, 'max_score': 3097.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI3097400.jpg'}, {'end': 3509.983, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3468.216, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3480.102, 'text': 'so this is if statement and this is else statement, okay, so this is the example.', 'start': 3468.216, 'duration': 11.886}, {'end': 3490.797, 'text': 'Here I have used the same example that we have just written the code for.', 'start': 3483.735, 'duration': 7.062}, {'end': 3494.258, 'text': "Now let's begin with loop control structure.", 'start': 3492.478, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 3497.899, 'text': 'So what are loop control structure?', 'start': 3496.339, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 3509.983, 'text': 'Loop control structure are nothing but the control structure that facilitates the operation that we want to repeat for certain times.', 'start': 3497.919, 'duration': 12.064}], 'summary': 'Introduction to if-else statements and loop control structures.', 'duration': 41.767, 'max_score': 3468.216, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI3468216.jpg'}, {'end': 5515.395, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4800.149, 'weight': 0.878, 'content': [{'end': 4814.394, 'text': 'at this point of time, let me remove the comments and let me comment out this break.', 'start': 4800.149, 'duration': 14.245}, {'end': 4818.316, 'text': "let's compile it again, run it again.", 'start': 4814.394, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 4821.419, 'text': 'enter the value of x.', 'start': 4819.958, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 4823.86, 'text': 'let me say six.', 'start': 4821.419, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 4829.782, 'text': "it says x is divisible by two and it says i don't know the output.", 'start': 4823.86, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 4831.283, 'text': 'uh, let me run it again.', 'start': 4829.782, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 4835.785, 'text': 'if i say five, it says x is divisible by two.', 'start': 4831.283, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 4839.206, 'text': "let's revisit our code.", 'start': 4835.785, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 4840.527, 'text': 'so in this case.', 'start': 4839.206, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 4844.729, 'text': 'if i give six, six percentage two is zero.', 'start': 4840.527, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 4845.449, 'text': 'it comes here.', 'start': 4844.729, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 4848.953, 'text': 'it says x is divisible by 2 and there is no break.', 'start': 4845.931, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 4855.257, 'text': 'so it will continue till the switch statements ends or it finds any break.', 'start': 4848.953, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 4859.86, 'text': 'if I give 5, then 5 percentage 2 is 1.', 'start': 4855.257, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 4861.882, 'text': 'it came here.', 'start': 4859.86, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 4865.244, 'text': 'this statement is executed and break.', 'start': 4861.882, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 4869.787, 'text': "so that's how switch case works.", 'start': 4865.244, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 4877.246, 'text': 'so be very careful, put breaks wherever is required, otherwise your program will not give the correct output.', 'start': 4869.787, 'duration': 7.459}, {'end': 4888.728, 'text': 'so example of using break statement in for loop.', 'start': 4883.706, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 4901.373, 'text': 'so break statement can be used in loops also in suppose, if you are want to exit the loop prematurely from some condition,', 'start': 4888.728, 'duration': 12.645}, {'end': 4910.177, 'text': 'you can put break and loop will not be continued.', 'start': 4901.373, 'duration': 8.804}, {'end': 4917.864, 'text': 'we will be exiting out of the loop and the statement after the loop will be executed.', 'start': 4910.177, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 4920.746, 'text': 'So this is how break and loop work.', 'start': 4918.625, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 4923.107, 'text': 'Continue statement.', 'start': 4922.107, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 4933.878, 'text': 'Continue statement means continuous statement will continue.', 'start': 4923.508, 'duration': 10.37}, {'end': 4939.98, 'text': 'the loop like it, will check if some certain condition is true or false.', 'start': 4933.878, 'duration': 6.102}, {'end': 4953.366, 'text': 'if we put a continue keyword inside a loop and if the loop hits the continuous condition, then what it will do is it will not continue.', 'start': 4939.98, 'duration': 13.386}, {'end': 4960.346, 'text': 'it will not execute the statement after continue, but it will to the next iteration of the loop.', 'start': 4953.366, 'duration': 6.98}, {'end': 4965.17, 'text': 'loop will not be executed, but it will go to the next iteration of the loop.', 'start': 4960.346, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 4974.858, 'text': 'so, for example, in this case we are printing a number from 0 to 9.', 'start': 4965.17, 'duration': 9.688}, {'end': 4990.806, 'text': "so if this condition is matched, say i, equal to if i is 5 or 6, we will be skipping the execution of statements where we don't want to execute,", 'start': 4974.858, 'duration': 15.948}, {'end': 4993.307, 'text': 'in case i is equal to 5 and 6.', 'start': 4990.806, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 4995.508, 'text': 'so we have kept continue.', 'start': 4993.307, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 5005.454, 'text': 'so in this place my output will be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 will be skipped 7, 8, 9.', 'start': 4995.508, 'duration': 9.946}, {'end': 5010.036, 'text': 'so because this printf is not shown in the output.', 'start': 5005.454, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 5014.946, 'text': 'but yes, this printf will be coming into output.', 'start': 5010.036, 'duration': 4.91}, {'end': 5020.81, 'text': 'but just to make, just to explain how continue works.', 'start': 5014.946, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 5025.594, 'text': 'and this is this is how the continue works.', 'start': 5020.81, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 5032.46, 'text': 'if we comment out this print statement, this is the output that I will be getting.', 'start': 5025.594, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 5040.266, 'text': 'so goto statement, goto control structure is used for to transfer the control of a program to a specified level of a program.', 'start': 5032.46, 'duration': 7.806}, {'end': 5057.193, 'text': 'So it is kind of looping, but C has provided goto, but it is advisable not to use goto control structures,', 'start': 5042.805, 'duration': 14.388}, {'end': 5063.257, 'text': 'because you never know when your program will going to misbehave.', 'start': 5057.193, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 5080.079, 'text': "So it's always advisable to use either standard loops like for loop while loop, do while, or some if else statement, switch case.", 'start': 5064.157, 'duration': 15.922}, {'end': 5089.921, 'text': "But I'll advise not to use goto statement because that can lead to a very buggy code.", 'start': 5080.519, 'duration': 9.402}, {'end': 5094.982, 'text': "Since C support this, I'll be covering goto in this lecture.", 'start': 5090.521, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 5099.393, 'text': 'So this is a syntax of goto statement.', 'start': 5097.071, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5102.795, 'text': "We'll be having statements goto label.", 'start': 5100.353, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 5115.202, 'text': "So when the statement is executed, when I hit the goto, I'll be directly going to place where label is there.", 'start': 5105.316, 'duration': 9.886}, {'end': 5118.965, 'text': 'So this is kind of a looping.', 'start': 5116.623, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 5121.887, 'text': "From here, I'll jump directly here.", 'start': 5119.445, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 5123.448, 'text': "Then I'll be executing this.", 'start': 5122.287, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 5125.489, 'text': "I'll be jumping here again.", 'start': 5123.828, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5130.1, 'text': 'This is the example of how goto is used.', 'start': 5127.136, 'duration': 2.964}, {'end': 5132.343, 'text': 'So this is a code int.', 'start': 5130.721, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 5135.386, 'text': 'main int i equal to.', 'start': 5132.343, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 5140.192, 'text': 'sorry, I have declared i for i equal to 0, i is less than 10.', 'start': 5135.386, 'duration': 4.806}, {'end': 5140.913, 'text': 'i plus plus.', 'start': 5140.192, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 5146.539, 'text': 'if i equal to equal to 4, printf goto statement when i is 4..', 'start': 5140.913, 'duration': 5.626}, {'end': 5153.462, 'text': 'say goto label, and in this case the loop will be exited.', 'start': 5146.539, 'duration': 6.923}, {'end': 5159.225, 'text': 'so if I is not equal to 4, I will be printing the value.', 'start': 5153.462, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 5166.168, 'text': 'in case I is 4, I will be exiting out of the loop.', 'start': 5159.225, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 5171.61, 'text': 'so this is how goto works.', 'start': 5166.168, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 5173.491, 'text': 'so what will be the output of this program?', 'start': 5171.61, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 5177.539, 'text': 'the output will be 0, 1, 2, 3.', 'start': 5173.491, 'duration': 4.048}, {'end': 5178.882, 'text': 'when 4 is executed.', 'start': 5177.541, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 5181.144, 'text': 'next time that is printed is goto statement.', 'start': 5178.882, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 5192.531, 'text': 'when i equal to 4 and value of i is 4, this is the output.', 'start': 5181.144, 'duration': 11.387}, {'end': 5196.474, 'text': "so let's do some more coding.", 'start': 5192.531, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 5200.337, 'text': "let's write some more program.", 'start': 5196.474, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 5203.198, 'text': 'write a program to print table of a given number.', 'start': 5200.337, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 5221.918, 'text': 'for example, if I am given a number, say 9, I will have to print a table like 9 into 1 equal to 9 and 2 equal to 18, and so on till 9 into 10.', 'start': 5203.198, 'duration': 18.72}, {'end': 5224.839, 'text': "so let's write the code for this.", 'start': 5221.918, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 5254.505, 'text': 'okay, let me include stdio.h int.', 'start': 5245.998, 'duration': 8.507}, {'end': 5262.191, 'text': 'main int i.', 'start': 5254.505, 'duration': 7.686}, {'end': 5269.758, 'text': 'i am declaring some variable i int n.', 'start': 5262.191, 'duration': 7.567}, {'end': 5272.08, 'text': "let's get an input from user.", 'start': 5269.758, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5282.382, 'text': 'enter the number.', 'start': 5281.462, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 5297.45, 'text': 'scanf %d %n.', 'start': 5282.382, 'duration': 15.068}, {'end': 5303.153, 'text': 'now for loop i equal to 1.', 'start': 5297.45, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 5337.269, 'text': 'i less than equal to 10 i plus plus mprinting %d into %d equal to %d.', 'start': 5303.153, 'duration': 34.116}, {'end': 5356.645, 'text': 'okay, so let me and slash and next time, okay, so n into i equal to n into i.', 'start': 5337.269, 'duration': 19.376}, {'end': 5362.871, 'text': 'okay, this will be my output.', 'start': 5356.645, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 5367.415, 'text': 'so i have given semicolon.', 'start': 5362.871, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 5385.27, 'text': 'after the for loop program is successfully compiled, enter the number.', 'start': 5367.415, 'duration': 17.855}, {'end': 5388.252, 'text': "it's been 9.", 'start': 5385.27, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 5395.795, 'text': "so this is how I'm printing 9 into 1 equal to 9, and into 2 equal to 18, and into 3 equal to 27 and equal to 436.", 'start': 5388.252, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 5398.095, 'text': 'let me run it again.', 'start': 5395.795, 'duration': 2.3}, {'end': 5406.707, 'text': 'let me give, say, 16, so I will be getting a table of 16.', 'start': 5398.095, 'duration': 8.612}, {'end': 5415.733, 'text': "let's do one more code at a program to find the factorial of any number entered through the keyboard.", 'start': 5406.707, 'duration': 9.026}, {'end': 5420.097, 'text': 'so how we calculate a factorial?', 'start': 5415.733, 'duration': 4.364}, {'end': 5422.999, 'text': 'the factorial is calculated.', 'start': 5420.097, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 5427.222, 'text': 'suppose you have number n.', 'start': 5422.999, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 5436.663, 'text': 'so factorial is calculated as n into n, minus 1 into n, minus 2 up till n one.', 'start': 5427.222, 'duration': 9.441}, {'end': 5443.789, 'text': 'so here also we need to do the loop.', 'start': 5436.663, 'duration': 7.126}, {'end': 5445.431, 'text': "let's create a program for this.", 'start': 5443.789, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 5467.272, 'text': 'so we are printing vectorial of a given number in this program.', 'start': 5463.387, 'duration': 3.885}, {'end': 5515.395, 'text': 'hash, include stdio.h, int, main, return 0 and then get it from user printf and enter the value of n, scanf, %d, %n.', 'start': 5467.272, 'duration': 48.123}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers topics such as switch case, break, continue, and goto statements, as well as coding examples for printing tables and calculating factorials.', 'duration': 715.246, 'max_score': 4800.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI4800149.jpg'}], 'start': 2038.447, 'title': 'C programming control structures', 'summary': 'Covers mathematical equations, decision control, loop control structures, including if statements, ternary operator, for loop, while loop, do-while loop, and switch case control structure. it provides examples and advises against using the goto statement due to its potential to create buggy code.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2276.165, 'start': 2038.447, 'title': 'C programming: control structures and mathematical equations', 'summary': 'Covers mathematical equations and control structures in c programming, including examples and explanations of decision control and loop control structures, emphasizing the importance of using loops for repetitive tasks.', 'duration': 237.718, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains mathematical equations and control structures in C programming, highlighting the importance of understanding and solving equations using mathematical rules and testing results with C statements.', 'It emphasizes the significance of decision control structures in C programming, illustrating the concept with an example of actions based on passing or failing a mathematics test, and the impact of events on subsequent actions.', 'The chapter elaborates on loop control structures in C programming, emphasizing the advantage of using loops for repetitive tasks, such as printing tables, and the flexibility it provides in controlling the number of iterations in a program.']}, {'end': 3197.209, 'start': 2277.265, 'title': 'Decision control structures', 'summary': 'Covers decision control structures, including if statements, if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and conditional operators. it provides examples of using these structures to make decisions based on conditions and includes sample code for checking if a number is positive, even, or odd.', 'duration': 919.944, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers decision control structures, including if statements, if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and conditional operators.', 'It provides examples of using these structures to make decisions based on conditions and includes sample code for checking if a number is positive, even, or odd.', 'The chapter explains if statements, if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and conditional operators.']}, {'end': 4213.264, 'start': 3197.209, 'title': 'Ternary operator and loop control structures', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of the ternary operator and the three types of loop control structures in c: for loop, while loop, and do-while loop, with examples and syntax provided.', 'duration': 1016.055, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of the ternary operator and the three types of loop control structures in C', 'Examples provided for the ternary operator and loop control structures', 'Usage of the conditional operator (ternary operator) and its syntax explained', 'Explanation of for loop syntax and example provided', 'Importance of condition check and loop termination in while loop', 'Explanation of do-while loop syntax and example usage']}, {'end': 4869.787, 'start': 4213.264, 'title': 'Switch case control structure', 'summary': 'Explains the switch case control structure, including its syntax, importance of break statement, and provides code examples demonstrating its functionality and the impact of missing break statements.', 'duration': 656.523, 'highlights': ['The switch case control structure is a special type of control structure used to check one condition for multiple actions, with keywords like switch, break, continue, and go to.', 'The syntax of switch case statement includes a switch expression, corresponding case statement, break case statement, and a default statement with break, which checks conditions and executes corresponding statements, falling back to the default statement if no match is found.', 'The importance of the break statement is emphasized, as it is necessary to exit the case statement when required, preventing the execution of subsequent case statements, illustrated through code examples and output variations.', 'The impact of missing break statements is demonstrated through code examples, highlighting how the omission of break statements can lead to unexpected execution paths and erratic outputs, emphasizing the need for careful usage of break statements within the switch case control structure.']}, {'end': 5807.427, 'start': 4869.787, 'title': 'Understanding break, continue, and goto in c', 'summary': 'Explains the usage of break, continue, and goto statements in c, demonstrating their functionality with examples and advising against using the goto statement due to its potential to create buggy code. it also covers writing programs to print tables, calculate factorials, and solve problems involving armstrong numbers and fibonacci series.', 'duration': 937.64, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides examples and explanations of how to use break and continue statements in loops, showcasing their ability to control the flow of the program and skip specific iterations, ultimately enhancing the understanding of these control statements.', 'The chapter advises against using the goto statement due to its potential to create buggy code and suggests using standard loops, if-else statements, and switch cases instead, emphasizing the importance of writing clean and maintainable code.', 'A program to print the table of a given number is demonstrated, displaying the implementation of a for loop to calculate and display the multiplication table, providing a practical example of using loops in C programming.', 'The chapter presents a program to calculate the factorial of a given number using a while loop, showcasing the iterative computation of the factorial and providing examples of input and output, enhancing the understanding of loop structures in C programming.', 'Two exercises involving writing programs to identify Armstrong numbers and print the Fibonacci series are provided, encouraging readers to apply their understanding of loops and arithmetic operators to solve practical problems in C programming.']}], 'duration': 3768.98, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI2038447.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers decision control structures, including if statements, if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and conditional operators.', 'The chapter explains mathematical equations and control structures in C programming, highlighting the importance of understanding and solving equations using mathematical rules and testing results with C statements.', 'The chapter elaborates on loop control structures in C programming, emphasizing the advantage of using loops for repetitive tasks, such as printing tables, and the flexibility it provides in controlling the number of iterations in a program.', 'The chapter covers the usage of the ternary operator and the three types of loop control structures in C.', 'The switch case control structure is a special type of control structure used to check one condition for multiple actions, with keywords like switch, break, continue, and go to.', 'The chapter advises against using the goto statement due to its potential to create buggy code and suggests using standard loops, if-else statements, and switch cases instead, emphasizing the importance of writing clean and maintainable code.', 'The chapter provides examples and explanations of how to use break and continue statements in loops, showcasing their ability to control the flow of the program and skip specific iterations, ultimately enhancing the understanding of these control statements.']}, {'end': 7948.396, 'segs': [{'end': 5916.025, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5884.615, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5888.739, 'text': 'so functions are one way of doing delegation.', 'start': 5884.615, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 5899.731, 'text': 'so, for example, if you can see this figure in this example, I have taken a calculator example.', 'start': 5890.483, 'duration': 9.248}, {'end': 5906.877, 'text': 'suppose there is a function called calculator and calculator can perform add operation.', 'start': 5899.731, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 5910.86, 'text': 'so in our main method we will delegate some operation.', 'start': 5906.877, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 5916.025, 'text': 'say, hey, calculator, add me four and five and send me the result.', 'start': 5910.86, 'duration': 5.165}], 'summary': 'Functions allow delegation, like a calculator performing addition in the main method.', 'duration': 31.41, 'max_score': 5884.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI5884615.jpg'}, {'end': 6336.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6270.417, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6274.859, 'text': 'and if any function is not accepting any value of what type, we can leave it empty.', 'start': 6270.417, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 6282.281, 'text': "we don't have to give anything in the open and close brackets, so that will work just fine.", 'start': 6274.859, 'duration': 7.422}, {'end': 6284.862, 'text': 'function body.', 'start': 6283.722, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 6290.047, 'text': 'function body contains all the collection of statement that define the what function does.', 'start': 6284.862, 'duration': 5.185}, {'end': 6300.054, 'text': 'so your whole logic, what you are doing in a function, will be present in the function body.', 'start': 6290.047, 'duration': 10.007}, {'end': 6302.716, 'text': "okay, let's see this example again.", 'start': 6300.054, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 6310.462, 'text': 'this example is whatever we have discussed in this slide the main method, the calculator method and the add method.', 'start': 6302.716, 'duration': 7.746}, {'end': 6314.305, 'text': 'so here we have a main method.', 'start': 6310.462, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 6319.688, 'text': 'we have a calculator method, which is which is declared here, defined.', 'start': 6314.305, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 6325.772, 'text': 'here we have add method, which is declared here, defined here.', 'start': 6319.688, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 6332.857, 'text': 'so this is function declaration.', 'start': 6325.772, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 6336.54, 'text': 'this is function definition.', 'start': 6332.857, 'duration': 3.683}], 'summary': 'Functions in programming can be defined and declared with empty parameters, and contain the logic for specific tasks.', 'duration': 66.123, 'max_score': 6270.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI6270417.jpg'}, {'end': 6513.045, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6481.578, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6487.522, 'text': 'Each function in a program is called in sequence specified by function calls in main.', 'start': 6481.578, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 6494.781, 'text': 'So the calling of function will be driven from the flow that starts from main.', 'start': 6488.399, 'duration': 6.382}, {'end': 6501.402, 'text': 'So in this example, first we have called the calculator method.', 'start': 6495.521, 'duration': 5.881}, {'end': 6507.064, 'text': 'The calculator method is called the add method and it ends here.', 'start': 6501.862, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 6513.045, 'text': 'So the flow is like main method will call calculator, calculator calls add.', 'start': 6507.664, 'duration': 5.381}], 'summary': 'Functions in a program are called in sequence specified by function calls in main, with the example calling the calculator method, which then calls the add method.', 'duration': 31.467, 'max_score': 6481.578, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI6481578.jpg'}, {'end': 7537.802, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7428.221, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7495.313, 'text': 'let me say if n is greater than equal to 1, If n is greater than equal to 2..', 'start': 7428.221, 'duration': 67.092}, {'end': 7496.653, 'text': "so we'll first.", 'start': 7495.313, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 7513.099, 'text': "I'm declaring two variables, and first is equal to zero, equal to zero, and second is equal to one.", 'start': 7496.653, 'duration': 16.446}, {'end': 7519.481, 'text': 'so in case, if n is greater than equal to zero, that means I have to print first percentage d.', 'start': 7513.099, 'duration': 6.382}, {'end': 7527.077, 'text': 'if n is greater than equal to 2, I need to print.', 'start': 7522.835, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 7537.802, 'text': 'second, present is t.', 'start': 7527.077, 'duration': 10.725}], 'summary': 'Initializing variables first=0, second=1. printing first and second based on n condition.', 'duration': 109.581, 'max_score': 7428.221, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI7428221.jpg'}], 'start': 5807.667, 'title': 'Functions in programming', 'summary': 'Covers the concept, structure, and importance of functions in programming, including their role in delegation, benefits such as cleaner code and easier debugging, the flow of functions in c programming, writing c functions for specific tasks, and printing the fibonacci series with examples and corner cases.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5976.863, 'start': 5807.667, 'title': 'Function delegation in programming', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of functions in programming, highlighting their role in delegation by using a simple example of a calculator function performing an addition operation, illustrating the process of delegation and task completion.', 'duration': 169.196, 'highlights': ['Functions are self-contained blocks of statements that perform coherent tasks, with each block being a complete entity and expecting some input and giving some output.', 'A program consists of multiple functions, each with a specific task, and when combined, complete the program.', 'In the example of a calculator function performing an addition operation, the main method delegates the responsibility to the calculator, which further delegates it to the add method, illustrating the process of delegation in programming.']}, {'end': 6300.054, 'start': 5979.545, 'title': 'Functions in programming', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of functions in programming, highlighting the benefits such as cleaner code, easier debugging, and the structure of a function including its name, return type, parameters, and function body.', 'duration': 320.509, 'highlights': ['Functions make the code cleaner and easier to understand, debug, and fix.', 'Functions are structured with a function name, return type, parameters, and function body.', 'Return type determines the type of value the function returns, and functions can also have void return type.', 'Parameters serve as placeholders and can be optional, and the function body contains the logic of the function.']}, {'end': 6569.254, 'start': 6300.054, 'title': 'Functions in c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the structure and flow of functions in c programming, emphasizing the importance of using functions for well-structured and maintainable programs, and the significance of the main function as the starting point for program execution, with an explanation of the sequence of function calls and control flow back to the main function.', 'duration': 269.2, 'highlights': ['The main function, calculator method, and add method are defined and called in the program, showcasing the function declaration and definition process.', 'It is good practice to use functions in C programming for well-structured and easily maintainable programs.', 'The main function is crucial in a C program, and if a program contains only one function, it must be the main function.', 'The sequence of function calls in a program is driven by the flow originating from the main function, with each function returning control to the main function once its execution is complete.']}, {'end': 7281.254, 'start': 6569.254, 'title': 'C function exploration', 'summary': 'Demonstrates writing c functions to check if a number is even or odd, calculate simple interest, and print the first n numbers of a fibonacci series, achieving correct results for various input values and demonstrating the efficiency of calling functions within printf statements.', 'duration': 712, 'highlights': ["The function 'is_even' is defined to check if a given number is even or odd and returns 1 if the number is even and 0 if the number is odd, with the program correctly identifying 4 as even (1) and 5 as odd (0).", 'A function to calculate simple interest is implemented, including typecasting to ensure the correct floating type result for the interest calculation, yielding accurate results upon execution.', "The concept and code for generating the first n numbers of a Fibonacci series are explained, demonstrating the special series' properties and the iterative method to obtain the series in a programmatic manner."]}, {'end': 7948.396, 'start': 7284.355, 'title': 'Printing fibonacci series', 'summary': 'Explains the process of printing the fibonacci series by declaring a function to display the series using a void type, initializing variables for the first two numbers, and implementing a loop to print subsequent numbers. it also includes examples and corner cases to demonstrate the functionality.', 'duration': 664.041, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the process of printing the Fibonacci series by declaring a function to display the series using a void type.', 'It includes examples and corner cases to demonstrate the functionality.', 'Initializing variables for the first two numbers and implementing a loop to print subsequent numbers.']}], 'duration': 2140.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI5807667.jpg', 'highlights': ['Functions are self-contained blocks of statements with input and output.', 'Functions make code cleaner, easier to understand, debug, and fix.', 'The main function is crucial in a C program, driving the flow of function calls.', "The function 'is_even' checks if a number is even or odd, returning 1 or 0.", 'The chapter explains printing the Fibonacci series using a void type function.']}, {'end': 10202.59, 'segs': [{'end': 7982.51, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7952.051, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7960.734, 'text': 'Okay. so these are the exercise questions that you can do on your own, which is very simple.', 'start': 7952.051, 'duration': 8.683}, {'end': 7963.995, 'text': 'Write a function to print a given number in a reverse order.', 'start': 7960.774, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 7972.116, 'text': 'For example, you are given 1234 and you need to print it in a reverse order 4321.', 'start': 7964.316, 'duration': 7.8}, {'end': 7982.51, 'text': 'So all you need to do is you need to use a modular function modular operation and you will be easily able to do this.', 'start': 7972.116, 'duration': 10.394}], 'summary': 'Write a function to print a given number in reverse order, using modular operation.', 'duration': 30.459, 'max_score': 7952.051, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI7952051.jpg'}, {'end': 9097.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9070.056, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9074.66, 'text': 'And from 0, this will return 1.', 'start': 9070.056, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 9076.582, 'text': "okay, I'll be multiplying 1 with 1.", 'start': 9074.66, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 9078.123, 'text': 'this will return 1.', 'start': 9076.582, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 9079.645, 'text': "I'll be multiplying 1 with 2.", 'start': 9078.123, 'duration': 1.522}, {'end': 9081.006, 'text': 'this will return 2.', 'start': 9079.645, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 9082.788, 'text': "I'll be multiplying 2 with 3.", 'start': 9081.006, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 9084.209, 'text': 'this will return 6.', 'start': 9082.788, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 9087.052, 'text': "so ultimately I'll be getting factorial of 3 is 6.", 'start': 9084.209, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 9097.799, 'text': 'great. so what is recursion versus iteration like?', 'start': 9087.052, 'duration': 10.747}], 'summary': 'Factorial of 3 is 6, discussing recursion vs. iteration', 'duration': 27.743, 'max_score': 9070.056, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI9070056.jpg'}, {'end': 9165.066, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9129.746, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9134.787, 'text': 'So sometimes recursive functions are less efficient.', 'start': 9129.746, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 9142.009, 'text': 'So we need to consider the time and space complexity while going for a recursive function.', 'start': 9135.607, 'duration': 6.402}, {'end': 9155.259, 'text': "So many of the times, recursive function do leads to memory overflow or stack overflow, but it's not like.", 'start': 9142.929, 'duration': 12.33}, {'end': 9165.066, 'text': 'recursive functions are useless, but we need to take care of our time and space constraint before using a recursive approach.', 'start': 9155.259, 'duration': 9.807}], 'summary': 'Recursive functions can be less efficient, leading to memory or stack overflow, so consider time and space complexities before using them.', 'duration': 35.32, 'max_score': 9129.746, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI9129746.jpg'}, {'end': 9723.532, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9691.258, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9704.49, 'text': "some improper values are given, so it's better to identify those values and not to execute those values in the function.", 'start': 9691.258, 'duration': 13.232}, {'end': 9709.572, 'text': 'so if you have seen I have taken n is less than 0.', 'start': 9704.49, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 9713.233, 'text': 'so in this problem statement we are just considering the positive numbers.', 'start': 9709.572, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 9723.532, 'text': 'so in case somebody has given any negative number, exiting our code and giving the result as 0 okay.', 'start': 9713.233, 'duration': 10.299}], 'summary': 'Identify and exclude improper values, considering only positive numbers and exiting if a negative number is given.', 'duration': 32.274, 'max_score': 9691.258, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI9691258.jpg'}], 'start': 7952.051, 'title': 'Recursion and recursive functions', 'summary': 'Covers recursion, exercise questions, and examples of recursive functions for power calculation and factorial, highlighting trade-offs between recursion and iteration. it emphasizes the importance of exit conditions, problem-solving approaches, and provides code demonstrations resulting in quantifiable outcomes for power and factorial calculations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8148.803, 'start': 7952.051, 'title': 'Recursion and exercise questions', 'summary': 'Discusses recursion and provides exercise questions for writing functions to print a number in reverse order and to convert temperature from celsius to fahrenheit, emphasizing the similarity of recursion to solving a jigsaw puzzle.', 'duration': 196.752, 'highlights': ['Recursion is likened to solving a jigsaw puzzle by identifying smaller problems and bundling their solutions to solve a bigger problem, showcasing a problem-solving technique for similar smaller problems.', 'Exercise questions involve writing a function to print a given number in reverse order and another function to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit, aimed at understanding recursion through practical problem-solving.', 'The approach of solving a jigsaw puzzle is explained, emphasizing the process of finding and fixing corner elements, then identifying matching elements and building the solution, serving as an analogy for understanding recursion.']}, {'end': 8668.929, 'start': 8148.803, 'title': 'Recursive functions for power calculation', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of recursive functions through an example of writing a function to calculate the power of 2, illustrating the process and demonstrating the code, resulting in 2 to the power of 4 equaling 16.', 'duration': 520.126, 'highlights': ['A recursive function is defined as a function that calls itself, illustrated through the example of writing a function to calculate the power of 2.', 'The process of identifying a smaller problem and breaking it down is explained as the basis for determining a recursive function, demonstrated through the approach of 2 into function of n minus 1 and returning 1 for n equals 0.', 'The code for the recursive function to calculate the power of 2 is demonstrated, showing the function calling itself to solve the problem and resulting in 2 to the power of 4 equaling 16.']}, {'end': 9097.799, 'start': 8668.929, 'title': 'Recursion and factorial function', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of identifying subproblems and exit conditions in recursive functions, with a sample code for factorial calculation using recursion, resulting in the factorial of 3 being 6.', 'duration': 428.87, 'highlights': ['The importance of identifying subproblems and exit conditions in recursive functions', 'Sample code for factorial calculation using recursion', 'Illustration of how the factorial of 3 was calculated using recursion']}, {'end': 9455.759, 'start': 9097.799, 'title': 'Recursion vs iteration', 'summary': 'Discusses the trade-offs between using recursion and iteration, highlighting that recursive functions may be less efficient, leading to memory overflow, but can simplify problem solutions and code readability. it emphasizes the importance of properly identifying the exit condition to avoid infinite loops and encourages experimenting with both recursive and iterative approaches for problem-solving.', 'duration': 357.96, 'highlights': ['Recursive functions are sometimes less efficient than iterative functions, leading to potential memory overflow or stack overflow.', 'It is important to consider time and space complexity before using a recursive approach, as it can simplify problem solutions, resulting in shorter and easily understood code.', 'Improperly written recursive functions can result in infinite loops, emphasizing the need to identify the exit condition properly.', 'The chapter encourages experimenting with both recursive and iterative approaches for problem-solving and highlights the process of finding the sum of digits of a given number using both recursive and iterative approaches.']}, {'end': 10202.59, 'start': 9455.759, 'title': 'Sum of digits problem', 'summary': 'Discusses the iterative and recursive approaches to solving the sum of digits problem, emphasizing the identification of exit conditions, handling of corner cases, and the advantages and use cases of each approach, with a demonstration of the code and examples for further practice.', 'duration': 746.831, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the iterative and recursive approaches to solving the sum of digits problem.', 'Emphasizing the identification of exit conditions and handling of corner cases in the code.', 'Demonstration of advantages and use cases of each approach with examples for further practice.']}], 'duration': 2250.539, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI7952051.jpg', 'highlights': ['Recursion is likened to solving a jigsaw puzzle by identifying smaller problems and bundling their solutions to solve a bigger problem.', 'A recursive function is defined as a function that calls itself, illustrated through the example of writing a function to calculate the power of 2.', 'The importance of identifying subproblems and exit conditions in recursive functions', 'Recursive functions are sometimes less efficient than iterative functions, leading to potential memory overflow or stack overflow.', 'The chapter encourages experimenting with both recursive and iterative approaches for problem-solving and highlights the process of finding the sum of digits of a given number using both recursive and iterative approaches.']}, {'end': 11392.359, 'segs': [{'end': 10375.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10302.87, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10309.711, 'text': 'So hash is nothing but an identifier which tells C program that it is a preprocessor directive.', 'start': 10302.87, 'duration': 6.841}, {'end': 10323.894, 'text': 'So this is how we compile the program or when we compile the program this is the steps that the program went through.', 'start': 10313.292, 'duration': 10.602}, {'end': 10331.315, 'text': 'So first the source code is preprocessed and expanded source code is generated.', 'start': 10324.374, 'duration': 6.941}, {'end': 10340.778, 'text': 'For example, we have, suppose we have written a sample.c file and we have used lot of pre-processors.', 'start': 10331.395, 'duration': 9.383}, {'end': 10349.345, 'text': 'for example, hash include std arrow.h or hash includes string.h or hash define.', 'start': 10340.778, 'duration': 8.567}, {'end': 10357.751, 'text': 'so if we have used lot of pre-processors, our source code is expanded.', 'start': 10349.345, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 10369.206, 'text': 'that means all the pre-processors are simplified and merged into a one file, which is called dot i file, and then it is compiled, assembled,', 'start': 10357.751, 'duration': 11.455}, {'end': 10370.707, 'text': 'link and load.', 'start': 10369.206, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 10375.871, 'text': 'this we have already covered in previous sections.', 'start': 10370.707, 'duration': 5.164}], 'summary': 'Hash is an identifier in c program for preprocessor directives. source code is preprocessed and expanded before compiling.', 'duration': 73.001, 'max_score': 10302.87, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI10302870.jpg'}, {'end': 10840.459, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10808.972, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10810.552, 'text': 'line is underscore line.', 'start': 10808.972, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 10816.673, 'text': 'ANSI is underscore type of ANSI and this will be the output that file is.', 'start': 10810.552, 'duration': 6.121}, {'end': 10818.193, 'text': 'I am using main.c file.', 'start': 10816.673, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 10823.414, 'text': "today is 1st of August, it's 1448 line.", 'start': 10818.193, 'duration': 5.221}, {'end': 10827.575, 'text': 'number is 8 and I am using ANSI 1 standard.', 'start': 10823.414, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 10833.052, 'text': 'So this is how I can use the predefined macros.', 'start': 10829.448, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 10840.459, 'text': 'I suggest you should try this example in your own system and see what output it comes.', 'start': 10834.173, 'duration': 6.286}], 'summary': 'Using ansi standard, 1448-line main.c file outputs predefined macros.', 'duration': 31.487, 'max_score': 10808.972, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI10808972.jpg'}, {'end': 10910.121, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10876.835, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10890.045, 'text': 'so we can use undefined, if defined, if def is to check if a macro is defined or not, if n def is returns, true if a macro is not defined.', 'start': 10876.835, 'duration': 13.21}, {'end': 10894.869, 'text': 'if hash, if test, if a compile time condition is true.', 'start': 10890.045, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 10897.07, 'text': 'so this is done at a compile time only.', 'start': 10894.869, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 10910.121, 'text': 'else, as a standard alternative of if and if and and zip repositor condition, hash error prints the error message.', 'start': 10897.07, 'duration': 13.051}], 'summary': 'Using undefined, if defined, if def, hash, if test at compile time.', 'duration': 33.286, 'max_score': 10876.835, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI10876835.jpg'}], 'start': 10202.69, 'title': 'Preprocessor directives and operators', 'summary': 'Covers preprocessor directives like hash define, hash include, hash undefined, hash if, hash error, and pragma, and preprocessor operators, enabling easier program development, modification, and transport. it also explores file inclusion, conditional compilation, and predefined macros, facilitating debugging and logging functionalities.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10485.306, 'start': 10202.69, 'title': 'Preprocessor in c programming', 'summary': 'Explains the role of preprocessor in c programming, covering the process of preprocessing, advantages of preprocessor, and the steps involved in program compilation, making it easier to develop, modify, and transport programs.', 'duration': 282.616, 'highlights': ['The preprocessor simplifies and merges all the pre-processors into a single .i file, making it easier to develop and modify programs.', 'The preprocessor helps make the program more transportable between different machine architectures.', 'The preprocessor eliminates the need to write repetitive code, making the program easier to read and modify.']}, {'end': 10840.459, 'start': 10485.945, 'title': 'Preprocessor directives in c', 'summary': 'Explores preprocessor directives in c, including file inclusion, conditional compilation, and predefined macros, which enable the creation of transportable code and facilitate debugging and logging functionalities.', 'duration': 354.514, 'highlights': ['Preprocessor directives include file inclusion, conditional compilation, and predefined macros.', 'Conditional directives facilitate the creation of transportable code by enabling conditional compilation for different machine architectures.', 'Predefined macros like __DATE__, __TIME__, __FILE__, __LINE__, and __STDC__ provide information such as current date, time, file name, line number, and ANSI standard usage, enabling debugging and logging functionalities.']}, {'end': 11392.359, 'start': 10843.362, 'title': 'Preprocessor directives and operators', 'summary': 'Explains preprocessor directives including hash define, hash include, hash undefined, hash if, hash error, and pragma, and preprocessor operators like macro continuation, stringize, and define operator, with examples and their usage in c programming.', 'duration': 548.997, 'highlights': ['Pragma can issue special compiler commands using a standardized method, such as startup and exit functions.', 'Stringize operator converts a macro parameter into a string constant, demonstrated with examples of its usage.', 'Continuation operator enables macros to continue onto the next line, preventing errors due to long macro definitions.']}], 'duration': 1189.669, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI10202690.jpg', 'highlights': ['The preprocessor simplifies and merges all the pre-processors into a single .i file, making it easier to develop and modify programs.', 'The preprocessor helps make the program more transportable between different machine architectures.', 'The preprocessor eliminates the need to write repetitive code, making the program easier to read and modify.', 'Preprocessor directives include file inclusion, conditional compilation, and predefined macros.', 'Conditional directives facilitate the creation of transportable code by enabling conditional compilation for different machine architectures.', 'Predefined macros like __DATE__, __TIME__, __FILE__, __LINE__, and __STDC__ provide information such as current date, time, file name, line number, and ANSI standard usage, enabling debugging and logging functionalities.', 'Pragma can issue special compiler commands using a standardized method, such as startup and exit functions.', 'Stringize operator converts a macro parameter into a string constant, demonstrated with examples of its usage.', 'Continuation operator enables macros to continue onto the next line, preventing errors due to long macro definitions.']}, {'end': 12982.675, 'segs': [{'end': 11489.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11453.099, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11465.522, 'text': "it's like a small function which is also called as inline function, where we don't have to define a function in our program.", 'start': 11453.099, 'duration': 12.423}, {'end': 11477.288, 'text': "it's a macro which can perform small operations like calculating square or adding two numbers or doing some arithmetic operation.", 'start': 11465.522, 'duration': 11.766}, {'end': 11484.895, 'text': 'for example, say we have a macro, say max x of y, which generate, which gives a value.', 'start': 11477.288, 'duration': 7.607}, {'end': 11489.677, 'text': 'what is the maximum between x and y?', 'start': 11487.116, 'duration': 2.561}], 'summary': 'Macro is a small inline function for simple arithmetic operations.', 'duration': 36.578, 'max_score': 11453.099, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI11453099.jpg'}, {'end': 11542.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11516.735, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11523.041, 'text': "We'll be doing some practical examples on how to use preprocessors in C.", 'start': 11516.735, 'duration': 6.306}, {'end': 11526.644, 'text': "So in this session we'll be writing two programs.", 'start': 11523.041, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 11531.769, 'text': 'First program will be to find area of a circle.', 'start': 11527.505, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 11536.714, 'text': 'So how to find area of circle? Area of circle is equal to pi r square.', 'start': 11532.09, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 11542.039, 'text': "So we'll be defining a constant called pi and doing some calculation around it.", 'start': 11537.294, 'duration': 4.745}], 'summary': 'Practical examples on using preprocessors in c, writing two programs including finding area of a circle.', 'duration': 25.304, 'max_score': 11516.735, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI11516735.jpg'}, {'end': 12718.318, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 12369.296, 'weight': 0.738, 'content': [{'end': 12372.397, 'text': 'array element can be accessed with a subscript.', 'start': 12369.296, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 12376.818, 'text': 'subscript is nothing but a number inside the square bracket.', 'start': 12372.397, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 12381.019, 'text': 'so suppose you have declared an array with arr.', 'start': 12376.818, 'duration': 4.201}, {'end': 12389.644, 'text': 'So to access the third element of the array you need to give arr 2..', 'start': 12382.942, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 12392.145, 'text': 'So this will give you the third element of the array.', 'start': 12389.644, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 12398.426, 'text': "So let's write a program to input 10 elements in the array and print it in a reverse order.", 'start': 12393.765, 'duration': 4.661}, {'end': 12400.667, 'text': "Let's do some practical session.", 'start': 12398.747, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 12410.457, 'text': "So here I'm using vi editor vim array1.", 'start': 12402.528, 'duration': 7.929}, {'end': 12415.388, 'text': 'c let me give my file name as array1.', 'start': 12410.457, 'duration': 4.931}, {'end': 12435.395, 'text': "c. let's start with putting some documentation ram to input array and pin it in reverse order.", 'start': 12415.388, 'duration': 20.007}, {'end': 12446.326, 'text': "okay, let's include h2dio.h.", 'start': 12435.395, 'duration': 10.931}, {'end': 12459.237, 'text': "let's declare the main method.", 'start': 12446.326, 'duration': 12.911}, {'end': 12471.777, 'text': "let's declare the main method as is like this let's declare the array, say 10.", 'start': 12459.237, 'duration': 12.54}, {'end': 12472.517, 'text': 'size of that is 10.', 'start': 12471.777, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 12481.259, 'text': "let's get an int which can be used as a loop counter.", 'start': 12472.517, 'duration': 8.742}, {'end': 12496.462, 'text': "okay, I'm writing a loop.", 'start': 12481.259, 'duration': 15.203}, {'end': 12522.443, 'text': 'so printf and uh in position percentage d, which is, say i.', 'start': 12496.462, 'duration': 25.981}, {'end': 12526.485, 'text': "okay, let's scan f.", 'start': 12522.443, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 12546.7, 'text': 'so this will help me out in initializing my array.', 'start': 12542.419, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 12549.12, 'text': "now I'll be printing the array in reverse order.", 'start': 12546.7, 'duration': 2.42}, {'end': 12572.886, 'text': 'so before that, let me have some printf statement array in reverse order.', 'start': 12549.12, 'duration': 23.766}, {'end': 12576.529, 'text': 'int i equal to 9.', 'start': 12572.886, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 12581.594, 'text': 'i greater than 0, i minus minus.', 'start': 12576.529, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 12585.897, 'text': 'so this loop will be continued from 0 to 9.', 'start': 12581.594, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 12588.56, 'text': 'then we will be doing int f.', 'start': 12585.897, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 12613.929, 'text': "let's save this, let's compile this.", 'start': 12593.737, 'duration': 20.192}, {'end': 12629.506, 'text': 'So compilation is success.', 'start': 12628.106, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 12630.146, 'text': "Let's run this.", 'start': 12629.526, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 12632.907, 'text': 'So, okay.', 'start': 12631.787, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 12635.568, 'text': "It's asking me to enter the array at position 1.", 'start': 12633.367, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 12647.59, 'text': '5, 7, 3, 7, 8, 9, 4, 3, 7, anything I can do.', 'start': 12635.568, 'duration': 12.022}, {'end': 12651.971, 'text': 'And this will, this prints my array in reverse order.', 'start': 12648.69, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 12662.818, 'text': 'So, if you can see, this is the order in which I have entered my number and this is the order in which it is printed.', 'start': 12652.811, 'duration': 10.007}, {'end': 12665.379, 'text': 'so this is the mechanism of printing the number.', 'start': 12662.818, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 12677.227, 'text': 'it does not reverse the array, but we have printed array in reverse order.', 'start': 12665.379, 'duration': 11.848}, {'end': 12679.969, 'text': 'so bound checkings.', 'start': 12677.227, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 12686.514, 'text': 'in C there is no check to see if your subscript used in array exceeds the size of the array.', 'start': 12679.969, 'duration': 6.545}, {'end': 12696.19, 'text': 'so, as I mentioned earlier, the arrays are stored in sequential in a continuous memory location.', 'start': 12686.514, 'duration': 9.676}, {'end': 12711.695, 'text': "so in C we don't know or there is nothing any built in function or any any preprocessors provided to check whether the array,", 'start': 12696.19, 'duration': 15.505}, {'end': 12713.455, 'text': 'what is the size of the array?', 'start': 12711.695, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 12718.318, 'text': 'so to do that you need to do some manual coding.', 'start': 12713.455, 'duration': 4.863}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses accessing array elements, inputting 10 elements, and printing them in reverse order using a practical c programming example.', 'duration': 349.022, 'max_score': 12369.296, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI12369296.jpg'}, {'end': 12982.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12837.751, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12846.677, 'text': 'for example, in this we are having an integer array and we are having a function, if you can see, and this accepts integer type.', 'start': 12837.751, 'duration': 8.926}, {'end': 12859.376, 'text': 'pass by value always passes the array or element of the array one by one, it does not pass the whole array.', 'start': 12849.753, 'duration': 9.623}, {'end': 12861.857, 'text': 'pass by reference is.', 'start': 12859.376, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 12866.819, 'text': 'using pass by reference, we can pass the entire array into the function.', 'start': 12861.857, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 12876.878, 'text': 'so if I have declared an array of size 5 and I have function ifunc and this function accepts the array,', 'start': 12866.819, 'duration': 10.059}, {'end': 12885.602, 'text': 'I can pass my array completely into the function and work accordingly.', 'start': 12876.878, 'duration': 8.724}, {'end': 12893.866, 'text': 'the difference is like whenever I am passing the complete array to the function using pass by reference,', 'start': 12885.602, 'duration': 8.264}, {'end': 12896.708, 'text': 'this function may change the content of the array.', 'start': 12893.866, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 12900.59, 'text': 'so we have to be very careful while working with pass by reference.', 'start': 12896.708, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 12907.555, 'text': "So let's write some code for pass by value and pass by function.", 'start': 12902.813, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 12913.836, 'text': "So I'm going to give one file, re2.", 'start': 12908.315, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 12928.101, 'text': "c I'm giving some documentation example for pass by value and pass by reference.", 'start': 12913.836, 'duration': 14.265}, {'end': 12940.946, 'text': 'include std io.h.', 'start': 12931.423, 'duration': 9.523}, {'end': 12946.007, 'text': 'having method declaration.', 'start': 12940.946, 'duration': 5.061}, {'end': 12948.808, 'text': 'func1 will be passed by.', 'start': 12946.007, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 12982.675, 'text': 'value will be passed by reference.', 'start': 12948.808, 'duration': 33.867}], 'summary': 'Pass by value passes array elements, while pass by reference passes entire array, allowing function to change array content.', 'duration': 144.924, 'max_score': 12837.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI12837751.jpg'}], 'start': 11392.359, 'title': 'C programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers parameterized macros, preprocessors for area calculation, array concepts, and practical sessions on array manipulation in c, with examples and practical application, resulting in a circle area calculation of 12.56 and emphasizing the importance of bound checkings.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11514.97, 'start': 11392.359, 'title': 'Parameterized macros in c', 'summary': 'Explains parameterized macros in c, including how to define and use them, with examples of hash defines for square and max functions, illustrating their practical application.', 'duration': 122.611, 'highlights': ['Parameterized macros in C accept arguments and perform specific functions, such as calculating square or determining the maximum of two numbers, offering a convenient alternative to defining separate functions in the program.', 'Hash defines are used to define parameterized macros, with the argument list enclosed in parenthesis and no spaces allowed between the macro name, as exemplified by the hash defined square of X, equivalent to X into X.']}, {'end': 12078.919, 'start': 11516.735, 'title': 'Using preprocessors in c for circle area calculation', 'summary': 'Demonstrates practical examples of using preprocessors in c to calculate the area of a circle, involving defining constants, using macros, and passing arguments to macros, resulting in the calculation of the area of a circle with radius 2 as 12.56.', 'duration': 562.184, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to use preprocessors in C to define constants and calculate the area of a circle with radius 2 as 12.56, using the formula area = pi * r * r.', 'It also illustrates the use of macros in C, showing how to define a function-like macro to calculate the area of a circle based on a given radius, resulting in the calculation of the area of a circle with radius 2 as 12.56.', 'The transcript includes examples of defining constants, using macros, and passing arguments to macros in C for the purpose of calculating the area of a circle.', 'The chapter explains the utilization of macros and constants in C to calculate the area of a circle, with pi being declared as a constant and utilized throughout the program.', 'Additionally, the chapter delves into the definition of a function-like macro to calculate the area of a circle, effectively demonstrating the use of preprocessors in C.']}, {'end': 12398.426, 'start': 12080.44, 'title': 'Understanding arrays in programming', 'summary': 'Describes the concept of arrays in programming, emphasizing the sequential storage of similar data types, declaration, initialization, and accessing of array elements, with examples and rules like zero-based indexing and size-1 for the last element.', 'duration': 317.986, 'highlights': ['Arrays store similar data types in a sequential manner in a continuous memory location, e.g., integers 6, 7, 10, 32, 44, 5, 1, 4, 3 stored in a 10-element array.', 'Declaration of array involves specifying the data type, array name, and size, e.g., int numbers[10] for an integer array with size 10.', 'Initialization of arrays can be done inline by providing values for each element or dynamically without specifying the size.', "Every element in an array starts with index 0, and the last element's index is size-1, with a rule to access elements using subscripts, e.g., accessing the third element using arr[2]."]}, {'end': 12982.675, 'start': 12398.747, 'title': 'C programming practical session', 'summary': 'Covers practical sessions on c programming, including array manipulation and printing in reverse order, as well as the importance of bound checkings and the differences between pass by value and pass by reference when passing an array to a function.', 'duration': 583.928, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers practical sessions on C programming, including array manipulation and printing in reverse order.', "The importance of bound checkings in C programming is highlighted, emphasizing the need to manually code and ensure that the array's size is not exceeded.", 'The differences between pass by value and pass by reference when passing an array to a function are explained, with a caution about the potential content change of the array when using pass by reference.']}], 'duration': 1590.316, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI11392359.jpg', 'highlights': ['Parameterized macros in C accept arguments and perform specific functions, offering a convenient alternative to defining separate functions.', 'Hash defines are used to define parameterized macros, with the argument list enclosed in parenthesis and no spaces allowed between the macro name.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to use preprocessors in C to define constants and calculate the area of a circle with radius 2 as 12.56.', 'The chapter explains the utilization of macros and constants in C to calculate the area of a circle, with pi being declared as a constant and utilized throughout the program.', 'Arrays store similar data types in a sequential manner in a continuous memory location, with a rule to access elements using subscripts.', 'The chapter covers practical sessions on C programming, including array manipulation and printing in reverse order.', "The importance of bound checkings in C programming is highlighted, emphasizing the need to manually code and ensure that the array's size is not exceeded.", 'The differences between pass by value and pass by reference when passing an array to a function are explained, with a caution about the potential content change of the array when using pass by reference.']}, {'end': 14680.239, 'segs': [{'end': 13227.153, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13166.182, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13171.696, 'text': 'let me have a printf in between that.', 'start': 13166.182, 'duration': 5.514}, {'end': 13201.809, 'text': 'we will be printing this in a separate line, otherwise the output will not be very clear, putting next line.', 'start': 13171.696, 'duration': 30.113}, {'end': 13209.19, 'text': 'so that, okay.', 'start': 13201.809, 'duration': 7.381}, {'end': 13210.45, 'text': 'so received value 5.', 'start': 13209.19, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 13211.17, 'text': 'this is func1.', 'start': 13210.45, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 13215.031, 'text': 'okay, and this is func2.', 'start': 13211.17, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 13227.153, 'text': 'where func1, we are passing the value of third element of fourth element of the array and in func2 we are passing the entire array.', 'start': 13215.031, 'duration': 12.122}], 'summary': 'Printing a received value of 5 in separate lines using func1 and func2.', 'duration': 60.971, 'max_score': 13166.182, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI13166182.jpg'}, {'end': 13332.638, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13300.705, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 13305.57, 'text': 'so this element is first element of the first array.', 'start': 13300.705, 'duration': 4.865}, {'end': 13314.166, 'text': 'that means first array will be always be row wise and which element we have to access will be column wise.', 'start': 13305.57, 'duration': 8.596}, {'end': 13320.15, 'text': 'so first row, if you want to access element in first row and third column.', 'start': 13314.166, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 13320.951, 'text': 'so it will be.', 'start': 13320.15, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 13324.073, 'text': 'it will always be first row, third column.', 'start': 13320.951, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 13326.654, 'text': 'this will be the.', 'start': 13324.073, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 13327.895, 'text': 'this is how you can access.', 'start': 13326.654, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 13332.638, 'text': 'you need to give a of 0 and 3.', 'start': 13327.895, 'duration': 4.743}], 'summary': 'Access elements in a 2d array by specifying row and column indices.', 'duration': 31.933, 'max_score': 13300.705, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI13300705.jpg'}, {'end': 13617.342, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13512.31, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 13555.608, 'text': 'enter the value at row percentage d, column percentage d, i, j, stnf percentage d and of arr i j.', 'start': 13512.31, 'duration': 43.298}, {'end': 13558.93, 'text': "okay, now let's print the.", 'start': 13555.608, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 13560.891, 'text': 'this is how we can get an input.', 'start': 13558.93, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 13563.813, 'text': "now let's print it again.", 'start': 13560.891, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 13567.855, 'text': 'we need two loops.', 'start': 13563.813, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 13581.29, 'text': 'i use then row i press press for j equal to zero.', 'start': 13567.855, 'duration': 13.435}, {'end': 13617.342, 'text': 'J is less than column J++ printf percentage D, ARR of I and of J, adding a printf.', 'start': 13581.29, 'duration': 36.052}], 'summary': 'Using loops to print array values, with row and column percentages.', 'duration': 105.032, 'max_score': 13512.31, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI13512310.jpg'}], 'start': 12982.675, 'title': 'Arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers array declaration, function calls, and pointer usage in c, multi-dimensional arrays, a program to find the smallest and largest element, and implementing array logic and programs in c, with examples and quantifiable data.', 'chapters': [{'end': 13227.153, 'start': 12982.675, 'title': 'Array declaration and pointer usage', 'summary': 'Covers array declaration, function calls with array elements, and pointer usage in c, including passing array elements and sizes to functions, with a focus on referencing array elements using pointers and will be covered in the pointer section in c.', 'duration': 244.478, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers array declaration, function calls with array elements, and pointer usage in C, including passing array elements and sizes to functions, with a focus on referencing array elements using pointers and will be covered in the pointer section in C.', 'The chapter demonstrates the declaration of an array of size 5 and the usage of func1 and func2 to manipulate and print array elements.', 'The chapter emphasizes the usage of pointers to refer to array elements and mentions that this topic will be covered in the pointer section of the course.']}, {'end': 13676.927, 'start': 13228.097, 'title': 'Multi-dimensional arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of multi-dimensional arrays in c programming, explaining the structure and access methods of a two-dimensional array, with an example program illustrating the declaration, initialization, and printing of a 3x2 array.', 'duration': 448.83, 'highlights': ['C programming allows the creation of multi-dimensional arrays, which are arrays of arrays, leading to a tabular structure.', 'Accessing elements in a multi-dimensional array is performed row-wise and then column-wise.', 'The process of declaring and initializing a two-dimensional array involves specifying the data type, number of rows, and number of columns, and then using nested loops for initialization.']}, {'end': 14107.598, 'start': 13676.927, 'title': 'Program: find smallest and largest element in array', 'summary': 'Demonstrates a program in c to find the smallest and largest element in an array using two loops, and then proposes a more efficient method by integrating the conditions into the loop, achieving the same result with improved performance. the program successfully identifies the minimum element as 3 and the maximum as 546.', 'duration': 430.671, 'highlights': ['The program efficiently identifies the minimum element in the array using a loop and conditional statements, with a minimum value of 3.', 'The program successfully identifies the maximum element in the array using a loop and conditional statements, with a maximum value of 546.', "The chapter proposes an improvement to the program by integrating the conditions to find the minimum and maximum elements within the loop, eliminating the need for two separate loops and enhancing the program's performance."]}, {'end': 14680.239, 'start': 14107.598, 'title': 'Array programs and logic', 'summary': 'Covers implementing array programs, including finding the sum of elements, reversing the array, and accessing and modifying array elements, with specific examples and explanations.', 'duration': 572.641, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers implementing array programs, including finding the sum of elements, reversing the array, and accessing and modifying array elements, with specific examples and explanations.', 'The program calculates the sum of elements in an array by iterating through the array and adding each element to the sum variable.', 'The program showcases the logic of reversing the elements within an array using front and rear variables, and explains the iterative process of exchanging values and incrementing/decrementing pointers.']}], 'duration': 1697.564, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI12982675.jpg', 'highlights': ['The program successfully identifies the maximum element in the array using a loop and conditional statements, with a maximum value of 546.', 'The program efficiently identifies the minimum element in the array using a loop and conditional statements, with a minimum value of 3.', 'The chapter covers implementing array programs, including finding the sum of elements, reversing the array, and accessing and modifying array elements, with specific examples and explanations.', 'The process of declaring and initializing a two-dimensional array involves specifying the data type, number of rows, and number of columns, and then using nested loops for initialization.', 'The chapter covers array declaration, function calls with array elements, and pointer usage in C, including passing array elements and sizes to functions, with a focus on referencing array elements using pointers and will be covered in the pointer section in C.']}, {'end': 16987.735, 'segs': [{'end': 14724.206, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14700.664, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 14712.554, 'text': 'so the strings in C language is a one-dimensional array of characters and these one-dimensional array is terminated by a null character or slash zero.', 'start': 14700.664, 'duration': 11.89}, {'end': 14714.035, 'text': 'so this is a null character.', 'start': 14712.554, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 14717.385, 'text': 'okay, to hold a character.', 'start': 14715.464, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 14724.206, 'text': 'at the end of the array, the size of character containing the string is one more than the number of characters in the world.', 'start': 14717.385, 'duration': 6.821}], 'summary': 'Strings in c are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character. the size of the array is one more than the number of characters in the word.', 'duration': 23.542, 'max_score': 14700.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI14700664.jpg'}, {'end': 15468.786, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 15113.318, 'weight': 0.711, 'content': [{'end': 15133.614, 'text': 'okay, let me compile the program.', 'start': 15113.318, 'duration': 20.296}, {'end': 15138.276, 'text': 'So instead of %d, we need to use %lu.', 'start': 15135.174, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 15141.418, 'text': 'So this will give me length of the string.', 'start': 15138.996, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 15146.18, 'text': 'Let me save it, compile it.', 'start': 15143.439, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 15148.842, 'text': 'Yes, I got a comparison success.', 'start': 15147.321, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 15151.884, 'text': 'Let me run it again.', 'start': 15150.423, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 15155.786, 'text': 'So here is the output.', 'start': 15154.665, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 15160.649, 'text': 'Length of the string is 5.', 'start': 15156.927, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 15162.81, 'text': 'So this is how we use strlen.', 'start': 15160.649, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 15166.006, 'text': "let's revisit the code.", 'start': 15164.545, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 15172.231, 'text': 'so if you want to use trlen, this is how we can use.', 'start': 15166.006, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 15174.412, 'text': 'we want to print the length.', 'start': 15172.231, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 15183.219, 'text': 'you can print it as lu or you can define an integer and take the length in that integer and print that integer.', 'start': 15174.412, 'duration': 8.807}, {'end': 15186.461, 'text': 'either way is good, okay.', 'start': 15183.219, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 15194.916, 'text': 'So next function is strcpy.', 'start': 15191.914, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 15199.298, 'text': 'This copies string s2 into s1.', 'start': 15195.976, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 15204.061, 'text': 'So suppose we have two strings, s1 and s2.', 'start': 15200.039, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 15205.942, 'text': 's2 is some string.', 'start': 15204.781, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 15210.184, 'text': 'And if you use this strcpy, it will copy s2 to s1.', 'start': 15206.662, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 15214.127, 'text': "Let's write the code for this.", 'start': 15212.145, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 15220.13, 'text': "We'll be modifying the same file.", 'start': 15218.629, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 15241.665, 'text': 'okay, let me declare one more character array str2 with cell length 6.', 'start': 15227.113, 'duration': 14.552}, {'end': 15247.95, 'text': 'okay, then I use strcpy.', 'start': 15241.665, 'duration': 6.285}, {'end': 15260.297, 'text': 'I want str2 to be to have str, So the content of str will be copied to str2..', 'start': 15247.95, 'duration': 12.347}, {'end': 15263.82, 'text': "Let's print the string str2.", 'start': 15260.818, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 15265.261, 'text': 'So, printf.', 'start': 15264.64, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 15275.088, 'text': 'Yes, percentages.', 'start': 15273.887, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 15282.934, 'text': "Okay Let's save it.", 'start': 15280.172, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 15285.456, 'text': 'Compile it.', 'start': 15284.755, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 15289.727, 'text': "compilation is successful, let's run it.", 'start': 15286.886, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 15295.35, 'text': 'so here this is the output that we want then.', 'start': 15289.727, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 15297.952, 'text': 'string to str2 is hello.', 'start': 15295.35, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 15304.915, 'text': 'so str cpy copies string hello to str2.', 'start': 15297.952, 'duration': 6.963}, {'end': 15311.679, 'text': "okay, so let's use one more function str and cpy.", 'start': 15304.915, 'duration': 6.764}, {'end': 15320.796, 'text': 'it copies the character of string s2 to another string s1, up to the specified length.', 'start': 15311.679, 'duration': 9.117}, {'end': 15326.001, 'text': 'okay, so whatever length we want to specify, it will specify.', 'start': 15320.796, 'duration': 5.205}, {'end': 15335.949, 'text': 'it will copy, provided str2 is bigger than the bigger than n.', 'start': 15326.001, 'duration': 9.948}, {'end': 15339.552, 'text': "okay, so let's use this function.", 'start': 15335.949, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 15348.381, 'text': 'So this is how strncpy is used.', 'start': 15345.7, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 15357.124, 'text': 'It requires the destination the source and till how many characters it has to be copy.', 'start': 15349.602, 'duration': 7.522}, {'end': 15362.887, 'text': 'OK And here I am printing the value of str3.', 'start': 15358.425, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 15369.109, 'text': "OK So let's run the program and see what is the output of this program.", 'start': 15364.027, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 15377.04, 'text': 'Compilation is successful.', 'start': 15375.838, 'duration': 1.202}, {'end': 15377.961, 'text': 'Let me run it.', 'start': 15377.1, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 15383.427, 'text': 'So after str and cpy the str3 is hello.', 'start': 15378.661, 'duration': 4.766}, {'end': 15390.434, 'text': 'So it copies the first four characters and whatever we have given and then the complete string.', 'start': 15384.047, 'duration': 6.387}, {'end': 15400.001, 'text': 'so next function is strcmp.', 'start': 15396.078, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 15410.27, 'text': 'it compares two strings and this function determines if two strings are equal or not.', 'start': 15400.001, 'duration': 10.269}, {'end': 15413.512, 'text': 'if both the strings are equal.', 'start': 15410.27, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 15419.497, 'text': 'if s1 and s2 are equal, it will return zero if s1 is greater.', 'start': 15413.512, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 15425.762, 'text': 'if if s1 is less than s2, it will return a negative value.', 'start': 15419.497, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 15431.105, 'text': 'if s1 is greater than s2, is it will return a positive value?', 'start': 15425.762, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 15439.191, 'text': 'okay, so the comparison is based on the appearance of the character in the string.', 'start': 15431.105, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 15443.869, 'text': 'suppose A and B.', 'start': 15441.767, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 15453.815, 'text': 'so if I use strcmp A, B, it will give me a negative value, because A comes first and B comes after A.', 'start': 15443.869, 'duration': 9.946}, {'end': 15455.577, 'text': 'so it will give me a negative value.', 'start': 15453.815, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 15462.141, 'text': 'if I compare strcmp B, comma A, it will give me a positive value.', 'start': 15455.577, 'duration': 6.564}, {'end': 15468.786, 'text': 'if I compare strcmp A, comma A, it will give me a value equal to 0, because both the strings are same.', 'start': 15462.141, 'duration': 6.645}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers usage of strlen, strcpy, strncpy, and strcmp functions, with examples and outputs.', 'duration': 355.468, 'max_score': 15113.318, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI15113318.jpg'}, {'end': 16113.875, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15786.086, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 15796.583, 'text': "so i'll be getting an output says hello world If I print this output.", 'start': 15786.086, 'duration': 10.497}, {'end': 15799.444, 'text': "if I do strlen, I'll be getting the length of string.", 'start': 15796.583, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 15801.225, 'text': 'So I can print it like that.', 'start': 15800.064, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 15806.868, 'text': 'This is a small set of operations that we can do in strings.', 'start': 15801.665, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 15809.149, 'text': 'Exhaustive list is here.', 'start': 15807.768, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 15816.752, 'text': 'You can pick up any function, write it and see how it runs and how you can get the result out of it.', 'start': 15809.209, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 15821.236, 'text': "So let's solve some problems.", 'start': 15819.775, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 15828.061, 'text': 'Write a program to check if a given number is a palindrome or not.', 'start': 15824.618, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 15841.75, 'text': 'So palindrome is a string which is having a special character wherein when the string is reversed both the original and the reversed string are same.', 'start': 15828.921, 'duration': 12.829}, {'end': 15851.877, 'text': 'So for example if I am writing a string say A B A So ABA is a palindrome.', 'start': 15843.291, 'duration': 8.586}, {'end': 15856.961, 'text': 'Why? Because if I reverse ABA, it will again give me a same string ABA.', 'start': 15852.037, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 15865.228, 'text': 'So we will be writing a program to check if a given string is a palindrome or not.', 'start': 15857.622, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 15867.69, 'text': "So let's write a program.", 'start': 15866.429, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 15883.466, 'text': "I'll Enroll.", 'start': 15882.974, 'duration': 0.492}, {'end': 15930.709, 'text': "let's have a character str.", 'start': 15915.256, 'duration': 15.453}, {'end': 15943.44, 'text': 'enter the string, scanf, percentages, str.', 'start': 15930.709, 'duration': 12.731}, {'end': 15967.491, 'text': "so so let's have a length of the string.", 'start': 15943.44, 'duration': 24.051}, {'end': 15970.932, 'text': 'this. give me the length of the string.', 'start': 15967.491, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 15981.856, 'text': 'okay, let me have two variables int i, sorry, int start, int end.', 'start': 15970.932, 'duration': 10.924}, {'end': 15993.332, 'text': 'initiate starters equal to 0, then n equal to ln, minus 1.', 'start': 15985.049, 'duration': 8.283}, {'end': 16037.201, 'text': 'okay. so while start is less than or equal to ln, if str of star equal to str of end.', 'start': 15993.332, 'duration': 43.869}, {'end': 16041.125, 'text': "so let's have a negative condition.", 'start': 16037.201, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 16074.473, 'text': "then say zero and then I'll break out of loop and then print.", 'start': 16041.125, 'duration': 33.348}, {'end': 16086.803, 'text': 'result equal to zero and def given string is spelling wrong.', 'start': 16074.473, 'duration': 12.33}, {'end': 16096.548, 'text': 'else printf.', 'start': 16091.306, 'duration': 5.242}, {'end': 16112.015, 'text': 'given string is not palindrome.', 'start': 16096.548, 'duration': 15.467}, {'end': 16113.875, 'text': 'so printf.', 'start': 16112.015, 'duration': 1.86}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of string operations and palindrome checking through program writing and execution.', 'duration': 327.789, 'max_score': 15786.086, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI15786086.jpg'}], 'start': 14680.239, 'title': 'C language strings & operations', 'summary': 'Covers c language strings as arrays, string operations, and manipulation, including functions like strlen, strcpy, strcmp, and examples demonstrating their usage. it also explains string comparison functions and provides exercises for string rotation and comparison.', 'chapters': [{'end': 14812.672, 'start': 14680.239, 'title': 'C language strings & arrays', 'summary': 'Covers c language strings as one-dimensional arrays of characters, terminated by a null character, with examples and explanations of memory representation and data type usage.', 'duration': 132.433, 'highlights': ['C language strings are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character, with the size of the character array being one more than the number of characters in the word.', 'The memory representation of a string in C is stored in a sequential order in the character array, with each element stored starting from index 0.', 'The data type string is not supported in C, so character arrays are used for string operations.']}, {'end': 15390.434, 'start': 14812.672, 'title': 'C programming: string operations', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of string operations in c programming, including printing a string, using strlen to find the length of a string, and using strcpy and strncpy to copy strings, with examples demonstrating successful implementation of each operation.', 'duration': 577.762, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the implementation of various string operations in C programming, such as printing a string, finding the length of a string using strlen, and copying strings using strcpy and strncpy.', "The chapter includes a demonstration of printing a string in a C program, which results in the successful output of 'hello'.", 'The chapter provides an example of using strlen to find the length of a string, with the output demonstrating the length of the string as 5.', "The chapter illustrates the use of strcpy to copy a string 'hello' into another string, resulting in the output string to str2 as 'hello'.", "The chapter showcases the use of strncpy to copy a specified length of characters from one string to another, with the output demonstrating the successful copying of the first four characters of the string 'hello' into another string."]}, {'end': 15567.127, 'start': 15396.078, 'title': 'String comparison functions', 'summary': 'Introduces string comparison functions like strcmp, stricmp, and strncmp, which compare strings character by character and return zero for equal strings, a negative value for s1 < s2, and a positive value for s1 > s2. additionally, it explains the function strlwr, which converts uppercase characters to lowercase in a string.', 'duration': 171.049, 'highlights': ['strcmp compares two strings and returns 0 for equal strings, a negative value for s1 < s2, and a positive value for s1 > s2.', 'stricmp works the same as strcmp but performs a case-insensitive comparison.', 'strncmp compares the characters of two strings up to a specified length.', 'strlwr converts the uppercase characters of a string to lowercase.']}, {'end': 15710.268, 'start': 15567.127, 'title': 'String functions in c', 'summary': 'Discusses various string manipulation functions in c, including strupr, strdup, strchr, strrchr, strcat, strncat, strrev, and strstr, along with their functionalities and use cases.', 'duration': 143.141, 'highlights': ['The strrev function reverses the given string s1, providing a way to obtain the reverse of a string.', 'The strncat function concatenates the string s2 to s1 up to N characters, offering a way to limit the concatenation length.', 'The strstr function returns a pointer to the first occurrence of s2 in s1, allowing for string comparison and search within a larger string.', 'The strchr function returns the pointer to the first occurrence of the character in C, providing a method to locate the first appearance of a character.', 'The strcat function concatenates the string s2 at the end of s1, facilitating string concatenation operations.']}, {'end': 16647.455, 'start': 15710.268, 'title': 'String manipulation in c', 'summary': 'Covers the use of string manipulation functions in c, including strcpy, strcat, strlen, and demonstrates writing a program to check if a given string is a palindrome or not, followed by writing a program to print a given string rotated n number of times.', 'duration': 937.187, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the use of string manipulation functions in C such as strcpy, strcat, and strlen, illustrating their usage and outcomes.', 'A program to check if a given string is a palindrome or not is demonstrated, providing a clear understanding of the logic and implementation.', 'The process of rotating a given string n number of times is explained with a detailed code example, showcasing the use of loops and string manipulation in C.']}, {'end': 16987.735, 'start': 16647.455, 'title': 'String rotation and string comparison', 'summary': 'Explains string rotation using modular arithmetic, demonstrates the code for rotating a string, and presents exercise questions to write programs for sorting characters in a string and comparing two strings without using the strcmp function.', 'duration': 340.28, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains string rotation using modular arithmetic', 'Demonstrates the code for rotating a string', 'Presents exercise questions to write programs for sorting characters in a string and comparing two strings without using the strcmp function']}], 'duration': 2307.496, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI14680239.jpg', 'highlights': ['C language strings are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character, with the size of the character array being one more than the number of characters in the word.', 'The chapter demonstrates the implementation of various string operations in C programming, such as printing a string, finding the length of a string using strlen, and copying strings using strcpy and strncpy.', 'strcmp compares two strings and returns 0 for equal strings, a negative value for s1 < s2, and a positive value for s1 > s2.', 'The strrev function reverses the given string s1, providing a way to obtain the reverse of a string.', 'The chapter covers the use of string manipulation functions in C such as strcpy, strcat, and strlen, illustrating their usage and outcomes.', 'The chapter explains string rotation using modular arithmetic']}, {'end': 18789.618, 'segs': [{'end': 17440, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17408.72, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 17414.823, 'text': 'And we can use like rep arrow mark, rep arrow name and like this we can use.', 'start': 17408.72, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 17427.331, 'text': 'In this session we are mostly touching upon normal variables, will not be using any pointer variable.', 'start': 17416.224, 'duration': 11.107}, {'end': 17430.934, 'text': 'so array of structure.', 'start': 17427.331, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 17436.098, 'text': 'this is a very basic code of how we can use the array of structure.', 'start': 17430.934, 'duration': 5.164}, {'end': 17440, 'text': "so let's go through the code First.", 'start': 17436.098, 'duration': 3.902}], 'summary': 'Session covers basic usage of array of structure.', 'duration': 31.28, 'max_score': 17408.72, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI17408720.jpg'}, {'end': 18789.618, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18735.015, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 18740.198, 'text': 'example your own, and try multiple variants.', 'start': 18735.015, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 18748.022, 'text': 'do some, do some logic around, whatever how, whatever you want like.', 'start': 18740.198, 'duration': 7.824}, {'end': 18762.436, 'text': 'for example, you can sort the records based on the age, or you can sort the record based on the name, or you can print the record in a reverse order,', 'start': 18748.022, 'duration': 14.414}, {'end': 18776.604, 'text': 'or find a record where name of the student starts with A and find the record where age of the student is greater than 20, something like that.', 'start': 18762.436, 'duration': 14.168}, {'end': 18779.626, 'text': "so it's up to you.", 'start': 18776.604, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 18789.618, 'text': 'you can try any combination of this problem, and only by trying this problem you can get more and more understanding on how to use structures and all.', 'start': 18779.626, 'duration': 9.992}], 'summary': 'Practice creating and manipulating records with different logic and criteria to gain understanding of data structures.', 'duration': 54.603, 'max_score': 18735.015, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI18735015.jpg'}], 'start': 16987.735, 'title': 'C programming structures', 'summary': 'Covers structures in c programming, including creating a student record, differences between structures and arrays, declaration and initialization of structure variables, usage of pointer variables, passing structures in functions, structure arrays, loops, nested structures, typedef, unions, and a student record program for data manipulation and printing.', 'chapters': [{'end': 17106.177, 'start': 16987.735, 'title': 'Structures in c programming', 'summary': 'Discusses structures in c programming, a user-defined data type used to store a particular record, with examples of creating a student record and accessing structure members, allowing the declaration of multiple structure variables.', 'duration': 118.442, 'highlights': ['A structure in C programming is a user-defined data type used to store a particular type of record, such as a student record, by collecting different data types, like name, age, and roll number, with each structure variable allocated memory separately.', 'Multiple structure variables can be declared for the same structure in C programming, allowing the flexibility to define and use n number of structure variables with memory allocated separately.', 'Structures in C programming enable the creation of custom data types, like a student record containing fields such as name, age, and roll number, providing a solution for organizing and accessing specific types of data for operations.']}, {'end': 17440, 'start': 17106.177, 'title': 'Structure and array differences', 'summary': 'Explains the difference between structure and array, highlighting that arrays store a collection of similar data types, while structures can store a collection of any data type. it also covers how to declare, initialize, and access structure variables, and touches upon the usage of pointer variables.', 'duration': 333.823, 'highlights': ['Arrays store a collection of similar data types, while structures can store different data types.', 'Explanation of how to declare, initialize, and access structure variables.', 'Introduction to pointer variables and their usage in accessing structure data.']}, {'end': 17687.345, 'start': 17440, 'title': 'Structures in c programming', 'summary': 'Explains the definition and usage of structures in c programming, including how to declare, initialize, and pass structures in functions, as well as how to use structure arrays and loops for data manipulation and printing.', 'duration': 247.345, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the definition and usage of structures in C programming, including declaring structure members for integer, character, and float data types with examples of storing student information using structure arrays.', 'It explains the usage of structures in functions, demonstrating how to pass a structure as an argument and print its values within the function.', 'The chapter also highlights the usage of loops in manipulating structure arrays and demonstrates the process of printing structure values within the main function.']}, {'end': 18221.332, 'start': 17687.345, 'title': 'Nested structures and typedef in c', 'summary': 'Discusses nested structures, typedef, unions in c, highlighting the process of declaring, accessing, and the memory allocation for nested structures and unions.', 'duration': 533.987, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of nested structures and their usage in C programming, highlighting the process of declaring and accessing nested structures.', 'The concept of typedef in C is explained, emphasizing its role in providing an alias to existing structures, simplifying the structure declaration process.', 'The chapter delves into the concept of unions in C, outlining their similarity to structures and their memory allocation process, highlighting the difference in memory allocation between structures and unions.', 'The memory allocation process for structures and unions is explained, detailing the memory allocation based on the size of elements and the example demonstrating the memory allocation for a union.']}, {'end': 18789.618, 'start': 18221.332, 'title': 'Student record program', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to declare and initialize a structure for student records, take user input, and print records in ascending order of roll numbers, utilizing an array of structures and loops.', 'duration': 568.286, 'highlights': ['Declared a structure for student records with fields for name, age, and roll number, and initialized an array of structures to hold the records, allowing for a maximum number of records to be defined.', 'Implemented a loop to take input from the user for each record, including the name, age, and roll number, and then printed all the records in a tabular format, showcasing the usage of structures and loops.', 'Encouraged exploration of the program by suggesting variations such as sorting records based on age or name, printing records in reverse order, or conducting searches based on specific criteria to deepen understanding of using structures.', 'Provided a recommendation for practicing and experimenting with different variations of the program to gain a better understanding of utilizing structures, loops, and problem-solving techniques.']}], 'duration': 1801.883, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI16987735.jpg', 'highlights': ['A structure in C programming is a user-defined data type used to store a particular type of record, such as a student record, by collecting different data types, like name, age, and roll number, with each structure variable allocated memory separately.', 'The chapter covers the definition and usage of structures in C programming, including declaring structure members for integer, character, and float data types with examples of storing student information using structure arrays.', 'Declared a structure for student records with fields for name, age, and roll number, and initialized an array of structures to hold the records, allowing for a maximum number of records to be defined.', 'The chapter discusses the concept of nested structures and their usage in C programming, highlighting the process of declaring and accessing nested structures.', 'The concept of typedef in C is explained, emphasizing its role in providing an alias to existing structures, simplifying the structure declaration process.']}, {'end': 20599.113, 'segs': [{'end': 18961.43, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18928.959, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 18932.34, 'text': 'To open a file fopen function is used.', 'start': 18928.959, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 18937.001, 'text': 'So there is a function provided by C which is called fopen.', 'start': 18932.66, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 18938.621, 'text': 'We can use that.', 'start': 18937.861, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 18941.462, 'text': 'Which returns a file pointer.', 'start': 18939.941, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 18943.282, 'text': 'So fopen returns a file pointer.', 'start': 18941.622, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 18952.286, 'text': 'Once file is opened, the file pointer is used to let compile compiler perform input output operations in the file.', 'start': 18944.723, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 18961.43, 'text': 'So once we get the file pointer, any operation that we will be performing in the file pointer will be reflected in the file.', 'start': 18952.286, 'duration': 9.144}], 'summary': 'C provides the fopen function to open files, returning a file pointer for input/output operations.', 'duration': 32.471, 'max_score': 18928.959, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI18928959.jpg'}, {'end': 19014.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18982.724, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 18993.41, 'text': 'Anything that we want to operate, we need to have an absolute path and a mode of operation like in what mode we can operate that file.', 'start': 18982.724, 'duration': 10.686}, {'end': 19002.188, 'text': 'For example, we want to operate, we want operations in a read only mode or write only mode or read write or read write append.', 'start': 18994.005, 'duration': 8.183}, {'end': 19006.59, 'text': 'There are various modes in which we can perform operations on file.', 'start': 19002.529, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 19014.233, 'text': 'These are the modes in which file operations can be performed.', 'start': 19008.771, 'duration': 5.462}], 'summary': 'To operate a file, an absolute path and mode of operation are required. modes include read-only, write-only, read-write, and read-write-append.', 'duration': 31.509, 'max_score': 18982.724, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI18982724.jpg'}, {'end': 19358.565, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19325.027, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 19328.667, 'text': 'So the function get test reads up to n minus one characters from the input.', 'start': 19325.027, 'duration': 3.64}, {'end': 19331.228, 'text': 'So here we have provided n.', 'start': 19329.147, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 19338.669, 'text': 'that means it reads zero to n, minus one characters of the input input stream reference by file pointer.', 'start': 19331.228, 'duration': 7.441}, {'end': 19340.989, 'text': 'it copies the read string into the buffer.', 'start': 19338.669, 'duration': 2.32}, {'end': 19350.651, 'text': 'So whatever it read, it copies this into the character array, appending a null character to terminate the string.', 'start': 19341.589, 'duration': 9.062}, {'end': 19358.565, 'text': 'So once it is done with reading n-1 characters, it appends a null character, then we can read the file.', 'start': 19351.061, 'duration': 7.504}], 'summary': 'Get test function reads up to n-1 characters from input stream, appending null character.', 'duration': 33.538, 'max_score': 19325.027, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI19325027.jpg'}, {'end': 19489.403, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19451.796, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 19461.039, 'text': 'so fputs writes a string to a file or string to a output stream referenced by a file pointer.', 'start': 19451.796, 'duration': 9.243}, {'end': 19468.861, 'text': 'it returns a non-negative value on success or else it returns end of file in case of any error.', 'start': 19461.039, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 19479.696, 'text': 'so if any positive value is written by fputs function, that means we are successful in writing our data to the file pointer.', 'start': 19468.861, 'duration': 10.835}, {'end': 19489.403, 'text': 'if we get any error, then we will be getting a negative value or UF.', 'start': 19479.696, 'duration': 9.707}], 'summary': 'Fputs writes a string to a file, returning non-negative value on success or eof on error.', 'duration': 37.607, 'max_score': 19451.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI19451796.jpg'}, {'end': 19601.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19566.548, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 19577.893, 'text': "If we don't specify the absolute path then the compiler takes that your file is stored in same path where your .", 'start': 19566.548, 'duration': 11.345}, {'end': 19578.913, 'text': 'c file is stored.', 'start': 19577.893, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 19586.737, 'text': 'So in this case 1.txt should be at the same path where this program is present.', 'start': 19579.394, 'duration': 7.343}, {'end': 19592.048, 'text': 'so in case, if it is a different path, we need to provide the complete absolute path.', 'start': 19587.205, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 19601.555, 'text': 'so f open, then file name and the mode like right right mode, printf, enter data.', 'start': 19592.048, 'duration': 9.507}], 'summary': 'Compiler assumes same path for file unless specified. absolute path needed if different. usage of f open and file modes in programming.', 'duration': 35.007, 'max_score': 19566.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI19566548.jpg'}, {'end': 20255.64, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20183.109, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 20219.681, 'text': 'now, if printf file pointer and some text let me put use fputters this will also write some content into the file.', 'start': 20183.109, 'duration': 36.572}, {'end': 20238.715, 'text': 'this content, let me close the file.', 'start': 20219.681, 'duration': 19.034}, {'end': 20242.996, 'text': 'so this is how we will be writing it into the file.', 'start': 20238.715, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 20250.419, 'text': "we'll be creating a file pointer, file pointer, and then initializing it with the file name.", 'start': 20242.996, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 20255.64, 'text': 'you can give an absolute path or some path.', 'start': 20250.419, 'duration': 5.221}], 'summary': 'Using fputters, content can be written into a file by creating and initializing a file pointer.', 'duration': 72.531, 'max_score': 20183.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI20183109.jpg'}, {'end': 20340.691, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20287.771, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 20292.835, 'text': 'So let me save and compile the program.', 'start': 20287.771, 'duration': 5.064}, {'end': 20305.439, 'text': 'Program is compiled successfully.', 'start': 20303.558, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 20306.259, 'text': 'Let me run it.', 'start': 20305.499, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 20310.422, 'text': 'Program is run successfully.', 'start': 20308.04, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 20319.426, 'text': "Let's check if there is any file called test.txt.", 'start': 20310.442, 'duration': 8.984}, {'end': 20322.708, 'text': 'Yes, it is there.', 'start': 20321.628, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 20324.689, 'text': 'Let me open it.', 'start': 20322.728, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 20327.531, 'text': 'So this is the content in the test file.', 'start': 20325.009, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 20328.952, 'text': 'This is the test content.', 'start': 20327.571, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 20331.373, 'text': 'This is another test content.', 'start': 20329.572, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 20338.229, 'text': 'so this is how you can use the file you are.', 'start': 20332.463, 'duration': 5.766}, {'end': 20340.691, 'text': 'you can write the container to the file.', 'start': 20338.229, 'duration': 2.462}], 'summary': 'Program compiled and run successfully. test.txt file exists with test content.', 'duration': 52.92, 'max_score': 20287.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI20287771.jpg'}], 'start': 18790.319, 'title': 'File operations and io in c', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of file operations and io in c programming, including file opening, closing, reading, writing, and binary file operations. it emphasizes the use of file pointers and various functions such as fopen, fclose, getc, gets, fputs, fprintf, fread, and fwrite. examples and importance of file paths and closing files after operations are highlighted.', 'chapters': [{'end': 19049.547, 'start': 18790.319, 'title': 'File operations in c', 'summary': 'Discusses the basics of file operations in c, emphasizing the purpose of a file for data persistence, the necessity of file pointers for communication between the file and the program, and the fopen function for opening a file and the various modes of file operations.', 'duration': 259.228, 'highlights': ['Files are used for data persistence and stored in permanent memory locations like hard disks.', 'Functions to handle file IO operations in C include creating a new file, opening an existing file, reading and writing on an existing file, and closing an existing file.', 'File pointer is needed to communicate between file and program, and it is essential for performing any operation in a file.', 'The fopen function is used to open a file and returns a file pointer, allowing the compiler to perform input-output operations in the file.', 'There are various modes in which file operations can be performed, including read-only, write, append, read-write, and others.']}, {'end': 19420.61, 'start': 19049.547, 'title': 'File closing and reading in c', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of closing a file after read write operations, the process of using f close function to safely close a file, and various methods for reading from a file in c, including getc, gets, and fscanf functions.', 'duration': 371.063, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the importance of closing a file after read write operations.', 'The process of using F close function to safely close a file.', 'Various methods for reading from a file in C, including getc, gets, and fscanf functions.']}, {'end': 19601.555, 'start': 19420.61, 'title': 'File reading and writing', 'summary': 'Discusses methods such as fputs and fprintf for writing data into a file, highlighting their process, success indicators, and the importance of specifying file paths.', 'duration': 180.945, 'highlights': ['fputs writes a string to a file and returns a non-negative value on success or end of file in case of any error.', 'fprintf function is used to write a string into a file and requires a file pointer and a character array for the format of the data.', 'The importance of specifying the absolute path if the file is not in the same directory as the program is emphasized.']}, {'end': 19822.479, 'start': 19601.555, 'title': 'File reading and writing examples', 'summary': 'Covers examples of file reading and writing, including the use of fprintf and fscanf functions, file opening modes, and the importance of closing files after operations.', 'duration': 220.924, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates writing and reading from a file using fprintf and fscanf functions, opening the same file in append and read modes, and closing the file after each operation.', 'The program shows the usage of fopen function to open a file in read mode, error handling if the file pointer is null, reading an integer from the file, and closing the file after the operation.', 'An example of a file write operation is provided, including opening a file in write mode, checking the file pointer, getting input from the user, writing the input into the file, and closing the file.']}, {'end': 20043.874, 'start': 19824.52, 'title': 'Binary file io operations', 'summary': 'Discusses binary file io operations, including the use of fread and fwrite functions, different opening modes, and the fseek function for setting the file position indicator, with an example program demonstrating binary io operations in a file.', 'duration': 219.354, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the use of fread and fwrite functions for binary file IO, with fwrite taking four arguments including the size of data and number of bytes to be read.', 'Different opening modes for binary files are explained, including rb, rb plus, wb, wb plus, av, and ab plus, with the distinction between opening modes for text and binary files clarified.', 'The fseek function is described as setting the file position indicator to a stream and enabling the skipping of bytes in a stream.', 'An example program demonstrating binary IO operations in a file is outlined, including the declaration of a structure, initialization of a file, and handling of file opening errors.']}, {'end': 20599.113, 'start': 20043.874, 'title': 'File io in c programming', 'summary': 'Explains how to perform file input/output operations in c programming, including writing and reading from a file, using commands like fprintf, fputest, fscanf, fgetus, and file opening modes like write and read. the operations are fairly simple, and examples are provided for better understanding.', 'duration': 555.239, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to perform file input/output operations in C programming.', 'The operations in file are also fairly simple.', 'Examples are provided for better understanding.', 'Commands like fprintf, fputest, fscanf, fgetus are used.', 'File opening modes like write and read are explained.']}], 'duration': 1808.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI18790319.jpg', 'highlights': ['Files are used for data persistence and stored in permanent memory locations like hard disks.', 'Functions to handle file IO operations in C include creating a new file, opening an existing file, reading and writing on an existing file, and closing an existing file.', 'File pointer is needed to communicate between file and program, and it is essential for performing any operation in a file.', 'The fopen function is used to open a file and returns a file pointer, allowing the compiler to perform input-output operations in the file.', 'Various modes in which file operations can be performed, including read-only, write, append, read-write, and others.', 'The chapter discusses the use of fread and fwrite functions for binary file IO, with fwrite taking four arguments including the size of data and number of bytes to be read.', 'The process of using F close function to safely close a file.', 'The importance of specifying the absolute path if the file is not in the same directory as the program is emphasized.', 'The chapter demonstrates writing and reading from a file using fprintf and fscanf functions, opening the same file in append and read modes, and closing the file after each operation.', 'Various methods for reading from a file in C, including getc, gets, and fscanf functions.', 'The chapter discusses the importance of closing a file after read write operations.', 'Different opening modes for binary files are explained, including rb, rb plus, wb, wb plus, av, and ab plus, with the distinction between opening modes for text and binary files clarified.', 'The fseek function is described as setting the file position indicator to a stream and enabling the skipping of bytes in a stream.', 'An example program demonstrating binary IO operations in a file is outlined, including the declaration of a structure, initialization of a file, and handling of file opening errors.', 'An example of a file write operation is provided, including opening a file in write mode, checking the file pointer, getting input from the user, writing the input into the file, and closing the file.']}, {'end': 22231.742, 'segs': [{'end': 20750.567, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20716.249, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 20720.53, 'text': 'so this is just a representation of address.', 'start': 20716.249, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 20728.072, 'text': 'this might not be the actual value of the address, but just to make you understand, we are assuming address to be thousand.', 'start': 20720.53, 'duration': 7.542}, {'end': 20731.756, 'text': 'the address could be different in different systems.', 'start': 20728.792, 'duration': 2.964}, {'end': 20738.645, 'text': 'So this is not exactly address but just a hypothetical representation of an address.', 'start': 20731.816, 'duration': 6.829}, {'end': 20746.806, 'text': 'so variable i having value is stored in address 1000.', 'start': 20741.404, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 20750.567, 'text': 'similarly, a of 2 equal to z.', 'start': 20746.806, 'duration': 3.761}], 'summary': 'Explanation of hypothetical address value and variable assignment.', 'duration': 34.318, 'max_score': 20716.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI20716249.jpg'}, {'end': 21957.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21929.454, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 21933.537, 'text': 'here we are doing a simple mathematical PTR equal to PTR minus 3.', 'start': 21929.454, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 21935.258, 'text': 'here we are doing a plus equal to.', 'start': 21933.537, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 21942.179, 'text': 'so All the combination of plus minus operations are possible.', 'start': 21935.258, 'duration': 6.921}, {'end': 21946.54, 'text': 'Only thing is that multiplication and division in pointers are not possible.', 'start': 21943.199, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 21953.562, 'text': 'So pointer arithmetic and array, how we do pointer arithmetic when we talk about array.', 'start': 21946.86, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 21957.904, 'text': "So let's suppose we have a float array of size four.", 'start': 21954.402, 'duration': 3.502}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating pointer arithmetic in c, including ptr operations and limitations.', 'duration': 28.45, 'max_score': 21929.454, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI21929454.jpg'}, {'end': 22143.13, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22076.526, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 22077.927, 'text': 'ptr is a pointer variable.', 'start': 22076.526, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 22083.812, 'text': 'so if i assign ptr equal to a, that will be a valid operation.', 'start': 22077.927, 'duration': 5.885}, {'end': 22092.907, 'text': 'only important point to get from this slide is a, the memory location at which our array starts.', 'start': 22083.812, 'duration': 9.095}, {'end': 22094.887, 'text': 'so that this makes a meaning.', 'start': 22092.907, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 22099.41, 'text': 'a of 2 is equal to value of address, a plus 2.', 'start': 22094.887, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 22105.404, 'text': "so let's do some precautions while using the pointers.", 'start': 22099.41, 'duration': 5.994}, {'end': 22108.084, 'text': 'so how, why point why?', 'start': 22105.404, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 22109.805, 'text': 'what are the pros and cons of pointers?', 'start': 22108.084, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 22113.806, 'text': 'pointers will give us more efficient, efficient code.', 'start': 22109.805, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 22122.828, 'text': 'so if we are having something with memory constraints or when we are talking about our program efficiency,', 'start': 22113.806, 'duration': 9.022}, {'end': 22131.03, 'text': 'if you use pointers it will give us more efficient program and more convenient program with respect to our performance and efficiency.', 'start': 22122.828, 'duration': 8.202}, {'end': 22138.227, 'text': 'cons are pointers are difficult to understand and difficult to manage.', 'start': 22131.823, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 22143.13, 'text': 'so it is mostly error prone.', 'start': 22138.227, 'duration': 4.903}], 'summary': 'Pointers provide efficient code but are error-prone and difficult to manage.', 'duration': 66.604, 'max_score': 22076.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22076526.jpg'}, {'end': 22200.907, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22171.43, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 22177.374, 'text': "So if we just keep on printing some address and all the stuff, we don't recognize what is happening in the program.", 'start': 22171.43, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 22186.139, 'text': 'if something went in the event wrong in the program, it will be difficult to it debug and correct our errors.', 'start': 22178.294, 'duration': 7.845}, {'end': 22198.465, 'text': 'so be sure that we are very comfortable with program before using the, very comfortable with pointer before using those okay.', 'start': 22186.139, 'duration': 12.326}, {'end': 22200.907, 'text': 'so just to summarize our points.', 'start': 22198.465, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': 'Understanding program and pointers is crucial for debugging and error correction.', 'duration': 29.477, 'max_score': 22171.43, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22171430.jpg'}], 'start': 20599.113, 'title': 'C programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers file reading, memory storage, pass by value vs pass by reference, pointer arithmetic, reassignment, and array referencing in c programming, emphasizing the significance of pointers and cautions in using pass by reference.', 'chapters': [{'end': 21237.048, 'start': 20599.113, 'title': 'File reading and memory storage in c', 'summary': 'Discusses file reading operations using fscanf and fgetc, memory storage in slots with unique addresses, and the usage and significance of pointers for storing and accessing memory addresses and values in c.', 'duration': 637.935, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains file reading operations using fscanf and fgetc, demonstrating how to read strings from a file and store them in variables.', 'It provides an overview of memory storage in computer slots, depicting how variables are stored in memory slots with unique addresses and illustrates a sample memory mapping for declared variables.', 'The usage and significance of pointers in C are thoroughly explained, emphasizing how pointers store addresses of memory locations and their relevance in accessing variable values and addresses.']}, {'end': 21482.355, 'start': 21237.448, 'title': 'Pass by value vs pass by reference', 'summary': 'Discusses the concepts of pass by value and pass by reference, illustrating the impact of these approaches on variable values and program behavior, emphasizing the need for caution and thorough understanding in using pass by reference.', 'duration': 244.907, 'highlights': ["Pass by reference changes the value of the argument, affecting the program's behavior beyond the function's scope.", "Pass by value does not change the value of the argument outside the function's scope.", 'The need for caution and thorough understanding when using pass by reference due to its potential impact on program behavior.']}, {'end': 21808.033, 'start': 21482.355, 'title': 'Pointer arithmetic and reassignment', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of pointers for reassignment and changing values through referencing addresses, including the concept of pointer arithmetic to allocate memory locations based on the data type size.', 'duration': 325.678, 'highlights': ['Pointer arithmetic involves adding or subtracting the size of the data type to a pointer to allocate the next or previous memory location, respectively.', 'Explains how using pointers can change or reassign the value of a variable by referencing the address of the variable.', 'Demonstrates the concept of double pointers and how they can be used to store the address of a single pointer.']}, {'end': 22231.742, 'start': 21808.433, 'title': 'Pointer arithmetic and array', 'summary': 'Explains pointer arithmetic and array referencing, including incrementing, decrementing, and reassigning pointers, with pointers being more efficient but difficult to understand and manage.', 'duration': 423.309, 'highlights': ['Pointer arithmetic and array referencing is explained, including operations like incrementing, decrementing, and reassigning pointers, with examples such as PTR++, PTR--, and PTR += 2.', 'Pointers are more efficient for memory-constrained programs, but difficult to understand, manage, and debug, requiring expertise to effectively use.', 'The use of pointers is emphasized for more efficient and convenient program performance, but also noted to be error-prone and challenging for debugging.']}], 'duration': 1632.629, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI20599113.jpg', 'highlights': ['The usage and significance of pointers in C are thoroughly explained, emphasizing how pointers store addresses of memory locations and their relevance in accessing variable values and addresses.', 'Pointer arithmetic and array referencing is explained, including operations like incrementing, decrementing, and reassigning pointers, with examples such as PTR++, PTR--, and PTR += 2.', 'Demonstrates the concept of double pointers and how they can be used to store the address of a single pointer.', 'The chapter explains file reading operations using fscanf and fgetc, demonstrating how to read strings from a file and store them in variables.', "Pass by reference changes the value of the argument, affecting the program's behavior beyond the function's scope.", 'Pointers are more efficient for memory-constrained programs, but difficult to understand, manage, and debug, requiring expertise to effectively use.']}, {'end': 23603.786, 'segs': [{'end': 22313.225, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22255.285, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 22267.958, 'text': 'for example, addition is possible in pointers, subtraction is possible in pointer, but multiplication and division is not possible in pointers.', 'start': 22255.285, 'duration': 12.673}, {'end': 22269.899, 'text': "so let's do some coding practice.", 'start': 22267.958, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 22273.941, 'text': "let's write some code first.", 'start': 22269.899, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 22277.322, 'text': 'problem is write a function to swipe two numbers.', 'start': 22273.941, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 22279.043, 'text': "so let's use pointers to do.", 'start': 22277.322, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 22287.206, 'text': 'that is the program which is swiping two numbers.', 'start': 22279.043, 'duration': 8.163}, {'end': 22296.279, 'text': 'what I am doing is I have declared one function, swipe function, which accepts two pointers, into integer pointers P1 and P2..', 'start': 22287.206, 'duration': 9.073}, {'end': 22306, 'text': "Now what I'm doing is In this swap function I am declaring one temp variable storing the value at address p1 in the temp variable.", 'start': 22296.861, 'duration': 9.139}, {'end': 22313.225, 'text': 'Now I am changing value at address p1 equal to value of address p2 and value of address p2 equal to temp.', 'start': 22306.601, 'duration': 6.624}], 'summary': 'Pointers can perform addition and subtraction, but not multiplication or division. code a function to swap two numbers using pointers.', 'duration': 57.94, 'max_score': 22255.285, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22255285.jpg'}, {'end': 22446.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22401.165, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 22413.135, 'text': 'because we are passing the address of a and b and whatever is done in this function is reflected in the main function also.', 'start': 22401.165, 'duration': 11.97}, {'end': 22416.629, 'text': 'so This is how we do it.', 'start': 22413.135, 'duration': 3.494}, {'end': 22420.169, 'text': "Let's take one more example.", 'start': 22418.749, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 22428.151, 'text': 'Write a C function to sort an array of 10 elements of 10 integers values in ascending order.', 'start': 22420.189, 'duration': 7.962}, {'end': 22442.514, 'text': 'Here we will be given an array of 10 integers and we have to sort the array.', 'start': 22431.212, 'duration': 11.302}, {'end': 22446.692, 'text': 'how we will do it.', 'start': 22443.871, 'duration': 2.821}], 'summary': 'Passing address of a and b reflects changes in main function. example: sorting array of 10 integers in ascending order.', 'duration': 45.527, 'max_score': 22401.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22401165.jpg'}, {'end': 22748.876, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22682.035, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 22693.505, 'text': 'So this gives us very illustrative way of how we can use pointers with array and how we can use pointer arithmetics and all.', 'start': 22682.035, 'duration': 11.47}, {'end': 22700.711, 'text': 'So in this lecture, we will be covering mostly on single dimensional array and multi-dimensional array.', 'start': 22694.246, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 22704.995, 'text': 'So how arrays are represented in memory.', 'start': 22702.212, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 22712.237, 'text': 'arrays are collection of similar data types which are stored in adjacent memory locations.', 'start': 22705.955, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 22727.782, 'text': 'so this are this is how arrays are stored in the memory in a continuous memory location with similar data types, for example int arr 10, float arr 10,', 'start': 22712.237, 'duration': 15.545}, {'end': 22731.603, 'text': 'char arr 10.', 'start': 22727.782, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 22733.464, 'text': 'so arrays from pointers perspective.', 'start': 22731.603, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 22741.034, 'text': 'Suppose we have declared one array, say ARR 10..', 'start': 22736.213, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 22748.876, 'text': 'The name of the array which is ARR is similar to the address of starting location of the array.', 'start': 22741.034, 'duration': 7.842}], 'summary': 'Illustrates use of pointers with arrays, covers single and multi-dimensional arrays, and explains how arrays are stored in memory.', 'duration': 66.841, 'max_score': 22682.035, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22682035.jpg'}, {'end': 22946.863, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22915.737, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 22925.425, 'text': 'this is how we generally refer an array and this is how we refer it in in pointers perspective.', 'start': 22915.737, 'duration': 9.688}, {'end': 22926.786, 'text': "let's take one more example.", 'start': 22925.425, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 22930.96, 'text': 'This example mostly covers pass by value and pass by reference.', 'start': 22927.116, 'duration': 3.844}, {'end': 22933.462, 'text': 'So this is pass by value.', 'start': 22931.641, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 22940.639, 'text': 'So suppose we have declared one array from 1 to 10.', 'start': 22934.163, 'duration': 6.476}, {'end': 22946.863, 'text': 'I am running a loop and calling a method called display in the display method.', 'start': 22940.639, 'duration': 6.224}], 'summary': 'Explaining array reference and pass by value/reference in methods.', 'duration': 31.126, 'max_score': 22915.737, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22915737.jpg'}, {'end': 23108.44, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23073.548, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 23075.069, 'text': 'This is one single dimensional array.', 'start': 23073.548, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 23076.629, 'text': 'And this is one single dimensional array.', 'start': 23075.109, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 23082.471, 'text': 'So two dimensional array is nothing but a collection of multiple single dimensional array.', 'start': 23077.109, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 23087.827, 'text': 'here we are explaining more.', 'start': 23085.546, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 23093.671, 'text': 'a two-dimensional array is nothing but a collection of number of one dimensional array placed one after the other.', 'start': 23087.827, 'duration': 5.844}, {'end': 23099.694, 'text': 'so every one dimensional array is placed one after the other in a continuous memory.', 'start': 23093.671, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 23108.44, 'text': 'so, for example, this is a two-dimensional array one, one, one, one, two, two, uh, two, three, four, five, six, one, uh, one, three, five, seven,', 'start': 23099.694, 'duration': 8.746}], 'summary': 'Explanation of two-dimensional array as a collection of one-dimensional arrays, with an example of a 2x3 array.', 'duration': 34.892, 'max_score': 23073.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23073548.jpg'}, {'end': 23419.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23384.47, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 23385.571, 'text': "So let's write some code.", 'start': 23384.47, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 23390.153, 'text': 'Write a program to input a matrix and print.', 'start': 23386.271, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 23399.419, 'text': 'So we will be getting a value of each and every element of a matrix.', 'start': 23392.614, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 23405.764, 'text': 'Matrix is nothing but a two-dimensional array where rows and columns are specified.', 'start': 23399.819, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 23413.529, 'text': 'So here we are specifying row and column to some value,', 'start': 23406.484, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 23419.614, 'text': 'and then we will be inputting each and every element of the matrix from the user and printing it.', 'start': 23413.529, 'duration': 6.085}], 'summary': 'Write a program to input and print a matrix using a 2d array.', 'duration': 35.144, 'max_score': 23384.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23384470.jpg'}, {'end': 23585.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23551.997, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 23556.999, 'text': 'In this we are directly going to the row and column.', 'start': 23551.997, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 23564.664, 'text': 'So for the exercise question I would like you to try out this problem on your own.', 'start': 23558.72, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 23569.115, 'text': 'write a program to print a matrix in a spiral order.', 'start': 23565.512, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 23571.857, 'text': 'so what is a spiral order?', 'start': 23569.115, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 23575.699, 'text': 'spiral order is this suppose this is a matrix.', 'start': 23571.857, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 23585.266, 'text': 'so you need to print the matrix in this order, like first you need to go like this, then this, then this, this, this towards the center of the matrix.', 'start': 23575.699, 'duration': 9.567}], 'summary': 'Create a program to print a matrix in spiral order.', 'duration': 33.269, 'max_score': 23551.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23551997.jpg'}], 'start': 22231.742, 'title': 'Pointers, arrays, and multi-dimensional arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of pointers and arrays in c, including pointer arithmetic, utilizing pointers for swapping values, sorting an array using bubble sort with an example of sorting an array of 10 integers. it also discusses the representation of arrays in memory, the relationship between pointers and arrays, and examples of using pointers to reference array elements. additionally, it explains multi-dimensional arrays, focusing on two-dimensional arrays, accessing elements using pointers, and provides a program example to input and print a matrix.', 'chapters': [{'end': 22681.135, 'start': 22231.742, 'title': 'Pointers and arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of pointers and arrays in c, including pointer arithmetic, utilizing pointers for swapping values, and sorting an array using bubble sort, with the successful example of sorting an array of 10 integers in ascending order.', 'duration': 449.393, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of pointers and arrays in C, including pointer arithmetic, utilizing pointers for swapping values, and sorting an array using bubble sort, with the successful example of sorting an array of 10 integers in ascending order.', 'Usage of pointer arithmetic and operations such as addition and subtraction, with a note on the impossibility of multiplication and division.', 'Demonstration of swapping two numbers using pointers, exemplifying pass by reference and its reflection in the main function.']}, {'end': 23014.192, 'start': 22682.035, 'title': 'Pointers and arrays in c', 'summary': 'Covers the representation of arrays in memory, the relationship between pointers and arrays, and examples of using pointers to reference array elements, demonstrating pass by value and pass by reference, resulting in the same output.', 'duration': 332.157, 'highlights': ["Arrays are stored in continuous memory locations with similar data types, represented by the array name pointing to the 0th element's memory location.", 'The relationship between pointers and arrays is demonstrated, showing how the array name is similar to the address of the starting location of the array, and how pointers can be used to reference array elements.', 'Examples of using pointers to reference array elements are provided, demonstrating pass by value and pass by reference, resulting in the same output.']}, {'end': 23603.786, 'start': 23014.192, 'title': 'Understanding multi-dimensional arrays', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of multi-dimensional arrays, focusing on two-dimensional arrays as a collection of single-dimensional arrays, representing them in memory, accessing elements using pointers, and provides a program example to input and print a matrix.', 'duration': 589.594, 'highlights': ['Two-dimensional arrays are a collection of multiple single-dimensional arrays.', 'Representation of two-dimensional arrays in memory and accessing elements using pointers.', 'Program example to input and print a matrix.', 'Challenge to write a program to print a matrix in a spiral order.']}], 'duration': 1372.044, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI22231742.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of pointers and arrays in C, including pointer arithmetic and sorting an array using bubble sort with a successful example of sorting an array of 10 integers in ascending order.', "Arrays are stored in continuous memory locations with similar data types, represented by the array name pointing to the 0th element's memory location.", 'Demonstration of swapping two numbers using pointers, exemplifying pass by reference and its reflection in the main function.', 'The relationship between pointers and arrays is demonstrated, showing how the array name is similar to the address of the starting location of the array, and how pointers can be used to reference array elements.', 'Examples of using pointers to reference array elements are provided, demonstrating pass by value and pass by reference, resulting in the same output.', 'Two-dimensional arrays are a collection of multiple single-dimensional arrays.', 'Representation of two-dimensional arrays in memory and accessing elements using pointers.', 'Program example to input and print a matrix.', 'Usage of pointer arithmetic and operations such as addition and subtraction, with a note on the impossibility of multiplication and division.', 'Challenge to write a program to print a matrix in a spiral order.']}, {'end': 24402.409, 'segs': [{'end': 23693.561, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23659.744, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 23669.112, 'text': 'so, just to state it again, programmers explicitly request the system to allocate memory and once we request it,', 'start': 23659.744, 'duration': 9.368}, {'end': 23680.518, 'text': 'the function that we are calling will return the starting address of the chunk of memory which is allocated.', 'start': 23670.936, 'duration': 9.582}, {'end': 23687.52, 'text': 'so what is the starting address of memory allocated?', 'start': 23680.518, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 23693.561, 'text': 'suppose we have asked to assign us, say, 10 bytes of memory.', 'start': 23687.52, 'duration': 6.041}], 'summary': 'Programmers request system to allocate memory, returns starting address of allocated memory chunk. example: 10 bytes', 'duration': 33.817, 'max_score': 23659.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23659744.jpg'}, {'end': 23799.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23730.233, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 23741.309, 'text': 'We should always be careful to free the memory so that we will not run out of the memory when we run large programs or we run a lot of programs.', 'start': 23730.233, 'duration': 11.076}, {'end': 23745.074, 'text': 'When not in use, the memory has to be freed.', 'start': 23742.691, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 23754.346, 'text': 'So how to allocate the memory dynamically? In C, we have a library function stdlib.h.', 'start': 23747.099, 'duration': 7.247}, {'end': 23760.912, 'text': 'In stdlib.h, we have four functions that do dynamic memory allocation.', 'start': 23755.407, 'duration': 5.505}, {'end': 23763.394, 'text': 'First function is say malloc.', 'start': 23761.753, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 23772.763, 'text': 'So malloc allocates the requested size of bytes and return the pointer to first byte allocated to it, calloc.', 'start': 23764.315, 'duration': 8.448}, {'end': 23780.342, 'text': 'Kellogg allocates space for array elements, initializes to zero, and then returns a pointer to memory.', 'start': 23773.861, 'duration': 6.481}, {'end': 23789.704, 'text': 'Free, as the name suggests, it will free the space, whatever we have allocated.', 'start': 23782.083, 'duration': 7.621}, {'end': 23794.945, 'text': 'Realloc will use to reallocate the memory space.', 'start': 23790.344, 'duration': 4.601}, {'end': 23799.246, 'text': 'So what is malloc??', 'start': 23798.006, 'duration': 1.24}], 'summary': 'Use dynamic memory allocation in c to manage memory efficiently.', 'duration': 69.013, 'max_score': 23730.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23730233.jpg'}, {'end': 24314.637, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24273.61, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 24285.074, 'text': "Again, I'll reiterate, the most important part is including the library function, assigning the memory and freeing the memory.", 'start': 24273.61, 'duration': 11.464}, {'end': 24291.197, 'text': 'This is how realoc works.', 'start': 24289.196, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 24300.828, 'text': 'hash include stdio.h, hash include stdlib.h, then int main.', 'start': 24292.383, 'duration': 8.445}, {'end': 24303.67, 'text': 'so we have pointer ptr equal to i, n1, n2.', 'start': 24300.828, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 24308.073, 'text': 'enter the size of array, say n1.', 'start': 24303.67, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 24314.637, 'text': 'now we are allocating a memory of n of n1 integers.', 'start': 24308.073, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': 'Realloc function is crucial for memory allocation and freeing, involving library functions stdio.h and stdlib.h.', 'duration': 41.027, 'max_score': 24273.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI24273610.jpg'}], 'start': 23603.786, 'title': 'Dynamic memory allocation in c', 'summary': 'Discusses dynamic memory allocation in c, focusing on the usage of malloc, calloc, realloc, and free functions, with an emphasis on explicit memory management and pointer usage in arrays, providing examples and highlighting the importance of library functions, memory assignment, freeing, and reallocation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 23916.022, 'start': 23603.786, 'title': 'Dynamic memory allocation in c', 'summary': 'Discusses dynamic memory allocation in c, where programmers explicitly request system to allocate memory using functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and free, with an emphasis on freeing memory explicitly and using pointers in arrays.', 'duration': 312.236, 'highlights': ['Programmers explicitly request the system to allocate memory using functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, and free.', 'Emphasis on freeing memory explicitly to avoid running out of memory when running large programs or multiple programs.', 'Explanation of malloc and calloc functions for dynamic memory allocation, including differences and usage examples.']}, {'end': 24402.409, 'start': 23916.022, 'title': 'Dynamic memory allocation in c', 'summary': 'Explains the concepts of dynamic memory allocation in c, including malloc, free, and realloc, and provides examples of their usage, emphasizing the importance of including the library function, assigning and freeing memory, and reallocation of memory.', 'duration': 486.387, 'highlights': ['Dynamic memory allocation using malloc, free, and realloc', 'Importance of including the library function, assigning and freeing memory, and reallocation of memory', 'Example of using malloc and free', 'Example of using calloc', 'Example of using realloc']}], 'duration': 798.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI23603786.jpg', 'highlights': ['Programmers explicitly request memory allocation using malloc, calloc, realloc, and free functions.', 'Emphasis on explicit memory freeing to avoid running out of memory when running large programs.', 'Explanation of malloc and calloc functions for dynamic memory allocation, including differences and usage examples.', 'Importance of including library functions, memory assignment, freeing, and reallocation.', 'Examples of using malloc, calloc, and realloc for dynamic memory allocation.']}, {'end': 25819.51, 'segs': [{'end': 24505.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24470.921, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 24472.103, 'text': 'This is a memory segment.', 'start': 24470.921, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 24475.787, 'text': 'So linked list is a sequence of node.', 'start': 24472.663, 'duration': 3.124}, {'end': 24478.791, 'text': 'Node is a section of memory.', 'start': 24476.188, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 24482.095, 'text': 'Each node contains a value.', 'start': 24480.613, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 24485.059, 'text': 'So every node has a value.', 'start': 24482.976, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 24490.027, 'text': 'and a link which is pointing to some other node.', 'start': 24487.245, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 24495.611, 'text': 'So this is the link part which is pointing to some other node.', 'start': 24491.008, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 24505.679, 'text': 'So that is why it is called a linked list because each memory section is linked to some other memory section.', 'start': 24496.292, 'duration': 9.387}], 'summary': 'Linked list is a sequence of nodes, each containing a value and a link pointing to another node.', 'duration': 34.758, 'max_score': 24470.921, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI24470921.jpg'}, {'end': 25089.492, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25055.029, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 25057.493, 'text': 'you might want to insert a new node in the linked list.', 'start': 25055.029, 'duration': 2.464}, {'end': 25064.251, 'text': 'insert as a first element, insert the last element, insert in the middle middle.', 'start': 25058.828, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 25073.576, 'text': 'how you do insertion in the middle, like before a given element, after a given node, before a given value, after a given value.', 'start': 25064.251, 'duration': 9.325}, {'end': 25079.96, 'text': 'so there are many combinations that you can, that we can try out on insertion.', 'start': 25073.576, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 25089.492, 'text': 'So all are possible, but it depends upon what operation we choose, and each operation has its own difficulty level.', 'start': 25082.165, 'duration': 7.327}], 'summary': 'Insert new nodes in linked list with various methods and difficulty levels.', 'duration': 34.463, 'max_score': 25055.029, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI25055029.jpg'}, {'end': 25561.3, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25512.512, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 25523.119, 'text': 'So this is a here I am adding elements 10 times in the linked list, one after the other, and here I am printing the entire linked list.', 'start': 25512.512, 'duration': 10.607}, {'end': 25526.982, 'text': "So let's see how this program runs.", 'start': 25523.74, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 25537.75, 'text': 'gcc-o linked list.', 'start': 25536.749, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 25545.632, 'text': 'linked list dot C.', 'start': 25542.711, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 25547.833, 'text': 'so I got a compilation success.', 'start': 25545.632, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 25552.356, 'text': 'now dot slash linked list.', 'start': 25547.833, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 25561.3, 'text': "so if I run this program, what I am doing is I'm initially the nodes are getting added and then we are printing.", 'start': 25552.356, 'duration': 8.944}], 'summary': 'Adding 10 elements to a linked list and printing it.', 'duration': 48.788, 'max_score': 25512.512, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI25512512.jpg'}, {'end': 25636.289, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25601.091, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 25605.95, 'text': 'it will add a node after this value.', 'start': 25601.091, 'duration': 4.859}, {'end': 25613.654, 'text': 'so it will search for this value and add a node which has the data part as this value.', 'start': 25605.95, 'duration': 7.704}, {'end': 25618.836, 'text': "okay, so let's see this function, how this function behaves.", 'start': 25613.654, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 25621.597, 'text': 'add after, this is a function, add after.', 'start': 25618.836, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 25626.78, 'text': 'so I am adding value after X.', 'start': 25621.597, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 25632.586, 'text': 'okay, so initially we are checking root is null.', 'start': 25626.78, 'duration': 5.806}, {'end': 25634.788, 'text': 'that means our linked list is empty.', 'start': 25632.586, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 25636.289, 'text': "so we don't have anything to add.", 'start': 25634.788, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': "A function 'add after' adds a node after a specified value in a linked list. if the root is null, the list is empty and no addition is made.", 'duration': 35.198, 'max_score': 25601.091, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI25601091.jpg'}], 'start': 24402.409, 'title': 'Linked lists basics and operations', 'summary': 'Covers dynamic memory allocation and understanding linked lists, including creating nodes, memory allocation, accessing and traversing the linked list, insertion and deletion operations, and adding elements to the linked list, highlighting different flavors of insertion and deletion, and providing code for basic operations and printing the linked list.', 'chapters': [{'end': 24646.122, 'start': 24402.409, 'title': 'Dynamic memory allocation and linked lists', 'summary': 'Covers dynamic memory allocation for matrices and understanding linked lists, including the concept of nodes, successors, predecessors, and list length.', 'duration': 243.713, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to use dynamic memory allocation to allocate memory for a matrix and demonstrates printing the matrix in reverse order, providing hands-on understanding of the concept.', 'The definition of a linked list is provided, emphasizing that it consists of a sequence of nodes, each containing a value and a link pointing to another node, with the last node containing a null.', 'The concept of nodes in a linked list is detailed, including their structure with a data section and a link section, and the explanation of the linear format and the role of a list header.', 'The terminology used in linked lists is explained, including the successor as the next node in the sequence, the predecessor as the previous node in the sequence, and the list length as the number of elements in the list.']}, {'end': 25109.209, 'start': 24647.242, 'title': 'Linked list basics', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of linked lists, including the creation of nodes, memory allocation, accessing and traversing the linked list, as well as the operations of insertion and deletion, highlighting the length of the linked list, memory allocation using malloc, and the different flavors of insertion and deletion.', 'duration': 461.967, 'highlights': ['The length of the linked list is four', 'Memory allocation using malloc', 'Different flavors of insertion and deletion']}, {'end': 25484.731, 'start': 25111.966, 'title': 'Inserting into linked list', 'summary': 'Explains the process of inserting a node into a linked list and provides code for basic operations of insertion and traversal, including the creation of a new node, adding a node at the end of the linked list, and traversing the linked list using a temporary variable.', 'duration': 372.765, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the process of inserting a node into a linked list and provides code for basic operations of insertion and traversal', 'Creation of a new node and adding a node at the end of the linked list', 'Traversing the linked list using a temporary variable']}, {'end': 25819.51, 'start': 25485.292, 'title': 'Linked list operations', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of adding elements to a linked list, creating a function to add a node after a specific value, and printing the linked list. it also includes a demonstration of adding a value after a specific node and printing the updated linked list.', 'duration': 334.218, 'highlights': ['The program demonstrates adding elements 10 times to the linked list and printing the entire linked list.', "The function 'add after' is explained, detailing the process of adding a node after a specific value in the linked list.", 'The demonstration of adding the value 34 after the value 4 in the linked list and printing the updated linked list.']}], 'duration': 1417.101, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI24402409.jpg', 'highlights': ['The program demonstrates adding elements 10 times to the linked list.', 'The chapter explains the process of inserting a node into a linked list.', 'The definition of a linked list is provided, emphasizing its structure and components.', "The function 'add after' is explained, detailing the process of adding a node after a specific value."]}, {'end': 27294.377, 'segs': [{'end': 25888.392, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25855.957, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 25863.663, 'text': 'So in order to delete a node from a single linked list, you have to change the link of its predecessor.', 'start': 25855.957, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 25881.15, 'text': 'So predecessor means whatever node which is before a particular node has to point to the node which will come after the node that we are deleting.', 'start': 25863.963, 'duration': 17.187}, {'end': 25886.492, 'text': 'So little bit confusing but suppose there is three nodes A, B and C.', 'start': 25881.59, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 25888.392, 'text': 'A is pointing to B, B is pointing to C.', 'start': 25886.492, 'duration': 1.9}], 'summary': "To delete a node in a single linked list, change predecessor's link to point to the node after the deleted node.", 'duration': 32.435, 'max_score': 25855.957, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI25855957.jpg'}, {'end': 26073.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26036.582, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 26039.063, 'text': 'So delete node, this is the function delete node.', 'start': 26036.582, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 26043.205, 'text': 'So what we are doing in delete node is we are maintaining two pointers.', 'start': 26039.524, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 26045.206, 'text': 'one is temp and one is previous.', 'start': 26043.205, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 26051.813, 'text': 'and okay, temp will point to temple, will be assigned to root.', 'start': 26045.206, 'duration': 6.607}, {'end': 26055.618, 'text': 'previous is where we set previous equal to null.', 'start': 26051.813, 'duration': 3.805}, {'end': 26073.755, 'text': 'then what we are doing is we are running a loop to find a node which has value or data portion as equal to well and similarly we are jumping temp temp equal to temp.next and what we are doing is we are jumping the previous also.', 'start': 26055.618, 'duration': 18.137}], 'summary': 'The delete node function maintains two pointers, temp and previous, to find and delete a node with a specific value.', 'duration': 37.173, 'max_score': 26036.582, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI26036582.jpg'}, {'end': 26392.043, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26363.143, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 26365.526, 'text': "So let's touch upon what is a doubly linked list.", 'start': 26363.143, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 26375.139, 'text': 'So doubly linked list is nothing but an extension to a single linked list where each node will be having two pointers.', 'start': 26365.847, 'duration': 9.292}, {'end': 26379.364, 'text': 'One is pointing to the predecessor and one is pointing to the successor.', 'start': 26376.02, 'duration': 3.344}, {'end': 26386.475, 'text': 'so here this is suppose, consider this node.', 'start': 26380.365, 'duration': 6.11}, {'end': 26390.781, 'text': 'so this node has now three portions.', 'start': 26386.475, 'duration': 4.306}, {'end': 26392.043, 'text': 'this is a data portion.', 'start': 26390.781, 'duration': 1.262}], 'summary': 'Doubly linked list extends single linked list with nodes having two pointers.', 'duration': 28.9, 'max_score': 26363.143, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI26363143.jpg'}, {'end': 26842.879, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26787.091, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 26797.176, 'text': 'So in a doubly linked list it is easier to perform operations like add some node at the middle of the linked list and delete some node at the middle of the linked list.', 'start': 26787.091, 'duration': 10.085}, {'end': 26808.261, 'text': 'In the singly linked list we need to maintain two pointers, which one points to the predecessor, one points to the successor,', 'start': 26798.316, 'duration': 9.945}, {'end': 26810.022, 'text': 'and then we need to do some operations.', 'start': 26808.261, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 26812.718, 'text': 'So in wlinklist it is much easier.', 'start': 26810.717, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 26816.159, 'text': 'In singly linklist we need to write some extra code.', 'start': 26812.738, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 26821.881, 'text': 'So what are the disadvantages of this thing??', 'start': 26818.56, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 26834.885, 'text': 'So DLL, or wlinklist, requires more space, because now in wlinklist each node has an extra link which is linked to its predecessor.', 'start': 26822.381, 'duration': 12.504}, {'end': 26837.166, 'text': 'So it requires extra memory.', 'start': 26834.945, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 26842.879, 'text': 'List manipulations are slower because more links must be changed.', 'start': 26838.896, 'duration': 3.983}], 'summary': 'Doubly linked list allows easier node operations, but requires more space and has slower manipulations.', 'duration': 55.788, 'max_score': 26787.091, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI26787091.jpg'}, {'end': 27005.299, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26944.241, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 26948.524, 'text': "C's previous, which is pointing to B, is removed.", 'start': 26944.241, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 26955.97, 'text': "C's previous is now pointing to A, and that's how we delete it.", 'start': 26948.524, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 26963.415, 'text': "so we don't have to do anything about the links for the B and we can free the memory.", 'start': 26955.97, 'duration': 7.445}, {'end': 26970.981, 'text': 'garbage collection will take care of deleted nodes, so we need to free the memory and then it will be taken by the garbage collector.', 'start': 26963.415, 'duration': 7.566}, {'end': 26975.943, 'text': 'deletion of the first node or last node is a special case.', 'start': 26972.78, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 26978.404, 'text': 'so if you want to delete the first node,', 'start': 26975.943, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 26997.454, 'text': 'then what we need to do is this node will point to this and the previous of this will point to null or nothing, and so we need to change the things.', 'start': 26978.404, 'duration': 19.05}, {'end': 27005.299, 'text': 'and similarly, if you want to delete the last node, we need to adjust the pointers accordingly.', 'start': 26997.454, 'duration': 7.845}], 'summary': 'Deleting nodes in a linked list involves adjusting pointers and freeing memory. special cases for deleting first and last nodes.', 'duration': 61.058, 'max_score': 26944.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI26944241.jpg'}, {'end': 27066.843, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27036.09, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 27039.592, 'text': 'you have to count your ways through the lot of other elements.', 'start': 27036.09, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 27054.479, 'text': 'so if you want to sort a linked list, it requires some effort because we cannot directly access the element through index.', 'start': 27039.592, 'duration': 14.887}, {'end': 27062.26, 'text': 'as we can do it in array, we need to traverse through the linked list, find the element and do the changes like.', 'start': 27054.479, 'duration': 7.781}, {'end': 27066.843, 'text': 'and also we cannot shuffle the value very easily.', 'start': 27062.26, 'duration': 4.583}], 'summary': "Sorting a linked list requires effort as we can't directly access elements by index like in arrays.", 'duration': 30.753, 'max_score': 27036.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27036090.jpg'}, {'end': 27155.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27128.462, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 27139.697, 'text': 'so circular linked list are also very known data structure in computer science and these are used for developing circular buffers and all.', 'start': 27128.462, 'duration': 11.235}, {'end': 27144.021, 'text': 'so but we need to be very careful while using circular list.', 'start': 27140.317, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 27153.409, 'text': 'linked list, because we might end up in an infinite loop because there is no terminating condition here, because there is no,', 'start': 27144.021, 'duration': 9.388}, {'end': 27155.391, 'text': 'none of the node is pointing to null.', 'start': 27153.409, 'duration': 1.982}], 'summary': 'Circular linked lists are used for circular buffers, but caution is needed to avoid infinite loops.', 'duration': 26.929, 'max_score': 27128.462, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27128462.jpg'}, {'end': 27222.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27191.333, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 27195.076, 'text': 'first problem is write a program to print linked list in reverse order.', 'start': 27191.333, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 27200.64, 'text': 'so you you need to print a singly linked list in reverse order,', 'start': 27195.076, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 27206.544, 'text': 'because we have already covered how to print a doubly linked list in reverse order and it is very easy.', 'start': 27200.64, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 27212.428, 'text': 'so just try your hands on printing a singly linked list in a reverse order.', 'start': 27206.544, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 27216.387, 'text': 'Write a program to search an element in a linked list.', 'start': 27214.025, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 27222.692, 'text': 'So this requires you to traverse through the linked list and find a particular element.', 'start': 27216.867, 'duration': 5.825}], 'summary': 'Program to print singly linked list in reverse & search element in linked list.', 'duration': 31.359, 'max_score': 27191.333, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27191333.jpg'}], 'start': 25819.51, 'title': 'Linked list deletion', 'summary': "Explains deleting nodes in a singly linked list, covering manipulation of predecessor's pointer, code example, node 5 deletion, introducing doubly linked list, advantages in deletion, structure with two pointers, implementing doubly linked list, advantages of traversing, space and manipulation challenges, and linked list operations such as deletion, special cases, sorting challenges, circular linked lists, and programming exercises.", 'chapters': [{'end': 26179.858, 'start': 25819.51, 'title': 'Deleting nodes in a linked list', 'summary': "Explains the process of deleting nodes in a singly linked list, emphasizing the need to manipulate the predecessor's pointer to maintain the linked list structure and providing a code example for the deletion operation.", 'duration': 360.348, 'highlights': ["The process of deleting nodes in a singly linked list involves changing the link of the predecessor node to point to the node that comes after the node being deleted, demonstrating the need to manipulate the predecessor's pointer (quantifiable data: explanation of the deletion process).", "In the context of a singly linked list, the difficulty in deleting a node arises from the absence of a pointer to the previous node, necessitating the creation of logic to manipulate the predecessor's pointer to point to the successor's next portion (quantifiable data: explanation of the challenges in deletion).", "The provided code example for deleting nodes in a linked list focuses on maintaining two pointers, 'temp' and 'previous,' to navigate and manipulate the linked list structure, showcasing the practical implementation of the deletion logic (quantifiable data: explanation of the code logic).", "The 'delete node' function in the code example employs a loop to find the node with a specified value, using 'temp' and 'previous' pointers to track and manipulate the linked list structure, demonstrating the practical application of the deletion process in code (quantifiable data: explanation of the code logic)."]}, {'end': 26512.469, 'start': 26179.858, 'title': 'Linked list deletion & doubly linked list', 'summary': 'Covers the process of deleting nodes in a linked list, including an example of deleting node 5, and introduces the concept of a doubly linked list, highlighting its advantages in deletion operations and its structure with two pointers per node.', 'duration': 332.611, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the process of deleting nodes in a linked list, including an example of deleting node 5, and introduces the concept of a doubly linked list, highlighting its advantages in deletion operations and its structure with two pointers per node.', 'In the demonstration, the deletion of node 5 in the linked list is illustrated, where node 4 is directly linked to node 6 after deletion, resulting in the memory holding node 5 being freed, showcasing the process of deletion in the linked list.', 'The concept of a doubly linked list is introduced, emphasizing that each node contains two pointers, one pointing to the predecessor and one pointing to the successor, providing a clear understanding of the structure and advantages of the doubly linked list.', 'The advantages of a doubly linked list in deletion operations are explained, highlighting that only one pointer needs to be updated when deleting a node, simplifying the deletion process compared to single linked lists.', 'The structure of a doubly linked list is detailed, with each node containing a value and two pointers: one to its successor and one to its predecessor, and the header pointing to the first and last nodes in the list, providing clarity on the organization and functionality of doubly linked lists.']}, {'end': 26876.849, 'start': 26512.469, 'title': 'Doubly linked list vs singly linked list', 'summary': "Discusses the implementation of a doubly linked list with a new 'previous' pointer to the predecessor of the node, and highlights the advantages of traversing in both directions and the space and manipulation challenges compared to a singly linked list.", 'duration': 364.38, 'highlights': ["Implementation of a doubly linked list with a new 'previous' pointer to the predecessor of the node", 'Advantages of traversing in both directions in a doubly linked list', 'Challenges of increased space and slower manipulation operations in a doubly linked list compared to a singly linked list', 'Explanation of the disadvantages of a doubly linked list, including the increased space required and the slower manipulation operations']}, {'end': 27294.377, 'start': 26876.849, 'title': 'Linked list operations and considerations', 'summary': 'Discusses the operations and considerations for using linked lists, covering deletion, special cases, sorting challenges, circular linked lists, and programming exercises including printing in reverse, searching, checking for palindrome, and identifying duplicate elements.', 'duration': 417.528, 'highlights': ['Deletion from a doubly linked list involves changing two links, and the garbage collector takes care of deleted nodes, freeing memory.', 'Special cases for deletion include adjusting pointers for the first and last nodes of the linked list.', 'Sorting a linked list is challenging as direct access to elements by index is not possible, requiring traversal and pointer changes.', 'Circular linked lists have a special structure with the last element pointing to the first, enabling circular traversal, but requiring caution to avoid infinite loops.', 'Programming exercises include printing a singly linked list in reverse order, searching for an element, checking for palindrome, and identifying duplicate elements.']}], 'duration': 1474.867, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI25819510.jpg', 'highlights': ["The process of deleting nodes in a singly linked list involves changing the link of the predecessor node to point to the node that comes after the node being deleted, demonstrating the need to manipulate the predecessor's pointer.", 'The advantages of a doubly linked list in deletion operations are explained, highlighting that only one pointer needs to be updated when deleting a node, simplifying the deletion process compared to single linked lists.', "The provided code example for deleting nodes in a linked list focuses on maintaining two pointers, 'temp' and 'previous,' to navigate and manipulate the linked list structure, showcasing the practical implementation of the deletion logic.", 'The concept of a doubly linked list is introduced, emphasizing that each node contains two pointers, one pointing to the predecessor and one pointing to the successor, providing a clear understanding of the structure and advantages of the doubly linked list.', 'Deletion from a doubly linked list involves changing two links, and the garbage collector takes care of deleted nodes, freeing memory.', 'Special cases for deletion include adjusting pointers for the first and last nodes of the linked list.', 'Sorting a linked list is challenging as direct access to elements by index is not possible, requiring traversal and pointer changes.', 'Circular linked lists have a special structure with the last element pointing to the first, enabling circular traversal, but requiring caution to avoid infinite loops.', 'Programming exercises include printing a singly linked list in reverse order, searching for an element, checking for palindrome, and identifying duplicate elements.', 'Challenges of increased space and slower manipulation operations in a doubly linked list compared to a singly linked list.']}, {'end': 28691.5, 'segs': [{'end': 27361.705, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27333.081, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 27336.124, 'text': 'One is a reference to right part and this is a data section.', 'start': 27333.081, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 27341.408, 'text': 'okay, so binary tree is composed of two or more nodes.', 'start': 27336.804, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 27347.093, 'text': 'here we are having two nodes.', 'start': 27341.408, 'duration': 5.685}, {'end': 27352.978, 'text': 'one is for left reference, one is for right reference.', 'start': 27347.093, 'duration': 5.885}, {'end': 27361.705, 'text': 'okay, each node contains a value, a reference or a pointer to left child, a reference, a pointer to right child.', 'start': 27352.978, 'duration': 8.727}], 'summary': 'Binary tree composed of two nodes, each with value and references.', 'duration': 28.624, 'max_score': 27333.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27333081.jpg'}, {'end': 27424.174, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27392.53, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 27397.476, 'text': 'Then each node in the binary tree has two references.', 'start': 27392.53, 'duration': 4.946}, {'end': 27398.957, 'text': 'One is left, one is right.', 'start': 27397.576, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 27401.1, 'text': 'And we keep on building the tree.', 'start': 27399.638, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 27407.208, 'text': 'binary tree may be empty.', 'start': 27404.907, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 27412.89, 'text': 'so in case if binary tree is empty, then this node will be null.', 'start': 27407.208, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 27419.992, 'text': 'so if root is null, that means binary tree is empty.', 'start': 27412.89, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 27424.174, 'text': 'if not empty, a binary tree has a root node.', 'start': 27419.992, 'duration': 4.182}], 'summary': 'Binary tree nodes have two references, left and right. root node determines if tree is empty.', 'duration': 31.644, 'max_score': 27392.53, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27392530.jpg'}, {'end': 27492.329, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27458.269, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 27460.091, 'text': 'B to E and E to H.', 'start': 27458.269, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 27465.095, 'text': 'There is no other path that you can go from A to H.', 'start': 27460.091, 'duration': 5.004}, {'end': 27467.497, 'text': 'There is a unique path from root to every node.', 'start': 27465.095, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 27475.595, 'text': 'A node with no left child and with no right child is called a leaf node.', 'start': 27470.811, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 27485.163, 'text': 'So suppose there are any nodes with no left child and no right child, for example like this.', 'start': 27476.556, 'duration': 8.607}, {'end': 27489.747, 'text': 'So it does not have anything on the left, does not have anything on the right.', 'start': 27486.144, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 27492.329, 'text': 'So this is called a leaf node.', 'start': 27490.067, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': 'Unique path from root to every node, leaf nodes have no children.', 'duration': 34.06, 'max_score': 27458.269, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27458269.jpg'}, {'end': 27618.623, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27588.584, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 27598.211, 'text': 'So the representation of a tree in this diagram and representation of tree in this diagram is totally different.', 'start': 27588.584, 'duration': 9.627}, {'end': 27602.855, 'text': 'So hence we call it as a different binary tree.', 'start': 27599.893, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 27613.7, 'text': 'if the first binary tree in the first binary tree, node A, has left child but no right child, correct, so it has left child, but no right child.', 'start': 27604.375, 'duration': 9.325}, {'end': 27618.623, 'text': 'in second, node A has right child but no left child.', 'start': 27613.7, 'duration': 4.923}], 'summary': 'Comparison of two binary trees with different child configurations.', 'duration': 30.039, 'max_score': 27588.584, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27588584.jpg'}, {'end': 27687.275, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27648.212, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 27654.755, 'text': 'That means in hierarchy node A come first and node B comes after A.', 'start': 27648.212, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 27659.678, 'text': 'So A is parent of B and B is child of A.', 'start': 27654.755, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 27666.321, 'text': 'Node A is ancestor of B if A is a parent of B.', 'start': 27661.638, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 27672.966, 'text': 'So another thing is also called is node A is the ancestor of B.', 'start': 27666.321, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 27683.433, 'text': 'So whichever comes first from the traveling from the root will be the ancestor of the node which comes after that node.', 'start': 27672.966, 'duration': 10.467}, {'end': 27687.275, 'text': 'So A comes first and B comes after A.', 'start': 27683.673, 'duration': 3.602}], 'summary': 'Node a is the ancestor of node b in the hierarchy.', 'duration': 39.063, 'max_score': 27648.212, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27648212.jpg'}, {'end': 27767.393, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27730.219, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 27734.444, 'text': "So let's cover about what do you mean by size and depth of binary tree.", 'start': 27730.219, 'duration': 4.225}, {'end': 27738.128, 'text': 'So suppose this is a binary tree.', 'start': 27735.445, 'duration': 2.683}, {'end': 27743.241, 'text': 'the size is the number of nodes in a binary tree.', 'start': 27740.239, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 27748.003, 'text': 'so here in this case, number of nodes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.', 'start': 27743.241, 'duration': 4.762}, {'end': 27751.925, 'text': 'so the size of binary tree is 12.', 'start': 27748.003, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 27762.35, 'text': 'correct. the depth of the binary tree is the node to its distance from the root.', 'start': 27751.925, 'duration': 10.425}, {'end': 27767.393, 'text': 'so a is at depth 0.', 'start': 27762.35, 'duration': 5.043}], 'summary': 'Size of binary tree: 12 nodes. depth: a at depth 0.', 'duration': 37.174, 'max_score': 27730.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27730219.jpg'}, {'end': 27969.793, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27932.435, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 27938.916, 'text': 'because again, if you can see here, A is the root, but A does not have anything on the right.', 'start': 27932.435, 'duration': 6.481}, {'end': 27943.917, 'text': 'So we cannot balance.', 'start': 27939.096, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 27949.118, 'text': 'This is balanced because all the nodes are present at the left of the tree.', 'start': 27943.977, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 27951.179, 'text': 'There is nothing present at the right of the tree.', 'start': 27949.378, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 27969.793, 'text': 'There is one more concept in balanced binary tree is that the height of the left subtree and height of the right subtree should not be greater than 1.', 'start': 27956.444, 'duration': 13.349}], 'summary': 'A is the root, unbalanced due to lack of right nodes. balanced tree has all nodes on the left, with height difference ≤ 1.', 'duration': 37.358, 'max_score': 27932.435, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27932435.jpg'}, {'end': 28105.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28036.004, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 28045.493, 'text': 'Now in this case height of left subtree is height of B to I.', 'start': 28036.004, 'duration': 9.489}, {'end': 28055.584, 'text': 'So what is the height of height from B to I is 1, 2, 3, 4 and but at the right there is no right subtree.', 'start': 28045.493, 'duration': 10.091}, {'end': 28058.722, 'text': 'So the height of right subtree is zero.', 'start': 28056.741, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 28066.626, 'text': 'And the difference between height of left subtree and height of right subtree is four minus zero equal to four, which is greater than one.', 'start': 28059.903, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 28069.808, 'text': 'Hence, this is not a balanced binary tree.', 'start': 28067.247, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 28073.79, 'text': 'So there are many ways to find whether a binary tree is balanced or not.', 'start': 28069.948, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 28075.631, 'text': 'I have just explained two ways.', 'start': 28074.331, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 28085.437, 'text': 'And this concept is very important when we solve some few problems.', 'start': 28078.893, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 28093.969, 'text': 'In most applications, a reasonably balanced binary tree is desirable.', 'start': 28088.682, 'duration': 5.287}, {'end': 28099.456, 'text': 'So binary tree will become more efficient if it is balanced.', 'start': 28094.109, 'duration': 5.347}, {'end': 28105.463, 'text': 'If it is not balanced, then it is as good as a linear or linked list.', 'start': 28100.337, 'duration': 5.126}], 'summary': 'Height difference of 4 makes tree unbalanced, important for efficiency.', 'duration': 69.459, 'max_score': 28036.004, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28036004.jpg'}, {'end': 28173.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28144.921, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 28149.903, 'text': "where each node has two children's, left and right,", 'start': 28144.921, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 28162.666, 'text': 'and the value of left children is less than the value of the parent node and value of right children is greater than the value of parent node.', 'start': 28149.903, 'duration': 12.763}, {'end': 28173.23, 'text': 'So this is the property of a binary search tree and it is very helpful while doing searches because it reduces the number of times we need to iterate through the tree.', 'start': 28163.387, 'duration': 9.843}], 'summary': 'Binary search tree: 2 children, leftparent, reduces search iterations.', 'duration': 28.309, 'max_score': 28144.921, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28144921.jpg'}, {'end': 28313.738, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28277.845, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 28283.467, 'text': 'But if it travels a binary tree in a particular manner, it will always result in a sorted array.', 'start': 28277.845, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 28286.24, 'text': 'sorted form.', 'start': 28284.518, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 28288.341, 'text': 'okay, so this is also very helpful.', 'start': 28286.24, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 28292.865, 'text': 'we will see how it is helpful to us.', 'start': 28288.341, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 28296.528, 'text': 'so binary search in a sorted array.', 'start': 28292.865, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 28312.617, 'text': "so let's have, let's assume we have an array and say this okay, Now look at the location of this array, which is lowest index.", 'start': 28296.528, 'duration': 16.089}, {'end': 28313.738, 'text': 'high is the highest index.', 'start': 28312.617, 'duration': 1.121}], 'summary': 'Traversing a binary tree results in a sorted array, aiding in binary search.', 'duration': 35.893, 'max_score': 28277.845, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28277845.jpg'}, {'end': 28432.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28395.972, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 28408.437, 'text': 'okay, so, using same approach, we can build this array in form of a binary search tree which will look like this so,', 'start': 28395.972, 'duration': 12.465}, {'end': 28418.46, 'text': 'since we got the first element as 3, sorry, as at an index 3, so the value at index 3 will become the root.', 'start': 28408.437, 'duration': 10.023}, {'end': 28421.181, 'text': 'okay, so 7 will be the root.', 'start': 28418.46, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 28432.136, 'text': 'okay, now, all the elements at the left, all the element which has index less than three, these, and these index zero, one,', 'start': 28421.181, 'duration': 10.955}], 'summary': 'Building a binary search tree using elements from an array, with root value at index 7.', 'duration': 36.164, 'max_score': 28395.972, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28395972.jpg'}, {'end': 28634.79, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28604.951, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 28613.258, 'text': 'we need to do one, two, three, four, five, six, at least six comparisons we need to do, but here, in two comparisons,', 'start': 28604.951, 'duration': 8.307}, {'end': 28615.42, 'text': 'we are able to find out our result.', 'start': 28613.258, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 28623.602, 'text': 'So this is how binary tree is very helpful in searching technique,', 'start': 28616.897, 'duration': 6.705}, {'end': 28634.79, 'text': 'because it reduces the amount of comparisons or amount of work that we need to do to search a particular element,', 'start': 28623.602, 'duration': 11.188}], 'summary': 'Binary tree reduces comparisons, e.g., from 6 to 2, in search technique.', 'duration': 29.839, 'max_score': 28604.951, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28604951.jpg'}], 'start': 27294.497, 'title': 'Binary trees and binary search trees', 'summary': 'Provides an introduction to binary trees, emphasizing the structure of nodes, references, and the root node in c programming. it also covers the basics of binary trees, including unique paths, leaf nodes, and binary tree representations. additionally, it explains the size and depth of a binary tree, the importance of balanced binary trees for efficiency, and the process of building a binary search tree from an array, showcasing its efficiency in comparison to linear search.', 'chapters': [{'end': 27424.174, 'start': 27294.497, 'title': 'Binary tree basics', 'summary': 'Provides an introduction to binary trees, emphasizing the structure of nodes, references, and the root node, and highlights the composition and operation of binary trees in c programming.', 'duration': 129.677, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains that a binary tree is composed of nodes with two references, left and right, and a data section, and emphasizes the importance of the root node for the tree structure.', 'The concept of nodes containing values and references to left and right child nodes is detailed, highlighting the fundamental composition of binary trees.', 'The explanation of how a binary tree may be empty, where the root node is null, provides a key insight into the potential states of binary trees in C programming.']}, {'end': 27730.219, 'start': 27424.174, 'title': 'Binary trees basics', 'summary': 'Explains the basics of binary trees, including the concept of root node, unique paths, leaf nodes, left and right subtrees, and binary tree representations, with a focus on the differences between binary trees and the definitions of parent, child, ancestor, descendant, and siblings.', 'duration': 306.045, 'highlights': ['A node with no left child and with no right child is called a leaf node.', 'The representation of a tree in this diagram and representation of tree in this diagram is totally different.', 'Node A is parent of node B if node B is a child of node A.']}, {'end': 28069.808, 'start': 27730.219, 'title': 'Binary tree size and depth', 'summary': 'Covers the size and depth of a binary tree, where the size of the binary tree is 12 nodes, the depth is 4, and it explains the concept of a balanced and unbalanced binary tree and their height comparison.', 'duration': 339.589, 'highlights': ['The size of the binary tree is 12 nodes, and the depth of the binary tree is 4, calculated by finding the distance from the root to the deepest node.', 'A balanced binary tree has every level above the lowest level full, and the height of the left and right subtrees should not be greater than 1; in the given example, the height of both the left and right subtrees is 2, making it a balanced binary tree.', 'An unbalanced binary tree is illustrated by the example where the height of the left subtree is 4 and the height of the right subtree is 0, resulting in a difference greater than 1, making it unbalanced.']}, {'end': 28313.738, 'start': 28069.948, 'title': 'Binary tree balancing importance', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of a balanced binary tree for efficiency and highlights the properties and advantages of a binary search tree, such as reducing the number of iterations and resulting in a sorted array, to make searches more efficient.', 'duration': 243.79, 'highlights': ['The importance of a balanced binary tree for efficiency is emphasized as it becomes more efficient if balanced and as good as a linear or linked list if not balanced.', 'Properties of a binary search tree are explained, including the value relationships between parent and children nodes, and the alignment of left and right subtrees according to value, with quantifiable data like reducing the number of times needed to iterate through the tree.', 'The helpfulness of a binary search tree in producing a sorted array is highlighted, with an explanation of how traversing the tree in a particular manner always results in a sorted form.']}, {'end': 28691.5, 'start': 28314.418, 'title': 'Binary search tree for efficient searching', 'summary': 'Explains the process of building a binary search tree from an array and demonstrates how it reduces the number of comparisons needed for searching, with an example showing that the binary tree requires fewer comparisons than linear search for finding an element.', 'duration': 377.082, 'highlights': ['Building a binary search tree from an array', 'Efficiency of binary search tree in searching', 'Comparison of binary search tree with linear search']}], 'duration': 1397.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI27294497.jpg', 'highlights': ['The size of the binary tree is 12 nodes, and the depth of the binary tree is 4, calculated by finding the distance from the root to the deepest node.', 'The importance of a balanced binary tree for efficiency is emphasized as it becomes more efficient if balanced and as good as a linear or linked list if not balanced.', 'Properties of a binary search tree are explained, including the value relationships between parent and children nodes, and the alignment of left and right subtrees according to value, with quantifiable data like reducing the number of times needed to iterate through the tree.', 'The helpfulness of a binary search tree in producing a sorted array is highlighted, with an explanation of how traversing the tree in a particular manner always results in a sorted form.', 'The chapter explains that a binary tree is composed of nodes with two references, left and right, and a data section, and emphasizes the importance of the root node for the tree structure.', 'The concept of nodes containing values and references to left and right child nodes is detailed, highlighting the fundamental composition of binary trees.', 'The explanation of how a binary tree may be empty, where the root node is null, provides a key insight into the potential states of binary trees in C programming.', 'A balanced binary tree has every level above the lowest level full, and the height of the left and right subtrees should not be greater than 1; in the given example, the height of both the left and right subtrees is 2, making it a balanced binary tree.', 'An unbalanced binary tree is illustrated by the example where the height of the left subtree is 4 and the height of the right subtree is 0, resulting in a difference greater than 1, making it unbalanced.', 'A node with no left child and with no right child is called a leaf node.', 'Building a binary search tree from an array', 'Efficiency of binary search tree in searching', 'Comparison of binary search tree with linear search', 'The representation of a tree in this diagram and representation of tree in this diagram is totally different.', 'Node A is parent of node B if node B is a child of node A.']}, {'end': 29903.807, 'segs': [{'end': 28777.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28691.5, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 28700.825, 'text': 'so that means our element that we are searching for, which is 15, is not present in the tree.', 'start': 28691.5, 'duration': 9.325}, {'end': 28705.349, 'text': 'so we can say okay, whatever we are trying to find is not present in the tree.', 'start': 28700.825, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 28706.63, 'text': 'and we can.', 'start': 28705.349, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 28718.339, 'text': 'and we did it with how many comparisons 1, 2 & 3, if suppose we need to find this in a, in this array, how many comparisons we need to do?', 'start': 28706.63, 'duration': 11.709}, {'end': 28723.502, 'text': 'we need to do at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven comparisons,', 'start': 28718.339, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 28732.807, 'text': 'because we need to traverse till the end of the list to find out whether our element is present or not.', 'start': 28723.502, 'duration': 9.305}, {'end': 28736.669, 'text': 'so this is how searching in binary tree works.', 'start': 28732.807, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 28743.584, 'text': "So before going to the coding part, let's see how binary tree is represented.", 'start': 28738.76, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 28752.792, 'text': 'As we have seen in the link list, binary tree is also represented in a structure format where this is the data part.', 'start': 28744.985, 'duration': 7.807}, {'end': 28755.955, 'text': 'this is the reference to the left and this is the reference to the right.', 'start': 28752.792, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 28761.78, 'text': 'This is a very basic node structure of a binary tree.', 'start': 28756.876, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 28777.931, 'text': 'Going towards more enhanced way, where we have some advanced kind of data in the data section.', 'start': 28764.082, 'duration': 13.849}], 'summary': 'Searching in binary tree involves 3 comparisons. representation is in structure format.', 'duration': 86.431, 'max_score': 28691.5, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28691500.jpg'}, {'end': 29085.476, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29030.128, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 29042.872, 'text': 'To be more specific, this program will create or this function will create a binary tree out of a given array and return the root of the tree.', 'start': 29030.128, 'duration': 12.744}, {'end': 29048.793, 'text': "So let's try to compile and execute this program.", 'start': 29044.072, 'duration': 4.721}, {'end': 29076.882, 'text': 'okay, gcc minus o tree binary tree dot c.', 'start': 29059.366, 'duration': 17.516}, {'end': 29078.544, 'text': 'so we got a compilation success.', 'start': 29076.882, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 29079.245, 'text': "let's run it.", 'start': 29078.544, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 29085.476, 'text': 'so this is how we are getting the output.', 'start': 29082.054, 'duration': 3.422}], 'summary': 'Program creates a binary tree from given array, successfully compiles and runs.', 'duration': 55.348, 'max_score': 29030.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI29030128.jpg'}, {'end': 29489.237, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29400.504, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 29410.634, 'text': 'in order in order is traversing the left child first and then the root then and then the right child.', 'start': 29400.504, 'duration': 10.13}, {'end': 29412.996, 'text': 'so this is how we do the.', 'start': 29410.634, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 29414.177, 'text': 'in order traversal.', 'start': 29412.996, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 29416.839, 'text': 'we visit left sub tree.', 'start': 29414.177, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 29423.666, 'text': 'we complete, we complete the left part of the tree, then we go to the root and then complete the right part of the tree.', 'start': 29416.839, 'duration': 6.827}, {'end': 29428.04, 'text': 'Post order traversal.', 'start': 29425.899, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 29437.585, 'text': 'in post order traversal, we complete the right part of the tree first, then we go to the root and then we complete that left part of the tree first.', 'start': 29428.04, 'duration': 9.545}, {'end': 29443.025, 'text': "OK So let's do some practice.", 'start': 29438.466, 'duration': 4.559}, {'end': 29447.629, 'text': 'Write a program to create a binary tree from a given array.', 'start': 29444.987, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 29450.672, 'text': 'So this we have already completed.', 'start': 29448.009, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 29456.237, 'text': 'We just did one program which creates a binary tree from a given array.', 'start': 29450.692, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 29465.424, 'text': 'I will advise you to try this program on your own without going to the code that I have given.', 'start': 29457.738, 'duration': 7.686}, {'end': 29474.01, 'text': 'In case you find any difficulty just go back to the code refer it and try it on your own so that you can get more expertise.', 'start': 29466.144, 'duration': 7.866}, {'end': 29481.656, 'text': 'Write a program to find a specific element in a binary tree or binary search tree.', 'start': 29474.03, 'duration': 7.626}, {'end': 29489.237, 'text': "so let's write this code, let's try to solve this problem.", 'start': 29482.975, 'duration': 6.262}], 'summary': 'Learned in-order and post-order traversal; created binary tree program.', 'duration': 88.733, 'max_score': 29400.504, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI29400504.jpg'}, {'end': 29815.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29788.197, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 29791.798, 'text': 'if value is greater than that means it will come into the else condition.', 'start': 29788.197, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 29795.54, 'text': 'then we will go to the right right side of the binary tree.', 'start': 29791.798, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 29804.087, 'text': 'So this is iterative function where findVal is called itself and we will be returning some value.', 'start': 29796.263, 'duration': 7.824}, {'end': 29815.533, 'text': "so where we are returning the value, if we find any element which is null, like we are traversing, and we didn't find any element, we will return 0.", 'start': 29804.087, 'duration': 11.446}], 'summary': 'Iterative function to traverse binary tree, returning 0 if element not found.', 'duration': 27.336, 'max_score': 29788.197, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI29788197.jpg'}], 'start': 28691.5, 'title': 'Binary trees', 'summary': "Covers searching, structure, representation, creation, traversal, and algorithms in binary trees, including comparisons needed, node structure, recursive creation, traversal methods, and iterative search function, with specific examples such as finding element 15 requiring 3 comparisons and using 'findval' function to search for values 9 and 78.", 'chapters': [{'end': 28743.584, 'start': 28691.5, 'title': 'Searching in binary tree', 'summary': 'Explains the process of searching in a binary tree, highlighting that the element 15 is not present in the tree, requiring 3 comparisons, and further discussing the comparison needed to find an element in an array.', 'duration': 52.084, 'highlights': ['The element 15 is not present in the tree, requiring 3 comparisons.', 'Finding an element in an array would require at least 7 comparisons to traverse till the end of the list.']}, {'end': 28907.545, 'start': 28744.985, 'title': 'Binary tree structure and representation', 'summary': 'Discusses the structure and representation of binary trees, including a basic node structure, advanced data representation, and the process of adding nodes to the binary tree using a program. it also covers the use of a type definition for tree nodes and the creation of a tree from an array.', 'duration': 162.56, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the structure and representation of binary trees, including a basic node structure, advanced data representation, and the process of adding nodes to the binary tree using a program.', 'It also covers the use of a type definition for tree nodes and the creation of a tree from an array.']}, {'end': 29085.476, 'start': 28908.445, 'title': 'Creating binary trees recursively', 'summary': 'Explains a recursive function for creating a binary tree from an array, detailing the process of determining the root node, building left and right subtrees, and returning the root of the tree, emphasizing the importance of recursion in solving binary tree problems.', 'duration': 177.031, 'highlights': ['The recursive function outlines the process of creating a binary tree from an array by determining the root node, building left and right subtrees, and eventually returning the root, showcasing the significance of recursion in binary tree problem-solving.', 'The function includes an exit condition where it checks if the left index is greater than the right index and returns null, highlighting the importance of managing base cases in recursive functions.', 'The program successfully compiles and executes, demonstrating the practical implementation of the binary tree creation function.']}, {'end': 29720.426, 'start': 29085.476, 'title': 'Tree traversal and binary tree creation', 'summary': 'Explains the process of creating a binary tree from a given array, the concept of tree traversal, and the methods to find elements in a binary search tree. the creation process involves adding elements to the left and right subtrees, while the tree traversal methods include pre-order, in-order, and post-order. the program to find a specific element in a binary search tree is also discussed.', 'duration': 634.95, 'highlights': ['The creation process involves adding elements to the left and right subtrees, while the tree traversal methods include pre-order, in-order, and post-order.', 'The program to find a specific element in a binary search tree is also discussed.', 'The chapter explains the process of creating a binary tree from a given array.']}, {'end': 29903.807, 'start': 29720.426, 'title': 'Binary search tree algorithm', 'summary': "Explains the iterative function 'findval' in a binary search tree, which returns 1 if a value is found and 0 if not, and demonstrates its usage in the main function by searching for values 9 and 78.", 'duration': 183.381, 'highlights': ["The 'findVal' function in the binary search tree returns 1 if the value is found and 0 if not, based on iterative traversal through the tree.", "Usage of 'findVal' function in the main function to search for values 9 and 78 demonstrates the conditional operator and its functionality."]}], 'duration': 1212.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI28691500.jpg', 'highlights': ['The recursive function outlines the process of creating a binary tree from an array, showcasing the significance of recursion.', 'The creation process involves adding elements to the left and right subtrees, and the tree traversal methods include pre-order, in-order, and post-order.', "The 'findVal' function in the binary search tree returns 1 if the value is found and 0 if not, based on iterative traversal through the tree.", 'The chapter discusses the structure and representation of binary trees, including a basic node structure, advanced data representation, and the process of adding nodes to the binary tree using a program.', 'The program successfully compiles and executes, demonstrating the practical implementation of the binary tree creation function.', 'The element 15 is not present in the tree, requiring 3 comparisons.', 'The program to find a specific element in a binary search tree is also discussed.', 'Finding an element in an array would require at least 7 comparisons to traverse till the end of the list.']}, {'end': 31267.948, 'segs': [{'end': 29984.049, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29903.807, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 29911.689, 'text': "so let's try to run this program.", 'start': 29903.807, 'duration': 7.882}, {'end': 29918.33, 'text': 'PCC minus O BST BST dot C.', 'start': 29911.689, 'duration': 6.641}, {'end': 29920.491, 'text': 'okay, or we got compilation success.', 'start': 29918.33, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 29922.771, 'text': "let's run this program dot slash BST.", 'start': 29920.491, 'duration': 2.28}, {'end': 29935.158, 'text': 'so this is the output for you have added all the values or all the elements in the array.', 'start': 29924.534, 'duration': 10.624}, {'end': 29938.3, 'text': 'then we searched 9.', 'start': 29935.158, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 29941.361, 'text': 'once we searched 9 we got 9 is found.', 'start': 29938.3, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 29943.002, 'text': 'so yes, 9 is present.', 'start': 29941.361, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 29944.322, 'text': '9 is found.', 'start': 29943.002, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 29946.903, 'text': 'then 78 is not found.', 'start': 29944.322, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 29950.165, 'text': 'yes, 78 is not there in the list, so 78 is not found.', 'start': 29946.903, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 29958.076, 'text': 'so this is how searching in binary search tree works.', 'start': 29950.165, 'duration': 7.911}, {'end': 29967.022, 'text': 'again we go so if the root is null, that means that it is not.', 'start': 29958.076, 'duration': 8.946}, {'end': 29969.403, 'text': 'the value is not present.', 'start': 29967.022, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 29974.727, 'text': 'if value is equal to the data present in the root, that means value is found.', 'start': 29969.403, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 29984.049, 'text': 'if value is less than whatever is data present in the root, then we need to go through left subtree.', 'start': 29974.727, 'duration': 9.322}], 'summary': 'Binary search tree program successfully adds, searches for 9 (found), and 78 (not found).', 'duration': 80.242, 'max_score': 29903.807, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI29903807.jpg'}, {'end': 30064.764, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30038.391, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 30044.692, 'text': 'because binary search tree is a very important data structure and understanding this data structure takes some effort.', 'start': 30038.391, 'duration': 6.301}, {'end': 30047.833, 'text': "It's not an easy data structure to understand.", 'start': 30045.653, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 30053.555, 'text': 'Only you need to do a lot of practice to get mastery over binary search tree.', 'start': 30048.614, 'duration': 4.941}, {'end': 30060.082, 'text': 'So there is one more program that I want you to try on your own.', 'start': 30056.161, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 30064.764, 'text': 'Write a program to print in order pre-order and post-order traversal of binary tree.', 'start': 30060.823, 'duration': 3.941}], 'summary': 'Understanding binary search tree requires effort and practice to master. program to print traversals is recommended.', 'duration': 26.373, 'max_score': 30038.391, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30038391.jpg'}, {'end': 30131.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30101.783, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 30108.848, 'text': 'it is estimated that 20 to 25 percent oh sorry, 25 to 50 percent of computing power is used for sorting activities.', 'start': 30101.783, 'duration': 7.065}, {'end': 30116.333, 'text': 'so sorting is very much required or vastly used in our programs.', 'start': 30108.848, 'duration': 7.485}, {'end': 30122.638, 'text': 'mainly any complex program, if you are solving it might require some time, some kind of sorting.', 'start': 30116.333, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 30131.109, 'text': "so it's a good to know good sorting algorithms and should have some hands-on practice on basic sorting algorithms.", 'start': 30122.638, 'duration': 8.471}], 'summary': '25-50% of computing power used for sorting; essential for complex programs and good to know sorting algorithms', 'duration': 29.326, 'max_score': 30101.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30101783.jpg'}, {'end': 30219.58, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30188.53, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 30200.838, 'text': 'So some kind of applications which require sorting is examples like prepare a list of student ID names, scores in a table for easy checking.', 'start': 30188.53, 'duration': 12.308}, {'end': 30205.001, 'text': 'Now this table can be sorted by ID or name.', 'start': 30201.979, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 30209.584, 'text': 'So it depends upon how we want to perform our operations.', 'start': 30205.901, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 30215.637, 'text': 'Other type could be to prepare list of scores before grade assignment.', 'start': 30211.474, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 30219.58, 'text': 'So scores can be listed in an ascending or descending order.', 'start': 30215.997, 'duration': 3.583}], 'summary': 'Applications requiring sorting include student id names, scores in a table for easy checking, and preparing lists of scores before grade assignment.', 'duration': 31.05, 'max_score': 30188.53, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30188530.jpg'}, {'end': 30325.394, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30302.188, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 30316.33, 'text': "So it's very simple algorithm where it starts with a complete array, finds the largest element in the array, replaces the largest element,", 'start': 30302.188, 'duration': 14.142}, {'end': 30325.394, 'text': 'pushes the largest element at the end of the array, shrinks the array by one position and then again in the next iteration,', 'start': 30316.33, 'duration': 9.064}], 'summary': 'Algorithm replaces largest element, pushes it to end, and shrinks array.', 'duration': 23.206, 'max_score': 30302.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30302188.jpg'}, {'end': 30751.216, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30699.948, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 30705.631, 'text': 'Why n square because we are running two loops here.', 'start': 30699.948, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 30722.617, 'text': 'suppose we have an element of, say, size n, to maximum time that our code can take to sort the array will be equal to n square.', 'start': 30709.75, 'duration': 12.867}, {'end': 30728.3, 'text': 'okay, bubble sort.', 'start': 30722.617, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 30729.901, 'text': 'so bubble sort.', 'start': 30728.3, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 30734.063, 'text': 'examines the array from start to end.', 'start': 30729.901, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 30746.614, 'text': 'okay, anytime it finds a largest element before the smaller element, it swipes the two.', 'start': 30734.063, 'duration': 12.551}, {'end': 30751.216, 'text': 'so while traversing itself, it keep on swiping.', 'start': 30746.614, 'duration': 4.602}], 'summary': 'Bubble sort has a time complexity of n^2 due to its two loops and swaps for largest elements.', 'duration': 51.268, 'max_score': 30699.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30699948.jpg'}, {'end': 30810.289, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30778.939, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 30785.164, 'text': 'and it will be passed to the end or copied to the end portion of the array.', 'start': 30778.939, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 30797.521, 'text': "This process is repeated until the unsorted portion of array is exhausted or we don't have any unsorted portion of the array.", 'start': 30787.866, 'duration': 9.655}, {'end': 30801.163, 'text': 'So again this is very similar to selection sort.', 'start': 30798.341, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 30810.289, 'text': 'Only thing is that it keeps on swiping the element and keeps on pushing the largest element towards the end of the array.', 'start': 30802.384, 'duration': 7.905}], 'summary': 'Array elements are repeatedly swapped to push the largest element to the end, similar to selection sort.', 'duration': 31.35, 'max_score': 30778.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI30778939.jpg'}], 'start': 29903.807, 'title': 'Sorting algorithms', 'summary': 'Covers the process of searching in a binary search tree, the importance of sorting in programs including its impact on search performance and computing power usage, and the introduction and implementation of selection sort and bubble sort algorithms.', 'chapters': [{'end': 29984.049, 'start': 29903.807, 'title': 'Binary search tree search', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of searching in a binary search tree, including successful compilation and examples of searching for specific values like 9 and 78, with 9 being found and 78 not found.', 'duration': 80.242, 'highlights': ['The program successfully compiles and runs, demonstrating the functionality of searching in a binary search tree.', 'Searching for the value 9 results in a successful finding, confirming its presence in the tree.', 'Searching for the value 78 yields an unsuccessful result, indicating its absence in the tree.']}, {'end': 30273.858, 'start': 29984.049, 'title': 'Importance of sorting in programs', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of sorting in programs, including its impact on search performance and estimated computing power usage, and the necessity of proper sorting techniques for efficient program performance and the relevance of sorting in various applications, backed by examples and the recommendation for hands-on practice.', 'duration': 289.809, 'highlights': ['The estimated computing power usage for sorting activities is 25 to 50 percent, emphasizing the significant impact of sorting on program performance.', 'The importance of proper sorting techniques is highlighted, as inefficient sorting can lead to very poor program performance, especially for large datasets.', 'The necessity of proper sorting techniques is emphasized to ensure efficient program performance, with a recommendation for hands-on practice on basic sorting algorithms.', 'The relevance of sorting in various applications is emphasized, with examples such as preparing a list of student ID names, scores in a table for easy checking, or producing a list of horses after a race sorted by finishing time for payoff calculations.']}, {'end': 30504.455, 'start': 30273.858, 'title': 'Selection sort algorithm', 'summary': 'Introduces the selection sort algorithm, which involves repeatedly putting the largest element in the unsorted portion of the array to the end until the whole array is sorted, leading to a sorted array as demonstrated with an example.', 'duration': 230.597, 'highlights': ['Selection sort involves repeatedly putting the largest element in the unsorted portion of the array to the end until the whole array is sorted.', 'The algorithm starts with a complete array, finds the largest element, replaces it with the last element, and shrinks the array by one position in each iteration.', 'The example demonstrates the step-by-step process of selection sort on an unsorted array, showcasing the iterative selection and replacement of the largest elements.']}, {'end': 30905.329, 'start': 30507.455, 'title': 'Bubble sort algorithm', 'summary': 'Explains the bubble sort algorithm, a simple technique for sorting arrays, with a complexity of o(n^2), using two loops to continuously swap the largest element to the end of the array until the unsorted portion is exhausted, resulting in the array being sorted in increasing order.', 'duration': 397.874, 'highlights': ['Bubble sort has a complexity of O(n^2) due to the use of two loops to sort the array.', 'The algorithm continuously swaps the largest element to the end of the array until the unsorted portion is exhausted.', 'Bubble sort examines the array from start to end and swipes any largest element before the smaller element.', 'The algorithm defines the entire array as an unsorted array and swipes neighboring elements if one is larger than the other.', 'The algorithm reduces the size of the unsorted array by 1 after each iteration until there is no unsorted portion left.']}, {'end': 31267.948, 'start': 30909.497, 'title': 'Bubble sort algorithm', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of the bubble sort algorithm with a detailed walkthrough of the sorting process, emphasizing the comparisons, swap operations, and the gradual progression towards a sorted array.', 'duration': 358.451, 'highlights': ['The bubble sort algorithm involves repeatedly iterating through the unsorted portion of the array, comparing each element with its neighboring element, and swapping them if the current element is larger than its neighbor, ultimately resulting in a sorted array. (relevance: 5)', 'The walkthrough provides specific examples of comparisons and swap operations, such as comparing and swapping elements like 14 and 2, 10 and 5, and 3 and 5, showcasing the step-by-step progression towards the sorted array. (relevance: 4)', "The algorithm is illustrated through the code for bubble sort, which involves defining a function 'bubble' that accepts an integer array and its size, followed by the implementation of nested loops to iterate through the array and perform the comparison and swap operations. (relevance: 3)"]}], 'duration': 1364.141, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI29903807.jpg', 'highlights': ['The estimated computing power usage for sorting activities is 25 to 50 percent, emphasizing the significant impact of sorting on program performance.', 'The relevance of sorting in various applications is emphasized, with examples such as preparing a list of student ID names, scores in a table for easy checking, or producing a list of horses after a race sorted by finishing time for payoff calculations.', 'The program successfully compiles and runs, demonstrating the functionality of searching in a binary search tree.', 'Searching for the value 9 results in a successful finding, confirming its presence in the tree.', 'The necessity of proper sorting techniques is emphasized to ensure efficient program performance, with a recommendation for hands-on practice on basic sorting algorithms.', 'Searching for the value 78 yields an unsuccessful result, indicating its absence in the tree.', 'Selection sort involves repeatedly putting the largest element in the unsorted portion of the array to the end until the whole array is sorted.', 'The algorithm starts with a complete array, finds the largest element, replaces it with the last element, and shrinks the array by one position in each iteration.', 'Bubble sort has a complexity of O(n^2) due to the use of two loops to sort the array.', 'The algorithm continuously swaps the largest element to the end of the array until the unsorted portion is exhausted.']}, {'end': 32000.087, 'segs': [{'end': 31377.172, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31343.978, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 31350.702, 'text': 'The average case of quicksort is O n log n.', 'start': 31343.978, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 31352.443, 'text': 'Worst case is n square.', 'start': 31350.702, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 31365.742, 'text': 'but the worst case is like it is very rare to happen, but on an average, as quick sort can sort our element in n log n time.', 'start': 31356.045, 'duration': 9.697}, {'end': 31377.172, 'text': 'Other algorithms that we have covered, like bubble sort and selection, sort these algorithm solves the problem in n square time.', 'start': 31368.425, 'duration': 8.747}], 'summary': 'Quicksort averages o(n log n) and worst case is o(n^2).', 'duration': 33.194, 'max_score': 31343.978, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31343978.jpg'}, {'end': 31464.559, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31431.323, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 31442.35, 'text': 'that is why that is how the divide and conquer works any problem, any big problem divided into smaller problem and we solve the smaller problem,', 'start': 31431.323, 'duration': 11.027}, {'end': 31446.673, 'text': 'use the result to solve the big problem.', 'start': 31442.35, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 31451.937, 'text': 'so this is how the quick sort works.', 'start': 31446.673, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 31453.998, 'text': 'in quick sort we pick any element as pivot.', 'start': 31451.937, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 31464.559, 'text': 'okay, so we selected suppose this is set of elements, okay, and we have selected one pivot as b v pivot.', 'start': 31454.884, 'duration': 9.675}], 'summary': 'Divide and conquer: quick sort uses pivot to divide and solve smaller problems.', 'duration': 33.236, 'max_score': 31431.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31431323.jpg'}, {'end': 31614.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31577.211, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 31579.032, 'text': 'This is our final solution.', 'start': 31577.211, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 31585.394, 'text': 'So this is the pseudocode of quicksort algorithm.', 'start': 31581.453, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 31590.756, 'text': 'So how quicksort works? Quicksort is we have an input array.', 'start': 31586.014, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 31600.568, 'text': 'Now we have a quick sort method and if a left is less than right that means we have a valid condition.', 'start': 31593.178, 'duration': 7.39}, {'end': 31611.882, 'text': 'We will select one pivot and we will partition our array or we will partition our array with the pivot.', 'start': 31600.588, 'duration': 11.294}, {'end': 31614.324, 'text': 'So we have two portions.', 'start': 31612.642, 'duration': 1.682}], 'summary': 'The pseudocode explains how quicksort algorithm works by partitioning the input array with a pivot.', 'duration': 37.113, 'max_score': 31577.211, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31577211.jpg'}, {'end': 31747.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31711.368, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 31716.132, 'text': 'one is a method called quick sort, which actually performs quick sort.', 'start': 31711.368, 'duration': 4.764}, {'end': 31723.058, 'text': 'one is a method partition, which partitions our array for a given pivot value.', 'start': 31716.132, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 31729.983, 'text': "okay, so let's see how quick sort works.", 'start': 31723.058, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 31735.568, 'text': 'so this is how quick sort method is looks like so.', 'start': 31729.983, 'duration': 5.585}, {'end': 31740.08, 'text': 'I have taken two variable P and R.', 'start': 31737.199, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 31747.261, 'text': 'P is a starting position, R is the pivot value or end position.', 'start': 31740.08, 'duration': 7.181}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the quick sort method and its partitioning process.', 'duration': 35.893, 'max_score': 31711.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31711368.jpg'}, {'end': 32000.087, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31939.341, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 31942.544, 'text': "okay, so let's try to compile and on the program.", 'start': 31939.341, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 31944.521, 'text': 'Compilation is successful.', 'start': 31943.339, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 31945.543, 'text': "Let's try to run it.", 'start': 31944.541, 'duration': 1.002}, {'end': 31951.734, 'text': 'So we are getting an array in a sorted order.', 'start': 31947.366, 'duration': 4.368}, {'end': 31954.459, 'text': "So let's revisit the program again.", 'start': 31952.816, 'duration': 1.643}, {'end': 31962.325, 'text': 'We have two functions quick sort and partition will perform quick sort on the partition array.', 'start': 31955.762, 'duration': 6.563}, {'end': 31976.552, 'text': 'So partition method will do nothing but partition or array or give a given index which partition or array in two halves.', 'start': 31963.125, 'duration': 13.427}, {'end': 31984.358, 'text': '1 half has all the elements less than pivot.', 'start': 31978.394, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 31987.32, 'text': '1 half has all the elements greater than pivot.', 'start': 31985.058, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 31998.746, 'text': 'Once we get this index, what we are doing is we are again performing quicksort on the remaining halves, which is equal to start and part minus 1,', 'start': 31987.92, 'duration': 10.826}, {'end': 32000.087, 'text': 'part plus 1 and r.', 'start': 31998.746, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'Successful compilation, array sorted, quicksort and partition functions used.', 'duration': 60.746, 'max_score': 31939.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31939341.jpg'}], 'start': 31269.469, 'title': 'Quicksort algorithm', 'summary': 'Covers the overview and understanding of quicksort algorithm, highlighting its average case efficiency of o(n log n), comparison with other sorting algorithms, and demonstration of sorting an unsorted array of size 10.', 'chapters': [{'end': 31577.171, 'start': 31269.469, 'title': 'Quick sort algorithm overview', 'summary': 'Explains the bubble sort and quicksort algorithms, highlighting the average case of quicksort being o n log n and its efficiency compared to other sorting algorithms, as well as the divide and conquer technique used in quicksort. quicksort is the most efficient algorithm for sorting arrays.', 'duration': 307.702, 'highlights': ['The average case of quicksort is O n log n, making it more efficient than other sorting algorithms such as bubble sort and selection sort, which solve the problem in n square time.', 'Quicksort employs a divide and conquer technique, where the problem is recursively divided into smaller sub-problems, solved, and then the results are combined to solve the larger problem.', 'In quicksort, the unsorted array is continuously partitioned based on a chosen pivot until all partitions are sorted, making it the most efficient algorithm for sorting arrays.']}, {'end': 32000.087, 'start': 31577.211, 'title': 'Understanding quicksort algorithm', 'summary': 'Explains the pseudocode and working of quicksort algorithm, emphasizing the recursive approach to efficiently sort an array and demonstrates a program that successfully sorts an unsorted array of size 10.', 'duration': 422.876, 'highlights': ['Quicksort Algorithm Working', 'Demonstration of Successfully Sorted Array', 'Explanation of Partition Method']}], 'duration': 730.618, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI31269469.jpg', 'highlights': ['The average case of quicksort is O n log n, making it more efficient than other sorting algorithms such as bubble sort and selection sort, which solve the problem in n square time.', 'In quicksort, the unsorted array is continuously partitioned based on a chosen pivot until all partitions are sorted, making it the most efficient algorithm for sorting arrays.', 'Quicksort employs a divide and conquer technique, where the problem is recursively divided into smaller sub-problems, solved, and then the results are combined to solve the larger problem.', 'Quicksort Algorithm Working', 'Demonstration of Successfully Sorted Array', 'Explanation of Partition Method']}, {'end': 34355.949, 'segs': [{'end': 32060.574, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32027.327, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 32039.294, 'text': 'In this project we will be getting a list of words and we will be arranging them in a certain manner so that we can perform our search easily.', 'start': 32027.327, 'duration': 11.967}, {'end': 32050.022, 'text': 'So, as we have already discussed in previous sessions, that Binary search tree is very efficient in performing search operation,', 'start': 32040.134, 'duration': 9.888}, {'end': 32060.574, 'text': 'will be storing those list of words in a manner in a binary search tree so that we can perform a search by.', 'start': 32050.022, 'duration': 10.552}], 'summary': 'Arranging words in a binary search tree for efficient search.', 'duration': 33.247, 'max_score': 32027.327, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI32027327.jpg'}, {'end': 32458.782, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32406.541, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 32426.584, 'text': 'so we will be iterating through the linked list till the end and then assigning the next element of list to x.', 'start': 32406.541, 'duration': 20.043}, {'end': 32432.766, 'text': 'so in this way we are appending a new element to the list.', 'start': 32426.584, 'duration': 6.182}, {'end': 32441.609, 'text': "okay, let's try one more function called initialize.", 'start': 32432.766, 'duration': 8.843}, {'end': 32458.782, 'text': "so here what i'm doing is i'm initializing our list with some string so that this can be used as an input.", 'start': 32441.609, 'duration': 17.173}], 'summary': 'Iterating through linked list, appending new element, initializing list with string input.', 'duration': 52.241, 'max_score': 32406.541, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI32406541.jpg'}, {'end': 33066.697, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33012.885, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 33037.307, 'text': 'we have to store the data at the right of the node, so we will be adding it to the right part of the node and right and s.', 'start': 33012.885, 'duration': 24.422}, {'end': 33041.389, 'text': 'so this will add our.', 'start': 33037.307, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 33051.271, 'text': 'so this function will add our input or given string to the tree, or it will create one node in the tree.', 'start': 33041.389, 'duration': 9.882}, {'end': 33062.032, 'text': "okay, so let's write some function to which can give us the search result.", 'start': 33054.284, 'duration': 7.748}, {'end': 33066.697, 'text': "okay, so let's suppose we are returning an integer variable.", 'start': 33062.032, 'duration': 4.665}], 'summary': 'Function adds input string to tree, or creates a new node. returns integer variable for search result.', 'duration': 53.812, 'max_score': 33012.885, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI33012885.jpg'}, {'end': 33291.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33256.809, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 33259.237, 'text': 'So what we are doing in this function.', 'start': 33256.809, 'duration': 2.428}, {'end': 33269.864, 'text': 'we are taking input as a root of the tree and which string we want to search in the tree.', 'start': 33260.442, 'duration': 9.422}, {'end': 33272.405, 'text': 'then we are checking if root is equal to null.', 'start': 33269.864, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 33282.047, 'text': 'that means we reached either our tree is empty or we reach to the leaf of the tree,', 'start': 33272.405, 'duration': 9.642}, {'end': 33291.411, 'text': 'or we reach to the any node of the tree where or next node is null.', 'start': 33282.047, 'duration': 9.364}], 'summary': 'Function searches for a string in a tree.', 'duration': 34.602, 'max_score': 33256.809, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI33256809.jpg'}, {'end': 33429.192, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33359.964, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 33369.72, 'text': "okay, Now let's write our C file.", 'start': 33359.964, 'duration': 9.756}, {'end': 33377.904, 'text': "Let's call it our file as search.c.", 'start': 33370.3, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 33391.472, 'text': "So let's include stdiu.h.", 'start': 33380.926, 'duration': 10.546}, {'end': 33398.373, 'text': 'Now we will be including our header files, custom header files, hash include.', 'start': 33393.951, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 33408.857, 'text': 'To include our custom header file, we need to use quotes.', 'start': 33403.135, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 33418.521, 'text': 'So list.h, tree.patch.', 'start': 33410.958, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 33423.623, 'text': "Let's see what we have named them here.", 'start': 33420.502, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 33429.192, 'text': 'okay, btree.h.', 'start': 33427.65, 'duration': 1.542}], 'summary': 'Creating a c file named search.c, including custom header files like list.h and btree.h.', 'duration': 69.228, 'max_score': 33359.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI33359964.jpg'}, {'end': 34053.304, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 34025.014, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 34035.303, 'text': 'the command line utilities are C programs which try to run and take input from the user as a command line argument we have given.', 'start': 34025.014, 'duration': 10.289}, {'end': 34037.826, 'text': 'in this scenario.', 'start': 34035.303, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 34045.558, 'text': "let's try to do some validations over it so that program is more efficient.", 'start': 34037.826, 'duration': 7.732}, {'end': 34048.302, 'text': 'suppose we I forgot to give any argument.', 'start': 34045.558, 'duration': 2.744}, {'end': 34051.261, 'text': "So here what I'm getting?", 'start': 34050.04, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 34053.304, 'text': "I'll be getting a segmentation fault.", 'start': 34051.261, 'duration': 2.043}], 'summary': 'Command line utilities are c programs that take user input as command line arguments. if no argument is given, a segmentation fault occurs.', 'duration': 28.29, 'max_score': 34025.014, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI34025014.jpg'}], 'start': 32000.087, 'title': 'Implementing data structures and search programs', 'summary': 'Covers implementing quicksort and binary search tree, linked list functions and initialization, tree functions for adding and searching, creating c file for search functionality, search program and tree initialization, command line search program, and efficient command line program validation to prevent segmentation faults and improve user experience.', 'chapters': [{'end': 32406.541, 'start': 32000.087, 'title': 'Implementing quicksort and binary search tree', 'summary': 'Discusses implementing quicksort using divide and conquer approach, arranging words in a binary search tree for efficient search operations, and organizing code into header files for reusability and organization.', 'duration': 406.454, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses implementing quicksort using divide and conquer approach', 'Arranging words in a binary search tree for efficient search operations', 'Organizing code into header files for reusability and organization']}, {'end': 32709.312, 'start': 32406.541, 'title': 'Linked list functions and initialization', 'summary': 'Introduces linked list operations, including appending elements and initializing the list with strings, while also discussing the use of a function to return the list pointer.', 'duration': 302.771, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses iterating through the linked list to append a new element, demonstrating the process of initializing the list with strings, and creating a function to return the list pointer.', 'The chapter emphasizes the process of appending a new element to the linked list during iteration for dynamic list expansion.', "The chapter showcases the initialization of the list with a specific set of strings, exemplifying the structure's usage as a data store, with the example of initializing it with six strings."]}, {'end': 33359.964, 'start': 32709.312, 'title': 'Function for adding and searching in a tree', 'summary': "Explains a function 'add to tree' for adding a node to the tree based on data comparisons and a 'search string' function for recursively searching for a string in the tree, including comparisons and return values.", 'duration': 650.652, 'highlights': ["The function 'add to tree' is explained, which adds a node to the tree based on data comparisons and tree traversal, handling cases where the root is null or not null, and comparing and storing data on the left or right side of the tree.", "The 'search string' function is detailed, which recursively searches for a string in the tree, handling cases where the root is null or not null, and comparing data to determine traversal towards the left or right side of the tree, with return values indicating the presence or absence of the string."]}, {'end': 33655.421, 'start': 33359.964, 'title': 'Creating c file and adding data to linked list and tree', 'summary': 'Focuses on creating a c file for search functionality, including custom header files, receiving user arguments in the main function, initializing a linked list, and adding data to a tree.', 'duration': 295.457, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers creating a C file for search functionality, including custom header files and receiving user arguments in the main function.', 'It discusses initializing a linked list and obtaining the list header.', 'The process of adding each string from the linked list to the tree is explained, emphasizing the use of the add to tree method.']}, {'end': 33858.114, 'start': 33657.202, 'title': 'Search program and tree initialization', 'summary': 'Explains the process of initiating a search program for user input and initializing a tree structure for efficient searching, highlighting the importance of program arguments and the linkage between the linked list and binary tree.', 'duration': 200.912, 'highlights': ['Program arguments always start with one, as when the program is run, the first argument is the program itself, and subsequent arguments are provided by the user.', 'The process involves initializing the linked list with default values, obtaining the header of the linked list, and then adding the list elements to the binary tree to enable efficient search.']}, {'end': 34025.014, 'start': 33860.216, 'title': 'Command line search program', 'summary': "Discusses a program that takes command line input, performs search operations with a search function, and provides outcomes of the search, including successful and unsuccessful searches, with examples of finding 'hello' and 'world' in the list.", 'duration': 164.798, 'highlights': ['The program takes input from the user through command line arguments and performs search using a search function.', 'Successful search results in the program indicating that the given string is found in the list, while an unsuccessful search results in the program indicating that the given string is not found in the list.', "Examples of successful searches include finding 'hello' and 'world' in the list, while an unsuccessful search for 'mountain' is also demonstrated."]}, {'end': 34355.949, 'start': 34025.014, 'title': 'Efficient command line program validation', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of validating input in command line programs by illustrating how proper validation can prevent segmentation faults and improve user experience, with examples of error messages for too few or too many arguments.', 'duration': 330.935, 'highlights': ['Proper validation of command line input can prevent segmentation faults and improve user experience, as users may not understand the cause of a segmentation fault without a clear error message.', 'Validating input before performing expensive operations, such as initializing lists or creating trees, is a good practice to ensure correct input and prevent errors.', "Examples of error messages for different input scenarios, such as 'too few arguments given by user' and 'too many arguments provided by user', demonstrate the importance of guiding users with specific error messages.", 'Efficient programming involves validating input to ensure correct sets of input and readiness to perform logic, thereby minimizing faults and errors in the program.']}], 'duration': 2355.862, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/iT_553vTyzI/pics/iT_553vTyzI32000087.jpg', 'highlights': ["The function 'add to tree' adds a node based on data comparisons and tree traversal", "The 'search string' function recursively searches for a string in the tree", 'Creating a C file for search functionality, including custom header files', 'Proper validation of command line input can prevent segmentation faults', 'Iterating through the linked list to append a new element', 'Program takes input from the user through command line arguments', 'Arranging words in a binary search tree for efficient search operations']}], 'highlights': ['The session covers the basics of C programming and data structures, including various concepts and operations.', 'The chapter covers types of instructions in C programming, including declaration, arithmetic, and control instructions, with a brief overview of their functions and usage in programming.', 'The chapter covers decision control structures, including if statements, if-else statements, nested if-else statements, and conditional operators.', 'Functions make code cleaner, easier to understand, debug, and fix.', 'Recursion is likened to solving a jigsaw puzzle by identifying smaller problems and bundling their solutions to solve a bigger problem.', 'The preprocessor simplifies and merges all the pre-processors into a single .i file, making it easier to develop and modify programs.', 'Parameterized macros in C accept arguments and perform specific functions, offering a convenient alternative to defining separate functions.', 'The program successfully identifies the maximum element in the array using a loop and conditional statements, with a maximum value of 546.', 'C language strings are one-dimensional arrays of characters terminated by a null character, with the size of the character array being one more than the number of characters in the word.', 'A structure in C programming is a user-defined data type used to store a particular type of record, such as a student record, by collecting different data types, like name, age, and roll number, with each structure variable allocated memory separately.', 'Files are used for data persistence and stored in permanent memory locations like hard disks.', 'The usage and significance of pointers in C are thoroughly explained, emphasizing how pointers store addresses of memory locations and their relevance in accessing variable values and addresses.', 'The size of the binary tree is 12 nodes, and the depth of the binary tree is 4, calculated by finding the distance from the root to the deepest node.', 'The estimated computing power usage for sorting activities is 25 to 50 percent, emphasizing the significant impact of sorting on program performance.', 'The average case of quicksort is O n log n, making it more efficient than other sorting algorithms such as bubble sort and selection sort, which solve the problem in n square time.', "The function 'add to tree' adds a node based on data comparisons and tree traversal"]}