title
Nicole Perlroth: Cybersecurity and the Weapons of Cyberwar | Lex Fridman Podcast #266

description
Nicole Perlroth is a cybersecurity journalist and author. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Linode: https://linode.com/lex to get $100 free credit - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex and use code Lex25 to get 25% off - Onnit: https://lexfridman.com/onnit to get up to 10% off - ROKA: https://roka.com/ and use code LEX to get 20% off your first order - Indeed: https://indeed.com/lex to get $75 credit EPISODE LINKS: Nicole's Twitter: https://twitter.com/nicoleperlroth Nicole's Website: https://nytimes.com/by/nicole-perlroth Nicole's Book: https://amzn.to/3sOQjrs PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:55 - Zero-day vulnerability 6:56 - History of hackers 21:48 - Interviewing hackers 25:50 - Ransomware attack 38:34 - Cyberwar 51:42 - Cybersecurity 1:00:49 - Social engineering 1:17:42 - Snowden and whistleblowers 1:27:12 - NSA 1:36:59 - Fear for cyberattacks 1:44:30 - Self-censorship 1:48:51 - Advice for young people 1:54:08 - Hope for the future SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Nicole Perlroth: Cybersecurity and the Weapons of Cyberwar | Lex Fridman Podcast #266', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Nicole perlroth discusses cybersecurity threats, zero-day exploits, ethical dilemmas, ransomware impact, cybersecurity measures, risks in blockchain and metaverse, snowden's impact on surveillance, ethical use of counterintelligence, and navigating digital risks in an interview with lex fridman, shedding light on the lucrative cyber weapons market, $2.5 million bounties, and the devastating impact of ransomware attacks on critical infrastructure and healthcare.", 'chapters': [{'end': 70.377, 'segs': [{'end': 70.377, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.129, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.491, 'text': 'If one site is hacked, you can just unleash all health.', 'start': 0.129, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 8.894, 'text': 'We have stumbled into this new era of mutually assured digital destruction.', 'start': 3.571, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 11.055, 'text': 'How far are people willing to go?', 'start': 9.034, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 13.096, 'text': 'You can capture their location.', 'start': 11.315, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 20.2, 'text': 'you can capture their contacts that record their telephone calls, record their camera without them knowing about it.', 'start': 13.096, 'duration': 7.104}, {'end': 25.943, 'text': 'Basically, you can put an invisible ankle bracelet on someone without them knowing.', 'start': 20.84, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 30.345, 'text': 'You could sell that to a zero-day broker for $2 million.', 'start': 26.023, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 40.321, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Nicole Perleroth, cybersecurity journalist and author of.', 'start': 34.278, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 44.043, 'text': 'This Is How They Tell Me The World Ends The Cyber Weapons Arm Race.', 'start': 40.321, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 46.664, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 44.983, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 49.885, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 46.984, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 54.047, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's Nicole Perleroth.", 'start': 50.406, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 62.012, 'text': "You've interviewed hundreds of cybersecurity hackers, activists, dissidents, computer scientists, government officials,", 'start': 55.268, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 65.233, 'text': 'forensic investigators and mercenaries.', 'start': 62.012, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 68.936, 'text': "So let's talk about cybersecurity and cyber war.", 'start': 65.714, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 70.377, 'text': 'Start with the basics.', 'start': 69.497, 'duration': 0.88}], 'summary': 'Nicole perleroth discusses cyber threats, including selling data for $2 million.', 'duration': 70.248, 'max_score': 0.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g129.jpg'}], 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'Cybersecurity threats and digital warfare', 'summary': 'Discusses the alarming rise of cyber threats, including the ability to capture sensitive data and conduct surveillance without consent, as well as the lucrative market for cyber weapons, reaching up to $2 million. it also features insights from nicole perleroth, a cybersecurity journalist and author, on the cyber weapons arm race in an interview with lex friedman.', 'chapters': [{'end': 70.377, 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'Cybersecurity threats and digital warfare', 'summary': 'Discusses the alarming rise of cyber threats, including the ability to capture sensitive data and conduct surveillance without consent, as well as the lucrative market for cyber weapons, reaching up to $2 million. nicole perleroth, a cybersecurity journalist and author, shares insights on the cyber weapons arm race in an interview with lex friedman.', 'duration': 70.248, 'highlights': ["The ability to capture sensitive data and conduct surveillance without consent, including location, contacts, telephone calls, and camera recordings, poses a significant threat to individuals' privacy and security.", 'The alarming rise of cyber threats has led to a new era of mutually assured digital destruction, raising concerns about the extent to which people are willing to exploit these vulnerabilities.', 'The lucrative market for cyber weapons enables the sale of exploits to zero-day brokers for up to $2 million, highlighting the high value placed on digital warfare capabilities.', 'Nicole Perleroth, a cybersecurity journalist and author, has interviewed a diverse range of experts, including cybersecurity hackers, activists, dissidents, government officials, and mercenaries, providing a comprehensive understanding of the cyber weapons arm race.']}], 'duration': 70.248, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g129.jpg', 'highlights': ['The lucrative market for cyber weapons enables the sale of exploits to zero-day brokers for up to $2 million, highlighting the high value placed on digital warfare capabilities.', "The ability to capture sensitive data and conduct surveillance without consent poses a significant threat to individuals' privacy and security, including location, contacts, telephone calls, and camera recordings.", 'The alarming rise of cyber threats has led to a new era of mutually assured digital destruction, raising concerns about the extent to which people are willing to exploit these vulnerabilities.', 'Nicole Perleroth, a cybersecurity journalist and author, has interviewed a diverse range of experts, providing a comprehensive understanding of the cyber weapons arm race.']}, {'end': 1248.337, 'segs': [{'end': 104.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 70.557, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 76.501, 'text': 'What is a zero-day vulnerability and then a zero-day exploit or attack?', 'start': 70.557, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 90.553, 'text': "So at the most basic level, let's say I'm a hacker and I find a bug in your iPhone iOS software that no one else knows about, especially Apple.", 'start': 78.246, 'duration': 12.307}, {'end': 96.296, 'text': "That's called a zero day because the minute it's discovered, engineers have had zero days to fix it.", 'start': 91.233, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 104.047, 'text': 'If I can study that zero-day, I could potentially write a program to exploit it.', 'start': 97.822, 'duration': 6.225}], 'summary': 'A zero-day vulnerability is a bug in software, with no time for engineers to fix it. it can be exploited by hackers.', 'duration': 33.49, 'max_score': 70.557, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g70557.jpg'}, {'end': 201.086, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 178.47, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 187.913, 'text': 'Recently, actually, the price of an Android remote zero-day exploit, something that can get you into Android phones, is actually higher.', 'start': 178.47, 'duration': 9.443}, {'end': 194.735, 'text': 'The value of that is now higher on this underground market for zero-day exploits than an iPhone iOS exploit.', 'start': 188.133, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 196.356, 'text': 'So things are changing.', 'start': 195.376, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 201.086, 'text': "So there's probably more Android devices, so that's why it's better.", 'start': 196.724, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Android zero-day exploit price surpasses iphone ios exploit due to more devices.', 'duration': 22.616, 'max_score': 178.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g178470.jpg'}, {'end': 380.207, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 332.849, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 340.492, 'text': "Some of the zero-day exploits that have fetched top dollar that I've heard of in my reporting in the United States were highly targeted.", 'start': 332.849, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 343.593, 'text': 'There was a potential terrorist attack.', 'start': 341.292, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 345.434, 'text': "They wanted to get into this person's phone.", 'start': 343.633, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 347.535, 'text': 'It had to be done in the next 24 hours.', 'start': 345.454, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 352.797, 'text': "They approached hackers and say, we'll pay you X millions of dollars if you can do this.", 'start': 348.075, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 364.329, 'text': "But then you look at when we've discovered iOS zero-day exploits in the wild, some of them have been targeting large populations like Uyghurs.", 'start': 353.797, 'duration': 10.532}, {'end': 370.015, 'text': 'So a couple years ago, there was a watering hole attack.', 'start': 365.37, 'duration': 4.645}, {'end': 373.138, 'text': "Okay, what's a watering hole attack? There's a website.", 'start': 370.315, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 380.207, 'text': 'It actually had information aimed at Uyghurs, and you could access it all over the world.', 'start': 373.299, 'duration': 6.908}], 'summary': 'Zero-day exploits targeted for terrorist attack, offering millions, and uyghur population impacted.', 'duration': 47.358, 'max_score': 332.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g332849.jpg'}, {'end': 617.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 592.583, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 605.495, 'text': 'And What I learned in the course of doing my book was that government agencies and their contractors sort of tapped into that frustration and that resentment.', 'start': 592.583, 'duration': 12.912}, {'end': 610.1, 'text': 'And they started quietly reaching out to hackers on these forums.', 'start': 606.216, 'duration': 3.884}, {'end': 614.865, 'text': 'And they said hey, you know that zero day you just dropped online?', 'start': 611.161, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 617.347, 'text': 'Could you come up with something custom for me?', 'start': 614.905, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': 'Government agencies and contractors tapped into hacker frustration, reaching out for custom zero-day exploits.', 'duration': 24.764, 'max_score': 592.583, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g592583.jpg'}, {'end': 802.776, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 782.294, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 792.065, 'text': 'Companies like Google and Facebook, and then Microsoft and finally Apple, which resisted it for a really long time, have said okay,', 'start': 782.294, 'duration': 9.771}, {'end': 795.608, 'text': 'we are going to shift our perspective about hackers.', 'start': 792.065, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 798.331, 'text': "We're no longer going to treat them as the enemy here.", 'start': 795.689, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 802.776, 'text': "We're going to start paying them for what it's essentially free quality assurance.", 'start': 798.972, 'duration': 3.804}], 'summary': 'Tech giants now pay hackers for quality assurance.', 'duration': 20.482, 'max_score': 782.294, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g782294.jpg'}, {'end': 1183.15, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1152.087, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1154.769, 'text': "They say it's really like a MacGyver culture.", 'start': 1152.087, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1158.633, 'text': 'You have to figure out how to break into something with wire and tape.', 'start': 1155.29, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 1170.802, 'text': 'and that means that there are a lot of really good hackers in argentina who are who specialize in developing zero-day exploits,', 'start': 1159.714, 'duration': 11.088}, {'end': 1178.487, 'text': 'and i went down to this argentina conference called echo party and i asked the organizer okay,', 'start': 1170.802, 'duration': 7.685}, {'end': 1183.15, 'text': "can you introduce me to someone who's selling zero-day exploits to governments?", 'start': 1178.487, 'duration': 4.663}], 'summary': 'Argentina has a strong hacking culture, with specialists in zero-day exploits. attended echo party to find government buyers.', 'duration': 31.063, 'max_score': 1152.087, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1152087.jpg'}], 'start': 70.557, 'title': 'Zero-day exploits and cyber attackers', 'summary': 'Discusses zero-day vulnerabilities, the lucrative market for zero-day exploits, the targeted nature of attacks, evolution of cyber attackers from the 80s to present, and the impact of bug bounty programs.', 'chapters': [{'end': 403.93, 'start': 70.557, 'title': 'Zero-day exploits: threats and targets', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of zero-day vulnerabilities and exploits, the lucrative market for zero-day exploits, the shift in value between ios and android zero-day exploits, and the targeted nature of these attacks, with a focus on government surveillance and large-scale population targeting.', 'duration': 333.373, 'highlights': ["The lucrative market for zero-day exploits is driven by the potential to remotely exploit devices and gather sensitive data, making it particularly valuable for spy agencies and governments. The capability to craft a zero-day exploit for iOS that can remotely exploit someone's iPhone without their knowledge, capturing sensitive data such as location, contacts, telephone calls, and camera usage, has immense value for spy agencies or governments.", 'The value of Android remote zero-day exploits has surpassed that of iPhone iOS exploits in the underground market, attributed to the larger market share of Android devices and the demand from deep-pocketed governments for surveillance purposes. The price of an Android remote zero-day exploit has risen above that of an iPhone iOS exploit, reflecting the shifting demand driven by the larger user base of Android devices and the interest of deep-pocketed governments in using these exploits for surveillance.', 'Zero-day exploits are sought after for targeted attacks, ranging from specific individuals in urgent situations to large populations, as seen in cases targeting Uyghurs through watering hole attacks. Zero-day exploits have been used in highly targeted situations, such as preventing potential terrorist attacks, and in large-scale attacks, like the watering hole attack aimed at Uyghurs, demonstrating the diverse range of targets for these exploits.']}, {'end': 1248.337, 'start': 403.97, 'title': 'Evolution of cyber attackers', 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of cyber attackers from the 80s to present, delving into their motivations, the history of zero-day exploits, government involvement, ethical dilemmas, and the impact of bug bounty programs.', 'duration': 844.367, 'highlights': ['Government agencies and their contractors began reaching out to hackers on forums, offering six-figure payments for custom zero-day exploits, catalyzing the market for valuable cyber weapons. Government involvement in reaching out to hackers and offering significant payments for zero-day exploits, leading to the growth of the market for cyber weapons.', "The history of zero-day exploits dates back to the 80s and 90s, when hackers initially found software vulnerabilities out of curiosity and hobby, prompting a shift to silently trading information due to resistance from tech companies. The origins of zero-day exploits in the 80s and 90s, driven by hackers' curiosity and resistance from tech companies, leading to the silent trading of vulnerabilities.", 'Bug bounty programs by major companies like Google and Facebook, rewarding hackers for quality assurance, have positively impacted the security of software, despite the continued ethical and diplomatic challenges within the hacker community. The positive impact of bug bounty programs by major companies in improving software security and the ongoing ethical and diplomatic challenges within the hacker community.', "The cultural context in Argentina, characterized by a 'hacker culture' and the prevalence of skilled hackers specializing in zero-day exploits, sheds light on the global dynamics of zero-day trading and ethical considerations. Insights into the hacker culture in Argentina and its impact on the global dynamics of zero-day trading, along with the ethical considerations involved."]}], 'duration': 1177.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g70557.jpg', 'highlights': ['The lucrative market for zero-day exploits is driven by the potential to remotely exploit devices and gather sensitive data, making it particularly valuable for spy agencies and governments.', 'The value of Android remote zero-day exploits has surpassed that of iPhone iOS exploits in the underground market, attributed to the larger market share of Android devices and the demand from deep-pocketed governments for surveillance purposes.', 'Zero-day exploits are sought after for targeted attacks, ranging from specific individuals in urgent situations to large populations, as seen in cases targeting Uyghurs through watering hole attacks.', 'Government agencies and their contractors began reaching out to hackers on forums, offering six-figure payments for custom zero-day exploits, catalyzing the market for valuable cyber weapons.', 'The history of zero-day exploits dates back to the 80s and 90s, when hackers initially found software vulnerabilities out of curiosity and hobby, prompting a shift to silently trading information due to resistance from tech companies.', 'Bug bounty programs by major companies like Google and Facebook, rewarding hackers for quality assurance, have positively impacted the security of software, despite the continued ethical and diplomatic challenges within the hacker community.', "The cultural context in Argentina, characterized by a 'hacker culture' and the prevalence of skilled hackers specializing in zero-day exploits, sheds light on the global dynamics of zero-day trading and ethical considerations."]}, {'end': 1801, 'segs': [{'end': 1275.529, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1248.917, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1253.859, 'text': "Like, wow, you know, he's like, we'll just sell to whoever brings us the biggest bag of cash.", 'start': 1248.917, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 1261.723, 'text': 'Have you checked into our inflation situation recently? So, you know, I had some of those like reality checks along the way.', 'start': 1253.879, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 1268.186, 'text': 'You know, we tend to think of things as is this moral, you know, is this ethical, especially as journalists.', 'start': 1262.243, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 1275.529, 'text': 'You know, we kind of sit on our high horse sometimes and write about a lot of things that seem to push the moral bounds.', 'start': 1268.206, 'duration': 7.323}], 'summary': 'Discussion on ethical concerns and moral boundaries in journalism.', 'duration': 26.612, 'max_score': 1248.917, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1248917.jpg'}, {'end': 1314.405, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1285.993, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1293.237, 'text': "nobody talks about the zero-day market on both sides because the hacker doesn't want to lose their $2.5 million bounty.", 'start': 1285.993, 'duration': 7.244}, {'end': 1298.659, 'text': "And governments roll these into classified programs, and they don't want anyone to know what they have.", 'start': 1294.057, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 1300.62, 'text': 'So no one talks about this thing.', 'start': 1299.179, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1306.622, 'text': "And when you're operating in the dark like that, it's really easy to put aside your morals sometimes.", 'start': 1301.22, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 1314.405, 'text': 'Can I, on a small tangent, ask you, by way of advice, you must have done some incredible interviews.', 'start': 1308.503, 'duration': 5.902}], 'summary': 'The zero-day market involves a $2.5 million bounty, and governments use it for classified programs, leading to a lack of transparency and potential moral compromises.', 'duration': 28.412, 'max_score': 1285.993, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1285993.jpg'}, {'end': 1415.383, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1387.456, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1394.478, 'text': 'So the GRUC is or was this zero-day broker, South African guy, lives in Thailand.', 'start': 1387.456, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 1405.12, 'text': "And right when I was starting on this subject at the New York Times, he'd given an interview to Forbes and he talked about being a zero-day broker.", 'start': 1395.438, 'duration': 9.682}, {'end': 1410.941, 'text': 'And he even posed next to this giant duffel bag filled with cash, ostensibly.', 'start': 1405.72, 'duration': 5.221}, {'end': 1415.383, 'text': 'And later he would say he was speaking off the record.', 'start': 1411.961, 'duration': 3.422}], 'summary': 'Gruc, a zero-day broker, claimed to forbes he deals with cash-filled duffel bags.', 'duration': 27.927, 'max_score': 1387.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1387456.jpg'}, {'end': 1568.327, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1539.957, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1550.462, 'text': "Let's go find this untapped army of programmers to neutralize these bugs before the people who will continue to sell these to governments can find them and exploit them.", 'start': 1539.957, 'duration': 10.505}, {'end': 1554.307, 'text': 'Okay, I have to ask you about this from a personal side.', 'start': 1550.882, 'duration': 3.425}, {'end': 1563.582, 'text': "It's funny enough, after we agreed to talk, I've gotten, for the first time in my life, was a victim of a cyber attack.", 'start': 1555.189, 'duration': 8.393}, {'end': 1567.486, 'text': 'So this is ransomware.', 'start': 1566.385, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 1568.327, 'text': "It's called Deadbolt.", 'start': 1567.506, 'duration': 0.821}], 'summary': 'Call to action to find programmers to neutralize bugs; victim of ransomware called deadbolt', 'duration': 28.37, 'max_score': 1539.957, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1539957.jpg'}], 'start': 1248.917, 'title': 'Ethical dilemmas in underground markets', 'summary': 'Explores moral dilemmas in the underground zero-day market, where hackers can earn a $2.5 million bounty, and governments classify their programs, leading to a disregard for ethics. it also discusses the challenges of interviewing current hackers, the consequences of speaking publicly in the cyber security space, and the personal experience of being a victim of a cyber attack, including ethical dilemmas and financial demands of ransomware.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1306.622, 'start': 1248.917, 'title': 'Ethical dilemmas in underground markets', 'summary': 'Explores the moral dilemmas faced in the underground zero-day market, where hackers can earn a $2.5 million bounty and governments classify their programs, leading to a disregard for ethics.', 'duration': 57.705, 'highlights': ['The underground zero-day market operates with a $2.5 million bounty for hackers, leading to ethical compromises.', 'Governments classify their programs in the zero-day market, contributing to the opacity and moral dilemmas faced in this underground market.', 'Journalists often confront ethical considerations when reporting on topics that push the moral bounds, reflecting on the broader implications of their work.']}, {'end': 1801, 'start': 1308.503, 'title': 'Interviewing current hackers and cyber security', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of interviewing current hackers, the consequences of speaking publicly in the cyber security space, and the personal experience of being a victim of a cyber attack, including the ethical dilemmas and the financial demands of ransomware.', 'duration': 492.497, 'highlights': ["The consequences of speaking publicly in the cyber security space can be severe, as seen in the case of the zero-day broker GRUC, whose business plummeted by at least half after giving an interview to Forbes, demonstrating the reluctance of people to do business with someone who openly talks about selling zero-day exploits to governments. The zero-day broker GRUC's business plummeted by at least half after giving an interview to Forbes about being a zero-day broker, demonstrating the severe consequences of speaking publicly in the cyber security space.", "The personal experience of being a victim of a cyber attack involving the ransomware Deadbolt, which encrypted files and demanded a ransom of 0.03 bitcoin (approximately a thousand dollars), shedding light on the financial demands and ethical dilemmas associated with ransomware attacks. The victim's personal experience with the ransomware Deadbolt involved the encryption of files and a demand for a ransom of 0.03 bitcoin (approximately a thousand dollars), highlighting the financial demands and ethical dilemmas associated with ransomware attacks.", 'The ethical dilemma of whether to pay the ransom in a cyber attack, as well as the uncertainty and philosophical interest surrounding the motivations of the attackers, raising questions about the best course of action in such situations. The ethical dilemma of whether to pay the ransom in a cyber attack raises questions about the best course of action, alongside uncertainty and philosophical interest surrounding the motivations of the attackers.']}], 'duration': 552.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1248917.jpg', 'highlights': ['The underground zero-day market operates with a $2.5 million bounty for hackers, leading to ethical compromises.', 'Governments classify their programs in the zero-day market, contributing to the opacity and moral dilemmas faced.', 'The consequences of speaking publicly in the cyber security space can be severe, as seen in the case of the zero-day broker GRUC.', 'The personal experience of being a victim of a cyber attack involving the ransomware Deadbolt, shedding light on the financial demands and ethical dilemmas associated with ransomware attacks.', 'Journalists often confront ethical considerations when reporting on topics that push the moral bounds, reflecting on the broader implications of their work.', 'The ethical dilemma of whether to pay the ransom in a cyber attack raises questions about the best course of action, alongside uncertainty and philosophical interest surrounding the motivations of the attackers.']}, {'end': 3172.592, 'segs': [{'end': 1870.591, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1825.771, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1833.479, 'text': "And even if they pay, If they still don't know where the zero day is, what's to say that they won't just hit them again and hit you again?", 'start': 1825.771, 'duration': 7.708}, {'end': 1836.503, 'text': 'So that really complicates things.', 'start': 1834.24, 'duration': 2.263}, {'end': 1840.287, 'text': 'And that is a huge advancement for ransomware.', 'start': 1836.563, 'duration': 3.724}, {'end': 1847.536, 'text': "It's really only been, I think, in the last 18 months that we've ever really seen ransomware exploit zero days.", 'start': 1840.908, 'duration': 6.628}, {'end': 1851.639, 'text': 'to pull these off, usually 80 of them.', 'start': 1848.437, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 1857.643, 'text': 'i think the data shows 80 of them come down to a lack of two-factor authentication.', 'start': 1851.639, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 1858.484, 'text': 'you know?', 'start': 1857.643, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1864.027, 'text': "so when someone gets hit by a ransomware attack, they don't have two-factor authentication on.", 'start': 1858.484, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 1867.749, 'text': 'you know their employees were using stupid passwords like you.', 'start': 1864.027, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 1869.23, 'text': 'can mitigate that in the future.', 'start': 1867.749, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1870.591, 'text': "this one they don't know.", 'start': 1869.23, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Ransomware exploiting zero days is a major threat, 80% due to lack of two-factor authentication.', 'duration': 44.82, 'max_score': 1825.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1825771.jpg'}, {'end': 1981.361, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1945.483, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1949.885, 'text': 'i mean talk about hell In terms of whether to pay.', 'start': 1945.483, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 1953.627, 'text': 'that is on the cheaper end of the spectrum.', 'start': 1949.885, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 1955.968, 'text': 'From the individual or from the company? Both.', 'start': 1953.707, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 1962.21, 'text': "We've seen, for instance, there was an Apple supplier in Taiwan.", 'start': 1956.708, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 1966.192, 'text': 'They got hit and the ransom demand was 50 million.', 'start': 1963.011, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 1969.413, 'text': "I'm surprised it's only 1.8 million.", 'start': 1966.212, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 1970.454, 'text': "I'm sure it's gonna go up.", 'start': 1969.453, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 1981.361, 'text': "And it's hard, there's obviously governments and maybe in this case, the company are gonna tell you, we recommend you don't pay or please don't pay.", 'start': 1972.215, 'duration': 9.146}], 'summary': 'Ransom demand for an apple supplier in taiwan was 50 million, paid 1.8 million', 'duration': 35.878, 'max_score': 1945.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1945483.jpg'}, {'end': 2031.579, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2002.178, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2004.2, 'text': 'because their billing systems were frozen.', 'start': 2002.178, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 2005.942, 'text': "they couldn't charge customers downstream.", 'start': 2004.2, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 2015.834, 'text': 'My colleague David Sanger and I got our hands on a classified assessment that said that, as a country,', 'start': 2007.651, 'duration': 8.183}, {'end': 2020.015, 'text': 'we could have only afforded two to three more days of colonial pipeline being down.', 'start': 2015.834, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 2021.856, 'text': 'And it was really interesting.', 'start': 2020.735, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 2025.037, 'text': "I thought it was the gas and the jet fuel, but it wasn't.", 'start': 2021.876, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 2026.997, 'text': 'We were sort of prepared for that.', 'start': 2025.697, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 2028.358, 'text': 'It was the diesel.', 'start': 2027.518, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 2031.579, 'text': "Without the diesel, the refineries couldn't function.", 'start': 2029.098, 'duration': 2.481}], 'summary': 'Colonial pipeline outage risked only 2-3 more days; diesel crucial for refineries.', 'duration': 29.401, 'max_score': 2002.178, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2002178.jpg'}, {'end': 2072.222, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2046.962, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2053.022, 'text': 'You know, when the city of Baltimore got hit, I think the initial ransom demand was something around 76,000.', 'start': 2046.962, 'duration': 6.06}, {'end': 2055.824, 'text': 'It may have even started smaller than that.', 'start': 2053.023, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 2064.112, 'text': "And Baltimore stood its ground and didn't pay, but ultimately the cost to remediate was $18 million.", 'start': 2056.924, 'duration': 7.188}, {'end': 2066.735, 'text': "It's a lot for the city of Baltimore.", 'start': 2064.213, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 2072.222, 'text': "That's money that could have gone to public school education and roads and public health.", 'start': 2066.755, 'duration': 5.467}], 'summary': 'Baltimore refused a $76,000 ransom, but incurred $18 million in remediation costs.', 'duration': 25.26, 'max_score': 2046.962, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2046962.jpg'}, {'end': 2142.711, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2116.69, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2126.919, 'text': "The worst ransomware attack I've covered on a personal level was an attack on a hospital in Vermont.", 'start': 2116.69, 'duration': 10.229}, {'end': 2133.725, 'text': "And you think of this as like, okay, it's hitting their IT networks, they should still be able to treat patients.", 'start': 2128.2, 'duration': 5.525}, {'end': 2142.711, 'text': "But it turns out that cancer patients couldn't get their chemo anymore because the protocol of who gets what is very complicated.", 'start': 2134.666, 'duration': 8.045}], 'summary': "Worst ransomware attack affected cancer patients' chemo in vermont hospital.", 'duration': 26.021, 'max_score': 2116.69, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2116690.jpg'}, {'end': 2251.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2219.665, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2226.707, 'text': 'It actually hit any business all over the world that had even a single employee working remotely in Ukraine.', 'start': 2219.665, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 2231.588, 'text': 'So it hit Maersk, the shipping company, but hit Pfizer, hit FedEx.', 'start': 2227.367, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 2233.409, 'text': 'But the one I will never forget is Merck.', 'start': 2231.628, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 2237.65, 'text': "It paralyzed Merck's factories.", 'start': 2234.789, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 2240.811, 'text': 'I mean, it really created an existential crisis for the company.', 'start': 2237.75, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 2251.557, 'text': "Merck had to tap into the CDC's emergency supplies of the Gardasil vaccine that year because their whole vaccine production line had been paralyzed in that attack.", 'start': 2241.731, 'duration': 9.826}], 'summary': "Cyberattack in ukraine paralyzed merck's vaccine production line, leading to existential crisis and reliance on cdc's emergency supplies.", 'duration': 31.892, 'max_score': 2219.665, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2219665.jpg'}, {'end': 2486.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2456.665, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2467.094, 'text': 'Our adversaries have learned that they might never be able to match us in terms of our traditional military spending on traditional weapons and fighter jets.', 'start': 2456.665, 'duration': 10.429}, {'end': 2471.998, 'text': 'But we have a very soft underbelly when it comes to cyber.', 'start': 2468.135, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 2483.609, 'text': "80% or more of America's critical infrastructure, so pipelines, power grid, nuclear plants, water systems,", 'start': 2473.36, 'duration': 10.249}, {'end': 2486.051, 'text': 'is owned and operated by the private sector.', 'start': 2483.609, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': 'Adversaries focus on cyber due to 80% private sector ownership of critical infrastructure.', 'duration': 29.386, 'max_score': 2456.665, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2456665.jpg'}, {'end': 2865.589, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2837.772, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2841.033, 'text': 'so you see countries kind of playing around with attribution.', 'start': 2837.772, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 2846.876, 'text': 'why I think because they think okay, if I do this, how am I gonna cover up that?', 'start': 2841.033, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 2847.797, 'text': 'it came from me?', 'start': 2846.876, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 2850.198, 'text': "because I don't wanna risk the response.", 'start': 2847.797, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 2853.1, 'text': 'So people are sort of dancing around this.', 'start': 2850.899, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 2854.701, 'text': "It's just in a very different way.", 'start': 2853.16, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 2862.326, 'text': "And at the times, I'd covered the Chinese hacks of infrastructure companies like pipelines.", 'start': 2855.142, 'duration': 7.184}, {'end': 2865.589, 'text': "I'd covered the Russian probes of nuclear plants.", 'start': 2862.867, 'duration': 2.722}], 'summary': 'Countries engage in attribution to cover up cyber attacks, e.g. chinese hacks of infrastructure and russian probes of nuclear plants.', 'duration': 27.817, 'max_score': 2837.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2837772.jpg'}, {'end': 2955.398, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2902.986, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2906.589, 'text': 'they said we have no problem with you publishing the story.', 'start': 2902.986, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 2911.312, 'text': "why? well, they didn't say it out loud, but it was pretty obvious.", 'start': 2907.27, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 2915.313, 'text': "they wanted russia to know that we're hacking into their power grid too,", 'start': 2911.312, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 2920.215, 'text': 'and they better think twice before they do to us what they had done to ukraine.', 'start': 2915.313, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 2926.677, 'text': 'so yeah, you know, we have stumbled into this new era of mutually assured digital destruction.', 'start': 2920.215, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 2937.21, 'text': "um, i think another sort of quasi-norm we've stumbled into is proportional responses.", 'start': 2926.677, 'duration': 10.533}, {'end': 2945.394, 'text': "There's this idea that if you get hit, you're allowed to respond proportionally at a time and place of your choosing.", 'start': 2937.651, 'duration': 7.743}, {'end': 2947.815, 'text': 'That is how the language always goes.', 'start': 2945.774, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 2952.717, 'text': "That's what Obama said after North Korea hit Sony.", 'start': 2948.415, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 2955.398, 'text': 'We will respond at a time and place of our choosing.', 'start': 2952.897, 'duration': 2.501}], 'summary': 'Mutually assured digital destruction with proportional responses to cyber attacks.', 'duration': 52.412, 'max_score': 2902.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2902986.jpg'}, {'end': 3006.019, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2980.344, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 2990.949, 'text': "And the question is what's gonna happen when someone dies? And can a nation-state masquerade as a cybercriminal group, as a ransomware group?", 'start': 2980.344, 'duration': 10.605}, {'end': 2996.553, 'text': "And that's what really complicates coming to some sort of Digital Geneva Convention.", 'start': 2991.67, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 3000.695, 'text': "Like, there's been a push from Brad Smith at Microsoft.", 'start': 2997.133, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 3002.957, 'text': 'We need a Digital Geneva Convention.', 'start': 3001.155, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 3006.019, 'text': 'And on its face, it sounds like a no-brainer.', 'start': 3003.897, 'duration': 2.122}], 'summary': 'Difficulty in establishing digital geneva convention due to nation-state cybercrimes.', 'duration': 25.675, 'max_score': 2980.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g2980344.jpg'}, {'end': 3102.178, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3071.79, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 3077.354, 'text': 'but Putin said hackers are like artists who wake up in the morning in a good mood and start painting.', 'start': 3071.79, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 3080.936, 'text': "In other words, I have no say over what they do or don't do.", 'start': 3077.374, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 3086.86, 'text': "So how do you come to some kind of norm when that's how he's talking about these issues?", 'start': 3081.477, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 3093.845, 'text': "And he's just decimated Merck and Pfizer and another, however many thousand companies.", 'start': 3086.92, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 3102.178, 'text': 'That is the fundamental difference between nuclear weapons and cyber attacks is the attribution or one of the fundamental differences.', 'start': 3094.229, 'duration': 7.949}], 'summary': 'Putin compares hackers to artists, downplays control. cyber attacks differ from nuclear weapons in attribution.', 'duration': 30.388, 'max_score': 3071.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3071790.jpg'}, {'end': 3172.592, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3148.714, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 3158.042, 'text': 'Colonial Pipeline, okay? They took down the biggest conduit for gas, jet fuel, and diesel to the east coast of the United States of America.', 'start': 3148.714, 'duration': 9.328}, {'end': 3166.909, 'text': "How?. Because they forgot to deactivate an old employee account whose password had been traded on the dark web and they'd never turned on two-factor authentication.", 'start': 3158.142, 'duration': 8.767}, {'end': 3171.031, 'text': 'This water treatment facility outside Florida was hacked last year.', 'start': 3168.03, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 3172.592, 'text': 'How did it happen??', 'start': 3171.771, 'duration': 0.821}], 'summary': 'Colonial pipeline, the biggest conduit for gas, jet fuel, and diesel to the east coast of the usa, was taken down due to a forgotten deactivated employee account with a traded password and no two-factor authentication.', 'duration': 23.878, 'max_score': 3148.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3148714.jpg'}], 'start': 1801.28, 'title': 'Ransomware impact and cybersecurity concerns', 'summary': 'Discusses the increasing impact of ransomware attacks, including the use of zero-day exploits and supply chain attacks, with examples of significant ransom demands. it also explores the devastating impact of ransomware attacks, such as disrupted chemo treatment and paralysis of a vaccine production line, and the growing cybersecurity concerns regarding nation-state cyber warfare and vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2096.304, 'start': 1801.28, 'title': 'Ransomware impact and dilemma', 'summary': 'Discusses the increasing impact of ransomware attacks, including the use of zero-day exploits, supply chain attacks, and the dilemma businesses and governments face in deciding whether to pay ransoms, with examples of significant ransom demands and the costly aftermath of not paying.', 'duration': 295.024, 'highlights': ['Ransomware groups have increasingly used zero-day exploits in the last 18 months, making it a significant advancement in their tactics. The use of zero-day exploits by ransomware groups has become a significant advancement in their tactics over the past 18 months.', '80% of ransomware attacks are attributed to a lack of two-factor authentication, highlighting the importance of implementing this security measure. Statistics show that 80% of ransomware attacks result from a lack of two-factor authentication, emphasizing the importance of implementing this security measure.', 'Examples of significant ransom demands, such as a $50 million demand for an Apple supplier and the $1.8 million demand discussed, illustrate the financial impact of ransomware attacks. Significant ransom demands, such as the $50 million demand for an Apple supplier and the $1.8 million demand, highlight the substantial financial impact of ransomware attacks on businesses.', 'The case of Baltimore not paying a $76,000 ransom, but ultimately incurring an $18 million cost for remediation, demonstrates the complex decision-making involved in ransom payment. The case of Baltimore not paying a $76,000 ransom but incurring an $18 million cost for remediation demonstrates the complex decision-making process involved in ransom payment.', "The example of Colonial Pipeline's billing systems being frozen after a ransomware attack emphasizes the real-world consequences of ransomware on critical infrastructure and national security. The example of Colonial Pipeline's billing systems being frozen after a ransomware attack emphasizes the real-world consequences of ransomware on critical infrastructure and national security."]}, {'end': 2790.701, 'start': 2096.96, 'title': 'Impact of ransomware attacks and cybersecurity concerns', 'summary': 'Explores the devastating impact of ransomware attacks, including cases of disrupted chemo treatment for cancer patients, infant death, and paralysis of a vaccine production line, and also delves into the growing cybersecurity concerns regarding nation-state cyber warfare and vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure.', 'duration': 693.741, 'highlights': ['Ransomware attack on a hospital in Vermont disrupted chemo treatment for cancer patients, leading to an existential crisis for the hospital and an infant death attributed to a ransomware attack. The ransomware attack on a hospital in Vermont disrupted chemo treatment for cancer patients, leading to an existential crisis for the hospital. Additionally, an infant death was attributed to a ransomware attack, highlighting the severe impact on patient care.', "NotPetya attack paralyzed Merck's factories, leading to an existential crisis for the company and the need to tap into emergency vaccine supplies. The NotPetya attack paralyzed Merck's factories, leading to an existential crisis for the company and the need to tap into emergency vaccine supplies. This exemplifies the widespread and severe consequences of such cyberattacks on critical infrastructure.", 'Growing cybersecurity concerns regarding nation-state cyber warfare and vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on the need for enhanced cybersecurity measures and awareness. The chapter discusses the escalating cybersecurity concerns regarding nation-state cyber warfare and vulnerabilities in critical infrastructure, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity measures and heightened awareness to mitigate potential risks and impacts on vital systems.']}, {'end': 2980.324, 'start': 2791.242, 'title': 'Cyber warfare: new norms and risks', 'summary': 'Highlights the evolving landscape of cyber warfare, including instances of attribution challenges, nation states engaging in cyber attacks, and the emergence of mutually assured digital destruction, with examples of cyber attacks on infrastructure companies and the concept of proportional responses.', 'duration': 189.082, 'highlights': ["The emergence of mutually assured digital destruction, where countries engage in cyber attacks as a form of deterrence, is exemplified by US Cyber Command's hacking into the Russian power grid to send a message of deterrence. US Cyber Command's hacking into the Russian grid as a message of deterrence, the concept of mutually assured digital destruction", "The challenges of attribution in cyber attacks are evidenced by instances of nation states engaging in cyber attacks while piggybacking on other countries' operations to obfuscate their involvement. Challenges of attribution in cyber attacks, nation states piggybacking on other countries' operations for obfuscation", 'The concept of proportional responses in cyber warfare, with the ambiguity surrounding the nature and extent of permissible responses, is discussed in the context of cyber attacks on infrastructure and the lack of clarity on the nature of response. Ambiguity surrounding proportional responses in cyber warfare, lack of clarity on permissible responses in cyber attacks']}, {'end': 3172.592, 'start': 2980.344, 'title': 'Challenges in cybersecurity and digital geneva convention', 'summary': 'Discusses the complexities of establishing a digital geneva convention due to challenges in attributing cyberattacks to nation-states, the role of cyber criminals, and the lack of regulations on companies, highlighting the urgent need for multi-factor authentication and its impact on major cyber incidents such as the colonial pipeline attack.', 'duration': 192.248, 'highlights': ["The difficulties in establishing a Digital Geneva Convention arise from attributing cyberattacks to nation-states and dealing with transnational actors and cyber criminals. Attribution challenges, transnational actors' involvement, and influence of cyber criminals.", 'The urgent need for multi-factor authentication is emphasized, as many attacks occur due to the lack of its implementation, such as in the Colonial Pipeline and water treatment facility incidents. Impact on major cyber incidents, Colonial Pipeline attack, and water treatment facility hack.', "Putin's statement comparing hackers to artists highlights the lack of accountability and attribution in cyber attacks, posing a significant challenge in establishing norms and agreements. Putin's analogy, lack of accountability in cyber attacks, and challenges in establishing norms."]}], 'duration': 1371.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g1801280.jpg', 'highlights': ['Ransomware groups increasingly use zero-day exploits, a significant tactic advancement', '80% of ransomware attacks result from a lack of two-factor authentication', 'Significant ransom demands, e.g., $50M for an Apple supplier, illustrate financial impact', "Baltimore's $18M remediation cost after not paying $76,000 ransom demonstrates complex decision-making", "Colonial Pipeline's frozen billing systems emphasize real-world consequences on critical infrastructure", 'Ransomware attack on a Vermont hospital disrupted chemo treatment, leading to an existential crisis', "NotPetya attack paralyzed Merck's factories, exemplifying severe consequences on critical infrastructure", 'Escalating cybersecurity concerns regarding nation-state cyber warfare and critical infrastructure vulnerabilities', "US Cyber Command's hacking into the Russian power grid exemplifies mutually assured digital destruction", "Challenges of attribution in cyber attacks, including piggybacking on other countries' operations", 'Ambiguity surrounding proportional responses in cyber warfare and lack of clarity on permissible responses', 'Difficulties in establishing a Digital Geneva Convention due to attribution challenges and transnational actors', 'Urgent need for multi-factor authentication emphasized, as seen in Colonial Pipeline and water treatment facility incidents', "Putin's statement comparing hackers to artists highlights lack of accountability and attribution in cyber attacks"]}, {'end': 4036.003, 'segs': [{'end': 3274.217, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3240.858, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3242.939, 'text': 'simply by doing the bare basics.', 'start': 3240.858, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 3245.22, 'text': 'And the other thing is stop reusing your passwords.', 'start': 3243.419, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 3248.042, 'text': 'But if I only get one, then two-factor authentication.', 'start': 3245.24, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 3252.805, 'text': 'So what is two-factor authentication? Factor one is what? Logging in with a password.', 'start': 3248.102, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 3259.129, 'text': "And factor two is like have another device or another channel through which you can confirm, yeah, that's me.", 'start': 3253.325, 'duration': 5.804}, {'end': 3263.668, 'text': 'Yes Usually this happens through some kind of text.', 'start': 3259.565, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 3267.692, 'text': 'You get your one-time code from Bank of America or from Google.', 'start': 3263.689, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 3274.217, 'text': 'The better way to do it is spend $20 buying yourself a Fido key on Amazon.', 'start': 3268.653, 'duration': 5.564}], 'summary': 'Use two-factor authentication for security. avoid reusing passwords.', 'duration': 33.359, 'max_score': 3240.858, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3240858.jpg'}, {'end': 3459.962, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3430.906, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3433.167, 'text': 'first with the fingerprint and then with Face ID.', 'start': 3430.906, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 3435.287, 'text': "And it's not perfect.", 'start': 3433.187, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 3440.409, 'text': 'but if you think just eight years ago everyone was running around with either no passcode,', 'start': 3435.287, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 3447.332, 'text': "an optional passcode or a four-digit passcode on their phone, that anyone think of what you can get when you get someone's iPhone,", 'start': 3440.409, 'duration': 6.923}, {'end': 3448.512, 'text': "if you steal someone's iPhone.", 'start': 3447.332, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 3453.556, 'text': 'And props to them for introducing the fingerprint and face ID.', 'start': 3449.132, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 3456.439, 'text': "And again, it wasn't perfect, but it was a huge step forward.", 'start': 3453.656, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 3459.962, 'text': "Now it's time to make another huge step forward.", 'start': 3456.999, 'duration': 2.963}], 'summary': 'Despite imperfections, fingerprint and face id were significant security advancements from passcodes, prompting a need for further innovation.', 'duration': 29.056, 'max_score': 3430.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3430906.jpg'}, {'end': 3501.315, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3472.372, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3479.538, 'text': "When I was at Google, that's what we worked on is, I mean, there's a lot of ways to call this active authentication or passive authentication.", 'start': 3472.372, 'duration': 7.166}, {'end': 3488.306, 'text': 'So, basically, you use biometric data, not just like a fingerprint, but everything from your body to identify who you are, like movement patterns,', 'start': 3479.919, 'duration': 8.387}, {'end': 3501.315, 'text': "So basically create a lot of layers of protection where it's very difficult to fake, including like face unlock checking, that it's your actual face,", 'start': 3489.147, 'duration': 12.168}], 'summary': 'Google focused on multi-layered biometric authentication for secure identity verification.', 'duration': 28.943, 'max_score': 3472.372, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3472372.jpg'}, {'end': 3596.217, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3569.644, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3573.126, 'text': 'But for most people, their email patterns are pretty predictable.', 'start': 3569.644, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 3580.751, 'text': "And if something strays from that pattern, that's abnormal, and they'll block it, they'll investigate it.", 'start': 3573.927, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 3583.072, 'text': "that's great.", 'start': 3582.532, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 3589.795, 'text': "You know, let's start using that kind of targeted ad technology to protect people.", 'start': 3583.552, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 3596.217, 'text': "And yeah, I mean, it's not going to get us away from the password and using multi factor authentication.", 'start': 3590.675, 'duration': 5.542}], 'summary': 'Email patterns are predictable, abnormal ones are blocked and investigated. targeted ad technology can be used for protection.', 'duration': 26.573, 'max_score': 3569.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3569644.jpg'}, {'end': 3891.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3863.092, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3868.694, 'text': 'Like more and more, the fun we do, the things that make us love life will happen online.', 'start': 3863.092, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 3872.976, 'text': "And if those things have an avatar, that's digital.", 'start': 3869.135, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 3880.199, 'text': "that's like a way to hack into people's minds, whether it's with AI or kind of troll farms or something like that.", 'start': 3872.976, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 3882.72, 'text': "I don't know if there's a way to protect against that.", 'start': 3880.999, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3891.463, 'text': 'That might fundamentally rely on our faith in how good human nature is.', 'start': 3884, 'duration': 7.463}], 'summary': 'The increasing digitalization of enjoyable activities raises concerns about safeguarding against potential misuse and the need to rely on human nature.', 'duration': 28.371, 'max_score': 3863.092, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3863092.jpg'}], 'start': 3173.232, 'title': 'Cybersecurity measures', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of implementing two-factor authentication to reduce cyber attacks, discusses challenges related to biometric data for authentication, and highlights the use of targeted ad technology to protect against email attacks and the security concerns associated with the metaverse and online experiences.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3472.012, 'start': 3173.232, 'title': 'Strengthening cybersecurity with two-factor authentication', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of implementing two-factor authentication as a fundamental and effective measure to significantly reduce cyber attacks and protect sensitive information, with a focus on the shortcomings of password-based security and the potential of biometric authentication.', 'duration': 298.78, 'highlights': ['Implementing two-factor authentication is the easiest and simplest way to deflect the most attacks. Enforcing two-factor authentication can significantly reduce successful cyber attacks, providing a basic yet effective defense mechanism.', 'Using two-factor authentication makes it harder for cybercriminals to access accounts, especially when combined with non-reusable passwords. The combination of two-factor authentication and non-reusable passwords creates a formidable barrier against unauthorized access, increasing the difficulty for cybercriminals to infiltrate accounts.', 'Biometric authentication, such as fingerprint and Face ID, has made significant strides in enhancing security measures, despite its imperfections. The introduction of biometric authentication, particularly through fingerprint and Face ID technology, marked a substantial advancement in bolstering security measures, albeit with room for further improvement.']}, {'end': 4036.003, 'start': 3472.372, 'title': 'Biometric data and email security', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and potential solutions related to biometric data for authentication, the use of targeted ad technology to protect against email attacks, and the security concerns associated with the metaverse and online experiences, highlighting the difficulty in securing against social engineering and the potential risks of digital avatars.', 'duration': 563.631, 'highlights': ['The use of biometric data for authentication involves creating multiple layers of protection using various biometric factors such as movement patterns, face unlock, video voice, and phone movement, making it difficult to fake and enhancing security.', 'Abnormal Security utilizes targeted ad technology to protect against email attacks by analyzing email patterns and detecting abnormal activities, offering a more seamless approach to security, potentially reducing reliance on passwords and multi-factor authentication.', 'The security concerns associated with the metaverse and online experiences raise questions about the authenticity of digital avatars, the potential for manipulation and malevolent behavior, and the impact on meaningful human experiences, prompting reflection on the implications for future generations and the need for parental guidance in managing the metaverse.', 'The challenges of social engineering and the potential risks of digital avatars highlight the difficulty in securing against manipulation and the need to address the implications of an increasingly digital world on human interactions and experiences.', 'The difficulties in securing against social engineering and the potential risks of digital avatars highlight the need to address the implications of an increasingly digital world on human interactions and experiences, emphasizing the importance of security measures and parental guidance in managing online experiences.']}], 'duration': 862.771, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g3173232.jpg', 'highlights': ['Implementing two-factor authentication significantly reduces successful cyber attacks.', 'Using two-factor authentication with non-reusable passwords creates a formidable barrier against unauthorized access.', 'Biometric authentication, particularly through fingerprint and Face ID technology, enhances security measures.', 'The use of biometric data for authentication involves creating multiple layers of protection using various biometric factors.', 'Abnormal Security utilizes targeted ad technology to protect against email attacks by analyzing email patterns and detecting abnormal activities.', 'The security concerns associated with the metaverse and online experiences raise questions about the authenticity of digital avatars and the impact on meaningful human experiences.', 'The challenges of social engineering and the potential risks of digital avatars highlight the difficulty in securing against manipulation and the need to address the implications of an increasingly digital world on human interactions and experiences.']}, {'end': 4647.831, 'segs': [{'end': 4162.786, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4091.661, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4093.022, 'text': 'you know five bitcoin.', 'start': 4091.661, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 4097.707, 'text': "And so there's no doubt cryptocurrencies enabled ransomware attacks.", 'start': 4094.443, 'duration': 3.264}, {'end': 4108.1, 'text': 'But after the Colonial Pipeline ransom was seized because, if you remember, the FBI was actually able to go in and claw some of it back from DarkSide,', 'start': 4097.828, 'duration': 10.272}, {'end': 4109.763, 'text': 'which was the ransomware group that hid it.', 'start': 4108.1, 'duration': 1.663}, {'end': 4113.816, 'text': 'And I spoke to these guys at TRM Labs.', 'start': 4111.354, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 4116.898, 'text': "So they're one of these blockchain intelligence companies.", 'start': 4114.096, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 4120, 'text': 'And a lot of people that work there used to work at the treasury.', 'start': 4117.497, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 4125.502, 'text': 'And what they said to me was, yeah, cryptocurrency has enabled ransomware.', 'start': 4120.979, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 4134.745, 'text': 'But to track down that ransom payment would have taken if we were dealing with fiat currency,', 'start': 4126.502, 'duration': 8.243}, {'end': 4141.145, 'text': 'would have taken us years to get to that one bank account or belonging to that one front company in the Seychelles.', 'start': 4134.745, 'duration': 6.4}, {'end': 4147.627, 'text': 'And now, thanks to the blockchain, we can track the movement of those funds in real time.', 'start': 4141.867, 'duration': 5.76}, {'end': 4152.814, 'text': 'And you know what? These payments are not as anonymous as people think.', 'start': 4148.348, 'duration': 4.466}, {'end': 4162.786, 'text': 'Like, we still can use our old hacking ways and zero days and old school intelligence methods to find out who owns that private wallet and how to get to it.', 'start': 4153.294, 'duration': 9.492}], 'summary': 'Cryptocurrencies enabled ransomware, but blockchain helps track payments in real time.', 'duration': 71.125, 'max_score': 4091.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4091661.jpg'}, {'end': 4293.942, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4262.347, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4264.708, 'text': "They don't need to know my birth date.", 'start': 4262.347, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 4268.83, 'text': "They're just gonna send me a one-time token to my phone.", 'start': 4265.549, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 4272.731, 'text': "My phone's gonna say, or my FIDO key is gonna say, yep, it's her.", 'start': 4268.91, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 4277.593, 'text': "And then we're gonna talk about my identity like a token, some random token.", 'start': 4272.751, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 4280.034, 'text': "They don't need to know exactly who I am.", 'start': 4277.613, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 4286.017, 'text': "They just need to know the system trust that I am who I say I am, but they don't get access.", 'start': 4280.074, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 4287.878, 'text': 'to my PII data.', 'start': 4286.637, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 4293.942, 'text': "They don't get access to my social security number, my location, or the fact I'm a Times journalist.", 'start': 4287.898, 'duration': 6.044}], 'summary': 'Using a one-time token for identity verification to ensure privacy and security.', 'duration': 31.595, 'max_score': 4262.347, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4262347.jpg'}, {'end': 4660.898, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4627.648, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4630.27, 'text': 'That balance with the technology solution of creating a..', 'start': 4627.648, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 4639.648, 'text': "maybe like two-factor authentication and maybe helping identify things that are likely to be spam, I don't know.", 'start': 4632.119, 'duration': 7.529}, {'end': 4644.074, 'text': "But then the machine learning there is tricky because you don't want to add a lot of extra friction.", 'start': 4640.329, 'duration': 3.745}, {'end': 4647.831, 'text': "that just annoys people because they'll turn it off.", 'start': 4645.25, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 4654.475, 'text': 'Because you have the accept cookies thing, right? That everybody has to click on now, so now they completely ignore the accept cookies.', 'start': 4647.851, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 4660.898, 'text': 'This is very difficult to find that frictionless security.', 'start': 4654.595, 'duration': 6.303}], 'summary': 'Balancing technology solution for security without adding extra friction is challenging.', 'duration': 33.25, 'max_score': 4627.648, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4627648.jpg'}], 'start': 4036.403, 'title': 'Risks in blockchain and metaverse identity', 'summary': "Explores blockchain's role in ransomware attacks and cryptocurrency's impact on tracking ransom payments, revealing insights on increased visibility and faster tracking. additionally, it discusses identity and privacy challenges in the metaverse, proposing solutions like creating personal information vaults and implementing one-time tokens for verification, emphasizing the need to address spam and scams.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4162.786, 'start': 4036.403, 'title': 'Blockchain and cryptocurrency: managing risks', 'summary': 'Explores how blockchain technology has enabled ransomware attacks and how the use of cryptocurrency has facilitated tracking ransom payments, with insights from trm labs on the increased visibility and traceability of funds, reducing the time to track ransom payments compared to fiat currency.', 'duration': 126.383, 'highlights': ['Blockchain technology has enabled ransomware attacks, with ransom payments now being demanded in cryptocurrency, such as five bitcoins. The use of cryptocurrency has facilitated an increase in ransomware attacks, with payments now being demanded in cryptocurrency, such as five bitcoins, compared to previous methods involving e-gift cards.', 'The FBI was able to seize the Colonial Pipeline ransom, and TRM Labs emphasized that tracking ransom payments in cryptocurrency is more efficient than in fiat currency, taking considerably less time and providing real-time visibility of fund movements. The FBI successfully seized the Colonial Pipeline ransom, highlighting the potential for efficient tracking of ransom payments in cryptocurrency. TRM Labs emphasized that tracking ransom payments in cryptocurrency through blockchain technology is more efficient compared to fiat currency, providing real-time visibility of fund movements and significantly reducing the time required.', 'TRM Labs, a blockchain intelligence company, comprised of former treasury employees, emphasized the increased traceability and decreased anonymity of cryptocurrency payments, allowing for the application of traditional intelligence methods to identify the owners of private wallets and access the funds. TRM Labs, comprising former treasury employees, highlighted the increased traceability and decreased anonymity of cryptocurrency payments. This enables the application of traditional intelligence methods to identify the owners of private wallets and access the funds, contrary to the perceived anonymity of cryptocurrency payments.']}, {'end': 4647.831, 'start': 4163.566, 'title': 'Metaverse identity and privacy', 'summary': 'Discusses the need to use technology to fix identity and privacy issues in the metaverse, proposing solutions such as creating a vault for personal information, implementing one-time tokens for identity verification, and addressing spam and scams through education and technology.', 'duration': 484.265, 'highlights': ['Creating a vault for personal information inside every organization P.I.I.ano aims to create a vault for personal information inside every organization, allowing users to receive a one-time token for identity verification without revealing personal data such as social security number and birth date.', "Implementing one-time tokens for identity verification Proposing the use of one-time tokens for identity verification, ensuring that organizations only need to know that the system trusts the user's identity without accessing their PII data such as social security number and location.", 'Addressing spam and scams through education and technology Discussing the prevalence of spam and scams, emphasizing the need for education and technology solutions such as two-factor authentication to combat the increasing cross-platform fraudulent activities.']}], 'duration': 611.428, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4036403.jpg', 'highlights': ['Blockchain technology enables ransomware attacks, demanding payments in cryptocurrency, e.g., five bitcoins.', 'Efficient tracking of ransom payments in cryptocurrency is more effective than in fiat currency.', 'Increased traceability and decreased anonymity of cryptocurrency payments enable traditional intelligence methods.', 'Creating a vault for personal information inside every organization to receive one-time tokens for identity verification.', 'Proposing the use of one-time tokens for identity verification to protect personal data.', 'Emphasizing the need for education and technology solutions to combat spam and scams.']}, {'end': 5539.331, 'segs': [{'end': 4712.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4674.507, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4676.11, 'text': 'What have you learned from those documents??', 'start': 4674.507, 'duration': 1.603}, {'end': 4677.452, 'text': 'What do you think of him??', 'start': 4676.691, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 4684.524, 'text': 'In the long arc of history, is Edward Snowden a hero or a villain??', 'start': 4680.738, 'duration': 3.786}, {'end': 4686.439, 'text': "I think he's neither.", 'start': 4685.518, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 4692.343, 'text': 'I have really complicated feelings about Edward Snowden.', 'start': 4686.459, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 4699.148, 'text': "On the one hand, I'm a journalist at heart, and more transparency is good.", 'start': 4692.983, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 4712.257, 'text': "And I'm grateful for the conversations that we had in the post-Snowden era about the limits to surveillance and how critical privacy is.", 'start': 4699.788, 'duration': 12.469}], 'summary': 'Complicated feelings about edward snowden; supports transparency and privacy in post-snowden era.', 'duration': 37.75, 'max_score': 4674.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4674507.jpg'}, {'end': 4792.37, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4728.97, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4734.575, 'text': "So, on the one hand, I'm grateful that he cracked open these debates.", 'start': 4728.97, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 4746.027, 'text': 'On the other hand, when I walked into the storage closet of classified NSA secrets,', 'start': 4736.317, 'duration': 9.71}, {'end': 4753.314, 'text': 'I had just spent two years covering Chinese cyber espionage almost every day.', 'start': 4746.027, 'duration': 7.287}, {'end': 4762.698, 'text': 'and this sort of advancement of Russian attacks that were just getting worse and worse and more destructive.', 'start': 4754.555, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 4770.382, 'text': 'And there were no limits to Chinese cyber espionage and Chinese surveillance of its own citizens.', 'start': 4763.219, 'duration': 7.163}, {'end': 4780.486, 'text': 'And there seemed to be no limit to what Russia was willing to do in terms of cyber attacks and also, in some cases, assassinating journalists.', 'start': 4770.862, 'duration': 9.624}, {'end': 4792.37, 'text': 'So when I walked into that room, there was a part of me, quite honestly, that was relieved to know that the NSA was as good as I hoped they were.', 'start': 4781.346, 'duration': 11.024}], 'summary': 'Exposing chinese cyber espionage, russian attacks, and nsa capabilities.', 'duration': 63.4, 'max_score': 4728.97, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4728970.jpg'}, {'end': 5074.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5047.02, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5050.461, 'text': "Because from a company perspective, that's an open culture.", 'start': 5047.02, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 5058.706, 'text': 'how can you operate successfully if you have an open culture where any one whistleblower can come out out of context?', 'start': 5051.82, 'duration': 6.886}, {'end': 5070.236, 'text': 'take a study whether it represents a larger context or not, and the press eats it up and then that creates a narrative that is just like with the NSA.', 'start': 5058.706, 'duration': 11.53}, {'end': 5074.599, 'text': "you said it's out of context, very targeted to where.", 'start': 5070.236, 'duration': 4.363}], 'summary': 'Challenges of maintaining open culture amidst potential whistleblowing concerns.', 'duration': 27.579, 'max_score': 5047.02, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5047020.jpg'}, {'end': 5251.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5220.399, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5227.664, 'text': "Again, this is a touchy subject, I suppose, but there's a lot of conspiracy theories about intelligence agencies.", 'start': 5220.399, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 5236.991, 'text': 'From your understanding of intelligence agencies, the CIA, NSA and the equivalent in other countries.', 'start': 5228.085, 'duration': 8.906}, {'end': 5237.592, 'text': 'are they?', 'start': 5236.991, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 5238.352, 'text': 'one question?', 'start': 5237.592, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 5240.014, 'text': 'this could be a dangerous question.', 'start': 5238.352, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 5242.175, 'text': 'are they competent?', 'start': 5240.014, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 5243.296, 'text': 'are they good at what they do??', 'start': 5242.175, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5251.499, 'text': 'And two are they malevolent in any way? Sort of.', 'start': 5244.837, 'duration': 6.662}], 'summary': 'Are intelligence agencies competent and malevolent?', 'duration': 31.1, 'max_score': 5220.399, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5220399.jpg'}, {'end': 5483.229, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5459.99, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5471.982, 'text': "because just as Ukraine has been to Russia in terms of a test kitchen for its cyber attacks, the Uyghurs are China's test kitchen for surveillance.", 'start': 5459.99, 'duration': 11.992}, {'end': 5477.645, 'text': "And there's no doubt in my mind that they're testing them on the Uyghurs.", 'start': 5472.942, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 5483.229, 'text': 'Uyghurs are their petri dish and eventually they will export that level of surveillance overseas.', 'start': 5477.645, 'duration': 5.584}], 'summary': "Uyghurs are china's test kitchen for surveillance, serving as a petri dish for exportable surveillance technology.", 'duration': 23.239, 'max_score': 5459.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5459990.jpg'}], 'start': 4647.851, 'title': "Snowden's impact on surveillance and whistleblowing", 'summary': "Delves into the multifaceted impact of edward snowden's leaked nsa documents, addressing concerns about damage to the us's reputation and the ethical considerations of whistleblowing, while revealing insights into intelligence agencies and the challenges faced by whistleblowers.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4937.321, 'start': 4647.851, 'title': "Edward snowden's impact on surveillance", 'summary': "Discusses the complex impact of edward snowden's leaked nsa documents, highlighting the gratitude for increased transparency but also concerns about the damage to the us's reputation and the misplaced reactions to the revelations.", 'duration': 289.47, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the complex impact of Edward Snowden's leaked NSA documents It covers the gratitude for increased transparency, concerns about the damage to the US's reputation, the misplaced reactions to the revelations, and the implications for civil liberties.", "The NSA's advanced espionage capabilities were revealed in the documents, causing mixed emotions The speaker expressed relief at the NSA's capabilities compared to other countries, but also highlighted concerns about the potential misuse of this knowledge and the impact on civil liberties.", 'The chapter addresses the global context of cyber espionage and surveillance, comparing it to the focus on NSA revelations It points out the disparity in reactions to NSA actions compared to similar activities by other countries, emphasizing the need for a broader perspective on global cyber activities.']}, {'end': 5539.331, 'start': 4937.321, 'title': 'Whistleblowing and intelligence agencies', 'summary': 'Explores the ethical considerations of whistleblowing, the impact of open cultures on companies, and the competence and malevolence of intelligence agencies, revealing insights into the challenges faced by whistleblowers and the complexities of intelligence operations.', 'duration': 602.01, 'highlights': ['Whistleblowing challenges The chapter delves into the ethical considerations and challenges faced by whistleblowers, highlighting the complexities of releasing information and the impact of open cultures on companies.', 'Competence of intelligence agencies Insights into the competence of intelligence agencies are provided, discussing the actions and impact of agencies such as the NSA and Mossad, offering a nuanced perspective on their operations.', "Surveillance and impact on Uyghurs The chapter sheds light on the extensive surveillance deployed by China on the Uyghurs and its potential implications, emphasizing the significance of monitoring the situation and the global impact of China's surveillance strategies."]}], 'duration': 891.48, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g4647851.jpg', 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the complex impact of Edward Snowden's leaked NSA documents.", "The NSA's advanced espionage capabilities were revealed in the documents, causing mixed emotions.", 'The chapter addresses the global context of cyber espionage and surveillance, comparing it to the focus on NSA revelations.', 'Whistleblowing challenges are delved into, highlighting the complexities of releasing information and the impact of open cultures on companies.', 'Insights into the competence of intelligence agencies are provided, discussing the actions and impact of agencies such as the NSA and Mossad.', 'The chapter sheds light on the extensive surveillance deployed by China on the Uyghurs and its potential implications.']}, {'end': 5933.747, 'segs': [{'end': 5593.619, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5540.211, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5542.133, 'text': "I'm sure we're doing some of that too.", 'start': 5540.211, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 5544.675, 'text': 'Counterintelligence is counterintelligence.', 'start': 5542.753, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 5545.956, 'text': "It's considered fair game.", 'start': 5544.715, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 5561.73, 'text': "But where I think it gets evil is when you use it for censorship to suppress any dissent, to do what I've seen the UAE do to its citizens,", 'start': 5547.617, 'duration': 14.113}, {'end': 5572.139, 'text': "where people who've gone on Twitter just to advocate for better voting rights, more enfranchisement, suddenly find their passports confiscated.", 'start': 5561.73, 'duration': 10.409}, {'end': 5577.323, 'text': 'I talked to one critic, Ahmed Mansour,', 'start': 5572.159, 'duration': 5.164}, {'end': 5584.129, 'text': "and he told me You might find yourself labeled a terrorist one day and you don't even know how to operate a gun.", 'start': 5577.323, 'duration': 6.806}, {'end': 5587.913, 'text': 'I mean, he had been beaten up every time he tried to go somewhere.', 'start': 5584.149, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 5589.575, 'text': 'His passport had been confiscated.', 'start': 5587.953, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 5593.619, 'text': "By that point, it turned out they'd already hacked into his phone, so they were listening to us talking.", 'start': 5589.635, 'duration': 3.984}], 'summary': 'Misuse of counterintelligence for censorship, leading to confiscation of passports and surveillance of citizens.', 'duration': 53.408, 'max_score': 5540.211, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5540211.jpg'}, {'end': 5674.849, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5647.86, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5655.307, 'text': "To me personally, this is the stuff of conspiracy theories, is the things you've mentioned as evil are more direct attacks.", 'start': 5647.86, 'duration': 7.447}, {'end': 5658.09, 'text': "But there's also psychological warfare.", 'start': 5656.148, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 5660.592, 'text': 'So blackmail.', 'start': 5659.271, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 5661.693, 'text': 'So what is..', 'start': 5660.832, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 5669.424, 'text': "What does spying allow you to do? It allows you to collect information if you have something that's embarrassing.", 'start': 5663.359, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 5674.849, 'text': 'Or, if you have, like Jeffrey Epstein, conspiracy theories active, what is it?', 'start': 5670.285, 'duration': 4.564}], 'summary': 'Discussion on psychological warfare, blackmail, and spying for collecting sensitive information.', 'duration': 26.989, 'max_score': 5647.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5647860.jpg'}, {'end': 5750.708, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5725.808, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5731.614, 'text': 'I wonder how much malevolence, how much competence there is in these institutions.', 'start': 5725.808, 'duration': 5.806}, {'end': 5734.498, 'text': 'Like how far, this takes us back to the hacking question.', 'start': 5731.634, 'duration': 2.864}, {'end': 5739.622, 'text': 'How far are people willing to go? if they have the power.', 'start': 5734.958, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 5741.683, 'text': 'This has to do with social engineering.', 'start': 5740.242, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 5742.764, 'text': 'this has to do with hacking.', 'start': 5741.683, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 5749.187, 'text': 'this has to do with manipulating people, attacking people, doing evil onto people, psychological warfare and stuff like that.', 'start': 5742.764, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 5750.708, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 5749.207, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses the extent of malevolence and competence in institutions, raising questions about the willingness of people to use power for social engineering, hacking, and psychological warfare.', 'duration': 24.9, 'max_score': 5725.808, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5725808.jpg'}, {'end': 5807.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5780.04, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5788.743, 'text': "But in a free society, I just, it's difficult for me to imagine that you can have somebody like a Jeffrey Epstein, a front for intelligence.", 'start': 5780.04, 'duration': 8.703}, {'end': 5794.805, 'text': "I don't know what I'm asking you, but I'm just.", 'start': 5789.403, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 5801.527, 'text': 'I have a hope that, for the most part, intelligence agencies are trying to do good and are actually doing good for the world.', 'start': 5794.805, 'duration': 6.722}, {'end': 5807.389, 'text': 'when you view it in the full context of the complexities of the world.', 'start': 5803.348, 'duration': 4.041}], 'summary': "In a free society, it's difficult to imagine a figure like jeffrey epstein as an intelligence front, but there is hope that intelligence agencies are generally working for the greater good.", 'duration': 27.349, 'max_score': 5780.04, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5780040.jpg'}], 'start': 5540.211, 'title': 'Ethical use of counterintelligence and cyber warfare', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical use of counterintelligence, highlighting abuse of power by the uae government, and delves into malevolent tactics of psychological warfare, manipulation, and spying, raising concerns about potential impact on the populace and the extent of competence and malevolence within intelligence agencies.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5647.66, 'start': 5540.211, 'title': 'Ethical use of counterintelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical use of counterintelligence and highlights the abuse of power by the uae government, including confiscation of passports, hacking of personal devices, and censorship of dissent on social media, leading to solitary confinement and hunger strikes by critics.', 'duration': 107.449, 'highlights': ["The UAE government's abuse of power includes confiscation of passports, hacking of personal devices, censorship of dissent on social media, leading to solitary confinement and hunger strikes by critics.", "Ahmed Mansour's experience with the UAE government's abuse of power includes being beaten up, having his passport confiscated, and being subjected to surveillance through phone hacking and baby monitor spying.", 'The ethical boundaries of counterintelligence are discussed, highlighting the refusal to cross certain lines and the acknowledgment of levels of evil within intelligence agencies like NSA and CIA.']}, {'end': 5933.747, 'start': 5647.86, 'title': 'Cyber warfare and psychological manipulation', 'summary': 'Delves into the malevolent tactics of psychological warfare, manipulation, and spying, raising concerns about the potential impact on the populace and the extent of competence and malevolence within intelligence agencies.', 'duration': 285.887, 'highlights': ['The potential impact of spying allows for the collection of embarrassing information, enabling the use of blackmail to manipulate the population or powerful individuals. Spying can lead to the collection of compromising data, which can then be used for blackmail, posing a significant threat to societal manipulation and control.', 'The chapter raises concerns about the competence and malevolence within institutions, questioning the extent to which people are willing to go if they possess power. Raising doubts about the level of competence and malevolence within institutions, the transcript highlights the critical question of the extent to which powerful individuals and institutions are willing to exert their influence.', 'The speaker expresses skepticism regarding the possibility of a figure like Jeffrey Epstein being a front for intelligence, emphasizing their hope that intelligence agencies are striving to do good for the world while acknowledging the complexities of the global context. Expressing skepticism about the notion of individuals like Jeffrey Epstein being linked to intelligence agencies, the speaker emphasizes the hope that intelligence agencies are primarily oriented towards positive contributions to the world, taking into account the intricate global dynamics.']}], 'duration': 393.536, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5540211.jpg', 'highlights': ["The UAE government's abuse of power includes confiscation of passports, hacking of personal devices, censorship of dissent on social media, leading to solitary confinement and hunger strikes by critics.", "Ahmed Mansour's experience with the UAE government's abuse of power includes being beaten up, having his passport confiscated, and being subjected to surveillance through phone hacking and baby monitor spying.", 'The ethical boundaries of counterintelligence are discussed, highlighting the refusal to cross certain lines and the acknowledgment of levels of evil within intelligence agencies like NSA and CIA.', 'The potential impact of spying allows for the collection of embarrassing information, enabling the use of blackmail to manipulate the population or powerful individuals. Spying can lead to the collection of compromising data, which can then be used for blackmail, posing a significant threat to societal manipulation and control.', 'The chapter raises concerns about the competence and malevolence within institutions, questioning the extent to which people are willing to go if they possess power. Raising doubts about the level of competence and malevolence within institutions, the transcript highlights the critical question of the extent to which powerful individuals and institutions are willing to exert their influence.', 'The speaker expresses skepticism regarding the possibility of a figure like Jeffrey Epstein being a front for intelligence, emphasizing their hope that intelligence agencies are striving to do good for the world while acknowledging the complexities of the global context.']}, {'end': 7286.137, 'segs': [{'end': 5986.205, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5933.947, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5936.488, 'text': "I'm not going down that road.", 'start': 5933.947, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 5950.094, 'text': 'Basically, I came to a fork in the road where I could either go full tinfoil hat, go live off the grid, never have a car with navigation,', 'start': 5937.269, 'duration': 12.825}, {'end': 5954.677, 'text': 'never use Google Maps, never own an iPhone, never order diapers off Amazon.', 'start': 5950.094, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 5966.28, 'text': "you know, create an alias, um, or i could just do the best i can and live in this new digital world we're living in.", 'start': 5955.837, 'duration': 10.443}, {'end': 5967.92, 'text': 'and what does that look like for me?', 'start': 5966.28, 'duration': 1.64}, {'end': 5969.6, 'text': 'i mean what.', 'start': 5967.92, 'duration': 1.68}, {'end': 5970.721, 'text': 'what are my crown jewels?', 'start': 5969.6, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5971.641, 'text': 'this is what i tell people.', 'start': 5970.721, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 5972.721, 'text': 'what are your crown jewels?', 'start': 5971.641, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 5974.182, 'text': 'because just focus on that.', 'start': 5972.721, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 5977.502, 'text': "you can't protect everything, but you can protect your crown jewels.", 'start': 5974.182, 'duration': 3.32}, {'end': 5982.364, 'text': 'for me, for the longest time, my crown jewels were my sources.', 'start': 5977.502, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 5983.864, 'text': 'i was nothing without my sources.', 'start': 5982.364, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 5986.205, 'text': 'So I had some sources.', 'start': 5984.584, 'duration': 1.621}], 'summary': 'Faced with a choice: embrace digital world or go off-grid to protect crown jewels, sources.', 'duration': 52.258, 'max_score': 5933.947, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5933947.jpg'}, {'end': 6069.204, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6036.111, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6039.252, 'text': "Don't go crazy because then that's the ultimate hack.", 'start': 6036.111, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 6040.272, 'text': "Then they've hacked your mind.", 'start': 6039.272, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 6042.654, 'text': 'whoever they is for you.', 'start': 6041.192, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 6045.118, 'text': 'But just do the best you can.', 'start': 6043.616, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 6049.344, 'text': 'Now, my whole risk model changed when I had a kid.', 'start': 6045.218, 'duration': 4.126}, {'end': 6058.657, 'text': "Now it's, oh God, if anyone threatened my family.", 'start': 6049.364, 'duration': 9.293}, {'end': 6062.76, 'text': 'god help them.', 'start': 6058.657, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 6069.204, 'text': "but it's uh it, it changes you and you know.", 'start': 6062.76, 'duration': 6.444}], 'summary': 'Parenting changed my risk model; now, family safety is top priority.', 'duration': 33.093, 'max_score': 6036.111, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g6036111.jpg'}, {'end': 6178.652, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6145.042, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6146.603, 'text': 'That would be an international incident.', 'start': 6145.042, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 6150.525, 'text': 'So I kind of carried that invisible shield with me for years.', 'start': 6147.003, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 6154.007, 'text': 'And then Jamal Khashoggi happened.', 'start': 6151.586, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 6159.012, 'text': 'And that destroyed my vision of my invisible shield.', 'start': 6155.468, 'duration': 3.544}, {'end': 6165.018, 'text': 'You know, sure, you know, he was a Saudi, but he was a Washington Post columnist.', 'start': 6159.332, 'duration': 5.686}, {'end': 6168.062, 'text': 'You know, for the most part, he was living in the United States.', 'start': 6165.619, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 6169.103, 'text': 'He was a journalist.', 'start': 6168.102, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 6178.652, 'text': 'And for them to do what they did to him pretty much in the open and get away with it,', 'start': 6170.229, 'duration': 8.423}], 'summary': "Khashoggi's murder shattered my belief in invisible shield, illustrating global impact.", 'duration': 33.61, 'max_score': 6145.042, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g6145042.jpg'}, {'end': 6613.977, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6566.599, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6575.265, 'text': "they'll pay your college as long as you commit to some kind of federal commitment to sort of help federal agencies with cybersecurity.", 'start': 6566.599, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 6581.89, 'text': 'And where does everyone wanna go every year from the scholarship program? They wanna go work at the NSA or Cyber Command.', 'start': 6575.305, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 6584.132, 'text': 'You know, they wanna go work on offense.', 'start': 6581.93, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 6585.673, 'text': 'They wanna go do the sexy stuff.', 'start': 6584.192, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 6589.356, 'text': "It's really hard to get people to work on defense.", 'start': 6586.273, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 6595.241, 'text': "It's always been more fun to be a pirate than being the Coast Guard.", 'start': 6589.936, 'duration': 5.305}, {'end': 6601.226, 'text': 'We have a huge deficit when it comes to filling those roles.', 'start': 6595.261, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 6607.411, 'text': "There's 3.5 million unfilled cybersecurity positions around the world.", 'start': 6601.286, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 6609.553, 'text': 'Talk about job security.', 'start': 6608.212, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 6613.977, 'text': 'Be a hacker and work on cybersecurity, you will always have a job.', 'start': 6609.713, 'duration': 4.264}], 'summary': 'Scholarship program incentivizes students to work in cybersecurity, with 3.5m unfilled positions worldwide.', 'duration': 47.378, 'max_score': 6566.599, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g6566599.jpg'}, {'end': 6877.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6851.045, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6859.99, 'text': "So you wrote the book, This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends, as we've been talking about, of course, referring to cyber war, cybersecurity.", 'start': 6851.045, 'duration': 8.945}, {'end': 6872.591, 'text': "What gives you hope about the future of our world if it doesn't end? How will it not end? That's a good question.", 'start': 6861.731, 'duration': 10.86}, {'end': 6877.255, 'text': 'I mean, I have to have hope, right? Because I have a kid and I have another on the way.', 'start': 6872.611, 'duration': 4.644}], 'summary': "Author expresses hope for the world's future due to personal stake in it.", 'duration': 26.21, 'max_score': 6851.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g6851045.jpg'}, {'end': 7043.447, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7014.635, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7020.797, 'text': "And I think this next generation is gonna come in and say like, we're not doing business like you guys did it anymore.", 'start': 7014.635, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 7033.346, 'text': "We're not just gonna like rape and pillage the earth and try and turn everyone against each other and play dirty tricks and let lobbyists dictate what we do or don't do as a country anymore.", 'start': 7021.237, 'duration': 12.109}, {'end': 7035.968, 'text': "And that's really where I see the hope.", 'start': 7033.366, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 7043.447, 'text': "It feels like there's a lot of low hanging fruit for young minds to step up and create solutions and lead.", 'start': 7036.559, 'duration': 6.888}], 'summary': 'Next generation aims to change business practices, promote sustainability and collaboration.', 'duration': 28.812, 'max_score': 7014.635, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g7014635.jpg'}, {'end': 7145.641, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7104.4, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7105.843, 'text': "It's a scary place.", 'start': 7104.4, 'duration': 1.443}, {'end': 7112.247, 'text': 'Yeah, and I think you hit on something earlier, which is authenticity.', 'start': 7107.765, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 7119.309, 'text': 'No one is going to rise above that is plastic anymore.', 'start': 7112.267, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 7122.83, 'text': 'People are craving authenticity.', 'start': 7120.349, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 7129.833, 'text': "The benefit of the internet is it's really hard to hide who you are on every single platform.", 'start': 7123.751, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 7132.594, 'text': "On some level, it's gonna come out who you really are.", 'start': 7129.993, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 7145.641, 'text': "And so you hope that by the time my kids are grown, no one's gonna care if they made one mistake online, so long as they're authentic.", 'start': 7133.774, 'duration': 11.867}], 'summary': "Authenticity is crucial online, as people crave it, and the internet makes it hard to hide; hope for a future where mistakes don't matter as long as authenticity is maintained.", 'duration': 41.241, 'max_score': 7104.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g7104400.jpg'}], 'start': 5933.947, 'title': 'Navigating digital risks and embracing authenticity', 'summary': 'Discusses decision-making in digital technology adoption, protection of valuable sources, journalism security, self-censorship impact on innovation and cybersecurity careers, and hope for the future amidst global challenges.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5986.205, 'start': 5933.947, 'title': 'Navigating the digital world', 'summary': "Discusses the decision-making process of embracing or rejecting digital technology, highlighting the importance of identifying and protecting one's 'crown jewels', such as valuable sources, in the digital world.", 'duration': 52.258, 'highlights': ["The concept of identifying and protecting 'crown jewels' in the digital world, like valuable sources, is emphasized as a crucial aspect of navigating the digital landscape.", 'The decision-making process of embracing or rejecting digital technology is discussed, with the consideration of living off the grid and avoiding digital tools like navigation, Google Maps, and iPhones.']}, {'end': 6379.167, 'start': 5986.205, 'title': 'Journalism security and personal risks', 'summary': "Discusses the lengths the speaker went to protect a source, the impact of having a family on risk perception, and the changing worldview after jamal khashoggi's incident, leading to concerns about journalism and personal freedom.", 'duration': 392.962, 'highlights': ['The speaker went to great lengths to protect a source, meeting at the same place every quarter without any digital communication or devices. The speaker describes meeting a source at the same dim sum place quarterly, without driving or using devices, to protect the source.', "The impact of having a family changed the speaker's risk perception, making them willing to defend their family at any cost. The speaker mentions a shift in their risk model after having a kid, expressing a strong willingness to protect their family.", "The speaker's worldview changed after Jamal Khashoggi's incident, raising concerns about journalism and personal freedom. The speaker discusses how Jamal Khashoggi's incident shattered their vision of an 'invisible shield' and raised concerns about the risks faced by journalists and personal freedom."]}, {'end': 6846.101, 'start': 6379.167, 'title': 'The impact of self-censorship on innovation and cybersecurity careers', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of self-censorship on creativity and innovation, the importance of embracing authenticity, and the need for cybersecurity professionals, emphasizing the demand for defensive roles and the job security in the field, with a focus on the shortage of cybersecurity positions and the role of hackers in defending against cyber threats.', 'duration': 466.934, 'highlights': ['The shortage of cybersecurity positions globally with 3.5 million unfilled roles, emphasizing job security for cybersecurity professionals. Highlighting the significant shortage of cybersecurity positions globally, with 3.5 million unfilled roles, underlining the job security and high demand for cybersecurity professionals.', "The importance of embracing authenticity and being true to oneself, as it is valued by the internet community, advocating for individuals to fully express their uniqueness. Emphasizing the value of authenticity and encouraging individuals to express their uniqueness as it is highly appreciated by the internet community, promoting the idea of embracing one's true self.", 'Encouraging individuals, especially young people, to pursue cybersecurity careers, focusing on defensive roles and the intellectual stimulation, job security, and the potential to serve the country. Encouraging young individuals to consider cybersecurity careers, particularly in defensive roles, highlighting the intellectual stimulation, job security, and the opportunity to serve the country, aiming to address the shortage of cybersecurity professionals and the importance of defensive roles.']}, {'end': 7286.137, 'start': 6851.045, 'title': 'Hope for the future', 'summary': "Explores the author's hope for the future amidst current global challenges, emphasizing the potential of the younger generation to bring about positive change and the importance of authenticity in the digital age.", 'duration': 435.092, 'highlights': ['The author expresses hope for the future, citing the fundamental goodness of people and the potential of the younger generation to address current global challenges. The author believes in the fundamental goodness of people and sees hope in the potential of the younger generation to bring positive change amidst current global challenges.', 'The importance of authenticity in the digital age is emphasized, with the belief that people are craving authenticity and the hope that mistakes made in the online sphere will be met with more tolerance and forgiveness. The chapter emphasizes the importance of authenticity in the digital age and hopes for a more tolerant and forgiving attitude towards mistakes made in the online sphere.', "The conversation highlights the challenges to be solved, acknowledging the difficulties in addressing the subject of cyber war and cybersecurity, while also appreciating the author's efforts in tackling these difficult topics. The conversation acknowledges the challenges in addressing the subject of cyber war and cybersecurity, while also appreciating the author's efforts in tackling these difficult topics."]}], 'duration': 1352.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hy2G3PhGm-g/pics/hy2G3PhGm-g5933947.jpg', 'highlights': ['The shortage of cybersecurity positions globally with 3.5 million unfilled roles, emphasizing job security for cybersecurity professionals.', "The concept of identifying and protecting 'crown jewels' in the digital world, like valuable sources, is emphasized as a crucial aspect of navigating the digital landscape.", 'The importance of embracing authenticity and being true to oneself, as it is valued by the internet community, advocating for individuals to fully express their uniqueness.', 'The decision-making process of embracing or rejecting digital technology is discussed, with the consideration of living off the grid and avoiding digital tools like navigation, Google Maps, and iPhones.', 'The author expresses hope for the future, citing the fundamental goodness of people and the potential of the younger generation to address current global challenges.', "The impact of having a family changed the speaker's risk perception, making them willing to defend their family at any cost.", "The speaker's worldview changed after Jamal Khashoggi's incident, raising concerns about journalism and personal freedom.", 'Encouraging individuals, especially young people, to pursue cybersecurity careers, focusing on defensive roles and the intellectual stimulation, job security, and the potential to serve the country.', 'The importance of authenticity in the digital age is emphasized, with the belief that people are craving authenticity and the hope that mistakes made in the online sphere will be met with more tolerance and forgiveness.', "The conversation highlights the challenges to be solved, acknowledging the difficulties in addressing the subject of cyber war and cybersecurity, while also appreciating the author's efforts in tackling these difficult topics."]}], 'highlights': ['The lucrative market for cyber weapons enables the sale of exploits to zero-day brokers for up to $2 million, highlighting the high value placed on digital warfare capabilities.', "The ability to capture sensitive data and conduct surveillance without consent poses a significant threat to individuals' privacy and security, including location, contacts, telephone calls, and camera recordings.", 'The alarming rise of cyber threats has led to a new era of mutually assured digital destruction, raising concerns about the extent to which people are willing to exploit these vulnerabilities.', 'Nicole Perleroth, a cybersecurity journalist and author, has interviewed a diverse range of experts, providing a comprehensive understanding of the cyber weapons arm race.', 'The value of Android remote zero-day exploits has surpassed that of iPhone iOS exploits in the underground market, attributed to the larger market share of Android devices and the demand from deep-pocketed governments for surveillance purposes.', 'Zero-day exploits are sought after for targeted attacks, ranging from specific individuals in urgent situations to large populations, as seen in cases targeting Uyghurs through watering hole attacks.', 'The history of zero-day exploits dates back to the 80s and 90s, when hackers initially found software vulnerabilities out of curiosity and hobby, prompting a shift to silently trading information due to resistance from tech companies.', 'Bug bounty programs by major companies like Google and Facebook, rewarding hackers for quality assurance, have positively impacted the security of software, despite the continued ethical and diplomatic challenges within the hacker community.', 'The underground zero-day market operates with a $2.5 million bounty for hackers, leading to ethical compromises.', 'Ransomware groups increasingly use zero-day exploits, a significant tactic advancement', '80% of ransomware attacks result from a lack of two-factor authentication', 'Significant ransom demands, e.g., $50M for an Apple supplier, illustrate financial impact', "Baltimore's $18M remediation cost after not paying $76,000 ransom demonstrates complex decision-making", "Colonial Pipeline's frozen billing systems emphasize real-world consequences on critical infrastructure", 'Ransomware attack on a Vermont hospital disrupted chemo treatment, leading to an existential crisis', "NotPetya attack paralyzed Merck's factories, exemplifying severe consequences on critical infrastructure", "US Cyber Command's hacking into the Russian power grid exemplifies mutually assured digital destruction", 'Implementing two-factor authentication significantly reduces successful cyber attacks.', 'Using two-factor authentication with non-reusable passwords creates a formidable barrier against unauthorized access.', 'Biometric authentication, particularly through fingerprint and Face ID technology, enhances security measures.', 'The use of biometric data for authentication involves creating multiple layers of protection using various biometric factors.', 'Blockchain technology enables ransomware attacks, demanding payments in cryptocurrency, e.g., five bitcoins.', "The chapter discusses the complex impact of Edward Snowden's leaked NSA documents.", "The NSA's advanced espionage capabilities were revealed in the documents, causing mixed emotions.", "The UAE government's abuse of power includes confiscation of passports, hacking of personal devices, censorship of dissent on social media, leading to solitary confinement and hunger strikes by critics.", 'The shortage of cybersecurity positions globally with 3.5 million unfilled roles, emphasizing job security for cybersecurity professionals.', "The concept of identifying and protecting 'crown jewels' in the digital world, like valuable sources, is emphasized as a crucial aspect of navigating the digital landscape.", 'The importance of embracing authenticity and being true to oneself, as it is valued by the internet community, advocating for individuals to fully express their uniqueness.', 'The decision-making process of embracing or rejecting digital technology is discussed, with the consideration of living off the grid and avoiding digital tools like navigation, Google Maps, and iPhones.', 'The author expresses hope for the future, citing the fundamental goodness of people and the potential of the younger generation to address current global challenges.', "The impact of having a family changed the speaker's risk perception, making them willing to defend their family at any cost.", "The speaker's worldview changed after Jamal Khashoggi's incident, raising concerns about journalism and personal freedom.", 'Encouraging individuals, especially young people, to pursue cybersecurity careers, focusing on defensive roles and the intellectual stimulation, job security, and the potential to serve the country.', 'The importance of authenticity in the digital age is emphasized, with the belief that people are craving authenticity and the hope that mistakes made in the online sphere will be met with more tolerance and forgiveness.']}