title
Richard Haier: IQ Tests, Human Intelligence, and Group Differences | Lex Fridman Podcast #302
description
Richard Haier is a psychologist specializing in the science of human intelligence. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Richard's Twitter: https://twitter.com/rjhaier
Richard's Website: https://richardhaier.com/
Documents & Articles:
1. Child IQ and survival to 79: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491698/
2. Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth: https://my.vanderbilt.edu/smpy/files/2013/02/DoingPsychScience2006.pdf
Books:
1. The Neuroscience of Intelligence: https://amzn.to/3n50DcC
2. The Book of Five Rings: https://amzn.to/3y4Xcc6
3. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: https://amzn.to/3zPAW7q
4. Flowers for Algernon: https://amzn.to/3OfRKZS
5. The Bell Curve: https://amzn.to/3Ng4RJe
6. The Mismeasure of Man: https://amzn.to/3N9IkxB
7. Human Diversity: https://amzn.to/3O7Trsc
8. Facing Reality: https://amzn.to/3bfzqkX
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
0:43 - Measuring human intelligence
15:11 - IQ tests
37:59 - College entrance exams
46:36 - Genetics
52:35 - Enhancing intelligence
1:00:04 - The Bell Curve
1:12:35 - Race differences
1:31:48 - Bell curve criticisms
1:40:57 - Intelligence and life success
1:50:34 - Flynn effect
1:55:26 - Nature vs nuture
2:22:19 - Testing artificial intelligence
2:34:23 - Advice
2:38:30 - Mortality
SOCIAL:
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- Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman
detail
{'title': 'Richard Haier: IQ Tests, Human Intelligence, and Group Differences | Lex Fridman Podcast #302', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5629.761, 'start': 5518.155, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'The podcast explores the science of human intelligence, including the controversial impact on racism, the concept of general intelligence, the correlation between iq and population, the influence of genetics on intelligence, and the correlation between intelligence and success, highlighting the significance of empathy, ethics, and compassion in addressing these sensitive issues.', 'chapters': [{'end': 80.296, 'segs': [{'end': 80.296, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.049, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9.197, 'text': "Let me ask you to this question whether it's bell curve or any research on race differences.", 'start': 0.049, 'duration': 9.148}, {'end': 12.961, 'text': 'can that be used to increase the amount of racism in the world??', 'start': 9.197, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 16.324, 'text': 'Can that be used to increase the amount of hate in the world??', 'start': 13.561, 'duration': 2.763}, {'end': 34.245, 'text': 'My sense is there is such enormous reservoirs of hate and racism that have nothing to do with scientific knowledge of the data that speak against that.', 'start': 16.989, 'duration': 17.256}, {'end': 35.967, 'text': "that no, I don't.", 'start': 34.245, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 41.792, 'text': "I don't want to give racist groups of veto power over what scientists study.", 'start': 36.867, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 48.718, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Richard Heyer on the science of human intelligence.', 'start': 44.212, 'duration': 4.506}, {'end': 54.245, 'text': 'This is a highly controversial topic, but a critically important one for understanding the human mind.', 'start': 49.339, 'duration': 4.906}, {'end': 65.599, 'text': 'I hope you will join me in not shying away from difficult topics like this, and instead, let us try to navigate it with empathy, rigor, and grace.', 'start': 55.071, 'duration': 10.528}, {'end': 74.026, 'text': "If you're watching this on video now, I should mention that I'm recording this introduction in an undisclosed location somewhere in the world.", 'start': 66.48, 'duration': 7.546}, {'end': 76.988, 'text': "I'm safe and happy, and life is beautiful.", 'start': 74.626, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 80.296, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 78.652, 'duration': 1.644}], 'summary': 'The conversation explores the impact of scientific knowledge on racism and hate, advocating for empathy and understanding.', 'duration': 80.247, 'max_score': 0.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g49.jpg'}], 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Science of human intelligence', 'summary': 'Delves into the controversial topic of human intelligence and its potential impact on racism and hate, highlighting the significance of empathy, rigor, and grace in addressing such sensitive issues.', 'chapters': [{'end': 80.296, 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Science of human intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the controversial topic of human intelligence and its potential impact on racism and hate, emphasizing the importance of empathy, rigor, and grace in navigating such difficult topics.', 'duration': 80.247, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the potential impact of bell curve and research on race differences on increasing racism and hate in the world.', 'The speaker emphasizes that scientific knowledge and data have little influence on the enormous reservoirs of hate and racism in the world.', 'The conversation with Richard Heyer on the science of human intelligence is described as highly controversial and critically important for understanding the human mind.', 'The speaker encourages not shying away from difficult topics like this and navigating them with empathy, rigor, and grace.', 'The introduction is recorded in an undisclosed location, with the speaker expressing safety, happiness, and the beauty of life.']}], 'duration': 80.247, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g49.jpg', 'highlights': ['The conversation with Richard Heyer on the science of human intelligence is described as highly controversial and critically important for understanding the human mind.', 'The chapter discusses the potential impact of bell curve and research on race differences on increasing racism and hate in the world.', 'The speaker encourages not shying away from difficult topics like this and navigating them with empathy, rigor, and grace.', 'The introduction is recorded in an undisclosed location, with the speaker expressing safety, happiness, and the beauty of life.', 'The speaker emphasizes that scientific knowledge and data have little influence on the enormous reservoirs of hate and racism in the world.']}, {'end': 1252.533, 'segs': [{'end': 151.876, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 126.185, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 136.434, 'text': 'And what almost all researchers who study intelligence use is the concept called the G factor, general intelligence.', 'start': 126.185, 'duration': 10.249}, {'end': 139.256, 'text': 'And that is what is common.', 'start': 137.234, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 146.042, 'text': 'That is a mental ability that is common to virtually all tests of mental abilities.', 'start': 139.576, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 151.876, 'text': "What's the origin of the term G-factor, by the way? It's such a funny word for such a fundamental human thing.", 'start': 146.553, 'duration': 5.323}], 'summary': 'Researchers use g factor, a common mental ability in intelligence tests.', 'duration': 25.691, 'max_score': 126.185, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g126185.jpg'}, {'end': 396.273, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 369.987, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 380.294, 'text': 'And I think I can say, without fear of being empirically contradicted, that it is the most replicated finding in all of psychology.', 'start': 369.987, 'duration': 10.307}, {'end': 382.937, 'text': 'Now, some cynics may say, well, big deal.', 'start': 381.095, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 387.963, 'text': "We all know there's a replication crisis in psychology, and a lot of this stuff doesn't replicate.", 'start': 383.538, 'duration': 4.425}, {'end': 389.305, 'text': "That's all true.", 'start': 388.444, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 396.273, 'text': 'There is no replication crisis when it comes to studying the existence of this general factor.', 'start': 389.705, 'duration': 6.568}], 'summary': 'Most replicated finding in psychology, no replication crisis for general factor.', 'duration': 26.286, 'max_score': 369.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g369987.jpg'}, {'end': 503.772, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 465.933, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 469.656, 'text': 'But those factors have variants in common with each other.', 'start': 465.933, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 477.638, 'text': "and that's what's common among all the tests, and that's what gets labeled the G factor.", 'start': 470.616, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 488.202, 'text': 'So if you give a diverse battery of mental tests and you extract a G factor from it, that factor usually accounts for around half of the variance.', 'start': 478.139, 'duration': 10.063}, {'end': 492.163, 'text': "It's the single biggest factor, but it's not the only factor.", 'start': 488.262, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 503.772, 'text': 'But it is the most reliable, it is the most stable, and it seems to be very much influenced by genetics.', 'start': 492.884, 'duration': 10.888}], 'summary': 'The g factor extracted from diverse mental tests accounts for around half of the variance, influenced by genetics.', 'duration': 37.839, 'max_score': 465.933, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g465933.jpg'}, {'end': 866.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 836.592, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 839.532, 'text': 'Let me go back and just say one more empirical thing.', 'start': 836.592, 'duration': 2.94}, {'end': 847.513, 'text': "It doesn't matter which battery of tests you use.", 'start': 842.153, 'duration': 5.36}, {'end': 850.596, 'text': 'So there are countless tests.', 'start': 848.774, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 858.944, 'text': 'You can take any 12 of them at random, extract a G factor and another 12 at random and extract a G factor,', 'start': 850.736, 'duration': 8.208}, {'end': 863.128, 'text': 'and those G factors will be highly correlated, like over 0.9, with each other.', 'start': 858.944, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 866.07, 'text': 'So it is ubiquitous.', 'start': 864.289, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Various tests yield highly correlated g factors, over 0.9, showing ubiquity.', 'duration': 29.478, 'max_score': 836.592, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g836592.jpg'}, {'end': 1175.119, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1142.797, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1145.138, 'text': 'They all essentially measure stability.', 'start': 1142.797, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 1149.341, 'text': 'and IQ tests are stable within an individual.', 'start': 1146.059, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1158.167, 'text': 'There are some longitudinal studies where children were measured at age 11 and again when they were 70 years old,', 'start': 1149.802, 'duration': 8.365}, {'end': 1161.83, 'text': 'and the two IQ scores are highly correlated with each other.', 'start': 1158.167, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 1165.152, 'text': 'This comes from a fascinating study from Scotland.', 'start': 1162.11, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 1175.119, 'text': 'In the 1930s, some researchers decided to get an IQ test on every single child age 11 in the whole country.', 'start': 1166.353, 'duration': 8.766}], 'summary': "Iq tests show stability within individuals, as seen in a study measuring children's iq at age 11 and again at 70, with highly correlated scores.", 'duration': 32.322, 'max_score': 1142.797, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1142797.jpg'}], 'start': 80.416, 'title': 'Measuring human intelligence', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of general intelligence (g factor) as a common mental ability, its stability across cultures, accounting for around half of the variance in mental tests, and its implications on intelligence and mortality.', 'chapters': [{'end': 289.937, 'start': 80.416, 'title': 'Measuring human intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of general intelligence (g factor) as a common mental ability among various tests, introduced by charles spearman over 100 years ago, and suggests that everyday experiences may not align with the actual data on intelligence.', 'duration': 209.521, 'highlights': ['The concept of general intelligence (G factor) is a common mental ability among various tests, introduced by Charles Spearman over 100 years ago. Charles Spearman introduced the concept of the G factor, which is a mental ability common to virtually all tests of mental abilities, based on positive correlations observed across different tests.', 'Everyday experiences may not align with the actual data on intelligence. The chapter suggests that everyday experiences, where individuals may excel in one area but not in another, do not necessarily contradict the general tendency of intelligence as indicated by the data.']}, {'end': 835.571, 'start': 289.937, 'title': 'The g-factor: universal measure of intelligence', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of the g-factor, a stable measure of intelligence, which is the most replicated finding in all of psychology, found in all cultures, accounts for around half of the variance in mental tests, and is highly influenced by genetics.', 'duration': 545.634, 'highlights': ['The G-factor is the most replicated finding in all of psychology. The concept of the G-factor is the most replicated finding in all of psychology, demonstrating its robustness and significance.', 'It is a universal measure found in all cultures. The G-factor has been observed to be universal, present in all cultures, indicating its cross-cultural significance.', 'The G-factor accounts for around half of the variance in mental tests. The G-factor accounts for approximately 50% of the variability observed in diverse mental tests, highlighting its substantial influence on cognitive performance.', 'It is highly influenced by genetics. The G-factor is significantly influenced by genetics, making it resistant to change through training or external factors, emphasizing its stability and hereditary nature.']}, {'end': 1252.533, 'start': 836.592, 'title': 'Understanding the g factor', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of the g factor, which is common among all tests of mental ability, including its correlation with various tests, its relevance to iq, and its stable properties, as well as its implications on intelligence and mortality.', 'duration': 415.941, 'highlights': ['The G factor is ubiquitous and highly correlated, over 0.9, among different batteries of tests, showcasing its general nature. The G factor is highly correlated, over 0.9, among different batteries of tests, indicating its general nature.', 'IQ is a score on a test that estimates the G-factor, allowing a rank order of people based on the score, but it does not provide an absolute measure of intelligence. IQ is a score on a test that estimates the G-factor, allowing a rank order of people based on the score, but it does not provide an absolute measure of intelligence.', 'IQ tests are stable within an individual, as shown in longitudinal studies measuring children at age 11 and again at 70 years old, with highly correlated IQ scores. Longitudinal studies have shown that IQ tests are stable within an individual, as demonstrated by highly correlated IQ scores measured at age 11 and again at 70 years old.']}], 'duration': 1172.117, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g80416.jpg', 'highlights': ['The G-factor is the most replicated finding in all of psychology.', 'The G-factor accounts for around half of the variance in mental tests.', 'The G factor is ubiquitous and highly correlated, over 0.9, among different batteries of tests, showcasing its general nature.', 'IQ tests are stable within an individual, as shown in longitudinal studies measuring children at age 11 and again at 70 years old, with highly correlated IQ scores.', 'The concept of general intelligence (G factor) is a common mental ability among various tests, introduced by Charles Spearman over 100 years ago.']}, {'end': 1908.08, 'segs': [{'end': 1277.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1252.533, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1261.498, 'text': 'I have the graph in the book, but there are essentially twice as many people alive in the highest IQ quartile than in the lowest IQ quartile.', 'start': 1252.533, 'duration': 8.965}, {'end': 1263.359, 'text': "It's true in men and women.", 'start': 1261.758, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 1268.063, 'text': 'Interesting So it makes a big difference.', 'start': 1265.341, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 1275.028, 'text': 'Now, why this is the case is not so clear since everyone had access to healthcare.', 'start': 1268.103, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 1277.31, 'text': "Well, there's a lot, and we'll talk about it.", 'start': 1275.629, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Twice as many people in highest iq quartile than lowest, true for men and women.', 'duration': 24.777, 'max_score': 1252.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1252533.jpg'}, {'end': 1361.877, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1335.622, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1342.566, 'text': "So there's a personality test called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI.", 'start': 1335.622, 'duration': 6.944}, {'end': 1344.027, 'text': 'Been around for decades.', 'start': 1342.746, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 1349.171, 'text': "I've heard about this test recently because of the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard trial.", 'start': 1344.087, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 1350.792, 'text': "I don't know if you've been paying attention to that.", 'start': 1349.191, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 1353.513, 'text': 'I have not been paying attention to it.', 'start': 1351.332, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 1361.877, 'text': "They had psychologists on the stand and they were talking, apparently those psychologists did, again, I'm learning so much from this trial.", 'start': 1353.533, 'duration': 8.344}], 'summary': 'The minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi) has been around for decades and gained attention due to the johnny depp and amber heard trial.', 'duration': 26.255, 'max_score': 1335.622, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1335622.jpg'}, {'end': 1456.138, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1429.776, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1437.284, 'text': 'nobody knows why these items in aggregate predict anything, but empirically they do.', 'start': 1429.776, 'duration': 7.508}, {'end': 1444.532, 'text': "It's a technique of choosing items for a test that is called dust bowl empiricism.", 'start': 1437.964, 'duration': 6.568}, {'end': 1448.893, 'text': "that the content doesn't matter, but for some reason,", 'start': 1445.831, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 1456.138, 'text': 'when you get a criterion group of people with this disorder and you compare them to people without that disorder,', 'start': 1448.893, 'duration': 7.245}], 'summary': 'Dust bowl empiricism technique predicts disorder in people.', 'duration': 26.362, 'max_score': 1429.776, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1429776.jpg'}, {'end': 1811.926, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1783.633, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1795.496, 'text': 'Well, it turns out vocabulary is highly correlated, and it turns out that digit span backwards is highly correlated.', 'start': 1783.633, 'duration': 11.863}, {'end': 1798.514, 'text': 'How do you figure??', 'start': 1796.929, 'duration': 1.585}, {'end': 1803.328, 'text': 'Now you have decades of research to answer the question.', 'start': 1798.654, 'duration': 4.674}, {'end': 1803.97, 'text': 'how do you figure??', 'start': 1803.328, 'duration': 0.642}, {'end': 1811.926, 'text': "Right, so now there's like good research that gives you intuition about what kind of questions get at it.", 'start': 1804.645, 'duration': 7.281}], 'summary': 'Vocabulary and digit span backward are highly correlated in research.', 'duration': 28.293, 'max_score': 1783.633, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1783633.jpg'}], 'start': 1252.533, 'title': 'Impact of iq and use of mmpi test', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of iq on population, noting twice as many in highest iq quartile than lowest, and the use of mmpi in diagnosing personality disorders, including unique dust bowl empiricism technique, mmpi items content, and correlation with g factor in iq tests, backed by decades of research.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1334.101, 'start': 1252.533, 'title': 'Iq and its impact on population', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of iq on population, noting that there are twice as many people in the highest iq quartile than in the lowest, and the influence of nature vs. nurture on iq remains unclear. it also touches on the design of iq tests and the importance of the empirical relationship of test items to the total score.', 'duration': 81.568, 'highlights': ['The highest IQ quartile has twice as many people as the lowest, a significant difference in population distribution.', 'The influence of nature vs. nurture on IQ remains unclear, indicating a need for further scientific investigation.', 'The design of IQ tests emphasizes the empirical relationship of test items to the total score, rather than the content of the items themselves.']}, {'end': 1908.08, 'start': 1335.622, 'title': 'The mmpi personality test and its use in diagnosing disorders', 'summary': 'Discusses the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi) and its systematic use in diagnosing personality disorders, including the unique technique of dust bowl empiricism in selecting test items, the content of the mmpi items, and its correlation with g factor in iq tests, backed by decades of research.', 'duration': 572.458, 'highlights': ['The MMPI is systematically used to diagnose personality disorders. The MMPI is one of the most scientifically researched tests for diagnosing personality disorders, and it was continuously cited in the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard trial by psychologists.', 'The technique of dust bowl empiricism is used to select MMPI test items, irrespective of their content. The MMPI test items are chosen based on dust bowl empiricism, where the content of the items does not matter, but they empirically predict personality disorders when compared between groups with and without the disorder.', 'Certain subtests on the IQ test, such as vocabulary and digit span backwards, are highly correlated with the G factor. Decades of research have shown a high correlation between certain subtests on the IQ test, like vocabulary and digit span backwards, and the general intelligence factor (G factor).', 'The Hick paradigm test measures reaction time and is not verbal. The Hick paradigm test involves pressing buttons corresponding to lights that go on in a reaction time test, providing a non-verbal measure of cognitive ability.']}], 'duration': 655.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1252533.jpg', 'highlights': ['The highest IQ quartile has twice as many people as the lowest, a significant difference in population distribution.', 'The MMPI is systematically used to diagnose personality disorders and was cited in the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard trial by psychologists.', 'Certain subtests on the IQ test, such as vocabulary and digit span backwards, are highly correlated with the G factor.', 'The technique of dust bowl empiricism is used to select MMPI test items, irrespective of their content.']}, {'end': 3026.673, 'segs': [{'end': 2027.634, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1997.793, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2001.354, 'text': 'So that adding the time element is important.', 'start': 1997.793, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 2011.417, 'text': 'So speed of information processing, and reaction time is a measure of speed of information processing, turns out to be related to the G factor.', 'start': 2001.434, 'duration': 9.983}, {'end': 2017.468, 'text': 'But the G factor only accounts for maybe half or some amount on the test performance.', 'start': 2011.897, 'duration': 5.571}, {'end': 2021.756, 'text': 'For example, I get pretty bad test anxiety.', 'start': 2017.508, 'duration': 4.248}, {'end': 2027.634, 'text': "Like I was never, I mean, I just don't enjoy tests.", 'start': 2022.036, 'duration': 5.598}], 'summary': 'Speed of information processing and reaction time are related to the g factor, accounting for about half of test performance.', 'duration': 29.841, 'max_score': 1997.793, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1997793.jpg'}, {'end': 2082.556, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2050.222, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2053.163, 'text': "But you're saying underneath there, there's still a G factor.", 'start': 2050.222, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 2056.984, 'text': "There's still- There's no question.", 'start': 2053.243, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 2061.647, 'text': "And if you get anxious taking the test, many people say, oh, I didn't do well because I'm anxious.", 'start': 2057.304, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 2064.547, 'text': 'I hear that a lot.', 'start': 2063.547, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 2071.572, 'text': "Well, fine, if you're really anxious during the test, the score will be a bad estimate of your G factor.", 'start': 2065.029, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 2073.853, 'text': "It doesn't mean the G factor isn't there.", 'start': 2072.012, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2082.556, 'text': "And by the way, standardized tests like the SAT, They're essentially intelligence tests.", 'start': 2075.034, 'duration': 7.522}], 'summary': 'Standardized tests like the sat are essentially intelligence tests, and anxiety may affect test scores but does not eliminate the presence of the underlying g factor.', 'duration': 32.334, 'max_score': 2050.222, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2050222.jpg'}, {'end': 2181.665, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2155.187, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2159.57, 'text': 'I took the SAT and I think it was called the ACT, where I was to.', 'start': 2155.187, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 2162.171, 'text': 'also, I took SAT many times.', 'start': 2159.57, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 2169.975, 'text': 'Every single time I got it perfect on math and verbal, the time limit on the verbal made me very anxious.', 'start': 2162.952, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 2171.857, 'text': 'i did not.', 'start': 2171.036, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 2172.497, 'text': 'i mean part of it.', 'start': 2171.857, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 2177.982, 'text': "i didn't speak english very well, but honestly, it was like you're supposed to remember stuff and like.", 'start': 2172.497, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 2181.665, 'text': "i was so anxious and like, as i'm reading, i'm sweating, i can't.", 'start': 2177.982, 'duration': 3.683}], 'summary': 'Took sat and act, perfect scores in math and verbal, struggled with time limit and anxiety due to language barriers.', 'duration': 26.478, 'max_score': 2155.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2155187.jpg'}, {'end': 2366.144, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2301.377, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2308.783, 'text': 'Whoever is interpreting the score has to take into account various things that would affect your individual score.', 'start': 2301.377, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 2321.993, 'text': "And that's why decisions about college admission or anything else where tests are used are hardly ever the only criterion to make a decision.", 'start': 2309.223, 'duration': 12.77}, {'end': 2326.546, 'text': 'And I think people are, college admissions letting go of that very much.', 'start': 2322.341, 'duration': 4.205}, {'end': 2331.011, 'text': 'But what does that even mean?', 'start': 2328.148, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 2338.219, 'text': 'Because is it possible to design standardized tests that do get that are useful to college admissions?', 'start': 2331.051, 'duration': 7.168}, {'end': 2339.64, 'text': 'Well, they already exist.', 'start': 2338.359, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2345.045, 'text': 'The SAT is highly correlated with many aspects of success at college.', 'start': 2339.68, 'duration': 5.365}, {'end': 2345.866, 'text': "Here's the problem.", 'start': 2345.265, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 2348.288, 'text': 'So maybe you could speak to this.', 'start': 2346.386, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 2352.392, 'text': 'The correlation across the population versus individuals.', 'start': 2349.229, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 2363.422, 'text': 'So Our criminal justice system is designed to make sure.', 'start': 2353.433, 'duration': 9.989}, {'end': 2366.144, 'text': "well, it's still.", 'start': 2363.422, 'duration': 2.722}], 'summary': 'Standardized tests are not the sole criterion for college admissions decisions; sat is highly correlated with college success.', 'duration': 64.767, 'max_score': 2301.377, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2301377.jpg'}, {'end': 2491.233, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2461.935, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2466.398, 'text': 'And that tilt has been studied empirically to see what that predicts.', 'start': 2461.935, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2474.424, 'text': "And in fact, you can't make predictions about college success based on tilt.", 'start': 2467.321, 'duration': 7.103}, {'end': 2476.686, 'text': 'And mathematics is a good example.', 'start': 2474.965, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 2483.449, 'text': 'There are many people, especially non-native speakers of English, who come to this country, take the SATs,', 'start': 2476.726, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 2486.25, 'text': 'do very well on the math and not so well on the verbal.', 'start': 2483.449, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 2491.233, 'text': "Well, if they're applying to a math program,", 'start': 2486.871, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Empirical studies show tilt does not predict college success, especially in math.', 'duration': 29.298, 'max_score': 2461.935, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2461935.jpg'}, {'end': 2645.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2610.059, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2612.2, 'text': 'Intelligence is not just an IQ score.', 'start': 2610.059, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 2614.241, 'text': "It's not just an SAT score.", 'start': 2612.5, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2621.766, 'text': "It's what those numbers reflect about your ability to navigate everyday life.", 'start': 2614.802, 'duration': 6.964}, {'end': 2628.269, 'text': 'It has been said that life is one long intelligence test.', 'start': 2623.046, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 2634.253, 'text': "And who can't relate to that?", 'start': 2632.152, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 2645.23, 'text': 'And if you doubt, see another problem here is a lot of critics of intelligence research, intelligence testing tend to be academics who, by and large,', 'start': 2635.644, 'duration': 9.586}], 'summary': 'Intelligence goes beyond iq and sat scores, reflecting the ability to navigate life. critics of intelligence testing are often academics.', 'duration': 35.171, 'max_score': 2610.059, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2610059.jpg'}, {'end': 2763.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2706.961, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2709.522, 'text': 'We know this, by the way, because there are many efforts.', 'start': 2706.961, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 2713.245, 'text': 'You know, the United States military, which excels at training people.', 'start': 2709.542, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 2719.528, 'text': "I mean, I don't know that there's a better organization in the world for training diverse people.", 'start': 2714.165, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 2722.73, 'text': "And they won't take people with IQs under.", 'start': 2720.369, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 2734.06, 'text': 'I think 83 is the cutoff, because they are unable to train people, people with lower IQs, to do jobs in the military.', 'start': 2722.73, 'duration': 11.33}, {'end': 2737.302, 'text': 'So one of the things that G-factor has to do with is learning.', 'start': 2734.42, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2741.726, 'text': 'Absolutely Some people learn faster than others.', 'start': 2737.743, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 2745.109, 'text': 'Some people learn more than others.', 'start': 2742.747, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 2751.734, 'text': 'Now, faster, by the way, is not necessarily better as long as you get to the same place eventually.', 'start': 2745.529, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 2763.268, 'text': 'But there are professional schools that want students who can learn the fastest, because they can learn more or learn deeper,', 'start': 2753.82, 'duration': 9.448}], 'summary': 'Us military sets iq cutoff at 83 for training; g-factor affects learning speed and depth.', 'duration': 56.307, 'max_score': 2706.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2706961.jpg'}, {'end': 2942.775, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2914.524, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2918.706, 'text': "And there's something about tests of intelligence.", 'start': 2914.524, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 2927.209, 'text': 'just knowing that some people are different, like the science of intelligence that shows that some people are genetically,', 'start': 2919.966, 'duration': 7.243}, {'end': 2940.714, 'text': 'in some stable way across a lifetime, have a greater intelligence than others, makes people feel like some people are better than others.', 'start': 2927.209, 'duration': 13.505}, {'end': 2942.775, 'text': 'And that makes them very uncomfortable.', 'start': 2941.214, 'duration': 1.561}], 'summary': 'Science of intelligence indicates genetic differences, causing discomfort', 'duration': 28.251, 'max_score': 2914.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g2914524.jpg'}], 'start': 1908.08, 'title': 'Correlation between intelligence and testing', 'summary': 'Delves into the correlation between reaction time, anxiety, and the g factor in standardized testing, emphasizing the impact on iq test performance, college success, and the controversial influence of genetics on intelligence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2155.187, 'start': 1908.08, 'title': 'Reaction time and g factor correlation', 'summary': 'Discusses the correlation between reaction time to complex tasks and the g factor, highlighting the importance of time limits in iq tests and the impact of anxiety on test performance.', 'duration': 247.107, 'highlights': ['Reaction time to complex tasks is highly correlated with the G factor, indicating the importance of speed of information processing in cognitive abilities. The reaction time to a more complex task is highly correlated with the G factor, emphasizing the significance of speed of information processing in cognitive abilities.', 'Time limits in IQ tests are important as they help distinguish among individuals and provide a more accurate estimate of the G factor. IQ tests with time limits are crucial in distinguishing among individuals and providing a more accurate estimate of the G factor.', 'Anxiety during tests can impact test performance but does not eliminate the presence of the G factor, highlighting the need for multiple tests to estimate the G factor effectively. Anxiety during tests may impact test performance but does not eliminate the presence of the G factor, emphasizing the necessity of multiple tests to estimate the G factor effectively.']}, {'end': 2706, 'start': 2155.187, 'title': 'Anxieties of standardized testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the anxiety experienced during standardized testing, the impact of time limits on performance, the interpretation of individual scores, and the correlation between standardized tests and college success, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of intelligence and personality.', 'duration': 550.813, 'highlights': ['The speaker consistently scored perfectly on math and verbal sections of the SAT despite experiencing extreme anxiety due to time limits on the verbal section, reflecting the impact of test-taking environment on performance. Consistent perfect scores on math and verbal sections, extreme anxiety due to time limits on the verbal section', 'The speaker emphasizes the need for individualized interpretation of test scores, citing various reasons for not knowing answers at a particular moment, and highlights the importance of considering multiple factors in making decisions about college admissions. Emphasizes need for individualized interpretation of test scores, highlights importance of considering multiple factors in college admissions decisions', 'The discussion delves into the correlation between standardized tests and college success, pointing out the limitations of using high school grades as the sole criterion for college admission and the need for considering a variety of information in decision-making. Correlation between standardized tests and college success, limitations of using high school grades as sole criterion for college admission', "The speaker raises the issue of 'tilt' in test scores and its empirical study, emphasizing the disparity between math and verbal scores and its impact on predictions about college success, particularly for non-native English speakers. Raises issue of 'tilt' in test scores, disparity between math and verbal scores, impact on predictions about college success for non-native English speakers", "The chapter concludes by highlighting the multifaceted nature of intelligence and personality, emphasizing that intelligence goes beyond IQ or SAT scores and is closely tied to an individual's ability to navigate everyday life. Multifaceted nature of intelligence and personality, intelligence beyond IQ or SAT scores, tie between intelligence and navigating everyday life"]}, {'end': 3026.673, 'start': 2706.961, 'title': 'Genetics and intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the correlation between genetics and intelligence, emphasizing the influence of genetics on the g factor and the controversy surrounding its deterministic nature, with insights into military iq cutoffs and academic selection criteria.', 'duration': 319.712, 'highlights': ['The United States military sets an IQ cutoff of 83 for training, as lower IQ individuals are unable to perform military jobs. The United States military has an IQ cutoff of 83 for training, indicating their inability to train individuals with lower IQs for military jobs.', 'Professional schools prioritize students who can learn the fastest, as they can acquire more knowledge or deeper understanding. Professional schools seek students who can learn quickly, enabling them to acquire more knowledge or achieve deeper understanding.', 'The discomfort arises from the perception that some people are better than others due to differences in intelligence, which cannot be compensated through education or life experiences. The discomfort stems from the belief that some individuals are inherently better than others due to differences in intelligence, which cannot be compensated through education or life experiences.']}], 'duration': 1118.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g1908080.jpg', 'highlights': ['Reaction time to complex tasks highly correlates with the G factor, emphasizing the significance of speed of information processing in cognitive abilities.', 'Time limits in IQ tests are crucial in distinguishing among individuals and providing a more accurate estimate of the G factor.', 'Anxiety during tests may impact test performance but does not eliminate the presence of the G factor, emphasizing the necessity of multiple tests to estimate the G factor effectively.', 'Consistent perfect scores on math and verbal sections, extreme anxiety due to time limits on the verbal section.', 'Emphasizes need for individualized interpretation of test scores, highlights importance of considering multiple factors in college admissions decisions.', 'Correlation between standardized tests and college success, limitations of using high school grades as sole criterion for college admission.', "Raises issue of 'tilt' in test scores, disparity between math and verbal scores, impact on predictions about college success for non-native English speakers.", 'Multifaceted nature of intelligence and personality, intelligence beyond IQ or SAT scores, tie between intelligence and navigating everyday life.', 'The United States military has an IQ cutoff of 83 for training, indicating their inability to train individuals with lower IQs for military jobs.', 'Professional schools seek students who can learn quickly, enabling them to acquire more knowledge or achieve deeper understanding.', 'The discomfort stems from the belief that some individuals are inherently better than others due to differences in intelligence, which cannot be compensated through education or life experiences.']}, {'end': 4298.525, 'segs': [{'end': 3132.295, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3098.417, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3100.218, 'text': 'They were the intellectual class.', 'start': 3098.417, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 3109, 'text': 'It was obvious that they thought very deeply and rationally about the world.', 'start': 3103.516, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 3120.447, 'text': 'So what I would like to say is one of the things that shows to me is some of the worst atrocities in the history of humanity have been committed by very intelligent people.', 'start': 3109.5, 'duration': 10.947}, {'end': 3125.871, 'text': "So that means that intelligence doesn't make you a good person.", 'start': 3122.168, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 3132.295, 'text': "I wonder if, you know, there's a G factor for intelligence.", 'start': 3126.471, 'duration': 5.824}], 'summary': 'Intelligent individuals have committed atrocities, questioning the correlation between intelligence and morality.', 'duration': 33.878, 'max_score': 3098.417, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3098417.jpg'}, {'end': 3190.746, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3156.007, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3157.648, 'text': 'So I agree with you about that.', 'start': 3156.007, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 3158.829, 'text': 'But let me say this.', 'start': 3157.968, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 3166.853, 'text': 'I have also asserted my belief that more intelligence is better than less.', 'start': 3158.849, 'duration': 8.004}, {'end': 3178.194, 'text': "It doesn't mean more intelligent people are better people, but all things being equal, would you like to be smarter or less smart?", 'start': 3169.366, 'duration': 8.828}, {'end': 3181.017, 'text': 'So if I had a pill, I have two pills.', 'start': 3178.795, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 3183.939, 'text': 'I said, this one will make you smarter, this one will make you dumber.', 'start': 3181.297, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 3190.746, 'text': 'Which one would you like? Are there any circumstances under which you would choose to be dumber? Well, let me ask you this.', 'start': 3184.54, 'duration': 6.206}], 'summary': 'Advocating for intelligence, claiming more intelligence is preferable. choice between smarter and dumber pills discussed.', 'duration': 34.739, 'max_score': 3156.007, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3156007.jpg'}, {'end': 3347.452, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3306.321, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3308.122, 'text': "But wouldn't it be something?", 'start': 3306.321, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 3317.466, 'text': "Wouldn't it be world-shaking if you could take the normal distribution of intelligence, which we haven't really talked about yet,", 'start': 3308.742, 'duration': 8.724}, {'end': 3329.572, 'text': 'but IQ scores and the G factor is thought to be a normal distribution and shift it to the right so that everybody is smarter?', 'start': 3317.466, 'duration': 12.106}, {'end': 3334.134, 'text': 'Even a half a standard deviation would be world-shaking.', 'start': 3330.212, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 3347.452, 'text': 'Because there are many social problems, many, many social problems that are exacerbated by people with lower ability to reason,', 'start': 3335.359, 'duration': 12.093}], 'summary': 'Shifting iq distribution to the right could solve social problems, even a half standard deviation shift would be world-shaking.', 'duration': 41.131, 'max_score': 3306.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3306321.jpg'}, {'end': 3451.561, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3390.62, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3399.026, 'text': "No, it's just intuitively, I can see that life becomes easier at the lower end if it's increased.", 'start': 3390.62, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 3409.853, 'text': 'It becomes less and less, it is an empirical scientific question, but it becomes less and less obvious to me that more intelligence is better.', 'start': 3399.826, 'duration': 10.027}, {'end': 3421.983, 'text': "At the high end, not because it would make life easier, but it would make whatever problems you're working on more solvable.", 'start': 3410.533, 'duration': 11.45}, {'end': 3433.114, 'text': "And if you are working on artificial intelligence, there's a tremendous potential for that to improve society.", 'start': 3422.884, 'duration': 10.23}, {'end': 3438.116, 'text': "I understand, so whatever problems you're working on, yes.", 'start': 3433.354, 'duration': 4.762}, {'end': 3441.037, 'text': "But there's also the problem of the human condition.", 'start': 3439.016, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 3449.821, 'text': "There's love, there's fear and all of those beautiful things that sometimes, if you're good at solving problems,", 'start': 3441.737, 'duration': 8.084}, {'end': 3451.561, 'text': "you're going to create more problems for yourself.", 'start': 3449.821, 'duration': 1.74}], 'summary': 'Increasing intelligence may ease life, but at high end, it may solve complex problems and improve society, while also creating new challenges.', 'duration': 60.941, 'max_score': 3390.62, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3390620.jpg'}, {'end': 3669.985, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3638.453, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3645.299, 'text': 'but it raises the question of the full range of people you might be able to be.', 'start': 3638.453, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 3648.362, 'text': 'given different levels of intelligence.', 'start': 3646.841, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3653.908, 'text': "You've mentioned the normal distribution, so let's talk about it.", 'start': 3648.863, 'duration': 5.045}, {'end': 3663.578, 'text': "There's a book called The Bell Curve, written in 1994, written by psychologist Richard Hernstein and political scientist Charles Murray.", 'start': 3654.569, 'duration': 9.009}, {'end': 3669.985, 'text': 'Why was this book so controversial? This is a fascinating book.', 'start': 3664.639, 'duration': 5.346}], 'summary': 'The bell curve book raised controversy in 1994 due to its discussions on intelligence and the normal distribution.', 'duration': 31.532, 'max_score': 3638.453, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3638453.jpg'}, {'end': 3731.977, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3707.083, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3712.746, 'text': 'And that in itself is not where the controversy about that book came.', 'start': 3707.083, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 3716.909, 'text': 'The controversy was about one chapter in that book.', 'start': 3713.647, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 3725.894, 'text': 'And that is a chapter about the average difference in mean scores between black Americans and white Americans.', 'start': 3717.669, 'duration': 8.225}, {'end': 3731.977, 'text': 'And these are the terms that were used in the book at the time and are still used to some extent.', 'start': 3726.914, 'duration': 5.063}], 'summary': "Controversy arose from book's chapter on mean score differences between black and white americans.", 'duration': 24.894, 'max_score': 3707.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3707083.jpg'}, {'end': 4115.719, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4060.052, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4068.156, 'text': "The opening sentence is, I may not quote it exactly right, but it's, we have tried compensatory education and it has failed.", 'start': 4060.052, 'duration': 8.104}, {'end': 4071.258, 'text': 'And he showed that these gains..', 'start': 4069.397, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 4073.946, 'text': 'were essentially nothing.', 'start': 4072.805, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 4083.495, 'text': "You couldn't really document empirically any gains at all from these really earnest efforts to increase IQ.", 'start': 4075.327, 'duration': 8.168}, {'end': 4088.18, 'text': 'But he went a step further, a fateful step further.', 'start': 4084.136, 'duration': 4.044}, {'end': 4095.98, 'text': 'He said, not only have these efforts failed, but because they have had essentially no impact.', 'start': 4088.84, 'duration': 7.14}, {'end': 4104.002, 'text': 'we have to re-examine our assumption that these differences are caused by environmental things that we can address with education.', 'start': 4095.98, 'duration': 8.022}, {'end': 4112.006, 'text': "We need to consider a genetic influence, whether there's a genetic influence on this group difference.", 'start': 4104.462, 'duration': 7.544}, {'end': 4115.719, 'text': 'So you said that this is one of the more controversial works ever.', 'start': 4112.455, 'duration': 3.264}], 'summary': 'Compensatory education showed no significant gains, leading to a shift towards considering genetic influence on group differences.', 'duration': 55.667, 'max_score': 4060.052, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4060052.jpg'}], 'start': 3027.173, 'title': 'Intelligence and morality, distribution, and controversy', 'summary': "Explores the lack of correlation between intelligence and morality, discusses shifting intelligence distribution, and controversy around 'the bell curve' and early childhood education research, revealing limited research and debunking existing methods.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3303.069, 'start': 3027.173, 'title': 'Intelligence and morality', 'summary': 'Explores the lack of correlation between intelligence and morality, citing historical examples and advocating for more research on enhancing intelligence but debunking existing methods.', 'duration': 275.896, 'highlights': ['The rise and fall of Hitler is cited to illustrate that some of the worst atrocities in history have been committed by very intelligent people.', "The speaker asserts the belief that more intelligence is better than less but acknowledges that it doesn't make more intelligent people better, discussing the hypothetical choice between becoming smarter or dumber.", 'The chapter advocates for more research on enhancing the G factor, debunking existing methods such as the NBAC training and the idea that listening to Mozart could make one more intelligent.']}, {'end': 3578.14, 'start': 3306.321, 'title': 'Shifting intelligence distribution', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence, mentioning the potential benefits of increasing intelligence at the lower end and questioning whether more intelligence is always better, while also considering the potential drawbacks and the impact on the human condition.', 'duration': 271.819, 'highlights': ['The potential impact of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence The discussion explores the idea of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence, highlighting the potential world-shaking impact of even a small shift to the right.', 'The potential benefits of increasing intelligence at the lower end The conversation suggests that life becomes easier at the lower end with increased intelligence, implying that more intelligence is better at the lower end.', 'Questioning whether more intelligence is always better The chapter raises the question of whether more intelligence is always better, considering the potential drawbacks and the impact on the human condition.', 'The impact on the human condition and potential drawbacks The discussion touches on the impact of increased intelligence on the human condition, considering the potential drawbacks and the possibility that limitations might lead to more happiness.']}, {'end': 3934.787, 'start': 3578.14, 'title': 'Intelligence and controversy', 'summary': "Discusses the controversial book 'the bell curve', highlighting its empirical analysis of the correlation between iq scores and social problems, the incendiary reaction to its discussion of race differences in intelligence, and the limited research on this topic since its publication.", 'duration': 356.647, 'highlights': ["The book 'The Bell Curve' provides statistical analyses showing the correlation between IQ scores and social problems and benefits.", "The controversy surrounding 'The Bell Curve' was mainly due to one chapter discussing the average difference in mean scores between black Americans and white Americans, leading to an incendiary reaction and accusations of racism.", "There has been very little actual research on race differences in intelligence since the publication of 'The Bell Curve'.", "The film 'Charlie' depicts a person with low IQ who becomes a genius after a surgical procedure, highlighting the temporary nature of the change and questioning the full range of people's potential intelligence levels."]}, {'end': 4298.525, 'start': 3934.787, 'title': 'Controversial research on early childhood education', 'summary': "Discusses jensen's review of early childhood education programs aimed at raising the iqs of minority students, revealing flaws in the programs' research design, and the controversy and backlash jensen faced for suggesting a genetic influence on iq differences.", 'duration': 363.738, 'highlights': ["Jensen's review found flaws in early childhood education programs' research design, revealing that the reported IQ gains were essentially nothing, challenging the belief in compensatory education's effectiveness.", 'Jensen controversially proposed a genetic influence on IQ differences, leading to intense backlash, including bomb threats and surveillance, making intelligence research a taboo topic for years.', "The controversy surrounding Jensen's work on genetic influence on IQ differences led to a significant impact on the field, as intelligence research became radioactive, with little to no further research being conducted for years."]}], 'duration': 1271.352, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g3027173.jpg', 'highlights': ['The rise and fall of Hitler is cited to illustrate that some of the worst atrocities in history have been committed by very intelligent people.', "The controversy surrounding 'The Bell Curve' was mainly due to one chapter discussing the average difference in mean scores between black Americans and white Americans, leading to an incendiary reaction and accusations of racism.", 'Jensen controversially proposed a genetic influence on IQ differences, leading to intense backlash, including bomb threats and surveillance, making intelligence research a taboo topic for years.', 'The potential impact of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence The discussion explores the idea of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence, highlighting the potential world-shaking impact of even a small shift to the right.', 'The potential benefits of increasing intelligence at the lower end The conversation suggests that life becomes easier at the lower end with increased intelligence, implying that more intelligence is better at the lower end.', "The book 'The Bell Curve' provides statistical analyses showing the correlation between IQ scores and social problems and benefits.", "Jensen's review found flaws in early childhood education programs' research design, revealing that the reported IQ gains were essentially nothing, challenging the belief in compensatory education's effectiveness.", "The speaker asserts the belief that more intelligence is better than less but acknowledges that it doesn't make more intelligent people better, discussing the hypothetical choice between becoming smarter or dumber.", 'The chapter raises the question of whether more intelligence is always better, considering the potential drawbacks and the impact on the human condition.', 'The impact on the human condition and potential drawbacks The discussion touches on the impact of increased intelligence on the human condition, considering the potential drawbacks and the possibility that limitations might lead to more happiness.']}, {'end': 5369.68, 'segs': [{'end': 4432.228, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4393.601, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4415.169, 'text': "But you saying that it's good, the truth of genetic differences, no matter what, between groups is a painful, harmful, potentially dangerous thing.", 'start': 4393.601, 'duration': 21.568}, {'end': 4421.87, 'text': "Let me ask you to this question, whether it's bell curve or any research on race differences.", 'start': 4415.929, 'duration': 5.941}, {'end': 4428.807, 'text': 'Can that be used to increase the amount of racism in the world??', 'start': 4425.066, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 4432.228, 'text': 'Can that be used to increase the amount of hate in the world??', 'start': 4429.427, 'duration': 2.801}], 'summary': 'Stating genetic differences can fuel racism and hate.', 'duration': 38.627, 'max_score': 4393.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4393601.jpg'}, {'end': 4525.689, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4495.597, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4500.822, 'text': 'So are you okay with that and the fact that that may lead to disadvantages in school achievement?', 'start': 4495.597, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 4502.224, 'text': "It's a question.", 'start': 4501.624, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 4510.086, 'text': "If you think it's environmental, what are the environmental parameters that can be fixed?", 'start': 4503.724, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 4518.188, 'text': "I'll tell you one lead from gasoline in the atmosphere, lead in paint, lead in water.", 'start': 4510.406, 'duration': 7.782}, {'end': 4524.489, 'text': "That's an environmental toxin that society has the means to eliminate.", 'start': 4518.788, 'duration': 5.701}, {'end': 4525.689, 'text': 'And they should.', 'start': 4525.129, 'duration': 0.56}], 'summary': 'Addressing environmental toxins like lead can improve school achievement.', 'duration': 30.092, 'max_score': 4495.597, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4495597.jpg'}, {'end': 4719.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4696.039, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4705.403, 'text': 'They take up things from studies willfully or from ignorance, misinterpret findings, and tell narratives around that.', 'start': 4696.039, 'duration': 9.364}, {'end': 4709.07, 'text': 'I personally believe.', 'start': 4707.328, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 4709.85, 'text': 'for me.', 'start': 4709.07, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 4719.399, 'text': "I'm not saying that broadly about science, but for me it's my responsibility to anticipate the ways in which findings will be misinterpreted.", 'start': 4709.85, 'duration': 9.549}], 'summary': 'Scientists must anticipate and prevent misinterpretation of findings to uphold accountability.', 'duration': 23.36, 'max_score': 4696.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4696039.jpg'}, {'end': 4939.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4906.616, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4921.099, 'text': "But when you decide not to do a scientific study or not to publish a result because you're afraid the result could be harmful or insensitive,", 'start': 4906.616, 'duration': 14.483}, {'end': 4923.86, 'text': "that's not an unreasonable thought.", 'start': 4921.099, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 4930.541, 'text': 'And people will make different conclusions and decisions about that.', 'start': 4925.14, 'duration': 5.401}, {'end': 4932.401, 'text': 'I wrote about this.', 'start': 4931.621, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 4939.904, 'text': "I'm the editor of a journal called Intelligence, which publishes scientific papers.", 'start': 4932.681, 'duration': 7.223}], 'summary': 'Editor of intelligence journal discusses publishing sensitive scientific studies.', 'duration': 33.288, 'max_score': 4906.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4906616.jpg'}, {'end': 5133.687, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5082.078, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5092.463, 'text': "Now we'll talk about the future on the neuroscience and the biology side, but in terms of this information as a society, in the public policy,", 'start': 5082.078, 'duration': 10.385}, {'end': 5095.585, 'text': 'in the political space, in the social space, what do we do with this information?', 'start': 5092.463, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 5097.714, 'text': "I've thought a lot about this.", 'start': 5096.374, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 5109.416, 'text': 'The first step is to have people interested in policy understand what the data actually show to pay attention to intelligence data.', 'start': 5097.934, 'duration': 11.482}, {'end': 5117.878, 'text': 'You can read policy papers about education and using your word processor, you can search for the word intelligence.', 'start': 5109.916, 'duration': 7.962}, {'end': 5124.619, 'text': 'You can search a 20,000 word document in a second and find out the word intelligence does not appear.', 'start': 5117.938, 'duration': 6.681}, {'end': 5131.845, 'text': 'anywhere. in most discussions about what to do, about achievement gaps.', 'start': 5125.459, 'duration': 6.386}, {'end': 5133.687, 'text': "i'm not talking about test gaps.", 'start': 5131.845, 'duration': 1.842}], 'summary': 'Society needs to integrate intelligence data into policy discussions and decisions.', 'duration': 51.609, 'max_score': 5082.078, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5082078.jpg'}, {'end': 5322.203, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5265.537, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5277.929, 'text': 'so the best research we have shows that school variables and teacher variables together account for about 10% of student academic achievement.', 'start': 5265.537, 'duration': 12.392}, {'end': 5284.464, 'text': 'Now you want to have some policy on improving academic achievement?', 'start': 5279.577, 'duration': 4.887}, {'end': 5288.049, 'text': 'How much money do you want to put into teacher education?', 'start': 5284.864, 'duration': 3.185}, {'end': 5293.896, 'text': 'How much money do you want to put into the quality of the school administration?', 'start': 5288.429, 'duration': 5.467}, {'end': 5295.358, 'text': 'You know who you can ask?', 'start': 5294.297, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 5297.021, 'text': 'You can ask the Gates Foundation.', 'start': 5295.439, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 5300.77, 'text': 'because they spent a tremendous amount of money doing that.', 'start': 5298.168, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 5309.255, 'text': "And at the end of it, because they're measurement people, they want to know the data, they found it had no impact at all.", 'start': 5301.57, 'duration': 7.685}, {'end': 5312.757, 'text': "And they've kind of pulled out of that kind of program.", 'start': 5309.715, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 5314.818, 'text': 'So, oh boy.', 'start': 5313.678, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 5321.462, 'text': "Let me ask you, this is me talking, but there's..", 'start': 5317.04, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 5322.203, 'text': 'Just the two of us.', 'start': 5321.462, 'duration': 0.741}], 'summary': "School and teacher variables account for 10% of student achievement. gates foundation's investment in education showed no impact.", 'duration': 56.666, 'max_score': 5265.537, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5265537.jpg'}], 'start': 4298.585, 'title': 'Intelligence and society', 'summary': "Delves into the role of intelligence in society, ethical considerations in scientific research, and intelligence's impact on education policy. it emphasizes genetic components, race differences, and limited influence of school and teacher variables on academic achievement.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4525.689, 'start': 4298.585, 'title': 'Role of intelligence in society', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of intelligence in society, emphasizing the potential genetic component and its implications, as well as the impact of race differences on societal attitudes and potential solutions.', 'duration': 227.104, 'highlights': ['The potential genetic component of intelligence and its implications for societal solutions and attitudes.', 'The impact of race differences on societal attitudes and the potential for increasing racism and hate in the world.', 'The consideration of cultural and environmental factors in addressing disadvantages in school achievement, with a specific focus on eliminating environmental toxins like lead from gasoline, paint, and water.']}, {'end': 5031.106, 'start': 4526.089, 'title': 'Ethical considerations in scientific research', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical considerations in scientific research, particularly in studying race differences, emphasizing the responsibility of scientists in anticipating and addressing potential misinterpretations of their findings and the consequences of their work.', 'duration': 505.017, 'highlights': ['The responsibility of scientists in anticipating and addressing potential misinterpretations of their findings and the consequences of their work. The speaker emphasizes the need for researchers to anticipate how their findings may be misinterpreted and the potential consequences of their work, particularly in sensitive areas such as race differences.', 'The ethical dilemma of conducting and publishing controversial scientific studies, particularly on group differences. The speaker discusses the ethical dilemma of conducting and publishing controversial scientific studies, especially those related to group differences, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the potential impact and consequences of such research.', "The speaker's approach to communication and dissemination of scientific findings, highlighting the challenges and responsibilities involved. The speaker shares his approach to communicating and disseminating scientific findings, acknowledging the challenges and responsibilities involved in ensuring that the information is accurately conveyed and understood by the public."]}, {'end': 5369.68, 'start': 5031.126, 'title': 'Intelligence and education policy', 'summary': 'Discusses the persistence of group differences in intelligence, the limited impact of school and teacher variables on academic achievement, and the lack of attention to intelligence data in education policy, with only about 10% of student academic achievement being influenced by school and teacher variables, despite significant investments in teacher education and school quality.', 'duration': 338.554, 'highlights': ["The most predictive variables of education outcome were the variables the student brought with him or her into the school, essentially their ability, with school and teacher variables together accounting for only about 10% of student academic achievement. The student's innate ability was found to be the most significant factor influencing academic achievement, with school and teacher variables together accounting for only about 10% of student academic achievement, indicating limited impact of school and teacher variables on academic outcomes.", "The Gates Foundation's significant investment in teacher education and school quality had no impact on improving academic achievement. Despite substantial investment by the Gates Foundation in teacher education and school quality, it was found to have no impact on improving academic achievement, leading to the Foundation pulling out of such programs.", "The absence of attention to intelligence data in education policy, with the word 'intelligence' rarely appearing in discussions about achievement gaps and education policy. There is a notable absence of attention to intelligence data in education policy, as evidenced by the rare mention of the word 'intelligence' in discussions about achievement gaps and education policy, highlighting a lack of focus on intelligence in policy discussions."]}], 'duration': 1071.095, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g4298585.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential genetic component of intelligence and its implications for societal solutions and attitudes.', 'The impact of race differences on societal attitudes and the potential for increasing racism and hate in the world.', 'The consideration of cultural and environmental factors in addressing disadvantages in school achievement, with a specific focus on eliminating environmental toxins like lead from gasoline, paint, and water.', 'The responsibility of scientists in anticipating and addressing potential misinterpretations of their findings and the consequences of their work.', 'The ethical dilemma of conducting and publishing controversial scientific studies, particularly on group differences.', "The speaker's approach to communication and dissemination of scientific findings, highlighting the challenges and responsibilities involved.", 'The most predictive variables of education outcome were the variables the student brought with him or her into the school, essentially their ability, with school and teacher variables together accounting for only about 10% of student academic achievement.', "The Gates Foundation's significant investment in teacher education and school quality had no impact on improving academic achievement.", "The absence of attention to intelligence data in education policy, with the word 'intelligence' rarely appearing in discussions about achievement gaps and education policy."]}, {'end': 6369.395, 'segs': [{'end': 5459.736, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5431.688, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5437.03, 'text': 'that we would treat everybody equal and give everybody equal opportunity.', 'start': 5431.688, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 5449.376, 'text': "If we have the data in front of us, we're likely to misdistribute the amount of sort of attention we allocate, resources we allocate to people.", 'start': 5437.931, 'duration': 11.445}, {'end': 5451.397, 'text': "That's probably the concern.", 'start': 5449.416, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 5459.736, 'text': "It's a realistic concern, but I think it's a misplaced concern if you want to fix the problem.", 'start': 5452.45, 'duration': 7.286}], 'summary': 'Equal treatment and opportunity for all, allocating resources accurately based on data.', 'duration': 28.048, 'max_score': 5431.688, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5431688.jpg'}, {'end': 5629.761, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5495.432, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5497.254, 'text': "Not impossible, but it's very difficult.", 'start': 5495.432, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 5508.588, 'text': '16% of the population of the United States is about 51 or 52 million people with IQs under 85.', 'start': 5499.017, 'duration': 9.571}, {'end': 5511.512, 'text': 'This is not a small issue.', 'start': 5508.588, 'duration': 2.924}, {'end': 5518.155, 'text': '14 million children have IQs under 85.', 'start': 5511.532, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 5519.837, 'text': 'Is this something we want to ignore??', 'start': 5518.155, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 5532.511, 'text': 'What is the Venn diagram between when you have people with IQs under 85 and you have achievement in school or achievement in life?', 'start': 5521.899, 'duration': 10.612}, {'end': 5536.133, 'text': "There's a lot of overlap there.", 'start': 5534.332, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 5551.203, 'text': 'This is why, to go back to the IQ pill, if there were a way to shift that curve toward the higher end, that would have a big impact.', 'start': 5536.814, 'duration': 14.389}, {'end': 5559.106, 'text': 'If I could maybe, before we talk about the impact on life and so on, some of the criticisms of the bell curve.', 'start': 5551.761, 'duration': 7.345}, {'end': 5564.709, 'text': 'So Stephen Jay Gould wrote that the bell curve rests on four incorrect assumptions.', 'start': 5559.226, 'duration': 5.483}, {'end': 5572.614, 'text': 'It would be just interesting to get your thoughts on the four assumptions, which are intelligence must be reducible to a single number,', 'start': 5565.59, 'duration': 7.024}, {'end': 5576.717, 'text': 'intelligence must be capable of rank ordering people in a linear order,', 'start': 5572.614, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 5583.403, 'text': 'intelligence must be primarily genetically based and intelligence must be essentially immutable.', 'start': 5576.717, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 5590.872, 'text': 'Maybe not as criticisms, but as thoughts about intelligence.', 'start': 5584.564, 'duration': 6.308}, {'end': 5592.514, 'text': 'We could spend a lot of time on him.', 'start': 5591.053, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 5595.46, 'text': 'on Stephen Jay Gould, yeah.', 'start': 5593.678, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 5605.949, 'text': 'He wrote that in what, about 1985, 1984? His views were overtly political, not scientific.', 'start': 5595.7, 'duration': 10.249}, {'end': 5613.836, 'text': 'He was a scientist, but his views on this were overtly political, and I would encourage people listening to this.', 'start': 5605.989, 'duration': 7.847}, {'end': 5629.761, 'text': 'if they really want to understand his criticisms, they should just Google what he had to say and Google the scientific reviews of his book,', 'start': 5613.836, 'duration': 15.925}], 'summary': 'Approximately 16% of the us population, around 51-52 million people, have iqs under 85, posing a significant issue, especially for the 14 million children affected.', 'duration': 37.079, 'max_score': 5495.432, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5495432.jpg'}, {'end': 5690.082, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5645.567, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5656.812, 'text': 'by the time the second edition came around, there were studies of MRIs showing that brain size, brain volume, were correlated to IQ scores,', 'start': 5645.567, 'duration': 11.245}, {'end': 5658.573, 'text': 'which he declined to put in his book.', 'start': 5656.812, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 5662.534, 'text': "I'm learning a lot today.", 'start': 5660.033, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 5665.615, 'text': "I didn't know actually the extent of his work.", 'start': 5663.354, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 5668.455, 'text': 'I was just using a few little snippets of criticism.', 'start': 5665.775, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 5669.536, 'text': "That's interesting.", 'start': 5668.855, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 5670.656, 'text': "So there's a battle here.", 'start': 5669.576, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 5676.577, 'text': "He wrote a book, Mismeasure of Man, that's missing a lot of the scientific grounding.", 'start': 5670.716, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 5679.618, 'text': 'His book is highly popular in colleges today.', 'start': 5676.597, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 5682.799, 'text': 'You can find it in any college bookstore under assigned reading.', 'start': 5679.658, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 5684.219, 'text': "It's highly popular.", 'start': 5683.359, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 5686.7, 'text': 'The Mismeasure of Man? Yes, highly influential.', 'start': 5684.239, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 5690.082, 'text': "Can you speak to the Mismeasure of Man? I'm undereducated about this.", 'start': 5686.72, 'duration': 3.362}], 'summary': "The book 'mismeasure of man' is highly popular in colleges today and is missing scientific grounding.", 'duration': 44.515, 'max_score': 5645.567, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5645567.jpg'}, {'end': 5827.434, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5798.098, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5807.382, 'text': 'where he took all the criticisms and and spoke to them, and people listening to this podcast, uh, can certainly find all those online.', 'start': 5798.098, 'duration': 9.284}, {'end': 5808.863, 'text': "uh, and it's very interesting.", 'start': 5807.382, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 5815.446, 'text': 'but murray went on to write some additional books, two in the last couple of years.', 'start': 5808.863, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 5827.434, 'text': 'uh, one about human diversity, where he goes through the data, refuting the idea that race is only a social construct with no biological meaning.', 'start': 5815.446, 'duration': 11.988}], 'summary': 'Murray addressed criticisms, listeners can find details online, wrote two books recently including one on human diversity.', 'duration': 29.336, 'max_score': 5798.098, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5798098.jpg'}, {'end': 6010.719, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5971.018, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5983.972, 'text': 'then there are molecular studies going on now and Nobel prizes being won on molecular biology or molecular neurobiology of learning and memory.', 'start': 5971.018, 'duration': 12.954}, {'end': 5997.288, 'text': 'Now, the step those researchers, those scientists need to take when it comes to intelligence is to focus on the concept of individual differences.', 'start': 5985.498, 'duration': 11.79}, {'end': 6010.719, 'text': 'research has individual differences as its heart, because it assumes that people differ on this variable,', 'start': 6000.416, 'duration': 10.303}], 'summary': 'Molecular studies and nobel prizes in molecular biology of learning. intelligence research focuses on individual differences.', 'duration': 39.701, 'max_score': 5971.018, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5971018.jpg'}, {'end': 6190.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6156.56, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6157.94, 'text': "Now there's life success.", 'start': 6156.56, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 6163.362, 'text': 'You know, life expectancy.', 'start': 6157.96, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 6173.365, 'text': 'I mean, that is such an interesting finding, but IQ scores are also correlated to things like income.', 'start': 6164.482, 'duration': 8.883}, {'end': 6180.949, 'text': "Now, okay, so who thinks income means you're successful? That's not the point.", 'start': 6174.145, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 6190.894, 'text': 'The point is that income is one empirical measure in this culture that says something about your level of success.', 'start': 6181.409, 'duration': 9.485}], 'summary': 'Iq scores correlate with income, an empirical measure of success.', 'duration': 34.334, 'max_score': 6156.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6156560.jpg'}, {'end': 6250.867, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6225.363, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6231.032, 'text': 'Well, what about personality? What about so-called emotional intelligence? Yes, all those things matter.', 'start': 6225.363, 'duration': 5.669}, {'end': 6233.642, 'text': 'The thing that matters.', 'start': 6232.062, 'duration': 1.58}, {'end': 6243.205, 'text': 'empirically, the single thing that matters the most is your general ability, your general mental intellectual ability, your reasoning ability.', 'start': 6233.642, 'duration': 9.563}, {'end': 6250.867, 'text': 'And the more complex your vocation, the more complex your job, the more G matters.', 'start': 6243.845, 'duration': 7.022}], 'summary': 'General mental intellectual ability is the single most important factor, especially in complex jobs.', 'duration': 25.504, 'max_score': 6225.363, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6225363.jpg'}], 'start': 5371.241, 'title': 'Impact of truth on relationships, intelligence testing, critique of stephen jay gould, scientific criticism, future research, and intelligence and success correlation', 'summary': "Covers the impact of truth on relationships, concerns of intelligence testing, critique of stephen jay gould's work, scientific criticisms, need for future neuroscience research, and the correlation between intelligence and success, emphasizing the importance of mental intellectual ability in career success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5590.872, 'start': 5371.241, 'title': 'The impact of truth on relationships and intelligence testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of facing the truth on relationships and the concern of intelligence testing leading to unequal opportunities, highlighting the significant portion of the population with iqs under 85 and the potential impact of shifting the iq curve.', 'duration': 219.631, 'highlights': ['16% of the population on average has an IQ under 85%, making it very difficult for them to find gainful employment at a sustaining salary in modern life, affecting about 51 or 52 million people in the United States.', '14 million children have IQs under 85, indicating a substantial number of young individuals facing challenges in achieving success in school and life.', 'The concern that intelligence testing may lead to unequal opportunities and resource allocation, potentially misallocating attention and resources to different IQ groups, thus highlighting the need for fair treatment and equal opportunities for all individuals.']}, {'end': 5777.273, 'start': 5591.053, 'title': 'Critique of stephen jay gould', 'summary': "Discusses the critique of stephen jay gould's book, 'the mismeasure of man,' highlighting its lack of scientific grounding, political influence, and its impact on scientific and political discourse.", 'duration': 186.22, 'highlights': ["Stephen Jay Gould's book 'The Mismeasure of Man' was criticized for its lack of scientific basis and overtly political views, with recommendations to refer to scientific reviews for understanding his criticisms.", "The second edition of 'The Mismeasure of Man' omitted studies showing the correlation between brain size and IQ scores, despite the availability of MRI studies, indicating a disregard for scientific evidence.", 'The book is highly popular and influential in college classrooms, despite being criticized for lacking scientific grounding and disregarding available data.', "The impact of 'The Mismeasure of Man' goes beyond scientific discourse and extends to political debates and politically motivated use of its messages, similar to the misinterpretation and use of Nietzsche's ideas by Hitler."]}, {'end': 6063.614, 'start': 5777.333, 'title': 'Scientific criticism and future research', 'summary': "Discusses factual criticisms of the statistical analyses in the book, the author's response to these criticisms, and the need for more neuroscience research on the molecular biology of learning and memory with a focus on individual differences.", 'duration': 286.281, 'highlights': ['Murray addressed factual criticisms about the statistical analyses in the book in a couple of articles. Murray responded to technical criticisms about the statistical analyses in the book and addressed them in articles.', "Murray wrote 'Human Diversity' and 'Facing Reality' to discuss and defend his ideas on race, gender, and the concept of intelligence. Murray authored 'Human Diversity' and 'Facing Reality' to address and defend his ideas on race, gender, and intelligence, presenting data in a cogent manner.", 'The chapter highlights the need for more neuroscience research on the molecular biology of learning and memory, with a focus on individual differences. The discussion emphasizes the importance of funding more neuroscience research on the molecular biology of learning and memory, particularly focusing on individual differences in intelligence.']}, {'end': 6369.395, 'start': 6064.074, 'title': 'Intelligence and success correlation', 'summary': 'Discusses the correlation between intelligence and success, including measures such as life expectancy and income, emphasizing that general mental intellectual ability is the most important factor in career success, especially in complex vocations.', 'duration': 305.321, 'highlights': ['General mental intellectual ability is the most important factor in career success, especially in complex vocations. The chapter emphasizes that general mental intellectual ability is the most important factor in career success, especially in complex vocations.', 'IQ scores are correlated to measures of life success including life expectancy and income. IQ scores are correlated to measures of life success including life expectancy and income.', 'A study found junior high school students scoring as high on the SAT math exam as incoming Hopkins freshmen, leading to their success in local community college math programs. A study found junior high school students scoring as high on the SAT math exam as incoming Hopkins freshmen, leading to their success in local community college math programs.']}], 'duration': 998.154, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g5371241.jpg', 'highlights': ['16% of the population on average has an IQ under 85%, affecting about 51 or 52 million people in the United States.', '14 million children have IQs under 85, indicating a substantial number of young individuals facing challenges in achieving success in school and life.', 'IQ scores are correlated to measures of life success including life expectancy and income.', 'General mental intellectual ability is the most important factor in career success, especially in complex vocations.', 'The concern that intelligence testing may lead to unequal opportunities and resource allocation, highlighting the need for fair treatment and equal opportunities for all individuals.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of funding more neuroscience research on the molecular biology of learning and memory, particularly focusing on individual differences in intelligence.', "Stephen Jay Gould's book 'The Mismeasure of Man' was criticized for its lack of scientific basis and overtly political views, with recommendations to refer to scientific reviews for understanding his criticisms.", "The second edition of 'The Mismeasure of Man' omitted studies showing the correlation between brain size and IQ scores, indicating a disregard for scientific evidence.", "Murray authored 'Human Diversity' and 'Facing Reality' to address and defend his ideas on race, gender, and intelligence, presenting data in a cogent manner.", "The impact of 'The Mismeasure of Man' goes beyond scientific discourse and extends to political debates and politically motivated use of its messages, similar to the misinterpretation and use of Nietzsche's ideas by Hitler."]}, {'end': 7953.043, 'segs': [{'end': 6433.372, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6405.925, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6413.814, 'text': 'variables of success, the top quartile does better than the bottom quartile in the top 1%.', 'start': 6405.925, 'duration': 7.889}, {'end': 6419.04, 'text': 'They have more patents, they have more publications, they have more tenure at universities.', 'start': 6413.814, 'duration': 5.226}, {'end': 6426.007, 'text': "And this is based on, you're dividing them based on their score at age 12.", 'start': 6419.541, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 6433.372, 'text': 'I wonder how much interesting data is in the variability, in the differences.', 'start': 6426.007, 'duration': 7.365}], 'summary': 'Top quartile outperforms bottom in patents, publications, tenure based on age 12 scores.', 'duration': 27.447, 'max_score': 6405.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6405925.jpg'}, {'end': 6722.356, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6688.919, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6704.579, 'text': 'The Flynn effect is James Flynn, who passed away about a year ago, published a set of analyses going back a couple of decades.', 'start': 6688.919, 'duration': 15.66}, {'end': 6712.854, 'text': 'when we first noticed this, that IQ scores, when you looked over the years, seemed to be drifting up.', 'start': 6704.579, 'duration': 8.275}, {'end': 6722.356, 'text': 'Now. this was not unknown to the people who make the test because they renorm the test periodically.', 'start': 6714.554, 'duration': 7.802}], 'summary': "James flynn's analyses revealed a gradual increase in iq scores over the years, attributed to test renorming.", 'duration': 33.437, 'max_score': 6688.919, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6688919.jpg'}, {'end': 7004.18, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6972.081, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6979.308, 'text': "We've mentioned it many times but haven't clearly addressed it, which is, nature versus nurture question.", 'start': 6972.081, 'duration': 7.227}, {'end': 6988.175, 'text': 'So how much of intelligence is nature? How much of it is nurture? How much of it is determined by genetics versus environment? All of it.', 'start': 6979.348, 'duration': 8.827}, {'end': 6989.977, 'text': 'All of it is genetics.', 'start': 6988.896, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 6991.438, 'text': 'No, all of it.', 'start': 6990.297, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 6994.536, 'text': 'Is nature a nurturer? Yeah.', 'start': 6992.375, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 6995.376, 'text': 'So yes.', 'start': 6994.836, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 6997.197, 'text': 'Yes Okay.', 'start': 6995.836, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 7004.18, 'text': 'But how much of the variance can you apportion to either? Yeah.', 'start': 6999.918, 'duration': 4.262}], 'summary': 'The debate on nature versus nurture and its impact on intelligence.', 'duration': 32.099, 'max_score': 6972.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6972081.jpg'}, {'end': 7838.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7802.773, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7804.955, 'text': "you can't really disentangle all that.", 'start': 7802.773, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 7813.464, 'text': 'Most studies of social economic status and intelligence do not have a genetically informed design.', 'start': 7805.636, 'duration': 7.828}, {'end': 7825.574, 'text': 'Any conclusions they make about the causality of the social economic status being the cause of the IQ is a stretch.', 'start': 7814.185, 'duration': 11.389}, {'end': 7838.39, 'text': 'Where you do find genetically informative designs you find most of the variance in your outcome measures are due to the genetic component.', 'start': 7825.714, 'duration': 12.676}], 'summary': 'Genetically informed studies show genetic component accounts for most variance in outcome measures.', 'duration': 35.617, 'max_score': 7802.773, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g7802773.jpg'}], 'start': 6370.356, 'title': 'Intelligence and long-term success', 'summary': 'Delves into a 50-year follow-up study of top 1% kids, revealing that those in the top quartile exhibited higher success metrics, and discusses the genetic influence and complex interplay between genes and environment in shaping intelligence and success metrics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6433.372, 'start': 6370.356, 'title': 'Long-term success of top 1% kids', 'summary': 'Discusses a 50-year follow-up study of top 1% kids, revealing that those in the top quartile of the top 1% at age 12 exhibited higher success metrics such as patents, publications, and university tenure compared to the bottom quartile.', 'duration': 63.016, 'highlights': ['The top quartile of the top 1% kids had more patents, publications, and university tenure compared to the bottom quartile, based on their scores at age 12.', 'The study shows a correlation between childhood scores and long-term success, with the top quartile outperforming the bottom quartile in measurable success variables.']}, {'end': 7442.64, 'start': 6435.413, 'title': 'Nature vs. nurture in intelligence', 'summary': "Discusses the pain associated with stable personality traits like charisma and the limitations of working hard to achieve success, the flynn effect's impact on iq scores, the ongoing debate on the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence, and the complex interplay between genes and environment in shaping intelligence.", 'duration': 1007.227, 'highlights': ['The Flynn effect has caused IQ scores to drift up about three points per decade, with evidence suggesting a G factor effect and a mystery surrounding its cause. The Flynn effect has led to a steady increase in IQ scores by about three points per decade, indicating a potential influence on the G factor and prompting ongoing research to determine its cause.', 'The debate on the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence is ongoing, with behavioral geneticists acknowledging the complexity of interactions between nature and nurture. The ongoing debate on the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence highlights the complexity of interactions between nature and nurture, challenging the attempt to disentangle their effects and emphasizing their intertwined nature.', 'The chapter raises questions about the nature versus nurture debate in intelligence, emphasizing the difficulty in disentangling genetic and environmental influences. The chapter raises thought-provoking questions about the nature versus nurture debate in intelligence, emphasizing the intricate challenge of disentangling genetic and environmental influences and the complexity of their interactions.']}, {'end': 7953.043, 'start': 7442.64, 'title': 'Genetic influence on intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of significant impact from environmental interventions on intelligence, the strong genetic influence on intelligence, and the limited impact of socioeconomic status on intelligence beyond genetic variance.', 'duration': 510.403, 'highlights': ['The lack of significant impact from environmental interventions on intelligence, including school interventions, compensatory education, early childhood education, memory training, listening to Mozart, and playing computer games.', "The strong genetic influence on intelligence, supported by evidence from adoption studies showing IQ scores of adopted children correlating with their biological parents' IQ scores, and genetically informative research designs showing most variance in intelligence measures due to genetic components.", 'The limited impact of socioeconomic status on intelligence beyond genetic variance, as indicated by genetically informed studies showing that socioeconomic status adds little variance in predicting intelligence beyond genetic variance.']}], 'duration': 1582.687, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g6370356.jpg', 'highlights': ['The top quartile of the top 1% kids had more patents, publications, and university tenure compared to the bottom quartile, based on their scores at age 12.', 'The study shows a correlation between childhood scores and long-term success, with the top quartile outperforming the bottom quartile in measurable success variables.', 'The Flynn effect has caused IQ scores to drift up about three points per decade, indicating a potential influence on the G factor and prompting ongoing research to determine its cause.', 'The ongoing debate on the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence highlights the complexity of interactions between nature and nurture, challenging the attempt to disentangle their effects and emphasizing their intertwined nature.', 'The chapter raises thought-provoking questions about the nature versus nurture debate in intelligence, emphasizing the intricate challenge of disentangling genetic and environmental influences and the complexity of their interactions.', "The strong genetic influence on intelligence, supported by evidence from adoption studies showing IQ scores of adopted children correlating with their biological parents' IQ scores, and genetically informative research designs showing most variance in intelligence measures due to genetic components."]}, {'end': 9846.973, 'segs': [{'end': 7985.999, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7953.423, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7962.865, 'text': 'But there have been reports of correlations between IQ and fertility,', 'start': 7953.423, 'duration': 9.442}, {'end': 7969.907, 'text': "but I'm not sure that the data are very strong that the firstborn child is always the smartest.", 'start': 7962.865, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 7974.411, 'text': "It seems like there's some data to that, but I'm not current on that.", 'start': 7970.487, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 7978.014, 'text': 'How would that be explained? That would be a nurture.', 'start': 7974.531, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 7980.196, 'text': 'Well, it could be nurture.', 'start': 7978.674, 'duration': 1.522}, {'end': 7983.157, 'text': 'It could be in uterine environment.', 'start': 7980.216, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 7985.999, 'text': 'i mean boy, the biology is complicated.', 'start': 7983.157, 'duration': 2.842}], 'summary': "Reports suggest a correlation between iq and fertility, but data on the firstborn's intelligence are inconclusive.", 'duration': 32.576, 'max_score': 7953.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g7953423.jpg'}, {'end': 8304.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8277.258, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8281.32, 'text': 'Do some people go through everyday life more conscious than others?', 'start': 8277.258, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 8285.482, 'text': 'And are those the people we might actually label more intelligent??', 'start': 8281.82, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 8296.928, 'text': 'Now, the other thing I was looking for is whether the parts of the brain we were seeing in the anesthesia studies were the same parts of the brain we were seeing in the intelligence studies.', 'start': 8286.643, 'duration': 10.285}, {'end': 8302.469, 'text': 'Now, this was very complicated, expensive research.', 'start': 8298.769, 'duration': 3.7}, {'end': 8304.411, 'text': "We didn't really have funding to do this.", 'start': 8302.51, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Research explores consciousness, intelligence, and brain activity correlations.', 'duration': 27.153, 'max_score': 8277.258, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g8277258.jpg'}, {'end': 8348.443, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8325.138, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8334.331, 'text': 'But basically the question is which imaging, so newer imaging studies to see in high resolution, spatial and temporal way,', 'start': 8325.138, 'duration': 9.193}, {'end': 8346.543, 'text': "which part of the brain lights up when you're doing intelligence tasks and which parts of the brain lights up when you're doing consciousness tasks and see the interplay between them and try to infer.", 'start': 8334.331, 'duration': 12.212}, {'end': 8348.443, 'text': "I mean, that's the challenge of neuroscience.", 'start': 8346.563, 'duration': 1.88}], 'summary': 'Neuroscience aims to identify brain activity during intelligence and consciousness tasks using high-resolution imaging studies.', 'duration': 23.305, 'max_score': 8325.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g8325138.jpg'}, {'end': 8453.716, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8420.865, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8426.194, 'text': 'Well, it might be very difficult to know precisely how deep you are.', 'start': 8420.865, 'duration': 5.329}, {'end': 8430.156, 'text': 'It has to do with the same kind of measurements that you were doing with the consciousness.', 'start': 8426.214, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 8434.099, 'text': "It's difficult to know.", 'start': 8430.897, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 8435.92, 'text': "So I don't lose my train of thought.", 'start': 8434.659, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 8440.263, 'text': "I couldn't find in the textbooks anything about dosing by intelligence.", 'start': 8435.96, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 8445.427, 'text': "I asked my friend, the anesthesiologist, he said, no, he doesn't know.", 'start': 8441.184, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 8453.716, 'text': 'I said, can we do a chart review? and look at people using their years of education as a proxy for IQ.', 'start': 8445.447, 'duration': 8.269}], 'summary': 'Difficulty in measuring depth accurately, exploring dosing based on intelligence through chart review.', 'duration': 32.851, 'max_score': 8420.865, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g8420865.jpg'}, {'end': 8619.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8583.56, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8592.623, 'text': "I don't know how much you've thought about machines, but in you know there's the famous Turing test, test of intelligence for machines,", 'start': 8583.56, 'duration': 9.063}, {'end': 8603.889, 'text': 'which is a beautiful, almost like a cute formulation of intelligence that Alan Turing proposed.', 'start': 8592.623, 'duration': 11.266}, {'end': 8614.698, 'text': 'basically conversation being if you can fool a human to think that a machine is a human, that passes the test.', 'start': 8603.889, 'duration': 10.809}, {'end': 8619.822, 'text': 'I suppose you could do a similar thing for humans.', 'start': 8614.958, 'duration': 4.864}], 'summary': 'Turing test assesses machine intelligence through human-like conversation.', 'duration': 36.262, 'max_score': 8583.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g8583560.jpg'}, {'end': 8908.466, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8878.766, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 8880.748, 'text': "It's both visually and conceptually.", 'start': 8878.766, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 8884.251, 'text': 'We could do all these things with our mind that we take for granted.', 'start': 8881.108, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 8886.873, 'text': 'The objectness of things.', 'start': 8884.951, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 8893.278, 'text': "We can like figure out what spatially is an object and isn't.", 'start': 8887.353, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 8895.448, 'text': 'and we can play with those ideas.', 'start': 8893.979, 'duration': 1.469}, {'end': 8899.744, 'text': 'And machines really struggle with that.', 'start': 8897.463, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 8902.444, 'text': 'So he really cleanly formulated these IQ tests.', 'start': 8899.784, 'duration': 2.66}, {'end': 8908.466, 'text': "I wonder what like that would equate to for humans with IQ, but it'd be a very low IQ.", 'start': 8902.765, 'duration': 5.701}], 'summary': 'Machines struggle with spatial understanding, equating to a low iq for humans.', 'duration': 29.7, 'max_score': 8878.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g8878766.jpg'}, {'end': 9050.655, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9002.825, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 9011.192, 'text': "Right, and that's called fluid intelligence as opposed to what's called crystallized intelligence, which is your knowledge of facts.", 'start': 9002.825, 'duration': 8.367}, {'end': 9019.12, 'text': 'You know things, but can you use those things to solve a problem? Those are two different things.', 'start': 9012.434, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 9020.632, 'text': "Do you think we'll be able to?", 'start': 9019.431, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 9025.615, 'text': "because we spoke, and I don't want to miss the opportunity to talk about this.", 'start': 9020.632, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 9029.697, 'text': 'we spoke about the neurobiology, about the molecular biology of intelligence.', 'start': 9025.615, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 9043.933, 'text': "Do you think one day we'll be able to modify the biology or the genetics of a person to modify their intelligence, to increase their intelligence.", 'start': 9030.238, 'duration': 13.695}, {'end': 9046.654, 'text': 'We started this conversation by talking about a pill you could take.', 'start': 9043.953, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 9050.655, 'text': 'Do you think that such a pill would exist? Metaphorically, I do.', 'start': 9047.054, 'duration': 3.601}], 'summary': 'Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence, modifying genetics for intelligence, potential for an intelligence-boosting pill.', 'duration': 47.83, 'max_score': 9002.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g9002825.jpg'}, {'end': 9153.35, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9121.051, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 9128.436, 'text': 'And so one of the things you look at at companies like Neuralink you have brain-computer interfaces.', 'start': 9121.051, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 9134.259, 'text': 'you start to delve into the human mind and start to talk about machines measuring but also sending signals to the human mind,', 'start': 9128.436, 'duration': 5.823}, {'end': 9138.902, 'text': 'and you start to wonder what impact that has on the g-factor.', 'start': 9134.259, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 9153.35, 'text': 'modifying in small ways or in large ways the functioning, the mechanical, electrical, chemical functioning of the brain.', 'start': 9143.205, 'duration': 10.145}], 'summary': 'Neuralink explores brain-computer interfaces, raising questions about impact on brain functioning.', 'duration': 32.299, 'max_score': 9121.051, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g9121051.jpg'}, {'end': 9574.277, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9540.96, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 9542.56, 'text': "I'm going to have to wait for your next book.", 'start': 9540.96, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 9544.36, 'text': 'The meaning of life.', 'start': 9543.4, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 9549.201, 'text': 'You know, we do the best we can to get through the day.', 'start': 9544.76, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 9554.602, 'text': "And then there's just the finite number of the days.", 'start': 9549.221, 'duration': 5.381}, {'end': 9560.443, 'text': 'Are you afraid of the finiteness of it? I think about it more and more as I get older.', 'start': 9556.122, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 9562.192, 'text': 'Yeah, I do.', 'start': 9561.232, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 9567.295, 'text': "And it's one of these human things that it is finite.", 'start': 9563.733, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 9568.175, 'text': 'We all know it.', 'start': 9567.395, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 9574.277, 'text': "Most of us deny it and don't want to think about it.", 'start': 9570.716, 'duration': 3.561}], 'summary': 'Discussion about the finite nature of life and aging.', 'duration': 33.317, 'max_score': 9540.96, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g9540960.jpg'}, {'end': 9777.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9748.794, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 9759.378, 'text': 'everything points to the inexorable conclusion that you have to treat people as individuals respectfully and with compassion.', 'start': 9748.794, 'duration': 10.584}, {'end': 9764.82, 'text': 'Because through no fault of their own, some people are not as capable as others.', 'start': 9759.838, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 9774.049, 'text': 'and you want to turn a blind eye to it, you want to come up with theories about why that might be true, fine.', 'start': 9766.444, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 9777.371, 'text': 'I would like to fix some of it as best I can.', 'start': 9774.409, 'duration': 2.962}], 'summary': 'Treat people as individuals with respect and compassion, acknowledging differences and striving for improvement.', 'duration': 28.577, 'max_score': 9748.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g9748794.jpg'}, {'end': 9837.37, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9805.961, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 9807.482, 'text': "It's a difficult topic.", 'start': 9805.961, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 9815.088, 'text': "is a topic that's controversial and sensitive to people and to push forward boldly and in that nuanced way.", 'start': 9808.103, 'duration': 6.985}, {'end': 9821.773, 'text': 'just thank you for everything you do and thank you for asking the big questions of intelligence, of consciousness.', 'start': 9815.088, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 9823.434, 'text': 'Well, thank you for asking me.', 'start': 9822.113, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 9826.336, 'text': "I mean, there's nothing like good conversation on these topics.", 'start': 9823.514, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 9829.907, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Richard Heyer.', 'start': 9827.486, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 9833.768, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 9830.367, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 9837.37, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from Albert Einstein.', 'start': 9834.428, 'duration': 2.942}], 'summary': "Discussion on controversial and sensitive topics, thanks for listening to richard heyer's conversation.", 'duration': 31.409, 'max_score': 9805.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g9805961.jpg'}], 'start': 7953.423, 'title': 'Intelligence and neuroscience', 'summary': 'Delves into the correlation between iq and fertility, anesthetic dosing, and machine iq tests, emphasizing the challenges of studying consciousness and intelligence. it also explores the potential impact of brain-computer interfaces on human intelligence and discusses the significance of compassion in relation to the meaning of life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8348.443, 'start': 7953.423, 'title': 'Neuroscience and intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the complexity of intelligence and consciousness, highlighting the correlation between iq and fertility, the challenges of studying consciousness, and the intricate relationship between intelligence and brain activity, emphasizing the need for further research in neuroscience.', 'duration': 395.02, 'highlights': ['The correlation between IQ and fertility is discussed, but the data on the firstborn child being the smartest is uncertain, highlighting the complexity of the nurture and in uterine environment on intelligence.', 'Studying consciousness involves complexities, with challenges in identifying the parts of the brain responsible for turning on and off during consciousness, raising questions about individual differences in consciousness and its relationship to intelligence.', 'Research on anesthesia and brain imaging revealed the impact of different anesthetic drugs on various parts of the brain, indicating a potential connection between brain activity during consciousness and intelligence.', 'The need for further research in neuroscience is emphasized, particularly in conducting high-resolution imaging studies to understand the interplay between intelligence and consciousness at a spatial and temporal level.']}, {'end': 8737.886, 'start': 8349.145, 'title': 'Anesthetic dosing and intelligence correlation', 'summary': 'Explores the correlation between intelligence and anesthetic dosing, discusses the challenges in measuring consciousness and intelligence, and delves into the concept of intelligence in machines, proposing tests and limitations.', 'duration': 388.741, 'highlights': ['The relationship between intelligence and anesthetic dosing is explored, with the hypothesis of an inverse correlation discussed, providing insights into brain efficiency and its impact on intelligence. Correlation between intelligence and anesthetic dosing, brain efficiency hypothesis, inverse correlation between glucose metabolic rate and intelligence, impact of brain information processing on intelligence.', 'Challenges in measuring consciousness and intelligence are discussed, highlighting the difficulty in dosing by intelligence and the use of education as a proxy for IQ, showcasing the limitations in chart review and dosing accuracy. Challenges in dosing by intelligence, use of education as a proxy for IQ, limitations in chart review and dosing accuracy.', 'The concept of intelligence in machines is explored, with the Turing test for machines and the limitations in achieving human-level intelligence discussed, highlighting the use of conversation and limitations in current AI capabilities. Turing test for machines, limitations in achieving human-level intelligence, use of conversation in the test, limitations in current AI capabilities.']}, {'end': 9120.591, 'start': 8737.986, 'title': 'Machine iq tests and artificial intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the development of iq tests for machines by artificial intelligence researcher francois chollet at google, highlighting the challenges machines face in understanding patterns, objectness, and spatial concepts, as well as the potential for modifying human intelligence through genetics.', 'duration': 382.605, 'highlights': ["Francois Chollet's development of IQ tests for machines challenges machines to solve patterns, objectness, and spatial concepts, highlighting the difficulties machines face in grasping these fundamental human abilities.", 'The conversation delves into the potential of modifying human intelligence through genetics and the complexities of neurobiology, hinting at the possibility of a pill that could metaphorically enhance intelligence.', 'The discussion touches on the distinction between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence, emphasizing the difference between knowledge of facts and the ability to use that knowledge to solve problems.', 'The transcript explores the challenges of formulating novel and non-public IQ test questions, emphasizing the difficulty and novelty-generating nature of creating such tests.', 'The chapter draws parallels between the complexity of understanding neurobiology and the historical trend of solving seemingly impossible scientific problems, highlighting the daunting nature of the task.']}, {'end': 9516.648, 'start': 9121.051, 'title': "Neuralink's impact on intelligence", 'summary': 'Explores the potential impact of brain-computer interfaces on the human mind and discusses the complexities of intelligence, emphasizing the need to address brain illnesses and pursue scientific careers to tackle big questions.', 'duration': 395.597, 'highlights': ['Brain-computer interfaces and their impact on intelligence Discusses the potential impact of brain-computer interfaces on measuring and influencing the functioning of the brain, raising questions about the g-factor.', 'Complexities of intelligence and brain functioning Explores the intricate levels of explanation related to brain circuitry, neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, and individual differences among people, noting that 51 million people in the United States struggle with IQs under 85.', "Encouraging pursuit of scientific careers and addressing brain illnesses Emphasizes the importance of pursuing scientific careers to address big questions related to consciousness, intelligence, and psychiatric illness, highlighting the potential impact of drug development for Alzheimer's disease on intelligence and memory.", "Following the data in research and ethical communication Stresses the importance of following the data in research, even if it leads to controversial or counterintuitive places, and emphasizes the need for skillful and compassionate communication of results while respecting people's sensitivities."]}, {'end': 9846.973, 'start': 9517.428, 'title': 'Meaning of life and intelligence', 'summary': 'Explores the meaning of life and the finiteness of human existence, emphasizing the importance of treating individuals with compassion and respect despite differences in intelligence.', 'duration': 329.545, 'highlights': ["The chapter delves into the concept of the meaning of life and the fear of the finiteness of human existence, highlighting the impact of aging on one's contemplation of mortality and the need to make the most of limited time.", 'The discussion touches on the human perception of intelligence, emphasizing the common experience of interacting with individuals of varying levels of intelligence and the biased judgment of human character.', 'Richard Heyer emphasizes the importance of treating individuals with compassion and respect, acknowledging the differences in intelligence and advocating for the fair and respectful treatment of all individuals.', 'The chapter concludes with a focus on the significance of asking profound questions about intelligence and consciousness, expressing gratitude for engaging conversations and encouraging the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.']}], 'duration': 1893.55, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/hppbxV9C63g/pics/hppbxV9C63g7953423.jpg', 'highlights': ['The correlation between IQ and fertility is uncertain, highlighting the complexity of nurture and in uterine environment on intelligence.', 'Challenges in identifying the parts of the brain responsible for consciousness raise questions about individual differences in consciousness and its relationship to intelligence.', 'Research on anesthesia and brain imaging reveals potential connection between brain activity during consciousness and intelligence.', 'The need for further research in neuroscience is emphasized, particularly in conducting high-resolution imaging studies to understand the interplay between intelligence and consciousness.', 'The relationship between intelligence and anesthetic dosing is explored, providing insights into brain efficiency and its impact on intelligence.', 'Challenges in measuring consciousness and intelligence are discussed, highlighting the difficulty in dosing by intelligence and the use of education as a proxy for IQ.', 'The concept of intelligence in machines is explored, with the Turing test for machines and the limitations in achieving human-level intelligence discussed.', "Francois Chollet's development of IQ tests for machines challenges machines to solve patterns, objectness, and spatial concepts.", 'The conversation delves into the potential of modifying human intelligence through genetics and the complexities of neurobiology.', 'The discussion touches on the distinction between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence, emphasizing the difference between knowledge of facts and the ability to use that knowledge to solve problems.', 'Brain-computer interfaces and their impact on intelligence are discussed, raising questions about the g-factor.', "The chapter delves into the concept of the meaning of life and the fear of the finiteness of human existence, highlighting the impact of aging on one's contemplation of mortality and the need to make the most of limited time.", 'Richard Heyer emphasizes the importance of treating individuals with compassion and respect, acknowledging the differences in intelligence and advocating for fair treatment of all individuals.', 'The chapter concludes with a focus on the significance of asking profound questions about intelligence and consciousness, expressing gratitude for engaging conversations and encouraging the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.']}], 'highlights': ['The G-factor is the most replicated finding in all of psychology.', 'The G-factor accounts for around half of the variance in mental tests.', 'The G factor is ubiquitous and highly correlated, over 0.9, among different batteries of tests, showcasing its general nature.', 'IQ tests are stable within an individual, as shown in longitudinal studies measuring children at age 11 and again at 70 years old, with highly correlated IQ scores.', 'The concept of general intelligence (G factor) is a common mental ability among various tests, introduced by Charles Spearman over 100 years ago.', 'The highest IQ quartile has twice as many people as the lowest, a significant difference in population distribution.', 'Reaction time to complex tasks highly correlates with the G factor, emphasizing the significance of speed of information processing in cognitive abilities.', 'Time limits in IQ tests are crucial in distinguishing among individuals and providing a more accurate estimate of the G factor.', 'Anxiety during tests may impact test performance but does not eliminate the presence of the G factor, emphasizing the necessity of multiple tests to estimate the G factor effectively.', 'The rise and fall of Hitler is cited to illustrate that some of the worst atrocities in history have been committed by very intelligent people.', "The controversy surrounding 'The Bell Curve' was mainly due to one chapter discussing the average difference in mean scores between black Americans and white Americans, leading to an incendiary reaction and accusations of racism.", 'Jensen controversially proposed a genetic influence on IQ differences, leading to intense backlash, including bomb threats and surveillance, making intelligence research a taboo topic for years.', 'The potential impact of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence The discussion explores the idea of shifting the normal distribution of intelligence, highlighting the potential world-shaking impact of even a small shift to the right.', 'The potential benefits of increasing intelligence at the lower end The conversation suggests that life becomes easier at the lower end with increased intelligence, implying that more intelligence is better at the lower end.', "The book 'The Bell Curve' provides statistical analyses showing the correlation between IQ scores and social problems and benefits.", "The speaker asserts the belief that more intelligence is better than less but acknowledges that it doesn't make more intelligent people better, discussing the hypothetical choice between becoming smarter or dumber.", 'The chapter raises the question of whether more intelligence is always better, considering the potential drawbacks and the impact on the human condition.', 'The potential genetic component of intelligence and its implications for societal solutions and attitudes.', 'The impact of race differences on societal attitudes and the potential for increasing racism and hate in the world.', 'The consideration of cultural and environmental factors in addressing disadvantages in school achievement, with a specific focus on eliminating environmental toxins like lead from gasoline, paint, and water.', 'The responsibility of scientists in anticipating and addressing potential misinterpretations of their findings and the consequences of their work.', 'The ethical dilemma of conducting and publishing controversial scientific studies, particularly on group differences.', 'The top quartile of the top 1% kids had more patents, publications, and university tenure compared to the bottom quartile, based on their scores at age 12.', 'The study shows a correlation between childhood scores and long-term success, with the top quartile outperforming the bottom quartile in measurable success variables.', 'The Flynn effect has caused IQ scores to drift up about three points per decade, indicating a potential influence on the G factor and prompting ongoing research to determine its cause.', 'The ongoing debate on the influence of genetics and environment on intelligence highlights the complexity of interactions between nature and nurture, challenging the attempt to disentangle their effects and emphasizing their intertwined nature.', "The strong genetic influence on intelligence, supported by evidence from adoption studies showing IQ scores of adopted children correlating with their biological parents' IQ scores, and genetically informative research designs showing most variance in intelligence measures due to genetic components.", 'The correlation between IQ and fertility is uncertain, highlighting the complexity of nurture and in uterine environment on intelligence.', 'Challenges in identifying the parts of the brain responsible for consciousness raise questions about individual differences in consciousness and its relationship to intelligence.', 'The need for further research in neuroscience is emphasized, particularly in conducting high-resolution imaging studies to understand the interplay between intelligence and consciousness.', 'The relationship between intelligence and anesthetic dosing is explored, providing insights into brain efficiency and its impact on intelligence.', 'Challenges in measuring consciousness and intelligence are discussed, highlighting the difficulty in dosing by intelligence and the use of education as a proxy for IQ.', 'The concept of intelligence in machines is explored, with the Turing test for machines and the limitations in achieving human-level intelligence discussed.', "The chapter delves into the concept of the meaning of life and the fear of the finiteness of human existence, highlighting the impact of aging on one's contemplation of mortality and the need to make the most of limited time.", 'Richard Heyer emphasizes the importance of treating individuals with compassion and respect, acknowledging the differences in intelligence and advocating for fair treatment of all individuals.', 'The chapter concludes with a focus on the significance of asking profound questions about intelligence and consciousness, expressing gratitude for engaging conversations and encouraging the pursuit of knowledge and understanding.']}