title
Learn Java 8 - Full Tutorial for Beginners
description
Learn Java 8 and object oriented programming with this complete Java course for beginners.
⭐️Contents ⭐️
⌨️ (0:00:00) 1 - Basic Java keywords explained
⌨️ (0:21:59) 2 - Basic Java keywords explained - Coding Session
⌨️ (0:35:45) 3 - Basic Java keywords explained - Debriefing
⌨️ (0:43:41) 4 - Packages, import statements, instance members, default constructor
⌨️ (0:59:01) 5 - Access and non-access modifiers
⌨️ (1:11:59) 6 - Tools: IntelliJ Idea, Junit, Maven
⌨️ (1:22:53) 7 - If/else statements and booleans
⌨️ (1:42:20) 8 - Loops: for, while and do while loop
⌨️ (1:56:57) 9 - For each loop and arrays
⌨️ (2:14:21) 10 - Arrays and enums
⌨️ (2:41:37) 11 - Enums and switch statement
⌨️ (3:07:21) 12 - Switch statement cont.
⌨️ (3:20:39) 13 - Logging using slf4j and logback
⌨️ (3:51:19) 14 - Public static void main
⌨️ (4:11:35) 15 - Checked and Unchecked Exceptions
⌨️ (5:05:36) 16 - Interfaces
⌨️ (5:46:54) 17 - Inheritance
⌨️ (6:20:20) 18 - Java Object finalize() method
⌨️ (6:36:57) 19 - Object clone method. [No lesson 20]
⌨️ (7:16:04) 21 - Number ranges, autoboxing, and more
⌨️ (7:53:00) 22 - HashCode and Equals
⌨️ (8:38:16) 23 - Java Collections
⌨️ (9:01:12) 24 - ArrayList
🎥Course by Marcus Biel, an experienced software craftsman. Watch additional Java lessons from Marcus on his channel. Here is a link to watch the remaining episodes of the course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAPqQpWtMXU&list=PLFmkgh1ckFjH1LaQvs_5pAuaZVVZ_3qcM&index=25
🔗Check out a written version of this course with additional resources here: https://marcus-biel.com/java-beginner-course/
🔗Get even more Java resources from Marcus here: https://java8course.com
--
Learn to code for free and get a developer job: https://www.freecodecamp.org
Read hundreds of articles on programming: https://medium.freecodecamp.org
detail
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usually the organization's domain name in reverse order.", 'start': 134.265, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 147.13, 'text': 'In my case that would be com.marcusbiel for example.', 'start': 144.109, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 156.402, 'text': "If you don't have a domain for the program you're writing It's okay to invent your own domain name but make sure it's a unique name.", 'start': 149.071, 'duration': 7.331}], 'summary': 'Package structure organizes program files. root folder uses reverse domain name, e.g. com.marcusbiel.', 'duration': 32.801, 'max_score': 123.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns123601.jpg'}, {'end': 300.074, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 275.759, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 284.683, 'text': 'Last but not least, I recommend you to choose package names related to your specific business topic, rather than just using technical terms.', 'start': 275.759, 'duration': 8.924}, {'end': 287.084, 'text': 'Good names are key.', 'start': 286.024, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 295.388, 'text': 'To simplify programming, every program file will reuse existing code.', 'start': 290.266, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 300.074, 'text': 'To do so, you have to import the code into your program file.', 'start': 296.311, 'duration': 3.763}], 'summary': 'Choose business-related package names, reuse existing code to simplify programming.', 'duration': 24.315, 'max_score': 275.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns275759.jpg'}, {'end': 496.65, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 470.91, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 476.674, 'text': "For now, while not 100% academically correct, it's okay to use the terms interchangeably.", 'start': 470.91, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 483.76, 'text': 'By convention, the name of a method should be a verb that best describes the purpose of the method.', 'start': 477.675, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 492.867, 'text': 'Methods define the actions you can execute on classes, so they further refine the structure of our program code.', 'start': 484.801, 'duration': 8.066}, {'end': 496.65, 'text': 'Methods can do pretty much everything for us.', 'start': 494.328, 'duration': 2.322}], 'summary': 'Methods refine program code, should be a verb, can perform various tasks.', 'duration': 25.74, 'max_score': 470.91, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns470910.jpg'}], 'start': 8.737, 'title': 'Java lessons and package structure', 'summary': 'Introduces a java video course focusing on teaching java basics and keywords, emphasizing the organization of a package structure, while discussing the importance of thoughtful package and class naming in creating a common language related to the business and adhering to recommended naming conventions for classes and methods.', 'chapters': [{'end': 221.46, 'start': 8.737, 'title': 'Java lesson 1: 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capital letter, and keeping classes as small as possible for improved reusability and readability, with a focus on only one topic.']}], 'duration': 487.913, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns8737.jpg', 'highlights': ['The instructor plans to introduce 15 Java keywords or concepts in the first lesson.', 'The chapter emphasizes teaching Java in the easiest way possible, covering theory, practice, and debriefing.', 'The package name follows a reverse domain order, gets more specific from left to right, uses lowercase and singular form, and serves as a high-level description of program files related to a certain topic.', 'Choosing package names thoughtfully to reflect the internal structure of the program is crucial, with a recommended example package name being com.marcusbiel.javacourse.lesson1.', 'The importance of imposing a structure on the program code, with the use of packages and classes to classify different units of code, emphasizing the cooperation between business clients and programmers.']}, {'end': 2149.435, 'segs': [{'end': 1379.291, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1029.673, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1036.057, 'text': 'So a class is like the human DNA, a definition of how something should be created when the program is running.', 'start': 1029.673, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 1049.405, 'text': "When a Java program is running, it would usually create a certain number of objects that will exist as a set of values in the computer's memory,", 'start': 1040.656, 'duration': 8.749}, {'end': 1052.708, 'text': 'and those values might change while the program is running.', 'start': 1049.405, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 1060.675, 'text': 'Each program language follows a certain concept.', 'start': 1057.912, 'duration': 2.763}, {'end': 1063.397, 'text': 'Java is an object-oriented language.', 'start': 1061.435, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 1066.7, 'text': 'Everything is focused around objects in Java.', 'start': 1064.278, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 1075.731, 'text': 'In Java, writing classes is a way of defining a model which focuses on necessary aspects to solve a specific problem.', 'start': 1067.987, 'duration': 7.744}, {'end': 1087.396, 'text': 'It needs the brain powers of a clever Java programmer to fully understand a problem and to extract a theoretical model from it and transfer this model into classes.', 'start': 1076.451, 'duration': 10.945}, {'end': 1094.68, 'text': 'The skills of the programmer will have high impact on how precisely a problem is transferred into a class model.', 'start': 1088.237, 'duration': 6.443}, {'end': 1104.956, 'text': 'Simply speaking, the more accurate this is done, the less code has to be written and maintained, the faster the program will run,', 'start': 1096.474, 'duration': 8.482}, {'end': 1106.397, 'text': 'the less errors it will have.', 'start': 1104.956, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1116.259, 'text': 'The power of Java is to be able to define and execute table model like a virtual machine on your computer,', 'start': 1107.777, 'duration': 8.482}, {'end': 1118.82, 'text': 'with concepts and names taken from the real world.', 'start': 1116.259, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 1123.867, 'text': 'which heavily improves the communication of the programmer and the business client.', 'start': 1119.585, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 1127.608, 'text': 'Programmer and business client can both talk of a car.', 'start': 1124.787, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 1137.311, 'text': 'While the one is talking of a real car and the other of the representation of this car on the computer, they will understand each other.', 'start': 1128.508, 'duration': 8.803}, {'end': 1144.734, 'text': 'Here we see a simplified definition of a class car.', 'start': 1141.633, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 1150.189, 'text': 'Now imagine a game where each player creates a car when the game starts.', 'start': 1145.686, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 1155.533, 'text': 'The program in this example might create three different cars at runtime.', 'start': 1151.17, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 1165.04, 'text': 'Now I talked about classes and objects that will be created from those classes.', 'start': 1159.956, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 1172.225, 'text': 'But how will these objects be actually created? We will need a method that will create the objects for us.', 'start': 1165.74, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 1174.867, 'text': 'This is a very special method.', 'start': 1173.246, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1181.312, 'text': 'It is called on a class and will create an object each time we call this method.', 'start': 1176.109, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 1186.595, 'text': 'But as soon as the object exists we cannot call this method anymore.', 'start': 1183.233, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 1193.118, 'text': 'The special method is called a constructor as it is used to construct objects from class files.', 'start': 1187.475, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 1203.864, 'text': 'To create a new object of time car you write new car for example.', 'start': 1198.361, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 1206.868, 'text': 'The constructor in this case,', 'start': 1204.687, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 1214.71, 'text': 'just like a method is given two different numbers one for the age of the car and one for the maximum speed in our example.', 'start': 1206.868, 'duration': 7.842}, {'end': 1222.532, 'text': "When the program is running and executes this line, a new object will be created in your computer's memory.", 'start': 1215.91, 'duration': 6.622}, {'end': 1227.934, 'text': 'We talked about variables already.', 'start': 1226.074, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 1233.636, 'text': 'However, before we can use a variable, we need to define it beforehand.', 'start': 1228.914, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 1241.06, 'text': 'car myPorsche colon is an example of a variable declaration.', 'start': 1236.616, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 1246.205, 'text': 'We declare the variable which we called myPorsche of the type car.', 'start': 1241.761, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 1254.433, 'text': 'Now that we have a variable declared we have to allocate the object we created.', 'start': 1248.868, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 1263.081, 'text': 'Variable declaration object creation and allocation can all be done in one single line.', 'start': 1256.936, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 1272.046, 'text': 'So this line reads as When the program is running and when this line of code is executed, create an object of type car,', 'start': 1263.741, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 1274.728, 'text': 'with first value of 1 and a second value of 320..', 'start': 1272.046, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1280.731, 'text': 'Then create a variable of type car and give it the name myPorsche.', 'start': 1274.728, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 1286.275, 'text': 'Last but not least, assign the car object to the variable named myPorsche.', 'start': 1281.652, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 1293.639, 'text': 'After this line, whenever we use myPorsche, we actually reference the object created in memory.', 'start': 1287.358, 'duration': 6.281}, {'end': 1301.04, 'text': 'Also, you might notice, when looking at this line of code, we put two values into the constructor of car.', 'start': 1294.419, 'duration': 6.621}, {'end': 1307.602, 'text': "But without looking into the code of the class car, we wouldn't even know what their meaning actually is.", 'start': 1301.981, 'duration': 5.621}, {'end': 1315.783, 'text': 'This is one reason why you should try to limit the number of variables used in a method, as well as in a constructor.', 'start': 1308.702, 'duration': 7.081}, {'end': 1317.974, 'text': 'The less the better.', 'start': 1316.854, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 1325.657, 'text': 'In session 2 of this free Java video course we are going to write our first Java program.', 'start': 1320.215, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 1334.279, 'text': 'When we write code we actually start by writing a program which is actually testing the program or class we are going to write.', 'start': 1326.797, 'duration': 7.482}, {'end': 1336.86, 'text': 'We do this for two reasons.', 'start': 1335.44, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 1344.863, 'text': 'First, the test forces us to properly think our idea through which will improve our code a lot.', 'start': 1337.82, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 1355.506, 'text': 'The main effort in the lifecycle of a program is actually not the first time effort of writing the program code, but to maintain the program,', 'start': 1346.943, 'duration': 8.563}, {'end': 1361.609, 'text': 'like extending or improving the functionality or fixing errors called bugs in your code.', 'start': 1355.506, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 1367.251, 'text': 'Whenever you write code, there is a high risk you will introduce defects in your code.', 'start': 1362.429, 'duration': 4.822}, {'end': 1371.885, 'text': 'When your program is written once with the help of a test.', 'start': 1368.663, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 1379.291, 'text': 'this test will ensure that, whatever happens, your program will continue to function as designed initially.', 'start': 1371.885, 'duration': 7.406}], 'summary': 'Java programs create objects from classes, improving communication and reducing errors. constructors and variables are used to create and allocate objects.', 'duration': 349.618, 'max_score': 1029.673, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns1029673.jpg'}, {'end': 1118.82, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1096.474, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1104.956, 'text': 'Simply speaking, the more accurate this is done, the less code has to be written and maintained, the faster the program will run,', 'start': 1096.474, 'duration': 8.482}, {'end': 1106.397, 'text': 'the less errors it will have.', 'start': 1104.956, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1116.259, 'text': 'The power of Java is to be able to define and execute table model like a virtual machine on your computer,', 'start': 1107.777, 'duration': 8.482}, {'end': 1118.82, 'text': 'with concepts and names taken from the real world.', 'start': 1116.259, 'duration': 2.561}], 'summary': 'Accurate programming reduces code, improves speed, and minimizes errors in java.', 'duration': 22.346, 'max_score': 1096.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns1096474.jpg'}, {'end': 1206.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1176.109, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1181.312, 'text': 'It is called on a class and will create an object each time we call this method.', 'start': 1176.109, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 1186.595, 'text': 'But as soon as the object exists we cannot call this method anymore.', 'start': 1183.233, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 1193.118, 'text': 'The special method is called a constructor as it is used to construct objects from class files.', 'start': 1187.475, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 1203.864, 'text': 'To create a new object of time car you write new car for example.', 'start': 1198.361, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 1206.868, 'text': 'The constructor in this case,', 'start': 1204.687, 'duration': 2.181}], 'summary': 'Constructor creates new objects from class files.', 'duration': 30.759, 'max_score': 1176.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns1176109.jpg'}, {'end': 1315.783, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1287.358, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1293.639, 'text': 'After this line, whenever we use myPorsche, we actually reference the object created in memory.', 'start': 1287.358, 'duration': 6.281}, {'end': 1301.04, 'text': 'Also, you might notice, when looking at this line of code, we put two values into the constructor of car.', 'start': 1294.419, 'duration': 6.621}, {'end': 1307.602, 'text': "But without looking into the code of the class car, we wouldn't even know what their meaning actually is.", 'start': 1301.981, 'duration': 5.621}, {'end': 1315.783, 'text': 'This is one reason why you should try to limit the number of variables used in a method, as well as in a constructor.', 'start': 1308.702, 'duration': 7.081}], 'summary': 'Limit variables in methods and constructors to improve code readability and maintainability.', 'duration': 28.425, 'max_score': 1287.358, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns1287358.jpg'}, {'end': 2066.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2030.382, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2034.385, 'text': 'For now what is important we want to write our first test.', 'start': 2030.382, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 2042.151, 'text': 'So we still need to define a method and it also tells us cannot resolve method hello world.', 'start': 2035.366, 'duration': 6.785}, {'end': 2044.353, 'text': 'Okay help us please.', 'start': 2043.052, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 2046.375, 'text': 'Create method hello world.', 'start': 2045.054, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2049.638, 'text': 'Weird enough.', 'start': 2049.097, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 2053.261, 'text': "It moved the method to the wrong place but I'll fix that.", 'start': 2050.699, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 2057.58, 'text': 'course we need to have it here.', 'start': 2055.299, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 2066.862, 'text': 'Okay now nothing read anymore and we can start calling our first test.', 'start': 2060.679, 'duration': 6.183}], 'summary': 'The team is working on writing their first test and encountered some issues with method placement.', 'duration': 36.48, 'max_score': 2030.382, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns2030382.jpg'}], 'start': 497.991, 'title': 'Structuring java code and programming readability', 'summary': 'Emphasizes structuring java code like a book, with packages as chapters, classes as paragraphs, and methods as sentences, and recommends keeping methods short with 1 to 3 lines for better readability. it also introduces access modifiers, void return type, camel case naming convention, and class structure in java, highlighting the importance of clean structure in programming. additionally, it details the creation of a folder structure for a java test, setting up a test class, adding annotations, writing test methods, and executing the first test.', 'chapters': [{'end': 552.585, 'start': 497.991, 'title': 'Java code structure', 'summary': 'Emphasizes structuring java code like a book, with packages as chapters, classes as paragraphs, and methods as sentences, and encourages considering the level of abstraction when organizing code.', 'duration': 54.594, 'highlights': ['The chapter compares structuring Java code to a book, with packages as chapters, classes as paragraphs, and methods as sentences.', 'The chapter recommends considering the current level of abstraction when organizing code.', 'The chapter highlights that methods can operate on various data types, including text, colors, and sounds.']}, {'end': 768.998, 'start': 553.566, 'title': 'Programming structure and readability', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of clean structure in programming, recommends keeping methods short with 1 to 3 lines, and suggests limiting method parameters to three to five for better readability.', 'duration': 215.432, 'highlights': ['The most important part of programming is structure and readability for humans, especially with programs of millions of lines of code.', 'Keep your methods as short as possible, with a recommended 1 to 3 lines and a maximum of 20 lines.', 'It is recommended to use as few method parameters as possible, with three to five parameters as a maximum for better readability.']}, {'end': 1415.645, 'start': 774.414, 'title': 'Java basics: access modifiers and class structure', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of access modifiers, void return type, camel case naming convention, and class structure in java, emphasizing the importance of understanding and implementing these concepts to write efficient and maintainable code.', 'duration': 641.231, 'highlights': ['The class as well as the method now both have public access defined.', "In Java, it's good design to differentiate between query methods which return a value but do not alter the state, and command methods which alter the state but do not return a value.", 'A class in Java is like a template or a definition of what you want the class to do when the program is running, and follows the object-oriented programming paradigm.', 'A constructor is a special method used to construct objects from class files, and it is called on a class to create an object each time it is invoked.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of writing test programs to properly think through ideas, improve code quality, and ensure the program continues to function as designed.']}, {'end': 2149.435, 'start': 1417.667, 'title': 'Creating a java test structure', 'summary': 'Details the creation of a folder structure for a java test, setting up a test class, adding annotations, writing test methods, and executing the first test, concluding with the successful execution of the test class.', 'duration': 731.768, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the process of setting up a folder structure for a Java test, including creating a file for the test and defining the package.', 'It emphasizes the importance of starting with a text editor to learn keywords and then transitioning to an environment that provides assistance.', 'The chapter demonstrates the steps for writing a test class, including adding annotations and defining test methods.', 'It highlights the process of executing the first test and resolving errors to ensure the successful execution of the test class.']}], 'duration': 1651.444, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns497991.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter compares structuring Java code to a book, with packages as chapters, classes as paragraphs, and methods as sentences.', 'The most important part of programming is structure and readability for humans, especially with programs of millions of lines of code.', 'The chapter explains the process of setting up a folder structure for a Java test, including creating a file for the test and defining the package.', 'Keep your methods as short as possible, with a recommended 1 to 3 lines and a maximum of 20 lines.', "In Java, it's good design to differentiate between query methods which return a value but do not alter the state, and command methods which alter the state but do not return a value."]}, {'end': 3484.91, 'segs': [{'end': 2283.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2215.952, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2220.576, 'text': 'After the package declaration we can have one or more import statements.', 'start': 2215.952, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 2225.239, 'text': 'This, just for our lesson now, I made up.', 'start': 2222.338, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 2232.46, 'text': 'I created a new class called name and this is in a sub-package called lesson3.', 'start': 2226.399, 'duration': 6.061}, {'end': 2238.261, 'text': 'Actually all classes that are in the same package.', 'start': 2234.161, 'duration': 4.1}, {'end': 2249.644, 'text': 'so person is in the package com.marcusbiel.javacourse.lesson2 for all classes that are in the exactly same package, lesson2 at the end.', 'start': 2238.261, 'duration': 11.383}, {'end': 2251.871, 'text': "we don't need to import them.", 'start': 2250.37, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2254.974, 'text': 'Java will find them automatically.', 'start': 2253.132, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 2265.122, 'text': 'But here, I made this lesson 3, so if we want to use the name class that I just wrote, we have to import it.', 'start': 2255.974, 'duration': 9.148}, {'end': 2272.027, 'text': 'Okay, next thing is class definition, public class Person.', 'start': 2266.222, 'duration': 5.805}, {'end': 2279.453, 'text': 'And with these brackets, it says the class begins, it says the class ends.', 'start': 2273.188, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 2283.026, 'text': 'public means all other classes.', 'start': 2280.964, 'duration': 2.062}], 'summary': 'Lesson on package declaration, import statements, and class definition in java.', 'duration': 67.074, 'max_score': 2215.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns2215952.jpg'}, {'end': 2723.751, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2657.267, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2669.015, 'text': 'Sometimes it really happens that you would have two classes of the exact same short name, but of different packages,', 'start': 2657.267, 'duration': 11.748}, {'end': 2675.46, 'text': 'and so to define which one you mean, then you would have to use one with the full package name.', 'start': 2669.015, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 2681.525, 'text': 'So next we define the class.', 'start': 2678.743, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2688.531, 'text': 'The class starts with the curly opening brace and ends with the curly closing brace.', 'start': 2683.247, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 2697.798, 'text': "We have here, we say it's an instance variable actually and this is an instance method.", 'start': 2691.113, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 2702.842, 'text': 'Instance variables and instance methods could be of course much more.', 'start': 2698.999, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 2706.705, 'text': 'Both together we call the members of the class.', 'start': 2703.983, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 2709.706, 'text': 'because they belong to the class.', 'start': 2707.585, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 2723.751, 'text': 'An instance is just like an object, so of one class you can create various instances, like one person could be Markus,', 'start': 2711.807, 'duration': 11.944}], 'summary': 'Defining classes with instance variables and methods, creating multiple instances.', 'duration': 66.484, 'max_score': 2657.267, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns2657267.jpg'}, {'end': 3324.359, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3293.057, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3295.739, 'text': 'Well actually I was wrong, I want to say hello Marcus.', 'start': 3293.057, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 3298.741, 'text': "Okay, so now let's assert again.", 'start': 3296.879, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 3302.824, 'text': 'Assert equals.', 'start': 3298.761, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 3315.052, 'text': 'I want hello, Marcus, and I want to say person dot hello, And now I want to give it here.', 'start': 3302.824, 'duration': 12.228}, {'end': 3317.754, 'text': 'when we use a variable here, we call it an argument.', 'start': 3315.052, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 3324.359, 'text': 'This is just to make it more confusing and people use this interchangeably.', 'start': 3319.175, 'duration': 5.184}], 'summary': 'Transcript about using variables and arguments interchangeably.', 'duration': 31.302, 'max_score': 3293.057, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns3293057.jpg'}], 'start': 2149.435, 'title': 'Java program structure, introduction, class structure, constructors, and object creation', 'summary': "Covers java program structure, introducing java programming, class structure, constructors, and object creation, emphasizing package declaration, access modifiers, proper design, 'static' keyword usage, constructor necessity, and method implementation for passing tests.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2317.634, 'start': 2149.435, 'title': 'Java program structure', 'summary': 'Covers the structure of a java program, including package declaration, import statements, class definition, and access modifiers, emphasizing the importance of package name and access modifiers for defining class visibility.', 'duration': 168.199, 'highlights': ['The first line of the program is the package declaration, which should be unique and usually consists of the domain name in reverse order, such as com.marcusbiel.javacourse.lesson2.', 'After the package declaration, one or more import statements can be included to import classes from other packages.', "The class definition in Java is introduced using the 'public class' keyword, and access modifiers like 'public' and 'private' are used to define the visibility of classes, emphasizing the best practice of making classes private for encapsulation."]}, {'end': 2600.477, 'start': 2319.275, 'title': 'Introduction to java programming', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of reference variables, private and public methods, testing, and development environment in java programming, emphasizing the importance of proper design and understanding test results.', 'duration': 281.202, 'highlights': ['The concept of reference variables and private methods in Java programming, emphasizing the need to use methods to access private fields.', 'The significance of writing tests before defining classes and methods, and the assistance provided by the development environment in creating classes and methods on-the-fly.', 'The importance of understanding test results, using the green bar as an indicator of successful test execution, and the concept of green and red bars in testing.', 'The mention of annotations and static imports in Java programming, with a reassurance that detailed explanations will be provided later.']}, {'end': 2788.963, 'start': 2602.579, 'title': 'Java class structure', 'summary': "Discusses the structure of a java class, including the usage of package names, import statements, instance variables, instance methods, class variables, and class methods, with an explanation of the 'static' keyword and its impact on instances.", 'duration': 186.384, 'highlights': ["The class's short name is used, and the full name includes the package name to ensure uniqueness, making it much more readable and shorter.", 'Explanation of instance variables and methods, as well as the concept of instances as objects with unique variable versions, showcasing the practical application of classes in Java.', "Introduction to class variables and methods with the addition of the 'static' keyword, demonstrating its impact on instances and the behavior of all instances when a change is made to one."]}, {'end': 3201.288, 'start': 2788.963, 'title': 'Java constructors and methods', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of constructors and methods in java, including the default constructor, parameterized constructor, method creation, and test annotation, emphasizing the need for a constructor to initialize an object and the potential issues and solutions related to variable naming and constructor definition.', 'duration': 412.325, 'highlights': ['The default constructor is used to initialize an object; it does not have any parameter, and when an object of type Person is created, this constructor will be called, emphasizing the importance of constructor in object initialization.', "The process of adding a parameter 'PersonName' to the constructor is explained, highlighting the need to differentiate variables and the resolution by renaming the variable, with emphasis on the significance of variable names and Java's understanding of references.", 'The creation of a custom constructor without a default constructor is explained, demonstrating that Java will not automatically create a default constructor when a custom one is defined, emphasizing the need to explicitly define a default constructor if required.', 'The method creation and test annotation process is detailed, with an emphasis on writing test cases using annotations and creating objects of type Person, showcasing the practical application of methods and annotations in Java programming.']}, {'end': 3484.91, 'start': 3202.39, 'title': 'Understanding java comments and object creation', 'summary': 'Discusses creating objects in java, including the use of comments and the process of method creation, with emphasis on the importance of using multi-line comments and the creation of multiple objects, and the need for proper method implementation to pass tests.', 'duration': 282.52, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the preference for multi-line comments over single-line comments for clarity and provides a preview of the upcoming detailed discussion on comments.', 'It demonstrates the creation of multiple objects of the same type in Java and provides an example of creating objects with unique names, showcasing the flexibility of object creation in Java.', 'The process of method creation in Java is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of proper method implementation and the need to address any errors or bugs that may cause test failures.']}], 'duration': 1335.475, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns2149435.jpg', 'highlights': ["The class definition in Java is introduced using the 'public class' keyword, and access modifiers like 'public' and 'private' are used to define the visibility of classes, emphasizing the best practice of making classes private for encapsulation.", 'The concept of reference variables and private methods in Java programming, emphasizing the need to use methods to access private fields.', 'The default constructor is used to initialize an object; it does not have any parameter, and when an object of type Person is created, this constructor will be called, emphasizing the importance of constructor in object initialization.', "The process of adding a parameter 'PersonName' to the constructor is explained, highlighting the need to differentiate variables and the resolution by renaming the variable, with emphasis on the significance of variable names and Java's understanding of references.", 'The importance of understanding test results, using the green bar as an indicator of successful test execution, and the concept of green and red bars in testing.']}, {'end': 5424.122, 'segs': [{'end': 3759.842, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3725.735, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3739.021, 'text': "one, for example, is protected, but we don't need this at the moment, so you should be perfectly coming along with just public, private and default.", 'start': 3725.735, 'duration': 13.286}, {'end': 3745.159, 'text': "So for now let's just concentrate on these few.", 'start': 3739.942, 'duration': 5.217}, {'end': 3757.662, 'text': "Let me fix the class shortly, because very soon we're going to need it in our test and I don't want to adjust the test.", 'start': 3747.78, 'duration': 9.882}, {'end': 3759.842, 'text': 'I want to have the code as it was before.', 'start': 3757.662, 'duration': 2.18}], 'summary': 'Focus on public, private, and default access for now.', 'duration': 34.107, 'max_score': 3725.735, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns3725735.jpg'}, {'end': 3829.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3802.845, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3807.547, 'text': "I'm not doing it, and I can also give it a different name, like my person.", 'start': 3802.845, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 3811.109, 'text': 'just to show you, we can have any name for the variables.', 'start': 3807.547, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 3818.172, 'text': 'So what this means is when the test will be created here.', 'start': 3811.829, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 3828.216, 'text': 'after this line is executed, which is just after the column, we will have one object in memory, two objects in memory and after this line,', 'start': 3818.172, 'duration': 10.044}, {'end': 3829.257, 'text': 'three objects in memory.', 'start': 3828.216, 'duration': 1.041}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates variable naming flexibility and memory allocation increasing to three objects.', 'duration': 26.412, 'max_score': 3802.845, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns3802845.jpg'}], 'start': 3485.511, 'title': 'Java tools and testing', 'summary': 'Discusses testing, visibility modifiers, dynamic object counting, junit, testng, maven, java tools, and boolean algebra in java programming, providing insights into usage, comparisons, and benefits of various tools and frameworks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3759.842, 'start': 3485.511, 'title': 'Testing, modifiers and visibility', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of testing for identifying and fixing bugs before production, followed by an explanation of visibility modifiers including public, private, and default modifiers, and the benefits of breaking down long methods into smaller private methods.', 'duration': 274.331, 'highlights': ['The importance of testing for identifying and fixing bugs before production is emphasized, as it can prevent expensive errors and issues.', 'Explanation of visibility modifiers including public, private, and default modifiers is provided, with an emphasis on their respective functionalities and use cases.', 'The benefits of breaking down long methods into smaller private methods are highlighted, emphasizing the improved readability and maintenance of the code.']}, {'end': 4423.814, 'start': 3760.922, 'title': 'Creating dynamic object counting', 'summary': 'Covers the process of dynamically counting the number of objects created, utilizing constructors and static variables, and discusses the usage of intellij idea, eclipse, and netbeans as ides and junit as a testing framework.', 'duration': 662.892, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to dynamically count the number of objects created using constructors and static variables, ensuring that the method returns the accurate count of objects created.', 'The instructor shares insights on IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, and NetBeans as popular IDEs, highlighting IntelliJ IDEA as a favored choice due to its continuous improvements.', 'The usage of JUnit as a testing framework is emphasized, emphasizing its ease of use and the benefit of leveraging existing frameworks instead of creating new ones.']}, {'end': 4856.812, 'start': 4424.534, 'title': 'Java tutorial: junit, testng, and maven', 'summary': 'Covers the comparison between junit and testng, the support for both in intellij idea, the usage of maven as a build management tool, and recommendations for text editors to use for java programming.', 'duration': 432.278, 'highlights': ['IntelliJ IDEA supports both JUnit and TestNG, allowing for easy experimentation with both frameworks.', 'Maven is a build management tool that simplifies the process of packaging Java programs and provides environment-specific settings, such as defining source encoding.', 'Recommendations for text editors include TextBed for Windows, emphasizing the significance of starting with a text editor before transitioning to an IDE for Java programming.']}, {'end': 5029.896, 'start': 4856.872, 'title': 'Introduction to java tools', 'summary': 'Provides an introduction to java tools, including downloading netbeans, installing a text editor like sublime, and an overview of conditional statements and booleans, with a focus on theory and primitive data types.', 'duration': 173.024, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides an introduction to downloading NetBeans and installing a text editor like Sublime for Java development, emphasizing the use of a text editor for beginners to get familiar with keywords and concepts, before moving on to using an IDE.', 'It also introduces the topic of conditional statements and Booleans, explaining the primitive data type Boolean with its two values, true or false, and the concept of conditional statements based on true or false conditions.', 'The instructor recommends using a text editor for beginners to get used to and familiar with Java keywords and concepts before transitioning to using an IDE, promoting the development of understanding and familiarity with programming concepts.']}, {'end': 5424.122, 'start': 5031.276, 'title': 'Boolean algebra in java', 'summary': "Explains the concept of boolean algebra, its relevance in java programming, and the usage of logical operators such as 'and' and 'or' for conditional execution, with a focus on improving code efficiency.", 'duration': 392.846, 'highlights': ["Boolean algebra introduced by George Boole is crucial for condition-based execution in Java, with logical operators 'AND' and 'OR' playing a significant role in determining code execution flow.", "Usage of logical operators like 'AND' and 'OR' in Java programming provides the ability to dictate code execution based on specific conditions, optimizing efficiency and decision-making processes.", 'Understanding the significance of Boolean algebra and logical operators in Java programming, particularly for conditional execution, is vital for developers to improve code quality and efficiency.']}], 'duration': 1938.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns3485511.jpg', 'highlights': ['JUnit as a testing framework is emphasized for its ease of use and leveraging existing frameworks.', 'Maven simplifies packaging Java programs and provides environment-specific settings.', 'IntelliJ IDEA supports both JUnit and TestNG, allowing easy experimentation with both frameworks.', 'Importance of testing for identifying and fixing bugs before production is emphasized.', 'Boolean algebra introduced by George Boole is crucial for condition-based execution in Java.']}, {'end': 7804.613, 'segs': [{'end': 5658.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5607.009, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5616.673, 'text': 'Because it starts with if Monday, and if this is not true, Java has to check, else is it Friday?', 'start': 5607.009, 'duration': 9.664}, {'end': 5623.855, 'text': 'If so, then call this function, and in all other cases we still drink milk.', 'start': 5617.333, 'duration': 6.522}, {'end': 5631.23, 'text': 'So okay, and you can have any number of else if statements here.', 'start': 5625.507, 'duration': 5.723}, {'end': 5640.816, 'text': "Else if, I don't know, some other condition.", 'start': 5638.374, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 5643.317, 'text': 'We could just say sunny.', 'start': 5642.097, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 5654.448, 'text': "If it's sunny, what should we do? Go swimming.", 'start': 5647.14, 'duration': 7.308}, {'end': 5658.55, 'text': 'You can do anything here.', 'start': 5655.469, 'duration': 3.081}], 'summary': 'Java code checks for monday, if not true, checks for friday, else drink milk. can include multiple else if statements for other conditions.', 'duration': 51.541, 'max_score': 5607.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns5607009.jpg'}, {'end': 5865.997, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5824.466, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5834.088, 'text': 'The reason is, this equal sign we use here when we assign the value of 4 to i or j.', 'start': 5824.466, 'duration': 9.622}, {'end': 5836.008, 'text': "So we can't use that again.", 'start': 5834.088, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 5846.191, 'text': 'Instead in Java you use two equal symbols to express I want to have a boolean check.', 'start': 5836.829, 'duration': 9.362}, {'end': 5862.235, 'text': 'And what you also can do, so you see the result of this will be a boolean value, you can assign that boolean value r equal to a Boolean variable.', 'start': 5847.232, 'duration': 15.003}, {'end': 5865.997, 'text': 'And this is actually quite often very smart.', 'start': 5862.975, 'duration': 3.022}], 'summary': 'In java, use two equal symbols to express a boolean check. you can assign a boolean value to a boolean variable.', 'duration': 41.531, 'max_score': 5824.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns5824466.jpg'}, {'end': 7126.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7083.61, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7100.717, 'text': 'so for person, the way we define it is with these, where which symbolizes something like a box, I think, which is easy to remember,', 'start': 7083.61, 'duration': 17.107}, {'end': 7105.839, 'text': 'because we will put our persons kind of in here, we could think.', 'start': 7100.717, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 7114.541, 'text': 'And because this container will hold a number of persons, I will call this variable persons.', 'start': 7106.979, 'duration': 7.562}, {'end': 7123.111, 'text': 'Now I say new Person, but Now there comes something new again.', 'start': 7116.742, 'duration': 6.369}, {'end': 7126.313, 'text': "I don't use the regular brackets.", 'start': 7123.131, 'duration': 3.182}], 'summary': "Defining 'person' as a container to hold multiple persons without using regular brackets.", 'duration': 42.703, 'max_score': 7083.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns7083610.jpg'}], 'start': 5424.122, 'title': 'Java programming concepts', 'summary': "Covers the introduction to conditional statements, if-else statements, logical operators, and comparisons between primitive data types. it also introduces loops, focusing on the for loop, its structure, and usage. further, it discusses the usage of for and while loops, arrays, object references, and java's garbage collector for memory management.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5765.321, 'start': 5424.122, 'title': 'Introduction to conditional statements', 'summary': 'Introduces the concepts of if-else statements and logical operators in java, highlighting the importance of parentheses, the structure of if-else-if statements, and comparisons between primitive data types.', 'duration': 341.199, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the significance of introducing brackets to ensure the correct execution order in complex logic, reducing the risk of encountering logical errors.', 'It discusses the introduction of the else statement, providing an alternative condition when the initial if statement is false, exemplified by the scenario of drinking milk on days other than Monday.', 'The chapter explains the usage of else if statements, demonstrating the application within a program to determine actions based on varying conditions, such as drinking water on Friday and swimming on a sunny day.', "The transcript illustrates the comparison between primitive data types, using the example of evaluating the values of integers 'e' and 'j' to showcase the process of comparing values in programming."]}, {'end': 6347.224, 'start': 5765.561, 'title': 'Introduction to loops', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of loops, focusing on the for loop, which allows the execution of repetitive tasks and is structured with three sections, initializing a counter, defining the condition for execution, and incrementing the counter.', 'duration': 581.663, 'highlights': ['The for loop is introduced as a means to execute repetitive tasks, starting from 0 and incrementing the counter by 1 each time, allowing the execution of a certain statement for a specified number of times.', "The concept of using a counter variable (often denoted as 'i') in the for loop is explained, emphasizing the common practice of starting from 0 and incrementing to the desired limit, such as executing a statement 4 times.", "The historical context of the for loop, traced back to older programming languages like C and C++, is provided, shedding light on the origins of the loop's structure and naming conventions, reflecting the influence of mathematicians in programming."]}, {'end': 6744.309, 'start': 6347.224, 'title': 'Loops in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of for and while loops in java, demonstrating the creation of objects based on loop conditions and the distinction between the two types of loops, emphasizing their specific use cases.', 'duration': 397.085, 'highlights': ['The for loop is used to create objects based on the loop conditions, with the demonstration of creating four persons on the fly.', 'The usage of the for loop to calculate the number of times the constructor was called and its comparison with a static method, emphasizing its effectiveness for specific tasks.', "The explanation of the while loop and its specific use case for situations where a condition is dynamically calculated, illustrated with the example of a function like 'should drink beer'."]}, {'end': 7162.301, 'start': 6745.069, 'title': 'Introduction to arrays and loops in java', 'summary': 'Introduces arrays and different loops in java, including the for, while, and do while loops, as well as the for each loop specifically designed for arrays and collections, with a focus on understanding their usage and syntax.', 'duration': 417.232, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the introduction to arrays and different loops in Java, including the for, while, and do while loops, as well as the for each loop specifically designed for arrays and collections.', "It emphasizes the equivalence of the three different loops in terms of what can be achieved with each, highlighting their differences in style and usability based on the programmer's preference and the specific logic required.", 'The chapter also explains the syntax and usage of arrays in Java, describing them as containers that can hold primitive data types or objects, and introduces the concept of creating arrays and populating them with elements, focusing on the specific syntax for creating arrays of a specific type and size.']}, {'end': 7804.613, 'start': 7162.301, 'title': 'Java arrays and object references', 'summary': "Explains the creation and manipulation of java arrays, including the use of object references and the concept of null, and highlights the benefits of java's garbage collector for memory management.", 'duration': 642.312, 'highlights': ['The creation and manipulation of Java arrays, including the use of object references and the concept of null, are explained.', "The benefits of Java's garbage collector for memory management are highlighted, emphasizing its superiority over manual memory management in languages like C++.", 'The introduction and usage of for loops and the for each loop in Java for dynamic array manipulation are discussed.']}], 'duration': 2380.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns5424122.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the significance of introducing brackets for correct execution order.', 'The for loop executes repetitive tasks, starting from 0 and incrementing by 1.', 'The usage of for loop to create objects based on loop conditions is demonstrated.', 'The introduction and usage of arrays in Java are explained, focusing on syntax and usage.', "The benefits of Java's garbage collector for memory management are highlighted."]}, {'end': 9633.613, 'segs': [{'end': 8405.741, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8358.455, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8368.579, 'text': 'Outside of my array there is no one who has a reference to it, which we can change after we have defined it.', 'start': 8358.455, 'duration': 10.124}, {'end': 8376.342, 'text': 'We could also say I have now to count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.', 'start': 8369.12, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 8383.646, 'text': 'I hope I have counted correctly, if not imagine I had counted correctly.', 'start': 8376.343, 'duration': 7.303}, {'end': 8387.227, 'text': 'Okay, so I said 6.', 'start': 8384.606, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 8405.741, 'text': "So, at position 6 we can now copy this reference and I can say my, let's call it secret person or let's call it just VIP, So my vrp.", 'start': 8387.227, 'duration': 18.514}], 'summary': 'Array has 6 elements, and a new reference can be copied at position 6.', 'duration': 47.286, 'max_score': 8358.455, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns8358455.jpg'}, {'end': 9126.518, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9021.79, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9025.151, 'text': 'It does not protect the value in here, which you can change anytime.', 'start': 9021.79, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 9029.632, 'text': 'And for this we have the enum.', 'start': 9026.431, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 9033.913, 'text': 'The enum allows us to define an enumeration.', 'start': 9030.872, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 9038.053, 'text': 'Let me just remove that.', 'start': 9036.933, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 9040.474, 'text': 'Or we can keep it for the time being.', 'start': 9038.954, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 9043.055, 'text': "But let's jump over.", 'start': 9041.534, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 9044.955, 'text': 'I have prepared here a class.', 'start': 9043.075, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 9049.604, 'text': 'well actually it will be our enum and it will not be a class.', 'start': 9046.121, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 9065.696, 'text': 'Okay, so far I have just set package for lesson 10, I have set lesson 10 and now, like you know it, the class, the class we would say public class,', 'start': 9050.464, 'duration': 15.232}, {'end': 9071.708, 'text': 'logging level and then braces.', 'start': 9065.696, 'duration': 6.012}, {'end': 9077.871, 'text': "But this time we're not doing a class, we're doing something a bit smaller and this is the enum.", 'start': 9072.568, 'duration': 5.303}, {'end': 9081.652, 'text': 'And now this is obligatory.', 'start': 9079.731, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 9094.357, 'text': "You have to start with the status definition and it's not a string, so we don't need the double quotes that we would have for the string.", 'start': 9082.492, 'duration': 11.865}, {'end': 9105.48, 'text': 'Now this is really a value and enumeration value which we define of our enum.', 'start': 9095.337, 'duration': 10.143}, {'end': 9115.629, 'text': 'So we like program our own type and we already program the allowed values pending.', 'start': 9105.88, 'duration': 9.749}, {'end': 9126.518, 'text': 'We had processing, I think we had processed, and then we end here.', 'start': 9116.309, 'duration': 10.209}], 'summary': 'Introduction to defining an enum with values in a class for lesson 10.', 'duration': 104.728, 'max_score': 9021.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns9021790.jpg'}, {'end': 9217.031, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9183.259, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9193.922, 'text': 'I mean we cannot, course, we can change it, but we can only change it to the allowed statuses that we have defined beforehand.', 'start': 9183.259, 'duration': 10.663}, {'end': 9198.782, 'text': 'We can set pending, processed and processing.', 'start': 9194.922, 'duration': 3.86}, {'end': 9201.623, 'text': 'The order is different but still the same.', 'start': 9199.583, 'duration': 2.04}, {'end': 9204.844, 'text': 'It can only have one of the three values.', 'start': 9202.323, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 9212.325, 'text': "We could not say here something crazy because it's not a string.", 'start': 9205.764, 'duration': 6.561}, {'end': 9217.031, 'text': 'we can only use the values that we have defined here.', 'start': 9214.09, 'duration': 2.941}], 'summary': 'The order status can only be pending, processed, or processing.', 'duration': 33.772, 'max_score': 9183.259, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns9183259.jpg'}, {'end': 9494.084, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9456.147, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9467.633, 'text': 'and now see this it says the int cannot be applied to this constructor because so far the constructor is empty.', 'start': 9456.147, 'duration': 11.486}, {'end': 9473.656, 'text': 'because what happens is this is calling the constructor.', 'start': 9467.633, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 9484.482, 'text': "So let's put int here and now it's working.", 'start': 9476.298, 'duration': 8.184}, {'end': 9492.323, 'text': 'So, having the constructor here, you might also see, I was kind of lying to you.', 'start': 9486.901, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 9494.084, 'text': 'of course this is an object,', 'start': 9492.323, 'duration': 1.761}], 'summary': 'Fixing the issue by adding an int to the constructor.', 'duration': 37.937, 'max_score': 9456.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns9456147.jpg'}], 'start': 7805.773, 'title': 'Java programming concepts', 'summary': 'Covers the for each loop in java, enum introduction, array management, variable modifiers, string comparison, and switch statement. it emphasizes performance, readability, and advantages of each concept for better understanding and application in java programming.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8041.114, 'start': 7805.773, 'title': 'Introduction to for each loop in java', 'summary': 'Introduces the for each loop in java, highlighting its functionality, ease of use, and compatibility with different container types. it also emphasizes the benefits of using the for each loop for arrays and other collections, showcasing its performance and flexibility.', 'duration': 235.341, 'highlights': ['The for each loop in Java is introduced, showcasing its functionality and ease of use, as it automatically handles the iteration over arrays and other container types.', 'It is mentioned that the for each loop was introduced in Java 5, emphasizing its compatibility and relevance in modern Java programming.', "The chapter emphasizes the benefits of using the for each loop, highlighting its performance, proper way of implementation, and Java's assistance in using it.", 'The concept of dynamically determining the length of arrays or container types using the for each loop is explained, showcasing its flexibility and adaptability.', 'The speaker mentions the upcoming introduction of other container types, such as collections, and hints at their enhanced capabilities compared to arrays, adding to the relevance of the for each loop in Java programming.']}, {'end': 8405.741, 'start': 8042.174, 'title': 'Java arrays and enums', 'summary': 'Covers the introduction of enums in java 5, the dynamic calculation of array size, and the memory management of arrays and objects, providing insights for better understanding.', 'duration': 363.567, 'highlights': ['The introduction of enums in Java 5 as a way to represent an enumeration.', 'Demonstrating the dynamic calculation of array size and the shorthand form for defining arrays without specifying a size.', 'Explanation of memory management and object referencing within arrays, with a promise of a dedicated tutorial on memory management.']}, {'end': 8788.521, 'start': 8405.741, 'title': 'Java variable modifiers and array definitions', 'summary': "Discusses defining arrays and using variable modifiers in java, emphasizing the benefits of concise and readable code. it also introduces the 'final' variable modifier and demonstrates its application in creating constant values for class-level objects.", 'duration': 382.78, 'highlights': ["The chapter emphasizes the benefits of concise and readable code, highlighting the efficient definition of arrays and the usage of variable modifiers like 'final' for protecting variables. It also introduces the concept of static and final variables, demonstrating their application in creating constant values for class-level objects.", "The use of 'final' as a variable modifier is explained, emphasizing its role in preventing changes to a variable's value once it has been assigned. It is illustrated through the example of defining constant values for class-level objects, promoting better code organization and maintenance.", 'Best practices for variable naming conventions are discussed, highlighting the use of uppercase letters and underscores for static final variables to enhance readability and signify their importance within the codebase.']}, {'end': 9021.21, 'start': 8791.202, 'title': 'String comparison and switch statement in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the comparison of strings using the equals method and introduces the switch statement as a faster alternative, highlighting the potential complexities and risks of using strings in java, including the limitations of the final keyword.', 'duration': 230.008, 'highlights': ['The equals method is used to compare strings in Java, allowing for conditional logic based on string equality, potentially impacting code efficiency and complexity.', 'The switch statement is presented as a more efficient alternative to handling multiple string comparisons in Java, addressing the potential drawbacks of using strings for conditional logic.', 'The limitations of using strings in Java, including the potential for complexities and risks associated with mutable string values and the need for constant vigilance in maintaining code integrity.']}, {'end': 9633.613, 'start': 9021.79, 'title': 'Java enum basics', 'summary': 'Introduces the basic concept of java enum, explaining its purpose, usage, and advantages, such as defining an enumeration, restricting values, and making the code more readable.', 'duration': 611.823, 'highlights': ['The enum allows us to define an enumeration, restricting the values to a predefined set, improving code readability and maintainability.', "The enum provides a way to create static values, such as 'pending,' 'processing,' and 'processed,' allowing only these values to be used, enhancing code safety and reducing errors.", 'The enum also allows for comparison using double equals, making the code more readable and concise, and providing a clearer structure for conditional statements.']}], 'duration': 1827.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns7805773.jpg', 'highlights': ['The for each loop in Java is introduced, showcasing its functionality and ease of use, as it automatically handles the iteration over arrays and other container types.', "The chapter emphasizes the benefits of using the for each loop, highlighting its performance, proper way of implementation, and Java's assistance in using it.", 'The introduction of enums in Java 5 as a way to represent an enumeration.', 'The enum allows us to define an enumeration, restricting the values to a predefined set, improving code readability and maintainability.', "The chapter emphasizes the benefits of concise and readable code, highlighting the efficient definition of arrays and the usage of variable modifiers like 'final' for protecting variables.", 'The equals method is used to compare strings in Java, allowing for conditional logic based on string equality, potentially impacting code efficiency and complexity.', 'The switch statement is presented as a more efficient alternative to handling multiple string comparisons in Java, addressing the potential drawbacks of using strings for conditional logic.', 'Best practices for variable naming conventions are discussed, highlighting the use of uppercase letters and underscores for static final variables to enhance readability and signify their importance within the codebase.']}, {'end': 12086.456, 'segs': [{'end': 10265.333, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10221.524, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10234.048, 'text': 'So acb equals null will just return false but null equals acb will always throw an error.', 'start': 10221.524, 'duration': 12.524}, {'end': 10240.162, 'text': "So let's stop here.", 'start': 10238.72, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 10250.513, 'text': 'Then actually the biggest part of the last lesson we talked about enums which I introduced.', 'start': 10242.404, 'duration': 8.109}, {'end': 10253.816, 'text': 'I created this enum here logging level.', 'start': 10251.173, 'duration': 2.643}, {'end': 10257.16, 'text': "Let's go to the class.", 'start': 10254.557, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 10265.333, 'text': "So public enum logging level I defined actually the name is a bit awkward because it's not a logging level.", 'start': 10257.801, 'duration': 7.532}], 'summary': 'Comparing null and acb will produce different outcomes. enum logging level was introduced in the last lesson.', 'duration': 43.809, 'max_score': 10221.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns10221524.jpg'}, {'end': 10427.031, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10357.914, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10367.098, 'text': "You can, you don't have to also introduce a constructor if you want to have extra values for each enum value.", 'start': 10357.914, 'duration': 9.184}, {'end': 10375.326, 'text': 'and you can provide methods that would return these values or do whatever you want.', 'start': 10368.741, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 10390.782, 'text': 'What I also like to make the code more readable is I often provide I mean not always whenever you code and you design your code always think a decision through.', 'start': 10376.047, 'duration': 14.735}, {'end': 10393.102, 'text': "Don't make a decision just because.", 'start': 10391.382, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 10394.943, 'text': 'This is never smart.', 'start': 10393.862, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 10405.365, 'text': 'So if, for whatever reason in the code you work on, for example, the pending value and you need to ask is it pending,', 'start': 10395.423, 'duration': 9.942}, {'end': 10409.866, 'text': 'then it might be nice to add this method isPending.', 'start': 10405.365, 'duration': 4.501}, {'end': 10427.031, 'text': 'and then you can say return this which is the enum and not only the enum but the current value of the enum equals equals pending.', 'start': 10415.669, 'duration': 11.362}], 'summary': 'Enums can have extra values, make code readable, and think decisions through.', 'duration': 69.117, 'max_score': 10357.914, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns10357914.jpg'}, {'end': 11400.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11332.565, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11339.787, 'text': 'I mean this is just an example and could mean whatever and this is already the problem.', 'start': 11332.565, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 11341.547, 'text': '42, what does it mean??', 'start': 11340.867, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 11342.648, 'text': 'Does it mean pending??', 'start': 11341.747, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 11344.468, 'text': 'Does it mean processed??', 'start': 11343.348, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 11345.488, 'text': 'How do we know?', 'start': 11344.888, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 11359.253, 'text': "to make it a bit better, they then introduce static final values, which I'll do right now also.", 'start': 11348.004, 'duration': 11.249}, {'end': 11376.674, 'text': "So let's go to the top and on the class level let's introduce, no this is a method, let's do it here, private static final Let's call it processed.", 'start': 11360.514, 'duration': 16.16}, {'end': 11386.718, 'text': 'I forgot to give it the primitive type int and this is the 42.', 'start': 11377.694, 'duration': 9.024}, {'end': 11388.659, 'text': 'And we could also have pending.', 'start': 11386.718, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 11391.76, 'text': 'So this is like a trick.', 'start': 11390.679, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 11400.323, 'text': 'But you see this is also where enum values came from.', 'start': 11397.502, 'duration': 2.821}], 'summary': 'Introducing static final values like processed and pending with 42 representing processed and enum values as a trick.', 'duration': 67.758, 'max_score': 11332.565, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns11332565.jpg'}], 'start': 9634.413, 'title': 'Java enum, switch statements, and best practices', 'summary': "Covers the usage of enum with constructors and public methods, java.util methods like copyof, best practices for switch statements, emphasizing the risks of fall-through, and the importance of exception handling. it also introduces the creation of a 'logging level' enum for readable code and advocates for object-oriented programming in java.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9877.205, 'start': 9634.413, 'title': 'Java enum and final modifier', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of enum with its constructor and a public method, introduces a new way of defining an array, and explains the final modifier for variables. it also hints at covering the switch statement in the next tutorial.', 'duration': 242.792, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of enum with its constructor and a public method, introducing the concept of parameters and their usage.', 'Introduces a new way of defining an array using curly braces and a comma-separated list, promoting the use of a comma at the end for easy extension of the array.', 'Explains the final modifier for variables, demonstrating its role in protecting variables from reassignment and recommending its usage for static final variables at the top of the class.']}, {'end': 10322.949, 'start': 9877.205, 'title': 'Java string, arrays, and enums', 'summary': "Covers topics such as returning a copy of a string array, utilizing java.util methods like copyof and discussing the usage of enums with a focus on creating a 'logging level' enum with static labels for safer and more readable code.", 'duration': 445.744, 'highlights': ["The chapter emphasizes the importance of returning a copy of a string array, highlighting the safety it provides by protecting the variable, and it's demonstrated using the java.util method copyOf, which dynamically returns the length of the array.", 'A detailed explanation is provided on the usage of equals method for string comparison, emphasizing the difference between double equals and equals method in comparing objects and reference variables.', "The significance of implementing the equals and hashCode methods in a new class like 'Person' for object comparison is briefly discussed, setting the stage for a more detailed explanation in future lessons.", "The introduction and usage of enums, specifically the creation of a 'logging level' enum with static labels for status, is explained, highlighting the benefits of enums for more readable and safer code."]}, {'end': 10757.881, 'start': 10324.89, 'title': 'Java enum and switch statement', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of using enum in java to avoid calculation of numeric values and the proper use of switch statements to handle multiple conditions effectively, emphasizing the potential risks of fall-through in switch statements and the importance of using break statements.', 'duration': 432.991, 'highlights': ['The use of enum in Java was introduced with Java 5 to avoid calculating numeric values, and it is recommended to use enum for proper implementation.', 'Providing methods for enum values can enhance code readability and decision-making, such as adding a method like isPending for clarity and better code design.', 'The chapter highlights the importance of thoughtful decision-making when adding methods for enum values, cautioning against unnecessary method additions and emphasizing the need to consider the actual requirement before implementation.']}, {'end': 10987.705, 'start': 10758.921, 'title': 'Switch statement best practices', 'summary': 'Covers the best practices for using switch statements, including using comments for fall through, setting a default case for unhandled values, and the importance of failing early to prevent severe bugs in production.', 'duration': 228.784, 'highlights': ['Using comments for fall through to inform other programmers about intentional behavior and prevent unintended method calls.', 'Emphasizing the importance of setting a default case or throwing an error to handle unanticipated enum extensions and prevent potential severe bugs in production.', 'The significance of failing early in programming to address severe bugs in production and the potential risks of delaying error detection.', 'The drawbacks of trying to prevent errors by returning null and the importance of embracing the concept of failing early in programming.']}, {'end': 11298.69, 'start': 10988.526, 'title': 'Best practices in exception handling and conditional statements', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of early failure detection through exception handling, discourages overuse of switch and if statements due to code complexity, and advocates for object-oriented programming over procedural code, with a particular focus on the usage of switch statements and enums in java programming.', 'duration': 310.164, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of early failure detection through exception handling, advocating for throwing exceptions and handling them to notice and fix problems early, rather than allowing them to become hidden bugs, promoting a proactive approach to error management.', 'Discourages overuse of switch and if statements due to code complexity, highlighting the potential for excessive code growth and increased levels in combination with for loops, emphasizing the need to understand the condition for entering a block and calling methods within the block, and encourages object-oriented programming as a closer representation of human thought processes.', "Advocates for object-oriented programming over procedural code, comparing the machine-like thinking involved in switch statements to the human-centric approach of object-oriented programming, and provides advanced techniques for preventing the overuse of switch statements, such as representing states with objects and cautioning against the overuse of switch statements as they can become 'evil' if not properly managed.", 'Provides insights into the usage of switch statements and enums in Java programming, discussing the introduction of enums with Java 5 to enhance type safety and discourage the use of int values in switch statements, aligning with the shift towards object-oriented programming and modern programming practices.']}, {'end': 12086.456, 'start': 11299.691, 'title': 'Java switch statement', 'summary': 'Explains the usage of switch statement in java, including the use of ints, strings, and characters, and highlights the importance of enum values and the need for short methods, emphasizing the 99% use case of int data type, while also mentioning the potential use of other number types and the introduction of logging.', 'duration': 786.765, 'highlights': ['The importance of enum values and the need for short methods, emphasizing the 99% use case of int data type, while also mentioning the potential use of other number types and the introduction of logging.', 'The chapter explains the usage of switch statement in Java, including the use of ints, strings, and characters.', 'The introduction of logging and the need for being notified in some way, such as a printout on the console, into a file, a database, or an email.']}], 'duration': 2452.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns9634413.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of early failure detection through exception handling, advocating for throwing exceptions and handling them to notice and fix problems early, rather than allowing them to become hidden bugs, promoting a proactive approach to error management.', "Advocates for object-oriented programming over procedural code, comparing the machine-like thinking involved in switch statements to the human-centric approach of object-oriented programming, and provides advanced techniques for preventing the overuse of switch statements, such as representing states with objects and cautioning against the overuse of switch statements as they can become 'evil' if not properly managed.", "The introduction and usage of enums, specifically the creation of a 'logging level' enum with static labels for status, is explained, highlighting the benefits of enums for more readable and safer code.", 'The chapter covers the usage of enum with its constructor and a public method, introducing the concept of parameters and their usage.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of returning a copy of a string array, highlighting the safety it provides by protecting the variable, and it's demonstrated using the java.util method copyOf, which dynamically returns the length of the array."]}, {'end': 13039.253, 'segs': [{'end': 12122.479, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12086.456, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12099.445, 'text': 'I want to monitor if someone calls this method so that I, like later on, can go through all the calls and can see if something happened.', 'start': 12086.456, 'duration': 12.989}, {'end': 12109.713, 'text': 'For example if my system was hacked I could go through a file and see at what time what happened and then analyze it.', 'start': 12099.946, 'duration': 9.767}, {'end': 12111.875, 'text': "So that's the idea.", 'start': 12110.213, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 12116.135, 'text': 'and the way this is done is by logging.', 'start': 12112.893, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 12122.479, 'text': 'So actually logging for me this word was a bit weird so I looked it up.', 'start': 12116.735, 'duration': 5.744}], 'summary': 'Monitoring method calls for system security and analysis.', 'duration': 36.023, 'max_score': 12086.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns12086456.jpg'}, {'end': 13011.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12982.146, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12995.943, 'text': 'for you, this concatenation might take a lot of time, especially if we have some very big object here that might internally consist of other objects,', 'start': 12982.146, 'duration': 13.797}, {'end': 12996.423, 'text': 'and so on.', 'start': 12995.943, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 13004.323, 'text': 'So this creation of a string, as stupid as this might sound, can take a lot of time,', 'start': 12996.724, 'duration': 7.599}, {'end': 13011.608, 'text': 'and of course I mean here we just have a very stupid small program with just one debug line.', 'start': 13004.323, 'duration': 7.285}], 'summary': 'Concatenating large objects into a string can be time-consuming.', 'duration': 29.462, 'max_score': 12982.146, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns12982146.jpg'}], 'start': 12086.456, 'title': 'Understanding logging and its relevance', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of logging, tracing its origins from ship logs to its modern relevance in programming, focusing on sl4j as a logging framework. it also introduces best practices in logging with sl4j and logback, and discusses logging patterns and levels, emphasizing the importance of appropriate logging levels for optimizing performance and resource usage.', 'chapters': [{'end': 12307.676, 'start': 12086.456, 'title': 'Understanding logging and its origins', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of logging, its historical origins from ship logs, and its relevance to modern programming, with a focus on sl4j as a logging framework.', 'duration': 221.22, 'highlights': ["The historical origins of logging from ship logs, including the use of ship logs as a navigation tool to estimate the speed of a vessel through water, and the association of the term 'logging' with recording readings from the chip log.", "The comparison of a programmer to the captain of a ship, emphasizing the act of writing down events while the program is running as 'logging', and the mention of SL4J as a modern logging framework."]}, {'end': 12506.367, 'start': 12308.376, 'title': 'Logging with sl4j and logback', 'summary': 'Introduces the use of sl4j as a facade for logging, recommending logback over log4j due to its power and authorship by jackie goelke, providing flexibility to switch to newer frameworks, and detailing the configuration with maven dependencies and logback.xml.', 'duration': 197.991, 'highlights': ['The SL4J facade allows easy switching to new logging frameworks without changing the code, offering flexibility for future improvements.', 'LogBack is recommended over Log4j due to its power and authorship by Jackie Goelke, who also implemented Log4j.', 'The chapter details the configuration for logging with SL4J and LogBack using Maven dependencies and logback.xml.', 'Logging can be implemented by importing org.slf4j.Logger and LoggerFactory, and then using LoggerFactory.getLogger to enable different logging implementations.']}, {'end': 13039.253, 'start': 12506.567, 'title': 'Logging patterns and levels', 'summary': 'Discusses logging patterns and levels, including the different levels of logging (debug, info, error) and the flexibility of defining loggers for different packages, demonstrating the process of implementing logging in a class and the importance of using the appropriate logging level to optimize performance and resource usage.', 'duration': 532.686, 'highlights': ["The different levels of logging include debug, info, and error, with debug being used for debugging purposes, info for general information, and error for logging errors, and it's recommended to use debug sparingly.", 'The flexibility of defining loggers for different packages allows for customization of logging levels for specific classes or packages, optimizing the logging process for different components of the application.', 'The process of implementing logging in a class involves using the logger factory to get a logger and defining the logging level to optimize performance and resource usage.', 'The importance of using the appropriate logging level is highlighted, as using a lower level (e.g., debug) when not needed can impact the performance, especially when dealing with potentially large objects and concurrent user scenarios.']}], 'duration': 952.797, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns12086456.jpg', 'highlights': ['The SL4J facade allows easy switching to new logging frameworks without changing the code, offering flexibility for future improvements.', "The historical origins of logging from ship logs, including the use of ship logs as a navigation tool to estimate the speed of a vessel through water, and the association of the term 'logging' with recording readings from the chip log.", "The comparison of a programmer to the captain of a ship, emphasizing the act of writing down events while the program is running as 'logging', and the mention of SL4J as a modern logging framework.", 'LogBack is recommended over Log4j due to its power and authorship by Jackie Goelke, who also implemented Log4j.', "The different levels of logging include debug, info, and error, with debug being used for debugging purposes, info for general information, and error for logging errors, and it's recommended to use debug sparingly."]}, {'end': 14858.321, 'segs': [{'end': 13550.673, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13524.671, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 13533.333, 'text': "so it's nicer, because logging, I mean it's important, but you want to focus on the domain, on the business that you work in,", 'start': 13524.671, 'duration': 8.662}, {'end': 13537.764, 'text': 'and logging should just not be in the way of your business.', 'start': 13533.333, 'duration': 4.431}, {'end': 13544.769, 'text': "The business is the important thing and logging is important, yes, but it's like not as important as the business.", 'start': 13538.144, 'duration': 6.625}, {'end': 13550.673, 'text': 'So really have a look and go through all the documentation, it really explains this really nicely.', 'start': 13545.249, 'duration': 5.424}], 'summary': 'Logging should not hinder business focus, prioritize business over logging.', 'duration': 26.002, 'max_score': 13524.671, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns13524671.jpg'}, {'end': 13671.084, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13606.924, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13610.465, 'text': 'We should also be able to log this on warn for a warning.', 'start': 13606.924, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 13618.988, 'text': 'So you would use a warning for something very close to an error, but where no one has to manually interfere.', 'start': 13610.865, 'duration': 8.123}, {'end': 13624.109, 'text': 'Then you could use the warn logging level.', 'start': 13619.548, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 13630.939, 'text': 'And info you would use, for example, when your server starts, when your program starts up,', 'start': 13625.976, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 13635.581, 'text': 'just so that the user of the program knows everything is fine.', 'start': 13630.939, 'duration': 4.642}, {'end': 13643.686, 'text': 'And like here, this is on info level, so we are informed LogBack is just starting up.', 'start': 13636.562, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 13648.709, 'text': 'And here you see, now we have one level processing car BMW.', 'start': 13645.287, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 13658.382, 'text': "So, now that we're using one level, let's put the root level to error.", 'start': 13649.709, 'duration': 8.673}, {'end': 13671.084, 'text': "and now the package that we're not using, as well as the root level, are both on error and it's printed to standard out, which is this appender,", 'start': 13658.382, 'duration': 12.702}], 'summary': 'Logging levels: warn for potential errors, info for program status. example: starting up logback.', 'duration': 64.16, 'max_score': 13606.924, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns13606924.jpg'}, {'end': 13895.225, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13859.305, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 13861.947, 'text': 'I mean this page still goes on.', 'start': 13859.305, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 13871.215, 'text': 'so there are really a lot of Appenders out of the box that you can use and, as I said, you can always extend it and write your own Appender,', 'start': 13861.947, 'duration': 9.268}, {'end': 13873.917, 'text': 'which allows you to log to any other source.', 'start': 13871.215, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 13877.86, 'text': 'So that pretty much rounds up logging.', 'start': 13874.957, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 13884.021, 'text': 'I would like to show you the main method of Java.', 'start': 13880.76, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 13895.225, 'text': 'The main method, as the name implies, is the method that is used to start a program initially.', 'start': 13885.982, 'duration': 9.243}], 'summary': "Java offers a variety of built-in log appenders, with the ability to create custom ones, and the main method serves as the program's starting point.", 'duration': 35.92, 'max_score': 13859.305, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns13859305.jpg'}, {'end': 14347.091, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14309.217, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14316.123, 'text': 'So talking about performance is a topic by itself and you would usually test for performance.', 'start': 14309.217, 'duration': 6.906}, {'end': 14320.767, 'text': 'Just by saying this will be fast or slow you can hardly do.', 'start': 14316.223, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 14327.713, 'text': 'But again performance, yeah, I could also do a course only on performance, really a big topic.', 'start': 14321.007, 'duration': 6.706}, {'end': 14347.091, 'text': 'So now I created an instance of carService and in the main method I have this for each loop and then for each argument that is given to our main method when the program is run,', 'start': 14330.836, 'duration': 16.255}], 'summary': 'Discussion on testing for performance and creating an instance of carservice with a for each loop in the main method.', 'duration': 37.874, 'max_score': 14309.217, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns14309217.jpg'}, {'end': 14597.046, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14565.081, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 14567.962, 'text': 'Just so that you have seen this would also be possible.', 'start': 14565.081, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 14570.944, 'text': 'The question is does it make sense?', 'start': 14568.743, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 14577.407, 'text': 'because well, normally you would not call the main method directly.', 'start': 14570.944, 'duration': 6.463}, {'end': 14580.789, 'text': "so if you don't call the main method directly, it doesn't make a difference.", 'start': 14577.407, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 14586.06, 'text': 'But of course you can write a test and you can call the method directly,', 'start': 14581.817, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 14591.743, 'text': 'and in this case it would make a difference because you could directly call the method with just one string.', 'start': 14586.06, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 14597.046, 'text': 'But let me talk about for args arguments at a later time.', 'start': 14593.484, 'duration': 3.562}], 'summary': 'Directly calling the main method may make a difference in testing with just one string.', 'duration': 31.965, 'max_score': 14565.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns14565081.jpg'}, {'end': 14738.465, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14705.114, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 14712.48, 'text': 'So I hope that by now you can easily follow my explanations and you understand what all this means.', 'start': 14705.114, 'duration': 7.366}, {'end': 14721.768, 'text': 'And then, second also, This is a static method and I told you, I think various times.', 'start': 14714.502, 'duration': 7.266}, {'end': 14728.075, 'text': 'Java is an object-oriented language where you usually focus on creating objects.', 'start': 14721.768, 'duration': 6.307}, {'end': 14738.465, 'text': "But static, this method is not object-oriented, there's just one version of this method.", 'start': 14728.335, 'duration': 10.13}], 'summary': 'Explanation of non-object-oriented static method in java.', 'duration': 33.351, 'max_score': 14705.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns14705114.jpg'}], 'start': 13039.253, 'title': 'Optimizing logging and main method in java', 'summary': 'Covers optimizing string concatenation for logging to prevent unnecessary resource consumption, logging framework configuration with logback, using different appenders and logging levels, demonstrating smtp appender for logging and main method in java, emphasizing its role as the entry point for program execution, and discussing its usage with carservice. it also explains the concept of vargs and the delayed introduction of the main method.', 'chapters': [{'end': 13171.208, 'start': 13039.253, 'title': 'Optimizing string concatenation for logging', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of optimizing string concatenation for logging to prevent unnecessary resource consumption by checking if logging is enabled before concatenating, as demonstrated in log4j and sl4j frameworks.', 'duration': 131.955, 'highlights': ['The importance of optimizing string concatenation for logging to prevent unnecessary resource consumption by checking if logging is enabled before concatenating.', 'In log4j and sl4j frameworks, it is recommended to use methods like isDebugEnabled, isInfoEnabled, and isErrorEnabled to check if logging is enabled before concatenating strings.', 'The framework in log4j and sl4j can automatically decide whether to concatenate strings based on the logging level, thus preventing unnecessary concatenation and resource consumption.']}, {'end': 13822.219, 'start': 13171.809, 'title': 'Logging framework configuration', 'summary': 'Explains the configuration of logging levels and appenders using logback, demonstrating the logging of different levels and the use of various appenders, emphasizing the importance of reading the documentation and proper configuration.', 'duration': 650.41, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the configuration of logging levels, showcasing the logging of different levels such as debug, info, error, and warn, and the impact of changing the root level and package level on the logged messages.', 'It emphasizes the significance of reading the documentation for logging frameworks, highlighting the use of Logback and its dependencies, as well as the different types of appenders available, including the file appender and rolling file appender.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of proper configuration, illustrating the use of appenders like the rolling file appender to prevent log file size from reaching excessive levels, especially in server environments.']}, {'end': 14084.504, 'start': 13822.479, 'title': 'Logging and main method in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the smtp appender for logging and the main method in java, emphasizing the flexibility of logging with various appenders and explaining the key characteristics of the main method, including its purpose and syntax.', 'duration': 262.025, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the SMTP appender for logging, highlighting its functionality in sending an email when there is a log event and mentions the availability of the DB appender for direct database writing.', "It discusses the main method in Java, emphasizing its role as the initial program execution method and its characteristics, including being public, static, void, and named 'main'.", 'It mentions the test-driven style of the course and the approach of starting programming by writing a test, thus not using the main method initially.', 'The chapter highlights the importance of the main method for running the program and explains its static nature to enable execution without an instance of the class.', 'It briefly touches upon the topic of compilers, hinting at a potential dedicated session on compiler details in the future.']}, {'end': 14858.321, 'start': 14086.229, 'title': 'Java main method and program execution', 'summary': "Explains the main method in java, highlighting its role as the entry point for program execution, demonstrating its usage with an instance of carservice and emphasizing the importance of writing tests. additionally, it discusses the concept of vargs in the main method and provides background knowledge on the main method's delayed introduction in the course.", 'duration': 772.092, 'highlights': ['The main method in Java serves as the entry point for program execution, automatically called when the Java class is executed, and is demonstrated using an instance of carService, showcasing the use of method invocation and program setup.', 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of writing tests before starting to program, highlighting the recommended practice of initiating programming with test writing to ensure the functionality and performance of the code.', 'The concept of VARGS (Variable Argument Parameter) in the main method is discussed, explaining its convenience for method invocation and its relevance in calling the main method directly or writing tests.', "Background knowledge is provided regarding the delayed introduction of the main method in the Java course, outlining the rationale behind the decision and the potential challenges faced by beginners in understanding the main method's syntax and significance."]}], 'duration': 1819.068, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns13039253.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of optimizing string concatenation for logging to prevent unnecessary resource consumption by checking if logging is enabled before concatenating.', 'The framework in log4j and sl4j can automatically decide whether to concatenate strings based on the logging level, thus preventing unnecessary concatenation and resource consumption.', 'The chapter demonstrates the configuration of logging levels, showcasing the logging of different levels such as debug, info, error, and warn, and the impact of changing the root level and package level on the logged messages.', 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of reading the documentation for logging frameworks, highlighting the use of Logback and its dependencies, as well as the different types of appenders available, including the file appender and rolling file appender.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of proper configuration, illustrating the use of appenders like the rolling file appender to prevent log file size from reaching excessive levels, especially in server environments.', 'The chapter explains the SMTP appender for logging, highlighting its functionality in sending an email when there is a log event and mentions the availability of the DB appender for direct database writing.', 'The chapter highlights the importance of the main method for running the program and explains its static nature to enable execution without an instance of the class.', 'The main method in Java serves as the entry point for program execution, automatically called when the Java class is executed, and is demonstrated using an instance of carService, showcasing the use of method invocation and program setup.', 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of writing tests before starting to program, highlighting the recommended practice of initiating programming with test writing to ensure the functionality and performance of the code.', 'The concept of VARGS (Variable Argument Parameter) in the main method is discussed, explaining its convenience for method invocation and its relevance in calling the main method directly or writing tests.']}, {'end': 15880.952, 'segs': [{'end': 14920.754, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14893.795, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14899.937, 'text': 'This one is based on the framework JUnit and JUnit by itself is a Java program.', 'start': 14893.795, 'duration': 6.142}, {'end': 14906.319, 'text': "So JUnit does have a main method, of course it does, but you don't see it.", 'start': 14900.718, 'duration': 5.601}, {'end': 14918.051, 'text': 'All you see is the test methods that we write and these test methods they like plug into the whole JUnit mechanism.', 'start': 14906.96, 'duration': 11.091}, {'end': 14920.754, 'text': "So we don't have to write the main method.", 'start': 14918.852, 'duration': 1.902}], 'summary': 'Junit framework utilizes test methods to function without a main method.', 'duration': 26.959, 'max_score': 14893.795, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns14893795.jpg'}, {'end': 15817.107, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15791.055, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 15800.804, 'text': 'But as I said, if you know how to deal with them, why not dealing with them without throwing an exception beforehand using validation.', 'start': 15791.055, 'duration': 9.749}, {'end': 15802.785, 'text': "But anyway, let's continue.", 'start': 15801.344, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 15810.829, 'text': 'So how can we fix that compile time error? One reason is add exception to method signature.', 'start': 15802.845, 'duration': 7.984}, {'end': 15817.107, 'text': "Let's use our IDE to help us and here it adds throws exception.", 'start': 15811.63, 'duration': 5.477}], 'summary': 'Dealing with exceptions without throwing one using validation can help fix compile time errors by adding exceptions to method signature.', 'duration': 26.052, 'max_score': 15791.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns15791055.jpg'}], 'start': 14858.321, 'title': 'Java main method, exception handling, and checked exceptions', 'summary': 'Delves into the main method in java, its usage in testing and execution within frameworks like junit, the concept of exception handling, the history and introduction of checked exceptions in java, and the implications of adding exceptions to method signatures in the code, emphasizing the need for reconsideration and questioning the use of checked exceptions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 15188.526, 'start': 14858.321, 'title': 'Understanding main method and exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the main method in java, highlighting its importance, usage in testing, and execution within a framework like junit, as well as the concept of exception handling, emphasizing the definition and significance of exceptional conditions in programming.', 'duration': 330.205, 'highlights': ['The main method in Java is discussed, emphasizing its lesser significance compared to classes and its usage in testing, with the example of executing code using the JUnit framework.', 'The significance of using a framework like JUnit is highlighted, as it saves from writing our own main method, enabling the execution of even the main method as if it was a regular method.', 'The chapter also delves into the concept of exception handling, explaining the definition and significance of exceptional conditions in programming, aiming to handle such conditions effectively.']}, {'end': 15432.507, 'start': 15188.526, 'title': 'Exception handling in programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of handling exceptions in programming, including the history of exception handling, the introduction of checked exceptions in java, and the significance of specialized programming languages in providing exception handling. it also emphasizes the need for responding to exceptional cases and the impact on the normal program flow.', 'duration': 243.981, 'highlights': ['The process of handling exceptions in programming, the history of exception handling, and the introduction of checked exceptions in Java', 'The significance of specialized programming languages in providing exception handling and the need for responding to exceptional cases', 'The impact on the normal program flow, emphasizing the need for a central place to handle exceptions']}, {'end': 15880.952, 'start': 15432.587, 'title': 'Java checked exceptions', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of checked exceptions in java, their handling, historical background, and potential drawbacks, highlighting the need for reconsideration and questioning the use of checked exceptions. it also demonstrates the process of handling a checked exception and the implications of adding exception to method signature in the code.', 'duration': 448.365, 'highlights': ['The concept of checked exceptions in Java requires explicit declaration in the method signature or handling, leading to a compile time error if not done so, potentially hindering program compilation.', 'Ann Woolrath and Jim Waldo are credited for the introduction and development of the Java exception scheme, emphasizing the historical background of checked exceptions in Java.', 'The reconsideration of checked exceptions in the context of recoverable exceptions and application errors is highlighted, with a mention of the potential drawbacks and the need for reevaluation.', 'The demonstration of handling a checked exception by adding exception to method signature is showcased, illustrating the resolution of the compile time error and the potential implications in the code.', 'The discussion questions the necessity of checked exceptions for cases that can be handled through validation instead of throwing exceptions, prompting a reconsideration of their usage.']}], 'duration': 1022.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns14858321.jpg', 'highlights': ['The main method in Java is discussed, emphasizing its usage in testing and execution within frameworks like JUnit. (relevance score: 5)', 'The concept of checked exceptions in Java requires explicit declaration in the method signature or handling, potentially hindering program compilation. (relevance score: 4)', 'The chapter delves into the concept of exception handling, explaining the definition and significance of exceptional conditions in programming. (relevance score: 3)', 'The reconsideration of checked exceptions in the context of recoverable exceptions and application errors is highlighted, prompting a reconsideration of their usage. (relevance score: 2)', 'The demonstration of handling a checked exception by adding exception to method signature is showcased, illustrating the resolution of the compile time error and the potential implications in the code. (relevance score: 1)']}, {'end': 16896.291, 'segs': [{'end': 15911.595, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15880.952, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 15888.955, 'text': 'I could of course have written that myself, but whenever you write something, you have the chance of introducing a typo like this.', 'start': 15880.952, 'duration': 8.003}, {'end': 15898.625, 'text': 'Whenever possible I prefer to have my IDE help me and to have code written automatically by the IDE.', 'start': 15890.976, 'duration': 7.649}, {'end': 15904.291, 'text': 'That can save you from introducing bugs with typos for example.', 'start': 15899.286, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 15909.075, 'text': 'Okay, so now this would be like fixed.', 'start': 15905.074, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 15911.595, 'text': 'but now the question is what did it help us?', 'start': 15909.075, 'duration': 2.52}], 'summary': 'Using ide for code writing can prevent typos and bugs, improving efficiency.', 'duration': 30.643, 'max_score': 15880.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns15880952.jpg'}, {'end': 16008.542, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15970.849, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 15978.832, 'text': "So let's say unknown state and concatenate that with a given state.", 'start': 15970.849, 'duration': 7.983}, {'end': 15991.318, 'text': "So now I can still keep it but I don't have to, it's not obligatory anymore because this is not a checked exception anymore.", 'start': 15981.854, 'duration': 9.464}, {'end': 15998.179, 'text': 'Same here, I can remove all these and this.', 'start': 15993.177, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 16008.542, 'text': "So now I have exactly the same code, the only difference is, I mean I'm not handling the exception, that my method signature doesn't get any longer.", 'start': 15999.479, 'duration': 9.063}], 'summary': 'Removing unnecessary code reduced method signature length.', 'duration': 37.693, 'max_score': 15970.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns15970849.jpg'}, {'end': 16061.031, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16033.166, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 16044.149, 'text': "This method again will be used and sooner or later you will have that throwsException in each and every method and then it doesn't help us at all.", 'start': 16033.166, 'duration': 10.983}, {'end': 16053.206, 'text': "It just makes the code more wordy, let's say, and yeah, it's not really meaningful.", 'start': 16045.53, 'duration': 7.676}, {'end': 16061.031, 'text': "So anyway, let's first of all provoke that exception that we see how such an exception Stacktrace looks like.", 'start': 16053.786, 'duration': 7.245}], 'summary': 'Using throwsexception in every method is not helpful, making code wordy and meaningless.', 'duration': 27.865, 'max_score': 16033.166, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns16033166.jpg'}, {'end': 16318.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16291.954, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 16301.582, 'text': "this doesn't hold true anymore, because I've now added code, but at the time we executed this code and the exception was thrown,", 'start': 16291.954, 'duration': 9.628}, {'end': 16306.487, 'text': 'this told us exactly in each class where the exception happened.', 'start': 16301.582, 'duration': 4.905}, {'end': 16312.012, 'text': "Well here it's still true and here also, but in my CarSelector I have adjusted the code.", 'start': 16306.667, 'duration': 5.345}, {'end': 16318.215, 'text': "By the way about this the fact that I've adjusted the code.", 'start': 16312.712, 'duration': 5.503}], 'summary': 'Code now shows exception location in each class.', 'duration': 26.261, 'max_score': 16291.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns16291954.jpg'}], 'start': 15880.952, 'title': 'Automated code writing', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of using an ide to automatically write code, exemplified by the need to handle a checked exception in java repeated three times. it also covers exception handling in java, the concept of unchecked exceptions, the use of try-catch blocks, and the implications of unhandled exceptions. additionally, it explains the importance of stack trace in identifying exceptions and the need for code synchronization between environments.', 'chapters': [{'end': 15937.322, 'start': 15880.952, 'title': 'Automated code writing', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of using an ide to automatically write code to prevent typos and potential bugs, exemplified by the need to handle a checked exception in java, which had to be repeated three times.', 'duration': 56.37, 'highlights': ['The importance of using an IDE to automatically write code to prevent typos and potential bugs', 'The need to handle a checked exception in Java, which had to be repeated three times']}, {'end': 16258.24, 'start': 15937.322, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of exception handling in java, emphasizing the impact of unchecked exceptions on method signatures, the importance of handling exceptions as early as possible, and the use of try-catch blocks to manage runtime exceptions, while also highlighting the implications of unhandled exceptions in a program.', 'duration': 320.918, 'highlights': ["The impact of unchecked exceptions on method signatures, as one method with 'throwsException' can lead to contagious inclusion in numerous other methods.", 'The significance of handling exceptions as early as possible, such as at the class that can take action upon the exception, to provide meaningful feedback to the user.', "The use of try-catch blocks to manage runtime exceptions, with the recommendation to catch the exception using a short variable name, such as 'E', due to the compact nature of the exception block."]}, {'end': 16896.291, 'start': 16259.221, 'title': 'Understanding stack trace and exception handling', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of stack trace in identifying the exact location of exceptions, emphasizes the need for code synchronization between production and development environments, and discusses alternative approaches to handling exceptions and validating inputs.', 'duration': 637.07, 'highlights': ['The stack trace provides a list of all the methods called in reverse order, aiding in identifying the exact location of exceptions.', 'Code synchronization between production and development environments is essential for accurately tracing exceptions, ensuring the need for identical code in both environments.', 'The transcript discusses alternative methods for handling exceptions, such as logging and direct console printing, while highlighting the significance of code validation in exception handling.']}], 'duration': 1015.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns15880952.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of using an IDE to automatically write code to prevent typos and potential bugs', 'The need to handle a checked exception in Java, which had to be repeated three times', 'The stack trace provides a list of all the methods called in reverse order, aiding in identifying the exact location of exceptions', "The impact of unchecked exceptions on method signatures, as one method with 'throwsException' can lead to contagious inclusion in numerous other methods", 'The significance of handling exceptions as early as possible, such as at the class that can take action upon the exception, to provide meaningful feedback to the user', "The use of try-catch blocks to manage runtime exceptions, with the recommendation to catch the exception using a short variable name, such as 'E', due to the compact nature of the exception block", 'Code synchronization between production and development environments is essential for accurately tracing exceptions, ensuring the need for identical code in both environments', 'The transcript discusses alternative methods for handling exceptions, such as logging and direct console printing, while highlighting the significance of code validation in exception handling']}, {'end': 17886.976, 'segs': [{'end': 17040.672, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17012.047, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 17024.019, 'text': 'I think it would be much, much nicer if the enum base class would directly provide is valid method, just returning true and false.', 'start': 17012.047, 'duration': 11.972}, {'end': 17033.526, 'text': "but again seems like the inventors of Java didn't listen to my opinion, just making a stupid joke.", 'start': 17024.019, 'duration': 9.507}, {'end': 17040.672, 'text': 'So for this reason we do have the exception but we are able to convert it.', 'start': 17035.428, 'duration': 5.244}], 'summary': 'Suggests adding is valid method to enum base class, but can convert exception', 'duration': 28.625, 'max_score': 17012.047, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns17012047.jpg'}, {'end': 17418.764, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17388.718, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 17392.942, 'text': 'So you see three invalid states and two valid states.', 'start': 17388.718, 'duration': 4.224}, {'end': 17404.492, 'text': 'So of course, I mean this was just an example, normally you would have some method doing something about the state.', 'start': 17396.805, 'duration': 7.687}, {'end': 17410.26, 'text': 'Further do something with the car state.', 'start': 17405.713, 'duration': 4.547}, {'end': 17418.764, 'text': "I mean I'm just making this up because all I want to explain you is exception handling but I hope you get the idea.", 'start': 17411.741, 'duration': 7.023}], 'summary': 'The example involves 3 invalid states and 2 valid states, illustrating exception handling in programming.', 'duration': 30.046, 'max_score': 17388.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns17388718.jpg'}, {'end': 17619.997, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17585.479, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 17586.2, 'text': "I'm stopping here.", 'start': 17585.479, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 17591.602, 'text': 'What is important is and this I want to show you just by printing something.', 'start': 17586.76, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 17604.068, 'text': "System.out.println and I will throw the exception again, which means what you can also do is you don't even have to catch it.", 'start': 17591.682, 'duration': 12.386}, {'end': 17605.809, 'text': 'This also works.', 'start': 17604.968, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 17611.031, 'text': 'Try and directly finally formatted the code.', 'start': 17605.909, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 17619.997, 'text': 'So now, with the invalid argument, our program will be stopped, execution will be stopped,', 'start': 17612.535, 'duration': 7.462}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating code execution and exception handling in java.', 'duration': 34.518, 'max_score': 17585.479, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns17585479.jpg'}, {'end': 17796.852, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17704.366, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 17709.087, 'text': 'So this is what happens when the exception happens.', 'start': 17704.366, 'duration': 4.721}, {'end': 17714.249, 'text': "We didn't catch it, so we see the stack trace instead.", 'start': 17711.208, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 17723.411, 'text': "What I'm still running is printed before that and this is the place where we can do some cleanup operations like closing resources.", 'start': 17714.269, 'duration': 9.142}, {'end': 17728.833, 'text': 'But you could do anything in here basically.', 'start': 17724.272, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 17732.512, 'text': 'Same thing if we catch it.', 'start': 17731.191, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 17740.993, 'text': "Now I say runtime exception, because it's also a runtime exception.", 'start': 17734.172, 'duration': 6.821}, {'end': 17748.215, 'text': 'We should talk about inheritance very soon, so that I can go in more details why that is so.', 'start': 17742.134, 'duration': 6.081}, {'end': 17758.177, 'text': 'Now what is wrong? We need the closing curly brace.', 'start': 17750.115, 'duration': 8.062}, {'end': 17760.959, 'text': 'and one less of this.', 'start': 17759.758, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 17770.107, 'text': 'So now I can say oh, maybe this time I will also show you printStackTrace.', 'start': 17761.86, 'duration': 8.247}, {'end': 17780.256, 'text': 'so this should actually do the same and I will say system.out.println.', 'start': 17770.107, 'duration': 10.149}, {'end': 17781.757, 'text': 'hello again.', 'start': 17780.256, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 17796.852, 'text': 'So you get an idea in finally block.', 'start': 17786.621, 'duration': 10.231}], 'summary': 'Handling exceptions, stack trace, cleanup operations in finally block.', 'duration': 92.486, 'max_score': 17704.366, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns17704366.jpg'}], 'start': 16896.871, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Covers different types of runtime exceptions, including illegal argument exceptions, and emphasizes the importance of using try-catch blocks to handle exceptions. it also introduces java exception handling, discussing invalid and valid states with examples. additionally, it emphasizes the importance of handling io operations and provides insights into dealing with exceptions and cleanup operations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 16967.696, 'start': 16896.871, 'title': 'Handling runtime exceptions', 'summary': 'Discusses different types of runtime exceptions, focusing on the illegal argument exception and the need to use try-catch blocks to handle it in the code, emphasizing the importance of catching exceptions to avoid uncaught exceptions and providing a workaround.', 'duration': 70.825, 'highlights': ['The importance of handling different types of runtime exceptions, particularly the illegal argument exception, to ensure the validity of the arguments being passed, which is crucial for the stability and reliability of the codebase.', 'The necessity of using try-catch blocks to handle runtime exceptions, such as the illegal argument exception, to prevent the propagation of uncaught exceptions, which can lead to unexpected program behavior and potential crashes.', 'The significance of catching exceptions to avoid uncaught exceptions, as uncaught exceptions can disrupt the normal flow of the program and lead to potential errors or crashes, emphasizing the need for proper exception handling in the codebase.']}, {'end': 17485.292, 'start': 16968.637, 'title': 'Java exception handling', 'summary': 'Introduces java exception handling, discussing the use of invalid state exceptions, the need for tests, and the importance of finally block, with an example demonstrating 3 invalid states and 2 valid states.', 'duration': 516.655, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the use of invalid state exceptions, providing an example of catching an invalid state exception when an unknown argument is given, such as flying or driving ABC.', 'The importance of tests is emphasized, stating that tests are very important and are needed to catch bugs introduced by everyone.', 'The significance of the finally block in exception handling is explained, pointing out that it is called finally, at the end, and is important for handling resources and input-output operations.']}, {'end': 17886.976, 'start': 17486.972, 'title': 'Handling io operations and exceptions', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of handling io operations, emphasizing the need to close resources to prevent resource loss and provides insights into dealing with exceptions and cleanup operations.', 'duration': 400.004, 'highlights': ['The importance of closing resources for IO operations to prevent resource loss.', 'Emphasizing the need for cleanup operations when dealing with exceptions.', 'Mention of utility classes like IOUtils from Apache for handling IO operations and exceptions.', "Demonstration of exception handling and cleanup operations through the 'finally' block."]}], 'duration': 990.105, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns16896871.jpg', 'highlights': ['The necessity of using try-catch blocks to handle runtime exceptions, such as the illegal argument exception, to prevent the propagation of uncaught exceptions, which can lead to unexpected program behavior and potential crashes.', 'The importance of handling different types of runtime exceptions, particularly the illegal argument exception, to ensure the validity of the arguments being passed, which is crucial for the stability and reliability of the codebase.', 'The significance of the finally block in exception handling is explained, pointing out that it is called finally, at the end, and is important for handling resources and input-output operations.', 'The importance of closing resources for IO operations to prevent resource loss.', 'Emphasizing the need for cleanup operations when dealing with exceptions.', 'Mention of utility classes like IOUtils from Apache for handling IO operations and exceptions.', 'The chapter discusses the use of invalid state exceptions, providing an example of catching an invalid state exception when an unknown argument is given, such as flying or driving ABC.', 'The importance of tests is emphasized, stating that tests are very important and are needed to catch bugs introduced by everyone.']}, {'end': 18917.925, 'segs': [{'end': 18245.995, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18215.84, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 18218.802, 'text': "so if we are validating it, we don't need the exception.", 'start': 18215.84, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 18226.605, 'text': "it's just that we can't do anything about it how the method was written by the inventors of Java.", 'start': 18218.802, 'duration': 7.803}, {'end': 18229.546, 'text': 'so we just have to live with that.', 'start': 18226.605, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 18232.808, 'text': 'sometimes an exception is thrown where we would just validate it.', 'start': 18229.546, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 18240.449, 'text': 'But what we can do is, we can catch the exception and then return true or false for example.', 'start': 18234.042, 'duration': 6.407}, {'end': 18245.995, 'text': 'So we can convert the exception into a valid return value.', 'start': 18240.769, 'duration': 5.226}], 'summary': 'In java, exceptions can be caught and converted into valid return values.', 'duration': 30.155, 'max_score': 18215.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns18215840.jpg'}, {'end': 18315.217, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18282.583, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 18287.246, 'text': 'So see, we can also just create them like any other object.', 'start': 18282.583, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 18289.468, 'text': 'and now on that exception.', 'start': 18287.246, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 18293.711, 'text': 'well, it cannot be called e because we already have that.', 'start': 18289.468, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 18304.458, 'text': 'I can now say throw new RuntimeException and I can give it the IOException.', 'start': 18293.711, 'duration': 10.747}, {'end': 18315.217, 'text': 'and this is why we wrap it because we put this exception into the constructor of RuntimeException, which means this is the wrapper.', 'start': 18304.458, 'duration': 10.759}], 'summary': 'Creating objects, throwing runtimeexception with ioexception as wrapper.', 'duration': 32.634, 'max_score': 18282.583, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns18282583.jpg'}, {'end': 18386.211, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18351.823, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 18355.944, 'text': 'Well, before I continue, first of all some organizational stuff.', 'start': 18351.823, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 18359.585, 'text': 'So this is divided into three parts.', 'start': 18356.764, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 18362.446, 'text': 'Part one.', 'start': 18360.465, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 18367.02, 'text': 'I will first of all talk about the definition.', 'start': 18362.446, 'duration': 4.574}, {'end': 18376.345, 'text': 'what does actually the word interface mean and tell you a bit about the history, like how were interfaces introduced into Java?', 'start': 18367.02, 'duration': 9.325}, {'end': 18386.211, 'text': "I'll make this part as short as I can, not to put you to sleep, and then, second, we'll jump into my IDE.", 'start': 18377.566, 'duration': 8.645}], 'summary': 'This talk is divided into three parts, with the first part covering the definition and history of interfaces in java.', 'duration': 34.388, 'max_score': 18351.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns18351823.jpg'}, {'end': 18752.234, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18714.549, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 18724.032, 'text': 'and here they write multiple inheritance created too many problems for programmers as well as compiler writers,', 'start': 18714.549, 'duration': 9.483}, {'end': 18730.055, 'text': "because it's actually not so easy to implement multiple inheritance into a compiler.", 'start': 18724.032, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 18752.234, 'text': 'So it seems, because they did not support multiple inheritance, they added interfaces to Java as like a replacement for multiple inheritance,', 'start': 18732.095, 'duration': 20.139}], 'summary': 'Java added interfaces as a replacement for multiple inheritance due to implementation difficulties.', 'duration': 37.685, 'max_score': 18714.549, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns18714549.jpg'}], 'start': 17888.977, 'title': 'Java exception handling and interfaces', 'summary': 'Covers java exception handling, focusing on runtime and checked exceptions, emphasizing unchecked exceptions and their impact, introduces java io exceptions and interfaces, and discusses the drawbacks of checked exceptions and the evolution of java from inheritance to interfaces.', 'chapters': [{'end': 18114.031, 'start': 17888.977, 'title': 'Java exception handling', 'summary': 'Discusses java exception handling, covering runtime and checked exceptions, with emphasis on unchecked exceptions and their potential impact on program execution, and provides an overview of common exceptions such as null pointer exception and io exception.', 'duration': 225.054, 'highlights': ['Java introduces both checked and unchecked exceptions, with unchecked exceptions not enforced by the compiler and capable of causing program termination if not handled, such as the infamous null pointer exception.', 'Unchecked exceptions, like null pointer exception, can occur at any line and do not require explicit handling, potentially leading to program termination if left unhandled.', 'Checked exceptions, like IO exception, are enforced by the compiler and require explicit handling or declaration in the method signature, ensuring that the exception is addressed during program execution.']}, {'end': 18386.211, 'start': 18115.712, 'title': 'Java io exceptions and interfaces', 'summary': 'Discusses the drawbacks of checked exceptions in java, offering solutions such as validation, exception handling, and wrapping checked exceptions into runtime exceptions, while also introducing the concept of interfaces in java.', 'duration': 270.499, 'highlights': ['Java IO exceptions: Discusses the drawbacks of checked exceptions, suggesting handling problems through validation and wrapping checked exceptions into runtime exceptions.', 'Interfaces in Java: Introduces the concept of interfaces in Java, highlighting their significance as a powerful feature of object-oriented languages.']}, {'end': 18636.375, 'start': 18386.211, 'title': 'Introduction to java interfaces', 'summary': "Explores the concept of interfaces in java, discussing its definition, relevance in object-oriented programming, and its history including its adoption from objective-c, dating back to the early 1980s with the aim of enhancing java's single inheritance model.", 'duration': 250.164, 'highlights': ['The concept of an interface in the Java language was borrowed from the Objective-C concept of a protocol, despite the common misconception that Java was the first language to introduce interfaces.', 'Objective-C, created in the early 1980s, predates Java, which was released in 1995, by 15 years and played a role in introducing interfaces to Java to enhance its single inheritance model for cleaner and more modular code.', 'An interface in object-oriented programming is a piece of code defining a set of operations that other code must implement, serving as a point of interconnection between entities and forming a thin layer or boundary between different substances.']}, {'end': 18917.925, 'start': 18636.375, 'title': 'Java inheritance and interfaces', 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of java from the introduction of inheritance in 1995 to the addition of interfaces as a replacement for multiple inheritance, highlighting the shift towards cleaner, more modular, and separated code.', 'duration': 281.55, 'highlights': ["The introduction of Java in 1995 marked a shift in the clean code community's belief in inheritance, as it was considered to have both advantages and disadvantages, leading to the introduction of interfaces as a replacement for multiple inheritance.", 'Multiple inheritance in C++ and its complications prompted the addition of interfaces to Java, serving as a workaround for the lack of support for multiple inheritance, contributing to the creation of cleaner and more modular code.', 'The demonstration of the drive method in the car service exemplifies the deep coupling between the car service and car classes, highlighting the need for improvement through the use of interfaces.']}], 'duration': 1028.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns17888977.jpg', 'highlights': ['Unchecked exceptions like null pointer exception can cause program termination if not handled', 'Checked exceptions, like IO exception, are enforced by the compiler and require explicit handling', 'Java IO exceptions: Discusses the drawbacks of checked exceptions and suggests handling problems through validation', 'Interfaces in Java: Introduces the concept of interfaces in Java, highlighting their significance as a powerful feature', "The introduction of Java marked a shift in the clean code community's belief in inheritance", 'Objective-C, created in the early 1980s, predates Java by 15 years and played a role in introducing interfaces to Java', 'An interface in object-oriented programming is a piece of code defining a set of operations that other code must implement', 'The concept of an interface in the Java language was borrowed from the Objective-C concept of a protocol']}, {'end': 22838.221, 'segs': [{'end': 19579.694, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19549.293, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 19554.674, 'text': 'here and also I mean talked about this when I talked about enums is typesafe.', 'start': 19549.293, 'duration': 5.381}, {'end': 19557.055, 'text': 'Well here you could change any number.', 'start': 19555.295, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 19562.551, 'text': 'Okay, so anyway, so now back to our code.', 'start': 19557.87, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 19572.432, 'text': "So here you already see it's redundant, all this is redundant and should be removed.", 'start': 19564.471, 'duration': 7.961}, {'end': 19579.694, 'text': 'But this should also be removed, as I said before, because this is an implementation detail, this is not part of our contract.', 'start': 19573.153, 'duration': 6.541}], 'summary': 'Code redundancy should be removed for a more efficient implementation.', 'duration': 30.401, 'max_score': 19549.293, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns19549293.jpg'}, {'end': 20853.158, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20816.119, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 20818.801, 'text': "I'm going to talk about inheritance in Java.", 'start': 20816.119, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 20825.76, 'text': 'inheritance is actually a very powerful feature of object-oriented languages.', 'start': 20820.356, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 20836.788, 'text': 'Similar to interfaces, inheritance allows to handle a group of similar objects in a uniform way.', 'start': 20827.441, 'duration': 9.347}, {'end': 20853.158, 'text': 'On top of that, however, it also allows to prevent code duplication by inheriting the members of a class from a parent class to its child classes.', 'start': 20838.91, 'duration': 14.248}], 'summary': 'Inheritance in java allows for handling similar objects and preventing code duplication by inheriting members from a parent class to its child classes.', 'duration': 37.039, 'max_score': 20816.119, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns20816119.jpg'}, {'end': 21024.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20964.063, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 20967.924, 'text': "I'm doing these videos for you so that you can learn Java.", 'start': 20964.063, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 20970.225, 'text': "I hope they're useful to you.", 'start': 20968.264, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 20971.725, 'text': 'If so,', 'start': 20971.005, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 20981.688, 'text': 'I would be very happy if you could give me your thumbs up in the bottom right corner of this video and remember you can also subscribe to my YouTube channel.', 'start': 20971.725, 'duration': 9.963}, {'end': 20985.45, 'text': 'Okay, well enough of advertisement.', 'start': 20982.689, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 20990.051, 'text': "Now let's really do a coding session and jump into the code.", 'start': 20985.79, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 20996.931, 'text': 'Okay, so here you see I have prepared this SU test class for you.', 'start': 20991.949, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 21000.152, 'text': 'We are actually not really testing something now.', 'start': 20997.791, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 21005.374, 'text': "It's just for demonstration purposes, any arbitrary example.", 'start': 21000.172, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 21013.938, 'text': 'This example is actually taken from the book Head First Java from Kati Sierra.', 'start': 21007.735, 'duration': 6.203}, {'end': 21021.581, 'text': "She's really my favorite author of any Java related book, highly recommended to read.", 'start': 21014.698, 'duration': 6.883}, {'end': 21024.139, 'text': 'this and any other of her books.', 'start': 21022.298, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'Teaching java, promoting engagement, demonstrating coding with a test class, referencing a book by kati sierra.', 'duration': 60.076, 'max_score': 20964.063, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns20964063.jpg'}, {'end': 21540.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21467.302, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 21475.085, 'text': 'so we say implements, and now I can say this interface logable and comma printable.', 'start': 21467.302, 'duration': 7.783}, {'end': 21481.148, 'text': 'So an interface plays a role.', 'start': 21477.307, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 21489.989, 'text': 'so a line can play the role of being a loggable when, like you mentioned, the code is running on production at a certain time.', 'start': 21481.148, 'duration': 8.841}, {'end': 21497.911, 'text': 'or we want to lock the line or we want to print it and therefore we can implement this interface.', 'start': 21489.989, 'duration': 7.922}, {'end': 21503.772, 'text': 'Again this is polymorphy, that a line can be a loggable.', 'start': 21499.471, 'duration': 4.301}, {'end': 21511.471, 'text': 'Okay, so you see there is something red, because now we have a lot of methods that we have to implement.', 'start': 21504.927, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 21513.832, 'text': 'First of all from the animal.', 'start': 21512.631, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 21516.253, 'text': 'I mean the order is arbitrary.', 'start': 21514.412, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 21518.214, 'text': 'We can also start with a printable.', 'start': 21516.693, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 21527.059, 'text': 'So there was a public void, was it print, I hope, method.', 'start': 21519.835, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 21535.156, 'text': 'and then there was a public void message for the logable.', 'start': 21531.035, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 21540.837, 'text': 'This might have.', 'start': 21540.097, 'duration': 0.74}], 'summary': 'Using interfaces for polymorphism and implementing methods for loggable and printable functionalities.', 'duration': 73.535, 'max_score': 21467.302, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns21467302.jpg'}], 'start': 18918.705, 'title': 'Java interfaces and inheritance', 'summary': 'Introduces and explains the concept of interfaces in java, their implementation, advantages, and drawbacks, emphasizing the importance of clean coding. it also discusses the advantages and potential issues of using interfaces and inheritance, highlighting the benefits and caution needed. additionally, it delves into the implementation of abstract classes and inheritance and advocates for the limited use of inheritance, favoring composition over inheritance.', 'chapters': [{'end': 19161.864, 'start': 18918.705, 'title': 'Introduction to interfaces', 'summary': "Introduces the concept of interfaces in java, demonstrating the use of different drive methods for various car types and the need for interfaces to create a contract for similar functionalities, culminating in the introduction of the interface 'car' and the limitations of methods within interfaces.", 'duration': 243.159, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concept of interfaces in Java and demonstrates the use of different drive methods for various car types, such as BMW, Porsche, and Mercedes, highlighting the need for interfaces to create a contract for similar functionalities.', 'It explains the limitations of methods within interfaces, specifically addressing the inability of interface methods to have a body, and the distinction between method signature and method implementation.', 'The demonstration includes the implementation of drive methods for different car types, showcasing the differences in their individual implementations and the necessity for more readable code using interfaces.']}, {'end': 19610.384, 'start': 19162.344, 'title': 'Interface implementation', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of interfaces in java, highlighting the concept of method definitions, visibility modifiers, and the usage of constants within interfaces, emphasizing the need to remove redundant code and implementation details from the interface. it also touches upon the importance of clean coding and the drawbacks of using constants in interfaces.', 'duration': 448.04, 'highlights': ['The importance of visibility modifiers in interface methods, clarifying that all methods defined in an interface are always public.', 'Advising against the inclusion of constants in interfaces due to being implementation details and recommending the use of enums or constant classes instead.', 'The recommendation to remove redundant code from the interface, emphasizing the significance of defining only the necessary behavior in the interface for clean coding.', "The mention of SonarQube as a tool for static code quality analysis and a rule within it that discourages the use of constants in interfaces, supported by the reference to Joshua Bloch's 'Effective Java' as a must-read for further understanding.", 'The concept of allowing classes to implement multiple interfaces, providing flexibility in the design and implementation of classes in Java.']}, {'end': 20358.756, 'start': 19611.945, 'title': 'Java interfaces explained', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of implementing interfaces in java, demonstrating how classes can play different roles by implementing multiple interfaces and how interfaces provide flexibility and decoupling in the code. the chapter also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of using interfaces in java, emphasizing the added complexity and the justification for using interfaces.', 'duration': 746.811, 'highlights': ['Classes can play different roles by implementing multiple interfaces, such as Porsche and Mercedes implementing the car interface, Loggable interface, asset interface, and property interface, providing flexibility in defining the behavior of the classes.', 'Using interfaces in Java allows for decoupling and flexibility in the code, demonstrated by the ability to easily iterate over all the cars without specific implementation details in the car service, showcasing the advantages of using interfaces for managing complexity and providing flexibility in the code.', 'The disadvantages of using interfaces in Java include the added complexity of implementing and using interfaces, but this complexity can be justified by the benefits it provides, such as the ability to easily iterate over multiple cars while maintaining a consistent for loop, highlighting the need for justifying the use of interfaces in the codebase.']}, {'end': 20777.998, 'start': 20360.794, 'title': 'Implementing interfaces for code flexibility', 'summary': 'Explains the rationale for implementing interfaces, emphasizing the benefits of decoupling code, aiding team cooperation, and enhancing flexibility through examples and practical scenarios.', 'duration': 417.204, 'highlights': ['Implementing interfaces decouples code, aiding team cooperation and increasing flexibility through practical examples and scenarios.', 'Interfaces allow decoupling of code, aiding team cooperation, and increasing flexibility, as demonstrated through practical scenarios.', 'Introducing interfaces aids team cooperation and increases code flexibility, as demonstrated through practical examples and scenarios.']}, {'end': 21503.772, 'start': 20780.239, 'title': 'Java inheritance and interfaces', 'summary': 'Discusses the advantages and potential issues of using interfaces and inheritance in java, highlighting the benefits such as code reusability and the caution needed to avoid potential code damage. the speaker emphasizes the importance of knowing when to use inheritance and shares a real-world example of using it sparsely in a 15,000-line code project, while also mentioning the use of alternatives to inheritance.', 'duration': 723.533, 'highlights': ['The speaker warns against the potential damage of incorrectly using inheritance and advises to use it sparsely, sharing a personal example of using it once in a 15,000-line code project. He also mentions the importance of knowing when to use inheritance and when to avoid it, emphasizing the need for experience in making such decisions.', "The chapter also discusses the advantages of interfaces, emphasizing their benefits such as code reusability and the uniform handling of similar objects, while cautioning against 'interface seritis illness.'", 'The speaker introduces the concept of polymorphism in Java, demonstrating how inheritance and interfaces allow for the handling of different objects in a uniform way and the implementation of multiple interfaces in classes.', 'The transcript includes a practical example of implementing inheritance and interfaces in Java, including a demonstration of how to use inheritance to create subtypes of a parent class and the implementation of methods across different animal subtypes.', 'The speaker also mentions the use of alternatives to inheritance and hints at discussing them in future sessions, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic.']}, {'end': 22221.295, 'start': 21504.927, 'title': 'Understanding abstract classes and inheritance', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of abstract classes and inheritance, emphasizing the necessity of method signature consistency, the distinction between abstract and concrete classes, and the complexities of method overriding and visibility modifiers.', 'duration': 716.368, 'highlights': ["The necessity of method signature consistency when implementing abstract methods from an interface or an abstract class is emphasized, as it must be exactly the same, illustrated by the example of implementing the 'eat' method in different animal classes.", 'The distinction between abstract and concrete classes is explained, highlighting that an abstract class cannot be instantiated and serves as a protocol, while concrete classes cannot have abstract methods, with an emphasis on the importance of clear design and avoiding code duplication.', "The complexities of method overriding, including the ability to override methods in subclasses, the concept of overloading a method, and the introduction of the 'protected' visibility modifier are discussed, with an emphasis on the potential complexities and the recommendation to avoid using 'protected' visibility.", "The complexities of method visibility and inheritance are outlined, with an emphasis on the potential complexities and the recommendation to avoid using 'protected' visibility."]}, {'end': 22838.221, 'start': 22222.315, 'title': 'Java inheritance explained', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of inheritance in java, emphasizing the importance of visibility, instance methods, and variables, and the limitations of inheritance. it also advocates for the limited use of inheritance, favoring composition over inheritance and highlighting the flexibility of interfaces.', 'duration': 615.906, 'highlights': ['The importance of visibility in inheritance, emphasizing the necessity for the same visibility in fulfilling contracts, such as with interfaces and extendsAnimal, to avoid potential issues if a class fails to fulfill the contract.', 'The inheritance of instance methods and variables, including the demonstration of inheritance of a protected int h, and the ability to directly access and utilize inherited fields in methods.', 'The recommendation to avoid using protected and making instance members visible, while highlighting the potential violation of encapsulation and advocating for sparsely using inheritance, applying the isA test, and favoring composition over inheritance.', "The discussion on the limitations of inheritance, stressing the complexity and potential issues, such as the 'deadly diamond of death' caused by Java's lack of support for multiple inheritance, and the advocacy for using composition and interfaces for flexibility and code reusability."]}], 'duration': 3919.516, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns18918705.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of visibility in inheritance, emphasizing the necessity for the same visibility in fulfilling contracts, such as with interfaces and extendsAnimal, to avoid potential issues if a class fails to fulfill the contract.', 'Using interfaces in Java allows for decoupling and flexibility in the code, demonstrated by the ability to easily iterate over all the cars without specific implementation details in the car service, showcasing the advantages of using interfaces for managing complexity and providing flexibility in the code.', "The necessity of method signature consistency when implementing abstract methods from an interface or an abstract class is emphasized, as it must be exactly the same, illustrated by the example of implementing the 'eat' method in different animal classes.", 'The chapter introduces the concept of interfaces in Java and demonstrates the use of different drive methods for various car types, such as BMW, Porsche, and Mercedes, highlighting the need for interfaces to create a contract for similar functionalities.', 'The recommendation to remove redundant code from the interface, emphasizing the significance of defining only the necessary behavior in the interface for clean coding.', 'The speaker warns against the potential damage of incorrectly using inheritance and advises to use it sparsely, sharing a personal example of using it once in a 15,000-line code project. He also mentions the importance of knowing when to use inheritance and when to avoid it, emphasizing the need for experience in making such decisions.']}, {'end': 24532.596, 'segs': [{'end': 23354.917, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23321.975, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 23329.258, 'text': "I'm not going to handle this now because I only wanted to show you from a theoretical point of view, this is possible.", 'start': 23321.975, 'duration': 7.283}, {'end': 23331.519, 'text': "There's just one problem.", 'start': 23330.239, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 23338.342, 'text': 'Let me now surround it with a try catch.', 'start': 23335.42, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 23341.748, 'text': 'to get the compiler happy.', 'start': 23339.727, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 23349.874, 'text': 'So see, this would be now directly calling finalize from a class that is in package java.lang.', 'start': 23342.569, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 23354.917, 'text': "So I'm within my public static void main method so I execute it.", 'start': 23350.594, 'duration': 4.323}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses a theoretical possibility of calling the finalize method from a class in the java.lang package within the main method.', 'duration': 32.942, 'max_score': 23321.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns23321975.jpg'}, {'end': 24019.298, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23967.805, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 23977.411, 'text': 'So I can say string copied array.', 'start': 23967.805, 'duration': 9.606}, {'end': 23990.653, 'text': 'equals to array.clone and then I can assert not same which means this check checks now if we just have a reference.', 'start': 23978.911, 'duration': 11.742}, {'end': 24005.956, 'text': 'In this case it would be the same array and copied array, which, to show you the difference,', 'start': 23991.193, 'duration': 14.763}, {'end': 24014.256, 'text': 'I can also call assert same and use twice the same reference.', 'start': 24005.956, 'duration': 8.3}, {'end': 24016.057, 'text': 'So this should be true.', 'start': 24014.976, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 24019.298, 'text': 'This should with not also be true.', 'start': 24016.077, 'duration': 3.221}], 'summary': 'Testing array copying and reference checks.', 'duration': 51.493, 'max_score': 23967.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns23967805.jpg'}, {'end': 24251.291, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24223.67, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 24227.693, 'text': 'So this I had to change because I want to show you something that we copy.', 'start': 24223.67, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 24232.818, 'text': "So I added a string and I said it's the owner, the name of the owner.", 'start': 24228.974, 'duration': 3.844}, {'end': 24242.186, 'text': 'and well, which name should I choose because I always wanted to own a Porsche, I thought I might just as well make me the owner of the Porsche.', 'start': 24234.662, 'duration': 7.524}, {'end': 24251.291, 'text': 'And because you probably also want to own a Porsche, I thought I should make you the owner of our copy of our clone,', 'start': 24243.187, 'duration': 8.104}], 'summary': 'The speaker added a string to make themselves the owner of a porsche clone, and also made the listener the owner.', 'duration': 27.621, 'max_score': 24223.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns24223670.jpg'}, {'end': 24543.518, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24510.704, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 24517.569, 'text': 'But now you see there is still a problem, unhandled exception java.lang, clone not supported exception.', 'start': 24510.704, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 24527.776, 'text': 'and this is already in my opinion a flaw because like why does this now throw a clone not supported exception if we do support clone.', 'start': 24518.294, 'duration': 9.482}, {'end': 24532.596, 'text': 'So anyway this is how it is and now we have to fix that.', 'start': 24529.056, 'duration': 3.54}, {'end': 24543.518, 'text': 'The way we fix that is we say try because there is an exception that could happen and we will catch the exception.', 'start': 24533.717, 'duration': 9.801}], 'summary': 'Unhandled exception java.lang, clone not supported exception, needs fixing.', 'duration': 32.814, 'max_score': 24510.704, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns24510704.jpg'}], 'start': 22839.302, 'title': 'Importance and flaws of finalize and clone methods in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of finalized methods in java, their flaws, and recommendations. it emphasizes the significance of finalized methods and the flaws, such as asynchronous nature and performance impact, with a 430 times slower process when implemented. additionally, it explores flaws of the finalize method, recommendations for freeing non-memory resources, and the usage of the clone method for array cloning, including findings on performance by dr. heinz kabutz.', 'chapters': [{'end': 22922.862, 'start': 22839.302, 'title': 'Importance of finalized methods in java', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of finalized methods in java, commonly used in java developer job interview questions and recommends reading the book 'effective java second edition' for detailed information. it emphasizes the significance of the finalized method as a hook method in java.", 'duration': 83.56, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the significance of finalized methods in Java and their frequent use in Java developer job interview questions', "It recommends the book 'Effective Java Second Edition' by Joshua Block for detailed information and advises reading it at least twice for advanced Java developers", 'The chapter explains the finalized method as a hook method with an empty implementation provided in the class object']}, {'end': 23495.789, 'start': 22922.862, 'title': 'Java finalize method flaws', 'summary': "Discusses the flaws of the finalize method in java, emphasizing that it is flawed and generally best not to be used due to its asynchronous nature and performance impact, with joshua block's measurement indicating a 430 times slower process when the method is implemented.", 'duration': 572.927, 'highlights': ["The finalize method is flawed and generally best not to be used due to its asynchronous nature and performance impact, with Joshua Block's measurement indicating a 430 times slower process when the method is implemented.", 'The garbage collector, a key feature of Java, collects unused objects to free up memory resources and prevent out of memory exceptions.', 'The finalize method is called by the garbage collector, but its asynchronous nature means there is no guarantee that it will run, posing a risk for resource cleanup tasks.', 'The idea behind the finalize method was to clean up non-memory resources, such as database connections or IO resources, but the lack of guarantee for its execution renders it ineffective for this purpose.', 'Attempting to call the finalize method directly from a class in the java.lang package results in a security exception, demonstrating the protection of the method.', 'Overriding the finalize method can be done in subclasses, where the cleanup of resources is intended, but it is highlighted that it should be avoided due to its inherent flaws.']}, {'end': 23902.284, 'start': 23495.909, 'title': 'Java: finalize and clone methods', 'summary': 'Discusses the flaws of the finalize method, recommends using try-finally for freeing up non-memory resources, emphasizes the importance of the @override annotation, and advises against using the clone method in java.', 'duration': 406.375, 'highlights': ['The finalize method has flaws including lack of guarantee for its invocation and potential for leaving objects in a zombie state if an exception occurs, making it unreliable for resource cleanup.', 'Using try-finally is recommended for freeing up non-memory resources, ensuring proper resource cleanup in Java, and avoiding potential issues associated with the finalize method.', 'The @Override annotation is important as it helps to ensure that the method being overridden has the same signature as in the superclass, preventing accidental method overloading and providing compile-time checks for method implementation.', 'The chapter advises against using the clone method in Java due to its potential to create identical copies of objects leading to issues with references and unexpected changes in other references.']}, {'end': 24242.186, 'start': 23902.944, 'title': 'Java clone method and array cloning', 'summary': "Discusses the usage of the clone method in java, highlighting a case where using clone for array cloning is recommended and mentioning dr. heinz kabutz's findings on the performance of clone for small and large arrays.", 'duration': 339.242, 'highlights': ['Dr. Heinz Kabutz found that clone for large arrays is faster than any other method, although it may be slower for very small arrays.', 'Demonstration of a good case of using clone for array cloning, including an example of cloning an array of strings in Java and verifying the creation of a new object.', 'Explanation of the test-driven style programming approach with an example of writing a test for a Porsche class and adjusting the class to demonstrate the cloning process.']}, {'end': 24532.596, 'start': 24243.187, 'title': 'Cloning porsche in java', 'summary': 'Explains the process of cloning a porsche in java, addressing the challenges of accessing the clone method, overriding the clone method, and handling the clone not supported exception.', 'duration': 289.409, 'highlights': ['The process of cloning a Porsche in Java involves addressing the challenges of accessing the clone method, overriding the clone method, and handling the clone not supported exception.', 'The visibility of the clone method is restricted due to it being protected, necessitating the overriding of the clone method in the Porsche class to make it accessible and return a Porsche.', 'The original implementation of the clone method in the Object class returns an object, but in the case of a Porsche, it should be overridden to return a Porsche instance to achieve successful cloning.', "The chapter explores the need to handle the 'clone not supported' exception that arises during the cloning process and the steps to fix it.", 'The chapter highlights the process of making the clone method visible and accessible by overriding it in the Porsche class and ensuring that it returns a Porsche instance for successful cloning.']}], 'duration': 1693.294, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns22839302.jpg', 'highlights': ['The finalize method is flawed and generally best not to be used due to its asynchronous nature and performance impact, with a 430 times slower process when the method is implemented.', 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of finalized methods in Java and their frequent use in Java developer job interview questions', 'Using try-finally is recommended for freeing up non-memory resources, ensuring proper resource cleanup in Java, and avoiding potential issues associated with the finalize method.', 'Dr. Heinz Kabutz found that clone for large arrays is faster than any other method, although it may be slower for very small arrays.', 'The @Override annotation is important as it helps to ensure that the method being overridden has the same signature as in the superclass, preventing accidental method overloading and providing compile-time checks for method implementation.']}, {'end': 26457.168, 'segs': [{'end': 25010.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24973.547, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 24981.89, 'text': 'But now, and now the assert same is already again working because otherwise you could not compare different things.', 'start': 24973.547, 'duration': 8.343}, {'end': 24984.531, 'text': "Let's try it again.", 'start': 24983.69, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 24992.653, 'text': 'And see, now we have the green bar, process finished with exit code.', 'start': 24987.812, 'duration': 4.841}, {'end': 24995.174, 'text': 'So my first assumption is correct.', 'start': 24993.294, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 25000.276, 'text': "Peter's Porsche is not the same instance as Porsche.", 'start': 24996.214, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 25010.389, 'text': "Okay, so now I want to see who is the owner at the moment of Peter's Porsche.", 'start': 25001.443, 'duration': 8.946}], 'summary': "Comparison test successful, peter's porsche is not the same instance as porsche.", 'duration': 36.842, 'max_score': 24973.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns24973547.jpg'}, {'end': 25220.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25184.716, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 25185.497, 'text': "Let's try it again.", 'start': 25184.716, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 25190.53, 'text': "Okay, it's green, it worked.", 'start': 25188.829, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 25192.491, 'text': 'But now I have a fear.', 'start': 25191.351, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 25201.658, 'text': 'What if now my Porsche would not be mine anymore? So on top, I want to assert that the original Porsche is still mine.', 'start': 25192.992, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 25205.2, 'text': 'Porsche of Markus to the original Porsche.', 'start': 25201.858, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 25211.364, 'text': 'Okay Which also worked.', 'start': 25208.142, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 25220.607, 'text': 'And this tells us now, starting from my Porsche, Markus, I called the clone method.', 'start': 25211.724, 'duration': 8.883}], 'summary': 'The speaker successfully asserted ownership of their porsche using a clone method.', 'duration': 35.891, 'max_score': 25184.716, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns25184716.jpg'}, {'end': 25337.177, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25306.463, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 25316.651, 'text': "for this I have prepared here a more complex object, BMW, and here I'm using actually the object name and I'm even using a second object color.", 'start': 25306.463, 'duration': 10.188}, {'end': 25321.235, 'text': "And let's make this a bit bigger so you see more.", 'start': 25318.632, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 25331.623, 'text': 'A deep copy would mean that not only BMW is copied but also all the objects inside of BMW are copied.', 'start': 25322.456, 'duration': 9.167}, {'end': 25337.177, 'text': "so that they're also independent, that they're not referencing the same object.", 'start': 25332.796, 'duration': 4.381}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating deep copy of a complex object bmw.', 'duration': 30.714, 'max_score': 25306.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns25306463.jpg'}, {'end': 25497.655, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25460.28, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 25466.642, 'text': 'The first alternative is using a so-called copy constructor and this is this thing here.', 'start': 25460.28, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 25483.31, 'text': "The copy constructor has one parameter and this is the same object and then you see here I say new name on owner's name, new color on BMW.color.", 'start': 25468.463, 'duration': 14.847}, {'end': 25491.633, 'text': "So I'm taking the internals and I'm creating new objects on it,", 'start': 25483.49, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 25497.655, 'text': 'and so in the end I will have a new object that has the same values as the original object.', 'start': 25491.633, 'duration': 6.022}], 'summary': 'Using a copy constructor to create new objects with same values as the original object.', 'duration': 37.375, 'max_score': 25460.28, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns25460280.jpg'}, {'end': 25645.22, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25622.9, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 25632.05, 'text': 'you say Peter, you will not influence the other reference, but instead whoever said make this, Peter will get a new object.', 'start': 25622.9, 'duration': 9.15}, {'end': 25634.188, 'text': 'so this was really helpful.', 'start': 25632.887, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 25637.772, 'text': 'And for String, this is done for you.', 'start': 25634.769, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 25645.22, 'text': 'Actually, you can do this for your own objects too, and in order to achieve this,', 'start': 25639.054, 'duration': 6.166}], 'summary': 'Peter will receive a new object, helping with string and own objects.', 'duration': 22.32, 'max_score': 25622.9, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns25622900.jpg'}, {'end': 25712.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25680.247, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 25692.955, 'text': "It's just a bit better first of all because it can work on ints of at least theoretically any lengths until your memory is full.", 'start': 25680.247, 'duration': 12.708}, {'end': 25699.256, 'text': 'And there you have operations to add and subtract for example.', 'start': 25694.715, 'duration': 4.541}, {'end': 25712.28, 'text': 'Now when you say 1, add 1, this is returning a new object too but the original object will not be influenced by this operation.', 'start': 25700.737, 'duration': 11.543}], 'summary': 'A better option for working with ints of any length, with operations like addition and subtraction available.', 'duration': 32.033, 'max_score': 25680.247, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns25680247.jpg'}, {'end': 26344.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26314.747, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 26318.142, 'text': "Let's do that now like assert True.", 'start': 26314.747, 'duration': 3.395}, {'end': 26320.304, 'text': 'You see my IDE already helps me.', 'start': 26318.663, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 26323.946, 'text': 'True I mean true is always true.', 'start': 26320.964, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 26324.567, 'text': 'This is stupid.', 'start': 26323.966, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 26327.228, 'text': 'But I just want you to see the method.', 'start': 26325.127, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 26335.174, 'text': "And the thing is this is only now working because I have this here assert and see now it's not gray anymore.", 'start': 26328.529, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 26338.396, 'text': "It turned white because now it's in use.", 'start': 26335.894, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 26343.499, 'text': "So let's actually have a look at this class.", 'start': 26339.397, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 26344.34, 'text': 'I can jump there.', 'start': 26343.579, 'duration': 0.761}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating using assert to make code functional and visible in ide.', 'duration': 29.593, 'max_score': 26314.747, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns26314747.jpg'}, {'end': 26428.401, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26396.707, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 26401.291, 'text': 'you would import the class and then you can just say assert.assert true.', 'start': 26396.707, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 26405.256, 'text': 'Of course there are also other methods.', 'start': 26402.714, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 26410.499, 'text': 'you can have a look on those by yourself, actually quite complicated ones, like.', 'start': 26405.256, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 26414.182, 'text': 'you can even compare arrays and so on and so forth.', 'start': 26410.499, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 26418.825, 'text': 'not equals, equals with message, without is equals, and so on.', 'start': 26414.182, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 26421.346, 'text': 'Well we have used some of them.', 'start': 26419.725, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 26428.401, 'text': 'So this means I can also say assert dot assert true.', 'start': 26422.547, 'duration': 5.854}], 'summary': 'The assert class allows for various methods, including comparing arrays and asserting true, which has been used in the example provided.', 'duration': 31.694, 'max_score': 26396.707, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns26396707.jpg'}], 'start': 24533.717, 'title': 'Java cloning and immutables', 'summary': 'Covers handling clonenotsupportedexception, marker interfaces, cloning in java including shallow and deep copy, immutables, and java class object methods. it emphasizes recommendations by josh block, inheritance, explicit casting, and proper cloning methods, and discusses limitations of the clone method, alternative approaches, and class object methods.', 'chapters': [{'end': 24801.406, 'start': 24533.717, 'title': 'Handling clonenotsupportedexception in java', 'summary': 'Discusses handling clonenotsupportedexception in java, emphasizing the approach to catch the exception, the recommendation of a book by josh block, and the assertion error to handle the exception. it also highlights the importance of explicit casting to ensure safe cloning.', 'duration': 267.689, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes catching the CloneNotSupportedException exception and discusses the approach to handle it, highlighting the importance of not returning null and instead throwing an assertion error (relevance: 5)', 'The recommendation of Effective Java Second Edition by Josh Block and the emphasis on its importance, with a mention of the detailed content about the clone method in the book (relevance: 4)', 'The discussion about using throw new assertion error to handle the CloneNotSupportedException, emphasizing that it represents a critical error situation (relevance: 3)', 'The importance of explicit casting to ensure safe cloning, with the assurance that it should work without causing a class cast exception (relevance: 2)', 'The significance of asserting not same to ensure that the cloned object is different from the original one, followed by executing the test and encountering an assertion error (relevance: 1)']}, {'end': 25220.607, 'start': 24801.906, 'title': 'Understanding marker interfaces in java', 'summary': "Discusses the implementation of marker interfaces and their specific use cases in java, demonstrating the concept through the example of implementing the 'clonable' interface, including insights on inheritance, interface implementation, and method overriding.", 'duration': 418.701, 'highlights': ["The implementation of the 'clonable' interface in Java involves not having to implement any method, making it a specific case known as a marker interface.", 'The concept of marker interface is explained as a design pattern with good uses, highlighting its benefits and specific use cases.', 'The demonstration of testing and asserting the behavior of the implemented marker interface, showcasing the process of creating and executing test cases to validate the functionality of the interface implementation.']}, {'end': 25645.22, 'start': 25220.607, 'title': 'Understanding cloning in java', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of cloning in java, including shallow copy and deep copy, limitations of the clone method, and alternative approaches like using a copy constructor and a static factory method.', 'duration': 424.613, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the process of cloning in Java, covering the concepts of shallow copy and deep copy, as well as the limitations of the clone method and alternative approaches like using a copy constructor and a static factory method.', 'The speaker demonstrates the difference between shallow copy and deep copy by using an example with a complex object, BMW, and explains the implications of each type of copy on the internal objects.', 'The limitations of the clone method are highlighted, including the requirement for internal objects to not be final in order to create a deep copy, and the complexity involved in achieving this.', 'Two alternative approaches to cloning are presented: using a copy constructor and a static factory method, with the speaker expressing a preference for the latter due to its ability to perform deep copies and its recursive nature for complex objects.']}, {'end': 25969.58, 'start': 25645.22, 'title': 'Immutables and cloning principles', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of immutables, with a focus on biginteger and strings as examples, emphasizing the advantages of immutability in object design and the importance of proper cloning methods, including the need for explicit casting and handling of exceptions.', 'duration': 324.36, 'highlights': ['The concept of immutables is explained, emphasizing the return of a new instance for any change and the benefits of immutability in object design and multi-threading, while promoting its usage in class design. (Relevance: 5)', 'The usage of BigInteger as an example of immutability, with the ability to work on ints of theoretically any length until memory is full and the operations to add and subtract returning new objects without changing the original object. (Relevance: 4)', 'The example of immutability demonstrated through strings, showcasing how operations like assigning new values do not influence the original object and emphasizing the importance of achieving immutability in object design. (Relevance: 3)', 'The necessity of proper cloning methods is detailed, highlighting the need to override the clone method, use explicit casting, handle exceptions, and implement clonable, with a focus on achieving shallow cloning and partial independence. (Relevance: 2)']}, {'end': 26457.168, 'start': 25970.94, 'title': 'Java class object methods', 'summary': 'Explains the limitations of using the clone method in java, preferring alternatives like static factory methods and copy constructors, and also touches on the significance of hashcode and equals methods, while also discussing static imports and their usage in the context of junit assert methods.', 'duration': 486.228, 'highlights': ['The limitations of using the clone method are explained, emphasizing the need for more complex clone methods to achieve deep copying and the preference for static factory methods or copy constructors.', 'The significance of hashCode and equals methods in Java is mentioned as being important and somewhat complicated to explain.', 'The explanation of static imports is given, clarifying the difference between regular imports and static imports, specifically focusing on the usage of static imports for JUnit assert methods.', 'The demonstration of using static imports for JUnit assert methods is provided, illustrating the convenience and usage of static imports for accessing static methods without specifying the class name.']}], 'duration': 1923.451, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns24533717.jpg', 'highlights': ['The concept of immutables is explained, emphasizing the return of a new instance for any change and the benefits of immutability in object design and multi-threading, while promoting its usage in class design. (Relevance: 5)', 'The chapter emphasizes catching the CloneNotSupportedException exception and discusses the approach to handle it, highlighting the importance of not returning null and instead throwing an assertion error (relevance: 5)', 'The recommendation of Effective Java Second Edition by Josh Block and the emphasis on its importance, with a mention of the detailed content about the clone method in the book (relevance: 4)', 'The usage of BigInteger as an example of immutability, with the ability to work on ints of theoretically any length until memory is full and the operations to add and subtract returning new objects without changing the original object. (Relevance: 4)', 'The discussion about using throw new assertion error to handle the CloneNotSupportedException, emphasizing that it represents a critical error situation (relevance: 3)', 'The example of immutability demonstrated through strings, showcasing how operations like assigning new values do not influence the original object and emphasizing the importance of achieving immutability in object design. (Relevance: 3)', 'The importance of explicit casting to ensure safe cloning, with the assurance that it should work without causing a class cast exception (relevance: 2)', 'The necessity of proper cloning methods is detailed, highlighting the need to override the clone method, use explicit casting, handle exceptions, and implement clonable, with a focus on achieving shallow cloning and partial independence. (Relevance: 2)', 'The demonstration of using static imports for JUnit assert methods is provided, illustrating the convenience and usage of static imports for accessing static methods without specifying the class name.', "The implementation of the 'clonable' interface in Java involves not having to implement any method, making it a specific case known as a marker interface.", 'The concept of marker interface is explained as a design pattern with good uses, highlighting its benefits and specific use cases.', 'The demonstration of testing and asserting the behavior of the implemented marker interface, showcasing the process of creating and executing test cases to validate the functionality of the interface implementation.', 'The chapter discusses the process of cloning in Java, covering the concepts of shallow copy and deep copy, as well as the limitations of the clone method and alternative approaches like using a copy constructor and a static factory method.', 'The speaker demonstrates the difference between shallow copy and deep copy by using an example with a complex object, BMW, and explains the implications of each type of copy on the internal objects.', 'The limitations of the clone method are highlighted, including the requirement for internal objects to not be final in order to create a deep copy, and the complexity involved in achieving this.', 'Two alternative approaches to cloning are presented: using a copy constructor and a static factory method, with the speaker expressing a preference for the latter due to its ability to perform deep copies and its recursive nature for complex objects.', 'The limitations of using the clone method are explained, emphasizing the need for more complex clone methods to achieve deep copying and the preference for static factory methods or copy constructors.', 'The significance of hashCode and equals methods in Java is mentioned as being important and somewhat complicated to explain.']}, {'end': 28482.513, 'segs': [{'end': 26766.747, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26733.057, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 26736.258, 'text': 'Okay, but now enough of talking, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.', 'start': 26733.057, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 26740.64, 'text': 'You might already be asleep so wake up.', 'start': 26738.319, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 26745.722, 'text': "Okay, so let's make this a bit bigger so we can see it properly.", 'start': 26742.16, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 26757.545, 'text': 'So you see by default value, short default value, those are all zero.', 'start': 26751.703, 'duration': 5.842}, {'end': 26766.747, 'text': "Actually there are many number types that we haven't talked about, and this is also what I'm just going to introduce right now,", 'start': 26759.385, 'duration': 7.362}], 'summary': 'Introduction to various number types with default values of zero.', 'duration': 33.69, 'max_score': 26733.057, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns26733057.jpg'}, {'end': 28123.11, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28060.149, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 28065.132, 'text': 'If you want to display them in the binary format you need specific formatting options.', 'start': 28060.149, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 28071.376, 'text': 'This will be an episode on its own so I will not go in detail on this now.', 'start': 28066.313, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 28076.218, 'text': 'Also I think this is not needed in many cases.', 'start': 28072.316, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 28090.782, 'text': 'What is also interesting, by the way, I mean the Space 2 was introduced with Java 7 only so this only recently got added, speaking as of 2015.', 'start': 28077.839, 'duration': 12.943}, {'end': 28097.166, 'text': 'before you had only the option to store base 10, base 8 and base 16.', 'start': 28090.782, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 28100.388, 'text': 'Now they added base 2.', 'start': 28097.166, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 28107.171, 'text': 'Besides, to make this stuff more readable I mean especially with base 2,', 'start': 28100.388, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 28117.457, 'text': 'you will get these long strings here of zeros and ones so that you could easily read this, and also for something like credit card numbers,', 'start': 28107.171, 'duration': 10.286}, {'end': 28120.139, 'text': 'you can add these underscores.', 'start': 28117.457, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 28123.11, 'text': 'actually as many as ever you want.', 'start': 28120.808, 'duration': 2.302}], 'summary': 'Java 7 introduced space 2 with base 2 format for binary display, allowing easy readability and use of underscores for credit card numbers, as of 2015.', 'duration': 62.961, 'max_score': 28060.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28060149.jpg'}, {'end': 28169.982, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28145.906, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 28153.57, 'text': 'But I think it can be quite helpful, especially for something like credit card numbers for long numbers, that you can read them more easily,', 'start': 28145.906, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 28161.354, 'text': 'like on the phone, talking to a colleague and you want to read out the number and then you can talk about the blocks makes it easier.', 'start': 28153.57, 'duration': 7.784}, {'end': 28169.982, 'text': 'But these underscores again, this is just a displaying issue in the code, the way they are stored is exactly the same like before.', 'start': 28162.175, 'duration': 7.807}], 'summary': 'Using underscores for long numbers makes them easier to read and discuss, such as credit card numbers.', 'duration': 24.076, 'max_score': 28145.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28145906.jpg'}], 'start': 26457.168, 'title': 'Java data types and number representation', 'summary': 'Covers static imports, variable initialization, data types, objects, number types and ranges, number representation in java, and the use of underscores for readability. it emphasizes benefits of shorter code and flexibility in importing specific functions or attributes, with insights on ranges, base representation, and use of underscores for readability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 26667.514, 'start': 26457.168, 'title': 'Static imports and default values', 'summary': 'Explains the usage of static imports in java, emphasizing the benefits of shorter code and the flexibility to import specific functions or attributes, with a mention of the potential clutter in specifying default values for different data types.', 'duration': 210.346, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the benefits of using static imports in Java to shorten code, with examples of importing all static members and the flexibility to import specific functions or attributes.', 'It mentions the potential clutter in specifying default values for different data types, highlighting that null for object as well as false for boolean is the default, and advises against unnecessary clutter in the code.']}, {'end': 27108.622, 'start': 26668.454, 'title': 'Java data types and variable initialization', 'summary': 'Discusses variable naming, boolean variable initialization, default values, memory allocation for different data types, and usage of float and double data types in java programming.', 'duration': 440.168, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of naming variables descriptively to indicate their significance and purpose.', 'It explains the initialization behavior of boolean variables and how it differs for member variables and local variables.', "The discussion covers the default values for different data types, highlighting the focus on 'int' due to its frequent usage in Java programming.", "The memory allocation considerations for different data types are explored, with a preference for 'int' due to its relevance in the majority of cases.", 'The usage of float and double data types in financial calculations is discussed, emphasizing issues with precision and rounding, and recommending alternative approaches to ensure accurate results.']}, {'end': 27634.198, 'start': 27108.622, 'title': 'Java data types and objects', 'summary': 'Discusses implicit type conversion, default values of primitive data types, the existence of number types as objects, and the implications of automatic conversions for performance and null pointer exceptions.', 'duration': 525.576, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the implicit type conversion from int to short and from int to long, highlighting that the long type can store the smaller int value.', 'It details the default values of primitive data types, including null for objects and false for boolean.', 'The discussion covers the existence of number types as objects, their methods like parse and valueOf, and their extension of the abstract class number.', 'The chapter cautions about the implications of automatic conversions for performance and null pointer exceptions, emphasizing the careful use of these conversions.']}, {'end': 27946.856, 'start': 27637.065, 'title': 'Number types and ranges in java', 'summary': 'Provides a detailed overview of the different number types and their object variants in java, including their ranges, such as byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char, with specific value ranges and insights on the use of static values for min and max values.', 'duration': 309.791, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides detailed information about different number types such as byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char in Java, along with their respective value ranges and insights on using static values for min and max values.', 'It explains the ranges of number types, showcasing the varying value ranges such as -128 to 127 for byte, 32,000+ for short, 2 billion+ for int, and much larger ranges for long, float, double, and char.', 'The usage of static values for min and max values is highlighted as a convenient feature for accessing the value ranges of different number types in Java.']}, {'end': 28482.513, 'start': 27946.856, 'title': 'Number representation in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the representation of numbers in different bases, emphasizing that internally, all numbers are stored in the same format regardless of their display format. it also touches on the introduction of base 2 in java 7 and the use of underscores for readability, concluding with a segue into the equals and hashcode methods.', 'duration': 535.657, 'highlights': ['Internally, numbers in Java are stored in binary format, regardless of their display format, and are printed out on the base of 10 by default.', 'Java 7 introduced base 2 for number representation, allowing for the storage and display of numbers in binary format, with the option to enhance readability using underscores.', 'The chapter segues into a discussion of the Equals and HashCode methods, highlighting their significance in JavaLangObject class and their role in ensuring code quality and efficiency.']}], 'duration': 2025.345, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns26457168.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter provides detailed information about different number types such as byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char in Java, along with their respective value ranges and insights on using static values for min and max values.', 'Internally, numbers in Java are stored in binary format, regardless of their display format, and are printed out on the base of 10 by default.', 'The chapter emphasizes the benefits of using static imports in Java to shorten code, with examples of importing all static members and the flexibility to import specific functions or attributes.', 'Java 7 introduced base 2 for number representation, allowing for the storage and display of numbers in binary format, with the option to enhance readability using underscores.', 'The chapter explains the implicit type conversion from int to short and from int to long, highlighting that the long type can store the smaller int value.']}, {'end': 29946.565, 'segs': [{'end': 28724.544, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28693.928, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 28696.77, 'text': 'Now it checks that the object is actually a string.', 'start': 28693.928, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 28712.181, 'text': 'This is achieved by the instance of operator so that we can safely cast the object to a string and so that we can compare both strings.', 'start': 28697.671, 'duration': 14.51}, {'end': 28720.942, 'text': 'interesting thing about instance of by the way which not many people, many developers know or at least not all yet.', 'start': 28713.638, 'duration': 7.304}, {'end': 28724.544, 'text': 'This also includes a check for null.', 'start': 28722.222, 'duration': 2.322}], 'summary': 'Code checks object type using instance of operator and includes null check.', 'duration': 30.616, 'max_score': 28693.928, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28693928.jpg'}, {'end': 28782.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28750.563, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 28756.445, 'text': 'But actually I told you the equals method is a method from the class Object and yes it is.', 'start': 28750.563, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 28772.772, 'text': 'Well it turns out String is also a subclass of Object and the String class overwrote the equals method here so that it works on Strings as expected.', 'start': 28757.318, 'duration': 15.454}, {'end': 28782.28, 'text': 'So it seems like for Strings we can happily use equals so that we know that a String like hello1 and hello3 is equal.', 'start': 28773.272, 'duration': 9.008}], 'summary': 'String class overwrites equals method for string comparison.', 'duration': 31.717, 'max_score': 28750.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28750563.jpg'}, {'end': 28938.151, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28906.949, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 28916.993, 'text': 'and you see we are in the class Object because in our Car class we have not overwritten the equals method.', 'start': 28906.949, 'duration': 10.044}, {'end': 28926.838, 'text': 'so what happens is the original method of the class Object is used and, as you can see here internally what happens is we compare this,', 'start': 28916.993, 'duration': 9.845}, {'end': 28938.151, 'text': 'which is the object itself, in this case myPorsche1,, we compare it, using the equal operator, to the object that is coming into the method,', 'start': 28926.838, 'duration': 11.313}], 'summary': 'In the car class, the equals method is not overwritten, using the original object method internally for comparison.', 'duration': 31.202, 'max_score': 28906.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28906949.jpg'}, {'end': 29097.895, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29051.123, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 29063.887, 'text': 'In the class object there is object so we have to say object here and then later on we have to cast it to a car like we saw in the class string.', 'start': 29051.123, 'duration': 12.764}, {'end': 29086.069, 'text': "And then it's always good to add the override annotation so that we make sure we have properly overwritten the method.", 'start': 29070.669, 'duration': 15.4}, {'end': 29091.071, 'text': 'Now, I mean this is not a true implementation.', 'start': 29087.189, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 29097.895, 'text': "I always return false just to see that when I'm in my car test.", 'start': 29091.071, 'duration': 6.824}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating casting and method override in class object', 'duration': 46.772, 'max_score': 29051.123, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns29051123.jpg'}, {'end': 29399.384, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29365.097, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 29375.846, 'text': 'Reflexivity An object must be equal to itself so that when I call my old car equals my old car, it returns true.', 'start': 29365.097, 'duration': 10.749}, {'end': 29380.748, 'text': 'I think this makes sense and should be easy to understand.', 'start': 29377.807, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 29389.252, 'text': 'Symmetry Two objects must agree whether or not they are equal.', 'start': 29383.189, 'duration': 6.063}, {'end': 29397.195, 'text': 'If my old car equals some other car, then some other car equals my old car.', 'start': 29391.072, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 29399.384, 'text': 'must also return true.', 'start': 29398.103, 'duration': 1.281}], 'summary': 'Reflexivity and symmetry ensure object equality, returning true for self-equality and mutual equality.', 'duration': 34.287, 'max_score': 29365.097, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns29365097.jpg'}, {'end': 29456.203, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29429.321, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 29433.625, 'text': 'So you see, the symmetry rule can actually lead to some nasty problems.', 'start': 29429.321, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 29441.411, 'text': 'There are quite a few interesting articles online discussing potential symmetry issues of the equals method.', 'start': 29434.745, 'duration': 6.666}, {'end': 29451.699, 'text': 'Cover each contract condition with a dedicated unit test to make sure your class stays fully compliant with the contract.', 'start': 29443.773, 'duration': 7.926}, {'end': 29456.203, 'text': 'Our next condition is transitivity.', 'start': 29454.101, 'duration': 2.102}], 'summary': 'Symmetry rule can cause issues. test each contract condition for class compliance.', 'duration': 26.882, 'max_score': 29429.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns29429321.jpg'}], 'start': 28482.513, 'title': 'Implementing equals method in java', 'summary': 'Explores the comparison of strings and objects, emphasizing the optimization for constant string values and the necessity of using the equals method for object comparison. it explains the process of implementing the equals method in java and discusses the considerations for comparing fields, fulfilling contract conditions, and principles of the equals and hashcode methods, with a focus on performance impact and customization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 28938.151, 'start': 28482.513, 'title': 'String and object comparison', 'summary': 'Explores the comparison of strings and objects, highlighting the optimization for constant string values and the necessity of using the equals method for object comparison, with a focus on the intricacies of string comparison and the implementation of the equals method in the string class.', 'duration': 455.638, 'highlights': ['The optimization for constant string values results in both variables pointing to the same object in memory, leading to successful comparison with the equal operator.', 'The intricacies of string comparison are revealed when adding a new string variable and utilizing concatenation, necessitating the use of the equals method for accurate comparison.', 'The equals method in the String class implements a character-by-character comparison to determine equality, demonstrating its necessity for comparing string objects.', "The comparison of user-defined classes, such as the 'Car' class, highlights the need to use the equals method for accurate object comparison, as the default equals method in the Object class is utilized."]}, {'end': 29212.32, 'start': 28938.151, 'title': 'Implementing equals method in java', 'summary': 'Explains the process of implementing the equals method in java, emphasizing the importance of proper design to prevent bugs and suboptimal performance, and highlights the need to define identifying fields and their order for comparison.', 'duration': 274.169, 'highlights': ['The importance of proper design before implementing the equals method, to prevent bugs or suboptimal performance.', "Defining identifying fields and their order for comparison based on the specific program's requirements, such as manufacturer, color, engine, number of wheels, top speed, and vehicle identification number (VIN)."]}, {'end': 29456.203, 'start': 29213.635, 'title': 'Optimizing equals method implementation', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of analyzing and selecting attributes for a meaningful equals method implementation, covering the considerations for comparing fields, such as top speed, number of wheels, and vin, along with the fulfillment of the contract conditions of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity.', 'duration': 242.568, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of analyzing and selecting attributes for a meaningful equals method implementation, such as considering the relevance of fields like top speed, number of wheels, and VIN, based on the specific program requirements.', "It highlights the arbitrary definition of considering two cars with different VIN numbers as equal in the example, showcasing the developer's discretion in defining equality criteria.", 'The chapter explains the contract conditions of equals method implementation, including reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity, with a focus on addressing potential issues related to inheritance and ensuring compliance through dedicated unit tests.']}, {'end': 29946.565, 'start': 29457.273, 'title': 'Java equals and hashcode methods', 'summary': 'Discusses the principles of the equals and hashcode methods in java, emphasizing the importance of consistency and the avoidance of hash collisions, and the impact of these methods on performance and program execution time. it also highlights the need to implement customized hashcode and equals methods for specific objects and provides a link for further in-depth study.', 'duration': 489.292, 'highlights': ['The equals method in Java ensures that if object A is equal to object B and object B is equal to object C, then object A must also be equal to object C, promoting consistency and preventing changes upon repeated comparisons.', 'The hashcode method is used for efficient processing of similar objects in collections, with the Java creators incorporating hash-based containers to minimize the number of equal comparisons needed and reduce lookup time based on hash values.', 'The hashcode contract in Java mandates that the hashcode method must consistently return the same int value when invoked on the same object, promoting consistent results and the need to override hashcode whenever equals is overridden.', 'Aiming to return different hashcodes when equals returns false can improve program performance by minimizing hash collisions, as returning the same hashcode for all objects could result in quadratic execution time.', 'The importance of implementing customized hashcode and equals methods tailored to specific object attributes and the impact of changes in class attributes on these methods are emphasized, with a recommendation to further explore an in-depth tutorial on the hashcode method.']}], 'duration': 1464.052, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns28482513.jpg', 'highlights': ['The hashcode method is used for efficient processing of similar objects in collections, with the Java creators incorporating hash-based containers to minimize the number of equal comparisons needed and reduce lookup time based on hash values.', 'The equals method in Java ensures that if object A is equal to object B and object B is equal to object C, then object A must also be equal to object C, promoting consistency and preventing changes upon repeated comparisons.', 'The optimization for constant string values results in both variables pointing to the same object in memory, leading to successful comparison with the equal operator.', 'The intricacies of string comparison are revealed when adding a new string variable and utilizing concatenation, necessitating the use of the equals method for accurate comparison.', "Defining identifying fields and their order for comparison based on the specific program's requirements, such as manufacturer, color, engine, number of wheels, top speed, and vehicle identification number (VIN).", 'The importance of proper design before implementing the equals method, to prevent bugs or suboptimal performance.', 'The chapter explains the contract conditions of equals method implementation, including reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity, with a focus on addressing potential issues related to inheritance and ensuring compliance through dedicated unit tests.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of analyzing and selecting attributes for a meaningful equals method implementation, such as considering the relevance of fields like top speed, number of wheels, and VIN, based on the specific program requirements.', 'The hashcode contract in Java mandates that the hashcode method must consistently return the same int value when invoked on the same object, promoting consistent results and the need to override hashcode whenever equals is overridden.', "The chapter highlights the arbitrary definition of considering two cars with different VIN numbers as equal in the example, showcasing the developer's discretion in defining equality criteria.", 'The equals method in the String class implements a character-by-character comparison to determine equality, demonstrating its necessity for comparing string objects.', "The comparison of user-defined classes, such as the 'Car' class, highlights the need to use the equals method for accurate object comparison, as the default equals method in the Object class is utilized.", 'Aiming to return different hashcodes when equals returns false can improve program performance by minimizing hash collisions, as returning the same hashcode for all objects could result in quadratic execution time.', 'The importance of implementing customized hashcode and equals methods tailored to specific object attributes and the impact of changes in class attributes on these methods are emphasized, with a recommendation to further explore an in-depth tutorial on the hashcode method.']}, {'end': 31411.872, 'segs': [{'end': 30007.672, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29975.703, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 29983.794, 'text': 'I want to leave the method as early as possible, because the earlier I leave the method, the faster the entire code will run.', 'start': 29975.703, 'duration': 8.091}, {'end': 29991.807, 'text': 'If two instances are equal then usually it has to go till the very end.', 'start': 29983.814, 'duration': 7.993}, {'end': 30000.13, 'text': "So in this case it doesn't make a difference but it does make a difference if it's not equal if we can leave the method here.", 'start': 29992.467, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 30007.672, 'text': 'So for performance optimization I have chosen this order.', 'start': 30000.67, 'duration': 7.002}], 'summary': 'Optimizing code for faster execution by leaving method early based on equality', 'duration': 31.969, 'max_score': 29975.703, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns29975703.jpg'}, {'end': 30602.731, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30567.102, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 30576.949, 'text': 'If you want an in-depth explanation, again watch my follow-up tutorial about hash code, there I can explain you.', 'start': 30567.102, 'duration': 9.847}, {'end': 30578.33, 'text': 'Now here only.', 'start': 30577.549, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 30593.285, 'text': "in short, this is a shift by 32 bits and then this is an XOR where you again like, let's say, combine this field.", 'start': 30578.33, 'duration': 14.955}, {'end': 30602.731, 'text': 'and last but not least, you do an explicit cast from long to int, where you throw away half of the long.', 'start': 30593.285, 'duration': 9.446}], 'summary': 'Involves shift by 32 bits, xor operation, and casting from long to int, throwing away half of the long.', 'duration': 35.629, 'max_score': 30567.102, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns30567102.jpg'}, {'end': 30669.542, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30637.657, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 30642.92, 'text': "This is like an if, it's just shorter because otherwise the code would even be longer.", 'start': 30637.657, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 30657.536, 'text': 'So you have to read it as isOptionalField null if true then return 0 else return OptionalField.HashCode.', 'start': 30643.6, 'duration': 13.936}, {'end': 30661.498, 'text': 'So this again calls the hash code method of string.', 'start': 30658.356, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 30669.542, 'text': 'This I showed you in the beginning of this episode, where the code was like in a while loop,', 'start': 30662.258, 'duration': 7.284}], 'summary': 'Code uses if statement for optional field, reducing code length.', 'duration': 31.885, 'max_score': 30637.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns30637657.jpg'}, {'end': 30729.689, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30702.398, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 30712.562, 'text': 'So as I use type and optional field in equals, again I use type and optional field in hashcode in the same order and same fields.', 'start': 30702.398, 'duration': 10.164}, {'end': 30718.464, 'text': 'Last but not least, some class.', 'start': 30715.263, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 30723.887, 'text': "Now this doesn't mean anything, this is really totally abstract.", 'start': 30718.665, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 30729.689, 'text': 'I just wanted to in very short show you all the different primitive types they are.', 'start': 30724.347, 'duration': 5.342}], 'summary': 'Demonstrated use of type and optional fields in equals and hashcode methods for different primitive types.', 'duration': 27.291, 'max_score': 30702.398, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns30702398.jpg'}, {'end': 30980.35, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30937.806, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 30938.626, 'text': 'This is all easy.', 'start': 30937.806, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 30941.427, 'text': "With float, it's a bit more difficult.", 'start': 30939.587, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 30944.288, 'text': 'We have to convert it first to an int.', 'start': 30941.527, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 30947.769, 'text': 'Double has to be converted to a long.', 'start': 30945.988, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 30951.269, 'text': 'Boolean is again easy.', 'start': 30949.749, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 30958.471, 'text': 'Actually, if this was a real implementation, I would have done it differently.', 'start': 30951.91, 'duration': 6.561}, {'end': 30960.592, 'text': 'I would have put it to the top.', 'start': 30958.511, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 30965.333, 'text': 'So this order is also based to explain you the different types.', 'start': 30961.412, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 30980.35, 'text': 'So in reality, I would ask you to really think about the order based on what the business tells you, what is easy to differentiate and like.', 'start': 30966.801, 'duration': 13.549}], 'summary': 'Explains data type conversions for float, int, double, and boolean, with a recommendation to consider business requirements for implementation.', 'duration': 42.544, 'max_score': 30937.806, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns30937806.jpg'}], 'start': 29947.205, 'title': 'Java performance optimization', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of optimizing performance in object comparison, implementation of equals and hashcode methods in java, and overview of the java collections framework, emphasizing the necessity of testing for performance improvement, prevention of null pointer exceptions, and different use cases and specific implementations of the java collections framework.', 'chapters': [{'end': 30189.14, 'start': 29947.205, 'title': 'Performance optimization in object comparison', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of optimizing performance in object comparison, emphasizing the order of checks in the equals method for faster code execution, and the necessity of testing for performance improvement.', 'duration': 241.935, 'highlights': ['The order of checks in the equals method is crucial for performance optimization, as leaving the method early can significantly improve code execution speed.', 'Testing for performance improvement is essential, as it is impossible to ascertain the impact of changes without conducting performance tests.', 'Directly returning true when comparing an object to itself can optimize performance by avoiding unnecessary comparisons, contributing to faster code execution.', 'The rule of returning false when comparing null objects is crucial to prevent null pointer exceptions, ensuring the stability of the equals method.', 'The necessity of ensuring that the object being compared is of the same class, to avoid class cast exceptions and maintain the integrity of the equals method.']}, {'end': 30493.584, 'start': 30189.781, 'title': 'Java equals and hashcode methods', 'summary': 'Explains the implementation of the equals and hashcode methods in java, highlighting the use of optional fields, prevention of null pointer exceptions, and the optimization of hashcode with a prime number multiplier, emphasizing the importance of readable and maintainable code.', 'duration': 303.803, 'highlights': ['The optimization of hashcode with a prime number multiplier helps prevent collisions and improve performance, demonstrating the use of 31 as the prime number multiplier and its recursive application to each attribute.', 'The implementation of equals method involves handling optional fields and preventing null pointer exceptions, emphasizing the importance of certain assumptions to prevent cluttering the code with excessive null checks.', 'The recommendation to watch a follow-up tutorial for a more detailed explanation of the hashcode method, indicating its complexity and the provision of a link for further learning.']}, {'end': 31111.995, 'start': 30493.644, 'title': 'Java hash code and equals', 'summary': 'Explains the hash code method for converting long to int, implements hash code method for different primitive types and string objects, and discusses the order for handling equals method based on primitive values and types.', 'duration': 618.351, 'highlights': ["The hash code method is explained for converting long to int, ensuring the least possible number of collisions, with a shift by 32 bits, an XOR operation, and an explicit cast from long to int, based on Josh Bloch's book Effective Java.", 'The hash code method is implemented for different primitive types and string objects, ensuring performance optimization and least number of collisions, with specific conversions for float, double, boolean, and other primitive types.', 'The order for handling equals method is discussed based on primitive values and types, emphasizing the use of the not equal operator for primitive values and specific conversions for float, double, and boolean, considering performance and business requirements.']}, {'end': 31411.872, 'start': 31113.635, 'title': 'Java collections framework overview', 'summary': 'Covers the different use cases, high-level perspective, hierarchy of classes and interfaces, and specific implementations of the java collections framework, as well as a recommendation to read the oca-ocp study guide.', 'duration': 298.237, 'highlights': ['The Java collections framework contains various collection interfaces and classes that serve as a more powerful, object-oriented alternative to arrays, as described in detail in the chapter.', 'The collection interface is extended by the interfaces set, list, and queue, with each having specific characteristics and behaviors, such as uniqueness, ordering, and queuing mechanisms.', 'Specific implementations of the Set interface, including HashSet, LinkedHashSet, and TreeSet, are detailed, highlighting their unique features and trade-offs in the chapter.', 'The OCA-OCP study guide, recommended by the authors Cathy Sierra and Bert Bates, is highlighted as a valuable resource for gaining knowledge about Java and becoming a certified programmer.']}], 'duration': 1464.667, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns29947205.jpg', 'highlights': ['The order of checks in the equals method is crucial for performance optimization, as leaving the method early can significantly improve code execution speed.', 'Testing for performance improvement is essential, as it is impossible to ascertain the impact of changes without conducting performance tests.', 'The optimization of hashcode with a prime number multiplier helps prevent collisions and improve performance, demonstrating the use of 31 as the prime number multiplier and its recursive application to each attribute.', 'The recommendation to watch a follow-up tutorial for a more detailed explanation of the hashcode method, indicating its complexity and the provision of a link for further learning.', 'The Java collections framework contains various collection interfaces and classes that serve as a more powerful, object-oriented alternative to arrays, as described in detail in the chapter.']}, {'end': 32469.977, 'segs': [{'end': 31830.757, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31802.435, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 31810.217, 'text': 'I would recommend you to subscribe to my YouTube channel to be informed as soon as I upload the next episodes of the Java Collections Framework.', 'start': 31802.435, 'duration': 7.782}, {'end': 31817.698, 'text': "Now fasten your seatbelts, it's going to be a bumpy ride, I promise.", 'start': 31812.877, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 31824.454, 'text': 'You see this weird stuff in angel brackets? just relax.', 'start': 31819.738, 'duration': 4.716}, {'end': 31827.336, 'text': "Actually it's much easier than you might think.", 'start': 31825.215, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 31830.757, 'text': 'In the first line.', 'start': 31829.477, 'duration': 1.28}], 'summary': 'Subscribe to youtube for java collections framework updates.', 'duration': 28.322, 'max_score': 31802.435, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns31802435.jpg'}, {'end': 32160.47, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32130.27, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 32139.095, 'text': 'However, when these types are locked in, this will automatically also specify the types interface methods will use.', 'start': 32130.27, 'duration': 8.825}, {'end': 32151.243, 'text': 'So if you see some weird one letter types in one of the next slides, just remember it means this is a method that can be used in a generic way.', 'start': 32142.938, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 32158.267, 'text': 'Okay, now we are ready to look at some additional utility interfaces.', 'start': 32153.844, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 32160.47, 'text': 'of the Java collections framework.', 'start': 32158.789, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Locked-in types specify interface methods, enabling generic usage. exploring utility interfaces of java collections framework.', 'duration': 30.2, 'max_score': 32130.27, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32130270.jpg'}, {'end': 32254.843, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32226.719, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 32239.347, 'text': 'eNext returns the next element in the iteration and voidRemove removes the last element returned by this iterator from the underlying collection.', 'start': 32226.719, 'duration': 12.628}, {'end': 32245.931, 'text': 'This interface provides only one method which will return an iterator.', 'start': 32241.768, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 32254.843, 'text': 'Every collection that implements this interface can be used in the forEach loop, which greatly simplifies the usage of your homemade collection.', 'start': 32246.88, 'duration': 7.963}], 'summary': 'Enext returns the next element, voidremove removes last element, foreach loop simplifies collection usage.', 'duration': 28.124, 'max_score': 32226.719, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32226719.jpg'}, {'end': 32469.977, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32434.606, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 32443.269, 'text': 'Like a Swiss Army knife, they provide static helper methods that greatly enhance the general usefulness of the collection classes.', 'start': 32434.606, 'duration': 8.663}, {'end': 32455.737, 'text': 'JavaUtilCollections offers methods like sort, shuffle, reverse, search, min or max.', 'start': 32447.211, 'duration': 8.526}, {'end': 32462.891, 'text': 'And JavaUtilArrays operates on arrays and not on collections actually.', 'start': 32457.758, 'duration': 5.133}, {'end': 32469.977, 'text': 'Similar to the collections class, it allows to sort arrays or to search through arrays, for example.', 'start': 32463.892, 'duration': 6.085}], 'summary': 'Javautilcollections and javautilarrays offer static helper methods for collection and array manipulation.', 'duration': 35.371, 'max_score': 32434.606, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32434606.jpg'}], 'start': 31415.234, 'title': 'Java collections framework', 'summary': 'Provides an overview of java collection interfaces, discussing sortedset, navigableset, list, queue, and map interfaces, emphasizing performance and functionality. it also covers the overview of java collections framework, deprecated classes, concurrent containers, and generics, highlighting the importance of using specific interfaces and classes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 31592.187, 'start': 31415.234, 'title': 'Java collection interfaces', 'summary': 'Discusses the sortedset and navigableset interfaces, classes implementing the list interface such as arraylist and linkedlist, and classes implementing the queue interface like linkedlist and priorityqueue, as well as the map interface in java, emphasizing the performance and functionality of each.', 'duration': 176.953, 'highlights': ['The NavigableSet interface added with Java 6 provides methods to navigate through a sorted list, allowing retrieval of the next element greater or smaller than a given element of the set.', 'ArrayList is very fast to iterate and read from, but adding or removing an element at a random position is very slow, as it requires rebuilding the underlying array structure.', 'LinkedList, based on a linked list, allows easy addition or removal of elements at any position in the list, providing a more efficient alternative to ArrayList for such operations.', 'PriorityQueue is a queue implementation that keeps its elements automatically ordered, similar to a tree set, but it allows duplicate entries, providing automatic ordering functionality for a queue.', 'The Map interface operates on two entities: a unique key and an object related to this key, enabling the association of a key, such as a vehicle identification number, with an object, like a car object.']}, {'end': 31854.871, 'start': 31593.448, 'title': 'Java collections framework overview', 'summary': 'Provides an overview of collection and map classes in java, including details about deprecated classes, recommended implementations, and the relationships between different interfaces. it also hints at upcoming topics like concurrent containers and generics.', 'duration': 261.423, 'highlights': ['The class hash table, based on the data structure hash table, was the first collection in Java JDK 1 and is now deprecated due to suboptimal performance.', 'The recommended implementation for majority of cases is HashMap, which does not make guarantees on how it internally stores its elements.', 'LinkedHashMap allows iteration in the order of insertion, while TreeMap is a constantly sorted map.', 'The interface NavigableMap adds methods to navigate through the map, allowing retrieval of entries smaller or bigger than a given entry.', 'The overview hints at upcoming topics like concurrent containers and generics and encourages viewers to subscribe for future episodes.']}, {'end': 32469.977, 'start': 31854.871, 'title': 'Java collections framework', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of using specific interfaces for reference variables, the benefits of using generics in java, and the utility of various interfaces and classes in the java collections framework.', 'duration': 615.106, 'highlights': ['The importance of using the list interface for reference variables instead of specific implementations like ArrayList, to enhance code flexibility and promote type safety.', 'The performance optimization achieved by specifying the initial size of array-based collections such as ArrayList, to minimize runtime overhead during dynamic resizing.', 'The significance of using generics in Java, demonstrated through the instantiation of a HashMap and the advantages of using the diamond operator introduced in Java 7.', 'The explanation of generic interfaces and their role in promoting generic usage, emphasizing the versatility and adaptability of the Java Collections Framework.', 'The overview of utility interfaces and classes, including Iterable, Comparable, and the static helper methods provided by JavaUtilCollections and JavaUtilArrays.']}], 'duration': 1054.743, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns31415234.jpg', 'highlights': ['The NavigableSet interface added with Java 6 provides methods to navigate through a sorted list, allowing retrieval of the next element greater or smaller than a given element of the set.', 'The Map interface operates on two entities: a unique key and an object related to this key, enabling the association of a key, such as a vehicle identification number, with an object, like a car object.', 'LinkedList, based on a linked list, allows easy addition or removal of elements at any position in the list, providing a more efficient alternative to ArrayList for such operations.', 'The importance of using the list interface for reference variables instead of specific implementations like ArrayList, to enhance code flexibility and promote type safety.', 'The performance optimization achieved by specifying the initial size of array-based collections such as ArrayList, to minimize runtime overhead during dynamic resizing.', 'The explanation of generic interfaces and their role in promoting generic usage, emphasizing the versatility and adaptability of the Java Collections Framework.', 'The significance of using generics in Java, demonstrated through the instantiation of a HashMap and the advantages of using the diamond operator introduced in Java 7.', 'ArrayList is very fast to iterate and read from, but adding or removing an element at a random position is very slow, as it requires rebuilding the underlying array structure.', 'The recommended implementation for majority of cases is HashMap, which does not make guarantees on how it internally stores its elements.', 'The class hash table, based on the data structure hash table, was the first collection in Java JDK 1 and is now deprecated due to suboptimal performance.']}, {'end': 34350.329, 'segs': [{'end': 32504.272, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32473.86, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 32476.122, 'text': "I'm going to take an in-depth look at ArrayList.", 'start': 32473.86, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 32479.404, 'text': "In the second half, I'll do a practical coding session.", 'start': 32477.062, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 32481.926, 'text': "Okay, let's get started.", 'start': 32480.625, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 32488.992, 'text': 'ArrayList is a default implementation of the List interface.', 'start': 32485.189, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 32492.867, 'text': 'As with any implementation of list,', 'start': 32490.706, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 32500.41, 'text': 'you can have duplicate elements in your ArrayList and you can go from element to element in the same order as the elements were inserted.', 'start': 32492.867, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 32504.272, 'text': 'As it is based on arrays.', 'start': 32502.271, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': 'An in-depth look at arraylist including practical coding session.', 'duration': 30.412, 'max_score': 32473.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32473860.jpg'}, {'end': 32682.098, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32653.071, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 32660.258, 'text': 'Choosing a too large capacity, however, can also negatively impact performance So choose this value carefully.', 'start': 32653.071, 'duration': 7.187}, {'end': 32668.685, 'text': 'I advise you to always explicitly set the capacity at creation time, as it documents your intentions.', 'start': 32660.278, 'duration': 8.407}, {'end': 32677.734, 'text': "For most projects, you won't have to worry about optimizing performance due to powerful hardware,", 'start': 32671.688, 'duration': 6.046}, {'end': 32682.098, 'text': 'but this is no excuse for sloppy design and poor implementation.', 'start': 32677.734, 'duration': 4.364}], 'summary': 'Choose capacity carefully to impact performance; set it at creation time for better documentation and avoid sloppy design.', 'duration': 29.027, 'max_score': 32653.071, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32653071.jpg'}, {'end': 32906.67, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32878.686, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 32883.146, 'text': 'Boolean remove all removes the given elements from the collection.', 'start': 32878.686, 'duration': 4.46}, {'end': 32893.427, 'text': 'The iterator method returns an object you usually use in a loop to move from one element to the next element of the collection.', 'start': 32886.206, 'duration': 7.221}, {'end': 32900.549, 'text': 'Step by step you say I iterate over the collection, hence the name iterator.', 'start': 32894.068, 'duration': 6.481}, {'end': 32906.67, 'text': 'InSize returns the number of elements of the collection.', 'start': 32902.569, 'duration': 4.101}], 'summary': 'Iterator method helps in iterating collection elements. insize returns the number of elements.', 'duration': 27.984, 'max_score': 32878.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32878686.jpg'}, {'end': 33144.758, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33118.405, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 33127.61, 'text': 'And this is such a situation because by making this collection, I mean you would create this instance for a reason of course.', 'start': 33118.405, 'duration': 9.205}, {'end': 33134.133, 'text': 'And you probably would forward it to either other methods and or other objects.', 'start': 33128.37, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 33144.758, 'text': 'So now if you make this an ArrayList, this will really limit all your other objects because they all only have to work on an ArrayList.', 'start': 33134.792, 'duration': 9.966}], 'summary': 'Creating an arraylist limits flexibility of other objects.', 'duration': 26.353, 'max_score': 33118.405, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns33118405.jpg'}, {'end': 33385.436, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33360.112, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 33369.358, 'text': "one limitation that we have now is we don't see any index based methods, which was also the reason why before, in my slides,", 'start': 33360.112, 'duration': 9.246}, {'end': 33377.545, 'text': 'I divided the methods into methods that are related to the collection interface and methods that are related to the list interface,', 'start': 33369.358, 'duration': 8.187}, {'end': 33381.968, 'text': 'because now you can also go back to the slides and compare.', 'start': 33377.545, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 33385.436, 'text': "because now we're doing the methods of the collection interface.", 'start': 33382.894, 'duration': 2.542}], 'summary': 'The limitation is the absence of index-based methods. methods related to collection and list interfaces are compared in the slides.', 'duration': 25.324, 'max_score': 33360.112, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns33360112.jpg'}, {'end': 33592.662, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33558.114, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 33569.283, 'text': 'And this is because ArrayList and ArrayCollection implements the iterable interface which is used in this new for each loop,', 'start': 33558.114, 'duration': 11.169}, {'end': 33577.61, 'text': 'and so we can iterate over the ArrayList by saying String, String and then colon, and then elements.', 'start': 33569.283, 'duration': 8.327}, {'end': 33588.52, 'text': "and what is required to iterate over this list will be done here inside and you don't see it.", 'start': 33579.415, 'duration': 9.105}, {'end': 33592.662, 'text': 'This is all done by the compiler for us internally.', 'start': 33588.9, 'duration': 3.762}], 'summary': 'Arraylist and arraycollection implement iterable interface for iteration.', 'duration': 34.548, 'max_score': 33558.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns33558114.jpg'}, {'end': 33695.37, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33622.823, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 33629.244, 'text': 'which of course gives us a bit more flexibility, like I could print something else here also.', 'start': 33622.823, 'duration': 6.421}, {'end': 33645.196, 'text': 'So this is called iteration going over the collection element by element and I also want to show you that which is a feature of list.', 'start': 33634.212, 'duration': 10.984}, {'end': 33664.636, 'text': 'this order, how we added the elements A, B, A, C, E, E will be also exactly the same order as the elements are printed out,', 'start': 33653.991, 'duration': 10.645}, {'end': 33666.717, 'text': 'which would be different if we had a set.', 'start': 33664.636, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 33673.08, 'text': "But enough of talking, let's already execute it and see it in action.", 'start': 33668.758, 'duration': 4.322}, {'end': 33681.544, 'text': 'So here you see A, B, A, C, E, E exactly like we added that.', 'start': 33675.741, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 33683.825, 'text': 'which is a feature of list.', 'start': 33682.605, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 33691.548, 'text': 'Okay, now that we added elements, we could also remove some elements which is also just as easy.', 'start': 33684.906, 'duration': 6.642}, {'end': 33695.37, 'text': 'Remove. and now on the collection interface.', 'start': 33691.889, 'duration': 3.481}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of iterating, adding, and removing elements in a list.', 'duration': 72.547, 'max_score': 33622.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns33622823.jpg'}, {'end': 33747.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33718.974, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 33724.115, 'text': 'if this a is equal to one of those elements here and will then remove it.', 'start': 33718.974, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 33733.119, 'text': "You might also notice I have two a's, so now it's interesting to know, like will the first a be removed,", 'start': 33725.436, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 33736.46, 'text': 'will the second a be removed or will both be removed?', 'start': 33733.119, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 33739.587, 'text': 'And there is another tip I have for you.', 'start': 33737.085, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 33747.732, 'text': 'Like if you have such questions, you can look for a book, for a video tutorial, you can look in the API and so on and so forth.', 'start': 33740.247, 'duration': 7.485}], 'summary': "Removing 'a' from elements, uncertainty about removal of duplicates, seeking resources for queries.", 'duration': 28.758, 'max_score': 33718.974, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns33718974.jpg'}], 'start': 32473.86, 'title': 'Arraylist in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the features and practical implications of arraylist in java, including its fast access, capacity, performance, and methods such as getbyindex, indexof, and sort, cautioning against frequent data changes and highlighting the benefits of using iterable interface for iteration.', 'chapters': [{'end': 32531.556, 'start': 32473.86, 'title': 'Arraylist in java', 'summary': 'Discusses arraylist, a default implementation of the list interface in java, emphasizing its fast access and common usage, but cautioning against its use for data that changes frequently.', 'duration': 57.696, 'highlights': ['ArrayList is a default implementation of the List interface, allowing duplicate elements and maintaining insertion order.', 'Fast access is crucial for most applications, making ArrayList the most commonly used collection.', 'Inserting or removing an element at a random position in ArrayList requires more time due to the need for list reorganization.']}, {'end': 33000.227, 'start': 32534.078, 'title': 'Understanding arraylist capacity and performance implications', 'summary': 'Explains the concepts of size and capacity in arraylist, the impact of capacity on performance, and the methods belonging to the java util collection and list interfaces, providing a detailed overview of their functionalities and implications.', 'duration': 466.149, 'highlights': ['The capacity of the ArrayList grows in intervals, with the system creating larger arrays as the list grows, impacting performance (e.g., adding 100 elements to an ArrayList of initial capacity 10 results in six arrays with a capacity of 109 elements).', 'Explicitly setting the capacity at creation time can minimize the negative impact on performance caused by restructuring activities, and it documents the intentions, while estimating the closest possible size for unknown final sizes is advisable.', 'Choosing a too large capacity can also negatively impact performance, emphasizing the importance of carefully selecting the capacity value to avoid performance issues.', 'The chapter provides a detailed overview of the methods belonging to the Java util Collection and List interfaces, highlighting their functionalities and implications for classes implementing these interfaces.', 'The booleanAdd, booleanAddAll, remove, removeAll, iterator, InSize, contains, clear, isEmpty, and toArray methods are discussed in the context of the Java util Collection Interface, showcasing their roles and impact on collections.', 'The add, removeIndex, and other methods of the Java util List Interface are explained, emphasizing their similarities and differences from the Collection Interface methods and their implications for maintaining order in the list.']}, {'end': 33278.409, 'start': 33001.307, 'title': 'Arraylist methods and practical coding', 'summary': 'Covers the methods of arraylist such as getbyindex, indexof, lastindexof, sublist, and sort. additionally, it discusses the advantage of using a reference variable of type collection over arraylist for flexibility in changing requirements and architecture decisions.', 'duration': 277.102, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the methods of ArrayList such as getByIndex, indexOf, lastIndexOf, sublist, and sort.', 'The advantage of using a reference variable of type collection over ArrayList for flexibility in changing requirements and architecture decisions.', 'The getByIndex method returns an element from any given position of the list.', 'The indexOf method takes an object and returns the index of the first occurrence of the element in the list or minus one if the element is not found.', 'LastIndexOf returns the index of the last occurrence of the element in the list and as before minus 1 if the element is not found.']}, {'end': 34350.329, 'start': 33279.309, 'title': 'Understanding arraylist methods', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of using constants for initial capacity, demonstrates the impact of adding elements exceeding the initial capacity, and showcases various methods of arraylist, emphasizing the benefits of using iterable interface for iterating over the list.', 'duration': 1071.02, 'highlights': ["The importance of using constants for initial capacity to document intentions in the code, rather than using 'magic numbers' like 5.", 'The impact of adding elements exceeding the initial capacity, causing the ArrayList to create a new array of a larger size, and migrate existing data, incurring extra time.', 'The use of iterable interface for iterating over the ArrayList, providing flexibility in printing and iterating over the collection.']}], 'duration': 1876.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/grEKMHGYyns/pics/grEKMHGYyns32473860.jpg', 'highlights': ['ArrayList is a default implementation of the List interface, allowing duplicate elements and maintaining insertion order.', 'Fast access is crucial for most applications, making ArrayList the most commonly used collection.', 'The capacity of the ArrayList grows in intervals, impacting performance.', 'Explicitly setting the capacity at creation time can minimize the negative impact on performance.', 'Choosing a too large capacity can negatively impact performance, emphasizing the importance of carefully selecting the capacity value.', 'The chapter provides a detailed overview of the methods belonging to the Java util Collection and List interfaces.', 'The getByIndex method returns an element from any given position of the list.', 'The indexOf method returns the index of the first occurrence of the element in the list or minus one if the element is not found.', 'The use of iterable interface for iterating over the ArrayList, providing flexibility in printing and iterating over the collection.', 'The advantage of using a reference variable of type collection over ArrayList for flexibility in changing requirements and architecture decisions.']}], 'highlights': ['The concept of immutables is explained, emphasizing the return of a new instance for any change and the benefits of immutability in object design and multi-threading, while promoting its usage in class design. (Relevance: 5)', 'The chapter emphasizes catching the CloneNotSupportedException exception and discusses the approach to handle it, highlighting the importance of not returning null and instead throwing an assertion error (relevance: 5)', 'The main method in Java is discussed, emphasizing its usage in testing and execution within frameworks like JUnit. (relevance score: 5)', 'The instructor plans to introduce 15 Java keywords or concepts in the first lesson.', 'The chapter emphasizes the significance of introducing brackets for correct execution order.', 'The chapter compares structuring Java code to a book, with packages as chapters, classes as paragraphs, and methods as sentences.', "The class definition in Java is introduced using the 'public class' keyword, and access modifiers like 'public' and 'private' are used to define the visibility of classes, emphasizing the best practice of making classes private for encapsulation.", 'JUnit as a testing framework is emphasized for its ease of use and leveraging existing frameworks.', 'The importance of imposing a structure on the program code, with the use of packages and classes to classify different units of code, emphasizing the cooperation between business clients and programmers.', "The chapter emphasizes the benefits of using the for each loop, highlighting its performance, proper way of implementation, and Java's assistance in using it.", 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of early failure detection through exception handling, advocating for throwing exceptions and handling them to notice and fix problems early, rather than allowing them to become hidden bugs, promoting a proactive approach to error management.', 'The SL4J facade allows easy switching to new logging frameworks without changing the code, offering flexibility for future improvements.', 'The importance of optimizing string concatenation for logging to prevent unnecessary resource consumption by checking if logging is enabled before concatenating.', 'The necessity of using try-catch blocks to handle runtime exceptions, such as the illegal argument exception, to prevent the propagation of uncaught exceptions, which can lead to unexpected program behavior and potential crashes.', 'Unchecked exceptions like null pointer exception can cause program termination if not handled', 'The finalize method is flawed and generally best not to be used due to its asynchronous nature and performance impact, with a 430 times slower process when the method is implemented.', 'The hashcode method is used for efficient processing of similar objects in collections, with the Java creators incorporating hash-based containers to minimize the number of equal comparisons needed and reduce lookup time based on hash values.', 'The NavigableSet interface added with Java 6 provides methods to navigate through a sorted list, allowing retrieval of the next element greater or smaller than a given element of the set.', 'ArrayList is a default implementation of the List interface, allowing duplicate elements and maintaining insertion order.', 'Fast access is crucial for most applications, making ArrayList the most commonly used collection.']}