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Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6

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{'title': 'Guido van Rossum: Python | Lex Fridman Podcast #6', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1621.615, 'start': 1553.911, 'weight': 0.836}, {'end': 4321.353, 'start': 4265.33, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Guido van rossum, the creator of python, discusses the impact of world war ii on art emergence, dutch literature, and human nature, along with the evolution of personal computing, conway's game of life, ai complexity, consciousness in ai, programming abstraction, software development education, python language evolution, and python's future.", 'chapters': [{'end': 432.212, 'segs': [{'end': 49.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.149, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7.834, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Guido van Rossum, creator of Python, one of the most popular programming languages in the world,', 'start': 0.149, 'duration': 7.685}, {'end': 17.541, 'text': 'used in almost any application that involves computers, from web backend development to psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, robotics,', 'start': 7.834, 'duration': 9.707}, {'end': 22.044, 'text': 'deep learning, natural language processing and almost any subfield of AI.', 'start': 17.541, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 29.368, 'text': 'This conversation is part of MIT course on artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.', 'start': 23.342, 'duration': 6.026}, {'end': 35.875, 'text': 'If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, iTunes or your podcast provider of choice,', 'start': 30.029, 'duration': 5.846}, {'end': 40.98, 'text': 'or simply connect with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman spelled F-R-I-D.', 'start': 35.875, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 45.625, 'text': "And now, here's my conversation with Guido van Rossum.", 'start': 42.001, 'duration': 3.624}, {'end': 49.555, 'text': 'You were born in the Netherlands in 1956.', 'start': 46.434, 'duration': 3.121}], 'summary': 'Guido van rossum, creator of python, discusses its wide applications in various fields and his background in the netherlands.', 'duration': 49.406, 'max_score': 0.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8149.jpg'}, {'end': 107.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 80.093, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 91.541, 'text': 'I guess we all have good and evil potential in us, and a lot of it depends on circumstances and context.', 'start': 80.093, 'duration': 11.448}, {'end': 100.708, 'text': 'Out of that world, at least on the Soviet Union side and in Europe, sort of out of suffering, out of challenge, out of..', 'start': 93.202, 'duration': 7.506}, {'end': 107.806, 'text': 'that kind of set of traumatic events often emerges beautiful art, music, literature.', 'start': 101.625, 'duration': 6.181}], 'summary': 'Suffering and challenge can lead to beautiful art and literature.', 'duration': 27.713, 'max_score': 80.093, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd880093.jpg'}, {'end': 205.273, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 131.485, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 146.855, 'text': "who's writing certainly his early novels were all about sort of ambiguous things that happened during World War II.", 'start': 131.485, 'duration': 15.37}, {'end': 160.884, 'text': 'I think he was a young adult during that time and he wrote about it a lot and very interesting, very good books, I thought, I think.', 'start': 147.836, 'duration': 13.048}, {'end': 162.579, 'text': 'in a non-fiction way?', 'start': 161.638, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 174.673, 'text': 'No, it was all fiction, but it was very much set in the ambiguous world of resistance against the Germans,', 'start': 164.381, 'duration': 10.292}, {'end': 184.477, 'text': "where often you couldn't tell whether someone was truly in the resistance or really a spy for the Germans.", 'start': 174.673, 'duration': 9.804}, {'end': 193.911, 'text': 'And some of the characters in his novels sort of cross that line and you never really find out what exactly happened.', 'start': 185.118, 'duration': 8.793}, {'end': 200.131, 'text': "And in his novels, there's always a good guy and a bad guy is the nature of good and evil.", 'start': 194.989, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 202.252, 'text': "Is it clear there's a hero??", 'start': 200.211, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 203.672, 'text': "It's no.", 'start': 202.652, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 205.273, 'text': 'his heroes are often more.', 'start': 203.672, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Novels focus on ambiguous events in wwii, blurring resistance and spy lines, with complex heroes and villains.', 'duration': 73.788, 'max_score': 131.485, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8131485.jpg'}, {'end': 370.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 349.414, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 362.38, 'text': 'I mean that I think the first few years that I built electronics kits I really did not have enough understanding of sort of electronics to really understand what I was doing.', 'start': 349.414, 'duration': 12.966}, {'end': 370.543, 'text': 'I mean I could debug it and I could sort of follow the instructions very carefully, which has always stayed with me.', 'start': 362.38, 'duration': 8.163}], 'summary': 'Early on, lacked understanding of electronics while building kits, but could debug and follow instructions carefully.', 'duration': 21.129, 'max_score': 349.414, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8349414.jpg'}], 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'Conversations and impacts', 'summary': 'Discusses a conversation with guido van rossum, the creator of python, and explores the impact of world war ii on human nature and art, including its influence on art emergence, dutch literature, and the coexistence of good and evil within individuals.', 'chapters': [{'end': 49.555, 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'Conversation with guido van rossum', 'summary': 'Discusses a conversation with guido van rossum, the creator of python, a widely used programming language in various fields including web development, ai, and robotics.', 'duration': 49.406, 'highlights': ['Guido van Rossum is the creator of Python, one of the most popular programming languages, used in various fields such as web backend development, psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, robotics, deep learning, and natural language processing.', 'The conversation is part of the MIT course on artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.', 'Python is used in almost any application that involves computers.', 'Guido van Rossum was born in the Netherlands in 1956.']}, {'end': 432.212, 'start': 49.555, 'title': 'Impact of world war ii on human nature and art', 'summary': 'Explores the impact of world war ii on human nature and art, discussing the coexistence of good and evil within individuals, the influence of traumatic events on the emergence of art, and the ambiguous nature of characters in dutch literature during the war.', 'duration': 382.657, 'highlights': ['The ambiguous nature of characters in Dutch literature during World War II, where it was often unclear if someone was truly a resistance member or a spy for the Germans, is discussed, highlighting the coexistence of good and evil within individuals.', 'The influence of suffering and challenge, such as that experienced during World War II, in often giving rise to beautiful art, music, and literature is acknowledged.', 'The impact of World War II and the challenges faced during that time are reflected in the early novels of the Dutch author Willem-Frederik Hermans, who wrote about ambiguous events during the war.', "The discussion on the impact of literature on the trajectory of an individual's life and the acknowledgment of the separation between the highly technical work and the world of art and literature are presented.", 'The early interests of the interviewee in building electronic circuits and mechanical models are explored, highlighting the journey from tinkering and puzzle solving to gaining a deeper understanding of electronics and circuit design.']}], 'duration': 432.063, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8149.jpg', 'highlights': ['Python, created by Guido van Rossum, is widely used in various fields such as web backend development, psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, robotics, deep learning, and natural language processing.', 'The conversation with Guido van Rossum is part of the MIT course on artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.', 'The ambiguous nature of characters in Dutch literature during World War II is discussed, highlighting the coexistence of good and evil within individuals.', 'The influence of suffering and challenge, such as that experienced during World War II, often gives rise to beautiful art, music, and literature.', 'The impact of World War II and the challenges faced during that time are reflected in the early novels of the Dutch author Willem-Frederik Hermans.', 'The early interests of the interviewee in building electronic circuits and mechanical models are explored, highlighting the journey from tinkering and puzzle solving to gaining a deeper understanding of electronics and circuit design.']}, {'end': 983.185, 'segs': [{'end': 455.079, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 433.192, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 442.159, 'text': "But through that time, I think it's really interesting and destructive to think about because there's echoes of it are in this time now.", 'start': 433.192, 'duration': 8.967}, {'end': 445.227, 'text': 'So in the 1970s, the personal computer was being born.', 'start': 442.66, 'duration': 2.567}, {'end': 451.097, 'text': 'So did you sense in tinkering with these circuits?', 'start': 447.574, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 455.079, 'text': 'did you sense the encroaching revolution in personal computing?', 'start': 451.097, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'In the 1970s, the rise of personal computing was foreshadowed by the birth of the personal computer and tinkering with circuits.', 'duration': 21.887, 'max_score': 433.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8433192.jpg'}, {'end': 623.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 592.171, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 599.012, 'text': 'And so all you could do was write a program that did something very abstract.', 'start': 592.171, 'duration': 6.841}, {'end': 604.416, 'text': "And I don't even remember what my first forays into programming were,", 'start': 600.173, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 614.322, 'text': 'but they were sort of doing simple math exercises and just to learn how a programming language worked.', 'start': 604.416, 'duration': 9.906}, {'end': 623.538, 'text': "Did you sense, okay, first year of college, you see this computer, you're able to have a program and it generates some output.", 'start': 615.495, 'duration': 8.043}], 'summary': 'Initial programming experiences involved simple math exercises and learning programming language basics in college.', 'duration': 31.367, 'max_score': 592.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8592171.jpg'}, {'end': 707.961, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 677.833, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 689.36, 'text': "I've always been very focused on the sort of activity of programming itself and not so much what happens with the program you write.", 'start': 677.833, 'duration': 11.527}, {'end': 693.843, 'text': "I do remember and I don't remember.", 'start': 690.801, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 704.679, 'text': "maybe in my second or third year, probably my second actually someone pointed out to me that there was this thing called Conway's game of life.", 'start': 693.843, 'duration': 10.836}, {'end': 707.961, 'text': "You're probably familiar with it.", 'start': 706.62, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': "Focused on programming, introduced to conway's game of life in second year.", 'duration': 30.128, 'max_score': 677.833, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8677833.jpg'}, {'end': 942.767, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 912.376, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 915.658, 'text': "even though the underlying rules are simple, there's an emergent complexity.", 'start': 912.376, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 921.521, 'text': "now, the funny thing is, you've implemented this and the thing you're commenting on is, you're proud of, uh,", 'start': 915.658, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 925.462, 'text': 'a hack you did to make it run efficiently.', 'start': 921.521, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 930.664, 'text': "when you're not commenting on what, like this, is a beautiful implementation, uh,", 'start': 925.462, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 934.605, 'text': "you're not commenting on the fact that there's an emergent complexity.", 'start': 930.664, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 935.985, 'text': "that you've, you've.", 'start': 934.605, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 942.767, 'text': "you've coded a simple program and when you step back and you print out this, following generation after generation,", 'start': 935.985, 'duration': 6.782}], 'summary': 'Implementing simple rules led to emergent complexity, and a hack was used for efficient implementation.', 'duration': 30.391, 'max_score': 912.376, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8912376.jpg'}], 'start': 433.192, 'title': 'The evolution of personal computing', 'summary': "Delves into the birth of personal computers in the 1970s and the speaker's journey of discovering computers and programming, highlighting the unpredictability of technological development and the magic of creating and running programs despite limited computer time as a student.", 'chapters': [{'end': 484.63, 'start': 433.192, 'title': 'Personal computing revolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the birth of personal computers in the 1970s and the inability to predict the future of personal computing, highlighting the lack of foresight in technological development.', 'duration': 51.438, 'highlights': ['The personal computer was being born in the 1970s.', 'The inability to predict the future of personal computing.', 'Lack of foresight in technological development.']}, {'end': 983.185, 'start': 484.63, 'title': 'Discovering computers and programming', 'summary': "Details the speaker's journey of discovering computers and programming, from being introduced to computers in university, learning programming languages, implementing conway's game of life, and the magic of creating and running programs, despite the limited computer time available as a student.", 'duration': 498.555, 'highlights': ["The speaker's introduction to computers and programming at university, where students were allowed to use a computer and were supposed to talk to the computer by programming it. University setting, introduction to computers and programming.", "The speaker's implementation of Conway's game of life using a batch computer, initially in Pascal and later in Python, combining it with tricks learned during their electronics hobbyist times. Implementation of Conway's game of life, use of Pascal and Python, combination with electronics knowledge.", "The speaker's pride in efficiently running the Conway's game of life through a hack they did, while acknowledging the emergent complexity and magic of creating and running programs. Efficient running of Conway's game of life, acknowledgment of emergent complexity and magic of programming."]}], 'duration': 549.993, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8433192.jpg', 'highlights': ["The speaker's introduction to computers and programming at university, where students were allowed to use a computer and were supposed to talk to the computer by programming it.", 'The personal computer was being born in the 1970s.', "The speaker's implementation of Conway's game of life using a batch computer, initially in Pascal and later in Python, combining it with tricks learned during their electronics hobbyist times.", 'The inability to predict the future of personal computing.', "The speaker's pride in efficiently running the Conway's game of life through a hack they did, while acknowledging the emergent complexity and magic of creating and running programs."]}, {'end': 1455.998, 'segs': [{'end': 1101.707, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 983.686, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 984.606, 'text': "It's a different story.", 'start': 983.686, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 993.063, 'text': 'I actually wanted the efficient implementation,', 'start': 989.781, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1006.669, 'text': 'because I also wanted to explore what would happen with a larger number of generations and a larger size of the board.', 'start': 993.063, 'duration': 13.606}, {'end': 1014.5, 'text': 'Once the implementation was flawless, I would feed it different patterns.', 'start': 1006.95, 'duration': 7.55}, {'end': 1022.591, 'text': 'and then I think maybe there was a follow-up article where there were patterns that were like gliders,', 'start': 1014.5, 'duration': 8.091}, {'end': 1034.894, 'text': 'patterns that repeated themselves after a number of generations but, uh, translated one or two positions to the right or up or something like that.', 'start': 1022.591, 'duration': 12.303}, {'end': 1040.119, 'text': 'uh, and there were, i remember things like glider guns.', 'start': 1034.894, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 1042.522, 'text': "well, you can, you can google conway's game of life.", 'start': 1040.119, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 1044.165, 'text': 'it is still.', 'start': 1042.522, 'duration': 1.643}, {'end': 1050.63, 'text': "people still go on over it For a reason because it's not really well understood why.", 'start': 1044.165, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 1053.952, 'text': 'I mean, this is what Stephen Wolfram is obsessed about.', 'start': 1050.65, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1063.875, 'text': "We don't have the mathematical tools to describe the kind of complexity that emerges in these kinds of systems.", 'start': 1055.092, 'duration': 8.783}, {'end': 1065.116, 'text': 'The only way you can do it is to run it.', 'start': 1063.895, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 1076.819, 'text': "i'm not convinced that that it's sort of a problem that lends itself to to classic mathematical analysis.", 'start': 1067.136, 'duration': 9.683}, {'end': 1087.703, 'text': 'no, and uh so one one theory of how you create an artificial intelligence or an artificial being is you kind of have to same with the game of life.', 'start': 1076.819, 'duration': 10.884}, {'end': 1090.544, 'text': 'you kind of have to create a universe and let it run.', 'start': 1087.703, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1095.105, 'text': 'that creating it from scratch, in a design way in the.', 'start': 1090.544, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 1101.707, 'text': 'you know, coding up a Python program that creates a full intelligence system may be quite challenging.', 'start': 1095.105, 'duration': 6.602}], 'summary': "Efficient implementation explored with larger generations and board size; patterns like gliders and glider guns were studied. conway's game of life remains a complex and not fully understood system, challenging to analyze mathematically and creating an artificial intelligence may be similarly complex.", 'duration': 118.021, 'max_score': 983.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8983686.jpg'}, {'end': 1171.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1143.406, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1148.751, 'text': "but emergent phenomena that's interesting may not be as difficult to create as we think.", 'start': 1143.406, 'duration': 5.345}, {'end': 1160.813, 'text': 'But let me sort of ask at that time some of the world, at least in popular press, was kind of captivated, perhaps at least in America,', 'start': 1149.833, 'duration': 10.98}, {'end': 1164.335, 'text': 'by the idea of artificial intelligence.', 'start': 1160.813, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 1168.578, 'text': 'That these computers would be able to think pretty soon.', 'start': 1165.216, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 1171.399, 'text': 'And did that touch you at all?', 'start': 1169.618, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Emergent phenomena creation may not be difficult to create. popular press captivated by idea of artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 27.993, 'max_score': 1143.406, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81143406.jpg'}, {'end': 1312.306, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1275.934, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1283.338, 'text': "and you just know what we have now, and it's hard to see how it creates, but it's also easy to see.", 'start': 1275.934, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 1291.241, 'text': 'It was in the 40s, 50s, 60s, and now at least similarities between the brain and our computers.', 'start': 1283.398, 'duration': 7.843}, {'end': 1300.599, 'text': 'Oh yeah, I mean, I totally believe that brains are computers in some sense.', 'start': 1291.781, 'duration': 8.818}, {'end': 1312.306, 'text': 'I mean, the rules they use to play by are pretty different from the rules we can sort of implement in our current hardware.', 'start': 1301.439, 'duration': 10.867}], 'summary': 'Brain and computers share similarities, evolving from 40s to 60s.', 'duration': 36.372, 'max_score': 1275.934, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81275934.jpg'}], 'start': 983.686, 'title': "Conway's game of life and ai complexity", 'summary': "Explores conway's game of life, aiming for efficient implementation to study behavior with a larger number of generations and board size, and discusses the complexity of creating artificial intelligence, raising questions about the emergence of intelligence and consciousness from a fixed set of rules.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1050.63, 'start': 983.686, 'title': "Conway's game of life exploration", 'summary': "Discusses the exploration of conway's game of life, aiming for an efficient implementation to study its behavior with a larger number of generations and board size, with mention of patterns like gliders and glider guns, and the enduring intrigue surrounding the game's behavior.", 'duration': 66.944, 'highlights': ["The implementation was aimed at exploring the game's behavior with a larger number of generations and a larger size of the board.", "Patterns like gliders and glider guns were observed, adding to the intrigue of Conway's Game of Life.", "Conway's Game of Life continues to captivate interest due to its behavior that is still not well understood."]}, {'end': 1455.998, 'start': 1050.65, 'title': 'Complexity in artificial intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses the complexity of creating artificial intelligence, the concept of creating a universe to run artificial beings, and the comparison between the brain and computers, questioning the emergence of intelligence and consciousness from a fixed set of rules.', 'duration': 405.348, 'highlights': ['Creating artificial intelligence may require creating a universe and letting it run, similar to the concept of the game of life, posing a challenge in designing a full intelligence system. Concept of creating a universe to run artificial beings.', 'Comparison between the brain and computers, questioning the emergence of intelligence and consciousness from a fixed set of rules. Comparison between the brain and computers.', 'Discussion on the complexity of describing the kind of complexity that emerges in systems and the limitations of mathematical tools in analyzing it. Limitations of mathematical tools in describing complexity in systems.', 'Belief that brains are computers in some sense and the idea that intelligence and consciousness can emerge from a fixed set of rules. Belief in brains as computers and the emergence of intelligence from fixed rules.', 'Understanding the concept of emergent phenomena and the idea that creating interesting phenomena may not be as difficult as perceived. Understanding emergent phenomena and its creation.']}], 'duration': 472.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd8983686.jpg', 'highlights': ["Patterns like gliders and glider guns were observed, adding to the intrigue of Conway's Game of Life.", "The implementation was aimed at exploring the game's behavior with a larger number of generations and a larger size of the board.", "Conway's Game of Life continues to captivate interest due to its behavior that is still not well understood.", 'Creating artificial intelligence may require creating a universe and letting it run, similar to the concept of the game of life, posing a challenge in designing a full intelligence system.', 'Comparison between the brain and computers, questioning the emergence of intelligence and consciousness from a fixed set of rules.', 'Belief that brains are computers in some sense and the idea that intelligence and consciousness can emerge from a fixed set of rules.', 'Understanding the concept of emergent phenomena and the idea that creating interesting phenomena may not be as difficult as perceived.', 'Discussion on the complexity of describing the kind of complexity that emerges in systems and the limitations of mathematical tools in analyzing it.']}, {'end': 2396.822, 'segs': [{'end': 1621.615, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1553.911, 'weight': 0.836, 'content': [{'end': 1570.458, 'text': 'but I feel that the sort of evolution of more and more intelligence that led to sort of the human form of intelligence followed the evolution of the senses,', 'start': 1553.911, 'duration': 16.547}, {'end': 1572.959, 'text': 'especially the visual sense.', 'start': 1570.458, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 1585.493, 'text': "I mean, there is an enormous amount of processing that's needed to interpret a scene, and humans are still better at that than computers are.", 'start': 1574.525, 'duration': 10.968}, {'end': 1595.761, 'text': 'And I have a feeling that there is a sort of..', 'start': 1588.155, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 1599.844, 'text': 'The reason that mammals, in particular,', 'start': 1595.761, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 1612.253, 'text': 'developed the levels of consciousness that they have and that eventually read sort of in from going from intelligence to to self-awareness and consciousness,', 'start': 1599.844, 'duration': 12.409}, {'end': 1621.615, 'text': 'has to do with sort of being a robot that has very highly developed senses, has a lot of rich sensory information coming in.', 'start': 1612.253, 'duration': 9.362}], 'summary': 'Evolution of intelligence tied to visual sense, humans better at scene interpretation than computers, mammal consciousness linked to highly developed senses.', 'duration': 67.704, 'max_score': 1553.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81553911.jpg'}, {'end': 1672.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1621.615, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1630.093, 'text': "so the that's a really interesting thought, that the that whatever that basic mechanism of DNA,", 'start': 1621.615, 'duration': 8.478}, {'end': 1634.194, 'text': 'whatever that basic building blocks of programming is you.', 'start': 1630.093, 'duration': 4.101}, {'end': 1640.715, 'text': 'if you just add more abilities, more more high resolution sensors, more sensors,', 'start': 1634.194, 'duration': 6.521}, {'end': 1646.016, 'text': 'you just keep stacking those things on top that this basic programming, in trying to survive,', 'start': 1640.715, 'duration': 5.301}, {'end': 1652.098, 'text': 'develops very interesting things that start to us humans to appear like intelligence and consciousness.', 'start': 1646.016, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 1665.254, 'text': 'Yeah, so in in as far as robots go, I think that the self driving cars have the sort of the greatest opportunity of developing something like that,', 'start': 1652.711, 'duration': 12.543}, {'end': 1672.416, 'text': "because when I drive myself, I don't just pay attention to the rules of the road.", 'start': 1665.254, 'duration': 7.162}], 'summary': 'Enhancing basic programming with more abilities and sensors may lead to development of intelligence and consciousness in robots, with self-driving cars having the greatest opportunity.', 'duration': 50.801, 'max_score': 1621.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81621615.jpg'}, {'end': 1784.46, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1758.418, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1769.069, 'text': 'under that formulation, then, consciousness and intelligence is something that basically a system should have in order to interact with us humans,', 'start': 1758.418, 'duration': 10.651}, {'end': 1774.737, 'text': 'as opposed to some kind of abstract notion of of uh uh, consciousness.', 'start': 1769.069, 'duration': 5.668}, {'end': 1784.46, 'text': 'Consciousness is something that you need to have to be able to empathize, to be able to, um, fear the understand what the fear of death is.', 'start': 1774.817, 'duration': 9.643}], 'summary': 'Consciousness and intelligence enable human interaction and empathy.', 'duration': 26.042, 'max_score': 1758.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81758418.jpg'}, {'end': 1977.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1950.931, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1969.422, 'text': 'plus a circuit that that sort of interprets the visual clues and the context and everything else and somehow can massively parallel pattern match against stored rules.', 'start': 1950.931, 'duration': 18.491}, {'end': 1976.15, 'text': 'i mean, If I see you tomorrow here in front of the Dropbox office, I might recognize you.', 'start': 1969.422, 'duration': 6.728}, {'end': 1977.871, 'text': "Even if I'm wearing a different shirt.", 'start': 1976.57, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': 'A circuit interprets visual clues and context to recognize people, even with different clothing.', 'duration': 26.94, 'max_score': 1950.931, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81950931.jpg'}, {'end': 2080.84, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2049.833, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2058.416, 'text': 'from the facts as they enter my eyes and my ears, to the understanding of the scene,', 'start': 2049.833, 'duration': 8.583}, {'end': 2069.128, 'text': "that I don't think that AI has really covered enough of of that distance.", 'start': 2058.416, 'duration': 10.712}, {'end': 2075.635, 'text': "it's like if you take a human body and you realize it's built out of atoms.", 'start': 2069.128, 'duration': 6.507}, {'end': 2080.84, 'text': 'well, that that is a uselessly reductionist view.', 'start': 2075.635, 'duration': 5.205}], 'summary': 'Ai has not covered enough distance in understanding scenes.', 'duration': 31.007, 'max_score': 2049.833, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82049833.jpg'}, {'end': 2131.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2102.836, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2111.441, 'text': 'But you also have to consider the Sam Harris view of, well, intelligence is just information processing.', 'start': 2102.836, 'duration': 8.605}, {'end': 2118.805, 'text': 'Like you said, you take in sensory information, you do some stuff with it, and you come up with actions that are intelligent.', 'start': 2113.102, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 2122.499, 'text': 'He makes it sound so easy.', 'start': 2121.257, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 2124.38, 'text': "I don't know who Sam Harris is.", 'start': 2122.539, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2126.322, 'text': 'Oh, philosopher.', 'start': 2124.84, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 2128.023, 'text': 'So this is how philosophers often think.', 'start': 2126.362, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2131.186, 'text': "And essentially that's what Descartes was.", 'start': 2129.624, 'duration': 1.562}], 'summary': 'Sam harris and descartes view intelligence as information processing.', 'duration': 28.35, 'max_score': 2102.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82102836.jpg'}, {'end': 2255.927, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2226.921, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2238.406, 'text': "It has an abstract syntax tree, and I don't know how many of your viewers or listeners are familiar with compiler technology, but there's..", 'start': 2226.921, 'duration': 11.485}, {'end': 2243.207, 'text': "Fewer and fewer these days, right? That's also true, probably.", 'start': 2238.406, 'duration': 4.801}, {'end': 2246.929, 'text': "People want to take a shortcut, but there's sort of..", 'start': 2244.688, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 2255.927, 'text': 'This abstraction is a data structure that the compiler then uses to produce outputs that is relevant,', 'start': 2248.203, 'duration': 7.724}], 'summary': 'Abstract syntax tree used by compilers to produce relevant outputs.', 'duration': 29.006, 'max_score': 2226.921, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82226921.jpg'}, {'end': 2319.985, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2292.599, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2303.982, 'text': "I could imagine that there are few enough layers of abstraction that it's not much more than when it's darker here than it is here.", 'start': 2292.599, 'duration': 11.383}, {'end': 2310.57, 'text': 'well, it can sense motion, because a fly sort of responds when you move your arm towards it so clearly.', 'start': 2303.982, 'duration': 6.588}, {'end': 2315.199, 'text': 'Its visual processing is intelligent.', 'start': 2312.296, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 2319.985, 'text': 'well, not intelligent, but it has an abstraction for motion.', 'start': 2315.199, 'duration': 4.786}], 'summary': 'Visual processing has abstraction for motion, can sense motion like a fly.', 'duration': 27.386, 'max_score': 2292.599, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82292599.jpg'}, {'end': 2404.023, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2371.802, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2374.164, 'text': 'like you, give me your phone number.', 'start': 2371.802, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 2381.31, 'text': 'i well, at my age i have to write it down, but i could imagine i could remember those seven numbers or ten,', 'start': 2374.164, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 2388.936, 'text': 'ten digits and reproduce them in a while if i sort of repeat them to myself a few times.', 'start': 2381.31, 'duration': 7.626}, {'end': 2393.28, 'text': "uh, so that's a fairly conscious form of memorization.", 'start': 2388.936, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 2396.062, 'text': 'on the other hand, how do i recognize your face?', 'start': 2393.28, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2396.822, 'text': 'i have no idea.', 'start': 2396.062, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 2404.023, 'text': 'My brain has a whole bunch of specialized hardware that knows how to recognize faces.', 'start': 2397.754, 'duration': 6.269}], 'summary': 'Memory for phone numbers is conscious; face recognition is automatic.', 'duration': 32.221, 'max_score': 2371.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82371802.jpg'}], 'start': 1455.998, 'title': 'Consciousness and intelligence in ai', 'summary': 'Explores the link between consciousness and programming, discusses the role of consciousness and intelligence in ai, and addresses the limitations of ai in understanding complex human sensory information, while emphasizing the importance of data structures and abstractions in processing information.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1698.309, 'start': 1455.998, 'title': 'Consciousness and programming', 'summary': 'Explores the relationship between consciousness and programming, proposing that the evolution of intelligence and consciousness is linked to the development of highly developed senses, with mammals, particularly humans, having developed levels of consciousness due to rich sensory information. the potential for self-driving cars to develop similar capabilities is also discussed.', 'duration': 242.311, 'highlights': ['Evolution of intelligence and consciousness is linked to the development of highly developed senses, with mammals, particularly humans, having developed levels of consciousness due to rich sensory information. The evolution of more and more intelligence that led to the human form of intelligence followed the evolution of the senses, especially the visual sense, with mammals, in particular, developing the levels of consciousness that they have due to rich sensory information coming in.', 'Potential for self-driving cars to develop similar capabilities to interpret scenes and surroundings, akin to human consciousness. Self-driving cars have the greatest opportunity of developing capabilities similar to human consciousness, as they can interpret scenes and surroundings, not just adhering to the rules of the road but also obtaining clues from their environment.', 'The notion that the basic mechanism of DNA, when combined with more abilities and high-resolution sensors, can lead to the development of things resembling intelligence and consciousness. The basic mechanism of DNA, combined with more abilities and high-resolution sensors, can lead to the development of things that appear like intelligence and consciousness, as programming, in trying to survive, develops interesting capabilities.']}, {'end': 1999.785, 'start': 1698.309, 'title': 'Consciousness and intelligence in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of consciousness and intelligence in ai, highlighting the need for systems to possess these attributes to interact with humans effectively while addressing the gap between current capabilities and the requirements to solve the problem.', 'duration': 301.476, 'highlights': ['The need for systems to possess consciousness and intelligence to effectively interact with humans is emphasized, addressing the gap between current capabilities and the requirements to solve the problem. Importance of consciousness and intelligence for interaction with humans, addressing the gap between current capabilities and requirements.', 'The 17th-century idea of converting all thought and reasoning into logic, formalizing reasoning, and then calculating it is discussed, with the realization of the need for pattern matching and interpretation of vast data in parallel. Discussion on converting thought and reasoning into logic, need for pattern matching and interpretation of vast data in parallel.', 'Recognition of faces is not solely based on a set of rules, but involves a substantial amount of data and parallel pattern matching against stored rules, leading to mistakes in recognizing individuals in different contexts. Recognition of faces involves substantial data and parallel pattern matching, leading to mistakes in different contexts.']}, {'end': 2169.777, 'start': 2000.765, 'title': 'Limits of ai understanding', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of ai in encoding and understanding complex human sensory information, highlighting the challenges in aggregating and processing tens of thousands of facts to comprehend a scene.', 'duration': 169.012, 'highlights': ['AI struggles to encode and aggregate tens of thousands of facts to understand a scene The speaker emphasizes the challenge of encoding and aggregating vast amounts of sensory information to comprehend a scene, highlighting the complexity of human perception.', 'Comparison of reductionist view of human body to the pragmatic view of intelligence as information processing The speaker compares the reductionist view of the human body to the pragmatic view of intelligence as information processing, illustrating the complexity of understanding intelligence and the limitations of current AI capabilities.', "Philosopher Sam Harris's perspective on intelligence as information processing The discussion highlights philosopher Sam Harris's perspective on intelligence as information processing, emphasizing the oversimplification of intelligence and the challenges in understanding the complexities of human cognition."]}, {'end': 2396.822, 'start': 2171.428, 'title': 'Abstraction in brain and compiler', 'summary': "Explores the concept of abstraction in the brain and compiler technology, emphasizing the importance of data structures and abstractions in processing information, including the comparison of visual processing in a fly's brain and human brain's complex abstractions.", 'duration': 225.394, 'highlights': ['The importance of data structures and abstractions in processing information, such as the abstract syntax tree in compiler technology and the complex abstractions in the human brain.', "Comparison of visual processing in a fly's brain, with minimal layers of abstraction, to the complex visual processing and abstractions in the human brain, essential for driving a car and processing information.", 'The concept of conscious memorization versus unconscious recognition, illustrated by the ability to remember phone numbers through repetition and the unconscious recognition of faces without conscious effort.']}], 'duration': 940.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd81455998.jpg', 'highlights': ['Self-driving cars have the greatest opportunity of developing capabilities similar to human consciousness, as they can interpret scenes and surroundings, not just adhering to the rules of the road but also obtaining clues from their environment.', 'The basic mechanism of DNA, combined with more abilities and high-resolution sensors, can lead to the development of things that appear like intelligence and consciousness, as programming, in trying to survive, develops interesting capabilities.', 'Importance of consciousness and intelligence for interaction with humans, addressing the gap between current capabilities and requirements.', 'Discussion on converting thought and reasoning into logic, need for pattern matching and interpretation of vast data in parallel.', 'Recognition of faces involves substantial data and parallel pattern matching, leading to mistakes in different contexts.', 'The speaker emphasizes the challenge of encoding and aggregating vast amounts of sensory information to comprehend a scene, highlighting the complexity of human perception.', 'The speaker compares the reductionist view of the human body to the pragmatic view of intelligence as information processing, illustrating the complexity of understanding intelligence and the limitations of current AI capabilities.', "The discussion highlights philosopher Sam Harris's perspective on intelligence as information processing, emphasizing the oversimplification of intelligence and the challenges in understanding the complexities of human cognition.", 'The importance of data structures and abstractions in processing information, such as the abstract syntax tree in compiler technology and the complex abstractions in the human brain.', "Comparison of visual processing in a fly's brain, with minimal layers of abstraction, to the complex visual processing and abstractions in the human brain, essential for driving a car and processing information.", 'The concept of conscious memorization versus unconscious recognition, illustrated by the ability to remember phone numbers through repetition and the unconscious recognition of faces without conscious effort.']}, {'end': 3096.72, 'segs': [{'end': 2425.526, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2397.754, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2404.023, 'text': 'My brain has a whole bunch of specialized hardware that knows how to recognize faces.', 'start': 2397.754, 'duration': 6.269}, {'end': 2413.916, 'text': "I don't know how much of that is sort of coded in our DNA and how much of that is trained over and over between the ages of zero and three.", 'start': 2404.083, 'duration': 9.833}, {'end': 2425.526, 'text': 'But somehow our brains know how to do lots of things like that that are useful in our interactions with other humans,', 'start': 2415.703, 'duration': 9.823}], 'summary': 'Our brains have specialized hardware for recognizing faces, possibly a result of dna and early training.', 'duration': 27.772, 'max_score': 2397.754, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82397754.jpg'}, {'end': 2616.059, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2549.877, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2564.601, 'text': 'I think at some point the higher levels of abstraction will not be called programming and they will not resemble what we we call programming at the moment.', 'start': 2549.877, 'duration': 14.724}, {'end': 2566.562, 'text': 'there will not be source code.', 'start': 2564.601, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 2573.724, 'text': 'I mean there will still be source code, sort of at a lower level of the machine,', 'start': 2566.562, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 2581.206, 'text': "just like they're still molecules and electrons and and sort of proteins in our brains.", 'start': 2573.724, 'duration': 7.482}, {'end': 2592.015, 'text': "And so there's still programming and system administration and who knows what to keep the machine running.", 'start': 2584.309, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 2597.419, 'text': 'But what the machine does is a different level of abstraction in a sense.', 'start': 2592.616, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 2599.661, 'text': 'And as far as I understand,', 'start': 2597.579, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 2611.178, 'text': 'the way that for the last decade or more people have made progress with things like facial recognition or the self-driving cars is all by endless,', 'start': 2599.661, 'duration': 11.517}, {'end': 2616.059, 'text': 'endless amounts of training data where,', 'start': 2611.178, 'duration': 4.881}], 'summary': 'Higher abstraction levels may redefine programming, with focus on endless training data for advancements like facial recognition and self-driving cars.', 'duration': 66.182, 'max_score': 2549.877, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82549877.jpg'}, {'end': 2757.257, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2708.367, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2710.929, 'text': "you can read it, you understand it, you can prove it's functioning.", 'start': 2708.367, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 2714.761, 'text': "It's kind of software 1.0.", 'start': 2712.03, 'duration': 2.731}, {'end': 2721.869, 'text': 'And what software 2.0 is is exactly what you described, which is, you have neural networks,', 'start': 2714.761, 'duration': 7.108}, {'end': 2728.797, 'text': 'which is a type of machine learning that you feed a bunch of data and that neural network learns to do a function.', 'start': 2721.869, 'duration': 6.928}, {'end': 2734.559, 'text': "All you specify is the inputs and the outputs you want, and you can't look inside.", 'start': 2730.157, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 2736.16, 'text': "You can't analyze it.", 'start': 2735.179, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 2742.423, 'text': 'All you can do is train this function to map the inputs to the outputs by giving a lot of data.', 'start': 2737, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 2746.865, 'text': 'In that sense, programming becomes getting a lot of data.', 'start': 2742.443, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 2747.926, 'text': "That's what programming is.", 'start': 2746.925, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 2750.787, 'text': 'Well, that would be programming 2.0.', 'start': 2749.546, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 2753.188, 'text': '2.0, programming 2.0.', 'start': 2750.787, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 2755.272, 'text': "And I wouldn't call that programming.", 'start': 2753.188, 'duration': 2.084}, {'end': 2757.257, 'text': "It's just a different activity.", 'start': 2755.553, 'duration': 1.704}], 'summary': 'Software 2.0 is about neural networks, machine learning, and mapping inputs to outputs with a lot of data.', 'duration': 48.89, 'max_score': 2708.367, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82708367.jpg'}, {'end': 3041.814, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2997.155, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3008.452, 'text': 'Uh, Programming 1.0 is actually sort of getting to that point too,', 'start': 2997.155, 'duration': 11.297}, {'end': 3019.641, 'text': 'where the sort of the ideal of a bug free program has been abandoned long ago by most software developers.', 'start': 3008.452, 'duration': 11.189}, {'end': 3041.814, 'text': "We only care about bugs that manifest themselves often enough to be annoying and we're willing to take the occasional crash or outage or incorrect result for granted because we can't.", 'start': 3021.103, 'duration': 20.711}], 'summary': 'Most software developers prioritize fixing bugs that manifest often, abandoning the ideal of bug-free programs.', 'duration': 44.659, 'max_score': 2997.155, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82997155.jpg'}], 'start': 2397.754, 'title': 'Programming abstraction and software 2.0', 'summary': 'Delves into the high level of abstraction in human cognition, evolution of programming, and challenges in understanding algorithms, with a focus on facial recognition and self-driving cars. it also explores the concept of software 2.0, which involves training neural networks with data to perform functions, challenging traditional programming, and raises questions about the distinction between traditional programming and machine learning.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2677.952, 'start': 2397.754, 'title': 'Programming abstraction and human cognition', 'summary': 'Discusses the high level of abstraction in human cognition, the evolution of programming and the challenges of understanding algorithms in modern technology, with a focus on facial recognition and self-driving cars.', 'duration': 280.198, 'highlights': ['Human cognition operates at the highest level of abstraction, with specialized hardware for recognizing faces and unconscious knowledge acquisition between ages zero and three. The brain has specialized hardware for recognizing faces, and it unconsciously acquires knowledge useful in human interactions between the ages of zero and three.', 'The evolution of programming has led to higher levels of abstraction, where the concept of programming may change and resemble less of the traditional programming. The concept of programming may evolve into higher levels of abstraction that may not resemble traditional programming, as the machine operates at a different level of abstraction.', 'Challenges in understanding modern algorithms, particularly in facial recognition and self-driving cars, as researchers may not fully comprehend how their algorithms work. Researchers in fields such as facial recognition and self-driving cars may not fully understand how their algorithms work, relying on endless amounts of training data for progress.']}, {'end': 3096.72, 'start': 2679.264, 'title': 'Software 2.0: the future of programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of software 2.0, which involves training neural networks with data to perform functions, challenging traditional programming, and raises questions about the distinction between traditional programming and machine learning.', 'duration': 417.456, 'highlights': ['Software 2.0 involves training neural networks with data to perform functions, challenging traditional programming. It contrasts traditional programming (Software 1.0) with the concept of Software 2.0, which revolves around neural networks learning to perform functions based on input and output data, challenging the traditional programming paradigm.', 'The debate on whether Software 2.0 should be considered a different activity from traditional programming. The discussion revolves around whether Software 2.0 should be regarded as a distinct activity from traditional programming, raising questions about the nature of programming in the context of providing data and examples for functions.', 'The shift from bug-free programming to accepting occasional errors and crashes. The chapter highlights the shift from the ideal of bug-free programming to accepting occasional errors and crashes, acknowledging that ensuring completely bug-free code is tedious and impractical.']}], 'duration': 698.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd82397754.jpg', 'highlights': ['Human cognition operates at the highest level of abstraction, with specialized hardware for recognizing faces and unconscious knowledge acquisition between ages zero and three.', 'The evolution of programming has led to higher levels of abstraction, where the concept of programming may change and resemble less of the traditional programming.', 'Challenges in understanding modern algorithms, particularly in facial recognition and self-driving cars, as researchers may not fully comprehend how their algorithms work.', 'Software 2.0 involves training neural networks with data to perform functions, challenging traditional programming.', 'The debate on whether Software 2.0 should be considered a different activity from traditional programming.', 'The shift from bug-free programming to accepting occasional errors and crashes.']}, {'end': 3811.514, 'segs': [{'end': 3200.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3137.186, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3143.067, 'text': 'that if there is a bug you can always find it and fix it.', 'start': 3137.186, 'duration': 5.881}, {'end': 3158.69, 'text': "because the sort of programming as it's being taught in some even elementary middle schools in high school introduction to programming classes in college typically it's programming in the small,", 'start': 3143.067, 'duration': 15.623}, {'end': 3165.331, 'text': 'very few classes sort of actually teach software engineering, building large systems.', 'start': 3158.69, 'duration': 6.641}, {'end': 3171.227, 'text': 'i mean Every summer here at Dropbox we have a large number of interns.', 'start': 3165.331, 'duration': 5.896}, {'end': 3175.411, 'text': 'every tech company on the West Coast has the same thing.', 'start': 3171.227, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 3189.185, 'text': 'These interns are always amazed because this is the first time in their life that they see what goes on in a really large software development environment.', 'start': 3176.532, 'duration': 12.653}, {'end': 3200.224, 'text': "and everything they've learned in college was almost always about a much smaller scale,", 'start': 3190.86, 'duration': 9.364}], 'summary': "Lack of emphasis on software engineering in education, leading to interns' surprise at large-scale software development.", 'duration': 63.038, 'max_score': 3137.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83137186.jpg'}, {'end': 3271.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3220.183, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3229.088, 'text': 'did you ever think that there would be systems as large as underlying Google, Facebook and Dropbox? When you were thinking about?', 'start': 3220.183, 'duration': 8.905}, {'end': 3235.852, 'text': 'Python. I was actually always caught by surprise by every stage of it.', 'start': 3230.606, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 3239.657, 'text': 'yeah, pretty much every stage of computing.', 'start': 3235.852, 'duration': 3.805}, {'end': 3248.547, 'text': "so maybe just because you've spoken in other interviews, but I think the evolution of programming languages are fascinating.", 'start': 3239.657, 'duration': 8.89}, {'end': 3255.011, 'text': "It's especially because it leads from our perspective towards greater and greater degrees of intelligence.", 'start': 3248.627, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 3263.377, 'text': 'I learned the first programming language I played with in Russia was with the turtle logo logo.', 'start': 3255.772, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 3271.089, 'text': 'Yeah, and if you look, i just have a list of programming languages, all of which i know played with a little bit,', 'start': 3263.517, 'duration': 7.572}], 'summary': 'Surprised by the large systems like google, facebook, and dropbox, and fascinated by the evolution of programming languages towards greater intelligence.', 'duration': 50.906, 'max_score': 3220.183, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83220183.jpg'}, {'end': 3525.603, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3501.062, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3508.027, 'text': 'But people who are more interested in emphasizing the object-oriented nature of things.', 'start': 3501.062, 'duration': 6.965}, {'end': 3512.397, 'text': 'So. but then, in the last 10 years or so,', 'start': 3509.093, 'duration': 3.304}, {'end': 3521.529, 'text': 'especially with the oncoming of neural networks and these packages that are built on Python to interface with neural networks, I switched to Python,', 'start': 3512.397, 'duration': 9.132}, {'end': 3522.25, 'text': "and it's just.", 'start': 3521.529, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 3525.603, 'text': "I've noticed a significant boost.", 'start': 3523.581, 'duration': 2.022}], 'summary': 'Switched to python in the last 10 years, noticed a significant boost.', 'duration': 24.541, 'max_score': 3501.062, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83501062.jpg'}, {'end': 3729.905, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3689.416, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3704.726, 'text': "Right, and when you're in sort of in the phase of exploring solutions, you often spend much more time writing the code than running it,", 'start': 3689.416, 'duration': 15.31}, {'end': 3714.955, 'text': "because every time you've run it, you see that the output is not quite what you wanted and you spend some more time coding,", 'start': 3704.726, 'duration': 10.229}, {'end': 3728.444, 'text': 'and a language like python just makes that iteration much faster because there are fewer details.', 'start': 3718.317, 'duration': 10.127}, {'end': 3729.905, 'text': 'there is a large library.', 'start': 3728.444, 'duration': 1.461}], 'summary': 'In the exploration phase, coding time is reduced in python due to faster iteration and a large library.', 'duration': 40.489, 'max_score': 3689.416, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83689416.jpg'}], 'start': 3096.72, 'title': 'Software development education and programming language evolution', 'summary': "Discusses the discrepancy between small-scale programming education and real-world demand for software engineering skills, highlighting interns' experiences. it also explores the evolution of programming languages, focusing on python's impact on productivity, machine learning, and ai programming, emphasizing qualitative differences and productivity boost.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3200.224, 'start': 3096.72, 'title': 'Scale of software development education', 'summary': 'Discusses the discrepancy between small-scale programming education and the real-world demand for software engineering skills in large systems development, highlighting the experience of interns at tech companies.', 'duration': 103.504, 'highlights': ['The discrepancy between small-scale programming education and the real-world demand for software engineering skills in large systems development is highlighted, with interns at tech companies being amazed at the difference (relevance: 5)', 'The lack of emphasis on software engineering and building large systems in programming education, including at the elementary, middle, and high school levels, is discussed (relevance: 4)', 'The observation that most programming education focuses on small and simple programs, making it easy to find and fix bugs, is mentioned (relevance: 3)']}, {'end': 3811.514, 'start': 3200.224, 'title': 'Evolution of programming languages', 'summary': "Discusses the surprise of the scale of systems like google, facebook, and dropbox, the evolution of programming languages, python's focus on productivity, and its impact on machine learning and ai programming, emphasizing the qualitative difference and boost in productivity experienced with python.", 'duration': 611.29, 'highlights': ["Python's impact on productivity in machine learning and AI programming, leading to a significant boost in speed and efficiency. The speaker noticed a significant boost in productivity when using Python for machine learning and AI programming, without being able to quantify it, leading to faster job completion.", "Python's design focus on productivity, serving as an intermediate-level language between shell scripting and C, and its role in making the iteration process faster with fewer details and a large library. Python was designed as an intermediate-level language to enhance productivity, making the iteration process faster with fewer details and a large library, balancing between writing the code and running it efficiently.", 'The surprise at the scale of systems like Google, Facebook, and Dropbox, and the qualitative difference in thinking and approach between smaller and larger-scale programming. The speaker expressed surprise at the scale of systems like Google, Facebook, and Dropbox, emphasizing the qualitative difference in thinking and approach between smaller and larger-scale programming.', "The speaker's initial surprise at every stage of the evolution of programming languages, and the fascination with the progression towards greater degrees of intelligence. The speaker was continually surprised at every stage of the evolution of programming languages and found the progression towards greater degrees of intelligence fascinating."]}], 'duration': 714.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83096720.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discrepancy between small-scale programming education and the real-world demand for software engineering skills in large systems development is highlighted, with interns at tech companies being amazed at the difference', 'The lack of emphasis on software engineering and building large systems in programming education, including at the elementary, middle, and high school levels, is discussed', "Python's impact on productivity in machine learning and AI programming, leading to a significant boost in speed and efficiency", "Python's design focus on productivity, serving as an intermediate-level language between shell scripting and C, and its role in making the iteration process faster with fewer details and a large library", 'The surprise at the scale of systems like Google, Facebook, and Dropbox, and the qualitative difference in thinking and approach between smaller and larger-scale programming', "The speaker's initial surprise at every stage of the evolution of programming languages, and the fascination with the progression towards greater degrees of intelligence", 'The observation that most programming education focuses on small and simple programs, making it easy to find and fix bugs']}, {'end': 4526.492, 'segs': [{'end': 3894.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3865.524, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3870.865, 'text': 'So I have in the beginning and I have follow up questions about through the evolution of Python too.', 'start': 3865.524, 'duration': 5.341}, {'end': 3883.406, 'text': "But in the very beginning, when you're sitting there creating the lexical analyzer, whatever, Evolution was still a big part of it, because I sort of.", 'start': 3871.005, 'duration': 12.401}, {'end': 3890.39, 'text': "I said to myself, I don't want to have to design everything from scratch.", 'start': 3884.665, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 3894.313, 'text': "I'm going to borrow features from other languages that I like.", 'start': 3890.51, 'duration': 3.803}], 'summary': "Python's evolution involved borrowing features from other languages to avoid designing everything from scratch.", 'duration': 28.789, 'max_score': 3865.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83865524.jpg'}, {'end': 4076.529, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4007.205, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4010.548, 'text': 'So what was that deliberation, discussion decision like?', 'start': 4007.205, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 4013.25, 'text': 'What was the psychology of that experience?', 'start': 4011.028, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 4017.493, 'text': 'Do you regret any aspects of how that experience undergone??', 'start': 4014.511, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 4017.553, 'text': 'No,', 'start': 4017.513, 'duration': 0.04}, {'end': 4022.352, 'text': 'Well, yeah, so it was a group process really.', 'start': 4018.93, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 4024.333, 'text': 'At that point,', 'start': 4023.053, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 4042.003, 'text': 'even though I was BDFL in name and certainly everybody sort of respected my position as the creator and the current sort of owner of the language design.', 'start': 4024.333, 'duration': 17.67}, {'end': 4044.965, 'text': 'I was looking at everyone else for feedback.', 'start': 4042.003, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 4060.507, 'text': 'sort of Python 3.0 in some sense was sparked by other people in the community pointing out oh well, there are a few issues.', 'start': 4046.454, 'duration': 14.053}, {'end': 4066.185, 'text': 'that sort of byte users over and over.', 'start': 4060.507, 'duration': 5.678}, {'end': 4068.766, 'text': 'can we do something about that?', 'start': 4066.185, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 4076.529, 'text': 'and for python 3 we took a number of those python words, as they were called at the time,', 'start': 4068.766, 'duration': 7.763}], 'summary': 'Python 3.0 development involved community feedback and addressing issues.', 'duration': 69.324, 'max_score': 4007.205, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84007205.jpg'}, {'end': 4252.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4205.188, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4215.171, 'text': 'yes, so was that the toughest decision in the history of Python yet to make as the benevolent dictator for life?', 'start': 4205.188, 'duration': 9.983}, {'end': 4218.692, 'text': 'or, if not, what are there, maybe even on the smaller scale?', 'start': 4215.171, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 4222.253, 'text': 'what was the decision where you were really torn up about?', 'start': 4218.692, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 4225.314, 'text': 'well, the toughest decision was probably to resign.', 'start': 4222.253, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 4228.095, 'text': "All right, let's go there.", 'start': 4227.134, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 4229.096, 'text': 'Hold on a second then.', 'start': 4228.115, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 4233.601, 'text': 'Let me just, because in the interest of time too, because I have a few cool questions for you.', 'start': 4229.256, 'duration': 4.345}, {'end': 4239.147, 'text': "Let's touch a really important one because it was quite dramatic and beautiful in certain kinds of ways.", 'start': 4234.822, 'duration': 4.325}, {'end': 4242.51, 'text': 'In July this year, three months ago, you wrote..', 'start': 4240.408, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 4252.139, 'text': "Now that PEP 572 is done, I don't ever want to have to fight so hard for a PEP and find that so many people despise my decisions.", 'start': 4243.391, 'duration': 8.748}], 'summary': 'The toughest decision for the benevolent dictator for life of python was to resign.', 'duration': 46.951, 'max_score': 4205.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84205188.jpg'}, {'end': 4321.353, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4265.33, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4271.412, 'text': "but I'm basically giving myself a permanent vacation from being BDFL, benevolent dictator for life.", 'start': 4265.33, 'duration': 6.082}, {'end': 4273.992, 'text': 'And you all will be on your own.', 'start': 4272.172, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 4278.594, 'text': "First of all, it's almost Shakespearean.", 'start': 4274.012, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 4282.234, 'text': "I'm not going to appoint a successor.", 'start': 4279.734, 'duration': 2.5}, {'end': 4283.815, 'text': 'so what are you all going to do??', 'start': 4282.234, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 4288.496, 'text': 'Create a democracy, anarchy, a dictatorship, a federation?', 'start': 4284.415, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 4291.357, 'text': 'So that was very dramatic and beautiful.', 'start': 4289.176, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 4299.988, 'text': "a set of statements, it's almost that's open-ended nature called the community to create a future for Python.", 'start': 4293.607, 'duration': 6.381}, {'end': 4302.289, 'text': "It's just kind of a beautiful aspect to it.", 'start': 4300.509, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 4310.971, 'text': 'Wow, So what and and dramatic, you know what was making that decision? Like what was on your heart, on your mind, stepping back.', 'start': 4302.649, 'duration': 8.322}, {'end': 4315.452, 'text': 'now, a few months later, take me through your mind.', 'start': 4310.971, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 4321.353, 'text': "I'm glad you liked the writing because it was actually written pretty quickly.", 'start': 4315.752, 'duration': 5.601}], 'summary': "Guiding python's future, relinquishing bdfl role, prompting community to shape its destiny.", 'duration': 56.023, 'max_score': 4265.33, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84265330.jpg'}], 'start': 3811.534, 'title': 'Evolution of python language, python 3 transition decision, and resigning as bdfl', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of python language, transition from python 2 to python 3, and guido van rossum's resignation as bdfl, highlighting language influences, community's influence, and resignation triggers.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3976.023, 'start': 3811.534, 'title': 'Evolution of python language', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of the python language, highlighting the influence of previous programming language experiences, such as borrowing features from other languages, and the importance of observation and experience in creating an efficient and successful programming language.', 'duration': 164.489, 'highlights': ['Observation and experience play a crucial role in creating an efficient programming language, as demonstrated through the evolution of Python, where the speaker draws from previous language experiences and debates with other language designers.', 'Borrowing features from other languages, such as string literals and syntactic features from ABC and C, contributes to the development of Python, showcasing the practical application of observation and borrowing concrete rules from different languages.', 'The speaker emphasizes the significance of prior language experiences and debates, highlighting that a deep understanding of different languages and concepts is essential for successful language design and implementation.', "The chapter touches on the initial steps of creating a programming language, emphasizing the efficiency and lack of hindrances in the process, while drawing parallels to Darwin's theory of evolution for species."]}, {'end': 4205.188, 'start': 3976.023, 'title': 'Python 3 transition decision', 'summary': "Discusses the deliberation and decision-making process behind the transition from python 2 to python 3, addressing the issues with backward compatibility and the community's influence, emphasizing the need for change despite the challenge of maintaining compatibility.", 'duration': 229.165, 'highlights': ['The decision to transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was influenced by community feedback pointing out issues with backward compatibility and the need for change, despite the challenge of maintaining compatibility.', 'The transition to Python 3 was a group process, with the community playing a significant role in highlighting issues that needed to be addressed.', 'Python 3.0 was sparked by community feedback and aimed to make small changes to the language to address widely recognized problems, even though it posed a challenge to maintain backward compatibility.', 'The Python community had previously taken backward compatibility very seriously, but some issues could not be resolved in a backward-compatible way, leading to the decision to make changes despite potential disruptions.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for change in Python 3 despite the challenges of maintaining backward compatibility, acknowledging that some issues could not be resolved without making non-backward-compatible changes.']}, {'end': 4526.492, 'start': 4205.188, 'title': 'Resigning as bdfl', 'summary': "Discusses guido van rossum's decision to resign as the benevolent dictator for life of python, which was triggered by the stress and debate surrounding pep 572, leading to his swift and unexpected resignation.", 'duration': 321.304, 'highlights': ["The toughest decision was probably to resign as the Benevolent Dictator for Life of Python. Guido van Rossum's resignation as the BDFL is highlighted as the toughest decision he had to make.", "The decision to resign was triggered by the stress and debate surrounding PEP 572. The stress and debate surrounding PEP 572, particularly related to assignment expressions, led to Guido's decision to resign.", 'Guido swiftly resigned after feeling relieved when PEP 572 was accepted. After feeling relieved when PEP 572 was accepted, Guido swiftly made the decision to resign, even surprising himself with the swiftness of his resignation.', "The resignation decision was made swiftly and unexpectedly after a moment of relief and realization. Guido made the decision to resign swiftly and unexpectedly, within 15-20 minutes of feeling relieved and writing the resignation message, which he described as 'Shakespearean'."]}], 'duration': 714.958, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd83811534.jpg', 'highlights': ['The decision to transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was influenced by community feedback pointing out issues with backward compatibility and the need for change, despite the challenge of maintaining compatibility.', "The toughest decision was probably to resign as the Benevolent Dictator for Life of Python. Guido van Rossum's resignation as the BDFL is highlighted as the toughest decision he had to make.", "The decision to resign was triggered by the stress and debate surrounding PEP 572. The stress and debate surrounding PEP 572, particularly related to assignment expressions, led to Guido's decision to resign.", 'Observation and experience play a crucial role in creating an efficient programming language, as demonstrated through the evolution of Python, where the speaker draws from previous language experiences and debates with other language designers.', 'The speaker emphasizes the significance of prior language experiences and debates, highlighting that a deep understanding of different languages and concepts is essential for successful language design and implementation.']}, {'end': 5183.506, 'segs': [{'end': 4634.017, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4600.958, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4618.786, 'text': 'I think there is a middle ground where sort of being nasty to each other is not okay, but there there is is is a middle ground where there is healthy,', 'start': 4600.958, 'duration': 17.828}, {'end': 4621.667, 'text': 'ongoing criticism and feedback.', 'start': 4618.786, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 4622.928, 'text': 'that is very productive.', 'start': 4621.667, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 4634.017, 'text': 'And you, you mean at, at every level you see that, I mean, someone proposes to fix a very small issue in a code base.', 'start': 4624.733, 'duration': 9.284}], 'summary': 'Healthy criticism and feedback are productive at every level.', 'duration': 33.059, 'max_score': 4600.958, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84600958.jpg'}, {'end': 4722.203, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4691.241, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4700.65, 'text': 'the group of 50 or 100 people who sort of write or review most of the code that goes into python.', 'start': 4691.241, 'duration': 9.409}, {'end': 4704.834, 'text': 'those people get along very well.', 'start': 4700.65, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 4722.203, 'text': 'most of the time, a large number of different areas of expertise are represented different levels of experience in the python core dev community,', 'start': 4704.834, 'duration': 17.369}], 'summary': '50-100 people contribute to python, diverse expertise & experience, strong collaboration', 'duration': 30.962, 'max_score': 4691.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84691241.jpg'}, {'end': 4971.198, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4944.464, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4948.507, 'text': "That's where TensorFlow and all these packages come in, where they parallelize across GPUs, for example.", 'start': 4944.464, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 4949.387, 'text': 'They take care of that for you.', 'start': 4948.527, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 4961.013, 'text': 'So in terms of packaging, can you comment on the future of packaging in Python? Packaging has always been my least favorite topic.', 'start': 4949.847, 'duration': 11.166}, {'end': 4971.198, 'text': "It's a really tough problem because the OS and the platform want to own packaging.", 'start': 4962.574, 'duration': 8.624}], 'summary': 'Tensorflow and other packages parallelize across gpus, simplifying packaging in python.', 'duration': 26.734, 'max_score': 4944.464, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84944464.jpg'}, {'end': 5039.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5011.752, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5014.574, 'text': 'that is a tough problem.', 'start': 5011.752, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 5027.975, 'text': 'my own own approach is i use the system packaging system to install Python and I use the Python packaging system then to install third-party Python packages.', 'start': 5014.574, 'duration': 13.401}, {'end': 5030.398, 'text': "That's what most people do.", 'start': 5029.116, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 5035.685, 'text': 'Ten years ago Python packaging was really a terrible situation.', 'start': 5031.359, 'duration': 4.326}, {'end': 5039.607, 'text': 'nowadays. pip is the future there is.', 'start': 5036.386, 'duration': 3.221}], 'summary': 'Python packaging has improved; most use system and python packaging to install third-party packages.', 'duration': 27.855, 'max_score': 5011.752, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd85011752.jpg'}, {'end': 5151.182, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5117.782, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5121.885, 'text': "Well, I would say that Python is definitely the best thing I've ever done.", 'start': 5117.782, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 5130.312, 'text': "And I wouldn't sort of say just the creation of Python, but the way I..", 'start': 5123.827, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 5136.634, 'text': 'sort of raised Python like a baby.', 'start': 5131.832, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 5140.096, 'text': "I didn't just conceive a child, but I raised a child,", 'start': 5136.634, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 5151.182, 'text': "and now I'm setting the child free in the world and I've set up the child to to sort of be able to take care of himself, and I'm very proud of that.", 'start': 5140.096, 'duration': 11.086}], 'summary': "Python is the best thing i've ever done, like raising a child, setting it free and proud of it.", 'duration': 33.4, 'max_score': 5117.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd85117782.jpg'}], 'start': 4528.533, 'title': "Healthy criticism and python's future", 'summary': "Emphasizes the value of healthy criticism and feedback in programming and explores python's future, covering concurrent programming, parallel computing, asyncio, packaging, and the creator's pride in python's success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4722.203, 'start': 4528.533, 'title': 'Healthy criticism and feedback in programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of healthy criticism and feedback in the programming community, highlighting the productive nature of healthy ongoing criticism and feedback, as well as the confidence in the future of the python core developer community.', 'duration': 193.67, 'highlights': ['The importance of healthy ongoing criticism and feedback for the productivity and evolution of the programming community is emphasized, with examples such as code review and proposals for the future of the Python core developer community.', 'The productive nature of healthy criticism and feedback is highlighted, with the speaker expressing confidence in the healthy and productive debate within the Python core development community.', 'The speaker emphasizes that being nasty to each other is not acceptable, but healthy ongoing criticism and feedback are productive for the programming community.', 'The speaker discusses the presence of camps and holy wars in the programming community, highlighting the need for a middle ground with healthy criticism and feedback.', 'The speaker reflects on the super positive and super friendly atmosphere when playing guitar as a hobby, contrasting it with the sometimes harsh criticism and opposing camps in the programming community.']}, {'end': 5183.506, 'start': 4722.203, 'title': 'Python development and future', 'summary': "Discusses the future of python, highlighting concerns and potential developments in concurrent programming, parallel computing, asyncio, packaging, and the creator's pride in python's success.", 'duration': 461.303, 'highlights': ["Python's future in concurrent programming and parallel computing is deemed unlikely due to language design and user behavior, but asyncio is seen as a best practice for high throughput I.O. Discussion on Python's potential in high concurrency and parallelism, and the role of asyncio in supporting high throughput I.O.", "Python is not considered suitable for parallel computing, but packages like numpy are utilized to leverage multiple CPUs, while more specialized packages like TensorFlow handle parallelization across GPUs. Insight into Python's limitations in parallel computing and the usage of packages like numpy and TensorFlow for leveraging CPU and GPU parallelization.", "Packaging in Python poses challenges due to competing solutions across different languages, but the speaker uses system packaging for Python and finds the current state with pip and anaconda sufficient. Discussion on the challenges of packaging in Python and the speaker's approach of using system packaging for Python and finding pip and anaconda sufficient.", "The speaker expresses pride in Python's development and compares it to raising a child, highlighting Python as the best accomplishment and expressing contentment with its future. Reflection on Python's development and the speaker's pride in Python's success, likening it to raising a child and expressing satisfaction with its future.", "The conversation ends with a mention of the creator's favorite Monty Python moment, the 'dead parrot sketch,' showcasing a light-hearted conclusion to the interview. Mention of the creator's favorite Monty Python moment, adding a light-hearted note to the end of the conversation."]}], 'duration': 654.973, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ghwaIiE3Nd8/pics/ghwaIiE3Nd84528533.jpg', 'highlights': ["The speaker expresses pride in Python's development and compares it to raising a child, highlighting Python as the best accomplishment and expressing contentment with its future.", 'The productive nature of healthy criticism and feedback is highlighted, with the speaker expressing confidence in the healthy and productive debate within the Python core development community.', "Discussion on the challenges of packaging in Python and the speaker's approach of using system packaging for Python and finding pip and anaconda sufficient.", "Insight into Python's limitations in parallel computing and the usage of packages like numpy and TensorFlow for leveraging CPU and GPU parallelization.", 'The importance of healthy ongoing criticism and feedback for the productivity and evolution of the programming community is emphasized, with examples such as code review and proposals for the future of the Python core developer community.']}], 'highlights': ['Python, created by Guido van Rossum, is widely used in various fields such as web backend development, psychology, neuroscience, computer vision, robotics, deep learning, and natural language processing.', 'The conversation with Guido van Rossum is part of the MIT course on artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.', 'The impact of World War II and the challenges faced during that time are reflected in the early novels of the Dutch author Willem-Frederik Hermans.', 'The personal computer was being born in the 1970s.', 'The inability to predict the future of personal computing.', "The speaker's implementation of Conway's game of life using a batch computer, initially in Pascal and later in Python, combining it with tricks learned during their electronics hobbyist times.", "Conway's Game of Life continues to captivate interest due to its behavior that is still not well understood.", 'Creating artificial intelligence may require creating a universe and letting it run, similar to the concept of the game of life, posing a challenge in designing a full intelligence system.', 'The importance of consciousness and intelligence for interaction with humans, addressing the gap between current capabilities and requirements.', 'The speaker emphasizes the challenge of encoding and aggregating vast amounts of sensory information to comprehend a scene, highlighting the complexity of human perception.', 'The evolution of programming has led to higher levels of abstraction, where the concept of programming may change and resemble less of the traditional programming.', "Python's impact on productivity in machine learning and AI programming, leading to a significant boost in speed and efficiency.", 'The decision to transition from Python 2 to Python 3 was influenced by community feedback pointing out issues with backward compatibility and the need for change, despite the challenge of maintaining compatibility.', "The toughest decision was probably to resign as the Benevolent Dictator for Life of Python. Guido van Rossum's resignation as the BDFL is highlighted as the toughest decision he had to make.", "The speaker expresses pride in Python's development and compares it to raising a child, highlighting Python as the best accomplishment and expressing contentment with its future.", 'The importance of healthy ongoing criticism and feedback for the productivity and evolution of the programming community is emphasized, with examples such as code review and proposals for the future of the Python core developer community.']}