title
Stephen Wolfram: Cellular Automata, Computation, and Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #89

description
Stephen Wolfram is a computer scientist, mathematician, and theoretical physicist who is the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research, a company behind Mathematica, Wolfram Alpha, Wolfram Language, and the new Wolfram Physics project. He is the author of several books including A New Kind of Science, which on a personal note was one of the most influential books in my journey in computer science and artificial intelligence. Support this podcast by signing up with these sponsors: - ExpressVPN at https://www.expressvpn.com/lexpod - Cash App - use code "LexPodcast" and download: - Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe - Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w EPISODE LINKS: Stephen's Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephen_wolfram Stephen's Website: https://www.stephenwolfram.com/ Wolfram Research Twitter: https://twitter.com/WolframResearch Wolfram Research YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/WolframResearch Wolfram Research Website: https://www.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Alpha: https://www.wolframalpha.com/ A New Kind of Science (book): https://amzn.to/34JruB2 PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 4:16 - Communicating with an alien intelligence 12:11 - Monolith in 2001: A Space Odyssey 29:06 - What is computation? 44:54 - Physics emerging from computation 1:14:10 - Simulation 1:19:23 - Fundamental theory of physics 1:28:01 - Richard Feynman 1:39:57 - Role of ego in science 1:47:21 - Cellular automata 2:15:08 - Wolfram language 2:55:14 - What is intelligence? 2:57:47 - Consciousness 3:02:36 - Mortality 3:05:47 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Stephen Wolfram: Cellular Automata, Computation, and Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #89', 'heatmap': [{'end': 6426.116, 'start': 6305.504, 'weight': 0.783}], 'summary': "The podcast features discussions with stephen wolfram on the wolfram physics project, 'a new kind of science', human uniqueness, ai's role in survival, computation's implications on the universe, historical evolution of computation, quantum mechanics, building artificial universes, cellular automata, computational language, and ai ethics, covering a wide range of topics and insights.", 'chapters': [{'end': 644.912, 'segs': [{'end': 236.891, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 207.776, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 209.858, 'text': "I've been using ExpressVPN for many years.", 'start': 207.776, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 211.099, 'text': 'I love it.', 'start': 209.878, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 212.92, 'text': "It's really easy to use.", 'start': 211.879, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 215.843, 'text': 'Press the big power on button and your privacy is protected.', 'start': 213.04, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 221.007, 'text': 'And if you like, you can make it look like your location is anywhere else in the world.', 'start': 216.343, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 223.91, 'text': 'This has a large number of obvious benefits.', 'start': 221.708, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 231.396, 'text': 'Certainly it allows you to access international versions of streaming websites like the Japanese Netflix or the UK Hulu.', 'start': 224.55, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 235.331, 'text': 'ExpressVPN works on any device you can imagine.', 'start': 232.89, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 236.891, 'text': 'I use it on Linux.', 'start': 235.851, 'duration': 1.04}], 'summary': 'Expressvpn is easy to use, works on any device, and allows access to international streaming websites like japanese netflix or uk hulu.', 'duration': 29.115, 'max_score': 207.776, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA207776.jpg'}, {'end': 422.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 394.809, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 403.676, 'text': "there's something, a physical embodiment, that shows up in a spacecraft, since we kind of know that that's necessary.", 'start': 394.809, 'duration': 8.867}, {'end': 413.321, 'text': "We're not imagining it's just photons showing up in a radio signal, photons in some very elaborate pattern.", 'start': 404.616, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 418.824, 'text': "We're imagining it's physical things made of atoms and so on that show up.", 'start': 413.361, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 422.806, 'text': "Can it be photons in a pattern? Well, that's a good question.", 'start': 419.004, 'duration': 3.802}], 'summary': 'Discussing the physical embodiment in spacecraft and the possibility of photons showing up in a radio signal.', 'duration': 27.997, 'max_score': 394.809, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA394809.jpg'}, {'end': 559.535, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 531.569, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 538.13, 'text': "Is that something that we should think of as being this whole civilization that's developed over the last, however long,", 'start': 531.569, 'duration': 6.561}, {'end': 547.132, 'text': "millions of years of processes going on in the neutron star or whatever, versus what we're used to in human intelligence?", 'start': 538.13, 'duration': 9.002}, {'end': 553.034, 'text': 'I think, in the end, when people talk about extraterrestrial intelligence and where is it?', 'start': 547.872, 'duration': 5.162}, {'end': 559.535, 'text': "and the whole Fermi paradox of how come there's no other signs of intelligence in the universe,", 'start': 553.034, 'duration': 6.501}], 'summary': 'Contemplating extraterrestrial intelligence and the fermi paradox.', 'duration': 27.966, 'max_score': 531.569, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA531569.jpg'}, {'end': 630.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 600.213, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 602.114, 'text': "And so they're a different branch.", 'start': 600.213, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 606.538, 'text': "I mean, it's similar to when you talk about life, for instance.", 'start': 603.755, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 613.827, 'text': "I mean you kind of said life form, I think, almost synonymously with intelligence, which I don't think is.", 'start': 606.719, 'duration': 7.108}, {'end': 619.374, 'text': 'you know, the AIs would be upset to hear you equate those two things.', 'start': 613.827, 'duration': 5.547}, {'end': 622.578, 'text': 'Because I really probably implied biological life.', 'start': 619.394, 'duration': 3.184}, {'end': 630.423, 'text': "Right But you're saying, I mean, we'll explore this more, but you're saying it's really a spectrum and it's all just a kind of computation.", 'start': 623.859, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the spectrum of life and intelligence in relation to ai.', 'duration': 30.21, 'max_score': 600.213, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA600213.jpg'}], 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'Stephen wolfram and podcast discussions', 'summary': "Features a conversation with stephen wolfram, discussing the wolfram physics project and 'a new kind of science'. it also delves into podcast advertising and a conversation about potential alien communication.", 'chapters': [{'end': 123.792, 'start': 0.129, 'title': 'Stephen wolfram: mathematician and theoretical physicist', 'summary': "Features a conversation with stephen wolfram, the founder of wolfram research, discussing the wolfram physics project, his influential book 'a new kind of science', and the implications of his innovative thinking. recorded in november 2019, the conversation delves into the human nature criticisms against stephen, his unique approach to bold, innovative thinking, and the upcoming round two of the conversation.", 'duration': 123.663, 'highlights': ["The conversation with Stephen Wolfram revolves around the Wolfram Physics Project, his influential book 'A New Kind of Science', and the implications of his innovative thinking.", 'Stephen Wolfram is the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research, the company behind Mathematica, Wolfram Alpha, Wolfram Language, and the new Wolfram Physics Project.', 'The conversation delves into the criticisms against Stephen on a human level, particularly regarding his perceived big ego, which hinders some researchers from fully appreciating his ideas.', "The conversation emphasizes the potential of ego to lead astray but also be a superpower that fuels bold, innovative thinking, refusing to conform to academic institutions' cautious ways.", 'The conversation was recorded in November 2019, with plans for multiple future rounds, and focuses on the upcoming Wolfram Physics Project and the anticipation for the second round of conversation.']}, {'end': 644.912, 'start': 125.213, 'title': 'Podcast ads and alien communication', 'summary': 'Discusses the advertising of expressvpn and cash app on the podcast, highlighting their features and benefits, and then delves into a conversation about the potential for communication with alien intelligence and the similarities between artificial and extraterrestrial intelligence.', 'duration': 519.699, 'highlights': ['Cash App offers fractional share trading, making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification much easier. Cash App enables users to invest in the stock market with as little as $1 through fractional share trading, increasing accessibility for new investors and simplifying diversification.', 'ExpressVPN allows users to protect their privacy and access international versions of streaming websites, such as Japanese Netflix or UK Hulu. ExpressVPN provides privacy protection and the ability to access international streaming websites, like Japanese Netflix or UK Hulu, offering users enhanced online security and expanded entertainment options.', 'The conversation explores the potential for communication with alien intelligence, drawing parallels with current communication with artificial intelligence and emphasizing the philosophical complexity of defining communication. The discussion examines the possibility of communicating with alien intelligence, relating it to current interactions with artificial intelligence and highlighting the philosophical complexity of defining communication in such scenarios.', 'The chapter addresses the blurring distinction between intelligent and computational processes, raising questions about the nature of intelligence in the context of weather patterns and human brains. The blurring distinction between intelligent and computational processes is addressed, posing questions about the nature of intelligence concerning weather patterns and human brains, challenging traditional perceptions of intelligence.']}], 'duration': 644.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA129.jpg', 'highlights': ["The conversation with Stephen Wolfram revolves around the Wolfram Physics Project, his influential book 'A New Kind of Science', and the implications of his innovative thinking.", 'Cash App offers fractional share trading, making trading more accessible for new investors and diversification much easier.', 'ExpressVPN allows users to protect their privacy and access international versions of streaming websites, such as Japanese Netflix or UK Hulu.', 'The conversation explores the potential for communication with alien intelligence, drawing parallels with current communication with artificial intelligence and emphasizing the philosophical complexity of defining communication.']}, {'end': 1922.039, 'segs': [{'end': 914.619, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 887.23, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 896.472, 'text': 'computation, which is sort of the thing that we are, in some abstract sense, using to create all these elaborate things we create,', 'start': 887.23, 'duration': 9.242}, {'end': 898.672, 'text': 'is surprisingly ubiquitous.', 'start': 896.472, 'duration': 2.2}, {'end': 905.374, 'text': "In other words, we might have thought that we've built this whole giant engineering stack.", 'start': 899.233, 'duration': 6.141}, {'end': 906.994, 'text': "that's led us to microprocessors.", 'start': 905.374, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 914.619, 'text': "that's led us to be able to do elaborate computations, But this idea that computations are happening all over the place.", 'start': 906.994, 'duration': 7.625}], 'summary': 'Computation is surprisingly ubiquitous.', 'duration': 27.389, 'max_score': 887.23, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA887230.jpg'}, {'end': 1053.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1030.882, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1042.474, 'text': "So that's a cautionary tale, I would say, in terms of the ability to make something that, in detail, sort of leads by the nose some you know,", 'start': 1030.882, 'duration': 11.592}, {'end': 1044.636, 'text': 'the aliens or whatever to do something.', 'start': 1042.474, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 1053.543, 'text': "It's like, no, you know, best you're going to do, as I say, if we were doing this today, we would not build a helical scan thing with a needle.", 'start': 1044.896, 'duration': 8.647}], 'summary': 'Cautionary tale about detailed guidance, suggesting not to build helical scan with a needle', 'duration': 22.661, 'max_score': 1030.882, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1030882.jpg'}, {'end': 1158.762, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1137.696, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1148.079, 'text': "the reason we were able to do natural language understanding quite well and people hadn't before the number one thing was we had an actual objective for the natural language understanding.", 'start': 1137.696, 'duration': 10.383}, {'end': 1153.921, 'text': 'We were trying to turn the natural language into this computational language that we could then do things with.', 'start': 1148.099, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 1158.762, 'text': "Now, similarly, when you imagine your alien, you say, okay, we're playing them the record.", 'start': 1154.381, 'duration': 4.381}], 'summary': 'Successful natural language understanding due to clear objective and computational language conversion.', 'duration': 21.066, 'max_score': 1137.696, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1137696.jpg'}, {'end': 1202.86, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1176.796, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1187.124, 'text': 'But actually the only ones that I think we can say would represent understanding are ones that will then do things that we humans kind of recognize as being useful to us.', 'start': 1176.796, 'duration': 10.328}, {'end': 1194.371, 'text': 'Maybe trying to understand quantify how technologically advanced this particular civilization is.', 'start': 1187.725, 'duration': 6.646}, {'end': 1202.86, 'text': "So are they a threat to us from a military perspective? That's probably the first kind of understanding that I'll be interested in.", 'start': 1195.072, 'duration': 7.788}], 'summary': 'Ai understanding demonstrated by usefulness and military threat assessment.', 'duration': 26.064, 'max_score': 1176.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1176796.jpg'}, {'end': 1256.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1217.614, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1226.28, 'text': 'That comes back to a lot of interesting AI ethics questions, because we might make an AI that says well, take autonomous cars, for instance.', 'start': 1217.614, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 1227.841, 'text': 'Are you going to hurt us??', 'start': 1227.06, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 1233.424, 'text': "Well, let's make sure you only drive at precisely the speed limit, because we want to make sure we don't hurt you, so to speak.", 'start': 1227.981, 'duration': 5.443}, {'end': 1239.268, 'text': "And then, well, something, but you say, but actually that means I'm going to be really late for this thing.", 'start': 1233.665, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 1241.69, 'text': 'And that sort of hurts me in some way.', 'start': 1239.308, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1243.611, 'text': "So it's hard to know.", 'start': 1242.27, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1250.353, 'text': 'Even the definition of what it means to hurt someone is unclear.', 'start': 1243.831, 'duration': 6.522}, {'end': 1256.755, 'text': "And as we start thinking about things about AI ethics and so on, that's something one has to address.", 'start': 1250.673, 'duration': 6.082}], 'summary': 'Ai ethics raises questions about potential harm and the need for clarity in defining harm in autonomous cars.', 'duration': 39.141, 'max_score': 1217.614, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1217614.jpg'}, {'end': 1349.511, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1323.573, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1335.121, 'text': 'Hard to know in terms of the attempt to do elaborate things and the attempt to might be counterproductive for the survival of the species.', 'start': 1323.573, 'duration': 11.548}, {'end': 1340.204, 'text': "For instance, I think it's also a little bit hard to know.", 'start': 1336.002, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 1344.447, 'text': "So okay, let's take that as a sort of thought experiment.", 'start': 1340.224, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 1349.511, 'text': 'okay?. You can say well, what are the threats that we might have to survive?', 'start': 1344.447, 'duration': 5.064}], 'summary': 'Difficulty predicting survival threats due to complexity', 'duration': 25.938, 'max_score': 1323.573, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1323573.jpg'}, {'end': 1425.088, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1402.408, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1414.639, 'text': 'then you can run a company just fine for five years by just taking what it does and removing all R&D, and the company will burn out after a while.', 'start': 1402.408, 'duration': 12.231}, {'end': 1416.32, 'text': "but it'll run just fine for a little while.", 'start': 1414.639, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 1420.123, 'text': 'So, if you tell the AI keep the humans okay for a thousand years?', 'start': 1416.38, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 1425.088, 'text': "there's probably a certain set of things that one would do to optimize that, many of which one might say well,", 'start': 1420.123, 'duration': 4.965}], 'summary': 'Running a company without r&d can last 5 years before burning out.', 'duration': 22.68, 'max_score': 1402.408, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1402408.jpg'}, {'end': 1464.728, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1443.079, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1454.565, 'text': "one of the good things about what our civilization has gone through and what we humans go through is that there's a certain computational irreducibility to it,", 'start': 1443.079, 'duration': 11.486}, {'end': 1459.607, 'text': "in the sense that it isn't the case that you can look from the outside and just say The answer is going to be this", 'start': 1454.565, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 1461.988, 'text': "At the end of the day, this is what's going to happen.", 'start': 1460.407, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 1464.728, 'text': 'You actually have to go through the process to find out.', 'start': 1462.528, 'duration': 2.2}], 'summary': 'Civilization and human experiences involve computational irreducibility, requiring the process to find out the answer.', 'duration': 21.649, 'max_score': 1443.079, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1443079.jpg'}, {'end': 1687.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1661.218, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 1666.26, 'text': "If you were just- Does it have regularity? Absolutely, it's full of, I mean, physics is successful.", 'start': 1661.218, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 1672.023, 'text': "It's full of laws that tell us a lot of detail about how the universe works.", 'start': 1666.541, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 1676.826, 'text': 'I mean, it could be the case that the 10 to the 90th particles in the universe, they all do their own thing.', 'start': 1672.203, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 1678.827, 'text': "But they don't.", 'start': 1677.386, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1687.675, 'text': "We already know they all follow basically the same physical laws, and that's a very profound fact about the universe.", 'start': 1678.887, 'duration': 8.788}], 'summary': 'Physics reveals regularity in universe with 10^90 particles following same laws.', 'duration': 26.457, 'max_score': 1661.218, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1661218.jpg'}], 'start': 644.912, 'title': 'Human uniqueness, communication, ai, and universe', 'summary': "Explores human uniqueness, alien communication, ai's role in long-term survival, and computation's implications on understanding the universe. it delves into the lack of special attributes in human existence, challenges of creating techno signatures, interpreting alien communication, and the nature of computation in understanding the universe, discussing rapid technological advancements and existential threats.", 'chapters': [{'end': 781.503, 'start': 644.912, 'title': 'The story of science and human uniqueness', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of special attributes in human existence, highlighting the liberating realization that the uniqueness lies in the details of human history and civilization, not in abstract attributes shared by others.', 'duration': 136.591, 'highlights': ['The uniqueness of human existence lies in the details of our history and civilization, not in abstract attributes shared by others. Realizing that the details of human history and civilization are what make humans unique, rather than abstract attributes shared by others, is a liberating realization.', 'The story of science and human existence reveals the absence of special attributes, highlighting the lack of uniqueness in abstract attributes shared by others. The story of science unveils the absence of special attributes in human existence, emphasizing that abstract attributes shared by others do not define human uniqueness.', 'Monoliths in 2001: Space Odyssey signify engineered perfection, prompting intriguing questions about their role in sparking intelligent computation in humans. The monoliths in 2001: Space Odyssey, depicted as perfect cuboid objects, raise questions about their role in sparking intelligent computation in humans and signify a level of engineered perfection.']}, {'end': 1053.543, 'start': 781.563, 'title': 'Techno signature and communication', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenge of creating a techno signature to communicate intelligence and intention to potential extraterrestrial life, debating the effectiveness of different forms of communication such as math and physical artifacts, and highlighting the rapid technological advancements that render past methods obsolete.', 'duration': 271.98, 'highlights': ['The challenge of creating a techno signature to communicate intelligence and intention to potential extraterrestrial life. The chapter raises the question of how to demonstrate intelligence and intention through a techno signature for potential extraterrestrial life, reflecting on the difficulty of determining the right signature to convey these concepts.', 'Debating the effectiveness of different forms of communication such as math and physical artifacts. The discussion explores the effectiveness of various forms of communication, including the debate over whether math or physical artifacts would be the most effective means of representing human intelligence and achievements to extraterrestrial life.', 'Highlighting the rapid technological advancements that render past methods obsolete. The chapter points out the rapid evolution of technology, exemplified by the obsolete nature of a diagram on a phonograph record from the late 70s/early 80s, indicating the cautionary tale of technological advancement in communication methods.']}, {'end': 1297.21, 'start': 1054.083, 'title': 'Understanding alien communication', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of interpreting alien communication, the relevance of ai interpretability, and the ethical implications, emphasizing the need for a clear objective in natural language understanding and the complexities of applying human-centric ethics to ai.', 'duration': 243.127, 'highlights': ['The need for a clear objective in natural language understanding to turn it into a computational language that can be utilized effectively. Emphasizes the importance of having a clear objective for natural language understanding to enable practical utilization.', 'The complexities of applying human-centric ethics to AI due to differing human desires and the absence of an abstract, universally applicable ethical framework. Discusses the difficulty of applying universal ethical frameworks to AI due to diverse human desires and the absence of a universally applicable ethical framework.', 'The trade-offs and complexities in ethical considerations, with a focus on the maximization of the survival likelihood of the species as a computational approach to ethics. Addresses the trade-offs and complexities in ethical considerations and suggests the maximization of the survival likelihood of the species as a computational approach to ethics.', 'The relevance of AI interpretability and the challenges in interpreting alien communication, emphasizing the need for clarity in understanding and communication. Discusses the relevance of AI interpretability and the challenges in interpreting alien communication, emphasizing the need for clarity in understanding and communication.']}, {'end': 1464.728, 'start': 1298.41, 'title': 'Ai and the long-term survival', 'summary': "Explores the challenges of ensuring the long-term survival of the human species, considering existential issues, threats like super volcanoes and asteroid impacts, and the complexities of defining 'long term' in the context of ai optimization for the next thousand years.", 'duration': 166.318, 'highlights': ["Defining 'long term' in the context of AI optimization for the next thousand years, considering the potential impact on the future of history.", 'Exploring the challenges and complexities of ensuring the long-term survival of the human species, including existential issues and threats like super volcanoes and asteroid impacts.', 'Discussing the computational irreducibility and undecidability of predicting the future of civilization and the human species.']}, {'end': 1922.039, 'start': 1465.269, 'title': 'The nature of computation and its implications on understanding the universe', 'summary': "Discusses the implications of computation on understanding the universe, including the challenges of predicting the universe's outcomes and the search for a fundamental theory of physics. it also explores the robust concept of computation transcending different frameworks and the potential connection between computation and energy and mass.", 'duration': 456.77, 'highlights': ["The challenges of predicting the universe's outcomes and the implications of undecidability, particularly in the context of infinite computation and the complexity of the universe.", 'The search for a fundamental theory of physics and the exploration of the fundamental nature of reality from a physics perspective, including conversations with quantum mechanics experts.', "The robust concept of computation transcending different frameworks, such as Turing machines, CMOS silicon CPUs, and fluid systems, and its connection to the universe's existence.", 'The potential connection between energy, mass, and computation, and the exploration of their intricate relationships in the context of fundamental physics and the current lack of a known connection.']}], 'duration': 1277.127, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA644912.jpg', 'highlights': ['The story of science unveils the absence of special attributes in human existence, emphasizing that abstract attributes shared by others do not define human uniqueness.', 'Monoliths in 2001: Space Odyssey raise questions about their role in sparking intelligent computation in humans and signify a level of engineered perfection.', 'The challenge of creating a techno signature to communicate intelligence and intention to potential extraterrestrial life.', 'Highlighting the rapid technological advancements that render past methods obsolete, exemplified by the obsolete nature of a diagram on a phonograph record from the late 70s/early 80s.', 'Emphasizes the importance of having a clear objective for natural language understanding to enable practical utilization.', 'Addresses the trade-offs and complexities in ethical considerations and suggests the maximization of the survival likelihood of the species as a computational approach to ethics.', 'Discusses the relevance of AI interpretability and the challenges in interpreting alien communication, emphasizing the need for clarity in understanding and communication.', 'Exploring the challenges and complexities of ensuring the long-term survival of the human species, including existential issues and threats like super volcanoes and asteroid impacts.', 'Discussing the computational irreducibility and undecidability of predicting the future of civilization and the human species.', "The challenges of predicting the universe's outcomes and the implications of undecidability, particularly in the context of infinite computation and the complexity of the universe.", "The robust concept of computation transcending different frameworks, such as Turing machines, CMOS silicon CPUs, and fluid systems, and its connection to the universe's existence.", 'The potential connection between energy, mass, and computation, and the exploration of their intricate relationships in the context of fundamental physics and the current lack of a known connection.']}, {'end': 3491.729, 'segs': [{'end': 2035.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2007.842, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2016.248, 'text': "So what he essentially did was to show that arithmetic can be a computer in a sense that's capable of representing all kinds of other things.", 'start': 2007.842, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 2020.518, 'text': 'And then Turing came along in 1936, came up with Turing machines.', 'start': 2017.116, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 2023.74, 'text': 'Meanwhile, Alonzo Church had come up with lambda calculus.', 'start': 2021.159, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 2035.268, 'text': 'And the surprising thing that was established very quickly is the Turing machine idea about what computation might be is exactly the same as the lambda calculus idea of what computation might be.', 'start': 2024.581, 'duration': 10.687}], 'summary': 'Arithmetic can function as a computer, as shown by turing and church in 1936, with turing machines and lambda calculus.', 'duration': 27.426, 'max_score': 2007.842, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA2007842.jpg'}, {'end': 2071.152, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2046.835, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2053.5, 'text': 'So, in other words, it might have been the case, like those old adding machines and multiplying machines, that Turing had his idea of computation,', 'start': 2046.835, 'duration': 6.665}, {'end': 2056.242, 'text': 'Church had his idea of computation, and they were just different.', 'start': 2053.5, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 2057.543, 'text': "But it isn't true.", 'start': 2056.842, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 2059.643, 'text': "They're actually all equivalent.", 'start': 2058.003, 'duration': 1.64}, {'end': 2071.152, 'text': 'So then, by, I would say, the 1970s or so, in sort of the computation, computer science, computation theory area, people had sort of said oh Turing,', 'start': 2060.264, 'duration': 10.888}], 'summary': 'Turing and church had different ideas of computation, but they are proven to be equivalent by the 1970s.', 'duration': 24.317, 'max_score': 2046.835, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA2046835.jpg'}, {'end': 2107.786, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2080.396, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2083.317, 'text': "We've got all these real numbers that have infinite numbers of digits.", 'start': 2080.396, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 2085.097, 'text': 'The universe is not a Turing machine.', 'start': 2083.717, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 2093.92, 'text': 'Right The Turing machines are a small subset of the things that we make in microprocessors and engineering structures and so on.', 'start': 2085.297, 'duration': 8.623}, {'end': 2103.283, 'text': 'So probably actually through my work in the 1980s about sort of the relationship between computation and models of physics,', 'start': 2094.54, 'duration': 8.743}, {'end': 2107.786, 'text': 'it became a little less clear that there would be,', 'start': 2104.183, 'duration': 3.603}], 'summary': 'Real numbers have infinite digits, universe not a turing machine, computation & physics relationship unclear.', 'duration': 27.39, 'max_score': 2080.396, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA2080396.jpg'}], 'start': 1922.079, 'title': 'Evolution of computation', 'summary': 'Traces the historical evolution of mechanical calculators, the development of computational equivalence, the potential reduction of physics to mathematics, and the cognitive capacity for understanding complex concepts, highlighting key milestones and raising thought-provoking questions about the nature of computation and its implications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1962.503, 'start': 1922.079, 'title': 'Evolution of mechanical calculators', 'summary': 'Discusses the historical evolution of mechanical calculators, highlighting the disjoint notion of computation among adding and multiplying machines 150 years ago, prior to the emergence of a robust notion of computation around 1900.', 'duration': 40.424, 'highlights': ['The emergence of mechanical calculators 150 years ago led to a disjoint notion of computation between adding and multiplying machines, lacking a robust notion of computation. (150 years ago)', 'Prior to 1900, there existed separate pieces of hardware for adding and multiplying machines, resulting in a lack of a robust notion of computation. (prior to 1900)']}, {'end': 2571.14, 'start': 1962.503, 'title': 'Equivalence in computation and its implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the historical development of computation, from primitive recursion to the principle of computational equivalence, and the equivalence of turing machines, lambda calculus, and other computational representations, leading to the notion that sophisticated computation is ubiquitous, even in systems with simple rules, eventually culminating in the idea of a universal turing machine and the principle of computational equivalence, which raises questions about the equivalence of the physical world and the potential for a definitive answer.', 'duration': 608.637, 'highlights': ['The equivalence of Turing machines, lambda calculus, and other computational representations. Turing, Church, and other computational representations were found to be equivalent, leading to the notion that sophisticated computation is ubiquitous, even in systems with simple rules.', 'The historical development of computation, from primitive recursion to the principle of computational equivalence. The historical development of computation is discussed, from primitive recursion to the principle of computational equivalence.', 'The idea of a universal Turing machine and the principle of computational equivalence. The concept of a universal Turing machine and the principle of computational equivalence is introduced, which raises questions about the equivalence of the physical world and the potential for a definitive answer.']}, {'end': 3110.312, 'start': 2571.16, 'title': 'Fundamental theory of physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential reduction of physics to a branch of mathematics with the discovery of a fundamental theory, exploring the concept of the universe as computational and the search for a structureless computational infrastructure, posing questions about the underlying nature of space and time and the role of infinity in the laws of physics.', 'duration': 539.152, 'highlights': ['The potential reduction of physics to a branch of mathematics with the discovery of a fundamental theory The discovery of a fundamental theory for physics could lead to the reduction of physics to a branch of mathematics, simplifying the problem of understanding the physical universe to solving difficult mathematical problems.', 'Exploring the concept of the universe as computational and the search for a structureless computational infrastructure The discussion delves into the exploration of the universe as computational and the search for a structureless computational infrastructure underlying the laws of physics, raising questions about the nature of space and time.', 'Posing questions about the underlying nature of space and time and the role of infinity in the laws of physics The chapter raises questions about the underlying nature of space and time, including the potential role of infinity in the laws of physics, and discusses the possibility of a continuum for everything in the universe.']}, {'end': 3491.729, 'start': 3110.312, 'title': 'Understanding cognitive capacity', 'summary': 'Discusses the human cognitive capacity for understanding and the challenges in comprehending complex concepts, such as building cognitive waypoints for comprehension and the implications of computational irreducibility on human understanding of the universe.', 'duration': 381.417, 'highlights': ['The concept of building cognitive waypoints to understand complex concepts such as 21st-century mathematics and language is discussed, highlighting the challenges and strategies for comprehension.', "The principle of computational irreducibility is explored, emphasizing its implications on human understanding and the limitations in predicting the universe's rules and behaviors.", 'The discussion delves into the idea of observers in the universe and their ability to understand the universe, drawing attention to the reliance on pockets of computational reducibility for comprehension and the impact of this on scientific understanding.']}], 'duration': 1569.65, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA1922079.jpg', 'highlights': ['The emergence of mechanical calculators 150 years ago led to a disjoint notion of computation between adding and multiplying machines, lacking a robust notion of computation. (150 years ago)', 'The equivalence of Turing machines, lambda calculus, and other computational representations. Turing, Church, and other computational representations were found to be equivalent, leading to the notion that sophisticated computation is ubiquitous, even in systems with simple rules.', 'The potential reduction of physics to a branch of mathematics with the discovery of a fundamental theory The discovery of a fundamental theory for physics could lead to the reduction of physics to a branch of mathematics, simplifying the problem of understanding the physical universe to solving difficult mathematical problems.', 'The concept of building cognitive waypoints to understand complex concepts such as 21st-century mathematics and language is discussed, highlighting the challenges and strategies for comprehension.']}, {'end': 4703.019, 'segs': [{'end': 4194.503, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4170.305, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4179.192, 'text': 'Well turns out, this sort of change of the microscopic rewriting order is essentially equivalent to a change of reference frame,', 'start': 4170.305, 'duration': 8.887}, {'end': 4181.734, 'text': "or at least there's a sub part of how that works.", 'start': 4179.192, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 4183.215, 'text': "that's equivalent to change of reference frame.", 'start': 4181.734, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4187.758, 'text': 'So, somewhat surprisingly, and sort of for the first time in forever,', 'start': 4183.755, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 4194.503, 'text': "it's possible for an underlying microscopic theory to imply special relativity to be able to derive it.", 'start': 4188.578, 'duration': 5.925}], 'summary': 'Microscopic rewriting implies special relativity, surprising and significant for underlying theory.', 'duration': 24.198, 'max_score': 4170.305, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA4170305.jpg'}, {'end': 4261.809, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4233.889, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4239.093, 'text': "A fundamental level, all you've got is a bunch of nodes connected by hyper-edges or whatever.", 'start': 4233.889, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 4240.514, 'text': "So there's no time, there's no space.", 'start': 4239.173, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 4241.234, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 4240.834, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 4246.338, 'text': "But the thing is that it's just like imagining, imagine you're just dealing with a graph.", 'start': 4242.095, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 4252.922, 'text': 'And imagine you have something like a honeycomb graph where you have a bunch of hexagons.', 'start': 4246.978, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 4256.805, 'text': "That graph, at a microscopic level, it's just a bunch of nodes connected to other nodes.", 'start': 4252.982, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 4261.809, 'text': 'But at a macroscopic level, you say, that looks like a honeycomb lattice.', 'start': 4257.246, 'duration': 4.563}], 'summary': 'Nodes connected by hyper-edges form a honeycomb lattice at a macroscopic level.', 'duration': 27.92, 'max_score': 4233.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA4233889.jpg'}, {'end': 4556.482, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4479.743, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4488.268, 'text': 'Now, can we make a sort of almost theological conclusion from being able to know how our particular universe works? Interesting question.', 'start': 4479.743, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 4492.211, 'text': "I don't think that if you ask the question,", 'start': 4488.968, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 4499.097, 'text': "could we and it relates again to this question about the extraterrestrial intelligence we've got the rule for the universe.", 'start': 4492.211, 'duration': 6.886}, {'end': 4502.54, 'text': 'Was it built on purpose? Hard to say.', 'start': 4499.697, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 4513.95, 'text': "That's the same thing as saying we see a signal that we're receiving from some random star somewhere, and it's a series of pulses,", 'start': 4502.88, 'duration': 11.07}, {'end': 4516.352, 'text': "and it's a periodic series of pulses, let's say", 'start': 4513.95, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 4518.074, 'text': 'Was that done on purpose?', 'start': 4516.992, 'duration': 1.082}, {'end': 4520.938, 'text': 'Can we conclude something about the origin of that series of pulses?', 'start': 4518.134, 'duration': 2.804}, {'end': 4528.95, 'text': "Just because it's elegant does not necessarily mean that somebody created it or that we can even comprehend.", 'start': 4521.379, 'duration': 7.571}, {'end': 4532.154, 'text': "Yeah, I think it's the ultimate version of..", 'start': 4528.97, 'duration': 3.184}, {'end': 4537.157, 'text': 'the sort of identification of the technosignature question.', 'start': 4533.416, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 4538.717, 'text': "It's the ultimate version of that.", 'start': 4537.177, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 4541.538, 'text': 'Was our universe a piece of technology, so to speak?', 'start': 4538.777, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 4547.24, 'text': 'And how on earth would we know?', 'start': 4541.998, 'duration': 5.242}, {'end': 4554.241, 'text': "In the kind of crazy science fiction thing you could imagine, you could say oh, there's going to be a signature there.", 'start': 4547.28, 'duration': 6.961}, {'end': 4556.482, 'text': "It's going to be made by so-and-so.", 'start': 4554.301, 'duration': 2.181}], 'summary': 'Exploring the possibility of our universe being a piece of technology or having a purpose, and the challenges in drawing conclusions from extraterrestrial signals.', 'duration': 76.739, 'max_score': 4479.743, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA4479743.jpg'}, {'end': 4666.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4639.718, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4644.42, 'text': 'I mean, the only substrate we have is that same substrate that the universe is operating in.', 'start': 4639.718, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 4652.445, 'text': 'So if the universe is a bunch of hypergraphs being rewritten, then we get to attach ourselves to those same hypergraphs being rewritten.', 'start': 4645.04, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 4658.829, 'text': 'And if you ask the question is the code clean??', 'start': 4653.246, 'duration': 5.583}, {'end': 4663.392, 'text': 'Can we write nice, elegant code with efficient algorithms and so on??', 'start': 4659.99, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 4666.475, 'text': "Well, that's an interesting question.", 'start': 4664.974, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': 'The universe operates on hypergraphs, influencing our ability to write efficient code.', 'duration': 26.757, 'max_score': 4639.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA4639718.jpg'}], 'start': 3492.129, 'title': 'Quantum mechanics, hypergraphs, and universe creation', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of observers in quantum mechanics, challenges in verifying quantum computers, potential link between human consciousness and the universe, a new structure based on hypergraphs representing the universe, abstract universe theory, and the possibility of fundamental hypergraph rule governing universe creation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3683.429, 'start': 3492.129, 'title': "Quantum mechanics and observer's role", 'summary': 'Discusses the role of observers in quantum mechanics, the challenges in verifying quantum computers, and the potential link between human consciousness and the universe, with emphasis on the difficulty in reconciling quantum mechanics with our experience of definite events.', 'duration': 191.3, 'highlights': ['The challenges in verifying quantum computers, with companies unable to provide direct access to their quantum computers for testing, indicating the difficulty in distinguishing between a real quantum computer and a simulator.', "The potential link between human consciousness and the universe, with a theory proposing how human consciousness may relate to observations in the universe through quantum mechanics, highlighting the complexity of understanding the observer's role in quantum phenomena.", 'The difficulty in reconciling quantum mechanics with our experience of definite events, as quantum mechanics operates based on amplitudes for different outcomes while human consciousness perceives definite events, illustrating the fundamental disparity between quantum mechanics and human experience.', 'The role of observers in quantum mechanics, where the ability to see individual molecules would lead to different conclusions about thermodynamics, highlighting the limitations in perceiving large-scale features and the aggregate behavior of molecules.']}, {'end': 3830.629, 'start': 3683.429, 'title': 'Structure of hypergraphs', 'summary': 'Discusses a new structureless structure based on hypergraphs, where everything imagined as a plausible type of structureless structure is equivalent, representing the whole universe through a collection of tuples and their relations.', 'duration': 147.2, 'highlights': ['The model is a little bit like what happened with computation, where everything that is imagined as a plausible type of structureless structure is equivalent to hypergraphs.', 'The new structureless structure represents the whole universe through a collection of tuples, where the only relation is when a symbol is the same in two tuples, signifying a relation.']}, {'end': 4252.922, 'start': 3831.77, 'title': 'Abstract universe theory', 'summary': 'Discusses the abstract concept of hypergraphs, transformation rules, causal network, and its implications, including the property of causal invariance implying special relativity and the emergence of time and space from the system.', 'duration': 421.152, 'highlights': ['The property of causal invariance implies special relativity, allowing for a change of reference frame and implying that the laws of physics are the same independent of the reference frame. The property of causal invariance implies special relativity, allowing for a change of reference frame and implying that the laws of physics are the same independent of the reference frame.', 'Certain kinds of microscopic rewriting rules result in the causal network being independent of the microscopic order of rewritings, akin to the Church-Rossa property or the confluence property of rewrite rules. Certain kinds of microscopic rewriting rules result in the causal network being independent of the microscopic order of rewritings, akin to the Church-Rossa property or the confluence property of rewrite rules.', 'The concept of time and space emerges from the system, as at a fundamental level, there is no time or space, but rather a collection of nodes connected by hyper-edges. The concept of time and space emerges from the system, as at a fundamental level, there is no time or space, but rather a collection of nodes connected by hyper-edges.']}, {'end': 4703.019, 'start': 4252.982, 'title': 'Fundamental universe creation', 'summary': 'Explores the possibility of a fundamental hypergraph rule governing the creation of the universe, its simplicity, and the implications of engineering a simulation of the universe, while also questioning the uniqueness of our simple universe amidst other complex possibilities.', 'duration': 450.037, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the search for a hypergraph rule that gives three-dimensional space, with the current answer being 'not yet', leaving the possibility open for speculation and exploration. The quest for finding a hypergraph rule for three-dimensional space is highlighted, indicating the current uncertainty and potential for further investigation.", 'The speaker expresses the elegance and beauty of a simple rule giving rise to the universe, highlighting the emergence of space, time, and matter from a low-level system. The concept of a simple rule leading to the emergence of fundamental aspects of the universe is emphasized, showcasing the elegance and beauty of such a concept.', "The speaker ponders on the potential implications of discovering a simple rule governing the universe, including its theological and existential significance, and the possibility of our universe being a simulation or a technological creation. The speaker's contemplation of the theological and existential implications of discovering a simple rule for the universe is highlighted, along with the intriguing consideration of our universe being a simulation or a technological creation."]}], 'duration': 1210.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA3492129.jpg', 'highlights': ['The challenges in verifying quantum computers, with companies unable to provide direct access to their quantum computers for testing, indicating the difficulty in distinguishing between a real quantum computer and a simulator.', "The potential link between human consciousness and the universe, with a theory proposing how human consciousness may relate to observations in the universe through quantum mechanics, highlighting the complexity of understanding the observer's role in quantum phenomena.", 'The difficulty in reconciling quantum mechanics with our experience of definite events, as quantum mechanics operates based on amplitudes for different outcomes while human consciousness perceives definite events, illustrating the fundamental disparity between quantum mechanics and human experience.', 'The role of observers in quantum mechanics, where the ability to see individual molecules would lead to different conclusions about thermodynamics, highlighting the limitations in perceiving large-scale features and the aggregate behavior of molecules.', 'The concept of a simple rule leading to the emergence of fundamental aspects of the universe is emphasized, showcasing the elegance and beauty of such a concept.', "The speaker's contemplation of the theological and existential implications of discovering a simple rule for the universe is highlighted, along with the intriguing consideration of our universe being a simulation or a technological creation.", 'The model is a little bit like what happened with computation, where everything that is imagined as a plausible type of structureless structure is equivalent to hypergraphs.', 'The new structureless structure represents the whole universe through a collection of tuples, where the only relation is when a symbol is the same in two tuples, signifying a relation.', 'The property of causal invariance implies special relativity, allowing for a change of reference frame and implying that the laws of physics are the same independent of the reference frame.', 'Certain kinds of microscopic rewriting rules result in the causal network being independent of the microscopic order of rewritings, akin to the Church-Rossa property or the confluence property of rewrite rules.', 'The concept of time and space emerges from the system, as at a fundamental level, there is no time or space, but rather a collection of nodes connected by hyper-edges.', 'The quest for finding a hypergraph rule for three-dimensional space is highlighted, indicating the current uncertainty and potential for further investigation.']}, {'end': 5427.336, 'segs': [{'end': 5093.079, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5069.361, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5076.547, 'text': "If it isn't right, then the designer of the universe should feel embarrassed, so to speak, because it's a really good way to do it.", 'start': 5069.361, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 5079.67, 'text': 'In your intuition in terms of designing the universe?', 'start': 5077.007, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 5080.791, 'text': 'does God play dice??', 'start': 5079.67, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5085.615, 'text': 'Is there randomness in this thing or is it deterministic??', 'start': 5081.531, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 5093.079, 'text': "That's a little bit of a complicated question, because when you're dealing with these things that involve these rewrites that have….", 'start': 5086.555, 'duration': 6.524}], 'summary': 'Debating determinism and randomness in the universe.', 'duration': 23.718, 'max_score': 5069.361, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5069361.jpg'}, {'end': 5158.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5106.245, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5115.071, 'text': 'the current idea that we have about measurement in quantum mechanics is something very bizarre and very abstract,', 'start': 5106.245, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 5121.195, 'text': "and I don't think I can yet explain it without yacking about very technical things.", 'start': 5115.071, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 5127.74, 'text': "Eventually I will be able to, but if that's right, it's a weird thing,", 'start': 5121.435, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 5135.005, 'text': "because it slices between determinism and randomness in a weird way that hasn't been sliced before, so to speak.", 'start': 5127.74, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 5139.848, 'text': "So, like many of these questions that come up in science where it's like, is it this or is it that??", 'start': 5135.245, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 5141.189, 'text': 'Turns out.', 'start': 5140.709, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 5143.011, 'text': "the real answer is it's neither of those things.", 'start': 5141.189, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 5148.515, 'text': "It's something kind of different and sort of orthogonal to those categories.", 'start': 5143.091, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 5153.258, 'text': "And so that's the current, this week's idea about how that might work.", 'start': 5148.955, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 5158.362, 'text': "But we'll see how that unfolds.", 'start': 5154.179, 'duration': 4.183}], 'summary': 'Quantum mechanics challenges determinism and randomness, offering a unique perspective.', 'duration': 52.117, 'max_score': 5106.245, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5106245.jpg'}, {'end': 5339.311, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5311.429, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5316.031, 'text': 'And Dick Feynman always used to say, what do we know about running companies? Just let them run their company.', 'start': 5311.429, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 5321.916, 'text': 'But anyway, he was not into that kind of thing.', 'start': 5316.631, 'duration': 5.285}, {'end': 5327.781, 'text': 'And he always thought that my interest in doing things like running companies was a distraction, so to speak.', 'start': 5321.936, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 5339.311, 'text': "And for me, it's a mechanism to have a more effective machine for actually getting things, figuring things out and getting things to happen.", 'start': 5328.862, 'duration': 10.449}], 'summary': 'Feynman believed in letting companies run themselves, while the speaker sees running companies as a means to enhance effectiveness.', 'duration': 27.882, 'max_score': 5311.429, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5311429.jpg'}], 'start': 4703.019, 'title': 'The quest for fundamental physics', 'summary': 'Explores the quest for the fundamental theory of physics, addressing challenges in understanding reality and the potential impact of finding underlying rules, while delving into the complexities of quantum mechanics and the challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies and the interplay between determinism and randomness.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5069.321, 'start': 4703.019, 'title': 'Quest for fundamental physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the quest to find the fundamental theory of physics, the challenges in understanding the nature of reality, and the potential impact of finding the underlying rules on unifying quantum field theory and general relativity.', 'duration': 366.302, 'highlights': ['The quest to find the fundamental theory of physics is discussed, highlighting the challenges in understanding the nature of reality and the potential impact of finding the underlying rules on unifying quantum field theory and general relativity. Quest for fundamental theory of physics, challenges in understanding reality, potential impact on unifying quantum field theory and general relativity.', 'The age and stability of the current basic theories of physics are emphasized, with quantum field theory and general relativity being 100 years old and the need for potentially different foundations informed by computation and the computational universe. Age and stability of current basic theories, potential need for different foundations informed by computation.', "The cautionary tale of attempting projects ahead of their time is shared, referencing Leibniz's efforts to encapsulate the world's knowledge in a computational form in the late 1600s, and the potential implications of timing in scientific endeavors. Cautionary tale of attempting projects ahead of their time, implications of timing in scientific endeavors."]}, {'end': 5427.336, 'start': 5069.361, 'title': 'The nature of physics and the quest for fundamental theory', 'summary': 'Delves into the complexities of quantum mechanics and the challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies and the interplay between determinism and randomness.', 'duration': 357.975, 'highlights': ['The current idea about measurement in quantum mechanics challenges the traditional concepts of determinism and randomness, introducing a novel perspective on the subject. The current idea about measurement in quantum mechanics challenges the traditional concepts of determinism and randomness, introducing a novel perspective on the subject.', 'The evolution of scientific methodologies and the interplay between determinism and randomness is explored as the field of physics grapples with rewriting its foundations. The evolution of scientific methodologies and the interplay between determinism and randomness is explored as the field of physics grapples with rewriting its foundations.', 'The challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies are discussed, highlighting the complexities of quantum mechanics. The challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies are discussed, highlighting the complexities of quantum mechanics.']}], 'duration': 724.317, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA4703019.jpg', 'highlights': ['Quest for fundamental theory of physics, challenges in understanding reality, potential impact on unifying quantum field theory and general relativity.', 'Age and stability of current basic theories, potential need for different foundations informed by computation.', 'The cautionary tale of attempting projects ahead of their time, implications of timing in scientific endeavors.', 'The current idea about measurement in quantum mechanics challenges the traditional concepts of determinism and randomness, introducing a novel perspective on the subject.', 'The evolution of scientific methodologies and the interplay between determinism and randomness is explored as the field of physics grapples with rewriting its foundations.', 'The challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies are discussed, highlighting the complexities of quantum mechanics.']}, {'end': 5858.983, 'segs': [{'end': 5520.638, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5495.56, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5504.206, 'text': 'And so he would do these things where he would do some complicated calculation in quantum field theory, for example, come out with a result.', 'start': 5495.56, 'duration': 8.646}, {'end': 5508.009, 'text': "He wouldn't tell anybody about the complicated calculation because he thought that was easy.", 'start': 5504.226, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 5513.272, 'text': 'He thought the really impressive thing was to have this simple intuition about how everything works.', 'start': 5508.349, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 5515.214, 'text': 'So he invented that at the end.', 'start': 5513.813, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5520.638, 'text': "And because he'd done this calculation and knew how it worked, it was a lot easier.", 'start': 5516.094, 'duration': 4.544}], 'summary': 'Physicist simplifies quantum field theory, emphasizes simple intuition over complex calculations.', 'duration': 25.078, 'max_score': 5495.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5495560.jpg'}, {'end': 5588.059, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5555.323, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5557.004, 'text': 'And the typical mode of..', 'start': 5555.323, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 5566.573, 'text': "I mean he always used to say and I now think about this because I'm about the age that he was when I worked with him and I see the people who are one-third my age,", 'start': 5558.725, 'duration': 7.848}, {'end': 5573, 'text': 'so to speak and he was always complaining that I was one-third his age and therefore various things.', 'start': 5566.573, 'duration': 6.427}, {'end': 5579.646, 'text': 'But he would do some calculation by hand on Blackboard and things to come up with some answer.', 'start': 5573.54, 'duration': 6.106}, {'end': 5582.151, 'text': "I'd say, I don't understand this.", 'start': 5580.649, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 5588.059, 'text': "I do something with a computer and he'd say, I don't understand this.", 'start': 5583.333, 'duration': 4.726}], 'summary': 'A senior employee complained about the age gap and preferred manual calculations over computer-based ones.', 'duration': 32.736, 'max_score': 5555.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5555323.jpg'}], 'start': 5427.716, 'title': "Feynman's quantum insights", 'summary': "Delves into feynman's intuitive frameworks for quantum field theory, his work on quantum computing in the 1980s, and his struggle with the intersection of intuition and computation, offering insights into his methodologies and historical shifts in physics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5532.027, 'start': 5427.716, 'title': "Feynman's intuitive frameworks", 'summary': "Discusses feynman's intuitive frameworks for understanding difficult concepts and his approach to calculations in quantum field theory, highlighting his ability to systematize integrals and the difference between his methods and current methods.", 'duration': 104.311, 'highlights': ["Feynman's attempt to systematize integrals and calculations in particle physics in the 50s, which differs from the current methods used.", "Feynman's remarkable ability to create intuitive frameworks for understanding difficult concepts in quantum field theory.", "Feynman's belief that complex calculations were easy and his emphasis on having a simple intuition about how everything works."]}, {'end': 5697.727, 'start': 5533.068, 'title': "Feynman's work on quantum computing", 'summary': "Highlights richard feynman's work on quantum computing in the 1980s, including his use of manual calculations and contributions to understanding the measurement process, with a mention of the recurring nature of scientific and technological progress.", 'duration': 164.659, 'highlights': ["Feynman's use of manual calculations and understanding of quantum computing's measurement process in the 1980s", 'Recurring nature of scientific and technological progress', "Feynman's work on quantum computers in 1980-81 before it became widely known"]}, {'end': 5858.983, 'start': 5697.747, 'title': "Feynman's view on intuition and computation", 'summary': "Discusses feynman's struggle with the idea that intuition cannot comprehend computational behavior, and wolfram's approach of discovering complexity through computational enumeration and open-mindedness, revealing the historical shift from reductionistic physics to building computational tools.", 'duration': 161.236, 'highlights': ["Wolfram's approach of enumerating all possible rules and observing the resulting behavior is highlighted, revealing the computational method used to discover complexity.", 'The dichotomy between intuition and experimental science is emphasized, showing the struggle to accept that intuition cannot comprehend irreducible computational behavior.', "The historical shift from reductionistic physics to building computational tools is discussed, demonstrating Wolfram's transition and open-mindedness towards computational exploration."]}], 'duration': 431.267, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5427716.jpg', 'highlights': ["Feynman's remarkable ability to create intuitive frameworks for understanding difficult concepts in quantum field theory.", "Feynman's belief that complex calculations were easy and his emphasis on having a simple intuition about how everything works.", "Feynman's attempt to systematize integrals and calculations in particle physics in the 50s, which differs from the current methods used.", "Feynman's use of manual calculations and understanding of quantum computing's measurement process in the 1980s.", "The historical shift from reductionistic physics to building computational tools is discussed, demonstrating Wolfram's transition and open-mindedness towards computational exploration.", "Wolfram's approach of enumerating all possible rules and observing the resulting behavior is highlighted, revealing the computational method used to discover complexity.", 'The dichotomy between intuition and experimental science is emphasized, showing the struggle to accept that intuition cannot comprehend irreducible computational behavior.']}, {'end': 6315.931, 'segs': [{'end': 5996.571, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5948.578, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5956.783, 'text': "The distance between building the paradigm that allows you to actually understand stuff or allows one to be open to seeing what's going on.", 'start': 5948.578, 'duration': 8.205}, {'end': 5958.444, 'text': "that's really hard.", 'start': 5956.783, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5969.771, 'text': "I've been fortunate in my life that I've spent a lot of my time building computational language, and that's an activity that, in a sense,", 'start': 5959.125, 'duration': 10.646}, {'end': 5979.078, 'text': 'works by sort of having to kind of create another level of abstraction and kind of be open to different kinds of structures.', 'start': 5969.771, 'duration': 9.307}, {'end': 5989.246, 'text': "But it's always I mean I'm fully aware of, I suppose, the fact that I have seen it a bunch of times of how easy it is to miss the obvious,", 'start': 5979.138, 'duration': 10.108}, {'end': 5989.786, 'text': 'so to speak.', 'start': 5989.246, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 5996.571, 'text': 'That at least is factored into my attempt to not miss the obvious, although it may not succeed.', 'start': 5990.306, 'duration': 6.265}], 'summary': 'Building computational language involves creating abstraction and being open to different structures, while being aware of the challenge of not missing the obvious.', 'duration': 47.993, 'max_score': 5948.578, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5948578.jpg'}, {'end': 6167.325, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6139.172, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6144.975, 'text': 'do you see the negative of that get in the way? Sort of being confronted with- Sure,', 'start': 6139.172, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 6153.099, 'text': "there are mistakes I've made that are the result of I'm pretty sure I'm right and turns out I'm not.", 'start': 6144.975, 'duration': 8.124}, {'end': 6160.122, 'text': 'But the thing is that the idea that one tries to do things that..', 'start': 6153.479, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 6167.325, 'text': 'So, for example, one question is if people have tried hard to do something and then one thinks maybe I should try doing this myself,', 'start': 6160.122, 'duration': 7.203}], 'summary': 'Challenges and mistakes can arise from overconfidence and lack of self-reflection, prompting a reevaluation of personal actions.', 'duration': 28.153, 'max_score': 6139.172, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6139172.jpg'}, {'end': 6226.041, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6202.552, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6209.678, 'text': "because it's kind of easy to discover stuff that's going to survive if you happen to be picking the low-hanging fruit of a rapidly expanding field.", 'start': 6202.552, 'duration': 7.126}, {'end': 6224.12, 'text': "I mean the reason I totally immediately understood the ego behind a new kind of science to me let me sort of just try to express my feelings on the whole thing is that if you don't allow that kind of ego,", 'start': 6210.572, 'duration': 13.548}, {'end': 6226.041, 'text': 'then you would never write that book.', 'start': 6224.12, 'duration': 1.921}], 'summary': 'Discovering surviving topics is easy in rapidly expanding fields, allowing for ego is essential for writing a book.', 'duration': 23.489, 'max_score': 6202.552, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6202552.jpg'}, {'end': 6310.327, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6282.552, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6285.434, 'text': "You could have done sort of I'm really glad you did what you did.", 'start': 6282.552, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 6287.394, 'text': 'but you could have done sort of academically,', 'start': 6285.434, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 6293.037, 'text': 'just keep publishing small papers here and there and then you would just keep getting this kind of resistance, right?', 'start': 6287.394, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 6298.179, 'text': "You would get like it's supposed to just dropping a thing that says here it is.", 'start': 6293.077, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 6299.12, 'text': "here's the full thing.", 'start': 6298.179, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 6305.424, 'text': 'No, I mean, that was my calculation is that basically, you know, you could introduce little pieces.', 'start': 6300.18, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 6310.327, 'text': "It's like, you know, one possibility is like it's the secret weapon, so to speak.", 'start': 6305.504, 'duration': 4.823}], 'summary': 'Encouragement to avoid resistance by publishing small papers, introducing little pieces as a secret weapon.', 'duration': 27.775, 'max_score': 6282.552, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6282552.jpg'}], 'start': 5859.003, 'title': 'Building artificial universes and intellectual confidence', 'summary': 'Explores building artificial universes through computer language, computational tools in universe exploration, the role of ego in leadership and decision-making, and intellectual confidence in particle physics, emphasizing the importance of ego in scientific discoveries and challenges in explaining big ideas.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6183.617, 'start': 5859.003, 'title': 'Building artificial universes', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of building artificial universes through computer language, the power of computational tools in exploring the universe, the role of ego in leadership and intellectual confidence, and the impact of ego in decision-making and problem-solving.', 'duration': 324.614, 'highlights': ['The power of computational tools in exploring the universe The chapter emphasizes the ability of programming to essentially build another brain that can be used to explore the universe by the computer program.', "The concept of building artificial universes through computer language The transcript discusses the experience of making a computer language as essentially building one's own universe, leading to a different attitude towards possibilities and exploring artificial universes.", 'The role of ego in leadership and intellectual confidence The chapter delves into the connection between leadership and ego, highlighting how leadership is intimately tied to ego and the impact of intellectual confidence on decision-making and problem-solving.']}, {'end': 6315.931, 'start': 6184.117, 'title': 'Intellectual confidence in particle physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the intellectual confidence gained in the field of particle physics during its rapid progress, the importance of ego in scientific discoveries, and the non-trivial task of explaining big ideas to people.', 'duration': 131.814, 'highlights': ['The author gained intellectual confidence in the field of particle physics during its golden age of rapid progress.', 'The importance of ego in scientific discoveries is emphasized to ride it and create exceptional work.', 'The non-trivial task of explaining big ideas to people is highlighted, as it involves overcoming resistance and introducing new concepts.']}], 'duration': 456.928, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA5859003.jpg', 'highlights': ['The power of computational tools in exploring the universe The chapter emphasizes the ability of programming to essentially build another brain that can be used to explore the universe by the computer program.', "The concept of building artificial universes through computer language The transcript discusses the experience of making a computer language as essentially building one's own universe, leading to a different attitude towards possibilities and exploring artificial universes.", 'The role of ego in leadership and intellectual confidence The chapter delves into the connection between leadership and ego, highlighting how leadership is intimately tied to ego and the impact of intellectual confidence on decision-making and problem-solving.', 'The author gained intellectual confidence in the field of particle physics during its golden age of rapid progress.', 'The importance of ego in scientific discoveries is emphasized to ride it and create exceptional work.', 'The non-trivial task of explaining big ideas to people is highlighted, as it involves overcoming resistance and introducing new concepts.']}, {'end': 7560.219, 'segs': [{'end': 6950.576, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6924.291, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6929.937, 'text': "And I thought, well, this is kind of interesting, but if we run it long enough, we'll see.", 'start': 6924.291, 'duration': 5.646}, {'end': 6931.939, 'text': 'Something will resolve into something simple.', 'start': 6930.057, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 6941.468, 'text': 'And I did all kinds of analysis of using mathematics, statistics, cryptography, whatever, to try and crack it.', 'start': 6932.659, 'duration': 8.809}, {'end': 6943.39, 'text': 'And I never succeeded.', 'start': 6942.529, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 6950.576, 'text': "And after I hadn't succeeded for a while, I started thinking, maybe there's a real phenomenon here that is the reason I'm not succeeding.", 'start': 6943.65, 'duration': 6.926}], 'summary': 'Despite extensive analysis, no success in resolving the phenomenon using mathematics, statistics, or cryptography.', 'duration': 26.285, 'max_score': 6924.291, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6924291.jpg'}, {'end': 7028.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6979.436, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6985.918, 'text': 'Maybe this is getting at sort of the secret that nature has that allows it to make really complex things,', 'start': 6979.436, 'duration': 6.482}, {'end': 6989.2, 'text': 'even though its underlying rules may not be that complex.', 'start': 6985.918, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 6990.64, 'text': 'How did it make you feel?', 'start': 6989.4, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 6995.262, 'text': 'If we look at the Newton apple, was there a?', 'start': 6990.98, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 7000.264, 'text': 'you know you took a walk and something profoundly hit you.', 'start': 6995.262, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 7001.665, 'text': 'or was this a gradual thing??', 'start': 7000.264, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 7003.286, 'text': 'A lobster being boiled.', 'start': 7002.105, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 7008.928, 'text': "The truth of every sort of science discovery is it's not that gradual.", 'start': 7003.306, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 7014.651, 'text': "I mean I happen to be interested in scientific biography kinds of things, and so I've tried to track down.", 'start': 7009.288, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 7017.012, 'text': 'how did people come to figure out this or that thing?', 'start': 7014.651, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 7028.643, 'text': "And there's always a long kind of sort of preparatory, there's a need to be prepared and a mindset in which it's possible to see something.", 'start': 7017.752, 'duration': 10.891}], 'summary': "Nature's simplicity leads to complex things; scientific discoveries require preparation and mindset.", 'duration': 49.207, 'max_score': 6979.436, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6979436.jpg'}, {'end': 7197.935, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7169.336, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7180.49, 'text': "And it's the kind of thing where it's sort of interesting, because in the dynamics of the adoption of ideas like that into different fields,", 'start': 7169.336, 'duration': 11.154}, {'end': 7182.77, 'text': 'the younger the field, the faster the adoption,', 'start': 7180.49, 'duration': 2.28}, {'end': 7189.453, 'text': "typically because people are not locked in with the fifth generation of people who've studied this field.", 'start': 7182.77, 'duration': 6.683}, {'end': 7193.354, 'text': 'It is the way it is, and it can never be any different.', 'start': 7190.733, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 7197.935, 'text': 'Watching that process has been interesting.', 'start': 7195.795, 'duration': 2.14}], 'summary': 'Younger fields adopt ideas faster, due to less entrenched scholars.', 'duration': 28.599, 'max_score': 7169.336, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA7169336.jpg'}], 'start': 6316.351, 'title': 'Cellular automata and rule 30 complexity', 'summary': "Delves into cellular automata, intellectual responsibility, and the complexity revealed by rule 30, challenging intuition and offering philosophical notions. it explores the profound realization of nature's ability to create complexity from simplicity, reflecting a paradigm shift towards using programs to create models. additionally, it discusses the unique properties of rule 30, including irreducible computation, randomness generation, and the announcement of prize problems, each with a $10,000 prize.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6671.579, 'start': 6316.351, 'title': 'Cellular automata and intellectual responsibility', 'summary': "Discusses the intellectual responsibility of putting oneself on the line, the concept of cellular automata, and wolfram's vision of generalizing the use of rules beyond mathematical equations, as presented in his 1,200-page book 'a new kind of science'.", 'duration': 355.228, 'highlights': ["Wolfram's vision of generalizing the use of rules beyond mathematical equations to describe the world, as presented in his 1,200-page book 'A New Kind of Science'. Wolfram's vision of generalizing the use of rules beyond mathematical equations, presented in his 1,200-page book 'A New Kind of Science'.", "Discussion on the intellectual responsibility of putting oneself on the line and taking responsibility for one's work and company. Discussion on the intellectual responsibility of putting oneself on the line and taking responsibility for one's work and company.", 'Explanation of cellular automata as a way to generalize the kinds of rules that can be embodied in programs to describe the world. Explanation of cellular automata as a way to generalize the kinds of rules that can be embodied in programs to describe the world.']}, {'end': 6856.523, 'start': 6672, 'title': 'Rule 30: the magic of complexity', 'summary': 'Discusses the surprising complexity generated by a simple rule, particularly focusing on rule 30 cellular automaton, which reveals immense complexity and arbitrary complexity, challenging traditional intuition and offering profound philosophical notions.', 'duration': 184.523, 'highlights': ['Rule 30 cellular automaton generates immense complexity and arbitrary complexity, challenging traditional intuition. Despite its simplicity, Rule 30 cellular automaton produces immensely complicated behavior.', "The concept of complexity in Rule 30 offers profound philosophical notions and transformational perspectives. The discussion around Rule 30's complexity has profound philosophical implications and transformative effects on one's worldview.", "The discovery of Rule 30's complexity was intuition-breaking and unexpected, akin to a profound revelation. The unexpected complexity of Rule 30 was likened to a profound revelation and was initially challenging to comprehend.", "The author expresses a deep personal connection and fascination with the profound notion of Rule 30's complexity. The author expresses a personal fascination and deep connection with the profound notion of Rule 30's complexity, likening it to a deeply profound experience."]}, {'end': 7197.935, 'start': 6856.523, 'title': 'Exploring complexity in rule 30', 'summary': "Explores the complexity arising from a simple rule in cellular automata, leading to a profound realization about nature's ability to create complexity from simplicity, while reflecting on the gradual paradigm shift towards using programs as raw material for making models.", 'duration': 341.412, 'highlights': ["The shock of creating complexity from simplicity in Rule 30 The shock arises from creating complex patterns from a simple rule, challenging the intuition that simplicity should lead to simplicity, prompting a reflection on nature's ability to create complexity from simplicity.", 'Gradual paradigm shift towards using programs as raw material for making models Reflects on the transition from using mathematical equations to using programs as raw material for making models, noting a recent shift and the slower adoption in established fields while younger fields adopt new ideas more rapidly.', 'Challenges in understanding the phenomenon of Rule 30 Challenges in understanding the complexity generated by Rule 30, including failed attempts at analysis using mathematics, statistics, and cryptography, leading to a realization of a potential new raw material for making models of things.']}, {'end': 7560.219, 'start': 7197.995, 'title': 'Rule 30 properties and prize problems', 'summary': 'Discusses the unique properties of rule 30, including its irreducible computation, randomness generation, and the announcement of three problems with $10,000 prize for each, focusing on proving its periodicity, equal distribution of black and white cells, and efficient prediction of cell colors down the center column.', 'duration': 362.224, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the unique properties of Rule 30, including its irreducible computation and randomness generation in Wolfen language. The chapter highlights the irreducible computation and randomness generation properties of Rule 30, which have been used in Wolfen language.', 'Announcement of three problems related to Rule 30, each with a $10,000 prize, focusing on proving its periodicity, equal distribution of black and white cells, and efficient prediction of cell colors down the center column. The chapter emphasizes the announcement of three problems related to Rule 30, each with a $10,000 prize, focusing on proving its periodicity, equal distribution of black and white cells, and efficient prediction of cell colors down the center column.', 'Discussion on the possibility of Rule 30 becoming repetitive after a trillion steps and the humbling nature of computational systems in the universe. The chapter discusses the possibility of Rule 30 becoming repetitive after a trillion steps and the humbling nature of computational systems in the universe.']}], 'duration': 1243.868, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA6316351.jpg', 'highlights': ["Wolfram's vision of generalizing the use of rules beyond mathematical equations to describe the world, as presented in his 1,200-page book 'A New Kind of Science'.", 'Rule 30 cellular automaton generates immense complexity and arbitrary complexity, challenging traditional intuition.', "The shock of creating complexity from simplicity in Rule 30, challenging the intuition that simplicity should lead to simplicity, prompting a reflection on nature's ability to create complexity from simplicity.", 'The chapter discusses the unique properties of Rule 30, including its irreducible computation and randomness generation in Wolfen language.', 'Announcement of three problems related to Rule 30, each with a $10,000 prize, focusing on proving its periodicity, equal distribution of black and white cells, and efficient prediction of cell colors down the center column.']}, {'end': 8239.353, 'segs': [{'end': 7681.284, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7650.146, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7656.03, 'text': "And is it just step by step or can you sort of see the bigger picture more abstractly? It's unfortunate.", 'start': 7650.146, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 7668.638, 'text': "I mean, with Verma's last theorem proof, it's unfortunate that the proof to such an elegant theorem doesn't fit into the margins of a page.", 'start': 7656.05, 'duration': 12.588}, {'end': 7669.458, 'text': "That's true.", 'start': 7669.058, 'duration': 0.4}, {'end': 7674.041, 'text': "But you know, one of the things is that's another consequence of computational irreducibility.", 'start': 7669.658, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 7681.284, 'text': 'This fact that there are even quite short Results in mathematics whose proofs arbitrarily long.', 'start': 7674.761, 'duration': 6.523}], 'summary': 'Mathematics reveals unexpected consequences of computational irreducibility.', 'duration': 31.138, 'max_score': 7650.146, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA7650146.jpg'}, {'end': 7957.213, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7934.062, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7941.286, 'text': "but sometimes we have some objective and we will go and sort of mine the computational universe for something that's useful for some particular objective.", 'start': 7934.062, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 7949.149, 'text': 'on a large scale, trying to do that, trying to sort of navigate the computational universe, to do useful things.', 'start': 7942.046, 'duration': 7.103}, {'end': 7951.43, 'text': "that's where computational language comes in.", 'start': 7949.149, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 7957.213, 'text': "And a lot of what I've spent time doing and building this thing we call Wolfram, language,", 'start': 7951.971, 'duration': 5.242}], 'summary': 'Using computational language to navigate the universe for useful objectives.', 'duration': 23.151, 'max_score': 7934.062, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA7934062.jpg'}, {'end': 8075.811, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8031.097, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8036.381, 'text': "is it's a similar kind of arc of what happened when mathematical notation was invented.", 'start': 8031.097, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 8041.184, 'text': 'So go back 400 years, people were trying to do math.', 'start': 8037.502, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 8045.808, 'text': 'They were always explaining their math in words, and it was pretty clunky.', 'start': 8041.765, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 8053.617, 'text': 'And as soon as mathematical notation was invented, you could start defining things like algebra and later calculus and so on.', 'start': 8046.613, 'duration': 7.004}, {'end': 8055.058, 'text': 'It all became much more streamlined.', 'start': 8053.677, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 8059.061, 'text': 'When we deal with computational thinking about the world,', 'start': 8055.779, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 8066.205, 'text': "there's a question of what is the notation? What is the kind of formalism that we can use to talk about the world computationally?", 'start': 8059.061, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 8069.867, 'text': "And in a sense, that's what I've spent the last third of a century trying to build.", 'start': 8066.585, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 8075.811, 'text': 'And we finally got to the point where we have a pretty full-scale computational language that sort of talks about the world.', 'start': 8069.927, 'duration': 5.884}], 'summary': 'Mathematical notation streamlined math, computational language developed over 30 years.', 'duration': 44.714, 'max_score': 8031.097, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA8031097.jpg'}], 'start': 7560.639, 'title': 'Computational insights', 'summary': 'Explores the discovery of a simple universal turing machine and its significance, as well as the connection between computation and human goals, emphasizing the role of computational language in expressing thoughts and the development of the wolfram language over a third of a century.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7791.961, 'start': 7560.639, 'title': 'Computational universe insights', 'summary': 'Discusses the discovery of a simple universal turing machine, highlighting the importance of computational universality and the challenge of proving mathematical theorems due to computational irreducibility.', 'duration': 231.322, 'highlights': ["The discovery of a simple universal Turing machine is an important insight, indicating that computation universality is closer at hand than previously thought. The simplest Turing machine that might have been universal actually is universal, and it's much simpler than previously known universal Turing machines.", "The challenge of proving mathematical theorems due to computational irreducibility is discussed, exemplified by the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem and the arbitrary length of proofs for short results in mathematics. Computational irreducibility leads to proofs of elegant theorems being arbitrarily long, raising questions about the possibility of mathematics and how people navigate undecidable situations.", 'The discussion on establishing the principle of computational equivalence through exploring the computational universe reflects the inductive nature of concluding general things in computational science. Exploring the computational universe is akin to inductively establishing general principles, similar to how natural science establishes facts by exploring specific examples.']}, {'end': 8239.353, 'start': 7793.402, 'title': 'Connection between computation and human goals', 'summary': 'Discusses the connection between computation and human goals, emphasizing the significance of computational language in expressing computational thoughts, with a focus on the wolfram language, which has been developed for over a third of a century to enable both humans and machines to understand computational thinking about the world.', 'duration': 445.951, 'highlights': ['The significance of computational language in expressing computational thoughts The chapter emphasizes the importance of computational language in expressing computational thoughts about the world, particularly highlighting the development of Wolfram language over a third of a century.', 'Connection between computation and human goals The discussion delves into the connection between computation and human goals, highlighting the unique nature of the computation in our brains, which is connected to our goals and societal story.', 'Distinct features of Wolfram language The chapter explains the distinct features of Wolfram language, such as its symbolic nature, where the language is aimed to represent things that exist in the world or things that can be imagined and constructed.']}], 'duration': 678.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA7560639.jpg', 'highlights': ["The simplest Turing machine that might have been universal actually is universal, and it's much simpler than previously known universal Turing machines.", 'Computational irreducibility leads to proofs of elegant theorems being arbitrarily long, raising questions about the possibility of mathematics and how people navigate undecidable situations.', 'Exploring the computational universe is akin to inductively establishing general principles, similar to how natural science establishes facts by exploring specific examples.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of computational language in expressing computational thoughts about the world, particularly highlighting the development of Wolfram language over a third of a century.', 'The discussion delves into the connection between computation and human goals, highlighting the unique nature of the computation in our brains, which is connected to our goals and societal story.', 'The chapter explains the distinct features of Wolfram language, such as its symbolic nature, where the language is aimed to represent things that exist in the world or things that can be imagined and constructed.']}, {'end': 9250.952, 'segs': [{'end': 8431.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8398.11, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8401.553, 'text': "Okay, so yeah, there's a lot of infrastructure stuff here that you see.", 'start': 8398.11, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 8405.256, 'text': "If you just start sampling at random, there's a lot of kind of infrastructural things.", 'start': 8401.613, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 8407.619, 'text': 'If you more look at the..', 'start': 8405.297, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 8412.463, 'text': 'Some of the exciting machine learning stuff you showed off, is that also in this pool? Oh, yeah, yeah.', 'start': 8407.619, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 8419.029, 'text': 'I mean, you know, so one of those functions is like image identifier is a function here where you just say image identifier.', 'start': 8412.503, 'duration': 6.526}, {'end': 8420.59, 'text': "I don't know, it's always good to..", 'start': 8419.049, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 8421.251, 'text': "Let's do this.", 'start': 8420.59, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 8424.614, 'text': "Let's say current image, and let's pick up an image.", 'start': 8421.291, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 8431.139, 'text': 'Hopefully Check the current image, accessing the webcam, took a picture of yourself.', 'start': 8425.374, 'duration': 5.765}], 'summary': 'Discussion about infrastructure and machine learning functions.', 'duration': 33.029, 'max_score': 8398.11, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA8398110.jpg'}, {'end': 8558.919, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8532.765, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8537.947, 'text': 'Okay So geo-nearest volcano here, 10 nearest volcanoes.', 'start': 8532.765, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 8539.768, 'text': "Right Let's find out where those are.", 'start': 8538.488, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 8544.451, 'text': "We've got a list of volcanoes out, and I can say geo-list plot that.", 'start': 8539.788, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 8546.632, 'text': 'And hopefully, okay, so there we go.', 'start': 8545.131, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 8550.554, 'text': "So there's a map that shows the positions of those 10 volcanoes.", 'start': 8546.652, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 8552.955, 'text': 'of the East Coast and the Midwest.', 'start': 8550.894, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 8554.236, 'text': "Well, no, we're okay.", 'start': 8553.355, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 8555.016, 'text': "We're okay.", 'start': 8554.436, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 8555.917, 'text': "It's not too bad.", 'start': 8555.136, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 8557.158, 'text': "Yeah, they're not very close to us.", 'start': 8556.017, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 8558.919, 'text': 'We could measure how far away they are.', 'start': 8557.198, 'duration': 1.721}], 'summary': 'Mapped 10 nearest volcanoes, mainly distant from east coast and midwest.', 'duration': 26.154, 'max_score': 8532.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA8532765.jpg'}, {'end': 9165.012, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9134.561, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9138.243, 'text': 'you know, have the user interface be smooth and you know, have there be?', 'start': 9134.561, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 9141.524, 'text': 'take only, you know, a fraction of a millisecond to do this or that.', 'start': 9138.243, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 9149.147, 'text': "that's a lot of work and it's, um, It's an interesting thing.", 'start': 9141.524, 'duration': 7.623}, {'end': 9157.909, 'text': 'Over the period of time, orphan language has existed basically for more than half of the total amount of time that any computer language has existed.', 'start': 9149.207, 'duration': 8.702}, {'end': 9165.012, 'text': 'That is, computer language is maybe 60 years old, give or take, and orphan language is 33 years old.', 'start': 9157.949, 'duration': 7.063}], 'summary': 'Efforts to improve user interface speed; orphan language exists for 33 years.', 'duration': 30.451, 'max_score': 9134.561, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9134561.jpg'}], 'start': 8240.674, 'title': 'Wolfram language', 'summary': 'Delves into the development and features of wolfram language, highlighting its 6,000 primitive functions, including image identification and geo-nearest, and emphasizes the interplay between symbolic and statistical representations in machine learning, achieved through the incorporation of state-of-the-art transformers like bert. it also covers the slow absorption of ideas, market penetration, and the challenges of maintaining quality over a 33-year period.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8628.113, 'start': 8240.674, 'title': 'Wolfram language: a full-scale computational language', 'summary': 'Discusses the development and features of wolfram language, highlighting its 6,000 primitive functions, including image identification and geo-nearest, showcasing its ability to cover a broad range of computational tasks and knowledge within the language.', 'duration': 387.439, 'highlights': ['Wolfram Language comprises 6,000 primitive functions, covering a broad range of computational tasks and knowledge within the language. The language encompasses 6,000 primitive functions, demonstrating its capability to cover a wide array of computational tasks and knowledge.', 'The language includes functions like image identification, which classifies objects in images, and geo-nearest, which can locate the nearest volcanoes and plot their positions on a map. It features functions like image identification, which classifies objects in images, and geo-nearest, capable of locating the nearest volcanoes and plotting their positions on a map.', 'The development of Wolfram Language aimed to create a full-scale computational language, representing a fundamentally different idea of what a language is in the context of AI. The goal of Wolfram Language is to establish a full-scale computational language, presenting a distinct concept of language within the AI context.']}, {'end': 8939.741, 'start': 8628.113, 'title': 'Wolfram language and computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the development of wolfram language and computation, emphasizing the need to capture the knowledge of the world in computational form and the interplay between symbolic and statistical representations in machine learning, which has been achieved through the incorporation of state-of-the-art transformers like bert and the improvement of natural language understanding through a loop between computational and machine learning methods.', 'duration': 311.628, 'highlights': ['The development of Wolfram language and computation is discussed, emphasizing the need to capture the knowledge of the world in computational form. The chapter emphasizes the importance of capturing the knowledge of the world in computational form, as well as the achievements of our civilization that can be encoded computationally.', 'The interplay between symbolic and statistical representations in machine learning is highlighted, with the incorporation of state-of-the-art transformers like BERT. The interplay between symbolic and statistical representations in machine learning, incorporating state-of-the-art transformers like BERT, is discussed as a significant development.', 'The improvement of natural language understanding through a loop between computational and machine learning methods is emphasized. The chapter discusses the loop between computational and machine learning methods, improving natural language understanding and the incorporation of state-of-the-art transformers like BERT.']}, {'end': 9250.952, 'start': 8939.761, 'title': 'Wolfram language and ideas', 'summary': 'Covers the slow absorption of ideas, market penetration of wolfram language, the challenges of maintaining quality, the practical work involved in software distribution, and the innovation and adaptability of wolfram language over a 33-year period, with a focus on its availability and free offerings.', 'duration': 311.191, 'highlights': ["Wolfram Language's market penetration varies between high-end R&D and more general users, highlighting the challenge in reaching a broader audience. The high-end R&D community frequently uses Wolfram Language, whereas the more general users often do not, indicating a disparity in adoption.", "The chapter discusses the challenges in balancing the creation of high-quality products with effective commercial promotion, emphasizing the author's responsibility and impact on Wolfram Language's popularity. The company's focus on creating high-quality products instead of effective commercial promotion has impacted the rapid trickle-down of Wolfram Language's adoption.", "Wolfram Language's adaptability and freedom in decision-making are outlined, including the availability of free versions for developers and site licenses for universities. The flexibility in decision-making due to the company's private status has led to initiatives such as the free Wolfram engine for developers and site licenses for universities, making Wolfram Language effectively free for people at all universities.", "The discussion on WolframAlpha's functionality and availability as a free website for answering questions is included. WolframAlpha is a system for answering questions using natural language and is accessible as a free website, showcasing the company's commitment to providing accessible knowledge."]}], 'duration': 1010.278, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA8240674.jpg', 'highlights': ['Wolfram Language comprises 6,000 primitive functions, covering a broad range of computational tasks and knowledge within the language.', 'The language includes functions like image identification, which classifies objects in images, and geo-nearest, which can locate the nearest volcanoes and plot their positions on a map.', 'The development of Wolfram Language aimed to create a full-scale computational language, representing a fundamentally different idea of what a language is in the context of AI.', 'The interplay between symbolic and statistical representations in machine learning is highlighted, with the incorporation of state-of-the-art transformers like BERT.', 'The improvement of natural language understanding through a loop between computational and machine learning methods is emphasized.', "Wolfram Language's market penetration varies between high-end R&D and more general users, highlighting the challenge in reaching a broader audience.", "The chapter discusses the challenges in balancing the creation of high-quality products with effective commercial promotion, emphasizing the author's responsibility and impact on Wolfram Language's popularity.", "Wolfram Language's adaptability and freedom in decision-making are outlined, including the availability of free versions for developers and site licenses for universities.", "The discussion on WolframAlpha's functionality and availability as a free website for answering questions is included."]}, {'end': 9862.787, 'segs': [{'end': 9622.568, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9593.785, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9599.147, 'text': 'I had the practical experience of building big systems.', 'start': 9593.785, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 9605.769, 'text': 'I have the intellectual confidence to not just give up in doing something like this.', 'start': 9600.747, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 9612.241, 'text': "I think that the You know, it's always a funny thing.", 'start': 9606.869, 'duration': 5.372}, {'end': 9622.568, 'text': "You know, I've worked on a bunch of big projects in my life, and I would say that you mention ego, I would also mention optimism, so to speak.", 'start': 9612.261, 'duration': 10.307}], 'summary': 'Experienced in building big systems, with confidence and optimism.', 'duration': 28.783, 'max_score': 9593.785, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9593785.jpg'}, {'end': 9695.943, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9672.713, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9679.935, 'text': "But it's kind of making a bet that I can do that,", 'start': 9672.713, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 9685.196, 'text': "as well as doing the incredibly energetic things that I'm trying to do with orphan language and so on.", 'start': 9679.935, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 9686.997, 'text': 'I mean, the vision, yeah.', 'start': 9685.836, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9695.943, 'text': 'And underlying that I mean I just talked for the second time with Elon Musk and you two share that quality, a little bit of that optimism,', 'start': 9687.177, 'duration': 8.766}], 'summary': 'Bet on balancing multiple projects while maintaining optimism; recently spoke with elon musk.', 'duration': 23.23, 'max_score': 9672.713, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9672713.jpg'}, {'end': 9844.093, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9806.745, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9809.207, 'text': 'How hard is that problem? Closing that gap.', 'start': 9806.745, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 9811.648, 'text': "What's your sense? Well, it depends on the use cases.", 'start': 9809.807, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 9817.133, 'text': "I mean, so if it's a question of answering general knowledge questions about the world, we're in pretty good shape on that right now.", 'start': 9811.689, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 9824.198, 'text': "If it's a question of representing, like an area that we're going into right now,", 'start': 9817.893, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 9829.443, 'text': 'is computational contracts being able to take something which would be written in legalese,', 'start': 9824.198, 'duration': 5.245}, {'end': 9835.727, 'text': 'and It might even be the specifications for what should the self-driving car do when it encounters this or that or the other?', 'start': 9829.443, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 9844.093, 'text': 'Write that in a computational language and be able to express things about the world.', 'start': 9835.747, 'duration': 8.346}], 'summary': 'Evaluating problem difficulty and use cases for computational contracts and general knowledge questions.', 'duration': 37.348, 'max_score': 9806.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9806745.jpg'}], 'start': 9251.793, 'title': "Wolfram alpha's knowledge base development and tackling big projects", 'summary': "Delves into the development of wolfram alpha's knowledge base, its integration with ai, and the speaker's experiences with tackling big projects, including their vision for converting text into computable knowledge and ethical considerations. it provides insights into the paradigm shift in thinking and the applications of wolfram alpha, while also touching on the challenges involved.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9593.765, 'start': 9251.793, 'title': 'Wolfram alpha and the knowledge base', 'summary': "Discusses the development of wolfram alpha's knowledge base, detailing the process of building it, the underlying paradigm shift in thinking, and its applications in ai, including its integration with siri and alexa.", 'duration': 341.972, 'highlights': ["The development of Wolfram Alpha's knowledge base and its process of building it. Discusses the daunting task of ingesting vast amounts of knowledge into the system, including the finite nature of the reference library and the iterative implementation of various knowledge areas.", "The paradigm shift in thinking that led to the development of Wolfram Alpha's knowledge base. Highlights the shift from assuming the need for general AI to the realization that computational equivalence allows for the creation of a computable knowledge base, leading to the brave decision to pursue building it.", 'The integration of Wolfram Alpha with AI applications such as Siri and Alexa. Mentions the initial use of Wolfram Alpha in Siri, and its subsequent integration with Alexa, showcasing its role in advancing question-answering capabilities in AI.']}, {'end': 9862.787, 'start': 9593.785, 'title': 'Tackling big projects and unsolvable challenges', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's experiences with big projects, their optimism and confidence in tackling daunting tasks, and their vision for converting text into computable knowledge, including the challenges and ethical considerations involved.", 'duration': 269.002, 'highlights': ['The speaker discusses their optimism and confidence in tackling daunting tasks, mentioning their experiences with big projects and their vision for converting text into computable knowledge. Experiences with big projects, optimism and confidence in tackling daunting tasks, vision for converting text into computable knowledge', 'The speaker talks about the personal challenge of dealing with projects that have infinite tales, and the potential trap of never doing a project smaller than those done before. Dealing with projects with infinite tales, avoiding the trap of only doing larger projects', "The discussion includes the speaker's efforts to work on fundamental theory of physics and the challenges involved in this endeavor. Efforts in fundamental theory of physics, challenges involved", 'The speaker expresses their hopes of converting all knowledge into computable form, highlighting the challenges involved in closing the gap between raw information and computable knowledge. Hopes of converting all knowledge into computable form, challenges in closing the gap between raw information and computable knowledge', 'The chapter delves into the challenges of representing and encoding complex human concepts, such as ethical components, into computable knowledge. Challenges of representing and encoding complex human concepts into computable knowledge, ethical components']}], 'duration': 610.994, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9251793.jpg', 'highlights': ['The daunting task of ingesting vast amounts of knowledge into the system, including the finite nature of the reference library and the iterative implementation of various knowledge areas.', "The paradigm shift in thinking that led to the development of Wolfram Alpha's knowledge base, realizing that computational equivalence allows for the creation of a computable knowledge base.", 'The integration of Wolfram Alpha with AI applications such as Siri and Alexa, showcasing its role in advancing question-answering capabilities in AI.', "The speaker's optimism and confidence in tackling daunting tasks, mentioning their experiences with big projects and their vision for converting text into computable knowledge.", 'The personal challenge of dealing with projects that have infinite tales, and the potential trap of never doing a project smaller than those done before.', "The speaker's efforts in fundamental theory of physics and the challenges involved in this endeavor.", 'The hopes of converting all knowledge into computable form, highlighting the challenges involved in closing the gap between raw information and computable knowledge.', 'The challenges of representing and encoding complex human concepts, such as ethical components, into computable knowledge.']}, {'end': 11459.215, 'segs': [{'end': 9936.936, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9908.82, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9915.643, 'text': "But one thing that's interesting is being able, you know, in effect, you're building sort of an AI ethics.", 'start': 9908.82, 'duration': 6.823}, {'end': 9919.965, 'text': 'You have to build an AI ethics module in effect to decide.', 'start': 9916.283, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 9921.125, 'text': 'is this thing so shocking?', 'start': 9919.965, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 9922.386, 'text': "I'm never going to show it to people?", 'start': 9921.125, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 9924.507, 'text': 'Is this thing so whatever?', 'start': 9922.826, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 9929.951, 'text': "And I did realize in thinking about that that there's not going to be one of these things.", 'start': 9925.247, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 9936.936, 'text': "It's not possible to decide or it might be possible, but it would be really bad for the future of our species if we just decided.", 'start': 9930.051, 'duration': 6.885}], 'summary': 'Building ai ethics module to decide what to show, not one-size-fits-all approach.', 'duration': 28.116, 'max_score': 9908.82, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9908820.jpg'}, {'end': 10308.583, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10275.99, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10281.412, 'text': 'And you ask how much more difficult is it than what we have now in morphic language? to express?', 'start': 10275.99, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 10288.675, 'text': 'I call it symbolic discourse, language being able to express sort of everything in the world in kind of computational symbolic form.', 'start': 10281.412, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 10292.317, 'text': 'I think it is absolutely within reach.', 'start': 10290.276, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 10294.418, 'text': "I mean I think it's a you know, I don't know.", 'start': 10292.557, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 10295.778, 'text': "maybe I'm just too much of an optimist,", 'start': 10294.418, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 10308.583, 'text': "but I think it's a limited number of years to have a pretty well built out version of that that will allow one to encode the kinds of things that are relevant to typical legal contracts and these kinds of things.", 'start': 10295.778, 'duration': 12.805}], 'summary': 'Symbolic discourse aims to express everything in a computational symbolic form, achievable within a limited number of years.', 'duration': 32.593, 'max_score': 10275.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA10275990.jpg'}, {'end': 10596.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10567.745, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10573.75, 'text': "you know, you try and say well, intelligence is this, it's problem solving, it's doing general, this, it's doing that, this, that and the other thing.", 'start': 10567.745, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 10576.813, 'text': "It's operating within a human environment type thing.", 'start': 10573.81, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 10579.095, 'text': "Okay, you know, that's fine.", 'start': 10577.433, 'duration': 1.662}, {'end': 10588.525, 'text': "If you say, well, what's intelligence in general? I think that question is totally slippery and doesn't really have an answer.", 'start': 10579.135, 'duration': 9.39}, {'end': 10596.136, 'text': 'As soon as you say, what is it in general? It quickly segues into, this is just computation, so to speak.', 'start': 10588.545, 'duration': 7.591}], 'summary': 'Defining intelligence is challenging, often leading to the idea of it being computational.', 'duration': 28.391, 'max_score': 10567.745, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA10567745.jpg'}, {'end': 10746.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10713.961, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10721.905, 'text': "When should we think that it's immoral to destroy the memories of AIs, for example? Those kinds of things.", 'start': 10713.961, 'duration': 7.944}, {'end': 10725.986, 'text': "And some, actually a philosopher in this case, it's usually the techies who are the most naive.", 'start': 10722.325, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 10742.174, 'text': 'But in this case, it was a philosopher who sort of piped up and said, well, AIs will have rights when we know that they have consciousness.', 'start': 10726.067, 'duration': 16.107}, {'end': 10746.255, 'text': "And I'm like, good luck with that.", 'start': 10743.294, 'duration': 2.961}], 'summary': 'Debating the morality of ai memory deletion and consciousness rights.', 'duration': 32.294, 'max_score': 10713.961, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA10713961.jpg'}, {'end': 11401.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11353.453, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11356.956, 'text': 'And so, in some vision of the future of history,', 'start': 11353.453, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 11365.742, 'text': "it's like the disembodied consciousnesses are all sort of pursuing things like my new kind of science for the rest of eternity, so to speak.", 'start': 11356.956, 'duration': 8.786}, {'end': 11370.345, 'text': 'And that ends up being the thing that represents the future of the human condition.', 'start': 11365.782, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 11378.73, 'text': "I don't think there's a better way to end it, Stephen.", 'start': 11375.769, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 11379.411, 'text': 'Thank you so much.', 'start': 11378.77, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 11380.871, 'text': "It's a huge honor talking today.", 'start': 11379.431, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 11381.652, 'text': 'Thank you so much.', 'start': 11381.112, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 11382.752, 'text': 'This was great.', 'start': 11382.152, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 11384.053, 'text': 'You did very well.', 'start': 11383.313, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 11387.575, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Stephen Wolfram.', 'start': 11385.233, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 11391.416, 'text': 'And thank you to our sponsors, ExpressVPN and Cash App.', 'start': 11387.955, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 11401.481, 'text': 'Please consider supporting the podcast by getting ExpressVPN at expressvpn.com slash lexpod and downloading Cash App and using code lexpodcast.', 'start': 11391.957, 'duration': 9.524}], 'summary': 'Discussion on future pursuits and human condition with stephen wolfram.', 'duration': 48.028, 'max_score': 11353.453, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA11353453.jpg'}, {'end': 11459.215, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11446.459, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11455.29, 'text': 'for the principle implies that what goes on inside us can ultimately achieve just the same level of computational sophistication as our whole universe.', 'start': 11446.459, 'duration': 8.831}, {'end': 11459.215, 'text': 'Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 11456.231, 'duration': 2.984}], 'summary': 'Our internal processes can achieve the same computational sophistication as the universe.', 'duration': 12.756, 'max_score': 11446.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA11446459.jpg'}], 'start': 9863.507, 'title': 'Ai ethics and future implications', 'summary': 'Delves into encoding ethics in automation for content selection, proposing multiple ai systems with different ethical ideologies, discussing consciousness emergence from computation, and exploring the implications of achieving human immortality on society and the future.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9929.951, 'start': 9863.507, 'title': 'Ai ethics and automated content selection', 'summary': 'Discusses the necessity of encoding ethics in automation and the involvement in automated content selection on the internet, highlighting the need to build an ai ethics module.', 'duration': 66.444, 'highlights': ['The need to encode more ethics in automation to deal with content selection on the Internet, involving Facebook, Google, and Twitter, is discussed.', 'The question of what content should be ranked, blocked, or upranked, and the need to build an AI ethics module to make these decisions, is highlighted.', "The realization that there won't be a single AI ethics module to handle the decision-making process regarding content selection on the Internet is emphasized."]}, {'end': 10614.671, 'start': 9930.051, 'title': 'Ai ethics and computational contracts', 'summary': 'Discusses the societal implications of ai ethics and proposes the use of multiple ai systems with different ethical ideologies for content selection, emphasizing the potential of computational contracts and wolfram language to encode and execute these systems.', 'duration': 684.62, 'highlights': ['The societal implications of AI ethics and the proposal of using multiple AI systems with different ethical ideologies for content selection The chapter delves into the societal implications of AI ethics and suggests using multiple AI systems with different ethical ideologies for content selection, addressing the complexities of societal boundaries and individual preferences.', 'Emphasis on the potential of computational contracts and Wolfram Language in encoding and executing ethical AI systems The discussion highlights the potential of computational contracts and Wolfram Language in encoding and executing AI systems with different ethical ideologies, showcasing the capability to navigate complex societal challenges.', 'Defining intelligence as computation that aligns with human interests and the challenges in defining intelligence in general The chapter explores the definition of intelligence as computation aligned with human interests and highlights the challenges in defining intelligence in a general context, emphasizing the subjective nature of intelligence.']}, {'end': 10903.856, 'start': 10615.132, 'title': 'Consciousness and computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the principle of computational equivalence, the potential emergence of consciousness from computation, and the ethical implications of ai rights, highlighting the uncertain nature of defining consciousness and its potential impact on society in the future.', 'duration': 288.724, 'highlights': ['The principle of computational equivalence suggests that only a small percentage, possibly 1-20%, of cellular automata achieve a certain level of equivalence, indicating the disappointment in the evolution of biological, intellectual, and cultural aspects of our species.', 'The discussion raises questions about the subjective experience of consciousness and the emergence of consciousness from computation, challenging the understanding and definition of consciousness and its potential rights for AI in the future.', 'The idea of computation is seen as potentially transformational to society, fitting into a big paradigm and having a significant impact that might be years away, which could revolutionize society more than anticipated.', 'The uncertain nature of defining consciousness, the potential impact on AI rights, and the future societal transformation through the idea of computation are emphasized in the discussion, reflecting the complex and profound implications of these concepts.']}, {'end': 11459.215, 'start': 10903.856, 'title': 'Future of human immortality', 'summary': 'Explores the significance of computational irreducibility, the potential impact of achieving human immortality, and the evolving meaning of life, while also discussing the implications for the future of history and human condition.', 'duration': 555.359, 'highlights': ['The significance of computational irreducibility and the increasing importance of core ideas about computation as more stuff becomes automated and computational. The core ideas about how computation works necessarily become more and more significant as more and more stuff becomes automated and computational.', 'Discussion about the potential impact of achieving effective human immortality as the biggest discontinuity in human history. The big discontinuity of human history will come when one achieves effective human immortality, representing the biggest discontinuity in human history.', 'The evolving meaning of life and the changing interpretation of the human condition over time. The interpretation of the human condition, even the meaning of life, changes over time, reflecting the evolving nature of human motivation and the human condition.', 'Exploring the future of history in a time of human immortality, including the potential impact on individual motivations and the pursuit of fulfilling activities. The future of history in a time of human immortality raises questions about the evolution of human motivations and whether mortality gives meaning and makes life fun.', "The principle of computational equivalence and its implications for human significance compared to the universe. The principle of computational equivalence implies that what goes on inside us can ultimately achieve just the same level of computational sophistication as our whole universe, showing that we're at the same level."]}], 'duration': 1595.708, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ez773teNFYA/pics/ez773teNFYA9863507.jpg', 'highlights': ['The need to encode more ethics in automation for content selection on the Internet is emphasized, involving Facebook, Google, and Twitter.', 'The proposal of using multiple AI systems with different ethical ideologies for content selection is highlighted, addressing the complexities of societal boundaries and individual preferences.', 'The potential of computational contracts and Wolfram Language in encoding and executing AI systems with different ethical ideologies is emphasized, showcasing the capability to navigate complex societal challenges.', 'The discussion raises questions about the subjective experience of consciousness and the emergence of consciousness from computation, challenging the understanding and definition of consciousness and its potential rights for AI in the future.', 'The uncertain nature of defining consciousness, the potential impact on AI rights, and the future societal transformation through the idea of computation are emphasized, reflecting the complex and profound implications of these concepts.', 'The significance of computational irreducibility and the increasing importance of core ideas about computation as more stuff becomes automated and computational is highlighted.', 'Discussion about the potential impact of achieving effective human immortality as the biggest discontinuity in human history is emphasized.', 'The evolving meaning of life and the changing interpretation of the human condition over time is highlighted, reflecting the evolving nature of human motivation and the human condition.', 'Exploring the future of history in a time of human immortality, including the potential impact on individual motivations and the pursuit of fulfilling activities, is emphasized.', 'The principle of computational equivalence and its implications for human significance compared to the universe is highlighted.']}], 'highlights': ["The conversation with Stephen Wolfram revolves around the Wolfram Physics Project, his influential book 'A New Kind of Science', and the implications of his innovative thinking.", "The challenges of predicting the universe's outcomes and the implications of undecidability, particularly in the context of infinite computation and the complexity of the universe.", 'The emergence of mechanical calculators 150 years ago led to a disjoint notion of computation between adding and multiplying machines, lacking a robust notion of computation. (150 years ago)', 'The challenges in verifying quantum computers, with companies unable to provide direct access to their quantum computers for testing, indicating the difficulty in distinguishing between a real quantum computer and a simulator.', 'The concept of building cognitive waypoints to understand complex concepts such as 21st-century mathematics and language is discussed, highlighting the challenges and strategies for comprehension.', "The potential link between human consciousness and the universe, with a theory proposing how human consciousness may relate to observations in the universe through quantum mechanics, highlighting the complexity of understanding the observer's role in quantum phenomena.", 'The challenges of redefining the foundations of physics amidst the evolution of scientific methodologies are discussed, highlighting the complexities of quantum mechanics.', "Feynman's remarkable ability to create intuitive frameworks for understanding difficult concepts in quantum field theory.", 'The power of computational tools in exploring the universe The chapter emphasizes the ability of programming to essentially build another brain that can be used to explore the universe by the computer program.', "Wolfram's vision of generalizing the use of rules beyond mathematical equations to describe the world, as presented in his 1,200-page book 'A New Kind of Science'.", "The simplest Turing machine that might have been universal actually is universal, and it's much simpler than previously known universal Turing machines.", 'Wolfram Language comprises 6,000 primitive functions, covering a broad range of computational tasks and knowledge within the language.', 'The daunting task of ingesting vast amounts of knowledge into the system, including the finite nature of the reference library and the iterative implementation of various knowledge areas.', 'The need to encode more ethics in automation for content selection on the Internet is emphasized, involving Facebook, Google, and Twitter.', 'The principle of computational equivalence and its implications for human significance compared to the universe is highlighted.']}