title
6. Behavioral Genetics I

description
(April 12, 2010) Robert Sapolsky introduces a two-part series exploring the controversial scientific practice of inferring behavior to genetics. He covers classical techniques in behavior genetics and flaws, the significance of environmental factors, non genetic inheritance of traits, and multigenerational effects and relationship to epigenetic differences. Stanford University http://www.stanford.edu Stanford Department of Biology http://biology.stanford.edu/ Stanford University Channel on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/stanford

detail
{'title': '6. Behavioral Genetics I', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': 'Covers topics including evolutionary psychology, dna changes, behavior genetics, genetic influences on behavior with a study revealing gender disparity in math skills, genetic studies on math skills and schizophrenia, universal developmental influences, genetics and prenatal environment, impact of fetal nutrition programming, inter-generational impacts of prenatal environment, and genetic inheritance and behavioral effects.', 'chapters': [{'end': 242.129, 'segs': [{'end': 66.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 38.118, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 43.659, 'text': 'Just in time to convince you that we just keep jumping these as soon as you get accustomed to one approach.', 'start': 38.118, 'duration': 5.541}, {'end': 48.743, 'text': "Here we are, yet another one where we are going to trash everything that's come before us.", 'start': 44.119, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 57.19, 'text': 'OK, what have been the two broad approaches so far? The first one, the sociobiological slash evolutionary psychology one.', 'start': 49.283, 'duration': 7.907}, {'end': 66.677, 'text': 'Behavior evolves exactly under the same sort of wind tunnel of selection as does the heart of a giraffe, blah, blah, that whole song and dance.', 'start': 57.59, 'duration': 9.087}], 'summary': 'Discussion of two broad approaches: sociobiological and evolutionary psychology.', 'duration': 28.559, 'max_score': 38.118, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY38118.jpg'}, {'end': 201.318, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 102.947, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 109.173, 'text': 'molecular biology is the answer to the people who would sit around to the sociobiologist and say show me the genes.', 'start': 102.947, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 112.357, 'text': 'Show me the genes for what you keep talking about inferentially.', 'start': 109.273, 'duration': 3.084}, {'end': 117.538, 'text': 'And what we saw was how evolutionary change works out in the DNA level.', 'start': 112.857, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 125.22, 'text': 'Very importantly, the common mechanisms for microevolutionary change and how that supports the picture of gradualism.', 'start': 117.658, 'duration': 7.562}, {'end': 132.401, 'text': 'And then seeing all of these relatively new, unexpected ways in which you are getting big time changes in DNA,', 'start': 125.62, 'duration': 6.781}, {'end': 139.703, 'text': 'all these amplifying effects of macroevolution and suddenly support for punctuated equilibrium in two ways.', 'start': 132.401, 'duration': 7.302}, {'end': 150.451, 'text': 'First one being as soon as you get one little tiny mutation affecting transcription factors, affecting splicing enzymes, affecting entire networks,', 'start': 140.143, 'duration': 10.308}, {'end': 153.453, 'text': "it is going to be real rare that you don't get a mutation.", 'start': 150.451, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 157.036, 'text': "that's a disaster, stabilizing stasis.", 'start': 153.453, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 160.559, 'text': "That's the long-term feature of the punctuated equilibrium.", 'start': 157.416, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 170.661, 'text': 'the equilibrium part and the punctuated, seeing how, under circumstances of extreme selection, something that has come up with is wildly adaptive,', 'start': 160.959, 'duration': 9.702}, {'end': 176.322, 'text': 'wildly advantageous, quickly fixates in the society, and thus we have step functions.', 'start': 170.661, 'duration': 5.661}, {'end': 186.564, 'text': 'OK, so what we do today and Wednesday is now shift to another field, thinking about behavior in a genetic context, in a heritable context,', 'start': 176.882, 'duration': 9.682}, {'end': 188.805, 'text': 'this whole field of behavior genetics.', 'start': 186.564, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 193.029, 'text': "And what you'll see is depending on your stripe either.", 'start': 189.625, 'duration': 3.404}, {'end': 201.318, 'text': 'these are a bunch of really powerful approaches for being able to infer some sort of genetic components to behavior,', 'start': 193.029, 'duration': 8.289}], 'summary': 'Molecular biology explains genetic influence on behavior and evolution.', 'duration': 98.371, 'max_score': 102.947, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY102947.jpg'}], 'start': 4.957, 'title': 'Evolutionary psychology, dna changes, and behavior genetics', 'summary': "Discusses evolutionary psychology, molecular biology, punctuated equilibrium, dna changes, and behavior genetics, emphasizing predictive rules, heritability assumptions, genetic evidence, microevolutionary change, punctuated equilibrium, dna amplifying effects, rare mutations, stabilizing stasis, extreme selection, step functions, and contrasting views on behavior genetics' power and credibility.", 'chapters': [{'end': 125.22, 'start': 4.957, 'title': 'Evolutionary psychology and molecular biology', 'summary': 'Discusses the two broad approaches in evolutionary psychology: sociobiological/evolutionary psychology and molecular biology, emphasizing the predictive rules and heritability assumptions of the former and the emphasis on genetic evidence and microevolutionary change of the latter.', 'duration': 120.263, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces two broad approaches in evolutionary psychology: sociobiological/evolutionary psychology and molecular biology, with an emphasis on the predictive rules and heritability assumptions of the former.', 'It discusses the sociobiological/evolutionary psychology approach, which generates structured predictions about social behavior based on certain rules and assumptions of heritability of behavior following certain rules of evolution, resulting in a claim of understanding behavior based on these rules and assumptions.', 'The chapter also delves into the molecular biology approach, highlighting its emphasis on genetic evidence and microevolutionary change, supporting the picture of gradualism and challenging sociobiological explanations with the demand for genetic evidence for inferred claims about social behavior.']}, {'end': 176.322, 'start': 125.62, 'title': 'Punctuated equilibrium and dna changes', 'summary': 'Discusses the support for punctuated equilibrium through the amplifying effects of macroevolution on dna, including rare mutations affecting transcription factors and splicing enzymes, leading to stabilizing stasis and extreme selection resulting in wildly adaptive changes and step functions.', 'duration': 50.702, 'highlights': ['Rare mutations affecting transcription factors and splicing enzymes lead to stabilizing stasis in punctuated equilibrium.', 'Extreme selection results in wildly adaptive changes that quickly fixate in the society, leading to step functions.', 'Amplifying effects of macroevolution are seen in relatively new and unexpected ways, causing big time changes in DNA.']}, {'end': 242.129, 'start': 176.882, 'title': 'Behavior genetics: insights and skepticism', 'summary': 'Introduces the field of behavior genetics and presents contrasting views on its power and credibility, illustrating with a humorous anecdote and emphasizing its potential for insight.', 'duration': 65.247, 'highlights': ['The field of behavior genetics offers powerful approaches to infer genetic components to behavior, providing valuable insights (quantifiable data not available)', 'Some critics view the entire field as gibberish, questioning its credibility and usefulness (quantifiable data not available)', 'A humorous anecdote is used to illustrate the skepticism towards behavior genetics (quantifiable data not available)']}], 'duration': 237.172, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4957.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the sociobiological/evolutionary psychology approach, emphasizing predictive rules and heritability assumptions.', 'The molecular biology approach is highlighted for its emphasis on genetic evidence and microevolutionary change.', 'Rare mutations lead to stabilizing stasis in punctuated equilibrium, while extreme selection results in wildly adaptive changes.', 'Amplifying effects of macroevolution cause significant changes in DNA.', 'Behavior genetics offers powerful approaches to infer genetic components to behavior.', 'Some critics question the credibility and usefulness of behavior genetics.']}, {'end': 1210.599, 'segs': [{'end': 281.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 242.529, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 244.511, 'text': 'Well, I think I found the gene for that.', 'start': 242.529, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 250.256, 'text': 'And that winds up being one of the criticisms of the behavior genetics.', 'start': 245.712, 'duration': 4.544}, {'end': 251.437, 'text': 'once again,', 'start': 250.256, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 262.807, 'text': 'this world of inferring genetic bases to behavior in often the most deterministic possible way and using techniques which are often complete nonsense.', 'start': 251.437, 'duration': 11.37}, {'end': 270.413, 'text': "What we'll see are the tools of behavior geneticists and all the criticisms and why this winds up being a very contentious field.", 'start': 263.527, 'duration': 6.886}, {'end': 277.979, 'text': 'OK, so this being another version of getting at how do you know when a behavior has a genetic component.', 'start': 270.993, 'duration': 6.986}, {'end': 281.862, 'text': "And we're immediately allowing ourselves to be a little more subtle here.", 'start': 278.559, 'duration': 3.303}], 'summary': 'Controversy surrounds inferring genetic basis to behavior using questionable techniques.', 'duration': 39.333, 'max_score': 242.529, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY242529.jpg'}, {'end': 377.655, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 354.986, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 363.832, 'text': "So what's much more sort of the starting point for the whole field is to say, ooh, look, here's some behavioral traits that run in families.", 'start': 354.986, 'duration': 8.846}, {'end': 366.867, 'text': 'Genes run in families.', 'start': 365.546, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 371.25, 'text': 'Therefore, we may have just found evidence for a genetic influence on these traits.', 'start': 367.207, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 377.655, 'text': 'And of course, it takes about an eighth of a second to come up with the retort to that, which is, yes, genes run in families.', 'start': 371.711, 'duration': 5.944}], 'summary': 'Genetic influence on behavioral traits found in families.', 'duration': 22.669, 'max_score': 354.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY354986.jpg'}, {'end': 534.659, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 510.604, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 521.715, 'text': 'then, to explain any behavioral differences if you see a trait that is shared to a greater extent in a pair of identical twins? than in fraternal twins,', 'start': 510.604, 'duration': 11.111}, {'end': 522.615, 'text': "what's the only difference??", 'start': 521.715, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 524.655, 'text': 'They all grow up with identical environments.', 'start': 522.635, 'duration': 2.02}, {'end': 530.457, 'text': "It's because the identical twins have twice the amount of genes in common, 100%.", 'start': 524.936, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 534.659, 'text': 'You could thus infer a genetic influence on that trait.', 'start': 530.457, 'duration': 4.202}], 'summary': 'Identical twins share 100% genes, implying genetic influence on shared traits.', 'duration': 24.055, 'max_score': 510.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY510604.jpg'}, {'end': 667.706, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 639.384, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 643.665, 'text': 'Dizygotic twins of the same gender get raised in virtually the same environment.', 'start': 639.384, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 645.646, 'text': "That's not true in the slightest.", 'start': 643.925, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 652.327, 'text': 'There is far more differentiation of environment for dizygotic twins than for monozygotic twins.', 'start': 646.026, 'duration': 6.301}, {'end': 654.928, 'text': 'They are treated differently as pairs.', 'start': 652.667, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 662.158, 'text': 'Thus, if behavioral traits are more in common between monozygotic twins than between dizygotic,', 'start': 655.928, 'duration': 6.23}, {'end': 667.706, 'text': 'it could be because these guys share more genes in common and or because they share more environment.', 'start': 662.158, 'duration': 5.548}], 'summary': 'Dizygotic twins have more differentiated environments, resulting in varying behavioral traits compared to monozygotic twins.', 'duration': 28.322, 'max_score': 639.384, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY639384.jpg'}, {'end': 1002.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 958.438, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 963.039, 'text': 'mothers are already interacting differently with baby girls than with baby boys.', 'start': 958.438, 'duration': 4.601}, {'end': 969.422, 'text': "From the first interaction, from the very first holding of them, there's differences in how long they are held.", 'start': 963.479, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 973.104, 'text': 'There are differences in the proximity to the body, to the face.', 'start': 969.802, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 981.488, 'text': 'So whoa, sex differences in behavior at one hour, sex differences in environment within mere moments after being born.', 'start': 973.624, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 983.789, 'text': 'So that weakens that one.', 'start': 982.288, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 986.551, 'text': 'And this came through in another realm.', 'start': 984.369, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 996.316, 'text': 'This was a study that was done in the 80s that was enormously influential by a pair of scientists at Johns Hopkins, Benbow and Stanley.', 'start': 986.631, 'duration': 9.685}, {'end': 1002.54, 'text': 'And it had to do with a program that I bet a lot of you guys had something or other to do with back when,', 'start': 996.937, 'duration': 5.603}], 'summary': 'Mothers interact differently with baby girls and boys from birth, showing sex differences in behavior and environment within moments.', 'duration': 44.102, 'max_score': 958.438, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY958438.jpg'}, {'end': 1145.335, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1119.107, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1123.552, 'text': 'When they looked out at the tail here of the highest math achievement, there was a ratio of 13 to 1 boys to girls.', 'start': 1119.107, 'duration': 4.445}, {'end': 1128.547, 'text': 'OK, so that was pretty striking.', 'start': 1126.306, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 1134.03, 'text': 'And in their paper, which was published in Science, was a very, very critical phrase.', 'start': 1128.887, 'duration': 5.143}, {'end': 1141.933, 'text': 'Their rationale for doing the study on kids that age was the fact that, at least at the time, in most schools middle school, junior,', 'start': 1134.07, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 1145.335, 'text': 'high school kids have not differentiated classes yet.', 'start': 1141.933, 'duration': 3.402}], 'summary': 'In the study, the ratio of boys to girls in highest math achievement was 13 to 1, published in science.', 'duration': 26.228, 'max_score': 1119.107, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1119107.jpg'}, {'end': 1187.687, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1161.381, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1171.913, 'text': 'they could include in their paper a phrase along the lines of since all the children had essentially identical educational environments,', 'start': 1161.381, 'duration': 10.532}, {'end': 1180.144, 'text': 'any gender differences seen in it are reflecting and they used the word biological, are reflecting biological differences.', 'start': 1171.913, 'duration': 8.231}, {'end': 1184.086, 'text': 'This was one hell of a famous study.', 'start': 1180.744, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 1187.687, 'text': 'This was front page all over the place.', 'start': 1184.606, 'duration': 3.081}], 'summary': 'Famous study suggests gender differences reflect biological factors.', 'duration': 26.306, 'max_score': 1161.381, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1161381.jpg'}], 'start': 242.529, 'title': 'Genetic influences on behavior', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges of inferring genetic influences on behavior, classic approaches to infer genetic influence on behavioral traits, and a study revealing gender disparity in math skills at johns hopkins in the 1980s with a 13 to 1 ratio of boys to girls in highest math achievement.', 'chapters': [{'end': 457.883, 'start': 242.529, 'title': 'Behavior genetics: genetic influences on traits', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of inferring genetic influences on behavior, highlighting the limitations of traditional approaches and the need for more subtle and informative strategies in behavior genetics.', 'duration': 215.354, 'highlights': ['The limitations of inferring genetic influences on behavior are discussed, emphasizing the need for more subtle and informative strategies in behavior genetics. Discussing the challenges of inferring genetic influences on behavior, highlighting the limitations of traditional approaches, and the need for more subtle and informative strategies in behavior genetics.', 'The criticism of the deterministic approach in behavior genetics is highlighted, pointing out the use of techniques that are often considered complete nonsense. Emphasizing the criticism of the deterministic approach in behavior genetics and the use of techniques considered complete nonsense.', 'The concept of genetic influence on traits and the need to control for environment in behavior genetics is explained, emphasizing the complexities of shared genes and shared environment. Explaining the concept of genetic influence on traits and emphasizing the complexities of shared genes and shared environment in behavior genetics.']}, {'end': 981.488, 'start': 458.323, 'title': 'Genetic influence on behavioral traits', 'summary': 'Discusses the classic approach of comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins to infer genetic influence on behavioral traits, highlighting the challenges of controlling for environment and the impact of shared genes and prenatal environment on behavioral traits. it also examines gender differences in behavior and genetic influence within moments after birth.', 'duration': 523.165, 'highlights': ['The impact of shared genes and prenatal environment on behavioral traits is discussed, emphasizing the challenges of controlling for environment in twin studies.', 'The differences in environment for monozygotic and dizygotic twins are explored, revealing the potential influence of shared genes and prenatal environment on behavioral traits.', 'The significance of gender differences in behavior and genetic influence within moments after birth is highlighted, showcasing the early manifestation of genetic effects on behavioral traits.']}, {'end': 1210.599, 'start': 982.288, 'title': 'Gender disparity in math skills', 'summary': 'Discusses a study from the 1980s by benbow and stanley at johns hopkins, revealing a significant gender difference in math skills with boys scoring higher on average and a 13 to 1 ratio of boys to girls in the highest math achievement, leading to widespread media coverage.', 'duration': 228.311, 'highlights': ['Boys had a significantly higher average score on the math SATs, with a ratio of 13 to 1 boys to girls in the highest math achievement. The study revealed a gender disparity in math skills, with boys scoring higher on average and a 13 to 1 ratio of boys to girls in the highest math achievement.', "The study gained widespread media coverage, being featured in publications like Time, Newsweek, and Reader's Digest. The study by Benbow and Stanley received extensive media attention, being featured in prominent publications such as Time, Newsweek, and Reader's Digest.", "The study had a large database of 40,000 kids and was published in Science, making it influential and widely recognized. The study's large database and publication in Science contributed to its influence and recognition in the academic community."]}], 'duration': 968.07, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY242529.jpg', 'highlights': ['The study revealed a gender disparity in math skills, with boys scoring higher on average and a 13 to 1 ratio of boys to girls in the highest math achievement.', "The study by Benbow and Stanley received extensive media attention, being featured in prominent publications such as Time, Newsweek, and Reader's Digest.", "The study's large database and publication in Science contributed to its influence and recognition in the academic community.", 'The significance of gender differences in behavior and genetic influence within moments after birth is highlighted, showcasing the early manifestation of genetic effects on behavioral traits.', 'The impact of shared genes and prenatal environment on behavioral traits is discussed, emphasizing the challenges of controlling for environment in twin studies.', 'The differences in environment for monozygotic and dizygotic twins are explored, revealing the potential influence of shared genes and prenatal environment on behavioral traits.', 'The limitations of inferring genetic influences on behavior are discussed, emphasizing the need for more subtle and informative strategies in behavior genetics.', 'The concept of genetic influence on traits and the need to control for environment in behavior genetics is explained, emphasizing the complexities of shared genes and shared environment.', 'The criticism of the deterministic approach in behavior genetics is highlighted, pointing out the use of techniques that are often considered complete nonsense.']}, {'end': 2382.263, 'segs': [{'end': 1257.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1236.494, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1251.28, 'text': 'This was the study that definitively showed genetic differences in math skills by sex and definitively showed that this was manifest at a stage before there were different educational environments in terms of math.', 'start': 1236.494, 'duration': 14.786}, {'end': 1257.645, 'text': 'And what, of course, completely rips apart that study and it was shameful that thing was ever published,', 'start': 1251.92, 'duration': 5.725}], 'summary': 'Genetic differences in math skills by sex shown before educational environments, study refuted', 'duration': 21.151, 'max_score': 1236.494, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1236494.jpg'}, {'end': 1298.319, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1275.72, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1283.525, 'text': 'Studies showing that for the same correct answer, boys in elementary schools are more likely to be praised for the correct answer than are girls.', 'start': 1275.72, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 1287.187, 'text': 'By the time junior high school is coming around.', 'start': 1283.945, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 1294.815, 'text': 'guidance counselors are already, differentially by sex, advising once you get into high school to take more elective math.', 'start': 1287.187, 'duration': 7.628}, {'end': 1298.319, 'text': 'Tremendous, massive differences in environment.', 'start': 1295.275, 'duration': 3.044}], 'summary': 'Studies reveal gender bias in praise and guidance, leading to significant disparities in math education.', 'duration': 22.599, 'max_score': 1275.72, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1275720.jpg'}, {'end': 1403.384, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1373.315, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1375.796, 'text': 'The one that is used over and over and over again.', 'start': 1373.315, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 1379.979, 'text': 'the standard approach in this part of the field is adoption studies.', 'start': 1375.796, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 1389.701, 'text': 'You take someone who is adopted as child, and they are now raised in a household of people who they are not related to.', 'start': 1380.879, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 1392.442, 'text': "They're adoptive, non-biological parents.", 'start': 1389.781, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 1396.683, 'text': 'And what you now begin to look at are patterns of shared traits.', 'start': 1392.962, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 1403.384, 'text': 'Specifically, what is looked at is when you see a trait in someone who was adopted,', 'start': 1397.243, 'duration': 6.141}], 'summary': 'Adoption studies in the field reveal patterns of shared traits in adopted individuals.', 'duration': 30.069, 'max_score': 1373.315, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1373315.jpg'}, {'end': 1730.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1701.88, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1710.289, 'text': 'And what you saw then was a 3% chance, which with this enormous sample size was a highly significant reliable number.', 'start': 1701.88, 'duration': 8.409}, {'end': 1713.112, 'text': 'So in a rough kind of way,', 'start': 1710.969, 'duration': 2.143}, {'end': 1721.78, 'text': 'being raised in a household with an adoptive parent who is schizophrenic approximately triples your risk of a schizophrenia diagnosis.', 'start': 1713.112, 'duration': 8.668}, {'end': 1730.868, 'text': 'But then the really critical one, which is you were raised in a household where neither adoptive parent is schizophrenic,', 'start': 1722.481, 'duration': 8.387}], 'summary': 'Being raised in a household with a schizophrenic adoptive parent triples schizophrenia risk.', 'duration': 28.988, 'max_score': 1701.88, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1701880.jpg'}, {'end': 1780.735, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1749.797, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1753.38, 'text': 'This one number was what roared through the field.', 'start': 1749.797, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 1759.986, 'text': 'This was viewed as the clearest evidence to date for a genetic component to a psychiatric disorder.', 'start': 1753.7, 'duration': 6.286}, {'end': 1773.171, 'text': 'Regular old person off the street 1% rate have a biological parent with schizophrenia and share no environment with them because he got adopted away and almost tenfold higher chance of getting the disease.', 'start': 1760.746, 'duration': 12.425}, {'end': 1780.735, 'text': 'Then, final thing, looking at the incredibly rare people who got screwed on more different fronts than you can imagine,', 'start': 1773.872, 'duration': 6.863}], 'summary': 'Genetic component linked to psychiatric disorder with 10x higher risk for adopted individuals', 'duration': 30.938, 'max_score': 1749.797, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1749797.jpg'}, {'end': 1851.36, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1822.466, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1825.007, 'text': 'What are you seeing here? A synergism.', 'start': 1822.466, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 1831.351, 'text': 'Get yourself a biological legacy and get yourself a schizophrenic household to grow up in.', 'start': 1825.448, 'duration': 5.903}, {'end': 1835.773, 'text': 'And it is not just adding up the two degrees of risk.', 'start': 1831.771, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 1839.135, 'text': 'There was a synergism, a non-additive synergism.', 'start': 1836.093, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 1842.117, 'text': 'That is an important hint for us of stuff to come.', 'start': 1839.495, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 1845.038, 'text': 'So this was this landmark study.', 'start': 1842.597, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1848.039, 'text': 'This was phenomenally difficult to have pulled off.', 'start': 1845.098, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 1851.36, 'text': 'It got Keddie a number of Nobel Prize nominations.', 'start': 1848.419, 'duration': 2.941}], 'summary': 'Study reveals synergistic impact of biological legacy and household environment on risk, leading to nobel prize nominations.', 'duration': 28.894, 'max_score': 1822.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1822466.jpg'}, {'end': 2186.218, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2162.984, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2171.411, 'text': 'And instead, there are very intentional attempts to try to match for certain traits, traits which have genetic influences on them.', 'start': 2162.984, 'duration': 8.427}, {'end': 2174.392, 'text': "OK, so that's a big problem.", 'start': 2172.171, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 2180.575, 'text': 'So the adoptive approach had tons and tons of interesting findings, enormously influential.', 'start': 2174.792, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 2186.218, 'text': 'But over the years people have realized more and more prenatal effects, paternity,', 'start': 2180.875, 'duration': 5.343}], 'summary': 'Genetic traits influence adoption outcomes, prenatal and paternity effects', 'duration': 23.234, 'max_score': 2162.984, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2162984.jpg'}, {'end': 2262.16, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2233.477, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2238.2, 'text': 'Whoa, that must be one hell of an experiment to have pulled off, identical twins separated at birth.', 'start': 2233.477, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 2247.866, 'text': 'It turns out every now and then, a pair of identical twins are adopted very soon after birth, where each one is adopted into a different household.', 'start': 2238.58, 'duration': 9.286}, {'end': 2250.767, 'text': 'Perfect Perfect.', 'start': 2248.766, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2254.332, 'text': 'Different environments, different households, identical genes.', 'start': 2251.228, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 2257.515, 'text': 'You could not possibly ask for something better than that.', 'start': 2254.572, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 2262.16, 'text': 'People wet their pants when the identical twins separated at birth.', 'start': 2258.016, 'duration': 4.144}], 'summary': 'Identical twins separated at birth offer ideal conditions for genetic studies.', 'duration': 28.683, 'max_score': 2233.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2233477.jpg'}], 'start': 1210.599, 'title': 'Genetic studies on math skills and schizophrenia', 'summary': "Delves into genetic differences in math skills by sex and the influence of environment, challenging the study's claims and highlighting the use of adoption studies. it also explores the genetic component of schizophrenia, revealing a significant increase in incidence based on biological and adoptive environmental legacies, with a synergistic effect in some cases. additionally, it discusses the limitations of adoption approach in behavior genetics studies and emphasizes the insights provided by studying identical twins separated at birth.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1446.943, 'start': 1210.599, 'title': 'Genetic study on math skills', 'summary': "Discusses a study claiming to have definitively shown genetic differences in math skills by sex and the influence of environment on these differences, challenging the study's claims and highlighting the use of adoption studies for analyzing shared traits.", 'duration': 236.344, 'highlights': ["The study claiming to have definitively shown genetic differences in math skills by sex was challenged by evidence of differing educational environments and biased treatment of boys and girls in school. Evidence of biased treatment of boys and girls in school, challenges the study's claims of genetic differences in math skills by sex.", 'Studies have shown biased treatment of boys and girls in school, with boys being more likely to be praised and encouraged in math, leading to tremendous differences in environment that influence math skills. Boys are more likely to be praised and encouraged in math, leading to tremendous differences in environment that influence math skills.', 'Adoption studies are highlighted as a standard approach for analyzing shared traits in individuals raised in the same environment but with different genes. Adoption studies are a standard approach for analyzing shared traits in individuals raised in the same environment but with different genes.']}, {'end': 1920.086, 'start': 1446.943, 'title': 'Genetic basis of schizophrenia study', 'summary': 'Discusses the landmark study by seymour keddie in the late 60s, early 70s, which demonstrated a clear genetic component to schizophrenia. the study revealed a significant increase in schizophrenia incidence based on biological and adoptive environmental legacies, with a synergistic effect in some cases.', 'duration': 473.143, 'highlights': ['The study by Seymour Keddie in the late 60s, early 70s demonstrated a clear genetic component to schizophrenia. This study provided the first definitive modern science evidence for a heritable basis to a psychiatric disorder.', 'The study revealed a significant increase in schizophrenia incidence based on biological and adoptive environmental legacies. Being raised in a household with an adoptive parent who is schizophrenic approximately triples the risk of a schizophrenia diagnosis, while having a biological legacy of schizophrenia increases the incidence by almost tenfold.', 'There was a synergistic effect in cases where both biological and adoptive environmental legacies of schizophrenia were present. The study showed a non-additive synergism between biological and adoptive environmental legacies, indicating a substantial increase in the risk of schizophrenia beyond the sum of individual risk factors.']}, {'end': 2382.263, 'start': 1920.126, 'title': 'Genetic studies: adoption vs identical twins', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and confounds in behavior genetics studies, highlighting the limitations of adoption approach due to prenatal effects, paternity uncertainty, and non-random placements, followed by the gold standard approach of studying identical twins separated at birth, providing unique insights into genetic and environmental influences.', 'duration': 462.137, 'highlights': ['The limitations of the adoption approach due to prenatal effects, paternity uncertainty, and non-random placements. The adoption approach faces challenges such as prenatal effects, paternity uncertainty, and intentional non-random placements, impacting the genetic and environmental analyses.', 'The gold standard approach of studying identical twins separated at birth, offering unique insights into genetic and environmental influences. Studying identical twins separated at birth provides a powerful approach to disentangle genetic and environmental influences, offering valuable insights into behavior genetics.']}], 'duration': 1171.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY1210599.jpg', 'highlights': ["Evidence of biased treatment of boys and girls in school challenges the study's claims of genetic differences in math skills by sex.", 'Boys are more likely to be praised and encouraged in math, leading to tremendous differences in environment that influence math skills.', 'Adoption studies are a standard approach for analyzing shared traits in individuals raised in the same environment but with different genes.', 'The study by Seymour Keddie in the late 60s, early 70s demonstrated a clear genetic component to schizophrenia.', 'Being raised in a household with an adoptive parent who is schizophrenic approximately triples the risk of a schizophrenia diagnosis.', 'There was a synergistic effect in cases where both biological and adoptive environmental legacies of schizophrenia were present.', 'The adoption approach faces challenges such as prenatal effects, paternity uncertainty, and intentional non-random placements, impacting the genetic and environmental analyses.', 'Studying identical twins separated at birth provides a powerful approach to disentangle genetic and environmental influences, offering valuable insights into behavior genetics.']}, {'end': 2762.757, 'segs': [{'end': 2464.876, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2435.911, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2447.471, 'text': 'about 50% heritability of where you are on the introversion, extroversion scale, and about 50% heritability for degree of aggression.', 'start': 2435.911, 'duration': 11.56}, {'end': 2450.831, 'text': "That's kind of interesting.", 'start': 2449.471, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 2455.933, 'text': "And what we will see is there's all sorts of problems with this approach as well.", 'start': 2451.352, 'duration': 4.581}, {'end': 2464.876, 'text': 'First one being starting right off. back to that Cayman guy from Princeton. his critique turns out there were not a whole lot of wolfies and shmueles.', 'start': 2456.473, 'duration': 8.403}], 'summary': 'Approximately 50% heritability for introversion, extroversion and aggression, with critiques on the approach.', 'duration': 28.965, 'max_score': 2435.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2435911.jpg'}, {'end': 2560.464, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2529.706, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2534.009, 'text': "What's another feature of the whole behavior genetics approach? Here's another one.", 'start': 2529.706, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 2544.755, 'text': 'If you see traits that occur, behavioral traits, in the absence of any learning, in the absence of any environmental experience,', 'start': 2534.449, 'duration': 10.306}, {'end': 2549.738, 'text': 'in the absence of anything that can count as being non-genetic.', 'start': 2544.755, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 2553.18, 'text': "If you see that, you're looking at a genetic influence.", 'start': 2550.118, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 2560.464, 'text': 'And what are the examples that are always given? The fact that all babies all over the universe start smiling.', 'start': 2553.56, 'duration': 6.904}], 'summary': 'Behavior genetics approach identifies genetic influence on innate behaviors, e.g., universal baby smiling.', 'duration': 30.758, 'max_score': 2529.706, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2529706.jpg'}, {'end': 2679.269, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2624.58, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2635.549, 'text': 'the motor pattern here being something that is arguably fairly universal and occurring in the absence of any sort of training how you go about smiling.', 'start': 2624.58, 'duration': 10.969}, {'end': 2640.394, 'text': "The other example that's always used is with congenitally deaf babies.", 'start': 2636.189, 'duration': 4.205}, {'end': 2642.056, 'text': 'And what you get?', 'start': 2641.115, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 2650.787, 'text': 'there is another universal which is beginning to babble at the exact same age that hearing kids begin to babble,', 'start': 2642.056, 'duration': 8.731}, {'end': 2652.769, 'text': 'and the same argument being made there.', 'start': 2650.787, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 2660.395, 'text': 'Of course, you have a very uphill task there of ruling out any environmental similarities.', 'start': 2653.77, 'duration': 6.625}, {'end': 2670.684, 'text': 'Because once again, an area that has been utterly underappreciated in this whole field is the whole world of prenatal environmental effects.', 'start': 2660.696, 'duration': 9.988}, {'end': 2679.269, 'text': "And the theme that's going to come out of, that is environment does not begin at birth and some environmental effects, prenatally,", 'start': 2671.184, 'duration': 8.085}], 'summary': 'Universal motor patterns observed in smiling and babbling, influenced by prenatal environmental effects.', 'duration': 54.689, 'max_score': 2624.58, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2624580.jpg'}, {'end': 2728.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2702.445, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2709.537, 'text': 'First one being going back to that gender difference business, the assumption running through the field that OK,', 'start': 2702.445, 'duration': 7.092}, {'end': 2712.462, 'text': 'boys and girls are raised in the same environment by their parents.', 'start': 2709.537, 'duration': 2.925}, {'end': 2714.526, 'text': 'And the only thing that differs are the genes.', 'start': 2712.803, 'duration': 1.723}, {'end': 2719.314, 'text': 'like even those people, behavior geneticists, believe that could be the case.', 'start': 2715.512, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 2728.38, 'text': 'No, they recognize this was a very limited approach and thus would limit themselves to circumstances like the first hour of postnatal life,', 'start': 2719.755, 'duration': 8.625}], 'summary': 'Behavior geneticists recognize limited approach in gender differences theory.', 'duration': 25.935, 'max_score': 2702.445, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2702445.jpg'}, {'end': 2766.319, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2741.387, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2746.51, 'text': 'Nonetheless, there was the recognition that that was a very limited set of tools for getting at these issues.', 'start': 2741.387, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 2756.354, 'text': 'The other useful thing that was brought up was somebody pointing out that in the extended notes for behavior genetics in the second paragraph,', 'start': 2746.81, 'duration': 9.544}, {'end': 2762.757, 'text': 'somewhere in there about the fourth or fifth line, is the very clearly typed out word unable,', 'start': 2756.354, 'duration': 6.403}, {'end': 2766.319, 'text': 'and pointing out that actually the word was supposed to be able.', 'start': 2762.757, 'duration': 3.562}], 'summary': 'Limited tools for addressing issues; incorrect word in behavior genetics notes.', 'duration': 24.932, 'max_score': 2741.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2741387.jpg'}], 'start': 2382.724, 'title': 'Genetic and universal developmental influences', 'summary': 'Discusses the heritability of iq, introversion-extroversion scale, and degree of aggression, highlighting about 50% heritability for each, while also addressing the limitations of behavior genetics studies. it also covers universal developmental patterns of smiling and babbling in babies, showcasing examples of social smiling and babbling in congenitally blind and deaf babies, and highlights the influence of prenatal environment on lifelong traits.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2553.18, 'start': 2382.724, 'title': 'Genetic influences on behavior', 'summary': 'Discusses the heritability of iq, introversion-extroversion scale, and degree of aggression, highlighting about 50% heritability for each, while also addressing the limitations of behavior genetics studies and the importance of genetic influence on behavioral traits.', 'duration': 170.456, 'highlights': ['The most solid reliable findings from behavior genetics studies indicate about 50% heritability of IQ, introversion-extroversion scale, and degree of aggression.', 'The limitations of behavior genetics studies include non-random placement in adoptive homes and tiny sample sizes, which restrict the power of analysis.', 'Genetic influence is indicated when traits occur without any learning, environmental experience, or non-genetic factors.']}, {'end': 2762.757, 'start': 2553.56, 'title': 'Universal developmental patterns', 'summary': 'Discusses universal developmental patterns of smiling and babbling in babies, showcasing examples of social smiling and babbling in congenitally blind and deaf babies, and highlights the influence of prenatal environment on lifelong traits.', 'duration': 209.197, 'highlights': ['The motor pattern of smiling is shared among all humans, with congenitally blind babies also following the same developmental time course for smiling.', 'Congenitally deaf babies begin to babble at the exact same age as hearing kids, showcasing a universal developmental pattern.', 'Prenatal environmental effects are underappreciated in the field, with the recognition that environment does not begin at birth and some prenatal environmental effects are enormously influential forever after.', 'Behavior geneticists recognizing the limited approach of assuming that boys and girls are raised in the same environment by their parents, highlighting the flaws in the traditional assumptions about genetic and environmental influences.']}], 'duration': 380.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2382724.jpg', 'highlights': ['About 50% heritability of IQ, introversion-extroversion scale, and degree of aggression.', 'Limitations of behavior genetics studies: non-random placement in adoptive homes and tiny sample sizes.', 'Genetic influence indicated when traits occur without learning, environmental experience, or non-genetic factors.', 'Motor pattern of smiling shared among all humans, including congenitally blind babies.', 'Congenitally deaf babies begin to babble at the same age as hearing kids, showcasing a universal developmental pattern.', 'Prenatal environmental effects underappreciated in the field, influential forever after.', 'Recognition of limited approach of assuming boys and girls are raised in the same environment by their parents.']}, {'end': 3252.617, 'segs': [{'end': 2813.582, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2762.757, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2766.319, 'text': 'and pointing out that actually the word was supposed to be able.', 'start': 2762.757, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 2770.341, 'text': 'So you might want to take a look at that and kind of keep that one in mind.', 'start': 2767.059, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 2773.123, 'text': 'OK Perhaps I should take a look at it also.', 'start': 2771.121, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 2773.864, 'text': 'Moving on.', 'start': 2773.243, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 2775.905, 'text': 'Moving on now to this business.', 'start': 2773.944, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 2780.509, 'text': "All of the approaches we've been seeing about comparing monozygotic with dizygotic.", 'start': 2776.226, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 2785.894, 'text': 'By the way, with the identical twins, 2 thirds of them have monochorionic.', 'start': 2780.569, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 2787.335, 'text': '1 third are split.', 'start': 2785.914, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 2795.943, 'text': 'And how many of you who are identical twins absolutely know in your heart of heart right now whether you are a monochorionic or a bichorionic twin?', 'start': 2788.236, 'duration': 7.707}, {'end': 2800.873, 'text': "OK well, that didn't work very well.", 'start': 2798.271, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 2803.715, 'text': 'OK. so pushing on.', 'start': 2801.293, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 2813.582, 'text': 'what we see here is, with all of these approaches, the adoption, the twins separated at birth, the twins mono versus dizygotic, et cetera, et cetera.', 'start': 2803.715, 'duration': 9.867}], 'summary': 'Comparing monozygotic with dizygotic twins, 2/3 are monochorionic, 1/3 are split.', 'duration': 50.825, 'max_score': 2762.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2762757.jpg'}, {'end': 2983.205, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2927.727, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2935.192, 'text': "How does that translate out later? The more male siblings you have around you as a fetus, the later you're going to reach puberty.", 'start': 2927.727, 'duration': 7.465}, {'end': 2943.911, 'text': "That's interesting, suggesting that very local endocrine effects here play out in something like that.", 'start': 2936.348, 'duration': 7.563}, {'end': 2949.293, 'text': 'Also, it predicts how estrogen levels are going to drop in you later in life.', 'start': 2944.491, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 2953.775, 'text': 'So this winds up being one very interesting prenatal environment.', 'start': 2949.673, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 2955.096, 'text': "Here's another one.", 'start': 2954.375, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 2961.744, 'text': "Here we have, in humans, the age of one's mother when she gave birth.", 'start': 2955.916, 'duration': 5.828}, {'end': 2967.331, 'text': 'And extrapolating a little bit here at both ends, we just assume this is kind of the age range.', 'start': 2961.884, 'duration': 5.447}, {'end': 2972.377, 'text': 'And what we see here is the age of puberty onset in the offspring.', 'start': 2967.671, 'duration': 4.706}, {'end': 2983.205, 'text': 'And what is seen is very young mothers and very old mothers have offspring who reach puberty later than women in a more intermediate age.', 'start': 2973.138, 'duration': 10.067}], 'summary': "Male siblings influence puberty timing; maternal age affects offspring's puberty onset.", 'duration': 55.478, 'max_score': 2927.727, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2927727.jpg'}, {'end': 3037.825, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3008.548, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3009.749, 'text': 'So prenatal effects.', 'start': 3008.548, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 3012.611, 'text': 'More, another version of it.', 'start': 3010.67, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 3018.335, 'text': 'Suppose now the hormone you are getting inundated with through the bloodstream is a stress hormone.', 'start': 3013.012, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 3023.378, 'text': 'A stress hormone, glucocorticoids, we will learn all about those down the line.', 'start': 3018.875, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 3026.379, 'text': 'A stress hormone because mom is stressed.', 'start': 3023.778, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3033.644, 'text': 'What are some of the consequences? For the same prenatal stress, as an adult, you will have a smaller brain.', 'start': 3026.96, 'duration': 6.684}, {'end': 3037.825, 'text': "If you're a rat, you will have a thinner cortex.", 'start': 3034.904, 'duration': 2.921}], 'summary': 'Prenatal stress can lead to smaller brain size in adults and thinner cortex in rats.', 'duration': 29.277, 'max_score': 3008.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3008548.jpg'}, {'end': 3210.773, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3180.889, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3185.272, 'text': 'And when this was first described in the early 60s, this was called the grandmother effect.', 'start': 3180.889, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 3189.817, 'text': 'And eventually, it was shown to go out about four or five generations.', 'start': 3185.672, 'duration': 4.145}, {'end': 3194.222, 'text': 'The magnitude of the effect would get smaller with each generation before it disappeared.', 'start': 3189.857, 'duration': 4.365}, {'end': 3196.204, 'text': 'But look at what this is about.', 'start': 3194.522, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 3199.708, 'text': 'This is inheriting a trait that is not genetic.', 'start': 3196.525, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 3210.773, 'text': 'And this wound up being the first example of what is now called non-Mendelian inheritance of traits, non-genetic inheritance of traits.', 'start': 3200.529, 'duration': 10.244}], 'summary': 'The grandmother effect demonstrated non-mendelian inheritance over 4-5 generations.', 'duration': 29.884, 'max_score': 3180.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3180889.jpg'}], 'start': 2762.757, 'title': 'Genetics and prenatal environment', 'summary': 'Discusses twin studies comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins, challenges in identifying twin types, and prenatal environmental impacts, including hormonal influences, maternal stress, delayed puberty, smaller brains, and non-genetic inheritance of traits across generations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2813.582, 'start': 2762.757, 'title': 'Twin studies in genetics', 'summary': "Discusses the comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and the challenges in identifying monochorionic and bichorionic twins, with a humorous anecdote about the audience's knowledge on their own twin type.", 'duration': 50.825, 'highlights': ["The challenges in identifying monochorionic and bichorionic twins are highlighted, with an amusing audience interaction revealing the difficulty in ascertaining one's twin type.", 'The chapter discusses the comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, addressing the various approaches such as adoption studies and twins separated at birth.', "The speaker points out the supposed word 'able' and suggests the audience to keep it in mind for further consideration."]}, {'end': 3252.617, 'start': 2813.582, 'title': "Prenatal environment's impact", 'summary': 'Explores how prenatal environment, including hormonal influences and maternal stress, affects the development of offspring, leading to delayed puberty, smaller brains, and non-genetic inheritance of traits across generations.', 'duration': 439.035, 'highlights': ["Prenatal environment can impact the timing of puberty, with the number of male siblings correlating to delayed puberty in female rat fetuses. Number of male siblings affecting the timing of female rat fetuses' puberty.", 'The age of the mother at childbirth affects the onset of puberty in offspring, with younger and older mothers leading to delayed puberty due to differing estrogen levels. Impact of maternal age on the onset of puberty in offspring due to differing estrogen levels.', 'Prenatal exposure to maternal stress hormone, glucocorticoids, can result in smaller brains, thinner cortex, reduced learning abilities, and increased anxiety in adult rats, with effects spanning their entire lives. Prenatal exposure to maternal stress hormone affecting brain size, learning abilities, and anxiety levels in adult rats.', 'The grandmother effect demonstrates how environmental manipulation on a pregnant female can manifest in her grandchildren two generations later, showing non-genetic inheritance of traits due to prenatal environment. Demonstration of non-genetic inheritance of traits due to prenatal environmental manipulation on pregnant females.']}], 'duration': 489.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY2762757.jpg', 'highlights': ['The grandmother effect demonstrates non-genetic inheritance of traits due to prenatal environment.', 'Prenatal exposure to maternal stress hormone affects brain size, learning abilities, and anxiety levels in adult rats.', 'The age of the mother at childbirth affects the onset of puberty in offspring due to differing estrogen levels.', 'Prenatal environment can impact the timing of puberty, with the number of male siblings correlating to delayed puberty in female rat fetuses.', "The challenges in identifying monochorionic and bichorionic twins are highlighted, with an amusing audience interaction revealing the difficulty in ascertaining one's twin type.", 'The chapter discusses the comparison of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, addressing various approaches such as adoption studies and twins separated at birth.']}, {'end': 3624.83, 'segs': [{'end': 3347.647, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3323.375, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3333.723, 'text': 'Essentially, people went from a perfectly fine healthy amid the context of a war Western European diet down to something like that from out of nowhere.', 'start': 3323.375, 'duration': 10.348}, {'end': 3337.824, 'text': '40, 000 people starved to death during the Dutch Hunger Winter.', 'start': 3335.263, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 3347.647, 'text': 'Something very interesting occurred if you were a third trimester fetus during the Dutch Hunger Winter, because it only lasted for the winter.', 'start': 3338.484, 'duration': 9.163}], 'summary': '40,000 people starved during dutch hunger winter.', 'duration': 24.272, 'max_score': 3323.375, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3323375.jpg'}, {'end': 3443.791, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3416.445, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3421.127, 'text': "Notice the word imprinting here being used in a completely different sense than we've heard about already.", 'start': 3416.445, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 3426.589, 'text': 'Metabolic programming to produce what is called a thrifty phenotype.', 'start': 3421.587, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 3432.746, 'text': "The fetus realizing there's nothing out there in the way of plentiful food.", 'start': 3427.964, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 3438.208, 'text': 'what it does is it programs its pancreas to function in a certain way forever after.', 'start': 3432.746, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 3443.791, 'text': 'What does the pancreas do? The smallest smidgen of food hits the bloodstream.', 'start': 3438.829, 'duration': 4.962}], 'summary': 'Fetal metabolic programming adapts pancreas for minimal food intake.', 'duration': 27.346, 'max_score': 3416.445, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3416445.jpg'}, {'end': 3559.043, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3486.36, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3494.283, 'text': 'And what has now been shown with the Dutch Hunger Winter individual, the ones who were third trimester fetuses, then as adults?', 'start': 3486.36, 'duration': 7.923}, {'end': 3503.947, 'text': "they have a 19-fold increase incidence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes and what's called metabolic syndrome.", 'start': 3494.283, 'duration': 9.664}, {'end': 3511.456, 'text': "What's that about? Their body has programmed to be extremely thrifty with metabolism.", 'start': 3505.712, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 3519.202, 'text': 'And as such, it is forever after storing away every bit of the grotesque westernized diets that we all wallow in.', 'start': 3511.816, 'duration': 7.386}, {'end': 3527.508, 'text': "And what you've got then is setting individuals up for a much, much higher risk of these metabolic disorders.", 'start': 3519.802, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 3531.616, 'text': "If you were a newborn at the time, didn't happen.", 'start': 3528.672, 'duration': 2.944}, {'end': 3535.801, 'text': 'Newborn during here, the metabolic programming is already over by then.', 'start': 3532.216, 'duration': 3.585}, {'end': 3539.085, 'text': "If you were a first trimester fetus, didn't happen.", 'start': 3535.861, 'duration': 3.224}, {'end': 3541.207, 'text': "The metabolic programming hasn't started yet.", 'start': 3539.125, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 3546.714, 'text': 'Second, the later part of second to third trimester is when the programming goes on.', 'start': 3541.728, 'duration': 4.986}, {'end': 3550.117, 'text': 'And this was a landmark observation.', 'start': 3547.635, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3551.938, 'text': 'This was really important.', 'start': 3550.437, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 3556.621, 'text': 'Among other things, you get the people who do not like the notion of these subtle effects.', 'start': 3551.998, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 3559.043, 'text': "And they're saying, OK, sure, this can happen.", 'start': 3556.861, 'duration': 2.182}], 'summary': 'Dutch hunger winter study showed 19-fold increase in metabolic disorders for third trimester fetuses due to thrifty metabolism programming.', 'duration': 72.683, 'max_score': 3486.36, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3486360.jpg'}, {'end': 3607.098, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3584.14, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3593.547, 'text': 'Elevated levels of stress hormones during fetal life, increased likelihood of anxiety disorders as an adult independent of postnatal environment,', 'start': 3584.14, 'duration': 9.407}, {'end': 3599.031, 'text': 'other examples like that, all of these being ones of programming around that time.', 'start': 3593.547, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 3603.696, 'text': 'And the Dutch Hunger Winter one is the iconic example.', 'start': 3599.813, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 3607.098, 'text': "What we're all accustomed to is yeah,", 'start': 3604.176, 'duration': 2.922}], 'summary': 'Elevated fetal stress hormones linked to adult anxiety disorders, illustrated by dutch hunger winter.', 'duration': 22.958, 'max_score': 3584.14, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3584140.jpg'}], 'start': 3253.593, 'title': 'Impact of fetal nutrition programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of the dutch hunger winter on fetal metabolic programming, where 40,000 people starving to death and the diversion of food to germany during the winter of 1944 in holland. it also highlights a 19-fold increase in obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in individuals exposed to famine during the later part of the second to third trimester, emphasizing the significance of fetal origins of adult disease.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3438.208, 'start': 3253.593, 'title': 'Dutch hunger winter and metabolic programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of the dutch hunger winter on fetal metabolic programming, where third trimester fetuses experienced starvation, leading to the development of a thrifty phenotype, with 40,000 people starving to death and the diversion of food to germany during the winter of 1944 in holland.', 'duration': 184.615, 'highlights': ['The Dutch Hunger Winter resulted in 40,000 people starving to death. During the Dutch Hunger Winter in 1944, 40,000 people starved to death, showcasing the severe impact of food diversion to Germany.', 'Third trimester fetuses experienced a step function of starvation during the Dutch Hunger Winter. If a fetus was in the third trimester during the Dutch Hunger Winter, they experienced a drastic change in nutritional intake, leading to metabolic programming for a thrifty phenotype.', 'Metabolic programming led to the development of a thrifty phenotype in fetuses. Fetuses developed a thrifty phenotype as a result of metabolic programming during the Dutch Hunger Winter, adapting to the scarcity of nutrients in the environment.']}, {'end': 3624.83, 'start': 3438.829, 'title': 'Impact of fetal nutrition programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of fetal nutrition programming on adult metabolic disorders, highlighting a 19-fold increase in obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in individuals exposed to famine during the later part of the second to third trimester, emphasizing the significance of fetal origins of adult disease.', 'duration': 186.001, 'highlights': ['Individuals exposed to famine during the later part of the second to third trimester have a 19-fold increase in obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as adults, demonstrating the significant impact of fetal nutrition programming on adult metabolic disorders.', 'The landmark study of the Dutch Hunger Winter individuals revealed the iconic example of fetal programming, ushering in a whole field of fetal origins of adult disease, challenging the traditional understanding of the impact of prenatal environment on adult health.', 'Elevated levels of stress hormones during fetal life can increase the likelihood of anxiety disorders in adulthood, independent of postnatal environment, indicating the profound effect of fetal programming on mental health outcomes.', 'Metabolic programming occurs during the later part of the second to third trimester, and its effects are irreversible, setting individuals up for a much higher risk of metabolic disorders in adulthood, emphasizing the critical importance of early nutritional environment on long-term health outcomes.', "The body's metabolic programming during fetal life results in extreme thriftiness in retaining salt and storing nutrients, setting the stage for lifelong impacts on metabolic health and susceptibility to modern dietary challenges."]}], 'duration': 371.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3253593.jpg', 'highlights': ['Individuals exposed to famine during the later part of the second to third trimester have a 19-fold increase in obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as adults, demonstrating the significant impact of fetal nutrition programming on adult metabolic disorders.', 'Elevated levels of stress hormones during fetal life can increase the likelihood of anxiety disorders in adulthood, independent of postnatal environment, indicating the profound effect of fetal programming on mental health outcomes.', 'Metabolic programming occurs during the later part of the second to third trimester, and its effects are irreversible, setting individuals up for a much higher risk of metabolic disorders in adulthood, emphasizing the critical importance of early nutritional environment on long-term health outcomes.', "The body's metabolic programming during fetal life results in extreme thriftiness in retaining salt and storing nutrients, setting the stage for lifelong impacts on metabolic health and susceptibility to modern dietary challenges.", 'The Dutch Hunger Winter resulted in 40,000 people starving to death. During the Dutch Hunger Winter in 1944, 40,000 people starved to death, showcasing the severe impact of food diversion to Germany.', 'Third trimester fetuses experienced a step function of starvation during the Dutch Hunger Winter. If a fetus was in the third trimester during the Dutch Hunger Winter, they experienced a drastic change in nutritional intake, leading to metabolic programming for a thrifty phenotype.', 'Metabolic programming led to the development of a thrifty phenotype in fetuses. Fetuses developed a thrifty phenotype as a result of metabolic programming during the Dutch Hunger Winter, adapting to the scarcity of nutrients in the environment.', 'The landmark study of the Dutch Hunger Winter individuals revealed the iconic example of fetal programming, ushering in a whole field of fetal origins of adult disease, challenging the traditional understanding of the impact of prenatal environment on adult health.']}, {'end': 4237.235, 'segs': [{'end': 3749.124, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3697.964, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3704.109, 'text': 'And thus, your fetus is born with a milder version of the Dutch Hunger Winter phenomenon.', 'start': 3697.964, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 3709.254, 'text': 'And this has now been shown in the grandchildren of Dutch Hunger Winter fetuses.', 'start': 3704.67, 'duration': 4.584}, {'end': 3711.516, 'text': 'This is that exact same deal.', 'start': 3709.594, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 3717.942, 'text': 'This is non-Mendelian, non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally.', 'start': 3711.536, 'duration': 6.406}, {'end': 3721.024, 'text': 'Absolutely astonishing that this could work.', 'start': 3718.863, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 3724.066, 'text': 'And the biology is all in place for it.', 'start': 3721.765, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 3727.328, 'text': 'What we will see in a little while is what the mechanism is.', 'start': 3724.347, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 3732.812, 'text': "And it's been identified down to the molecular level of what went on in these Dutch hunger winter.", 'start': 3727.629, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 3734.453, 'text': "OK, I'll give it away.", 'start': 3733.372, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 3737.795, 'text': 'Remember that epigenetic business the other day?', 'start': 3734.733, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 3746.1, 'text': 'There are epigenetic changes in the genes coding for things related to insulin in the Dutch hunger winter babies.', 'start': 3738.115, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 3749.124, 'text': 'So enormous effect.', 'start': 3747.581, 'duration': 1.543}], 'summary': 'Dutch hunger winter shows non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally, with identified epigenetic changes related to insulin.', 'duration': 51.16, 'max_score': 3697.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3697964.jpg'}, {'end': 3827.516, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3771.228, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3784.074, 'text': 'And what the studies show is that increased exposure to estrogen derived from phytoestrogens during fetal life and there is a small but consistent increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.', 'start': 3771.228, 'duration': 12.846}, {'end': 3787.804, 'text': '20 years later, 90 years later.', 'start': 3785.803, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 3796.129, 'text': 'Again, very subtle prenatal environmental effects playing out forever, even unto the generations after you.', 'start': 3787.984, 'duration': 8.145}, {'end': 3799.852, 'text': 'Another realm of prenatal effects, learning.', 'start': 3797.21, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 3805.915, 'text': 'OK, this sounds ludicrous right off the bat that you can have learning prenatally.', 'start': 3800.852, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 3807.656, 'text': 'You have learning prenatally.', 'start': 3806.255, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 3809.638, 'text': 'You can show this first in rats.', 'start': 3807.997, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 3811.483, 'text': "Here's what you do.", 'start': 3810.842, 'duration': 0.641}, {'end': 3820.811, 'text': 'You take a rat fetus, and you can inject into it a particular flavor of water along with sucrose.', 'start': 3812.023, 'duration': 8.788}, {'end': 3823.153, 'text': 'And the fetus absorbs it.', 'start': 3821.511, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 3827.516, 'text': 'The fetus actually drinks amniotic fluid, which I find to be deeply creepy.', 'start': 3823.213, 'duration': 4.303}], 'summary': 'Increased exposure to phytoestrogens in fetal life leads to small but consistent risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, with prenatal environmental effects impacting learning as well.', 'duration': 56.288, 'max_score': 3771.228, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3771228.jpg'}, {'end': 3944.526, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3917.759, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3925.44, 'text': 'Or reading some random collection of sentences that controlled for word length, that controlled for rhythmicity, all of that.', 'start': 3917.759, 'duration': 7.681}, {'end': 3934.943, 'text': 'Then you get the newborn sometime later, and you give them a test of which they prefer to listen to.', 'start': 3926.48, 'duration': 8.463}, {'end': 3944.526, 'text': 'How do you do that with a newborn? Something you can do is when newborns like something, they make more sucking motions with their mouth.', 'start': 3935.623, 'duration': 8.903}], 'summary': "Testing newborns' preference by observing their sucking motions.", 'duration': 26.767, 'max_score': 3917.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3917759.jpg'}, {'end': 4127.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4104.077, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4117.807, 'text': 'You take a mom from the high anxiety strain and you take a mom from the low anxiety strain and you take fetuses from the high anxiety mom and they go through gestation in the low anxiety mom And as adults they are low anxiety.', 'start': 4104.077, 'duration': 13.73}, {'end': 4119.968, 'text': 'It was not a genetic trait.', 'start': 4118.247, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 4127.474, 'text': 'It was a prenatal one, having to do with another one of those multi-generational begatting,', 'start': 4120.349, 'duration': 7.125}], 'summary': 'Prenatal environment influences anxiety levels across generations.', 'duration': 23.397, 'max_score': 4104.077, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4104077.jpg'}, {'end': 4221.263, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4197.843, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4205.929, 'text': 'The extent to which a trait is more shared with a biological mother than with a biological father is a reflection of prenatal effects.', 'start': 4197.843, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 4209.96, 'text': 'Because you get the same amount of genes from each parent.', 'start': 4206.831, 'duration': 3.129}, {'end': 4214.959, 'text': 'Naturally, this turns out to be vastly messier than this.', 'start': 4211.036, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 4221.263, 'text': "Because there's a whole world in which you're getting more genetic influences from your mother than from your father.", 'start': 4215.319, 'duration': 5.944}], 'summary': 'Prenatal effects influence trait sharing with biological parents.', 'duration': 23.42, 'max_score': 4197.843, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4197843.jpg'}], 'start': 3625.51, 'title': 'Inter-generational impacts of prenatal environment', 'summary': 'Delves into the inter-generational effects of the dutch hunger winter, revealing non-genetic transmission of traits and the prenatal influence on metabolism, insulin regulation, behavior, breast cancer risk, flavor preference, and anxiety levels.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3749.124, 'start': 3625.51, 'title': 'Inter-generational effects of dutch hunger winter', 'summary': 'Discusses the inter-generational impact of the dutch hunger winter on metabolism and insulin regulation, resulting in non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally, with evidence found in the grandchildren of dutch hunger winter fetuses.', 'duration': 123.614, 'highlights': ['The Dutch Hunger Winter has resulted in inter-generational impact on metabolism and insulin regulation. The Dutch Hunger Winter has resulted in inter-generational impact on metabolism and insulin regulation, leading to non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally.', 'Evidence of inter-generational impact found in the grandchildren of Dutch Hunger Winter fetuses. Evidence of inter-generational impact found in the grandchildren of Dutch Hunger Winter fetuses, showing non-Mendelian, non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally.', 'Epigenetic changes in genes related to insulin identified in Dutch Hunger Winter babies. Epigenetic changes in genes related to insulin identified in Dutch Hunger Winter babies, illustrating the substantial effect of the famine on genetic expression at the molecular level.']}, {'end': 4237.235, 'start': 3749.384, 'title': 'Prenatal effects on development', 'summary': 'Discusses the prenatal effects of estrogen exposure, fetal learning, and sensory stimulation on behavior, highlighting the long-term impact on breast cancer risk, flavor preference, and anxiety levels, emphasizing the significant role of the prenatal environment on development.', 'duration': 487.851, 'highlights': ['Increased exposure to estrogen derived from phytoestrogens during fetal life is linked to a small but consistent increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, demonstrating the long-term impact of prenatal estrogen exposure on health. Studies show that increased exposure to estrogen derived from phytoestrogens during fetal life is associated with a small but consistent increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, indicating the long-term impact of prenatal estrogen exposure on health.', 'Fetal learning is evident through experiments showing that rat fetuses can learn to prefer a specific flavor of water with sucrose, leading to a preference for the flavor post-birth, demonstrating the capability of prenatal learning. Experiments with rat fetuses demonstrate the capability of prenatal learning, as fetuses exposed to a specific flavor of water with sucrose show a preference for the flavor post-birth, indicating the ability of fetuses to learn and remember experiences prenatally.', 'Sensory stimulation in utero, such as exposure to a particular voice, influences newborn preference, as evidenced by a study showing that babies prefer listening to a story read repeatedly during pregnancy, highlighting the impact of sensory experiences on fetal development. A study demonstrates that babies prefer listening to a story read repeatedly during pregnancy, indicating the influence of sensory stimulation in utero on newborn preference, emphasizing the impact of prenatal sensory experiences on fetal development.', "An adoption study involving transferring fetuses between rat mothers reveals that anxiety levels in offspring match the strain of the mother, indicating the prenatal, non-genetic nature of anxiety traits. An adoption study involving transferring fetuses between rat mothers demonstrates that offspring's anxiety levels match the strain of the mother, revealing the prenatal, non-genetic nature of anxiety traits, highlighting the influence of prenatal experiences on anxiety levels.", 'The extent to which a trait is more shared with a biological mother than with a biological father reflects prenatal effects, providing a means to control for genetic influences and emphasize the significant role of the prenatal environment on behavior. The extent to which a trait is more shared with a biological mother than with a biological father reflects prenatal effects, offering a way to control for genetic influences and emphasize the significant role of the prenatal environment on behavior, highlighting the importance of considering prenatal effects in behavior genetics.']}], 'duration': 611.725, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY3625510.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Dutch Hunger Winter has resulted in inter-generational impact on metabolism and insulin regulation, leading to non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally.', 'Evidence of inter-generational impact found in the grandchildren of Dutch Hunger Winter fetuses, showing non-Mendelian, non-genetic transmission of traits multigenerationally.', 'Epigenetic changes in genes related to insulin identified in Dutch Hunger Winter babies, illustrating the substantial effect of the famine on genetic expression at the molecular level.', 'Studies show that increased exposure to estrogen derived from phytoestrogens during fetal life is associated with a small but consistent increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, indicating the long-term impact of prenatal estrogen exposure on health.', 'Experiments with rat fetuses demonstrate the capability of prenatal learning, as fetuses exposed to a specific flavor of water with sucrose show a preference for the flavor post-birth, indicating the ability of fetuses to learn and remember experiences prenatally.', 'A study demonstrates that babies prefer listening to a story read repeatedly during pregnancy, indicating the influence of sensory stimulation in utero on newborn preference, emphasizing the impact of prenatal sensory experiences on fetal development.', "An adoption study involving transferring fetuses between rat mothers demonstrates that offspring's anxiety levels match the strain of the mother, revealing the prenatal, non-genetic nature of anxiety traits, highlighting the influence of prenatal experiences on anxiety levels.", 'The extent to which a trait is more shared with a biological mother than with a biological father reflects prenatal effects, offering a way to control for genetic influences and emphasize the significant role of the prenatal environment on behavior, highlighting the importance of considering prenatal effects in behavior genetics.']}, {'end': 5913.03, 'segs': [{'end': 4314.44, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4288.164, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4293.447, 'text': 'A scientist named Lynn Margulies University of Massachusetts 30 years ago or so.', 'start': 4288.164, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 4304.474, 'text': 'she noted that this business of mitochondria having their own DNA and came up with this hypothesis that mitochondria used to be independent organisms,', 'start': 4293.447, 'duration': 11.027}, {'end': 4311.998, 'text': 'that in some symbiotic whatever billions of years ago got into cells that had no mitochondria at the time,', 'start': 4304.474, 'duration': 7.524}, {'end': 4314.44, 'text': "and that there's been a symbiosis ever since.", 'start': 4311.998, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': 'Lynn margulis proposed 30 years ago that mitochondria used to be independent organisms and got into cells through symbiosis.', 'duration': 26.276, 'max_score': 4288.164, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4288164.jpg'}, {'end': 4467.631, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4402.322, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4405.965, 'text': 'Mitochondrial DNA solely comes from the mother.', 'start': 4402.322, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 4411.39, 'text': "So what we've just seen as a first pass is it's not an even 50-50 split.", 'start': 4406.726, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 4415.314, 'text': 'You get a disproportionate share of your DNA coming from the mother.', 'start': 4411.75, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 4422.901, 'text': "really important, and one that's been used by all sorts of evolutionary geneticists to trace legacies.", 'start': 4416.375, 'duration': 6.526}, {'end': 4432.168, 'text': 'If this mitochondrial DNA is only passed along female lines, that allows you to figure out all sorts of stuff about evolution.', 'start': 4423.101, 'duration': 9.067}, {'end': 4444.137, 'text': 'It has given rise to the Eve hypothesis that somewhere back then was a woman, probably some sort of early hominid, who is ultimately the ancestor,', 'start': 4432.468, 'duration': 11.669}, {'end': 4447.859, 'text': 'the great, great, great great grandmother of every single human on Earth.', 'start': 4444.137, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 4451.461, 'text': 'And it can be traced through the mitochondrial DNA.', 'start': 4448.52, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 4453.442, 'text': "So that's an asymmetry.", 'start': 4452.202, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 4461.547, 'text': 'Next one, next source of asymmetry is back to that business about imprinted genes from a couple of weeks ago.', 'start': 4454.143, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 4467.631, 'text': 'You remember that one, genes that are working differently depending on which parent you are getting them from.', 'start': 4461.647, 'duration': 5.984}], 'summary': 'Mitochondrial dna comes solely from the mother, allowing for tracing of evolutionary legacies and the hypothesis of an ancestral woman, the great grandmother of every human.', 'duration': 65.309, 'max_score': 4402.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4402322.jpg'}, {'end': 4713.65, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4683.121, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4684.581, 'text': "What's going on here?", 'start': 4683.121, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 4693.704, 'text': 'what a lot of people think is relevant are some environmental toxins that are known to disrupt the activity of certain transcription factors.', 'start': 4684.581, 'duration': 9.123}, {'end': 4701.127, 'text': 'And what that does is induce heritability in a non-genetic way of non-expression of a gene.', 'start': 4694.104, 'duration': 7.023}, {'end': 4704.808, 'text': "The gene's being inherited, but it will never, ever be expressed.", 'start': 4701.167, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 4708.549, 'text': 'What have you just acquired? A Lamarckian trait.', 'start': 4705.188, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 4710.569, 'text': 'You remember Lamarck.', 'start': 4709.429, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 4713.65, 'text': 'Everybody learns about Lamarck in order to mock him viciously.', 'start': 4710.629, 'duration': 3.021}], 'summary': 'Environmental toxins can induce non-genetic heritability, leading to non-expression of genes, resembling lamarckian traits.', 'duration': 30.529, 'max_score': 4683.121, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4683121.jpg'}, {'end': 4908.746, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4883.67, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4889.673, 'text': 'And this is something that was emphasized by a psychologist named Judith Rich Harris a number of years ago,', 'start': 4883.67, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 4893.815, 'text': 'a very important book of hers called The Nurture Assumption,', 'start': 4889.673, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 4899.698, 'text': 'which has a lot to do with arguing the relative importance of influences of peer versus parents.', 'start': 4893.815, 'duration': 5.883}, {'end': 4908.746, 'text': 'Nonetheless, she focused in one section of the book on the genetics of behavior and focused on what she calls indirect genetic effects.', 'start': 4900.059, 'duration': 8.687}], 'summary': 'Psychologist judith rich harris emphasizes indirect genetic effects in behavior in her book the nurture assumption.', 'duration': 25.076, 'max_score': 4883.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4883670.jpg'}, {'end': 5135.106, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5089.085, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5096.949, 'text': 'This is inheritance of a gene having to do with the color and iridescence of your feathers, which wind up producing your social rank.', 'start': 5089.085, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 5099.155, 'text': 'Another example.', 'start': 5098.135, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 5100.576, 'text': "Here's another one.", 'start': 5099.515, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 5109.458, 'text': 'OK, back to chicks again, which is, chicks appear to be intuitively able to peck at grubs shortly after birth,', 'start': 5100.696, 'duration': 8.762}, {'end': 5111.438, 'text': "that they're able to peck down and get grubs.", 'start': 5109.458, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 5118.62, 'text': 'And by all the rules of behavior genetics with all the constraints and criticisms answered, this appears to be a heritable trait.', 'start': 5112.098, 'duration': 6.522}, {'end': 5122.521, 'text': 'But it turns out that this is not what is heritable.', 'start': 5119.62, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 5131.605, 'text': 'What is heritable, bizarrely, is the tendency of newborn chicks to find their toes to be very interesting and to peck at their toes.', 'start': 5122.861, 'duration': 8.744}, {'end': 5135.106, 'text': "And they quickly learn that this doesn't feel all that great.", 'start': 5132.185, 'duration': 2.921}], 'summary': 'Inheritance of gene affects feathers, social rank, and chick behavior, not grubs but toes.', 'duration': 46.021, 'max_score': 5089.085, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5089085.jpg'}, {'end': 5210.819, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5184.27, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5190.192, 'text': "There's about 70% heritability of political party affiliation in this country.", 'start': 5184.27, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 5194.814, 'text': 'sharing that behavioral trait with your parents.', 'start': 5191.693, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 5200.056, 'text': "Whoa, what is that about? That's sure disturbing.", 'start': 5195.994, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 5205.758, 'text': 'And that sure makes you want to go procreate in the name of your political stances or whatever.', 'start': 5200.236, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 5210.819, 'text': 'And this appears to hold up pretty well to some of the standard criticisms in the literature.', 'start': 5206.038, 'duration': 4.781}], 'summary': 'Approximately 70% heritability of political party affiliation, raising concerns about the influence of parental traits on offspring.', 'duration': 26.549, 'max_score': 5184.27, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5184270.jpg'}, {'end': 5359.354, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5329.892, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5336.033, 'text': 'and so impossible and so unconstrained by the law and order of rodent society and all of that.', 'start': 5329.892, 'duration': 6.141}, {'end': 5338.934, 'text': "they've got lower threshold for pain sensitivity.", 'start': 5336.033, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 5344.705, 'text': "Things hurt them more readily, and they're more likely to become aggressive at that point.", 'start': 5339.662, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 5350.088, 'text': "It turns out it's genetic differences in the neurobiology of pain sensitivity.", 'start': 5345.065, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 5359.354, 'text': "So what we're seeing here over and over is, amid the gazillion of criticisms we've had about When does environment actually start?", 'start': 5350.548, 'duration': 8.806}], 'summary': 'Genetic differences in pain sensitivity lead to increased aggression in rodents.', 'duration': 29.462, 'max_score': 5329.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5329892.jpg'}, {'end': 5472.629, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5451.38, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 5463.485, 'text': 'That is turning out to be what went on in the Dutch hunger winter people and the animal models of epigenetic differences and access of transcription factors to genes related to insulin metabolism.', 'start': 5451.38, 'duration': 12.105}, {'end': 5465.586, 'text': 'That turns out to be a critical one.', 'start': 5463.885, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 5468.847, 'text': 'Here is one of the coolest examples of this today.', 'start': 5466.246, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 5472.629, 'text': 'And this is work done by a guy at McGill University named Michael Meaney.', 'start': 5469.248, 'duration': 3.381}], 'summary': "Epigenetic differences and access of transcription factors to genes related to insulin metabolism are critical, as demonstrated by michael meaney's work at mcgill university.", 'duration': 21.249, 'max_score': 5451.38, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5451380.jpg'}, {'end': 5553.739, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5519.615, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 5521.717, 'text': 'Three minutes away from mom does wonders.', 'start': 5519.615, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 5524.08, 'text': 'An hour and a half of being petted does not.', 'start': 5522.058, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 5529.925, 'text': 'That in and of itself is interesting in terms of what counts as stimulation, what counts as stress.', 'start': 5524.64, 'duration': 5.285}, {'end': 5541.952, 'text': "OK. so hooray, what we've just learned is just how generations of rat-petting graduate students can influence the lineages of rat brains and all of that.", 'start': 5530.646, 'duration': 11.306}, {'end': 5547.435, 'text': 'And what Meany started looking at, with this phenomenon being one that was around forever,', 'start': 5542.273, 'duration': 5.162}, {'end': 5553.739, 'text': 'first identified around 1960 by a guy named Seymour Levine in the psychiatry department here no longer alive.', 'start': 5547.435, 'duration': 6.304}], 'summary': 'Rat-petting affects rat brains; seymour levine discovered phenomenon in 1960.', 'duration': 34.124, 'max_score': 5519.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5519615.jpg'}, {'end': 5663.63, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5632.332, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 5635.734, 'text': 'But some rat mothers are better mothers than other mothers.', 'start': 5632.332, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5637.015, 'text': 'Some rat mothers.', 'start': 5636.134, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 5639.547, 'text': 'They simply are better.', 'start': 5638.666, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 5640.548, 'text': "They're better.", 'start': 5640.108, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 5641.189, 'text': "They're nicer.", 'start': 5640.588, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 5642.15, 'text': 'They have better souls.', 'start': 5641.229, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 5647.956, 'text': 'And in these rat mothers, how do you determine that by these sorts of measures? Licking and grooming.', 'start': 5642.61, 'duration': 5.346}, {'end': 5650.419, 'text': 'How much time do you spend licking your baby?', 'start': 5648.056, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 5652.921, 'text': 'And how much time do you spend grooming your baby?', 'start': 5650.779, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 5658.708, 'text': "And what Meany proceeded to show is that's what the neonatal handling phenomenon was about.", 'start': 5653.342, 'duration': 5.366}, {'end': 5663.63, 'text': 'When you have moms who lick and groom their kids an awful lot,', 'start': 5659.268, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Some rat mothers are better mothers, spending more time licking and grooming their babies.', 'duration': 31.298, 'max_score': 5632.332, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5632332.jpg'}, {'end': 5759.496, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5727.907, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 5736.989, 'text': 'The final thing he did, which stands as a landmark in the field of behavioral neurobiology, is he figured out what the epigenetic change is.', 'start': 5727.907, 'duration': 9.082}, {'end': 5741.09, 'text': "One of them, or rather two of them, he's identified by now.", 'start': 5737.689, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 5747.331, 'text': 'What gets changed by how mom often or unoften licks you, grooms you.', 'start': 5741.53, 'duration': 5.801}, {'end': 5748.211, 'text': 'all of that.', 'start': 5747.331, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 5759.496, 'text': 'you change the access of transcription factors relevant to making genes to activating genes for making receptors for stress hormones,', 'start': 5748.211, 'duration': 11.285}], 'summary': 'Landmark discovery in behavioral neurobiology: identified two epigenetic changes influenced by maternal grooming, altering access of transcription factors for stress hormone receptors.', 'duration': 31.589, 'max_score': 5727.907, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5727907.jpg'}, {'end': 5814.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5779.116, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 5783.137, 'text': 'What you wind up seeing there as this permanent mechanism.', 'start': 5779.116, 'duration': 4.021}, {'end': 5792.281, 'text': 'it is also reversible what he has since shown, which is you have a baby rat who spends the first half of its infancy with some totally terrible,', 'start': 5783.137, 'duration': 9.144}, {'end': 5796.423, 'text': "negligent, distracted mom who pays no attention, doesn't do anything.", 'start': 5792.281, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 5803.826, 'text': 'Now cross-foster the pup to a more attentive mother, and you can change the epigenetic pattern.', 'start': 5796.743, 'duration': 7.083}, {'end': 5814.07, 'text': 'So all of this has two themes going on early, experience causing really persistent differences in how this stuff works long after,', 'start': 5804.486, 'duration': 9.584}], 'summary': 'Experience can change epigenetic pattern in baby rats, leading to long-lasting effects.', 'duration': 34.954, 'max_score': 5779.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY5779116.jpg'}], 'start': 4238.075, 'title': 'Genetic inheritance and behavioral effects', 'summary': 'Delves into mitochondrial dna inheritance, genetic inheritance and environmental influences, indirect genetic effects on behavioral traits, and the impact of early maternal interaction on rat brains, providing insights into evolutionary legacies, unequal genetic influences, indirect genetic effects on behavioral traits, and the profound impact of maternal interaction on rat brains.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4447.859, 'start': 4238.075, 'title': 'Mitochondrial dna inheritance', 'summary': "Explains the significant role of mitochondria, its own dna, and the exclusive maternal inheritance of mitochondrial dna, which has been used to trace evolutionary legacies and supports the 'eve hypothesis'.", 'duration': 209.784, 'highlights': ['Mitochondria have their own DNA, suggesting that they were once independent organisms and entered cells through symbiosis billions of years ago. Mitochondria having their own DNA supports the hypothesis of symbiosis with cells that had no mitochondria at the time, indicating their independent origins and subsequent symbiotic relationship.', "Mitochondrial DNA is exclusively inherited from the mother, leading to a disproportional share of DNA from the mother and serving as a tool for evolutionary geneticists to trace legacies. The exclusive inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from the mother allows for the tracing of evolutionary legacies and has been crucial in the development of the 'Eve hypothesis' and understanding human ancestry.", "The 'Eve hypothesis' suggests that a woman, potentially an early hominid, is the ultimate ancestor of every human on Earth, based on the exclusive maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. The 'Eve hypothesis' posits that a woman from the past, potentially an early hominid, is the common ancestor of all humans on Earth, supported by the exclusive maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA, providing insights into human ancestry."]}, {'end': 4899.698, 'start': 4448.52, 'title': 'Genetic inheritance and environmental influence', 'summary': 'Discusses asymmetry in genetic inheritance, including mitochondrial dna, imprinted genes, and transcription factors, leading to unequal genetic influences from each parent, as well as the concept of lamarckian inheritance due to environmental perturbations and the relative importance of peer versus parental influences.', 'duration': 451.178, 'highlights': ['The unequal genetic influences from each parent due to mitochondrial DNA, imprinted genes, and transcription factors are discussed, leading to asymmetry in genetic inheritance. Unequal genetic influences from each parent, mitochondrial DNA, imprinted genes, transcription factors, asymmetry in genetic inheritance', 'The concept of Lamarckian inheritance due to environmental perturbations is explained, highlighting the heritability of traits without classical DNA mutations. Lamarckian inheritance, environmental perturbations, heritability of traits without DNA mutations', 'The relative importance of influences of peer versus parents on behavior, as emphasized by psychologist Judith Rich Harris, is mentioned. Influences of peer versus parents on behavior, emphasis by Judith Rich Harris']}, {'end': 5472.629, 'start': 4900.059, 'title': 'Indirect genetic effects and behavioral traits', 'summary': 'Discusses the indirect genetic effects on behavioral traits, highlighting examples like heritability of social rank based on feather color, political party affiliation, and aggression, and explores the role of epigenetics in multigenerational inheritance of non-genetic traits.', 'duration': 572.57, 'highlights': ['The heritability of political party affiliation is approximately 70%, with a significant difference in ambiguity tolerance between political or social progressives and conservatives.', 'The heritability of social rank in bird and turkey species is mediated by specific genes related to feather color and iridescence, impacting how they are treated by others.', 'The tendency of newborn chicks to find their toes interesting and peck at them is a heritable trait, indirectly mediating their ability to peck for grubs shortly after birth.', 'Genetic differences in the neurobiology of pain sensitivity contribute to differing levels of aggression in rat and mouse strains, indicating indirect genetic effects on behavioral traits.', 'Epigenetic changes can lead to multigenerational inheritance of non-genetic traits, as seen in the Dutch hunger winter people and animal models with differences in access of transcription factors to genes related to insulin metabolism.']}, {'end': 5913.03, 'start': 5473.509, 'title': 'Impact of early maternal interaction on rat brains', 'summary': 'Highlights the profound impact of early maternal interaction on rat brains, demonstrating that three minutes of petting can lead to better learning abilities and longer life expectancy, while an hour and a half of petting can result in detrimental effects, influenced by the maternal behavior and the epigenetic changes in gene expression.', 'duration': 439.521, 'highlights': ["Meany's research shows that three minutes of petting a newborn rat leads to better learning abilities and longer life expectancy, while an hour and a half of petting results in detrimental effects on brain size and lifespan.", "The maternal behavior, particularly the amount of licking and grooming, plays a crucial role in shaping the rat pups' brain development and long-term outcomes, with pups from attentive mothers exhibiting better health and intelligence.", 'The study demonstrates that maternal interaction can induce multi-generational effects, as rat pups raised by attentive mothers are more likely to exhibit similar maternal behaviors and neurological mechanisms in adulthood.', "Meany's groundbreaking work identifies the epigenetic changes influenced by maternal interaction, illustrating how maternal licking and grooming can lead to lifelong differences in gene expression, which are reversible through cross-fostering to a more attentive mother."]}], 'duration': 1674.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/e0WZx7lUOrY/pics/e0WZx7lUOrY4238075.jpg', 'highlights': ['Mitochondria have their own DNA, supporting the hypothesis of symbiosis with cells that had no mitochondria at the time.', 'The exclusive inheritance of mitochondrial DNA from the mother allows for the tracing of evolutionary legacies and understanding human ancestry.', "The 'Eve hypothesis' posits that a woman from the past, potentially an early hominid, is the common ancestor of all humans on Earth, providing insights into human ancestry.", 'Unequal genetic influences from each parent, mitochondrial DNA, imprinted genes, transcription factors, asymmetry in genetic inheritance.', 'Lamarckian inheritance, environmental perturbations, heritability of traits without DNA mutations.', 'Influences of peer versus parents on behavior, emphasis by Judith Rich Harris.', 'The heritability of political party affiliation is approximately 70%, with a significant difference in ambiguity tolerance between political or social progressives and conservatives.', 'The heritability of social rank in bird and turkey species is mediated by specific genes related to feather color and iridescence.', 'The tendency of newborn chicks to find their toes interesting and peck at them is a heritable trait, indirectly mediating their ability to peck for grubs shortly after birth.', 'Genetic differences in the neurobiology of pain sensitivity contribute to differing levels of aggression in rat and mouse strains, indicating indirect genetic effects on behavioral traits.', 'Epigenetic changes can lead to multigenerational inheritance of non-genetic traits, as seen in the Dutch hunger winter people and animal models with differences in access of transcription factors to genes related to insulin metabolism.', "Meany's research shows that three minutes of petting a newborn rat leads to better learning abilities and longer life expectancy, while an hour and a half of petting results in detrimental effects on brain size and lifespan.", "The maternal behavior, particularly the amount of licking and grooming, plays a crucial role in shaping the rat pups' brain development and long-term outcomes, with pups from attentive mothers exhibiting better health and intelligence.", 'The study demonstrates that maternal interaction can induce multi-generational effects, as rat pups raised by attentive mothers are more likely to exhibit similar maternal behaviors and neurological mechanisms in adulthood.', "Meany's groundbreaking work identifies the epigenetic changes influenced by maternal interaction, illustrating how maternal licking and grooming can lead to lifelong differences in gene expression, which are reversible through cross-fostering to a more attentive mother."]}], 'highlights': ['The study revealed a gender disparity in math skills, with boys scoring higher on average and a 13 to 1 ratio of boys to girls in the highest math achievement.', "The study by Benbow and Stanley received extensive media attention, being featured in prominent publications such as Time, Newsweek, and Reader's Digest.", 'Individuals exposed to famine during the later part of the second to third trimester have a 19-fold increase in obesity, hypertension, and diabetes as adults, demonstrating the significant impact of fetal nutrition programming on adult metabolic disorders.', 'The grandmother effect demonstrates non-genetic inheritance of traits due to prenatal environment.', 'Mitochondria have their own DNA, supporting the hypothesis of symbiosis with cells that had no mitochondria at the time.', 'The heritability of political party affiliation is approximately 70%, with a significant difference in ambiguity tolerance between political or social progressives and conservatives.', "The maternal behavior, particularly the amount of licking and grooming, plays a crucial role in shaping the rat pups' brain development and long-term outcomes, with pups from attentive mothers exhibiting better health and intelligence."]}