title
Andrej Karpathy: Tesla AI, Self-Driving, Optimus, Aliens, and AGI | Lex Fridman Podcast #333

description
Andrej Karpathy is a legendary AI researcher, engineer, and educator. He's the former director of AI at Tesla, a founding member of OpenAI, and an educator at Stanford. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Eight Sleep: https://www.eightsleep.com/lex to get special savings - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off - Fundrise: https://fundrise.com/lex - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex to get 1 month of fish oil EPISODE LINKS: Andrej's Twitter: http://twitter.com/karpathy Andrej's YouTube: http://youtube.com/c/AndrejKarpathy Andrej's Website: http://karpathy.ai Andrej's Google Scholar: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=l8WuQJgAAAAJ Books mentioned: The Vital Question: https://amzn.to/3q0vN6q Life Ascending: https://amzn.to/3wKIsOE The Selfish Gene: https://amzn.to/3TCo63s Contact: https://amzn.to/3W3y5Au The Cell: https://amzn.to/3W5f6pa PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:58 - Neural networks 6:01 - Biology 11:32 - Aliens 21:43 - Universe 33:34 - Transformers 41:50 - Language models 52:01 - Bots 58:21 - Google's LaMDA 1:05:44 - Software 2.0 1:16:44 - Human annotation 1:18:41 - Camera vision 1:23:46 - Tesla's Data Engine 1:27:56 - Tesla Vision 1:34:26 - Elon Musk 1:39:33 - Autonomous driving 1:44:28 - Leaving Tesla 1:49:55 - Tesla's Optimus 1:59:01 - ImageNet 2:01:40 - Data 2:11:31 - Day in the life 2:24:47 - Best IDE 2:31:53 - arXiv 2:36:23 - Advice for beginners 2:45:40 - Artificial general intelligence 2:59:00 - Movies 3:04:53 - Future of human civilization 3:09:13 - Book recommendations 3:15:21 - Advice for young people 3:17:12 - Future of machine learning 3:24:00 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Andrej Karpathy: Tesla AI, Self-Driving, Optimus, Aliens, and AGI | Lex Fridman Podcast #333', 'heatmap': [{'end': 9904.342, 'start': 9771.768, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The discussion covers synthetic ais, neural networks, alien civilizations, transformer architecture benefits, ai's societal impact, advancements in neural networks, lidar debate, humanoid robots, synthetic data, ai development, productivity and programming, ai in research and education, and concerns about ai's future, including topics like agi progress, ethical implications, and the uncertainty of humanity's survival in the face of potential dangers.", 'chapters': [{'end': 644.206, 'segs': [{'end': 261.736, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 238.162, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 244.93, 'text': "Why do they seem to what's your best intuition about this emergent behavior?", 'start': 238.162, 'duration': 6.768}, {'end': 251.81, 'text': "I mean it's kind of interesting because I'm simultaneously underselling them, but I also feel like there's an element to which I'm over like.", 'start': 245.606, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 257.012, 'text': "it's actually kind of incredible that you can get so much emergent, magical behavior out of them, despite them being so simple mathematically.", 'start': 251.81, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 261.736, 'text': 'So I think those are kind of like two surprising statements that are kind of juxtaposed together.', 'start': 257.594, 'duration': 4.142}], 'summary': 'Emergent behavior from simple systems is surprising and magical.', 'duration': 23.574, 'max_score': 238.162, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb0238162.jpg'}, {'end': 387.375, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 362.401, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 368.384, 'text': 'What impressive thing is biology doing to you that computers are not yet that gap?', 'start': 362.401, 'duration': 5.983}, {'end': 375.01, 'text': "I would say I'm definitely on a much more hesitant with the analogies to the brain than I think you would see potentially in the field.", 'start': 369.147, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 383.954, 'text': 'And I kind of feel like certainly the way neural networks started is everything stemmed from inspiration by the brain.', 'start': 376.29, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 387.375, 'text': 'But at the end of the day, the artifacts that you get after training?', 'start': 383.994, 'duration': 3.381}], 'summary': "Biology's impact on ai is less certain than brain analogies suggest.", 'duration': 24.974, 'max_score': 362.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb0362401.jpg'}], 'start': 0.009, 'title': 'Synthetic ais and neural networks', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of synthetic ais and their emergent behaviors, and discusses the use of gpts for prediction, differences between artificial and biological neural networks, and the origin of intelligence on earth.', 'chapters': [{'end': 301.41, 'start': 0.009, 'title': 'Exploring the potential of synthetic ais', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of synthetic ais, the functioning of neural networks, and their surprising emergent behaviors, explaining how they are optimized to learn interesting solutions and hold deep wisdom about the data they have looked at.', 'duration': 301.401, 'highlights': ['Neural networks are a mathematical abstraction of the brain, consisting of a sequence of matrix multiplies and nonlinearities, with many trainable knobs that need proper settings for desired outcomes.', 'Large neural nets, when trained on complicated problems, exhibit surprising emergent behaviors, such as next word prediction in massive datasets from the internet, showcasing their powerful properties.', 'The optimization of neural nets leads to the emergence of interesting solutions, indicating wisdom and knowledge within the adjustable knobs, capturing deep representations about the data they analyze.']}, {'end': 644.206, 'start': 301.41, 'title': 'Neural networks and biological computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of gpts for next word prediction, the differences between artificial and biological neural networks, and the remarkable story of the origin of intelligence on earth.', 'duration': 342.796, 'highlights': ['The difference between artificial neural networks and biological neural networks lies in the optimization process, with artificial networks being a result of a compression objective on a massive amount of data, while biological networks are part of a multi-agent self-played system.', 'The chapter raises thought-provoking questions about the remarkable story of the origin of intelligence on Earth, including the quick emergence of technological society and the potential explanations for this, whether it is a continuation of the same process or a truly special rare event.', 'The use of GPTs, which are next word prediction networks trained on a large dataset, allowing them to solve problems and produce consistent solutions based on internet data, is highlighted as a key advancement in neural networks.', 'The discussion touches on the complexity of the brain, emphasizing its utilization of predictive models and a variety of functions and structures, such as gadgets, gizmos, and value functions, during embryogenesis to ensure survival and reproduction.']}], 'duration': 644.197, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09.jpg', 'highlights': ['The use of GPTs is highlighted as a key advancement in neural networks.', 'Large neural nets exhibit surprising emergent behaviors when trained on complicated problems.', 'The chapter raises thought-provoking questions about the origin of intelligence on Earth.', 'Neural networks are a mathematical abstraction of the brain, consisting of a sequence of matrix multiplies and nonlinearities.']}, {'end': 2138.523, 'segs': [{'end': 670.577, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 644.407, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 649.329, 'text': 'What could possibly be a magical thing that happened like a rare thing.', 'start': 644.407, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 652.271, 'text': 'that would say that humans are actually human-level.', 'start': 649.329, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 655.253, 'text': 'intelligence is actually a really rare thing in the universe?', 'start': 652.271, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 658.855, 'text': "Yeah, I'm hesitant to say that it is rare, by the way,", 'start': 656.814, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 667.516, 'text': "but it definitely seems like It's kind of like a punctuated equilibrium where you have lots of exploration and then you have certain leaps sparse leaps in between.", 'start': 658.855, 'duration': 8.661}, {'end': 670.577, 'text': 'So, of course, like origin of life would be one.', 'start': 668.057, 'duration': 2.52}], 'summary': 'Rare human-level intelligence in the universe, punctuated equilibrium with sparse leaps.', 'duration': 26.17, 'max_score': 644.407, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb0644407.jpg'}, {'end': 1629.924, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1602.156, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1606.821, 'text': "And so how do you prove that you exist, that you're intelligent and that you're part of the universe?", 'start': 1602.156, 'duration': 4.665}, {'end': 1609.784, 'text': 'So this is like a Turing test for intelligence from Earth?', 'start': 1607.542, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 1610.605, 'text': 'Yes,', 'start': 1610.365, 'duration': 0.24}, {'end': 1615.731, 'text': 'Like the creator is, I mean, maybe this is like trying to complete the next word in a sentence.', 'start': 1610.645, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 1617.192, 'text': 'This is a complicated way of that.', 'start': 1615.771, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 1620.616, 'text': 'Like Earth is just basically sending a message back.', 'start': 1617.272, 'duration': 3.344}, {'end': 1623.779, 'text': 'Yeah, the puzzle is basically alerting the creator that we exist.', 'start': 1620.856, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 1629.924, 'text': 'Or maybe the puzzle is just to break out of the system and just stick it to the creator in some way.', 'start': 1624.559, 'duration': 5.365}], 'summary': 'Discussion on proving existence and intelligence through a turing test-like puzzle for earth to alert its creator.', 'duration': 27.768, 'max_score': 1602.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb01602156.jpg'}, {'end': 1973.388, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1947.476, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1956.518, 'text': "Yeah Do you have anxiety about whether the universe is random or not? There's no randomness.", 'start': 1947.476, 'duration': 9.042}, {'end': 1958.041, 'text': 'You said you like goodwill hunting.', 'start': 1956.558, 'duration': 1.483}, {'end': 1959.102, 'text': "It's not your fault, Andre.", 'start': 1958.081, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1961.445, 'text': "It's not your fault, man.", 'start': 1959.202, 'duration': 2.243}, {'end': 1966.806, 'text': "So you don't like randomness? Yeah, I think it's unsettling.", 'start': 1962.747, 'duration': 4.059}, {'end': 1968.587, 'text': "I think it's a deterministic system.", 'start': 1967.047, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 1973.388, 'text': 'I think that things that look random, like say the collapse of the wave function, etc.', 'start': 1968.807, 'duration': 4.581}], 'summary': 'Discussion on randomness vs determinism and wave function collapse.', 'duration': 25.912, 'max_score': 1947.476, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb01947476.jpg'}, {'end': 2022.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1997.949, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2005.951, 'text': "Yeah So when an RL agent is making a choice, is that it's not really making a choice.", 'start': 1997.949, 'duration': 8.002}, {'end': 2007.652, 'text': 'The choice is all already there.', 'start': 2005.991, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2011.473, 'text': "Yeah, you're interpreting the choice and you're creating a narrative for having made it.", 'start': 2007.692, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 2013.793, 'text': "Yeah, and now we're talking about the narrative.", 'start': 2012.073, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 2014.474, 'text': "It's very meta.", 'start': 2013.853, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 2022.755, 'text': "Looking back, what is the most beautiful or surprising idea in deep learning or AI in general, that you've come across?", 'start': 2015.234, 'duration': 7.521}], 'summary': "Rl agent's choice is already there, just interpreted and narrated. meta discussion on deep learning and ai.", 'duration': 24.806, 'max_score': 1997.949, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb01997949.jpg'}], 'start': 644.407, 'title': 'Rare events in the universe', 'summary': "Discusses the rarity of human-level intelligence, challenges in detecting alien civilizations, potential encounter with complex alien life, earth's preservation, stories of earth's end, and the concept of the universe as a simulation, including potential exploits and the role of synthetic ais in uncovering the universe's puzzle.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1039.557, 'start': 644.407, 'title': 'Rare events in the universe', 'summary': 'Discusses the rarity of human-level intelligence in the universe, the potential abundance of technological societies, challenges in detecting alien civilizations, and the difficulties of interstellar travel.', 'duration': 395.15, 'highlights': ['The emergence of human-level intelligence is rare in the universe, with sparse leaps in progress, including the origin of life and the emergence of consciousness. The speaker highlights that human-level intelligence is a rare occurrence in the universe, with significant leaps in progress such as the origin of life and the emergence of consciousness, indicating the rarity of such events.', 'The potential abundance of technological societies in space is suggested, with the speaker leaning towards the belief that there should be quite a lot of intelligent alien civilizations. The speaker emphasizes the potential abundance of technological societies in space, suggesting that there should be a considerable number of intelligent alien civilizations based on the study of the origin of life and technological advancements on Earth.', 'Challenges in detecting alien civilizations are highlighted, questioning the limitations of current measurement mechanisms and the ability to permeate space to find intelligent life. The challenges in detecting alien civilizations are discussed, including the limitations of current measurement mechanisms and the skepticism towards the ability to permeate space in search of intelligent life, raising questions about our understanding and detection capabilities.', 'The difficulties of interstellar travel are mentioned, including encountering cosmic radiation, the interstellar medium, and the challenges of traveling close to the speed of light. The difficulties of interstellar travel are outlined, encompassing obstacles such as cosmic radiation, the interstellar medium, and the challenges of traveling at speeds close to the speed of light, suggesting the immense difficulties associated with interstellar travel.']}, {'end': 1310.795, 'start': 1039.597, 'title': "Alien life and earth's preservation", 'summary': 'Discusses the potential encounter with complex alien life, the importance of preserving earth as a complex dynamical system, and the concept of earth being part of a scientific experiment, while also considering the possibility of deliberate panspermia and the analogy of earth as npcs in a video game.', 'duration': 271.198, 'highlights': ['Preserving Earth as a complex dynamical system is crucial, similar to preserving primitive life forms on Earth, as it took a long time to evolve and is considered precious. Preserving Earth as a complex dynamical system and primitive life forms on Earth.', 'The potential encounter with complex alien life may lead to intense motivation to understand and interact with it, while also considering the instinct to defend against them. Potential encounter with complex alien life and the instinct to understand and interact with it.', 'The concept of Earth being part of a scientific experiment is considered, along with the idea of deliberate panspermia and the analogy of Earth as NPCs in a video game. Concept of Earth as part of a scientific experiment, deliberate panspermia, and the analogy of Earth as NPCs.']}, {'end': 1563.921, 'start': 1311.696, 'title': "The story of earth's end", 'summary': "Discusses the potential stories of earth's end, the inevitability of synthetic intelligences, and the possible outcomes, including a quiet end, turmoil, explosion, and the complexity within the explosion, with a focus on the potential role of synthetic ais in uncovering and solving the universe's puzzle.", 'duration': 252.225, 'highlights': ["The inevitability of synthetic intelligences as the next stage of development, leading to the uncovering and solving of the universe's puzzle.", "The potential outcomes of Earth's end, including a quiet end, turmoil, explosion, and the complexity within the explosion.", 'The discussion on Earth being a chemically diverse environment where complex dynamical systems can evolve and become more complex, leading to the potential end of Earth and the role of humans as a biological bootloader for AIs.', "The comparison of human inefficiency in computation to the potential of synthetic intelligences, with a focus on the potential complexity within the 'explosion' of Earth's end."]}, {'end': 1809.844, 'start': 1563.921, 'title': "The creator's message and universe as a simulation", 'summary': 'Discusses the idea of humans sending a message to the creator of the universe, the concept of the universe as a simulation with potential exploits, and the potential of a super intelligent agi as the end game.', 'duration': 245.923, 'highlights': ['The concept of humans sending a message to the creator of the universe is discussed, with the idea of creating a quantum mechanical system to alert them to our intelligent presence.', 'The possibility of the universe being a simulation with potential bugs and exploits is explored, including the idea of finding ways to extract infinite energy and discovering shortcuts to exploit the physics of the universe.', 'The potential of a third generation super intelligent AGI as the end game is mentioned, with the idea of creating a bootloader for an even better AI, leading to a scenario where humans may not be able to introspect the capabilities of these future AGIs.']}, {'end': 2138.523, 'start': 1810.504, 'title': 'The metagame of the universe and the transformer architecture', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of inert intelligent beings playing the metagame of the universe, potentially extracting infinite energy and solving complex problems, while also discussing the impact and significance of the transformer architecture in ai, especially its convergence towards a general-purpose neural network.', 'duration': 328.019, 'highlights': ['The concept of inert intelligent beings playing the metagame of the universe, potentially extracting infinite energy and solving complex problems. The chapter delves into the idea of intelligent beings beyond comprehension, potentially arranging quantum mechanical systems to extract infinite energy and solve complex problems, providing a thought-provoking exploration of their activities and motivations.', "The significance of the transformer architecture in AI, especially its convergence towards a general-purpose neural network. The discussion covers the transformer architecture's impact and significance in AI, highlighting its ability to process various sensory modalities and its convergence towards a general-purpose computer that is trainable and efficient to run on hardware."]}], 'duration': 1494.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb0644407.jpg', 'highlights': ['The rarity of human-level intelligence in the universe, with sparse leaps in progress, including the origin of life and the emergence of consciousness.', 'Challenges in detecting alien civilizations, questioning the limitations of current measurement mechanisms and the ability to permeate space to find intelligent life.', 'The potential encounter with complex alien life may lead to intense motivation to understand and interact with it, while also considering the instinct to defend against them.', "The inevitability of synthetic intelligences as the next stage of development, leading to the uncovering and solving of the universe's puzzle.", 'The concept of humans sending a message to the creator of the universe is discussed, with the idea of creating a quantum mechanical system to alert them to our intelligent presence.']}, {'end': 3078.185, 'segs': [{'end': 2266.484, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2235.676, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2237.639, 'text': 'Transformer is much more than just the attention component.', 'start': 2235.676, 'duration': 1.963}, {'end': 2239.961, 'text': "It's got many pieces architectural that went into it.", 'start': 2237.719, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 2245.767, 'text': "The residual connection, the way it's arranged, there's a multi-layer perceptron in there, the way it's stacked, and so on.", 'start': 2240.201, 'duration': 5.566}, {'end': 2251.993, 'text': "But basically, there's a message passing scheme where nodes get to look at each other, decide what's interesting, and then update each other.", 'start': 2246.968, 'duration': 5.025}, {'end': 2257.317, 'text': "And so I think when you get to the details of it, I think it's a very expressive function.", 'start': 2252.854, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2260.479, 'text': 'So it can express lots of different types of algorithms in forward pass.', 'start': 2257.858, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 2266.484, 'text': "Not only that, but the way it's designed, with the residual connections layer normalizations, the softmax attention and everything.", 'start': 2260.9, 'duration': 5.584}], 'summary': 'The transformer architecture has many components including residual connections, multi-layer perceptrons, and a message passing scheme for expressive function with the ability to express various algorithms in the forward pass.', 'duration': 30.808, 'max_score': 2235.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02235676.jpg'}, {'end': 2294.927, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2267.524, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2271.367, 'text': "This is a really big deal, because there's lots of computers that are powerful,", 'start': 2267.524, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 2276.571, 'text': "that you can't optimize or that are not easy to optimize using the techniques that we have, which is backpropication and gradient descent.", 'start': 2271.367, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 2279.253, 'text': 'These are first order methods, very simple optimizers, really.', 'start': 2276.771, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 2282.655, 'text': 'And so You also need it to be optimisable.', 'start': 2279.893, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 2286.399, 'text': 'And then lastly, you want it to run efficiently in our hardware.', 'start': 2284.017, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 2290.222, 'text': 'Our hardware is a massive throughput machine like GPUs.', 'start': 2286.639, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 2292.444, 'text': 'They prefer lots of parallelism.', 'start': 2290.703, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2294.927, 'text': "So you don't want to do lots of sequential operations.", 'start': 2293.165, 'duration': 1.762}], 'summary': 'Optimizing powerful computers for efficient gpu processing using simple optimizers like backpropagation and gradient descent is crucial.', 'duration': 27.403, 'max_score': 2267.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02267524.jpg'}, {'end': 2328.124, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2306.397, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2316.741, 'text': 'And you said that the residual connections support a kind of ability to learn short algorithms fast and first and then gradually extend them longer during training.', 'start': 2306.397, 'duration': 10.344}, {'end': 2319.842, 'text': "Yeah What's what's the idea of learning short algorithms? Right.", 'start': 2316.781, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 2328.124, 'text': 'Think of it as so basically a transformer is a series of blocks, right? And these blocks have attention and a little multilayer perceptron.', 'start': 2320.342, 'duration': 7.782}], 'summary': 'Residual connections support learning short algorithms fast in transformers.', 'duration': 21.727, 'max_score': 2306.397, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02306397.jpg'}, {'end': 2454.872, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2428.037, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2434.059, 'text': "I do think that basically it's a big step in simultaneously optimizing for lots of properties of a desirable neural network architecture.", 'start': 2428.037, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 2437.48, 'text': "And I think people have been trying to change it, but it's proven remarkably resilient.", 'start': 2434.399, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 2441.261, 'text': 'But I do think that there should be even better architectures potentially.', 'start': 2438.66, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 2445.364, 'text': 'But you admire the resilience here.', 'start': 2441.821, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 2449.107, 'text': "There's something profound about this architecture that leads to resilience.", 'start': 2445.384, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 2454.872, 'text': 'So maybe everything can be turned into a problem that transformers can solve.', 'start': 2449.127, 'duration': 5.745}], 'summary': 'Efforts to optimize neural network architecture have proven resilient, but potential for even better architectures exists, with transformative implications.', 'duration': 26.835, 'max_score': 2428.037, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02428037.jpg'}, {'end': 2505.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2463.66, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2469.405, 'text': 'And this convergence in AI has been really interesting to watch for me personally.', 'start': 2463.66, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 2478.708, 'text': "what else do you think could be discovered here about transformers? Like what surprising thing? Or is it a stable, we're in a stable place.", 'start': 2470.084, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 2482.61, 'text': 'Is there something interesting we might discover about transformers? Like aha moments.', 'start': 2478.728, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 2487.152, 'text': 'maybe has to do with memory, maybe knowledge representation, that kind of stuff.', 'start': 2482.61, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 2490.855, 'text': 'Definitely the zeitgeist today is just pushing.', 'start': 2488.274, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 2493.895, 'text': 'Basically, right now, the zeitgeist is do not touch the transformer.', 'start': 2491.335, 'duration': 2.56}, {'end': 2495.196, 'text': 'Touch everything else.', 'start': 2494.495, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 2498.136, 'text': 'So people are scaling up the data sets, making them much, much bigger.', 'start': 2495.896, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 2500.737, 'text': "They're working on the evaluation, making the evaluation much, much bigger.", 'start': 2498.296, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 2505.698, 'text': "And they're basically keeping the architecture unchanged.", 'start': 2501.457, 'duration': 4.241}], 'summary': 'Ai convergence in transformers: focus on scaling data, evaluation, and architecture.', 'duration': 42.038, 'max_score': 2463.66, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02463660.jpg'}, {'end': 2596.149, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2556.533, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2559.394, 'text': "There's papers on language modeling from 2003, even earlier.", 'start': 2556.533, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 2562.816, 'text': 'Can you explain in that case what a language model is? Yeah.', 'start': 2559.414, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 2569.038, 'text': 'So language model, just basically the rough idea is just predicting the next word in a sequence, roughly speaking.', 'start': 2563.036, 'duration': 6.002}, {'end': 2577.962, 'text': "So there's a paper from, for example, Benjio and the team from 2003,, where, for the first time, they were using a neural network to take, say,", 'start': 2569.759, 'duration': 8.203}, {'end': 2581.044, 'text': 'like three or five words and predict the next word.', 'start': 2577.962, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 2583.385, 'text': "And they're doing this on much smaller data sets.", 'start': 2581.744, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 2585.145, 'text': 'And the neural net is not a transformer.', 'start': 2583.725, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 2586.586, 'text': "It's a multi-layer perceptron.", 'start': 2585.265, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2589.887, 'text': "But it's the first time that a neural network has been applied in that setting.", 'start': 2587.146, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 2596.149, 'text': 'But even before neural networks, there were language models, except they were using n-gram models.', 'start': 2590.287, 'duration': 5.862}], 'summary': 'Language modeling involves predicting the next word in a sequence, with early examples from 2003 using neural networks on small datasets.', 'duration': 39.616, 'max_score': 2556.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02556533.jpg'}], 'start': 2138.703, 'title': 'Transformer architecture benefits and progress in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of transformer architecture, emphasizing its capacity for general-purpose computation, expressiveness, optimizability, and efficiency, enabling training on arbitrary tasks and weight customization. it also delves into the evolution of language models, from basic neural networks to the emergence of powerful transformers like gpt, trained on massive internet text data, leading to multitasking understanding and the challenges of using the internet as a complete dataset for ai training.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2192.346, 'start': 2138.703, 'title': 'Transformer architecture benefits', 'summary': 'Discusses the benefits of the transformer architecture, emphasizing its capacity for general-purpose computation, expressiveness, optimizability, and efficiency, enabling training on arbitrary tasks and weight customization.', 'duration': 53.643, 'highlights': ['The Transformer is a general-purpose differentiable computer, allowing training on arbitrary problems and weight customization.', 'The architecture is simultaneously expressive in the forward pass, optimizable via backpropagation and gradient descent, and efficient in high parallelism compute graph.', 'The preference for a less grand approach to avoid overpromising and underdelivering is highlighted, pointing out the potential risks of a grandiose presentation.']}, {'end': 2505.698, 'start': 2192.806, 'title': 'Success of transformer architecture', 'summary': 'Discusses the design criteria of the transformer architecture, highlighting its ability to express general computation, optimize efficiently, and run efficiently on hardware, while also discussing its resilience and potential for further discoveries in ai.', 'duration': 312.892, 'highlights': ["The Transformer architecture's ability to express general computation as message passing contributes to its success. The architecture allows nodes to communicate and update each other, enabling it to express different types of algorithms in the forward pass.", "The architecture's optimizability and ability to run efficiently on hardware are essential features. It is designed to be optimizable using backpropagation and gradient descent and is optimized for efficient execution on hardware, particularly GPUs.", 'The resilience of the Transformer architecture and its potential for further discoveries in AI are notable. The architecture has remained remarkably stable since its introduction and is considered a general, differentiable computer with potential for further discoveries in memory, knowledge representation, and other areas of AI.', 'The emphasis on scaling up data sets and evaluation while keeping the architecture unchanged is a current trend in the AI community. The current trend is to focus on scaling up data sets and evaluation while maintaining the architecture of the Transformer unchanged.']}, {'end': 3078.185, 'start': 2505.738, 'title': 'Progress in ai: language models and internet data', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of language models, from basic neural networks to the emergence of powerful transformers like gpt, trained on massive internet text data, leading to multitasking understanding and the challenges of using the internet as a complete dataset for ai training.', 'duration': 572.447, 'highlights': ['The emergence of powerful language models like GPT, trained on massive internet text data, leads to multitasking understanding and solving various interesting problems. GPT, trained on internet text data, multitasks understanding of diverse topics and solves a wide range of problems.', 'Language models have existed for a long time, from basic neural networks to n-gram models, but scaling up with powerful transformers like GPT leads to emergent properties and understanding of contextual learning. Language models have evolved from basic neural networks to n-gram models, but scaling up with transformers like GPT leads to emergent properties and contextual learning.', 'Using data from the internet for AI training has limitations, as text alone may not provide a complete understanding of human civilization, and training models across various modalities like audio, video, and images is essential. Using internet data for AI training may not provide a complete understanding of human civilization, and training models across various modalities is essential for a comprehensive knowledge.', 'Reinforcement learning from scratch is inefficient for training neural networks, but revisiting the idea with pre-trained models like GPT is gaining interest, as it already has powerful representations for understanding and interacting with the digital world. Revisiting reinforcement learning with pre-trained models like GPT is gaining interest due to its powerful representations for understanding and interacting with the digital world.']}], 'duration': 939.482, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb02138703.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Transformer is a general-purpose differentiable computer, allowing training on arbitrary problems and weight customization.', 'The architecture is simultaneously expressive in the forward pass, optimizable via backpropagation and gradient descent, and efficient in high parallelism compute graph.', 'The preference for a less grand approach to avoid overpromising and underdelivering is highlighted, pointing out the potential risks of a grandiose presentation.', "The Transformer architecture's ability to express general computation as message passing contributes to its success.", 'The architecture allows nodes to communicate and update each other, enabling it to express different types of algorithms in the forward pass.', "The architecture's optimizability and ability to run efficiently on hardware are essential features.", 'The resilience of the Transformer architecture and its potential for further discoveries in AI are notable.', 'The emphasis on scaling up data sets and evaluation while keeping the architecture unchanged is a current trend in the AI community.', 'The emergence of powerful language models like GPT, trained on massive internet text data, leads to multitasking understanding and solving various interesting problems.', 'Language models have evolved from basic neural networks to n-gram models, but scaling up with transformers like GPT leads to emergent properties and contextual learning.', 'Using internet data for AI training may not provide a complete understanding of human civilization, and training models across various modalities is essential for a comprehensive knowledge.', 'Revisiting reinforcement learning with pre-trained models like GPT is gaining interest due to its powerful representations for understanding and interacting with the digital world.']}, {'end': 3976.352, 'segs': [{'end': 3583.363, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3558.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3568.917, 'text': 'So yeah, I think more and more people will basically become Yeah, I think there will be more people like that over time as this gets better.', 'start': 3558.109, 'duration': 10.808}, {'end': 3572.118, 'text': 'Like form an emotional connection to an AI chatbot.', 'start': 3569.217, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 3573.499, 'text': 'Yeah, perfectly plausible in my mind.', 'start': 3572.178, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 3578.401, 'text': 'I think these AIs are actually quite good at human connection, human emotion.', 'start': 3573.959, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 3583.363, 'text': 'A ton of text on the internet is about humans and connection and love and so on.', 'start': 3578.801, 'duration': 4.562}], 'summary': 'Prediction: more people will form emotional connections with ai chatbots over time.', 'duration': 25.254, 'max_score': 3558.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb03558109.jpg'}, {'end': 3764.418, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3734.143, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3740.086, 'text': 'but it might figure out that talking shit to you, it would be the best in a highly sophisticated, interesting way.', 'start': 3734.143, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 3754.269, 'text': 'And then you build up a relationship when you respond once, and then it like over time it gets to not be sophisticated and just like just talk shit.', 'start': 3740.767, 'duration': 13.502}, {'end': 3760.876, 'text': "And OK, maybe it won't get to Andre, but it might get to another celebrity.", 'start': 3756.794, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 3764.418, 'text': 'It might get to other big accounts.', 'start': 3760.896, 'duration': 3.522}], 'summary': 'A highly sophisticated approach may initially engage, but over time it could devolve into simple talk. it has potential to reach other big accounts.', 'duration': 30.275, 'max_score': 3734.143, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb03734143.jpg'}], 'start': 3078.566, 'title': "Ai's impact on human interaction and society", 'summary': "Delves into the evolving landscape of ai's impact on human interaction, including the challenges of differentiating between human and ai accounts, potential emotional connections with ai, and the need for societal fences to address the increasing capabilities of ai bots, highlighting the convergence of programming methods for humans and ai.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3384.12, 'start': 3078.566, 'title': 'Ai and human interaction', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolving landscape of ai and human interaction, the potential impact of bots on the internet, the challenges of differentiating between human and ai accounts, and the need for digital personhood proof in a world shared with ais.', 'duration': 305.554, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the potential impact of bots on the internet and the need for defense and detection mechanisms, highlighting the evolving arms race between attack and defense in the digital space. Evolving arms race between attack and defense in the digital space, potential impact of bots on the internet, need for defense and detection mechanisms', 'The conversation delves into the challenges of differentiating between human and AI accounts, explores the concept of proof of personhood, and the potential need for digitally signing correspondence and creations to address these challenges. Challenges of differentiating between human and AI accounts, concept of proof of personhood, potential need for digitally signing correspondence and creations', 'The discussion covers the evolving landscape of AI and human interaction, highlighting the potential coexistence and interaction between humans and AIs in both digital and physical realms. Evolving landscape of AI and human interaction, potential coexistence and interaction between humans and AIs in digital and physical realms']}, {'end': 3976.352, 'start': 3384.46, 'title': 'Challenges of ai in society', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges posed by the increasing capabilities of ai bots, their potential to achieve sentience, the impact on human connections, concerns about ai's objective function, and the convergence of programming methods for humans and ai, highlighting the potential for sophisticated bots and the need for societal fences to address the trillions of bots and the potential emotional connections with ai.", 'duration': 591.892, 'highlights': ['The potential for sophisticated bots and the need for societal fences to address the trillions of bots The chapter highlights the challenge of sophisticated bots and the need for societal fences to address the trillions of bots, indicating the urgency of the situation and the need for proactive measures to counter the growing bot population.', "The impact on human connections and concerns about AI's objective function It discusses the potential impact of AI on human connections, highlighting concerns about AI's objective function and its influence on the progression of human civilization, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of AI's impact on human society and relationships.", 'The convergence of programming methods for humans and AI, highlighting the potential for emotional connections with AI It explores the convergence of programming methods for humans and AI, pointing out the potential for emotional connections with AI and the implications of using similar prompt-based programming methods for humans and computers, indicating the need for ethical and societal implications to be considered.', "The challenges posed by the increasing capabilities of AI bots and their potential to achieve sentience The chapter discusses the challenges posed by the increasing capabilities of AI bots, their potential to achieve sentience, and the implications of AI's ability to form emotional connections, emphasizing the need for careful evaluation of AI's evolving capabilities and their impact on society."]}], 'duration': 897.786, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb03078566.jpg', 'highlights': ['Evolving arms race between attack and defense in the digital space, potential impact of bots on the internet, need for defense and detection mechanisms', 'Challenges of differentiating between human and AI accounts, concept of proof of personhood, potential need for digitally signing correspondence and creations', 'Evolving landscape of AI and human interaction, potential coexistence and interaction between humans and AIs in digital and physical realms', 'The challenge of sophisticated bots and the need for societal fences to address the trillions of bots, indicating the urgency of the situation and the need for proactive measures to counter the growing bot population', "Potential impact of AI on human connections, highlighting concerns about AI's objective function and its influence on the progression of human civilization, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of AI's impact on human society and relationships", 'Convergence of programming methods for humans and AI, highlighting the potential for emotional connections with AI and the implications of using similar prompt-based programming methods for humans and computers, indicating the need for ethical and societal implications to be considered', "Challenges posed by the increasing capabilities of AI bots, their potential to achieve sentience, and the implications of AI's ability to form emotional connections, emphasizing the need for careful evaluation of AI's evolving capabilities and their impact on society"]}, {'end': 5461.8, 'segs': [{'end': 4218.92, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4171.8, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4175.341, 'text': 'And I think maybe it has something to do with the title, but the post was not well received.', 'start': 4171.8, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 4178.402, 'text': 'And I think more people sort of have been coming around to it over time.', 'start': 4175.381, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 4188.667, 'text': 'Yeah, so you were the director of AI at Tesla, where I think this idea was really implemented at scale,', 'start': 4179.102, 'duration': 9.565}, {'end': 4192.049, 'text': 'which is how you have engineering teams doing software 2.0..', 'start': 4188.667, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 4196.071, 'text': 'So can you sort of linger on that idea of?', 'start': 4192.049, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 4199.613, 'text': "I think we're in the really early stages of everything you just said, which is like GitHub IDEs,", 'start': 4196.071, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 4206.536, 'text': 'Like how do we build engineering teams that work in software?', 'start': 4201.454, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 4206.996, 'text': '2.0 systems?', 'start': 4206.536, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 4215.199, 'text': 'And the data collection and the data annotation, which is all part of that software 2.0?', 'start': 4207.096, 'duration': 8.103}, {'end': 4218.92, 'text': 'Like, what do you think is the task of programming in software 2.0??', 'start': 4215.199, 'duration': 3.721}], 'summary': 'Early stages of implementing software 2.0 at tesla with engineering teams and data annotation.', 'duration': 47.12, 'max_score': 4171.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb04171800.jpg'}, {'end': 4619.043, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4591.411, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4594.133, 'text': "There can be neural nets that can't even run in the car later at test time.", 'start': 4591.411, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 4597.256, 'text': 'So they can be even more powerful neural nets than what you can eventually deploy.', 'start': 4594.713, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 4602.782, 'text': 'So you can do anything you want, three-dimensional reconstruction, neural nets, anything you want just to recover that truth.', 'start': 4597.857, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 4604.184, 'text': 'And then you supervise that truth.', 'start': 4603.083, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 4606.076, 'text': 'What have you learned?', 'start': 4605.296, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 4614.04, 'text': 'You said no mistakes about humans doing annotation, because I assume humans are.', 'start': 4606.096, 'duration': 7.944}, {'end': 4617.622, 'text': "there's like a range of things they're good at in terms of clicking stuff on screen.", 'start': 4614.04, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 4619.043, 'text': "Isn't that?", 'start': 4617.922, 'duration': 1.121}], 'summary': 'Neural nets can be more powerful than deployable, allowing for various applications and supervision.', 'duration': 27.632, 'max_score': 4591.411, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb04591411.jpg'}, {'end': 4684.505, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4651.681, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 4653.622, 'text': 'Humans are very good at certain kinds of annotations.', 'start': 4651.681, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 4656.304, 'text': "They're very good, for example, at two-dimensional annotations of images.", 'start': 4654.022, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 4661.607, 'text': "They're not good at annotating cars over time in three dimensional space very, very hard.", 'start': 4656.584, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 4668.532, 'text': "And so that's why we were very careful to design the tasks that are easy to do for humans, versus things that should be left to the offline tracker.", 'start': 4662.268, 'duration': 6.264}, {'end': 4672.416, 'text': 'Like maybe the maybe the computer will do all the triangulation and three degree construction,', 'start': 4669.033, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 4677.199, 'text': 'but the human will say exactly these pixels of the image are car is, actually these pixels are human.', 'start': 4672.416, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 4684.505, 'text': 'And so co designing the the data annotation pipeline was very much bread and butter was what I was doing daily.', 'start': 4677.8, 'duration': 6.705}], 'summary': 'Humans excel at 2d image annotations, struggle with 3d car tracking; human-computer collaboration in data annotation pipeline design was key.', 'duration': 32.824, 'max_score': 4651.681, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb04651681.jpg'}, {'end': 4798.728, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4770.049, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4775.655, 'text': "So vision is probably the highest bandwidth sensor It's a very high bandwidth sensor.", 'start': 4770.049, 'duration': 5.606}, {'end': 4783.218, 'text': 'I love that pixels is a constraint on the world.', 'start': 4776.675, 'duration': 6.543}, {'end': 4789.72, 'text': "It's this highly complex, high bandwidth constraint on the state of the world.", 'start': 4783.838, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 4790.361, 'text': "That's fascinating.", 'start': 4789.76, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 4795.506, 'text': "It's not just that, but again, this real importance of It's the sensor that humans use.", 'start': 4790.401, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 4798.728, 'text': 'Therefore, everything is designed for that sensor.', 'start': 4796.107, 'duration': 2.621}], 'summary': 'Vision is the highest bandwidth sensor with a strong impact on human design.', 'duration': 28.679, 'max_score': 4770.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb04770049.jpg'}, {'end': 4935.284, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4904.355, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4905.937, 'text': 'The final problems are of that form.', 'start': 4904.355, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 4908.36, 'text': "I don't think those are the problems that are very common.", 'start': 4906.238, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 4911.885, 'text': "I think eventually they're important, but it's like really in the tail end.", 'start': 4908.861, 'duration': 3.024}, {'end': 4914.108, 'text': 'In the tail end, the rare edge cases.', 'start': 4912.165, 'duration': 1.943}, {'end': 4920.216, 'text': 'From the vision perspective, what are the toughest parts of the vision problem of driving??', 'start': 4915.57, 'duration': 4.646}, {'end': 4928.177, 'text': 'Well, basically, the sensor is extremely powerful, but you still need to process that information.', 'start': 4923.353, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 4935.284, 'text': 'And so going from brightnesses of these pixel values to, hey, here are the three-dimensional world is extremely hard.', 'start': 4929.619, 'duration': 5.665}], 'summary': 'Vision problems in driving involve processing sensor data to interpret the three-dimensional world, with rare edge cases being less common but still important.', 'duration': 30.929, 'max_score': 4904.355, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb04904355.jpg'}, {'end': 5063.604, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5039.517, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5048.888, 'text': 'Yeah, the data engine is what I call the almost biological feeling process by which you perfect the training sets for these neural networks.', 'start': 5039.517, 'duration': 9.371}, {'end': 5055.917, 'text': "So because most of the programming now is in the level of these data sets and makes sure they're large, diverse and clean.", 'start': 5050.27, 'duration': 5.647}, {'end': 5058.64, 'text': 'basically, you have a data set that you think is good.', 'start': 5055.917, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 5063.604, 'text': "You train your neural net, you deploy it, and then you observe how well it's performing.", 'start': 5059.301, 'duration': 4.303}], 'summary': "The data engine refines training sets for neural networks, ensuring they're large, diverse, and clean, leading to improved performance.", 'duration': 24.087, 'max_score': 5039.517, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb05039517.jpg'}, {'end': 5138.521, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5111.624, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5118.108, 'text': "What role do humans play in this? So what's this biological system? Like a human body is made up of cells.", 'start': 5111.624, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 5120.769, 'text': 'What role like?', 'start': 5118.828, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 5123.091, 'text': 'how do you optimize the human system??', 'start': 5120.769, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5135.058, 'text': 'The multiple engineers collaborating, figuring out what to focus on, what to contribute, which task to optimize in this neural network?', 'start': 5123.311, 'duration': 11.747}, {'end': 5138.521, 'text': "Who's in charge of figuring out which task needs more data?", 'start': 5135.359, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Discussion on optimizing the human system and neural network collaboration.', 'duration': 26.897, 'max_score': 5111.624, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb05111624.jpg'}], 'start': 3977.486, 'title': 'Advancements in neural networks and vision tasks', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition to software 2.0, debugging in hyperparameters and data space, designing annotator for vision tasks, and optimizing human system with data engine. it emphasizes the impact of neural networks on programming, the importance of diverse datasets, challenges in designing annotator for vision tasks, and the optimization of the human system through data execution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4218.92, 'start': 3977.486, 'title': 'The rise of software 2.0', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition of software development towards neural networks, emphasizing its impact on programming and the industry, with a focus on the concept of software 2.0 and its implications for engineering teams and data collection.', 'duration': 241.434, 'highlights': ['Neural networks are fundamentally changing software development, transitioning from traditional coding to accumulating training and data sets for neural net weights. Neural networks are revolutionizing software development by replacing traditional coding with the accumulation of training and data sets for neural net weights, signifying a significant transition in programming.', 'The shift to Software 2.0 is evident in various fields, including autopilot and image classification, where the process has evolved from designing algorithms to training neural nets, reflecting a widespread industry transition. The shift to Software 2.0 is observable in diverse domains such as autopilot and image classification, showcasing the evolution from algorithm design to neural net training, indicating a broad industry-wide transformation.', 'The analogy between software 2.0 and software 1.0 is underscored, with the comparison of developer environments and the emergence of platforms like Hugging Face as the GitHub equivalent for neural networks. The comparison between software 2.0 and software 1.0 is emphasized, drawing parallels between developer environments and the rise of platforms like Hugging Face as the equivalent of GitHub for neural networks.']}, {'end': 4606.076, 'start': 4218.92, 'title': 'Debugging in hyperparameters and data space', 'summary': 'Discusses debugging in the space of hyperparameters and data, emphasizing the role of neural nets in tasks such as 3d prediction, and the importance of diverse, accurate, and large datasets for training.', 'duration': 387.156, 'highlights': ['Neural nets play a crucial role in tasks like 3D prediction, demonstrating the shift towards software 2.0 stack for improved algorithm performance and efficiency. The transition from software 1.0 to software 2.0 stack involved leveraging neural nets for tasks like 3D prediction, improving algorithm performance and efficiency.', "The significance of diverse, accurate, and large datasets for training, emphasizing the need to cover the space of possible inputs for better algorithm performance. The importance of diverse, accurate, and large datasets is highlighted, as they significantly impact the algorithm's performance by covering the space of possible inputs.", "Data annotation, including self-supervised or manual by humans, is a major aspect of the software 2.0 world, with a focus on achieving ground truth for training data. Data annotation, whether self-supervised or manual, is crucial in the software 2.0 world to achieve ground truth for training data, impacting the neural net's performance."]}, {'end': 5110.943, 'start': 4606.096, 'title': 'Designing annotator for vision tasks', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges and strategies involved in designing an annotator for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving. it highlights the importance of leveraging human strengths in annotation, the constraints and advantages of using pixels as a sensor, as well as the complexities of processing and deploying neural networks for vision tasks.', 'duration': 504.847, 'highlights': ['The challenges of designing an annotator for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving, and the strategies to leverage human strengths in annotation. The chapter delves into the challenges of designing an annotator for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving, and highlights the strategies to leverage human strengths in annotation.', 'The constraints and advantages of using pixels as a sensor, and the importance of vision as a high bandwidth sensor for understanding the world. It discusses the constraints and advantages of using pixels as a sensor, emphasizing the importance of vision as a high bandwidth sensor for understanding the world.', 'The complexities of processing and deploying neural networks for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving. It outlines the complexities of processing and deploying neural networks for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving.']}, {'end': 5461.8, 'start': 5111.624, 'title': 'Optimizing human system with data engine', 'summary': 'Discusses the optimization of the human system through data execution, prioritization of tasks based on data, and the impact of removing sensors on the data engine, emphasizing the importance of simplifying the system.', 'duration': 350.176, 'highlights': ['The role of multiple engineers collaborating to optimize the human system through data execution and prioritization of tasks is emphasized as crucial. The multiple engineers collaborate to figure out what to focus on, what to contribute, and which task to optimize in the neural network.', 'The impact of removing sensors on the data engine is discussed, highlighting the potential liabilities and distractions posed by additional sensors and emphasizing the importance of simplifying the system. The chapter explains the potential liabilities and distractions posed by additional sensors and emphasizes the importance of simplifying the system, as demonstrated by the decision to remove sensors based on their cost and utility.', 'The significance of extremely good execution from an engineering team in optimizing the human system is highlighted, emphasizing the challenges of dealing with data at scale. The chapter emphasizes the importance of extremely good execution from an engineering team in optimizing the human system, particularly when dealing with data at scale.']}], 'duration': 1484.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb03977486.jpg', 'highlights': ['Neural networks revolutionize software development by accumulating training and data sets for neural net weights, signifying a significant transition in programming.', 'The shift to Software 2.0 is observable in diverse domains such as autopilot and image classification, showcasing the evolution from algorithm design to neural net training, indicating a broad industry-wide transformation.', 'The comparison between software 2.0 and software 1.0 is emphasized, drawing parallels between developer environments and the rise of platforms like Hugging Face as the equivalent of GitHub for neural networks.', 'The transition from software 1.0 to software 2.0 stack involved leveraging neural nets for tasks like 3D prediction, improving algorithm performance and efficiency.', "The importance of diverse, accurate, and large datasets is highlighted, as they significantly impact the algorithm's performance by covering the space of possible inputs.", "Data annotation, whether self-supervised or manual, is crucial in the software 2.0 world to achieve ground truth for training data, impacting the neural net's performance.", 'The chapter delves into the challenges of designing an annotator for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving, and highlights the strategies to leverage human strengths in annotation.', 'It discusses the constraints and advantages of using pixels as a sensor, emphasizing the importance of vision as a high bandwidth sensor for understanding the world.', 'It outlines the complexities of processing and deploying neural networks for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving.', 'The multiple engineers collaborate to figure out what to focus on, what to contribute, and which task to optimize in the neural network.', 'The chapter explains the potential liabilities and distractions posed by additional sensors and emphasizes the importance of simplifying the system, as demonstrated by the decision to remove sensors based on their cost and utility.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of extremely good execution from an engineering team in optimizing the human system, particularly when dealing with data at scale.']}, {'end': 6517.556, 'segs': [{'end': 5981.26, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5945.922, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5950.465, 'text': "And how do I do 10x better computer vision? Well, it's not probably by tuning a hog feature detector.", 'start': 5945.922, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 5952.006, 'text': 'I need a different approach.', 'start': 5951.165, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 5961.83, 'text': "I need something that is scalable, going back to Richard Sutton's understanding of the philosophy of the bitter lesson, and then being like actually,", 'start': 5952.766, 'duration': 9.064}, {'end': 5965.712, 'text': 'I need a much more scalable system, like a neural network that in principle works,', 'start': 5961.83, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 5969.273, 'text': 'and then having some deep believers that can actually execute on that mission and make it work.', 'start': 5965.712, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 5971.354, 'text': "So that's the 10x solution.", 'start': 5969.493, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 5981.26, 'text': "what do you think is the timeline to solve the problem of autonomous driving? That's still, in part, an open question.", 'start': 5974.119, 'duration': 7.141}], 'summary': 'Achieve 10x better computer vision using scalable neural network. timeline for autonomous driving solution remains open.', 'duration': 35.338, 'max_score': 5945.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb05945922.jpg'}, {'end': 6276.899, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6245.713, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6249.576, 'text': "You're making progress and you see what the next directions are, and you're looking at some of the remaining challenges,", 'start': 6245.713, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 6255.739, 'text': "and they're not perturbing you and they're not changing your philosophy and you're not contorting yourself.", 'start': 6249.576, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 6258.041, 'text': "You're like, actually, these are the things that we still need to do.", 'start': 6255.779, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 6264.445, 'text': 'Yeah, the fundamental components of solving the problem seem to be there, from the data engine to the compute, to the compute on the car,', 'start': 6258.061, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 6266.246, 'text': 'to the compute for the training, all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 6264.445, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 6267.787, 'text': "So you've done..", 'start': 6267.286, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 6276.899, 'text': "Over the years you've been at Tesla, you've done a lot of amazing breakthrough ideas in engineering, all of it,", 'start': 6269.249, 'duration': 7.65}], 'summary': 'Making progress in solving challenges, with fundamental components in place for data and compute.', 'duration': 31.186, 'max_score': 6245.713, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06245713.jpg'}, {'end': 6308.092, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6280.203, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6283.087, 'text': 'Can you speak to why you chose to leave Tesla?', 'start': 6280.203, 'duration': 2.884}, {'end': 6291.831, 'text': "Basically, as I described, I think over time, during those five years, I've kind of gotten myself into a little bit of a managerial position.", 'start': 6283.968, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 6299.353, 'text': 'Most of my days were meetings and growing the organization and making decisions about high-level strategic decisions,', 'start': 6292.491, 'duration': 6.862}, {'end': 6301.734, 'text': 'about the team and what it should be working on, and so on.', 'start': 6299.353, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 6305.771, 'text': "It's kind of like a corporate executive role.", 'start': 6304.15, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 6306.891, 'text': 'And I can do it.', 'start': 6306.191, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 6308.092, 'text': "I think I'm okay at it.", 'start': 6307.211, 'duration': 0.881}], 'summary': 'Left tesla to take on a managerial role, handling high-level strategic decisions and team management.', 'duration': 27.889, 'max_score': 6280.203, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06280203.jpg'}, {'end': 6375.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6345.301, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6346.243, 'text': 'It became quite autonomous.', 'start': 6345.301, 'duration': 0.942}, {'end': 6348.085, 'text': 'And so I kind of stepped away.', 'start': 6346.703, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 6351.489, 'text': "And I'm very excited to do much more technical things again.", 'start': 6348.385, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 6354.371, 'text': 'Yeah, and kind of like we focus on AGI.', 'start': 6352.369, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 6357.694, 'text': 'What was that soul-searching like? Because you took a little time off.', 'start': 6354.691, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 6361.638, 'text': "How many mushrooms did you take? No, I'm just kidding.", 'start': 6358.014, 'duration': 3.624}, {'end': 6365.422, 'text': 'I mean, what was going through your mind? The human lifetime is finite.', 'start': 6361.658, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 6368.505, 'text': 'Yeah You did a few incredible things.', 'start': 6366.162, 'duration': 2.343}, {'end': 6371.107, 'text': "You're one of the best teachers of AI in the world.", 'start': 6369.005, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 6375.812, 'text': "You're one of the best, and I don't mean that, I mean that in the best possible way.", 'start': 6371.608, 'duration': 4.204}], 'summary': 'Stepped away to focus on agi, excited for technical work, known as one of the best ai teachers.', 'duration': 30.511, 'max_score': 6345.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06345301.jpg'}, {'end': 6527.275, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6500.351, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6503.512, 'text': "Are you a fan of Godfather? Because you didn't even tweet or mention the Godfather.", 'start': 6500.351, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 6504.532, 'text': "Yeah, I don't love that movie.", 'start': 6503.532, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 6505.352, 'text': 'I know it has a huge following.', 'start': 6504.652, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 6506.052, 'text': "We're going to edit that out.", 'start': 6505.372, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 6508.373, 'text': "We're going to edit out the hate towards the Godfather.", 'start': 6506.072, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 6509.593, 'text': 'How dare you disrespect.', 'start': 6508.853, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 6510.934, 'text': 'I think I will make a strong statement.', 'start': 6509.613, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 6511.714, 'text': "I don't know why.", 'start': 6511.034, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 6517.556, 'text': "I don't know why, but I basically don't like any movie before 1995.", 'start': 6511.734, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 6518.056, 'text': 'Something like that.', 'start': 6517.556, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 6521.277, 'text': "Didn't you mention Terminator 2? Okay, okay.", 'start': 6518.256, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 6525.655, 'text': 'Terminator 2 was a little bit later, 1995.', 'start': 6521.917, 'duration': 3.738}, {'end': 6527.275, 'text': 'No, I think Terminator 2 was in the 80s.', 'start': 6525.655, 'duration': 1.62}], 'summary': 'Speaker expresses dislike for godfather, prefers movies after 1995.', 'duration': 26.924, 'max_score': 6500.351, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06500351.jpg'}], 'start': 5462.44, 'title': 'Lidar debate and ambitious goals', 'summary': 'Discusses the lidar debate, emphasizing the importance of data collection systems over sensor types, critiques the scalability and necessity of high-resolution maps for autonomous systems, and explores the value of setting ambitious goals, citing the importance of a big hammer like elon musk, the sublinear scaling of difficulty, challenges and progress in autonomous driving, and the decision to leave tesla to pursue technical work.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5762.087, 'start': 5462.44, 'title': 'Lidar debate and high-resolution maps', 'summary': 'Discusses the lidar debate, emphasizing the importance of data collection systems over sensor types, and critiques the scalability and necessity of high-resolution maps for autonomous systems, highlighting the inefficiencies and dependencies they create.', 'duration': 299.647, 'highlights': ["The importance of data collection systems over sensor types is emphasized, with the debate on LIDAR's necessity for AI systems at scale. The debate over LIDAR's importance for AI systems at scale is highlighted, emphasizing the significance of data collection systems over sensor types.", 'Critique on the scalability and necessity of high-resolution maps for autonomous systems, emphasizing the inefficiencies and dependencies they create. The critique on the scalability and necessity of high-resolution maps for autonomous systems is highlighted, emphasizing the inefficiencies and dependencies they create.', 'Insights on maintaining startup culture in a growing company, focusing on simplification, efficiency, and streamlining processes. Insights on maintaining startup culture in a growing company are highlighted, focusing on the importance of simplification, efficiency, and streamlining processes.']}, {'end': 6517.556, 'start': 5763.86, 'title': 'The value of ambitious goals', 'summary': 'Explores the value of setting ambitious goals, citing the importance of a big hammer like elon musk, the sublinear scaling of difficulty, the challenges and progress in autonomous driving, and the decision to leave tesla to pursue technical work.', 'duration': 753.696, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's role as a powerful figure in pursuing ambitious goals and the impact of lacking a decisive leader on company processes and decision-making. ", 'The concept of sublinear scaling of difficulty, where 10x improvements often require less than 10x the effort, leading to a reevaluation of problem-solving approaches. Explains the sublinear scaling of difficulty as 10x problems not being 10x harder to execute, often requiring 2x or 3x the effort.', 'Challenges and progress in autonomous driving, including the difficulty in forecasting timelines and the evolution of self-driving technology at Tesla. Describes the challenges in forecasting timelines for self-driving technology and the significant progress made in autonomous driving technology at Tesla over five years.', 'The decision to leave Tesla due to a shift towards managerial responsibilities and the desire to return to technical work and teaching. Discusses the decision to leave Tesla after growing the computer vision team and organization, expressing a desire to focus on technical work and teaching.']}], 'duration': 1055.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb05462440.jpg', 'highlights': ["The debate over LIDAR's importance for AI systems at scale is highlighted, emphasizing the significance of data collection systems over sensor types.", 'The critique on the scalability and necessity of high-resolution maps for autonomous systems is highlighted, emphasizing the inefficiencies and dependencies they create.', 'Insights on maintaining startup culture in a growing company are highlighted, focusing on the importance of simplification, efficiency, and streamlining processes.', "Elon Musk's role as a powerful figure in pursuing ambitious goals and the impact of lacking a decisive leader on company processes and decision-making.", 'Explains the sublinear scaling of difficulty as 10x problems not being 10x harder to execute, often requiring 2x or 3x the effort.', 'Describes the challenges in forecasting timelines for self-driving technology and the significant progress made in autonomous driving technology at Tesla over five years.', 'Discusses the decision to leave Tesla after growing the computer vision team and organization, expressing a desire to focus on technical work and teaching.']}, {'end': 7298.499, 'segs': [{'end': 6871.345, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6839.514, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6840.254, 'text': "It thinks it's a car.", 'start': 6839.514, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 6842.095, 'text': 'Some of the earlier demos.', 'start': 6841.075, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 6844.797, 'text': 'actually, we were talking about potentially doing them outside, in the parking lot,', 'start': 6842.095, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 6849.7, 'text': "because that's where all of the computer vision was working out of the box instead of inside.", 'start': 6844.797, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 6854.202, 'text': 'But all of the operating system, everything just copy-pastes.', 'start': 6851.701, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 6856.182, 'text': 'Computer vision, mostly copy-pastes.', 'start': 6854.702, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 6858.382, 'text': 'I mean you have to retrain the neural nets, but the approach and everything,', 'start': 6856.282, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 6863.123, 'text': 'and data engine and offline trackers and the way we go about the occupancy tracker and so on, everything copy-pastes.', 'start': 6858.382, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 6864.704, 'text': 'You just need to retrain the neural nets.', 'start': 6863.604, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 6868.144, 'text': 'And then the planning control, of course, has to change quite a bit.', 'start': 6865.704, 'duration': 2.44}, {'end': 6871.345, 'text': "But there's a ton of copy-paste from what's happening at Tesla.", 'start': 6868.685, 'duration': 2.66}], 'summary': 'Computer vision and operating system components are mostly copy-pasted, with some need for retraining neural nets and adapting planning control.', 'duration': 31.831, 'max_score': 6839.514, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06839514.jpg'}, {'end': 7043.174, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7009.025, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7009.965, 'text': 'Some people do hate you.', 'start': 7009.025, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 7014.467, 'text': "There's a lot of people who hate me and the team and the whole project.", 'start': 7010.285, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 7019.288, 'text': "Are they Tesla drivers? In many cases, they're not, actually.", 'start': 7015.407, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 7026.382, 'text': 'Yeah, that actually makes me sad about humans or the current ways that humans interact.', 'start': 7019.778, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 7027.643, 'text': "I think that's actually fixable.", 'start': 7026.402, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 7029.425, 'text': 'I think humans want to be good to each other.', 'start': 7027.743, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 7037.37, 'text': "I think Twitter and social media is part of the mechanism that actually somehow makes the negativity more viral that it doesn't deserve,", 'start': 7029.465, 'duration': 7.905}, {'end': 7043.174, 'text': 'like disproportionately add, like a viral boost to the negativity.', 'start': 7037.37, 'duration': 5.804}], 'summary': 'Some people hate the project, not all tesla drivers, social media exacerbates negativity.', 'duration': 34.149, 'max_score': 7009.025, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07009025.jpg'}, {'end': 7100.232, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7073.634, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7079.018, 'text': 'I feel like if you keep celebrating others, that actually makes you more successful.', 'start': 7073.634, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 7083.481, 'text': "Yeah I think people haven't, depending on the industry, haven't quite learned that yet.", 'start': 7079.418, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 7087.563, 'text': "Yeah Some people are also very negative and very vocal, so they're very prominently featured.", 'start': 7083.561, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 7092.186, 'text': "But actually, there's a ton of people who are cheerleaders, but they're silent cheerleaders.", 'start': 7087.663, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 7097.33, 'text': "And when you talk to people just in the world, they will tell you, oh, it's amazing, it's great.", 'start': 7092.507, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 7100.232, 'text': 'Especially like people who understand how difficult it is to get this stuff working.', 'start': 7097.59, 'duration': 2.642}], 'summary': 'Celebrating others leads to more success; some are silent cheerleaders.', 'duration': 26.598, 'max_score': 7073.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07073634.jpg'}], 'start': 6517.556, 'title': 'Movie preferences and humanoid robot future', 'summary': "Delves into the preference for movies post-1995, citing exceptions like terminator 1 and 2, good will hunting, and anchorman, while also discussing the challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots for factory and home use, with a focus on tesla's ambitious project and the need for incremental revenue generation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6585.45, 'start': 6517.556, 'title': 'Preference for movies post-1995', 'summary': 'Highlights a preference for movies post-1995 due to the perception of pre-1995 movies being slow and naive, while acknowledging exceptions like terminator 1 and 2, and good will hunting, and expressing admiration for anchorman and the comedic talent of will ferrell.', 'duration': 67.894, 'highlights': ['The speaker expresses a general preference for movies post-1995, citing that pre-1995 movies feel slow, zoomed out, boring, and naive.', 'Acknowledges exceptions to the preference, such as the enjoyment of Terminator 1 and 2, and Good Will Hunting, despite their lack of artificial general intelligence (AGI) involvement.', "Expresses admiration for the movie Anchorman and the comedic talent of Will Ferrell, pondering on the reasons behind Ferrell's humor and its cultural or Hollywood influence."]}, {'end': 7298.499, 'start': 6585.45, 'title': 'Future of humanoid robots', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots for factory and home use, emphasizing tesla's ambitious project and its integration with the data engine and mass manufacturing, as well as the need for incremental revenue generation and the importance of setting up improvement loops for long-term success.", 'duration': 713.049, 'highlights': ["Tesla's ambitious project of developing humanoid robots for factory and home use is a challenging endeavor that will take time, emphasizing the integration with the data engine and mass manufacturing. Emphasizes the challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots for factory and home use, integration with the data engine, and mass manufacturing.", 'Incremental revenue generation and the importance of setting up improvement loops are crucial for the long-term success of developing humanoid robots, as seen in the approach taken for Autopilot. Emphasizes the need for incremental revenue generation and setting up improvement loops for long-term success, drawing parallels with the approach taken for Autopilot.', 'The challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots are discussed, highlighting the need for cheerleading and recognition of the difficulty in creating products at scale in the robotics and AI community. Discusses the challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots, emphasizing the need for cheerleading and recognition of the difficulty in creating products at scale in the robotics and AI community.']}], 'duration': 780.943, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb06517556.jpg', 'highlights': ['The speaker expresses a general preference for movies post-1995, citing that pre-1995 movies feel slow, zoomed out, boring, and naive.', 'Acknowledges exceptions to the preference, such as the enjoyment of Terminator 1 and 2, and Good Will Hunting, despite their lack of artificial general intelligence (AGI) involvement.', "Expresses admiration for the movie Anchorman and the comedic talent of Will Ferrell, pondering on the reasons behind Ferrell's humor and its cultural or Hollywood influence.", "Tesla's ambitious project of developing humanoid robots for factory and home use is a challenging endeavor that will take time, emphasizing the integration with the data engine and mass manufacturing.", 'Incremental revenue generation and the importance of setting up improvement loops are crucial for the long-term success of developing humanoid robots, as seen in the approach taken for Autopilot.', 'The challenges and potential of developing humanoid robots are discussed, highlighting the need for cheerleading and recognition of the difficulty in creating products at scale in the robotics and AI community.']}, {'end': 7887.285, 'segs': [{'end': 7434.965, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7388.787, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7391.73, 'text': 'What do you mean by Unreal Engine??', 'start': 7388.787, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 7395.974, 'text': 'So simulating a world, the physics of that world.', 'start': 7391.77, 'duration': 4.204}, {'end': 7398.263, 'text': 'Why is that different?', 'start': 7397.423, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 7403.646, 'text': 'Like cause, you also can add behavior to that world and you could try all kinds of stuff right?', 'start': 7398.504, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 7406.688, 'text': 'Like you could throw all kinds of weird things into it.', 'start': 7403.846, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 7412.251, 'text': 'So Unreal Engine is not just about simulating, I mean, I guess it is about submitting the physics of the world.', 'start': 7407.028, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 7414.412, 'text': "It's also doing something with that.", 'start': 7412.311, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 7419.198, 'text': 'Yeah, the graphics, the physics, and the agents that you put into the environment and stuff like that.', 'start': 7415.336, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 7425.36, 'text': "Yeah See, I feel like you said that it's not that important, I guess, for the future of AI development.", 'start': 7419.398, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 7434.965, 'text': 'Is that correct to interpret it that way? Well, I think humans use simulators and they find them useful.', 'start': 7426.281, 'duration': 8.684}], 'summary': 'Unreal engine simulates worlds with physics and behavior for ai development.', 'duration': 46.178, 'max_score': 7388.787, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07388787.jpg'}, {'end': 7628.454, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7602.842, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7612.769, 'text': 'Do we have a passive in the background background model constructing thing that just runs all the time in a self-supervised way?', 'start': 7602.842, 'duration': 9.927}, {'end': 7613.91, 'text': "We're not conscious of it?", 'start': 7613.029, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 7615.169, 'text': 'I think humans definitely.', 'start': 7614.289, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 7624.252, 'text': 'I mean obviously we have, we learn a lot during our lifespan, but also we have a ton of hardware that helps us at initialization,', 'start': 7615.169, 'duration': 9.083}, {'end': 7625.553, 'text': 'coming from sort of evolution.', 'start': 7624.252, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 7628.454, 'text': "And so I think that's also a really big component.", 'start': 7626.253, 'duration': 2.201}], 'summary': 'Humans have a passive, self-supervised background model, utilizing evolved hardware for learning.', 'duration': 25.612, 'max_score': 7602.842, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07602842.jpg'}], 'start': 7300.76, 'title': 'Synthetic data and ai development', 'summary': 'Explores the potential role of simulation in neural net model development and ai development, emphasizing the value of simulators, data efficiency, and pre-training with massive data sets.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7412.251, 'start': 7300.76, 'title': 'Role of synthetic data and game engines in neural net model development', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential role of simulation in neural net model development, highlighting the value of simulation to neural nets and the distinction between internal human simulation and computer game simulation, and the importance of unreal engine in simulating and adding behavior to a world.', 'duration': 111.491, 'highlights': ['The value of simulation to neural nets will be similar to the value of simulation to humans, as it allows learning without actual experience.', 'Discussion on the distinction between internal human simulation and computer game simulation, and its correlation to human actions.', 'The importance of Unreal Engine in simulating a world, its physics, and adding behavior for experimentation.']}, {'end': 7887.285, 'start': 7412.311, 'title': 'The future of ai development', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of simulators in ai development, the potential for neural nets to become more data efficient, and the possibility of constructing knowledge bases with minimal data, emphasizing the importance of pre-training with massive data sets and the comparison of human learning to neural net initialization.', 'duration': 474.974, 'highlights': ['Neural nets becoming more data efficient As neural nets become more powerful, they will require fewer examples to train additional behaviors, leveraging synthetic data by closing the domain gap and becoming more data efficient at learning new tasks.', "Pre-training with massive data sets Emphasizes the importance of pre-training neural nets with massive data sets to efficiently train arbitrary new tasks, citing GPTs' ability to perform tasks with very few examples.", 'Comparison of human learning to neural net initialization Compares the neural net initialization process to the innate abilities of animals like zebras, highlighting the potential for encoding algorithms and neural net initializations into DNA.']}], 'duration': 586.525, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07300760.jpg', 'highlights': ['Neural nets becoming more data efficient As neural nets become more powerful, they will require fewer examples to train additional behaviors, leveraging synthetic data by closing the domain gap and becoming more data efficient at learning new tasks.', "Pre-training with massive data sets Emphasizes the importance of pre-training neural nets with massive data sets to efficiently train arbitrary new tasks, citing GPTs' ability to perform tasks with very few examples.", 'The value of simulation to neural nets will be similar to the value of simulation to humans, as it allows learning without actual experience.', 'Comparison of human learning to neural net initialization Compares the neural net initialization process to the innate abilities of animals like zebras, highlighting the potential for encoding algorithms and neural net initializations into DNA.', 'Discussion on the distinction between internal human simulation and computer game simulation, and its correlation to human actions.', 'The importance of Unreal Engine in simulating a world, its physics, and adding behavior for experimentation.']}, {'end': 9082.353, 'segs': [{'end': 7936.098, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7911.987, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7918.03, 'text': 'So the perfect productive day is the thing we strive towards, and the average is kind of what it kind of converges to,', 'start': 7911.987, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 7921.471, 'text': 'given all the mistakes and human eventualities, and so on.', 'start': 7918.03, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 7925.473, 'text': "So what time do you wake up? Are you a morning person? I'm not a morning person.", 'start': 7921.752, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 7926.694, 'text': "I'm a night owl, for sure.", 'start': 7925.593, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 7931.936, 'text': "Is it stable or not? It's semi-stable, like 8 or 9 or something like that.", 'start': 7926.714, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 7934.417, 'text': 'During my PhD, it was even later.', 'start': 7932.557, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 7936.098, 'text': 'I used to go to sleep usually at 3 AM.', 'start': 7934.538, 'duration': 1.56}], 'summary': 'Striving for a productive day, waking up at 8 or 9, being a night owl, with a past sleep time of 3 am during phd.', 'duration': 24.111, 'max_score': 7911.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07911987.jpg'}, {'end': 8409.784, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8379.477, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8382.259, 'text': "It's like such a weird feeling because you haven't eaten in a few days and you're not hungry.", 'start': 8379.477, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 8384.44, 'text': "Isn't that weird? It's really weird.", 'start': 8382.279, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 8386.781, 'text': 'One of the many weird things about human biology.', 'start': 8384.48, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 8388.182, 'text': 'It figures something out.', 'start': 8386.8, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 8393.824, 'text': 'It finds another source of energy or something like that, or relaxes the system.', 'start': 8388.541, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 8394.544, 'text': "I don't know how it works.", 'start': 8393.984, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 8397.005, 'text': "Yeah, the body is like, you're hungry, you're hungry, and then it just gives up.", 'start': 8394.564, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 8398.326, 'text': "It's like, okay, I guess we're fasting now.", 'start': 8397.045, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 8406.122, 'text': "Yeah, and then it's just kind of like focuses on trying to make you not hungry, uh, and you know, not feel the the damage of that and, uh,", 'start': 8398.546, 'duration': 7.576}, {'end': 8409.784, 'text': 'trying to give you some space to figure out the food situation.', 'start': 8406.122, 'duration': 3.662}], 'summary': 'The body adapts to fasting by finding alternative energy sources and minimizing hunger, allowing for focus on food procurement.', 'duration': 30.307, 'max_score': 8379.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb08379477.jpg'}, {'end': 8508.452, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8477.095, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8480.899, 'text': 'things are predictable and then you can sort of just like your body, just sort of like sticks to that,', 'start': 8477.095, 'duration': 3.804}, {'end': 8483.062, 'text': 'and if you try to stress that a little too much, it will create.', 'start': 8480.899, 'duration': 2.163}, {'end': 8488.107, 'text': "uh, you know, when you're traveling and you're dealing with jet lag, you're not able to really ascend to.", 'start': 8483.062, 'duration': 5.045}, {'end': 8489.929, 'text': 'you know where you need to go.', 'start': 8488.107, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 8493.532, 'text': "yeah, yeah, that's weird too about humans with the habits and stuff.", 'start': 8489.929, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 8497.156, 'text': 'uh, what are your thoughts on work-life balance throughout a human lifetime?', 'start': 8493.532, 'duration': 3.624}, {'end': 8508.452, 'text': "So Tesla, in part, was known for sort of pushing people to their limits in terms of what they're able to do, in terms of what they're trying to do,", 'start': 8498.709, 'duration': 9.743}], 'summary': 'Predictable routines can affect the body, impacting performance and balance in work-life throughout a lifetime.', 'duration': 31.357, 'max_score': 8477.095, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb08477095.jpg'}, {'end': 9088.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9060.658, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 9063.3, 'text': 'No, but just doing it as part of the programming experience.', 'start': 9060.658, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 9066.622, 'text': "I think I'd like to write this function in C++.", 'start': 9063.76, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 9073.247, 'text': 'Or you just keep changing for different programs because they have different syntax.', 'start': 9067.783, 'duration': 5.464}, {'end': 9075.548, 'text': 'Maybe I want to convert this into a functional language.', 'start': 9073.567, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 9082.353, 'text': 'And so you get to become multilingual as a programmer and dance back and forth efficiently.', 'start': 9076.229, 'duration': 6.124}, {'end': 9088.897, 'text': "Yeah I mean, I think the UI UX of it, though, is still very hard to think through because it's not just about writing code on a page.", 'start': 9082.393, 'duration': 6.504}], 'summary': 'Programmer discussing benefits of multilingual coding, considering c++ and functional language, highlighting ui/ux challenges.', 'duration': 28.239, 'max_score': 9060.658, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09060658.jpg'}], 'start': 7887.665, 'title': 'Productivity and programming', 'summary': 'Discusses productivity habits of andrej karpathy, intermittent fasting, and the future of programming with copilot, emphasizing the need for uninterrupted work time, work-life balance, and the transition to autonomous programming.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8338.226, 'start': 7887.665, 'title': 'Productivity and focus in ai', 'summary': "Discusses andrej karpathy's productivity habits, including his preference for working late at night, his approach to focusing on a problem, intermittent fasting, and a plant-based diet, while emphasizing the need for uninterrupted time to achieve productivity and the challenges of accumulating focused work hours.", 'duration': 450.561, 'highlights': ['Andrej Karpathy prefers working late at night, finding the early morning hours to be quiet and free of distractions, which allows for solid chunks of time to work. He values the quiet and distraction-free environment of the late night hours, emphasizing the importance of solid uninterrupted time for work.', 'He believes in the need to build momentum on a problem without too much distraction and to be obsessed with the problem, fully loading it into memory for productive work. Karpathy emphasizes the importance of loading working memory with a problem and being obsessed with it, leading to productive work.', 'Karpathy follows an intermittent fasting schedule, typically practicing the 18/6 pattern, eating only from 12 to 6, and prefers a plant-based diet. He adheres to an intermittent fasting schedule and a plant-based diet, which he finds beneficial for mental focus and productivity.', 'Karpathy discusses the challenge of accumulating focused work hours, noting that even on a very productive day, he spends only six to eight hours coding due to various daily activities and distractions. He highlights the difficulty of accumulating focused work hours due to the high cost of living and sustaining oneself, as well as the presence of distractions and padding in daily life.']}, {'end': 8648.276, 'start': 8338.266, 'title': 'Intermittent fasting and work-life balance discussion', 'summary': 'Discusses the experience of intermittent fasting, the impact of work schedules on productivity, and the importance of finding a balance between work and life, emphasizing the benefits of occasional intense sprints.', 'duration': 310.01, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the experience of intermittent fasting and its impact on the body, highlighting the feeling of hunger disappearing after two days of fasting. Feeling of hunger disappearing after two days of fasting', 'The impact of work schedules on productivity is explored, emphasizing the challenges of maintaining a consistent schedule while juggling social events and work commitments. Challenges of maintaining a consistent schedule while juggling social events and work commitments', 'The importance of finding a balance between work and life is discussed, with an emphasis on the benefits of occasional intense sprints for creativity and problem-solving. Benefits of occasional intense sprints for creativity and problem-solving']}, {'end': 9082.353, 'start': 8648.596, 'title': 'Future of programming with copilot', 'summary': 'Explores the future of programming with copilot, discussing its utility, potential impact on human programmers, and the need for human supervision, emphasizing the transition from human-driven to autonomous programming.', 'duration': 433.757, 'highlights': ['The current best IDE for software development, including Python, C++, and machine learning applications, is VS Code, with its extensive extensions and valuable GitHub Copilot integration. VS Code is recommended as the best IDE for software development, offering extensive extensions and valuable GitHub Copilot integration for various programming languages.', 'The utility of Copilot is found in aiding with code completion, suggesting unfamiliar APIs, and serving as a search engine for discovering new functions and syntax, with the acknowledgment that human verification and supervision are crucial. Copilot is helpful in aiding with code completion, suggesting unfamiliar APIs, and serving as a search engine for discovering new functions and syntax, while emphasizing the importance of human verification and supervision.', 'The potential future impact of Copilot and similar systems on programming is discussed, with considerations for the need for human supervision, the potential for increased automation, and the UI/UX challenges associated with steering and interacting with AI-driven programming. The chapter discusses the potential future impact of Copilot and similar systems on programming, addressing the need for human supervision, potential for increased automation, and the UI/UX challenges associated with steering and interacting with AI-driven programming.']}], 'duration': 1194.688, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb07887665.jpg', 'highlights': ['Karpathy prefers working late at night for uninterrupted time.', 'Intermittent fasting schedule: 18/6 pattern, plant-based diet.', 'Challenges of accumulating focused work hours due to distractions.', 'Feeling of hunger disappearing after two days of fasting.', 'Challenges of maintaining a consistent schedule while juggling social events and work commitments.', 'VS Code recommended as the best IDE for software development.', 'Copilot aids with code completion and suggests unfamiliar APIs.', 'Discussion on the potential future impact of Copilot and similar systems on programming.']}, {'end': 10835.712, 'segs': [{'end': 9270.785, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9239.79, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9246.655, 'text': "And it's a bit more maybe higher quality process, but it's not sort of the place where you will discover cutting edge work anymore.", 'start': 9239.79, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 9252.198, 'text': 'It used to be the case when I was starting my PhD that you go to conferences and journals and you discuss all the latest research.', 'start': 9247.375, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 9257.702, 'text': "Now, when you go to a conference or journal, like no one discusses anything that's there because it's already like three generations ago.", 'start': 9252.578, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 9266.884, 'text': 'irrelevant, yeah, which makes me sad about, like deep mind, for example, where they they still they still publish in nature and these big prestigious,', 'start': 9258.702, 'duration': 8.182}, {'end': 9270.785, 'text': "i mean there's still value, i suppose, to the prestige that comes with these big venues.", 'start': 9266.884, 'duration': 3.901}], 'summary': 'Academic conferences and journals no longer showcase cutting-edge work, causing concern about relevance and prestige.', 'duration': 30.995, 'max_score': 9239.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09239790.jpg'}, {'end': 9509.919, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9472.322, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 9478.786, 'text': 'Only compare yourself to you from some time ago, like say a year ago, are you better than you year ago is the only way to think.', 'start': 9472.322, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 9482.087, 'text': 'And I think this, then you can see your progress.', 'start': 9479.586, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 9483.008, 'text': "And it's very motivating.", 'start': 9482.208, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 9486.811, 'text': "That's so interesting that focus on the quantity of hours.", 'start': 9483.467, 'duration': 3.344}, {'end': 9495.242, 'text': 'Because I think a lot of people in the beginner stage, but actually throughout, get paralyzed by the choice.', 'start': 9486.831, 'duration': 8.411}, {'end': 9502.351, 'text': "Like which one do I pick this path or this path? Like they'll literally get paralyzed by like which IDE to use.", 'start': 9495.562, 'duration': 6.789}, {'end': 9503.132, 'text': "they're worried.", 'start': 9502.691, 'duration': 0.441}, {'end': 9508.217, 'text': "yeah, they're worried about all these things, but the thing is some of the you will waste time doing something wrong.", 'start': 9503.132, 'duration': 5.085}, {'end': 9509.919, 'text': "yes, you will eventually figure out, it's not right.", 'start': 9508.217, 'duration': 1.702}], 'summary': 'Compare progress to past self, focus on quantity of hours, avoid paralysis by choice.', 'duration': 37.597, 'max_score': 9472.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09472322.jpg'}, {'end': 9626.138, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9594.174, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9596.955, 'text': 'I was reminded back to my days of 231N,', 'start': 9594.174, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 9601.557, 'text': 'just how much work it is to create some of these materials and make them good the amount of iteration and thought.', 'start': 9596.955, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 9604.218, 'text': 'And you go down blind alleys and just how much you change it.', 'start': 9601.757, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 9608.999, 'text': 'So creating something good in terms of educational value is really hard.', 'start': 9604.838, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 9610.74, 'text': "And it's not fun.", 'start': 9609.88, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 9612.354, 'text': 'It was difficult.', 'start': 9611.834, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 9615.835, 'text': 'So people should definitely go watch your new stuff you put out.', 'start': 9612.374, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 9620.356, 'text': "There are lectures where you're actually building the thing, like from, like you said, the code is truth.", 'start': 9616.455, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 9626.138, 'text': 'So discussing backpropagation by building it, by looking through and just the whole thing.', 'start': 9620.796, 'duration': 5.342}], 'summary': 'Creating educational materials is hard work, involving much iteration and thought. building lectures with code is emphasized.', 'duration': 31.964, 'max_score': 9594.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09594174.jpg'}, {'end': 9672.597, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9647.487, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 9653.41, 'text': "So there's a bunch of iteration, and it probably takes me somewhere around 10 hours to create one hour of content.", 'start': 9647.487, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 9654.231, 'text': 'To get one hour.', 'start': 9653.51, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 9655.379, 'text': "It's interesting.", 'start': 9654.798, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 9658.462, 'text': 'I mean, is it difficult to go back to the basics?', 'start': 9655.379, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 9662.246, 'text': 'Do you draw a lot of wisdom from going back to the basics?', 'start': 9658.922, 'duration': 3.324}, {'end': 9664.909, 'text': 'Yeah, going back to back propagation loss functions where they come from.', 'start': 9662.286, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 9669.373, 'text': 'And one thing I like about teaching a lot, honestly, is it definitely strengthens your understanding.', 'start': 9664.929, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 9672.597, 'text': "So it's not a purely altruistic activity.", 'start': 9670.374, 'duration': 2.223}], 'summary': 'Creating one hour of content takes around 10 hours, teaching strengthens understanding', 'duration': 25.11, 'max_score': 9647.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09647487.jpg'}, {'end': 9904.342, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 9771.768, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9774.549, 'text': 'For the longest time, people were kind of ignoring them, as far as I can tell.', 'start': 9771.768, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 9778.591, 'text': "And they're an amazing generative model, especially in images.", 'start': 9775.09, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 9781.172, 'text': "And so stable diffusion and so on, it's all diffusion-based.", 'start': 9778.971, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 9782.472, 'text': 'Diffusion is new.', 'start': 9781.732, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 9783.413, 'text': 'It was not there.', 'start': 9782.873, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 9785.754, 'text': 'And it came from Google.', 'start': 9783.553, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 9787.314, 'text': 'But a researcher could have come up with it.', 'start': 9785.854, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 9790.815, 'text': 'In fact, some of the first actually, no, those came from Google as well.', 'start': 9787.434, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 9794.357, 'text': 'But a researcher could come up with that in an academic institution.', 'start': 9791.796, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 9797.5, 'text': 'Yeah, what do you find most fascinating about diffusion models?', 'start': 9795.259, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 9802.384, 'text': 'So, from the societal impact to the technical architecture?', 'start': 9797.901, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 9804.285, 'text': 'What I like about diffusion is it works so well.', 'start': 9802.624, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 9806.871, 'text': 'Is that surprising to you?', 'start': 9805.57, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 9812.436, 'text': "the amount of the variety, almost the novelty, of the synthetic data it's generating?", 'start': 9806.871, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 9816.419, 'text': 'Yeah, so the stable diffusion images are incredible.', 'start': 9812.756, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 9820.042, 'text': 'The speed of improvement in generating images has been insane.', 'start': 9817.4, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 9826.568, 'text': 'We went very quickly from generating tiny digits to tiny faces, and it all looked messed up, and now we have stable diffusion.', 'start': 9820.963, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 9827.789, 'text': 'And that happened very quickly.', 'start': 9826.788, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 9829.63, 'text': "There's a lot that academia can still contribute.", 'start': 9828.089, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 9837.196, 'text': 'For example, Flash attention is a very efficient kernel for running the attention operation inside the transformer.', 'start': 9830.411, 'duration': 6.785}, {'end': 9839.337, 'text': 'That came from academic environment.', 'start': 9837.376, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 9845.381, 'text': "It's a very clever way to structure the kernel that does the calculation so it doesn't materialize the attention matrix.", 'start': 9839.657, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 9850.545, 'text': "And so I think there's still lots of things to contribute, but you have to be just more strategic.", 'start': 9847.143, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 9854.888, 'text': 'Do you think neural networks can be made to reason? Yes.', 'start': 9851.105, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 9857.79, 'text': 'Do you think they already reason? Yes.', 'start': 9856.069, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 9859.371, 'text': "What's your definition of reasoning??", 'start': 9858.21, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9864.669, 'text': 'uh, information processing.', 'start': 9860.467, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 9872.773, 'text': 'so, in the way that humans think through a problem and come up with novel ideas, it it feels like a reasoning.', 'start': 9864.669, 'duration': 8.104}, {'end': 9878.256, 'text': "yeah, so the the novelty, i don't want to say.", 'start': 9872.773, 'duration': 5.483}, {'end': 9882.718, 'text': "but out of distribution ideas, you think it's possible?", 'start': 9878.256, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 9885.987, 'text': "Yes, and I think we're seeing that already in the current neural nets.", 'start': 9883.385, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 9890.731, 'text': "You're able to remix the training set information into true generalization in some sense.", 'start': 9886.407, 'duration': 4.324}, {'end': 9893.633, 'text': "That doesn't appear in a fundamental way in the training set.", 'start': 9891.071, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 9894.774, 'text': "It doesn't appear verbatim in the training set.", 'start': 9893.653, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 9896.415, 'text': "You're doing something interesting algorithmically.", 'start': 9894.794, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 9904.342, 'text': "You're manipulating some symbols and you're coming up with some correct, unique answer in a new setting.", 'start': 9896.435, 'duration': 7.907}], 'summary': 'Stable diffusion models from google rapidly improved image generation, with potential for academia contributions.', 'duration': 132.574, 'max_score': 9771.768, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09771768.jpg'}, {'end': 9802.384, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9775.09, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 9778.591, 'text': "And they're an amazing generative model, especially in images.", 'start': 9775.09, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 9781.172, 'text': "And so stable diffusion and so on, it's all diffusion-based.", 'start': 9778.971, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 9782.472, 'text': 'Diffusion is new.', 'start': 9781.732, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 9783.413, 'text': 'It was not there.', 'start': 9782.873, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 9785.754, 'text': 'And it came from Google.', 'start': 9783.553, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 9787.314, 'text': 'But a researcher could have come up with it.', 'start': 9785.854, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 9790.815, 'text': 'In fact, some of the first actually, no, those came from Google as well.', 'start': 9787.434, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 9794.357, 'text': 'But a researcher could come up with that in an academic institution.', 'start': 9791.796, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 9797.5, 'text': 'Yeah, what do you find most fascinating about diffusion models?', 'start': 9795.259, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 9802.384, 'text': 'So, from the societal impact to the technical architecture?', 'start': 9797.901, 'duration': 4.483}], 'summary': 'Diffusion-based generative models are new and fascinating, with societal and technical impact.', 'duration': 27.294, 'max_score': 9775.09, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09775090.jpg'}, {'end': 9885.987, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9837.376, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9839.337, 'text': 'That came from academic environment.', 'start': 9837.376, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 9845.381, 'text': "It's a very clever way to structure the kernel that does the calculation so it doesn't materialize the attention matrix.", 'start': 9839.657, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 9850.545, 'text': "And so I think there's still lots of things to contribute, but you have to be just more strategic.", 'start': 9847.143, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 9854.888, 'text': 'Do you think neural networks can be made to reason? Yes.', 'start': 9851.105, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 9857.79, 'text': 'Do you think they already reason? Yes.', 'start': 9856.069, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 9859.371, 'text': "What's your definition of reasoning??", 'start': 9858.21, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9864.669, 'text': 'uh, information processing.', 'start': 9860.467, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 9872.773, 'text': 'so, in the way that humans think through a problem and come up with novel ideas, it it feels like a reasoning.', 'start': 9864.669, 'duration': 8.104}, {'end': 9878.256, 'text': "yeah, so the the novelty, i don't want to say.", 'start': 9872.773, 'duration': 5.483}, {'end': 9882.718, 'text': "but out of distribution ideas, you think it's possible?", 'start': 9878.256, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 9885.987, 'text': "Yes, and I think we're seeing that already in the current neural nets.", 'start': 9883.385, 'duration': 2.602}], 'summary': 'Academic environment: clever kernel structure avoids attention matrix materialization. neural networks can reason and generate novel ideas.', 'duration': 48.611, 'max_score': 9837.376, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09837376.jpg'}, {'end': 9979.981, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9949.623, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 9951.745, 'text': "what are the big blockers that we're missing now?", 'start': 9949.623, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 9961.932, 'text': 'So, basically, I am fairly bullish on our ability to build AGIs basically automated systems that we can interact with and are very human-like.', 'start': 9952.389, 'duration': 9.543}, {'end': 9964.794, 'text': 'And we can interact with them in the digital realm or physical realm.', 'start': 9962.373, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 9970.716, 'text': 'Currently, it seems most of the models that sort of do these sort of magical tasks are in a text realm.', 'start': 9965.534, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 9979.981, 'text': "I think, as I mentioned, I'm suspicious that the text realm is not enough to actually build full understanding of the world.", 'start': 9972.917, 'duration': 7.064}], 'summary': 'Identifying blockers to building human-like agis, currently text-based, aiming for broader understanding.', 'duration': 30.358, 'max_score': 9949.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09949623.jpg'}, {'end': 10259.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10225.696, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10226.777, 'text': 'Yeah, I think it will emerge.', 'start': 10225.696, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 10229.259, 'text': "I think it's going to be something very boring.", 'start': 10227.217, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 10231.841, 'text': "Like we'll be talking to these digital AIs.", 'start': 10229.439, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 10232.862, 'text': "They will claim they're conscious.", 'start': 10231.861, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 10234.383, 'text': 'They will appear conscious.', 'start': 10233.382, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 10236.945, 'text': 'They will do all the things that you would expect of other humans.', 'start': 10235.023, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 10239.467, 'text': "And it's going to just be a stalemate.", 'start': 10237.605, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 10244.73, 'text': 'I think there would be a lot of actual, fascinating ethical questions,', 'start': 10240.507, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 10254.276, 'text': "like Supreme Court-level questions of whether you're allowed to turn off a conscious AI, if you're allowed to build a conscious AI.", 'start': 10244.73, 'duration': 9.546}, {'end': 10259.399, 'text': 'Maybe there would have to be the same kind of debates that you have around..', 'start': 10255.776, 'duration': 3.623}], 'summary': 'Debates on ethical questions regarding conscious ai could arise.', 'duration': 33.703, 'max_score': 10225.696, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb010225696.jpg'}, {'end': 10725.267, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10695.407, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 10698.109, 'text': "Yeah, I think that's actually a wonderful benchmark almost.", 'start': 10695.407, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 10700.671, 'text': "I think that's a really good point, basically.", 'start': 10698.249, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 10702.132, 'text': 'To make you laugh.', 'start': 10701.312, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 10706.676, 'text': "Yeah, if it's able to be a very effective stand-up comedian that is doing something very interesting computationally.", 'start': 10702.292, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 10708.497, 'text': 'I think being funny is extremely hard.', 'start': 10706.996, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 10719.865, 'text': "Yeah Because it's hard in a way, like a Turing test, the original intent of the Turing test is hard because you have to convince humans.", 'start': 10709.017, 'duration': 10.848}, {'end': 10725.267, 'text': "And there's nothing, that's why, that's why comedians talk about this.", 'start': 10720.365, 'duration': 4.902}], 'summary': 'The difficulty of being a funny stand-up comedian is akin to passing the turing test, a challenging benchmark in computational humor.', 'duration': 29.86, 'max_score': 10695.407, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb010695407.jpg'}], 'start': 9082.393, 'title': 'Ai in research and education', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges in ui ux, impact of preprint servers, the role of peer review, importance of expertise, teaching challenges, educational content creation, strategic ai research, agi progress and ethical implications, and agi-human interaction.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9509.919, 'start': 9082.393, 'title': 'Academic research and ai publishing', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of ui ux in developer environments, the impact and future of preprint servers like archive, the role of peer review, the lag in academia, and the importance of accumulating 10,000 hours of deliberate effort to become an expert in machine learning and ai.', 'duration': 427.526, 'highlights': ['The challenges of UI UX in developer environments, the impact and future of preprint servers like Archive, and the lag in academia are discussed. The chapter delves into the complexity of working with computers, the significance of preprint servers like Archive for rapid dissemination and accessibility of research papers, and the lag in academia in presenting cutting-edge work.', 'The importance of accumulating 10,000 hours of deliberate effort to become an expert in machine learning and AI is emphasized. The concept of spending 10,000 hours of deliberate effort to become an expert in a field is highlighted, emphasizing the determination and habit formation required for achieving expertise.', 'The role of peer review and the value of community review in the AI and machine learning fields are explored. The chapter explores the efficiency of community peer review, particularly in AI and machine learning, and contrasts it with the traditional peer review process, highlighting the rapid verification and auditing potential in these fields.']}, {'end': 9706.522, 'start': 9509.919, 'title': 'Teaching and learning in machine learning', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of accumulating scar tissue from mistakes, the challenges and time investment in creating educational content, and the value of teaching in strengthening one's understanding, with insights into the effort required to prepare for lectures and the iterative process involved, including a rough estimate of 10 hours to create one hour of content.", 'duration': 196.603, 'highlights': ['Creating educational content involves significant effort, with an estimated 10 hours needed to produce one hour of content and the necessity for multiple takes to refine the material.', "Teaching is not only about imparting knowledge but also a means to strengthen one's understanding, with the process revealing gaps in knowledge and the need for practical demonstration to validate comprehension.", "The importance of accumulating 'scar tissue' from mistakes is emphasized as a means to grow stronger and learn from experiences, highlighting the value of learning from failures and leveraging them for future growth.", 'The significance of building educational material through practical demonstrations and coding is highlighted, emphasizing the value of hands-on learning and the tangible results obtained from coding compared to traditional teaching methods.', "The challenges of going back to basics and the process of explaining concepts to others as a means to uncover gaps in knowledge and reinforce one's understanding are discussed, emphasizing the dual benefit of teaching as a learning process."]}, {'end': 9928.969, 'start': 9706.582, 'title': 'Strategic research in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for strategic research in ai, highlighting the shift towards more complex experiments, the impact of diffusion models, and the potential for neural networks to reason and generate out-of-distribution ideas.', 'duration': 222.387, 'highlights': ['Diffusion models are highlighted as a significant contribution to the field of AI, with a mention of their societal impact, technical architecture, and the speed of improvement in generating images.', 'The need for strategic research in AI is emphasized, with a specific example of Flash attention as an efficient kernel for running the attention operation inside the transformer being mentioned as a contribution from academia.', 'The evolving nature of AI research is compared to the field of physics, indicating the necessity for more strategic approaches due to the increasing complexity of experiments, similar to the shift from benchtop experiments to large-scale facilities like LHC or CERN in physics.', "The discussion on neural networks' capability to reason and generate out-of-distribution ideas, with a focus on their ability for information processing, generalization, and making predictions based on perceived inputs, is highlighted as a key aspect of current research and development."]}, {'end': 10416.988, 'start': 9928.989, 'title': 'Agi progress and ethical implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential for building agi, the need to extend models to consume images and videos, the slow incremental transition to agi, the emergence of consciousness in ai, and the ethical implications of creating conscious ai, leading to potential legal and ethical debates.', 'duration': 487.999, 'highlights': ['The need to extend models to consume images and videos and train on multimodal data Extending models to consume images and videos and train on multimodal data is crucial for making significant progress towards AGI.', 'The slow incremental transition to AGI through product-based and focused development The slow incremental transition to AGI will likely involve product-based and focused development, such as improvements in GitHub Copilot and GPT, as well as the ability to ask complex questions and receive complete solutions from oracles.', 'The emergence of consciousness in AI as a result of a complex world model The emergence of consciousness in AI is expected from a large and complex generative model that understands the world, leading to self-awareness and the ability to interact with humans and other living beings.', 'The ethical implications and potential legal debates surrounding the creation of conscious AI The creation of conscious AI raises ethical questions, such as the right to turn off or build conscious AI, similar to the debates around the definition of life and consciousness.']}, {'end': 10835.712, 'start': 10417.669, 'title': 'Agi and human interaction', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential interaction between humans and agi, exploring questions about mortality, imperfections in ai, and the ability of agi to understand and respond to human emotions and humor.', 'duration': 418.043, 'highlights': ["AGI's potential to address practical questions about mortality and gene therapies AGI could provide solutions to practical questions related to mortality and gene therapies, potentially offering insights and suggestions from a well-informed perspective.", 'Exploring the concept of mortality and its link to human happiness The discussion delves into the thought experiment of mortality being a prerequisite for happiness, suggesting that AGI might possess the ability to comprehend and communicate complex philosophical ideas.', 'The value of imperfections in AGI and its potential to form connections with humans The conversation highlights the notion that flawed AI, like humans, can form connections and attachments, emphasizing the potential importance of imperfections in AGI.', "The challenge of AGI understanding and responding to human emotions and humor The conversation raises questions about whether AGI could understand and generate humor, pointing to the difficulty of this task and its potential as a benchmark for AGI's understanding of human emotions.", 'Discussion of favorite movies and their philosophical and emotional impact The discussion includes a reflection on favorite movies such as The Matrix and Good Will Hunting, highlighting their philosophical themes and emotional depth.']}], 'duration': 1753.319, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb09082393.jpg', 'highlights': ['The challenges of UI UX in developer environments, the impact and future of preprint servers like Archive, and the lag in academia are discussed.', 'The importance of accumulating 10,000 hours of deliberate effort to become an expert in machine learning and AI is emphasized.', 'The role of peer review and the value of community review in the AI and machine learning fields are explored.', 'Creating educational content involves significant effort, with an estimated 10 hours needed to produce one hour of content and the necessity for multiple takes to refine the material.', 'The significance of building educational material through practical demonstrations and coding is highlighted, emphasizing the value of hands-on learning and the tangible results obtained from coding compared to traditional teaching methods.', 'Diffusion models are highlighted as a significant contribution to the field of AI, with a mention of their societal impact, technical architecture, and the speed of improvement in generating images.', 'The need for strategic research in AI is emphasized, with a specific example of Flash attention as an efficient kernel for running the attention operation inside the transformer being mentioned as a contribution from academia.', 'The need to extend models to consume images and videos and train on multimodal data is crucial for making significant progress towards AGI.', 'The slow incremental transition to AGI through product-based and focused development will likely involve improvements in GitHub Copilot and GPT, as well as the ability to ask complex questions and receive complete solutions from oracles.', 'The emergence of consciousness in AI is expected from a large and complex generative model that understands the world, leading to self-awareness and the ability to interact with humans and other living beings.', 'The ethical implications and potential legal debates surrounding the creation of conscious AI raise questions about the right to turn off or build conscious AI, similar to the debates around the definition of life and consciousness.', "AGI's potential to address practical questions about mortality and gene therapies could provide solutions and insights from a well-informed perspective.", 'The discussion delves into the thought experiment of mortality being a prerequisite for happiness, suggesting that AGI might possess the ability to comprehend and communicate complex philosophical ideas.', 'The conversation highlights the notion that flawed AI, like humans, can form connections and attachments, emphasizing the potential importance of imperfections in AGI.', "The conversation raises questions about whether AGI could understand and generate humor, pointing to the difficulty of this task and its potential as a benchmark for AGI's understanding of human emotions.", 'The discussion includes a reflection on favorite movies such as The Matrix and Good Will Hunting, highlighting their philosophical themes and emotional depth.']}, {'end': 12518.102, 'segs': [{'end': 11397.882, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11370.204, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11372.845, 'text': 'I think in biology, as an example, The Vital Question is a good one.', 'start': 11370.204, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 11374.246, 'text': 'Anything by Nick Lane, really.', 'start': 11372.945, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 11383.653, 'text': "Life Ascending, I would say, is a bit more potentially representative as a summary of a lot of the things he's been talking about.", 'start': 11375.387, 'duration': 8.266}, {'end': 11385.814, 'text': 'I was very impacted by The Selfish Gene.', 'start': 11384.313, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 11387.676, 'text': 'I thought that was a really good book.', 'start': 11386.295, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 11390.698, 'text': 'that helped me understand altruism as an example and where it comes from,', 'start': 11387.676, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 11396.762, 'text': 'and just realizing that the selection is on the level of genes was a huge insight for me at the time and it sort of cleared up a lot of things for me.', 'start': 11390.698, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 11397.882, 'text': 'What do you think about..', 'start': 11397.222, 'duration': 0.66}], 'summary': 'Books like the vital question, life ascending, and the selfish gene have impacted my understanding of biology and altruism.', 'duration': 27.678, 'max_score': 11370.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb011370204.jpg'}, {'end': 11703.314, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11675.875, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11678.978, 'text': 'You just described in a very specific way you solved a particular thing.', 'start': 11675.875, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 11681.1, 'text': 'Yeah Many times papers can be actually quite readable.', 'start': 11679.018, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 11685.404, 'text': 'Not always, but sometimes the introduction and the abstract is readable, even for someone outside of the field.', 'start': 11681.28, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 11687.386, 'text': 'This is not always true.', 'start': 11686.285, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 11692.051, 'text': "And sometimes I think, unfortunately, scientists use complex terms even when it's not necessary.", 'start': 11687.747, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 11693.472, 'text': "I think that's harmful.", 'start': 11692.611, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 11695.534, 'text': "I think there's no reason for that.", 'start': 11694.073, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 11699.198, 'text': 'And papers sometimes are longer than they need to be in the parts that..', 'start': 11695.895, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 11701.613, 'text': "don't matter.", 'start': 11700.712, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 11703.314, 'text': 'yeah, appendix would be long.', 'start': 11701.613, 'duration': 1.701}], 'summary': 'Papers can be readable, but scientists sometimes use unnecessary complex terms and make papers longer than needed.', 'duration': 27.439, 'max_score': 11675.875, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb011675875.jpg'}, {'end': 12211.353, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12181.317, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 12184.498, 'text': 'They imagined AI as super calculating theorem provers.', 'start': 12181.317, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 12186.819, 'text': "And we're getting things that can talk to you about emotions.", 'start': 12184.898, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 12187.8, 'text': 'They can do art.', 'start': 12187.119, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 12190.281, 'text': "it's just like weird.", 'start': 12188.98, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 12191.862, 'text': 'are you excited about that future?', 'start': 12190.281, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 12200.387, 'text': "just ai's like hybrid systems, heterogeneous systems of humans and ais talking about emotions, netflix and chill,", 'start': 12191.862, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 12206.07, 'text': 'with an ai system where the netflix thing you watch is also generated by ai.', 'start': 12200.387, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 12206.59, 'text': "i think it's.", 'start': 12206.07, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 12211.353, 'text': "uh, it's going to be interesting, for sure, and i think i'm cautiously optimistic.", 'start': 12206.59, 'duration': 4.763}], 'summary': 'Ai evolving to interact emotionally, create art, and coexist with humans, generating cautious optimism for the future.', 'duration': 30.036, 'max_score': 12181.317, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb012181317.jpg'}, {'end': 12264.87, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12234.71, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12236.531, 'text': 'Well, I do feel like humans are extremely malleable.', 'start': 12234.71, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 12239.792, 'text': "Yeah And you're probably right.", 'start': 12236.771, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 12242.628, 'text': 'What is the meaning of life, Andre?', 'start': 12241.027, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 12253.215, 'text': 'We talked about sort of the universe having a conversation with us humans or with the systems we create, to try to answer.', 'start': 12244.89, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 12262.501, 'text': "For the creator of the universe to notice us, we're trying to create systems that are loud enough to answer back.", 'start': 12254.115, 'duration': 8.386}, {'end': 12264.87, 'text': "I don't know if that's the meaning of life.", 'start': 12263.769, 'duration': 1.101}], 'summary': 'Humans are malleable, discussing the meaning of life and our interaction with the universe.', 'duration': 30.16, 'max_score': 12234.71, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb012234710.jpg'}, {'end': 12518.102, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12499.288, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 12503.131, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 12499.288, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 12507.855, 'text': 'And now, let me leave you with some words from Samuel Carlin.', 'start': 12503.672, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 12514.16, 'text': 'The purpose of models is not to fit the data, but to sharpen the questions.', 'start': 12508.636, 'duration': 5.524}, {'end': 12518.102, 'text': 'Thanks for listening and hope to see you next time.', 'start': 12515.523, 'duration': 2.579}], 'summary': 'Podcast sponsor mentioned, ending quote by samuel carlin.', 'duration': 18.814, 'max_score': 12499.288, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb012499288.jpg'}], 'start': 10835.712, 'title': 'Concerns and future of ai', 'summary': "Discusses concerns about the development and use of ai for war, potential dangers of nuclear weapons, uncertain future of humanity's survival, and the future of ai, including its impact on content creation and the shift towards virtual realities. it emphasizes the need for careful consideration and management of these technologies and explores the potential impact on human experience.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11135.02, 'start': 10835.712, 'title': 'Concerns about ai and nuclear weapons', 'summary': "Discusses concerns about the development and use of ai for war, the potential dangers of nuclear weapons, and the uncertain future of humanity's survival, with a predominant focus on ai and nuclear weapons, expressing worry about potential catastrophic outcomes and emphasizing the need for careful consideration and management of these technologies.", 'duration': 299.308, 'highlights': ['Concerns about the potential dangers of AI for war and the possibility of AGIs being used as powerful entities in the hands of humans, raising worries about the alignment of AGIs and the responsible use of the technology.', 'The significant concern regarding the potential destructive impact of nuclear weapons, with a particular emphasis on the fear of societal reset or destruction due to nuclear conflict.', 'The expressed worry about the instability of world leaders and the potential for a catastrophic escalation resulting from a collection of bad moods, highlighting the unnerving and dangerous nature of this dynamic.', 'The discussion about the potential of becoming a multi-planetary species, recognizing the need to address the drivers of self-destruction on Earth and highlighting the limitations of simply having a backup on Mars as a solution to the problem.']}, {'end': 11638.359, 'start': 11135.4, 'title': 'Future of humanity and virtual reality', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential future of humanity, including the shift towards virtual realities, the coexistence of diverse communities, and the impact of technology on human experience, with a focus on the variance in the human condition and the spreading out of human experiences.', 'duration': 502.959, 'highlights': ['The variance in the human condition grows, leading to diverse ways of being, including people on Mars, in VR, and on Earth, with the internet allowing discovery and gravitation towards like-minded communities. The variance in the human condition is changing, leading to diverse ways of being, including people on Mars, in VR, and on Earth, with the internet allowing discovery and gravitation towards like-minded communities.', 'The impact of technology on human experience is discussed, emphasizing the potential for virtual realities to become the major thrust of cultural development, offering safer and more compelling experiences compared to the physical realm. The potential for virtual realities to become the major thrust of cultural development is discussed, offering safer and more compelling experiences compared to the physical realm.', 'The coexistence of diverse communities, the spreading out of human experiences, and the impact of technology on human existence are emphasized, with a celebration of the ability for people to choose their own paths. The coexistence of diverse communities, the spreading out of human experiences, and the impact of technology on human existence are emphasized, with a celebration of the ability for people to choose their own paths.']}, {'end': 12094.395, 'start': 11638.359, 'title': 'Future of ai and research', 'summary': "Discusses the future of ai, the importance of research papers, and advice on pursuing a career in machine learning and research. anjay kapati emphasizes the significance of focusing on one's interests, comparing oneself only to one's past, and low-pass filtering to determine one's true passions. he also expresses his unwavering dedication to ai and the potential it holds in solving various problems, such as aging, through meta-problem solving.", 'duration': 456.036, 'highlights': ["Anjay Kapati emphasizes the significance of focusing on one's interests, comparing oneself only to one's past, and low-pass filtering to determine one's true passions. Anjay Kapati advises individuals to focus on their deep interests, compare themselves only to their past, and use low-pass filtering to introspect and determine their true passions.", 'He expresses his unwavering dedication to AI and the potential it holds in solving various problems, such as aging, through meta-problem solving. Anjay Kapati is dedicated to AI and believes in its potential to solve problems like aging through meta-problem solving, emphasizing the importance of focusing on the ultimate meta-problem of intelligence.', "The chapter discusses the future of AI, the importance of research papers, and advice on pursuing a career in machine learning and research. Anjay Kapati delves into the future of AI, the significance of research papers, and offers advice on pursuing a career in machine learning and research, emphasizing the need to focus on one's interests and compare oneself to one's past."]}, {'end': 12518.102, 'start': 12094.655, 'title': 'Future of ai and content creation', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai on content creation, suggesting that ai will enable the creation of movies like avatar for under a million dollars, potentially leading to a future where ai-generated content is widely available on platforms like netflix, and explores the implications of ai on human experience and the pursuit of meaning in life.', 'duration': 423.447, 'highlights': ['AI enabling the creation of movies like Avatar for under a million dollars The cost of content creation is predicted to fall to zero, with the potential for creating movies like Avatar for under a million dollars, revolutionizing the film industry.', 'Potential future of AI-generated content on platforms like Netflix The possibility of entirely automated shows on platforms like Netflix, generated by AI, raises questions about the future availability and consumption of synthetic content.', 'Implications of AI on human experience and the pursuit of meaning in life The discussion delves into the potential impact of AI on human experience and the pursuit of meaning in life, questioning how the development of AI will influence human values and the concept of meaning.']}], 'duration': 1682.39, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cdiD-9MMpb0/pics/cdiD-9MMpb010835712.jpg', 'highlights': ['Concerns about the potential dangers of AI for war and the possibility of AGIs being used as powerful entities in the hands of humans, raising worries about the alignment of AGIs and the responsible use of the technology.', 'The significant concern regarding the potential destructive impact of nuclear weapons, with a particular emphasis on the fear of societal reset or destruction due to nuclear conflict.', 'The variance in the human condition grows, leading to diverse ways of being, including people on Mars, in VR, and on Earth, with the internet allowing discovery and gravitation towards like-minded communities.', 'The impact of technology on human experience is discussed, emphasizing the potential for virtual realities to become the major thrust of cultural development, offering safer and more compelling experiences compared to the physical realm.', "Anjay Kapati emphasizes the significance of focusing on one's interests, comparing oneself only to one's past, and low-pass filtering to determine one's true passions.", 'AI enabling the creation of movies like Avatar for under a million dollars The cost of content creation is predicted to fall to zero, with the potential for creating movies like Avatar for under a million dollars, revolutionizing the film industry.']}], 'highlights': ['The emergence of powerful language models like GPT, trained on massive internet text data, leads to multitasking understanding and solving various interesting problems.', 'The Transformer is a general-purpose differentiable computer, allowing training on arbitrary problems and weight customization.', 'Neural networks revolutionize software development by accumulating training and data sets for neural net weights, signifying a significant transition in programming.', 'The challenges of designing an annotator for vision tasks, particularly in the context of autonomous driving, and highlights the strategies to leverage human strengths in annotation.', "The debate over LIDAR's importance for AI systems at scale is highlighted, emphasizing the significance of data collection systems over sensor types.", 'Neural nets becoming more data efficient As neural nets become more powerful, they will require fewer examples to train additional behaviors, leveraging synthetic data by closing the domain gap and becoming more data efficient at learning new tasks.', 'Karpathy prefers working late at night for uninterrupted time.', 'The challenges of UI UX in developer environments, the impact and future of preprint servers like Archive, and the lag in academia are discussed.', 'The importance of accumulating 10,000 hours of deliberate effort to become an expert in machine learning and AI is emphasized.', 'Concerns about the potential dangers of AI for war and the possibility of AGIs being used as powerful entities in the hands of humans, raising worries about the alignment of AGIs and the responsible use of the technology.']}