title
Noam Chomsky: Language, Cognition, and Deep Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #53

description

detail
{'title': 'Noam Chomsky: Language, Cognition, and Deep Learning | Lex Fridman Podcast #53', 'heatmap': [{'end': 258.235, 'start': 234.565, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The podcast reflects on noam chomsky's influence, insights on language and human cognition, the limits of newtonian mechanics and human cognition, as well as the potential limits of cognition and deep language learning, and language and science insights, emphasizing the importance of being puzzled and challenging seemingly obvious phenomena.", 'chapters': [{'end': 227.84, 'segs': [{'end': 29.508, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.009, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.17, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Noam Chomsky.', 'start': 0.009, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 10.353, 'text': "He's truly one of the great minds of our time and is one of the most cited scholars in the history of our civilization.", 'start': 3.83, 'duration': 6.523}, {'end': 17.755, 'text': 'He has spent over 60 years at MIT and recently also joined the University of Arizona where we met for this conversation.', 'start': 10.993, 'duration': 6.762}, {'end': 22.637, 'text': 'But it was at MIT about four and a half years ago when I first met Noam.', 'start': 17.775, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 24.523, 'text': 'My first few days there.', 'start': 23.482, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 29.508, 'text': 'I remember getting into an elevator at Stata Center, pressing the button for whatever floor,', 'start': 24.523, 'duration': 4.985}], 'summary': 'Noam chomsky, a highly cited scholar, has spent over 60 years at mit and recently joined the university of arizona for a conversation.', 'duration': 29.499, 'max_score': 0.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I9.jpg'}, {'end': 89.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 67.536, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 76.019, 'text': 'And in a rare heartbreaking moment, after everything was set up and tested, the camera was moved and accidentally the recording button was pressed,', 'start': 67.536, 'duration': 8.483}, {'end': 76.899, 'text': 'stopping the recording.', 'start': 76.019, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 81.433, 'text': 'So I have good audio of both of us, but no video of Noam.', 'start': 78.53, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 89.423, 'text': 'Just the video of me and my sleep-deprived but excited face that I get to keep as a reminder of my failures.', 'start': 82.174, 'duration': 7.249}], 'summary': 'Accidentally stopped recording, lost video of noam, only have video of speaker.', 'duration': 21.887, 'max_score': 67.536, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I67536.jpg'}, {'end': 168.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 139.534, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 142.254, 'text': 'I recently started doing ads at the end of the introduction.', 'start': 139.534, 'duration': 2.72}, {'end': 149.096, 'text': "I'll do one or two minutes after introducing the episode and never any ads in the middle that break the flow of the conversation.", 'start': 142.855, 'duration': 6.241}, {'end': 152.956, 'text': "I hope that works for you and doesn't hurt the listening experience.", 'start': 149.776, 'duration': 3.18}, {'end': 156.757, 'text': 'This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.', 'start': 153.976, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 165.498, 'text': 'If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, give it five stars on Apple Podcasts, support it on Patreon or simply connect with me on Twitter.', 'start': 157.257, 'duration': 8.241}, {'end': 168.399, 'text': 'at lexfriedman spelled F-R-I-D-M-A-N.', 'start': 165.498, 'duration': 2.901}], 'summary': 'Ads are placed at the end of the introduction, lasting one to two minutes, maintaining flow of conversation. various platforms for subscription and support are recommended.', 'duration': 28.865, 'max_score': 139.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I139534.jpg'}], 'start': 0.009, 'title': "Noam chomsky's influence", 'summary': "Reflects on meeting noam chomsky, a highly cited scholar with over 60 years at mit and now at the university of arizona, emphasizing his impact and inspiration on millions, including the author. it also highlights the host's apology for a technical failure during the podcast recording and the introduction of new advertising.", 'chapters': [{'end': 66.935, 'start': 0.009, 'title': 'Noam chomsky: a lifetime of influence', 'summary': 'Reflects on the honor of meeting noam chomsky, one of the most cited scholars in history, having spent over 60 years at mit and recently joined the university of arizona, emphasizing the impact and inspiration he has had on millions of people, including the author.', 'duration': 66.926, 'highlights': ['Noam Chomsky is one of the most cited scholars in the history of our civilization, having spent over 60 years at MIT and recently joined the University of Arizona. This emphasizes the extensive academic influence and impact of Noam Chomsky, quantifying his contribution to scholarly work and institutions.', "Noam Chomsky is a seminal figure of linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, and political thought. This highlights Chomsky's broad and significant contributions across multiple fields, showcasing his intellectual range and impact.", 'The author expresses the honor and inspiration of meeting Noam Chomsky, emphasizing the impact he has had on millions of others. This underscores the personal and widespread influence of Chomsky, quantifying the inspiration he has provided to numerous individuals.']}, {'end': 227.84, 'start': 67.536, 'title': 'Ai podcast and heartfelt apology', 'summary': "Highlights the host's heartfelt apology for a technical failure during the recording, his dedication to the podcast, and the introduction of new advertising at the end of the episode.", 'duration': 160.304, 'highlights': ['The host expresses his heartfelt apology for a technical failure during the recording, which resulted in the loss of video of the guest.', 'The host shares his dedication to the podcast, which is a side project, while emphasizing his main focus on building AI systems for the world.', 'The introduction of new advertising at the end of the episode is mentioned, with the host reassuring that it will not disrupt the flow of the conversation.', 'The host promotes the Artificial Intelligence Podcast, encouraging subscriptions on YouTube and positive ratings on Apple Podcasts.', "The host introduces Cash App as the sponsor and highlights their support for the organization 'The First', emphasizing their impact on education and charity work."]}], 'duration': 227.831, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I9.jpg', 'highlights': ["Noam Chomsky's extensive academic influence and impact at MIT and the University of Arizona.", "Chomsky's broad and significant contributions across linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, and political thought.", 'The personal and widespread influence of Chomsky, quantifying the inspiration he has provided to numerous individuals.', "The host's heartfelt apology for a technical failure during the recording.", 'The introduction of new advertising at the end of the episode, with reassurance that it will not disrupt the conversation.', "The host's promotion of the Artificial Intelligence Podcast and Cash App as the sponsor."]}, {'end': 715.389, 'segs': [{'end': 263.799, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 234.565, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 238.609, 'text': "And now, here's my conversation with Noam Chomsky.", 'start': 234.565, 'duration': 4.044}, {'end': 248.169, 'text': 'I apologize for the absurd philosophical question, but if an alien species were to visit Earth,', 'start': 239.884, 'duration': 8.285}, {'end': 252.952, 'text': 'do you think we would be able to find a common language or protocol of communication with them??', 'start': 248.169, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 258.235, 'text': 'There are arguments to the effect that we could.', 'start': 253.693, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 263.799, 'text': "In fact, one of them was Marv Minsky's back about 20 or 30 years ago.", 'start': 258.355, 'duration': 5.444}], 'summary': "Noam chomsky discusses the possibility of finding a common language with an alien species, citing marv minsky's argument from 20-30 years ago.", 'duration': 29.234, 'max_score': 234.565, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I234565.jpg'}, {'end': 345.981, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 316.045, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 328.588, 'text': 'but the core principles of natural language are based on operations which yield something like arithmetic in the limiting case and the minimal case.', 'start': 316.045, 'duration': 12.543}, {'end': 341.478, 'text': "So it's conceivable that a mode of communication could be established based on the core properties of human language and the core properties of arithmetic,", 'start': 329.428, 'duration': 12.05}, {'end': 343.439, 'text': 'which maybe are universally shared.', 'start': 341.478, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 345.981, 'text': "So it's conceivable.", 'start': 344.92, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Natural language and arithmetic share core properties, suggesting a potential universal mode of communication.', 'duration': 29.936, 'max_score': 316.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I316045.jpg'}, {'end': 414.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 377.012, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 378.433, 'text': 'So there is an inner system.', 'start': 377.012, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 386.457, 'text': 'It determines the sound and meaning of the infinite number of expressions of your language.', 'start': 379.594, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 388.639, 'text': "It's localized.", 'start': 387.218, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 390.34, 'text': "It's not in your foot, obviously.", 'start': 388.699, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 391.24, 'text': "It's in your brain.", 'start': 390.4, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 395.823, 'text': "If you look more closely, it's in specific configurations of your brain.", 'start': 391.781, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 404.25, 'text': "And that's essentially like the internal structure of your laptop, whatever programs it has are in there.", 'start': 396.543, 'duration': 7.707}, {'end': 414.159, 'text': "Now, one of the things you can do with language, it's a marginal thing in fact, is use it to externalize what's in your head.", 'start': 405.031, 'duration': 9.128}], 'summary': 'Language is determined by brain configurations, used to externalize thoughts.', 'duration': 37.147, 'max_score': 377.012, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I377012.jpg'}, {'end': 464.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 431.215, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 434.259, 'text': 'And you can call that language in some other sense of the word.', 'start': 431.215, 'duration': 3.044}, {'end': 436.721, 'text': "But it's not a set of alternatives.", 'start': 434.379, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 438.123, 'text': 'These are just different concepts.', 'start': 436.761, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 444.471, 'text': 'So how deep do the roots of language go in our brain? Our mind?', 'start': 439.064, 'duration': 5.407}, {'end': 451.345, 'text': 'is it yet another feature like vision, or is it something more fundamental from which everything else springs in the human mind??', 'start': 444.471, 'duration': 6.874}, {'end': 453.549, 'text': "Well, in a way it's like vision.", 'start': 451.525, 'duration': 2.024}, {'end': 464.014, 'text': "You know, there's something about our genetic endowment that determines that we have a mammalian rather than an insect visual system.", 'start': 455.629, 'duration': 8.385}], 'summary': "Language's roots in the brain are fundamental, akin to vision.", 'duration': 32.799, 'max_score': 431.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I431215.jpg'}, {'end': 634.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 598.91, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 605.872, 'text': "And the bigger question do you think it's possible to find the limit of human cognition??", 'start': 598.91, 'duration': 6.962}, {'end': 609.618, 'text': "Well, that's an interesting question.", 'start': 607.537, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 618.32, 'text': "It's commonly believed, most scientists believe, that human intelligence can answer any question in principle.", 'start': 609.678, 'duration': 8.642}, {'end': 621.08, 'text': "I think that's a very strange belief.", 'start': 619.42, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 634.423, 'text': "If we're biological organisms, which are not angels, then our capacities ought to have scope and limits, which are interrelated.", 'start': 621.9, 'duration': 12.523}], 'summary': 'Can human cognition reach its limit? scientists believe in unlimited intelligence, but limits are inherent in biological organisms.', 'duration': 35.513, 'max_score': 598.91, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I598910.jpg'}], 'start': 227.84, 'title': "Noam chomsky's insights", 'summary': "Delves into noam chomsky's insights on language and human cognition, including the potential for a universal mode of communication, language structure, deep roots in the human mind, and the scope of human cognition.", 'chapters': [{'end': 715.389, 'start': 227.84, 'title': 'Noam chomsky on language and human cognition', 'summary': "Delves into noam chomsky's insights on language and human cognition, discussing the potential for a universal mode of communication with alien species, the structure of language as an internal system, the deep roots of language in the human mind, and the scope and limits of human cognition.", 'duration': 487.549, 'highlights': ['The potential for a universal mode of communication with alien species Noam Chomsky discusses the potential for establishing a mode of communication with alien species based on the core properties of human language and arithmetic, suggesting that higher intelligence would at least have arithmetic as a common ground.', 'The structure of language as an internal system Chomsky explains the inner system of language in the human mind, localized in specific configurations of the brain, and distinguishes it from the external system of language expression, highlighting the localization of language in the brain as akin to the internal structure of a computer.', 'The deep roots of language in the human mind Chomsky compares the genetic endowment determining the human language faculty to the genetic determinants of the mammalian visual system, emphasizing the internal nature of language and its role as the core of human cognitive nature and creative capacities.', 'The scope and limits of human cognition Chomsky discusses the interrelated scope and limits of human cognition, drawing parallels with the genetic endowment conferring richness and complexity while setting bounds on development, challenging the belief that human intelligence can answer any question in principle.']}], 'duration': 487.549, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I227840.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential for a universal mode of communication with alien species based on human language and arithmetic', 'The structure of language as an internal system localized in specific brain configurations', 'The deep roots of language in the human mind, akin to the genetic determinants of the mammalian visual system', 'The interrelated scope and limits of human cognition, challenging the belief that human intelligence can answer any question in principle']}, {'end': 990.991, 'segs': [{'end': 773.141, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 716.129, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 722.734, 'text': "So I think it's plausible to assume that there are limits, and I think we even have some evidence as to what they are.", 'start': 716.129, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 729.139, 'text': "So, for example, there's a classic moment in the history of science.", 'start': 723.735, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 733.943, 'text': 'at the time of Newton, There was from Galileo to Newton.', 'start': 729.139, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 745.649, 'text': 'modern science developed on a fundamental assumption, which Newton also accepted, namely that the world, the entire universe, is a mechanical object.', 'start': 733.943, 'duration': 11.706}, {'end': 755.234, 'text': 'And by mechanical they meant something like the kinds of artifacts that were being developed by skilled artisans all over Europe gears,', 'start': 746.409, 'duration': 8.825}, {'end': 756.395, 'text': 'levers and so on.', 'start': 755.234, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 761.677, 'text': 'And their belief was, well, the world is just a more complex variant of this.', 'start': 757.215, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 773.141, 'text': "Newton, to his astonishment and distress, proved that there are no machines, that there's interaction without contact.", 'start': 763.057, 'duration': 10.084}], 'summary': "Newton's discovery challenged the idea of a mechanical universe, showing interaction without contact.", 'duration': 57.012, 'max_score': 716.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I716129.jpg'}, {'end': 910.242, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 827.382, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 830.784, 'text': 'That means they abandoned the search for an intelligible world.', 'start': 827.382, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 836.087, 'text': 'And the great philosophers of the time understood that very well.', 'start': 831.905, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 845.536, 'text': 'So, for example, David Hume, in his encomium to Newton, wrote that who was the greatest thinker ever, and so on.', 'start': 837.027, 'duration': 8.509}, {'end': 856.928, 'text': 'he said that he unveiled many of the secrets of nature, but by showing the imperfections of the mechanical philosophy, mechanical science.', 'start': 845.536, 'duration': 11.392}, {'end': 862.693, 'text': 'He left us with, he showed that there are mysteries which ever will remain.', 'start': 857.588, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 866.176, 'text': 'And science just changed its goals.', 'start': 863.594, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 868.599, 'text': 'It abandoned the mysteries.', 'start': 866.777, 'duration': 1.822}, {'end': 869.74, 'text': "It can't solve it.", 'start': 868.719, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 870.881, 'text': "We'll put it aside.", 'start': 869.8, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 873.823, 'text': 'We only look for intelligible theories.', 'start': 871.481, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 876.546, 'text': "Newton's theories were intelligible.", 'start': 874.844, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 881.849, 'text': "It's just what they described wasn't Well, Locke said the same thing.", 'start': 876.706, 'duration': 5.143}, {'end': 888.911, 'text': "I think they're basically right, and if so, that showed something about the limits of human cognition.", 'start': 882.869, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 897.794, 'text': 'We cannot attain the goal of understanding the world, of finding an intelligible world.', 'start': 889.912, 'duration': 7.882}, {'end': 910.242, 'text': "This mechanical philosophy, Galileo to Newton, there's a good case that can be made that our instinctive conception of how things work.", 'start': 898.414, 'duration': 11.828}], 'summary': 'Philosophers like hume and locke realized the limits of human cognition in understanding the world, as science abandoned mysteries for intelligible theories.', 'duration': 82.86, 'max_score': 827.382, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I827382.jpg'}], 'start': 716.129, 'title': 'Limits of newtonian mechanics and human cognition', 'summary': "Discusses the shift from the assumption of the universe as a mechanical object to the recognition of interaction without contact, as well as the human brain's inclination towards perceiving the world in terms of geometric and mechanical concepts, showcasing the limits of newtonian mechanics and human cognition.", 'chapters': [{'end': 773.141, 'start': 716.129, 'title': 'Limits of newtonian mechanics', 'summary': "Discusses the limits of newtonian mechanics and the shift from the assumption of the universe as a mechanical object to the recognition of interaction without contact, illustrated by newton's discoveries.", 'duration': 57.012, 'highlights': ["Newton's discovery of interaction without contact challenged the fundamental assumption of modern science, leading to the recognition of the limits of the mechanical view of the universe.", 'The shift from the belief that the entire universe is a mechanical object to the recognition of a more complex nature of interactions was a pivotal moment in the history of science.']}, {'end': 990.991, 'start': 774.362, 'title': 'Limits of human cognition', 'summary': "Explores how the shift from seeking an intelligible world to focusing on intelligible theories marked a significant moment in the history of science, with newton's theories being intelligible despite describing an unintelligible world, and also delves into the human brain's inclination towards perceiving the world in terms of geometric and mechanical concepts, showcasing the limits of human cognition.", 'duration': 216.629, 'highlights': ["Newton's theories were intelligible despite describing an unintelligible world, leading to a shift in the goals of science (abandoning the search for an intelligible world) and marking a significant moment in the history of science.", "The human brain has an inclination towards perceiving the world in terms of geometric and mechanical concepts, as observed in infants' behavior and experiments with tachistoscopes, indicating the limits of human cognition.", "Galileo and Newton's mechanical philosophy led to the abandonment of the search for an intelligible world and a shift in the goals of science, as highlighted by David Hume's encomium to Newton, showcasing the impact on the understanding of the world and the imperfections of the mechanical philosophy."]}], 'duration': 274.862, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I716129.jpg', 'highlights': ["Newton's discovery challenged the fundamental assumption of modern science, recognizing the limits of the mechanical view of the universe.", 'The shift from the belief in a mechanical universe to a more complex nature of interactions was pivotal in the history of science.', "Newton's theories were intelligible despite describing an unintelligible world, leading to a shift in the goals of science.", "The human brain's inclination towards perceiving the world in geometric and mechanical concepts showcases the limits of human cognition.", "Galileo and Newton's mechanical philosophy led to the abandonment of the search for an intelligible world and a shift in the goals of science."]}, {'end': 1790.434, 'segs': [{'end': 1070.719, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1019.566, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1028.553, 'text': 'so they tried to do thousands readings in the brain, be able to read what the neurons are firing and then stimulate back so two-way.', 'start': 1019.566, 'duration': 8.987}, {'end': 1041.262, 'text': 'do you think their dream is to expand the capacity of the brain to attain information, sort of increase the bandwidth which we can search google,', 'start': 1028.553, 'duration': 12.709}, {'end': 1041.782, 'text': 'kind of thing?', 'start': 1041.262, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 1046.125, 'text': 'but Do you think our cognitive capacity might be expanded?', 'start': 1041.782, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 1052.289, 'text': 'our linguistic capacity, our ability to reason, might be expanded by adding a machine into the picture?', 'start': 1046.125, 'duration': 6.164}, {'end': 1059.032, 'text': 'It can be expanded in a certain sense, but a sense that was known thousands of years ago.', 'start': 1052.309, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 1062.935, 'text': 'A book expands your cognitive capacity.', 'start': 1059.052, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 1065.996, 'text': 'Okay, so this could expand it too.', 'start': 1062.955, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 1067.897, 'text': "But it's not a fundamental expansion.", 'start': 1066.036, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 1070.719, 'text': "It's not totally new things could be understood.", 'start': 1067.957, 'duration': 2.762}], 'summary': 'Research aims to expand brain capacity, but not fundamentally new.', 'duration': 51.153, 'max_score': 1019.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1019566.jpg'}, {'end': 1162.331, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1128.254, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1132.175, 'text': "That may be another area where there's just a limit to understanding.", 'start': 1128.254, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 1137.737, 'text': "We understand the theories, but the world that it describes doesn't make any sense.", 'start': 1132.755, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 1147.24, 'text': "So, you know, the experiment, Schrodinger's cat, for example, can understand the theory, but as Schrodinger pointed out, it's an unintelligible world.", 'start': 1138.477, 'duration': 8.763}, {'end': 1154.205, 'text': 'Yeah One of the reasons why Einstein was always very skeptical about quantum theory.', 'start': 1147.26, 'duration': 6.945}, {'end': 1162.331, 'text': "He described himself as a classical realist in one's intelligibility.", 'start': 1155.786, 'duration': 6.545}], 'summary': "Challenges in understanding quantum theory, as seen in schrodinger's cat experiment and einstein's skepticism.", 'duration': 34.077, 'max_score': 1128.254, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1128254.jpg'}, {'end': 1212.987, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1184.141, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1196.573, 'text': "Well, I think the deepest property of language and puzzling property that's been discovered is what is sometimes called structure dependence.", 'start': 1184.141, 'duration': 12.432}, {'end': 1201.278, 'text': 'We now understand it pretty well, but it was puzzling for a long time.', 'start': 1197.634, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 1203.56, 'text': "I'll give you a concrete example.", 'start': 1201.938, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 1205.262, 'text': 'So suppose you say..', 'start': 1203.66, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 1210.925, 'text': 'The guy who fixed the car carefully packed his tools.', 'start': 1206.883, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 1212.987, 'text': "It's ambiguous.", 'start': 1212.026, 'duration': 0.961}], 'summary': "Language exhibits structure dependence, illustrated by the ambiguous phrase 'the guy who fixed the car carefully packed his tools.'", 'duration': 28.846, 'max_score': 1184.141, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1184141.jpg'}, {'end': 1346.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1317.619, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1325.762, 'text': "By now there's even a neural basis for this that's somewhat understood, and there's good theories by now that explain why it's true.", 'start': 1317.619, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 1332.844, 'text': "That's a deep insight into the surprising nature of language with many consequences.", 'start': 1325.782, 'duration': 7.062}, {'end': 1338.259, 'text': 'Let me ask you about a field of machine learning, deep learning.', 'start': 1334.076, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 1346.085, 'text': "There's been a lot of progress in neural network-based machine learning in the recent decade.", 'start': 1338.98, 'duration': 7.105}], 'summary': 'Neural basis for language understood, deep learning seeing progress.', 'duration': 28.466, 'max_score': 1317.619, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1317619.jpg'}, {'end': 1738.929, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1714.128, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1722.977, 'text': 'And the fact that we have certain institutions, not others, is one mode in which human nature has expressed itself.', 'start': 1714.128, 'duration': 8.849}, {'end': 1729.464, 'text': 'But as far as we know, human nature could yield many different kinds of institutions.', 'start': 1723.738, 'duration': 5.726}, {'end': 1738.929, 'text': 'The particular ones that have developed have to do with historical contingency, the who conquered whom and that sort of thing.', 'start': 1730.264, 'duration': 8.665}], 'summary': 'Human nature has led to diverse institutions due to historical contingency and conquests.', 'duration': 24.801, 'max_score': 1714.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1714128.jpg'}], 'start': 991.892, 'title': 'Limits in cognition and deep language learning', 'summary': "Discusses the potential limits of cognition and neuralink's vision for expanding brain capacity, as well as the deep property of language and its puzzling nature. it also explores the contested views among scientists and the limitations in understanding quantum mechanics, while raising questions about the deep learning limits in truly understanding language as a science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1154.205, 'start': 991.892, 'title': "Limits to cognition and neuralink's vision", 'summary': "Discusses the potential limits of cognition and the contested view among scientists. it also explores neuralink's aim to expand brain capacity and the limitations in understanding quantum mechanics.", 'duration': 162.313, 'highlights': ["Neuralink's ambition to expand cognitive capacity through brain-machine interface and increasing bandwidth for information retrieval, but the fundamental expansion is contested among scientists.", 'The discussion on the expansion of cognitive capacity through technology, such as the argument that a book also expands cognition but not in a fundamentally new way.', 'The limitations in understanding quantum mechanics and the skepticism of scientists, including Einstein, towards the intelligibility of the quantum world.', "The exploration of potential limits to understanding, including the example of Schrödinger's cat, indicating an unintelligible world according to the quantum theory."]}, {'end': 1790.434, 'start': 1155.786, 'title': 'Language structure and deep learning limits', 'summary': 'Discusses the deep property of language known as structure dependence, highlighting its puzzling nature and universal presence, and raises questions about the limits of deep learning in truly understanding language as a science.', 'duration': 634.648, 'highlights': ['The deep property of language known as structure dependence is a puzzling aspect that has been discovered, and it involves relating words to linearly more remote elements in a sentence, showcasing the surprising nature of language and its universal presence across all languages and constructions.', 'The chapter questions the limits of deep learning in truly understanding language as a science, emphasizing that deep learning, while useful for engineering purposes, does not provide insights into the nature of human language and its structural principles, thus raising concerns about its efficacy in capturing the complexities of language.', 'The discussion delves into the notion that human nature can yield various kinds of institutions, and the specific institutions that have developed are rooted in historical contingency rather than being essential to human nature, highlighting the diverse potential of human nature and the influence of historical factors on the formation of institutions.']}], 'duration': 798.542, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I991892.jpg', 'highlights': ["Neuralink's ambition to expand cognitive capacity through brain-machine interface and increasing bandwidth for information retrieval, but the fundamental expansion is contested among scientists.", 'The limitations in understanding quantum mechanics and the skepticism of scientists, including Einstein, towards the intelligibility of the quantum world.', "The exploration of potential limits to understanding, including the example of Schrödinger's cat, indicating an unintelligible world according to the quantum theory.", 'The deep property of language known as structure dependence is a puzzling aspect that has been discovered, and it involves relating words to linearly more remote elements in a sentence, showcasing the surprising nature of language and its universal presence across all languages and constructions.', 'The chapter questions the limits of deep learning in truly understanding language as a science, emphasizing that deep learning, while useful for engineering purposes, does not provide insights into the nature of human language and its structural principles, thus raising concerns about its efficacy in capturing the complexities of language.', 'The discussion delves into the notion that human nature can yield various kinds of institutions, and the specific institutions that have developed are rooted in historical contingency rather than being essential to human nature, highlighting the diverse potential of human nature and the influence of historical factors on the formation of institutions.', 'The discussion on the expansion of cognitive capacity through technology, such as the argument that a book also expands cognition but not in a fundamentally new way.']}, {'end': 2136.944, 'segs': [{'end': 1878.448, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1792.215, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1802.06, 'text': 'If you look back at your life, Is there a moment in your intellectual life, or life in general, that jumps from memory, that brought you happiness,', 'start': 1792.215, 'duration': 9.845}, {'end': 1805.404, 'text': 'that you would love to relive again? Sure.', 'start': 1802.06, 'duration': 3.344}, {'end': 1809.148, 'text': 'Falling in love, having children.', 'start': 1806.525, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 1819.619, 'text': 'What about, so you have put forward into the world a lot of incredible ideas in linguistics, in cognitive science.', 'start': 1810.256, 'duration': 9.363}, {'end': 1827.842, 'text': 'In terms of ideas that just excites you when they first came to you, you would love to relive those moments.', 'start': 1820.439, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 1833.707, 'text': "Well, I mean, when you make a discovery about something, it's exciting.", 'start': 1828.963, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 1843.837, 'text': 'Like, say, even the observation of structure dependence and on from that, the explanation for it.', 'start': 1834.128, 'duration': 9.709}, {'end': 1845.799, 'text': 'But the major things just..', 'start': 1844.458, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1848.62, 'text': 'seemed like common sense.', 'start': 1847.08, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 1859.203, 'text': 'So if you go back to take your question about external and internal language, you go back to say the 1950s.', 'start': 1849.561, 'duration': 9.642}, {'end': 1860.824, 'text': 'almost entirely.', 'start': 1859.203, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1865.645, 'text': 'language is regarded an external object, something outside the mind.', 'start': 1860.824, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 1869.066, 'text': "It just seemed obvious that that can't be true.", 'start': 1866.325, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 1878.448, 'text': "Like I said, there's something about you that determines you're talking English, not Swahili or something.", 'start': 1870.726, 'duration': 7.722}], 'summary': 'Renowned linguist reflects on moments of happiness and excitement in his life and career, including falling in love, having children, and making discoveries in linguistics and cognitive science.', 'duration': 86.233, 'max_score': 1792.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1792215.jpg'}, {'end': 1957.455, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1907.603, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1914.008, 'text': "But Galileo was not impressed by the fact that it seemed obvious, so he wanted to know if it's true.", 'start': 1907.603, 'duration': 6.405}, {'end': 1923.395, 'text': "carried out experiments, actually thought experiments, never actually carried them out, which can't be true.", 'start': 1915.989, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 1931.381, 'text': 'And out of things like that, observations of that kind.', 'start': 1924.536, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 1935.764, 'text': 'why does a ball fall to the ground instead of rising?', 'start': 1931.381, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 1936.245, 'text': "let's say?", 'start': 1935.764, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 1941.549, 'text': 'It seems obvious until you start thinking about it, because why does it?', 'start': 1936.865, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 1942.93, 'text': 'Why does steam rise?', 'start': 1941.809, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 1943.27, 'text': "let's say?", 'start': 1942.93, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 1955.995, 'text': 'I think the beginnings of modern linguistics, roughly in the 50s, are kind of like that, just being willing to be puzzled about phenomena that looked,', 'start': 1944.13, 'duration': 11.865}, {'end': 1957.455, 'text': 'from some point of view, obvious.', 'start': 1955.995, 'duration': 1.46}], 'summary': 'Galileo questioned common beliefs, inspiring modern linguistics.', 'duration': 49.852, 'max_score': 1907.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1907603.jpg'}, {'end': 2017.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1990.964, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1994.747, 'text': "Well, in both domains, it's been learned that that's very far from true.", 'start': 1990.964, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 2000.332, 'text': 'There are very narrow constraints on what could be an organism or what could be a language.', 'start': 1994.767, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 2003.354, 'text': "But that's just the nature of inquiry.", 'start': 2001.613, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2008.555, 'text': 'Science in general, yeah, inquiry.', 'start': 2007.074, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2014.377, 'text': 'So one of the peculiar things about us human beings is our mortality.', 'start': 2009.375, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 2017.679, 'text': 'Ernest Becker explored it in general.', 'start': 2015.298, 'duration': 2.381}], 'summary': 'Narrow constraints on organism and language. human mortality explored by ernest becker.', 'duration': 26.715, 'max_score': 1990.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1990964.jpg'}, {'end': 2102.523, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2072.716, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2075.917, 'text': 'our life on earth, our brief little moment in time?', 'start': 2072.716, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 2078.319, 'text': "That's something we answer by our own activities.", 'start': 2075.937, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 2082.101, 'text': "There's no general answer.", 'start': 2080.58, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 2084.302, 'text': 'We determine what the meaning of it is.', 'start': 2082.36, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 2088.034, 'text': 'The action determined the meaning.', 'start': 2086.672, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 2094.638, 'text': 'Meaning in the sense of significance, not meaning in the sense that chair means this, you know.', 'start': 2088.774, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 2098.62, 'text': 'But the significance of your life is something you create.', 'start': 2095.418, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 2102.523, 'text': 'No, thank you so much for talking today.', 'start': 2101.122, 'duration': 1.401}], 'summary': 'Our actions determine the significance of our lives, creating our own meaning.', 'duration': 29.807, 'max_score': 2072.716, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I2072716.jpg'}], 'start': 1792.215, 'title': 'Language and science insights', 'summary': "Delves into linguistic and cognitive science insights, exploring the shift in language perception in the 1950s and parallels between science and linguistics. it mentions chomsky's observation of structure dependence and emphasizes the importance of being puzzled and challenging seemingly obvious phenomena, with references to galileo's experiments and reflections on mortality and the significance of life.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1878.448, 'start': 1792.215, 'title': 'Linguistics and cognitive science insights', 'summary': 'Explores the excitement of intellectual discoveries and the shift in the perception of language from external to internal in the 1950s, with chomsky mentioning the observation of structure dependence as an exciting discovery.', 'duration': 86.233, 'highlights': ['Chomsky mentions falling in love and having children as moments of happiness he would love to relive, in addition to the excitement of making discoveries in linguistics and cognitive science.', 'Chomsky expresses excitement about the discovery of structure dependence and the subsequent explanation for it, highlighting the thrill of making intellectual breakthroughs.', 'Chomsky discusses the shift in the perception of language from being regarded as an external object to being recognized as something determined internally, citing the 1950s as a pivotal time for this change.']}, {'end': 2136.944, 'start': 1878.648, 'title': 'Inquiry in science and linguistics', 'summary': "Discusses the parallels between the beginnings of modern science and linguistics, emphasizing the importance of being puzzled and challenging seemingly obvious phenomena, with references to galileo's experiments and the narrow constraints on language and organisms, concluding with reflections on mortality and the significance of life.", 'duration': 258.296, 'highlights': ["Galileo's experiments challenged the seemingly obvious phenomenon of heavy and light balls falling, leading to the beginnings of modern science. Galileo's experiments challenged the seemingly obvious phenomenon of heavy and light balls falling, leading to the beginnings of modern science.", 'The 50s in linguistics were characterized by being willing to be puzzled about phenomena that looked obvious, similar to the beginnings of modern science. The 50s in linguistics were characterized by being willing to be puzzled about phenomena that looked obvious, similar to the beginnings of modern science.', 'There are narrow constraints on what could be an organism or a language, contrary to the previous belief that each could differ arbitrarily. There are narrow constraints on what could be an organism or a language, contrary to the previous belief that each could differ arbitrarily.', "The significance of life is determined by one's own activities, and there is no general answer to the meaning of our existence. The significance of life is determined by one's own activities, and there is no general answer to the meaning of our existence.", 'Cash App sponsors this podcast and supports a STEM education nonprofit, FIRST, inspiring young minds in engineering. Cash App sponsors this podcast and supports a STEM education nonprofit, FIRST, inspiring young minds in engineering.']}], 'duration': 344.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cMscNuSUy0I/pics/cMscNuSUy0I1792215.jpg', 'highlights': ['Chomsky discusses the shift in the perception of language from being regarded as an external object to being recognized as something determined internally, citing the 1950s as a pivotal time for this change.', 'Chomsky mentions falling in love and having children as moments of happiness he would love to relive, in addition to the excitement of making discoveries in linguistics and cognitive science.', 'Chomsky expresses excitement about the discovery of structure dependence and the subsequent explanation for it, highlighting the thrill of making intellectual breakthroughs.', 'The 50s in linguistics were characterized by being willing to be puzzled about phenomena that looked obvious, similar to the beginnings of modern science.', "Galileo's experiments challenged the seemingly obvious phenomenon of heavy and light balls falling, leading to the beginnings of modern science.", 'There are narrow constraints on what could be an organism or a language, contrary to the previous belief that each could differ arbitrarily.', "The significance of life is determined by one's own activities, and there is no general answer to the meaning of our existence."]}], 'highlights': ["Chomsky's extensive academic influence and impact at MIT and the University of Arizona.", "Chomsky's broad and significant contributions across linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, and political thought.", 'The personal and widespread influence of Chomsky, quantifying the inspiration he has provided to numerous individuals.', 'The potential for a universal mode of communication with alien species based on human language and arithmetic.', 'The structure of language as an internal system localized in specific brain configurations.', "Newton's discovery challenged the fundamental assumption of modern science, recognizing the limits of the mechanical view of the universe.", 'The shift from the belief in a mechanical universe to a more complex nature of interactions was pivotal in the history of science.', "Neuralink's ambition to expand cognitive capacity through brain-machine interface and increasing bandwidth for information retrieval, but the fundamental expansion is contested among scientists.", 'The limitations in understanding quantum mechanics and the skepticism of scientists, including Einstein, towards the intelligibility of the quantum world.', 'Chomsky discusses the shift in the perception of language from being regarded as an external object to being recognized as something determined internally, citing the 1950s as a pivotal time for this change.']}