title
Robert Playter: Boston Dynamics CEO on Humanoid and Legged Robotics | Lex Fridman Podcast #374

description
Robert Playter is CEO of Boston Dynamics, a legendary robotics company that over 30 years has created some of the most elegant, dextrous, and simply amazing robots ever built, including the humanoid robot Atlas and the robot dog Spot. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - Linode: https://linode.com/lex to get $100 free credit - LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack EPISODE LINKS: Boston Dynamics YouTube: https://youtube.com/@bostondynamics Boston Dynamics Twitter: https://twitter.com/BostonDynamics Boston Dynamics Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bostondynamicsofficial Boston Dynamics Website: https://bostondynamics.com PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 2:57 - Early days of Boston Dynamics 11:18 - Simplifying robots 15:16 - Art and science of robotics 19:59 - Atlas humanoid robot 36:53 - DARPA Robotics Challenge 51:13 - BigDog robot 1:05:02 - Spot robot 1:26:27 - Stretch robot 1:29:15 - Handle robot 1:34:49 - Robots in our homes 1:43:36 - Tesla Optimus robot 1:52:18 - ChatGPT 1:55:22 - Boston Dynamics AI Institute 1:56:53 - Fear of robots 2:07:16 - Running a company 2:12:52 - Consciousness 2:20:26 - Advice for young people 2:22:21 - Future of robots SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Robert Playter: Boston Dynamics CEO on Humanoid and Legged Robotics | Lex Fridman Podcast #374', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "The discussion covers boston dynamics' 10-15 years' efforts in achieving natural walking in humanoid robots, including the 2022 development of natural walking motion in the atlas robot, challenges in robot control and manipulation, atlas robot capabilities, deployment of robots in various industries, business strategy, risks and benefits of robotics, and future impact on jobs and societal implications.", 'chapters': [{'end': 674.849, 'segs': [{'end': 29.244, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.109, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2.157, 'text': 'And so our goal was a natural looking gate.', 'start': 0.109, 'duration': 2.048}, {'end': 5.891, 'text': 'It was surprisingly hard to get that to work.', 'start': 2.298, 'duration': 3.593}, {'end': 9.165, 'text': 'But we did build an early machine.', 'start': 7.404, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 12.428, 'text': 'We called it Petman Prototype.', 'start': 10.927, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 15.031, 'text': 'It was the prototype before the Petman robot.', 'start': 12.508, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 23.058, 'text': 'And it had a really nice looking gate where it would stick the leg out.', 'start': 16.412, 'duration': 6.646}, {'end': 27.502, 'text': "it would do heel strike first before it rolled onto the toe, so you didn't land with a flat foot.", 'start': 23.058, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 29.244, 'text': 'You extended your leg a little bit.', 'start': 27.562, 'duration': 1.682}], 'summary': 'Developed petman prototype with natural-looking gait, incorporating heel strike and toe roll.', 'duration': 29.135, 'max_score': 0.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os109.jpg'}, {'end': 115.268, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 79.732, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 82.635, 'text': 'and what was it 2022 last year that i think i saw a good walking on atlas.', 'start': 79.732, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 93.004, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Robert Plater, CEO of Boston Dynamics,', 'start': 87.401, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 102.43, 'text': 'a legendary robotics company that over 30 years has created some of the most elegant, dexterous and simply amazing robots ever built.', 'start': 93.004, 'duration': 9.426}, {'end': 115.268, 'text': "including the humanoid robot Atlas and the robot dog Spot, one or both of whom you've probably seen on the internet either dancing, doing backflips,", 'start': 103.03, 'duration': 12.238}], 'summary': 'Boston dynamics ceo discusses robots like atlas and spot.', 'duration': 35.536, 'max_score': 79.732, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os79732.jpg'}, {'end': 176.321, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 152.525, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 160.051, 'text': 'Robert is a great engineer, roboticist, and leader, and Boston Dynamics, to me, as a roboticist, is a truly inspiring company.', 'start': 152.525, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 167.177, 'text': 'This conversation was a big honor and pleasure, and I hope to do a lot of great work with these robots in the years to come.', 'start': 160.472, 'duration': 6.705}, {'end': 169.659, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 167.958, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 172.619, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 169.939, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 176.321, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's Robert Plater.", 'start': 173.12, 'duration': 3.201}], 'summary': 'Robert plater sees boston dynamics as an inspiring company and looks forward to working with their robots.', 'duration': 23.796, 'max_score': 152.525, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os152525.jpg'}, {'end': 492.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 429.286, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 440.392, 'text': 'The memories, the distinctive lessons I would say I learned in that time period and that I think Mark was a great teacher of was.', 'start': 429.286, 'duration': 11.106}, {'end': 444.314, 'text': "it's okay to pursue your interests, your curiosity.", 'start': 440.392, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 445.555, 'text': 'do something because you love it.', 'start': 444.314, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 448.855, 'text': "You'll do it a lot better if you love it.", 'start': 447.235, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 457.677, 'text': 'That is a lasting lesson that I think we apply at the company still.', 'start': 451.536, 'duration': 6.141}, {'end': 461.258, 'text': 'And really is a core value.', 'start': 459.697, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 463.138, 'text': 'So the interesting thing is,', 'start': 461.718, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 474.3, 'text': "I got to with people like Ross Tedrick and others like the students that work at those robotics labs are like some of the happiest people I've ever met.", 'start': 463.138, 'duration': 11.162}, {'end': 476.023, 'text': "I don't know what that is.", 'start': 475.202, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 478.524, 'text': 'I meet a lot of PhD students.', 'start': 477.324, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 482.407, 'text': 'A lot of them are kind of broken by the wear and tear of the process.', 'start': 478.705, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 492.094, 'text': "But roboticists are, while they work extremely hard and work long hours, there's a happiness there.", 'start': 483.108, 'duration': 8.986}], 'summary': 'Lessons learned: pursue interests, love what you do, core value applied at company. roboticists are happy despite hard work.', 'duration': 62.808, 'max_score': 429.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os429286.jpg'}, {'end': 674.849, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 650.368, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 660.938, 'text': 'And while Mark was showing videos of animals running across the Savannah or climbing mountains, what he started with was a pogo stick,', 'start': 650.368, 'duration': 10.57}, {'end': 666.822, 'text': 'because he was trying to reduce the problem to something that was manageable and getting the pogo stick to balance.', 'start': 660.938, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 674.849, 'text': 'Had in it the fundamental problems that if we solve those, you could eventually extrapolate to something that galloped like a horse.', 'start': 667.583, 'duration': 7.266}], 'summary': 'Mark used a pogo stick to solve fundamental problems, aiming to eventually create something that galloped like a horse.', 'duration': 24.481, 'max_score': 650.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os650368.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Humanoid robot walking', 'summary': "Discusses advancements in achieving natural walking in humanoid robots, focusing on boston dynamics' 10-15 years' efforts culminating in the 2022 development of natural walking motion in the atlas robot. it also highlights lessons learned from leg lab, including low attrition rate and successful business growth.", 'chapters': [{'end': 403.05, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Achieving natural walking in humanoid robots', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges and advancements in achieving a natural walking gait in humanoid robots, with a focus on boston dynamics' efforts over 10 to 15 years, leading to the development of a natural walking motion in the atlas robot in 2022.", 'duration': 402.941, 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics' 10 to 15 years of efforts led to the development of a natural walking motion in the humanoid robot Atlas in 2022. The team at Boston Dynamics worked for 10 to 15 years on developing a walking control algorithm, eventually achieving a natural looking motion in the humanoid robot Atlas in 2022.", 'Development of the Petman Prototype with a natural-looking gait, including the heel strike and toe roll, before the development of the Petman robot. Boston Dynamics developed the Petman Prototype, which featured a natural-looking gait with a heel strike and toe roll, prior to the creation of the Petman robot.', "Robert Plater's role in leading the development of Boston Dynamics' humanoid robots and their physics-based simulation software, with his roots at MIT's legendary Leg Lab. Robert Plater, CEO of Boston Dynamics, played a significant role in leading the development of the company's humanoid robots and their physics-based simulation software, with his origins tracing back to MIT's renowned Leg Lab."]}, {'end': 674.849, 'start': 403.691, 'title': 'Lessons from leg lab', 'summary': "Highlights the lessons learned from working at leg lab, including the importance of pursuing one's interests, the happiness of roboticists, and the value of simplifying complex problems, leading to a low attrition rate at the company and successful business growth.", 'duration': 271.158, 'highlights': ["The importance of pursuing one's interests and doing something because you love it is a lasting lesson learned from the experience at Leg Lab, which is now a core value at the company, resulting in low attrition rate and successful business engagement. low attrition rate, successful business engagement", 'Roboticists at Leg Lab, despite working hard and long hours, exhibit a deep fulfilling happiness, possibly due to the hands-on nature of their work and the sense of accomplishment in bringing a robot to life. high happiness levels, low attrition rate', "The value of simplifying complex problems to their core essence, exemplified by Mark's approach of starting with a pogo stick to address fundamental problems, has become a key value of the company, contributing to its success. contribution to company's success"]}], 'duration': 674.74, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os109.jpg', 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics' 10 to 15 years of efforts led to the development of a natural walking motion in the humanoid robot Atlas in 2022.", 'Development of the Petman Prototype with a natural-looking gait, including the heel strike and toe roll, before the development of the Petman robot.', "Robert Plater's role in leading the development of Boston Dynamics' humanoid robots and their physics-based simulation software, with his roots at MIT's legendary Leg Lab.", "The importance of pursuing one's interests and doing something because you love it is a lasting lesson learned from the experience at Leg Lab, which is now a core value at the company, resulting in low attrition rate and successful business engagement.", 'Roboticists at Leg Lab, despite working hard and long hours, exhibit a deep fulfilling happiness, possibly due to the hands-on nature of their work and the sense of accomplishment in bringing a robot to life.', "The value of simplifying complex problems to their core essence, exemplified by Mark's approach of starting with a pogo stick to address fundamental problems, has become a key value of the company, contributing to its success."]}, {'end': 1758.765, 'segs': [{'end': 756.131, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 705.68, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 718.809, 'text': 'It took real expertise in understanding the dynamics of motion and feedback control principles, how to build and, with the computers at the time,', 'start': 705.68, 'duration': 13.129}, {'end': 726.034, 'text': 'how to build a feedback control algorithm that was simple enough that it could run in real time at a thousand Hertz and actually get that machine to work.', 'start': 718.809, 'duration': 7.225}, {'end': 731.438, 'text': 'And that was not something everybody was doing at that time.', 'start': 728.176, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 744.403, 'text': "Now. the world's changing now and I think the approaches to controlling robots are going to change and they're going to become more broadly available.", 'start': 732.335, 'duration': 12.068}, {'end': 756.131, 'text': "But at the time, there weren't many groups who could really sort of work at that principled level with both the software and make the hardware work.", 'start': 746.044, 'duration': 10.087}], 'summary': 'Expertise in feedback control principles made it possible to run a simple algorithm in real time at a thousand hertz, a rare achievement at the time.', 'duration': 50.451, 'max_score': 705.68, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os705680.jpg'}, {'end': 816.578, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 781.77, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 784.573, 'text': 'And it lets you be fearless in your work.', 'start': 781.77, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 786.294, 'text': 'Too often.', 'start': 785.554, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 797.465, 'text': "if you are working with a very expensive robot maybe one that you bought from somebody else or that you don't know how to fix then you treat it with kit gloves and you can't actually make progress.", 'start': 786.294, 'duration': 11.171}, {'end': 798.986, 'text': 'You have to be able to break something.', 'start': 797.505, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 802.289, 'text': "And so I think that's been a principle as well.", 'start': 799.066, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 805.011, 'text': 'So, just to linger on that psychologically, how do you deal with that?', 'start': 802.489, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 816.578, 'text': 'Because I remember I built a RC car that had some custom stuff like compute on it and all that kind of stuff cameras.', 'start': 805.031, 'duration': 11.547}], 'summary': 'Fearlessness in work is necessary to make progress with expensive robots, as breaking something is a key principle.', 'duration': 34.808, 'max_score': 781.77, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os781770.jpg'}, {'end': 911.686, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 887.6, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 896.763, 'text': "And I remember breaking some piece of equipment in the lab and then realizing, because maybe this was a unique part and I couldn't go buy it.", 'start': 887.6, 'duration': 9.163}, {'end': 899.223, 'text': 'And I realized, oh, I can just go make it.', 'start': 897.103, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 902.364, 'text': 'That was an enabling feeling.', 'start': 900.323, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 903.944, 'text': "Then you're not afraid.", 'start': 902.864, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 905.205, 'text': 'It might take time.', 'start': 904.324, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 911.686, 'text': 'It might take more work than you thought it was going to be required to get this thing done, but you can just go make it.', 'start': 905.945, 'duration': 5.741}], 'summary': 'Realizing the ability to create unique lab equipment instead of buying it, leading to empowerment and fearlessness.', 'duration': 24.086, 'max_score': 887.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os887600.jpg'}, {'end': 996.727, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 967.424, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 971.188, 'text': 'when we started to pursue humanoid robots,', 'start': 967.424, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 981.661, 'text': "there was so much complexity in that machine that one of the benefits of the humanoid form is you have some intuition about how it should look while it's moving.", 'start': 971.188, 'duration': 10.473}, {'end': 985.383, 'text': "And that's a little bit of an art, I think.", 'start': 982.982, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 992.925, 'text': "Or maybe it's just tapping into a knowledge that you have deep in your body and then trying to express that in the machine.", 'start': 985.823, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 996.727, 'text': "But that's an intuition that's a little bit more on the art side.", 'start': 993.165, 'duration': 3.562}], 'summary': 'Pursuing humanoid robots involves complexity, requiring intuitive artistry in movement design.', 'duration': 29.303, 'max_score': 967.424, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os967424.jpg'}, {'end': 1320.576, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1288.193, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1292.575, 'text': 'And getting that all to work well took such a long time.', 'start': 1288.193, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 1301.709, 'text': "In fact, I probably didn't really see the nice natural walking that I expected out of our humanoids until maybe last year.", 'start': 1292.635, 'duration': 9.074}, {'end': 1311.873, 'text': 'And the team was developing on our newer generation of Atlas, some new techniques for developing a walking control algorithm.', 'start': 1302.71, 'duration': 9.163}, {'end': 1320.576, 'text': 'And they got that natural looking motion as sort of a byproduct of just a different process they were applying to developing the control.', 'start': 1312.233, 'duration': 8.343}], 'summary': 'After a lengthy development process, natural walking in humanoids was achieved last year through new control algorithm techniques.', 'duration': 32.383, 'max_score': 1288.193, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1288193.jpg'}, {'end': 1449.212, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1423.95, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1438.465, 'text': "And so what's happened more recently is we're able to apply techniques that let us take the full physics of the robot into account and deal with some of those strange situations like the straight leg.", 'start': 1423.95, 'duration': 14.515}, {'end': 1445.169, 'text': "so is there a fundamental challenge here that it's, uh, maybe you can correct me, but is it under actuated?", 'start': 1439.065, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 1447.191, 'text': 'are you falling under actuated?', 'start': 1445.169, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 1448.272, 'text': 'is the right word right?', 'start': 1447.191, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 1449.212, 'text': "you can't.", 'start': 1448.272, 'duration': 0.94}], 'summary': 'Recent techniques enable accounting for full robot physics, addressing challenges like the straight leg.', 'duration': 25.262, 'max_score': 1423.95, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1423950.jpg'}, {'end': 1518.214, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1490.343, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1494.807, 'text': 'Is there some extra challenge to the fact that Atlas is such a big robot? There is.', 'start': 1490.343, 'duration': 4.464}, {'end': 1501.352, 'text': "The humanoid form is attractive in many ways, but it's also a challenge in many ways.", 'start': 1495.107, 'duration': 6.245}, {'end': 1507.277, 'text': 'You have this big upper body that has a lot of mass and inertia.', 'start': 1503.934, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 1513.222, 'text': 'And throwing that inertia around increases the complexity of maintaining balance.', 'start': 1508.758, 'duration': 4.464}, {'end': 1518.214, 'text': "And as soon as you pick up something heavy in your arms, you've made that problem even harder.", 'start': 1514.031, 'duration': 4.183}], 'summary': "Challenges of maintaining balance increase with atlas' big size and heavy arms.", 'duration': 27.871, 'max_score': 1490.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1490343.jpg'}, {'end': 1661.247, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1629.022, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1633.984, 'text': "And we also think this differentiates us from the other humanoid robot activities that you're seeing out there.", 'start': 1629.022, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 1637.886, 'text': "Mostly they're not picking stuff up yet, and not heavy stuff anyway.", 'start': 1634.324, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 1642.579, 'text': 'um, but just like you or me, you know you need to anticipate that moment.', 'start': 1639.037, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 1649.221, 'text': "you know you're reaching out to pick something up and as soon as you pick it up, your center of mass is going to shift and if you're going to,", 'start': 1642.579, 'duration': 6.642}, {'end': 1653.023, 'text': 'you know, turn in a circle, you have to take that inertia into account.', 'start': 1649.221, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 1661.247, 'text': "and if you're going to throw a thing, you know you've got, all of that has to be sort of included in in the model of what you're trying to do.", 'start': 1653.023, 'duration': 8.224}], 'summary': 'Humanoid robot can pick up and handle heavy objects, considering inertia and center of mass.', 'duration': 32.225, 'max_score': 1629.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1629022.jpg'}, {'end': 1726.659, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1694.969, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 1698.01, 'text': 'it used to be it took six months to do anything new, you know,', 'start': 1694.969, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 1704.708, 'text': "on the robot and and now we're starting to develop the tools that let us do that in a matter of days, and so We think that's really exciting.", 'start': 1698.01, 'duration': 6.698}, {'end': 1711.591, 'text': 'That means that the ability to create new behaviors for the robot is gonna be a quicker process.', 'start': 1704.748, 'duration': 6.843}, {'end': 1717.574, 'text': 'So being able to explicitly model new things that it might need to pick up, new types of things.', 'start': 1711.931, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 1726.659, 'text': "And to some degree, you don't wanna have to pay too much attention to each specific thing, right? There's sort of a generalization here.", 'start': 1717.654, 'duration': 9.005}], 'summary': 'Development time for new robot behaviors reduced from 6 months to days, enabling quicker creation of new behaviors and generalization.', 'duration': 31.69, 'max_score': 1694.969, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1694969.jpg'}, {'end': 1766.107, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1735.661, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1739.864, 'text': "But once it's in your hands, it's probably just the mass and inertia that matter.", 'start': 1735.661, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 1742.767, 'text': 'And the shape may not be as important.', 'start': 1740.105, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 1748.05, 'text': 'And so, in some ways, you wanna pay attention to that detailed shape.', 'start': 1743.527, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 1754.575, 'text': 'In others, you wanna generalize it and say well, all I really care about is the center of mass of this thing,', 'start': 1748.971, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 1756.677, 'text': "especially if I'm gonna throw it up on that scaffolding.", 'start': 1754.575, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 1758.765, 'text': "And it's easier if the body is rigid.", 'start': 1757.205, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 1766.107, 'text': "What if there's some, doesn't it throw like a sandbag type thing? That tool bag, you know, had loose stuff in it.", 'start': 1759.005, 'duration': 7.102}], 'summary': 'Focus on mass and inertia, shape may not matter. center of mass crucial for throwing on scaffolding.', 'duration': 30.446, 'max_score': 1735.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1735661.jpg'}], 'start': 675.69, 'title': 'Principles and challenges in robot control', 'summary': 'Delves into the importance of a principled approach to robot control, emphasizing simplifying principles, feedback control expertise, and the value of repairing robots. it also explores the interplay between art and science in robotics dynamics, focusing on achieving natural walking in humanoid robots over 10-15 years. additionally, it discusses the challenges of maintaining balance and manipulating heavy objects with the humanoid robot atlas, emphasizing the need for explicit modeling and quicker development of new behaviors.', 'chapters': [{'end': 911.686, 'start': 675.69, 'title': 'Principled approach to robot control', 'summary': 'Discusses the early days of boston dynamics, emphasizing the importance of a principled approach to building and controlling robots, including the use of simplifying principles, expertise in feedback control, and the value of breaking and repairing robots for progress.', 'duration': 235.996, 'highlights': ['The early days of Boston Dynamics involved working on a central simplifying principle for building and controlling robots, requiring real expertise in dynamics of motion and feedback control principles. Central simplifying principle, expertise in dynamics of motion and feedback control', 'Building a feedback control algorithm that could run in real time at a thousand Hertz was a significant challenge not commonly addressed by other groups at that time. Real-time feedback control algorithm running at a thousand Hertz', 'The approach to controlling robots is expected to change and become more broadly available. Anticipated change in approaches to controlling robots', 'The value of breaking, repairing, and testing robots as a core principle at Boston Dynamics, enabling fearless work and progress. Value of breaking, repairing, and testing robots, enabling fearless work', 'The psychological impact of breaking equipment and the importance of being able to repair and make unique parts, leading to an enabling feeling and fearlessness in experimentation. Psychological impact of breaking equipment, importance of repair and making unique parts']}, {'end': 1489.343, 'start': 912.126, 'title': 'Art and science in robotics dynamics', 'summary': 'Discusses the interplay between art and science in developing humanoid robots, focusing on the art of movement perception and the science of achieving natural-looking motion through physics-based principles and control algorithms, with a particular emphasis on the challenges and advancements in achieving natural walking in humanoid robots over 10-15 years.', 'duration': 577.217, 'highlights': ["Developing a natural-looking walking gait for humanoid robots took 10 to 15 years to achieve, with a breakthrough observed in the newer generation of Atlas, attributed to the team's application of new techniques for developing the walking control algorithm. 10-15 years to achieve natural-looking walking gait, breakthrough observed in newer generation of Atlas", 'Challenges in achieving natural walking include dealing with singular configurations of the straight leg, requiring complex mathematics and the application of techniques to incorporate the full physics of the robot into control algorithms. Challenges in dealing with singular configurations of the straight leg, application of techniques to incorporate full physics of the robot into control algorithms', 'The interplay of art and science in robotics involves tapping into intuition about movement perception and the application of scientific principles based on physics to achieve lifelike, elegant, and efficient motion in machines. Tapping into intuition about movement perception, application of scientific principles based on physics to achieve lifelike, elegant, and efficient motion in machines']}, {'end': 1758.765, 'start': 1490.343, 'title': 'Challenges of atlas robot', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of maintaining balance and manipulating heavy objects with the humanoid robot atlas, highlighting the need for explicit modeling and quicker development of new behaviors.', 'duration': 268.422, 'highlights': ['The humanoid form of Atlas poses challenges in maintaining balance due to its big upper body and heavy legs, making it a more complicated platform than quadruped robots.', 'The ability to explicitly model and anticipate the effects of picking up heavy objects is a significant advancement, allowing the robot to manipulate significant stuff, an appreciable portion of its body weight, and quickly develop new behaviors.', 'The tools developed by the team have enabled the creation of new motions for the robot in a matter of days, a process that used to take six months, leading to an exciting prospect of quicker behavior development.', 'Generalizing the modeling of objects to focus on mass, inertia, and center of mass rather than detailed shape is important for tasks such as throwing objects, highlighting the need for a balance between detailed attention and generalization.']}], 'duration': 1083.075, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os675690.jpg', 'highlights': ['Central simplifying principle, expertise in dynamics of motion and feedback control', 'Real-time feedback control algorithm running at a thousand Hertz', 'Anticipated change in approaches to controlling robots', 'Value of breaking, repairing, and testing robots, enabling fearless work', 'Psychological impact of breaking equipment, importance of repair and making unique parts', '10-15 years to achieve natural-looking walking gait, breakthrough observed in newer generation of Atlas', 'Challenges in dealing with singular configurations of the straight leg, application of techniques to incorporate full physics of the robot into control algorithms', 'Tapping into intuition about movement perception, application of scientific principles based on physics to achieve lifelike, elegant, and efficient motion in machines', 'The humanoid form of Atlas poses challenges in maintaining balance due to its big upper body and heavy legs', 'The ability to explicitly model and anticipate the effects of picking up heavy objects is a significant advancement', 'The tools developed by the team have enabled the creation of new motions for the robot in a matter of days', 'Generalizing the modeling of objects to focus on mass, inertia, and center of mass rather than detailed shape is important for tasks such as throwing objects']}, {'end': 2641.731, 'segs': [{'end': 1882.118, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1850.231, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1852.092, 'text': 'But then, you know, Atlas was able to do it.', 'start': 1850.231, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 1862.221, 'text': "We're now thinking about the next generation of Atlas, and we're probably going to be in the realm of a person can't do it with the next generation.", 'start': 1854.174, 'duration': 8.047}, {'end': 1868.346, 'text': 'The robots, the actuators, are going to get stronger, where it really is the case that at least some of these joints,', 'start': 1862.261, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 1869.707, 'text': 'some of these motions will be stronger.', 'start': 1868.346, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 1873.813, 'text': 'And to understand how high I can jump, you probably had to do quite a bit of testing.', 'start': 1870.231, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 1878.256, 'text': "Oh, yeah, and there's lots of videos of it trying and failing, and that's all.", 'start': 1874.273, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 1882.118, 'text': "We don't always release those videos, but they're a lot of fun to look at.", 'start': 1879.116, 'duration': 3.002}], 'summary': 'Next generation of atlas to have stronger robots and actuators, enabling higher performance.', 'duration': 31.887, 'max_score': 1850.231, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1850231.jpg'}, {'end': 1981.57, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1955.625, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1962.791, 'text': 'the robot essentially can think in advance for the next second or two about how its motion is going to transpire.', 'start': 1955.625, 'duration': 7.166}, {'end': 1967.775, 'text': 'And you can solve for optimal trajectories to get from A to B.', 'start': 1963.131, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 1970.016, 'text': 'So this is happening in a much more natural way.', 'start': 1967.775, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 1980.19, 'text': "And we're really seeing an acceleration happen in the development of these behaviors, again partly due to these optimization techniques,", 'start': 1970.076, 'duration': 10.114}, {'end': 1981.57, 'text': 'sometimes learning techniques.', 'start': 1980.19, 'duration': 1.38}], 'summary': 'Robot can think ahead for 1-2 seconds, optimizing trajectories and accelerating development of behaviors.', 'duration': 25.945, 'max_score': 1955.625, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1955625.jpg'}, {'end': 2080.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2054.967, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2060.213, 'text': 'given where i am now, maybe i took off a little bit screwy from how i had planned.', 'start': 2054.967, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 2061.214, 'text': 'i can adjust.', 'start': 2060.213, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 2064.097, 'text': "so you're adjusting in the air, just on the fly.", 'start': 2061.214, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 2069.683, 'text': 'so the the model predictive control, lets you adjust on the fly and of course i think this is what you know.', 'start': 2064.097, 'duration': 5.586}, {'end': 2078.19, 'text': "people adapt as well, we, we, when when we do it even a gymnastics trick, we try to set it up, so it's as close to the same every time.", 'start': 2069.683, 'duration': 8.507}, {'end': 2080.391, 'text': 'but we figured out how to do some adjustment on the fly.', 'start': 2078.19, 'duration': 2.201}], 'summary': 'Adapting mid-flight with model predictive control and human adjustment.', 'duration': 25.424, 'max_score': 2054.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2054967.jpg'}, {'end': 2181.446, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2144.744, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2146.225, 'text': 'We definitely broke a few robots trying.', 'start': 2144.744, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2151.328, 'text': "But that's where the build it, break it, fix it strategy comes in.", 'start': 2147.586, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 2152.449, 'text': "You've got to be willing to break.", 'start': 2151.348, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 2157.772, 'text': 'And what ends up happening is you end up, by breaking the robot repeatedly, you find the weak points.', 'start': 2152.849, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 2161.074, 'text': "And then you end up redesigning it so it doesn't break so easily next time.", 'start': 2158.152, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 2166.077, 'text': 'Through the breaking process, you learn a lot, like a lot of lessons.', 'start': 2162.215, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 2170.24, 'text': 'And you keep improving not just how to make the backflip work, but everything.', 'start': 2166.158, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 2171.501, 'text': 'And how to build the machine better.', 'start': 2170.36, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 2181.446, 'text': "I mean, is there something about just the guts to come up with an idea of saying you know what, let's try to make it to a backflip?", 'start': 2171.761, 'duration': 9.685}], 'summary': 'Breaking robots to find weak points leads to better redesign and improvement.', 'duration': 36.702, 'max_score': 2144.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2144744.jpg'}, {'end': 2357.572, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2303.176, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2310.338, 'text': 'Well, so there was a contest where a bunch of different robots were asked to do a series of tasks.', 'start': 2303.176, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 2317.48, 'text': 'some of those that you mentioned drive a vehicle, get out, open a door, go identify a valve, shut a valve,', 'start': 2310.338, 'duration': 7.142}, {'end': 2326.923, 'text': 'use a tool to maybe cut a hole in a surface and then crawl over some stairs and maybe some rough terrain.', 'start': 2317.48, 'duration': 9.443}, {'end': 2334.507, 'text': 'So it was, the idea was have a general purpose robot that could do lots of different things.', 'start': 2327.884, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 2340.19, 'text': 'Had to be mobility and manipulation on board perception.', 'start': 2337.329, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 2347.161, 'text': 'And there was a contest which DARPA likes at the time was running.', 'start': 2341.895, 'duration': 5.266}, {'end': 2354.288, 'text': "sort of follow on to the grand challenge which was let's try to push vehicle autonomy along right?", 'start': 2347.161, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 2357.572, 'text': 'They encourage people to build autonomous cars.', 'start': 2354.368, 'duration': 3.204}], 'summary': 'Robots in a darpa contest performed various tasks to test mobility and manipulation capabilities.', 'duration': 54.396, 'max_score': 2303.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2303176.jpg'}, {'end': 2551.219, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2524.951, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2531.733, 'text': "I think we all wanna build general purpose robots that can be used for lots of different activities, but it's hard.", 'start': 2524.951, 'duration': 6.782}, {'end': 2543.696, 'text': "And the wisdom in building successful robots up until this point have been go build a robot for a specific task and it'll do it very well.", 'start': 2532.253, 'duration': 11.443}, {'end': 2547.877, 'text': "And as long as you control that environment, it'll operate perfectly.", 'start': 2544.436, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 2551.219, 'text': 'But robots need to be able to deal with uncertainty.', 'start': 2548.877, 'duration': 2.342}], 'summary': 'Challenges in building general purpose robots to handle uncertainty.', 'duration': 26.268, 'max_score': 2524.951, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2524951.jpg'}], 'start': 1759.005, 'title': 'Atlas robot capabilities and robotics challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the capabilities of the atlas robot, including its ability to jump a meter high and perform backflips using model predictive control. it also emphasizes the challenges in creating general purpose robots, drawing lessons from the darpa robotics challenge and highlighting the importance of autonomous capabilities and adaptability to uncertainty in pushing the industry forward.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2144.143, 'start': 1759.005, 'title': 'Atlas: jumping and strength', 'summary': 'Discusses the capabilities of the atlas robot, including its jumping ability and strength, highlighting its ability to jump a meter high and the utilization of model predictive control to perform backflips.', 'duration': 385.138, 'highlights': ['The Atlas robot can jump a meter high, showcasing its strength and agility, and the next generation of Atlas is expected to surpass human capabilities in jumping.', 'The development of natural-looking behaviors, such as jumping and backflips, has rapidly evolved in the last few years, attributed to model predictive control techniques and optimization methods.', 'The utilization of model predictive control allows the robot to project and explore options in real-time, enabling it to adjust its movements mid-air, similar to how humans adapt during gymnastics tricks.']}, {'end': 2641.731, 'start': 2144.744, 'title': 'Robotics challenges and the quest for general purpose robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the lessons learned from the darpa robotics challenge, emphasizing the difficulty in creating general purpose robots and the importance of pushing the industry forward through autonomous capabilities, with a focus on the challenge tasks and the need for robots to adapt to uncertainty.', 'duration': 496.987, 'highlights': ['The DARPA Robotics Challenge involved humanoid robots completing various tasks, and the difficulty was highlighted by the fact that the tasks, which seem simple for humans, were extremely challenging for the robots, emphasizing the need for robots to adapt to uncertainty. DARPA Robotics Challenge, difficulty of tasks for robots, need for robots to adapt to uncertainty', 'The challenge aimed to push the industry forward by encouraging the creation of autonomous cars and general purpose robots, illustrating the importance of advancing technology in robotics. Pushing industry forward, creation of autonomous cars and general purpose robots', "The strategy of 'build it, break it, fix it' was employed to improve the robot's design by identifying weak points through the breaking process and redesigning to prevent future failures, demonstrating the iterative learning process in robotics. Iterative learning process, 'build it, break it, fix it' strategy, improving robot's design", 'The experience highlighted the challenge of building general purpose robots that can perform a wide variety of tasks, emphasizing the goal of creating robots capable of dealing with unexpected situations and uncertainties. Challenge of building general purpose robots, dealing with unexpected situations and uncertainties', 'Robots faced difficulties in simple tasks such as opening a door and driving a car, revealing the complexity of adapting robots to perform tasks that humans consider straightforward, indicating the need for robots to handle various circumstances. Difficulties in simple tasks for robots, need to handle various circumstances']}], 'duration': 882.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os1759005.jpg', 'highlights': ['The next generation of Atlas is expected to surpass human capabilities in jumping.', 'The development of natural-looking behaviors has rapidly evolved, attributed to model predictive control techniques.', 'The utilization of model predictive control allows the robot to adjust its movements mid-air, similar to how humans adapt during gymnastics tricks.', 'The DARPA Robotics Challenge aimed to push the industry forward by encouraging the creation of autonomous cars and general purpose robots.', "The strategy of 'build it, break it, fix it' was employed to improve the robot's design by identifying weak points through the breaking process.", 'The experience highlighted the challenge of building general purpose robots that can perform a wide variety of tasks, emphasizing the goal of creating robots capable of dealing with unexpected situations and uncertainties.', 'Robots faced difficulties in simple tasks such as opening a door and driving a car, revealing the complexity of adapting robots to perform tasks that humans consider straightforward.']}, {'end': 3123.387, 'segs': [{'end': 2720.029, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2691.524, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2694.726, 'text': 'you like to run things typically at around a thousand Hertz,', 'start': 2691.524, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 2702.309, 'text': "which means that you know at each joint of the robot you're measuring position or force and then trying to control your actuator,", 'start': 2694.726, 'duration': 7.583}, {'end': 2707.252, 'text': "whether it's a hydraulic or electric motor trying to control the force coming out of that actuator.", 'start': 2702.309, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 2711.634, 'text': 'And you want to do that really fast, something like a thousand Hertz.', 'start': 2707.632, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 2715.596, 'text': "And that means you can't have too much calculation going on at that joint.", 'start': 2711.734, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 2720.029, 'text': "But that's pretty manageable these days, and it's fairly common.", 'start': 2716.988, 'duration': 3.041}], 'summary': 'Robots typically run at around 1000 hertz, measuring position or force at each joint, controlling actuators fast, with manageable calculations.', 'duration': 28.505, 'max_score': 2691.524, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2691524.jpg'}, {'end': 2784.002, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2761.714, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2770.458, 'text': 'And the amount of calculation we can do is increasing as computers get better, which means we can start to do more sophisticated calculations.', 'start': 2761.714, 'duration': 8.744}, {'end': 2780.821, 'text': 'I can have a more complex model doing my forward prediction, and that might allow me to do even better predictions as I get better and better.', 'start': 2770.638, 'duration': 10.183}, {'end': 2784.002, 'text': 'And it used to be again 10 years ago.', 'start': 2781.361, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Improved computing power enables more sophisticated calculations and better predictions.', 'duration': 22.288, 'max_score': 2761.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2761714.jpg'}, {'end': 2840.587, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2811.563, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2814.446, 'text': 'So how many computers are on there?', 'start': 2811.563, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 2815.747, 'text': 'Is there a nice pipeline?', 'start': 2814.566, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2826.117, 'text': "It's an important part of building a team around it, which means, you know, You need to also have software tools, simulation tools.", 'start': 2816.328, 'duration': 9.789}, {'end': 2837.605, 'text': 'So we have always made strong use of physics-based simulation tools to do some of this calculation.', 'start': 2826.237, 'duration': 11.368}, {'end': 2840.587, 'text': 'basically, test it in simulation before you put it on the robot.', 'start': 2837.605, 'duration': 2.982}], 'summary': 'Using physics-based simulation tools for testing and building a team around it.', 'duration': 29.024, 'max_score': 2811.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2811563.jpg'}, {'end': 2974.16, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2928.238, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2932.884, 'text': 'but we ended up with some nice physics-based simulation tools so that when we started doing legged robotics again,', 'start': 2928.238, 'duration': 4.646}, {'end': 2934.306, 'text': 'we had a really nice tool to work with.', 'start': 2932.884, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 2943.887, 'text': "And the things we paid attention to were things that weren't necessarily handled very well in the commercial tools you could buy off the shelf,", 'start': 2935.282, 'duration': 8.605}, {'end': 2947.008, 'text': 'like interaction with the world, like foot ground contact.', 'start': 2943.887, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 2958.054, 'text': 'So trying to model those contact events well in a way that captured the important parts of the interaction.', 'start': 2947.448, 'duration': 10.606}, {'end': 2967.756, 'text': 'was a really important element to get right and to also do in a way that was computationally feasible and could run fast.', 'start': 2959.411, 'duration': 8.345}, {'end': 2974.16, 'text': 'Because if your simulation runs too slow, then your developers are sitting around waiting for stuff to run and compile.', 'start': 2967.876, 'duration': 6.284}], 'summary': 'Developed physics-based simulation tools for legged robotics, focusing on interaction with the world and foot-ground contact to ensure computational feasibility and speed.', 'duration': 45.922, 'max_score': 2928.238, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2928238.jpg'}, {'end': 3029.283, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3002.108, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3006.671, 'text': "because don't you want to model all kinds of surfaces? Yeah.", 'start': 3002.108, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 3011.493, 'text': "So it will be even more complex with manipulation, because there's a lot more going on.", 'start': 3006.931, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 3013.695, 'text': 'you know, and you need to capture.', 'start': 3011.493, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 3018.577, 'text': "I don't know things slipping and moving, you know, in your hand.", 'start': 3013.695, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 3029.283, 'text': "It's a level of complexity that I think goes above foot ground contact when you really start doing dexterous manipulation.", 'start': 3020.819, 'duration': 8.464}], 'summary': 'Modeling complex surfaces for dexterous manipulation is more challenging than foot ground contact.', 'duration': 27.175, 'max_score': 3002.108, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os3002108.jpg'}, {'end': 3102.179, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3080.31, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3090.294, 'text': "And we did this great video of the robot walking in the sand, walking into the ocean up to, I don't know, its belly or something like that.", 'start': 3080.31, 'duration': 9.984}, {'end': 3094.195, 'text': 'And then turning around and walking out, all while playing some cool beach music.', 'start': 3090.334, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 3099.418, 'text': "Great show, but then, you know, we didn't really clean the robot off and the salt water was really hard on it.", 'start': 3094.956, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 3102.179, 'text': 'So, you know, we put it in a box, shipped it back.', 'start': 3099.478, 'duration': 2.701}], 'summary': 'Robot walked into ocean, got damaged by salt water, shipped back in box.', 'duration': 21.869, 'max_score': 3080.31, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os3080310.jpg'}], 'start': 2642.031, 'title': 'Challenges in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges in robotics, including real-time control and prediction at fast rates like a thousand hertz, and developing realistic physics-based simulation tools for legged robotics, emphasizing accurate modeling and simulating dexterous manipulation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2884.646, 'start': 2642.031, 'title': 'Real-time control and prediction in robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of running real-time control loops in robotics, such as the need to predict and update at fast rates like a thousand hertz, and the increasing computational capabilities enabling more sophisticated predictions and software development pipelines.', 'duration': 242.615, 'highlights': ['Real-time control in robotics requires fast prediction and update rates, such as running at a thousand Hertz, to handle changing scenarios effectively.', 'The increasing computational capabilities allow for more sophisticated predictions in robotics, as computers can handle more complex models for forward prediction.', 'The software development pipeline for robotics involves using physics-based simulation tools to test and develop code, with the goal of ensuring the same code runs in simulation and on the hardware.', 'The need to manage computer time and shared resources becomes crucial in real-time control and prediction, especially when multiple developers are working on a limited number of robots.']}, {'end': 3123.387, 'start': 2885.066, 'title': 'Challenges in physics-based simulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of developing realistic physics-based simulation tools for legged robotics, emphasizing the importance of accurately modeling interaction with the world and the complexity involved in simulating dexterous manipulation.', 'duration': 238.321, 'highlights': ['The development of physics-based simulation tools for legged robotics was rooted in MIT, and despite initial commercial failure, the company ended up with effective tools for modeling interaction with the world and foot-ground contact. MIT was the starting point for developing physics-based simulation tools; despite being unsuccessful commercially, the company obtained effective tools for modeling interaction with the world and foot-ground contact.', 'Efforts were focused on accurately modeling contact events, especially foot-ground contact, in a computationally feasible and efficient manner, to ensure fast simulation runs for developers. The focus was on accurately modeling contact events, especially foot-ground contact, in a computationally feasible and efficient manner, to ensure fast simulation runs for developers.', 'The complexity involved in simulating dexterous manipulation poses additional challenges compared to foot-ground contact, requiring the capture of slipping and moving objects, adding to the level of complexity. Simulating dexterous manipulation is more complex than foot-ground contact, requiring the capture of slipping and moving objects, adding to the level of complexity.', 'Previous experience with Big Dog walking on the sand and into the ocean resulted in corrosion issues due to saltwater exposure, highlighting the need to address environmental challenges in robot design. Previous experience with Big Dog walking on the sand and into the ocean resulted in corrosion issues due to saltwater exposure, highlighting the need to address environmental challenges in robot design.']}], 'duration': 481.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os2642031.jpg', 'highlights': ['Real-time control in robotics requires fast prediction and update rates, such as running at a thousand Hertz, to handle changing scenarios effectively.', 'The increasing computational capabilities allow for more sophisticated predictions in robotics, as computers can handle more complex models for forward prediction.', 'The software development pipeline for robotics involves using physics-based simulation tools to test and develop code, with the goal of ensuring the same code runs in simulation and on the hardware.', 'The need to manage computer time and shared resources becomes crucial in real-time control and prediction, especially when multiple developers are working on a limited number of robots.', 'Efforts were focused on accurately modeling contact events, especially foot-ground contact, in a computationally feasible and efficient manner, to ensure fast simulation runs for developers.', 'The complexity involved in simulating dexterous manipulation poses additional challenges compared to foot-ground contact, requiring the capture of slipping and moving objects, adding to the level of complexity.', 'Previous experience with Big Dog walking on the sand and into the ocean resulted in corrosion issues due to saltwater exposure, highlighting the need to address environmental challenges in robot design.', 'The development of physics-based simulation tools for legged robotics was rooted in MIT, and despite initial commercial failure, the company ended up with effective tools for modeling interaction with the world and foot-ground contact.']}, {'end': 4853.472, 'segs': [{'end': 4109.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4085.927, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4094.153, 'text': 'And we thought that was important for us to continue learning about really what was the important parts of that make robots work.', 'start': 4085.927, 'duration': 8.226}, {'end': 4100.028, 'text': 'And so there was a little bit of a philosophical difference there.', 'start': 4096.546, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 4109.27, 'text': "And so ultimately, that's why we're building robots for the industrial sector now, because the industry can afford a more expensive machine,", 'start': 4100.848, 'duration': 8.422}], 'summary': 'Exploring important aspects of robot functionality, leading to focus on building robots for the industrial sector due to affordability.', 'duration': 23.343, 'max_score': 4085.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4085927.jpg'}, {'end': 4177.528, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4155.174, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4165.479, 'text': 'But how interesting, how challenging of a thing is that? In particular, probably new to an R&D company.', 'start': 4155.174, 'duration': 10.305}, {'end': 4167.18, 'text': "Yeah, I'm glad you brought that last part up.", 'start': 4165.738, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 4171.423, 'text': 'The transition from an R&D company to a commercial company.', 'start': 4167.819, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 4177.528, 'text': "that's the thing you worry about, you know, because you've got these engineers who love hard problems, who want to figure out how to make robots work.", 'start': 4171.423, 'duration': 6.105}], 'summary': 'Transitioning from r&d to commercial poses challenges for engineers in an r&d company.', 'duration': 22.354, 'max_score': 4155.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4155174.jpg'}, {'end': 4406.804, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4380.289, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4383.791, 'text': 'What about some of the cost cutting from the manufacturer side?', 'start': 4380.289, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 4389.415, 'text': 'What have you learned from the manufacturer side of the transition from R&D?', 'start': 4384.011, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 4390.896, 'text': "And we're still learning a lot there.", 'start': 4389.435, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 4395.36, 'text': "We're learning how to cast parts instead of mill it all out of billet aluminum.", 'start': 4391.837, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 4406.804, 'text': "We're learning how to get plastic molded parts and we're learning about how to control that process so that you can build the same robot twice in a row.", 'start': 4398.481, 'duration': 8.323}], 'summary': 'Transitioning to cost-effective manufacturing methods, including casting and plastic molding, to ensure consistent robot production.', 'duration': 26.515, 'max_score': 4380.289, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4380289.jpg'}, {'end': 4439.648, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4416.447, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4423.909, 'text': "It's about a mile from our headquarters, and we're doing final assembly and tests of both spots and stretches at that factory.", 'start': 4416.447, 'duration': 7.462}, {'end': 4431.06, 'text': "And it's hard because, to be honest, we're still iterating on the design of the robot.", 'start': 4427.176, 'duration': 3.884}, {'end': 4435.624, 'text': 'As we find failures from these reliability tests, we need to go engineer changes.', 'start': 4431.14, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 4439.648, 'text': 'And those changes need to now be propagated to the manufacturing line.', 'start': 4436.225, 'duration': 3.423}], 'summary': 'Final assembly and tests of robots done within a mile from headquarters, facing design iterations and reliability test failures.', 'duration': 23.201, 'max_score': 4416.447, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4416447.jpg'}, {'end': 4617.074, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4587.982, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4594.485, 'text': "If you ask what's the hard problem in the next 10 years, it's getting a mobile robot to do useful manipulation for you.", 'start': 4587.982, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 4600.229, 'text': 'And so we wanted Spot to have an arm to experiment with those problems.', 'start': 4595.406, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 4611.732, 'text': "And the arm is almost as complex as the robot itself, and it's an attachable payload.", 'start': 4602.689, 'duration': 9.043}, {'end': 4617.074, 'text': 'It has several motors and actuators and sensors.', 'start': 4613.633, 'duration': 3.441}], 'summary': 'In the next 10 years, the hard problem is getting a mobile robot to perform useful manipulation, and spot has an attachable arm with several motors, actuators, and sensors.', 'duration': 29.092, 'max_score': 4587.982, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4587982.jpg'}], 'start': 3123.567, 'title': 'Boston dynamics robotics challenges and innovations', 'summary': 'Discusses the robotics challenges faced by boston dynamics, including walking on loose rock surfaces and human tendency to anthropomorphize robots, as well as the development of legged robots, building robots for the industrial sector, and the challenges of transitioning to manufacturing.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3353.834, 'start': 3123.567, 'title': 'Boston dynamics robotics challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the robotics challenges faced by boston dynamics, including the difficulty of walking on loose rock surfaces and the human tendency to anthropomorphize robots, while acknowledging their limited intelligence capabilities.', 'duration': 230.267, 'highlights': ["Developing Big Dog faced challenges in walking over loose rock surfaces due to the rock's ability to roll, requiring last-minute foot placement changes. In the early days of developing Big Dog, the loose rock was the epitome of the hard walking surface, because you step down and then the rock and you had these little point feet on the robot and the rock can roll.", "Boston Dynamics built rock piles in parking lots and used boxes of rocks in the lab to test robots' ability to walk across uneven surfaces. The company would actually build boxes full of rocks and bring them into the lab. And then we would have the robots walking across these boxes of rocks because that became the essential test.", "Acknowledging the human tendency to anthropomorphize robots due to their organic movement and dynamics, despite their limited intelligence capabilities. We tend to want to identify with them. We tend to look at them and sort of attribute maybe feeling to that because we've only seen things that move like this that were alive."]}, {'end': 3921.197, 'start': 3354.694, 'title': 'Enhancing interaction with legged robots', 'summary': "Discusses the development of legged robots at boston dynamics, highlighting the importance of legged locomotion and the ability to communicate emotion, while also emphasizing the company's focus on making robots usable for humans and the success of legged robot projects.", 'duration': 566.503, 'highlights': ['The development of legged robots at Boston Dynamics, emphasizing the importance of legged locomotion and the ability to communicate emotion. The chapter discusses the significance of legged locomotion in robots, showcasing the development of robots that can communicate emotions through body movement, similar to how dogs do, but in a robust way.', "The company's focus on making robots usable for humans and the success of legged robot projects. Boston Dynamics emphasizes the importance of making robots useful for humans, particularly in complex facilities, and highlights the success of their legged robot projects, with approximately a thousand robots already deployed with customers.", 'The rough start and development process of Big Dog, the first quadruped robot by Boston Dynamics. The chapter details the challenges faced during the development of Big Dog, including the rough transition from being a simulation company to building a robot, using off-the-shelf engines for power, and overcoming obstacles to achieve remarkable performance on rough terrain over the years.']}, {'end': 4380.069, 'start': 3923.238, 'title': 'Building robots for industrial sector', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition from an r&d company to a commercial company, focusing on building high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective robots for the industrial sector, with a focus on spot robot, as well as the challenges and progress in achieving reliability through extensive testing.', 'duration': 456.831, 'highlights': ['The transition from an R&D company to a commercial company is a significant challenge, requiring a focus on building high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective robots for the industrial sector, with a focus on Spot robot. Cost is a crucial factor as consumer-level products need to be affordable, potentially costing a few thousand dollars, while the current machines cost hundreds of thousands to a million dollars.', 'Extensive testing is crucial for achieving reliability, as seen in the case of Spot robots programmed to do autonomous missions, accruing around 1500-2000 kilometers of walking and over a thousand hours of operation every week, which is essential for ensuring reliability and performance in industrial settings.', 'The chapter also explores the philosophy of building the best hardware for learning about the essential parts that make robots work and the challenges in transitioning from solving hard engineering problems to focusing on quality, reliability, and cost required for commercial success.', 'The chapter discusses the challenges of bringing down the cost of a robot, particularly when attempting to build at scale and make a profit in the industrial setting, highlighting the need for engineers to focus on quality, reliability, and cost, along with solving hard engineering problems.', 'Larry Page, during the meetings, emphasized the importance of developing products for everyday use, such as a consumer-level product that would work in houses, requiring a shift in focus towards cost and manufacturability alongside solving hard problems.', 'The chapter also touches upon the development of SPOT, involving the exploration of migrating to a smaller electrically actuated robot, which led to the genesis of SPOT, as a response to the need for a smaller, electrically actuated robot as opposed to hydraulically actuated ones.']}, {'end': 4853.472, 'start': 4380.289, 'title': 'Challenges of transitioning to manufacturing', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of transitioning from r&d to manufacturing, including learning about cost-cutting measures, setting up a manufacturing facility, iterating on the robot design, contemplating a next generation machine, and the complexity of adding an arm to spot. the chapter also highlights the potential for autonomous manipulation tasks and the use of spot in operating high-powered breaker switches.', 'duration': 473.183, 'highlights': ['The challenges of transitioning from R&D to manufacturing include learning about cost-cutting measures, such as casting parts instead of milling them from billet aluminum and getting plastic molded parts, and the difficulty of controlling the manufacturing process to ensure consistency in building the same robot. Learning about cost-cutting measures, such as casting parts instead of milling them from billet aluminum and getting plastic molded parts, and the difficulty of controlling the manufacturing process to ensure consistency in building the same robot.', 'Setting up a manufacturing facility in Wolf M for final assembly and testing of Spot and Stretch robots, and the complexities of iterating on the robot design and propagating engineering changes to the manufacturing line. Setting up a manufacturing facility in Wolf M for final assembly and testing of Spot and Stretch robots, and the complexities of iterating on the robot design and propagating engineering changes to the manufacturing line.', 'Contemplating building a next generation of Spot that is more focused on specific use cases, such as monitoring factories, and the potential for a simpler and more reliable machine for those applications. Contemplating building a next generation of Spot that is more focused on specific use cases, such as monitoring factories, and the potential for a simpler and more reliable machine for those applications.', 'The complexity of adding an arm to Spot for mobile manipulation, the autonomous capabilities of the arm, and the potential for the next version of the software to offer autonomous manipulation tasks, such as opening doors. The complexity of adding an arm to Spot for mobile manipulation, the autonomous capabilities of the arm, and the potential for the next version of the software to offer autonomous manipulation tasks, such as opening doors.', 'The use of Spot in operating high-powered breaker switches for tasks that pose potential danger to humans, and the automation of these tasks to enhance safety and efficiency. The use of Spot in operating high-powered breaker switches for tasks that pose potential danger to humans, and the automation of these tasks to enhance safety and efficiency.']}], 'duration': 1729.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os3123567.jpg', 'highlights': ['The transition from an R&D company to a commercial company is a significant challenge, requiring a focus on building high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective robots for the industrial sector, with a focus on Spot robot.', 'The chapter also explores the philosophy of building the best hardware for learning about the essential parts that make robots work and the challenges in transitioning from solving hard engineering problems to focusing on quality, reliability, and cost required for commercial success.', 'The challenges of transitioning from R&D to manufacturing include learning about cost-cutting measures, such as casting parts instead of milling them from billet aluminum and getting plastic molded parts, and the difficulty of controlling the manufacturing process to ensure consistency in building the same robot.', 'Setting up a manufacturing facility in Wolf M for final assembly and testing of Spot and Stretch robots, and the complexities of iterating on the robot design and propagating engineering changes to the manufacturing line.', 'The complexity of adding an arm to Spot for mobile manipulation, the autonomous capabilities of the arm, and the potential for the next version of the software to offer autonomous manipulation tasks, such as opening doors.']}, {'end': 6112.046, 'segs': [{'end': 5195.926, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5168.645, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5174.508, 'text': 'We need to be at a thousand a year, maybe, maybe 1500 a year, you know, for that sort of part of the business.', 'start': 5168.645, 'duration': 5.863}, {'end': 5176.629, 'text': 'So it still needs to grow.', 'start': 5175.308, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 5179.43, 'text': "Um, but, but we're on a good path.", 'start': 5176.649, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 5181.311, 'text': "So I think that's totally achievable.", 'start': 5179.53, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 5185.633, 'text': 'So the application should require crossing that thousand robot barrier.', 'start': 5181.511, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 5186.273, 'text': 'It really should.', 'start': 5185.813, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 5190.275, 'text': 'Yeah I want to mention, you know, our second robot, uh, stretch.', 'start': 5186.953, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 5191.964, 'text': 'Yeah, tell me about Stretch.', 'start': 5190.563, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5195.926, 'text': "What's Stretch? Who is Stretch? Stretch started differently than Spot.", 'start': 5192.004, 'duration': 3.922}], 'summary': 'Targeting 1000-1500 robots per year, on a good path for growth, aiming to cross 1000 robot barrier, introducing second robot stretch.', 'duration': 27.281, 'max_score': 5168.645, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5168645.jpg'}, {'end': 5258.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5230.784, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5236.007, 'text': "By some estimates, we think there's a trillion boxes, cardboard boxes shipped around the world each year.", 'start': 5230.784, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 5237.328, 'text': "And a lot of it's done manually.", 'start': 5236.087, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 5244.051, 'text': 'It became clear early on that there was an opportunity for a mobile robot in here to move boxes around.', 'start': 5238.248, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 5249.58, 'text': 'And the commercial experience has been very different between Stretch and with Spot.', 'start': 5245.066, 'duration': 4.514}, {'end': 5258.904, 'text': "As soon as we started talking to people, potential customers, about what Stretch was gonna be used for, they immediately started saying oh, I'll buy,", 'start': 5250.481, 'duration': 8.423}], 'summary': 'An estimated trillion cardboard boxes are manually handled globally, presenting an opportunity for a mobile robot to move them.', 'duration': 28.12, 'max_score': 5230.784, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5230784.jpg'}, {'end': 5315.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5270.387, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5275.469, 'text': 'So our first deliveries of Stretch to customers were DHL and Maersk in January.', 'start': 5270.387, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 5277.99, 'text': "We're delivering to Gap right now.", 'start': 5275.929, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 5285.197, 'text': "And we have about seven or eight other customers, all who've already agreed in advance to buy between 10 and 20 robots.", 'start': 5278.63, 'duration': 6.567}, {'end': 5288.6, 'text': "And so we've already got commitments for a couple hundred of these robots.", 'start': 5285.517, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 5293.304, 'text': "This one's gonna go, right? It's so obvious that there's a need.", 'start': 5290.161, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 5295.509, 'text': "And we're not just going to unload trucks.", 'start': 5294.048, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 5297.931, 'text': "We're going to do any box moving task in the warehouse.", 'start': 5295.549, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 5307.299, 'text': "And so it too will be a multi-purpose robot and we'll eventually have it doing palletizing or depalletizing or loading trucks or unloading trucks.", 'start': 5297.991, 'duration': 9.308}, {'end': 5310.041, 'text': "There's definitely thousands of robots.", 'start': 5308.44, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 5313.444, 'text': "There's probably tens of thousands of robots of this in the future.", 'start': 5310.081, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 5315.085, 'text': "So it's going to be profitable.", 'start': 5313.504, 'duration': 1.581}], 'summary': 'Delivered to dhl and maersk in january, gap currently, 7-8 customers, committed to 10-20 robots each, targeting hundreds of robots, potential for thousands or tens of thousands in the future, aiming for profitability.', 'duration': 44.698, 'max_score': 5270.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5270387.jpg'}, {'end': 5678.253, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5646.531, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5649.712, 'text': 'And so we see this as ultimately a benefit to them as well.', 'start': 5646.531, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 5653.753, 'text': 'Can you say how much Stretch costs??', 'start': 5651.712, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 5666.341, 'text': "Not yet, but I will say that when we engage with our customers, they'll be able to see a return on investment in typically two years.", 'start': 5656.769, 'duration': 9.572}, {'end': 5669.145, 'text': "Okay, so that's something that you're constantly thinking about, how..", 'start': 5666.702, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 5672.709, 'text': 'And I suppose you have to do the same kind of thinking with Spot.', 'start': 5670.467, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 5678.253, 'text': 'So it seems like with Stretch, the application is directly obvious.', 'start': 5672.789, 'duration': 5.464}], 'summary': 'Stretch provides roi typically in two years, making it a direct benefit to customers.', 'duration': 31.722, 'max_score': 5646.531, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5646531.jpg'}, {'end': 5716.048, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5689.362, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5698.178, 'text': 'Well, let me return to that question about maybe the conversation you were having earlier, a while ago, with Larry Page.', 'start': 5689.362, 'duration': 8.816}, {'end': 5706.363, 'text': 'maybe looking to the longer future of social robotics, of using Spot to connect with human beings, perhaps in the home.', 'start': 5698.178, 'duration': 8.185}, {'end': 5716.048, 'text': 'Do you see a future there? If we were to sort of hypothesize or dream about a future where Spot-like robots are in the home as pets, social robots.', 'start': 5706.723, 'duration': 9.325}], 'summary': 'Exploring the potential of spot-like robots for social interaction in homes.', 'duration': 26.686, 'max_score': 5689.362, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5689362.jpg'}, {'end': 5765.281, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5739.822, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5744.945, 'text': 'Performance first, right? The principle of the company has always been really make the robots do useful stuff.', 'start': 5739.822, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 5755.514, 'text': "And so, you know, the social robot companies that tried to start someplace else by just making a cute interaction, mostly they haven't survived.", 'start': 5745.785, 'duration': 9.729}, {'end': 5761.578, 'text': 'And so we think the utility really needs to come first.', 'start': 5757.055, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 5765.281, 'text': 'And that means you have to solve some of these hard problems.', 'start': 5761.959, 'duration': 3.322}], 'summary': 'Company prioritizes performance and utility to solve hard problems, ensuring survival in social robot industry.', 'duration': 25.459, 'max_score': 5739.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5739822.jpg'}, {'end': 5909.561, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5884.913, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5892.159, 'text': "There's something about just having interacted with them and maybe because I'm hanging out alone with robot dogs a little too much,", 'start': 5884.913, 'duration': 7.246}, {'end': 5899.445, 'text': "but there's a connection there and it feels like that connection should not be disregarded.", 'start': 5892.159, 'duration': 7.286}, {'end': 5902.408, 'text': 'No, it should not be disregarded.', 'start': 5899.465, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 5909.561, 'text': "robots that can somehow communicate through their physical gestures, you're gonna be more attached to in the long run.", 'start': 5903.419, 'duration': 6.142}], 'summary': 'Interacting with robot dogs creates a strong connection that should not be disregarded.', 'duration': 24.648, 'max_score': 5884.913, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os5884913.jpg'}, {'end': 6089.075, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6066.394, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 6076.991, 'text': "when a generative AI can give you that warm feeling that you connected and that, oh yeah, you remember me, you're my friend, we have a history.", 'start': 6066.394, 'duration': 10.597}, {'end': 6082.29, 'text': 'You know, that history matters, right? Memory of, yeah.', 'start': 6078.226, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 6089.075, 'text': "Having witnessed, that's what friendship, that's what connection, that's what love is in many cases.", 'start': 6083.43, 'duration': 5.645}], 'summary': 'Generative ai can create a warm, connected feeling, enhancing friendships and memories.', 'duration': 22.681, 'max_score': 6066.394, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6066394.jpg'}], 'start': 4854.193, 'title': 'Robotics in various industries', 'summary': "Discusses the deployment of robots in different industries, including chip fabs, electric utilities, and warehouses, with a specific focus on the success and potential of the mobile robot 'stretch' in warehouse automation, which already has commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5147.397, 'start': 4854.193, 'title': 'Robotics in industrial automation', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of robots in industrial automation, including the challenges faced by robotics companies, the process of making money as a robotics company, and the focus on industrial monitoring applications with specific examples like preventing shutdowns in a beer factory.', 'duration': 293.204, 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics has succeeded by finding applications broad enough to sell thousands of robots, as selling hundreds would lead to commercial failure. Boston Dynamics' focus on finding applications broad enough to sell thousands of robots to avoid commercial failure.", "The company is focusing on industrial monitoring applications such as using thermal cameras to prevent overheating, acoustic imagers to find compressed air leaks, and visual cameras to read gauges. Boston Dynamics' emphasis on industrial monitoring applications, including using various technologies to prevent shutdowns in factory environments.", 'The chapter mentions the challenge of building robots at a low enough cost and making them sufficiently useful for customers, highlighting the difficulty faced by robotics companies. The challenges faced by robotics companies in building cost-effective and useful robots for customers.', 'The discussion includes the motivation behind working on automation tasks, not solely for commercial gain but also to solve challenging problems and develop advanced technology. Emphasis on the motivation to work on automation tasks to solve challenging problems and develop advanced technology, beyond commercial gain.']}, {'end': 5334.634, 'start': 5147.397, 'title': 'Robotics in various industries', 'summary': "Discusses the deployment of robots in different industries including chip fabs, electric utilities, and warehouses, with a specific focus on the success and potential of the mobile robot 'stretch' in warehouse automation, as it already has commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future.", 'duration': 187.237, 'highlights': ["The mobile robot 'Stretch' has already received commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future. The mobile robot 'Stretch' has already received commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future.", "The success of 'Stretch' is evident as it has already started shipping to customers such as DHL and Maersk, with about seven or eight other customers already agreed in advance to buy between 10 and 20 robots each. The success of 'Stretch' is evident as it has already started shipping to customers such as DHL and Maersk, with about seven or eight other customers already agreed in advance to buy between 10 and 20 robots each.", "The potential for profitability is highlighted with the statement that 'there's definitely thousands of robots, probably tens of thousands of robots of this in the future.' The potential for profitability is highlighted with the statement that 'there's definitely thousands of robots, probably tens of thousands of robots of this in the future.'", 'The need for growth is emphasized, with the target of reaching a thousand to maybe 1500 robots a year for a specific part of the business. The need for growth is emphasized, with the target of reaching a thousand to maybe 1500 robots a year for a specific part of the business.']}, {'end': 5646.451, 'start': 5334.654, 'title': 'Evolution of balancing robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of balancing robots at the company, including the creation of a non-balancing robot called handle and the development of stretch, a mobile robot arm capable of carrying or placing a 50-pound box in a warehouse, leading to increased productivity and the transition of manual laborers to robot operators.', 'duration': 311.797, 'highlights': ['The development of a non-balancing robot called Handle and the subsequent creation of Stretch, a mobile robot arm capable of carrying or placing a 50-pound box in a warehouse, have led to increased productivity and the transition of manual laborers to robot operators. Development of Handle and Stretch, capability of Stretch to carry or place a 50-pound box in a warehouse, increased productivity, transition of manual laborers to robot operators', 'The decision to build Stretch was driven by the need to create a business that could make money in the long run, indicating a shift from pursuing purely mathematical or curiosity-driven endeavors to practical and profitable solutions. Decision to build Stretch, shift towards practical and profitable solutions', 'The initial concept of Handle, a balancing robot with a big long arm and a tail for additional counterbalance, was deemed inefficient for a logistics application due to its slow speed and inability to pick boxes fast enough. Inefficiency of initial Handle concept for logistics application, slow speed, inability to pick boxes fast enough']}, {'end': 5834.689, 'start': 5646.531, 'title': 'Future of social robotics', 'summary': "Discusses the future of social robotics, emphasizing the company's focus on industrial applications before entering the consumer market, highlighting the importance of performance and safety, and addressing the potential for spot-like robots in the home.", 'duration': 188.158, 'highlights': ['The company emphasizes the importance of performance and utility in social robotics, prioritizing useful functionalities over cute interactions, with a focus on industrial applications before mass manufacturing and potential consumer market entry.', 'The company envisions a future where Spot-like robots could be in the home, potentially serving as social robots or performing tasks such as getting a beer, but acknowledges the need to address safety concerns, especially when interacting with children, before targeting the consumer market.', "The chapter highlights the company's approach to social robotics, emphasizing the need to solve hard problems related to safety, interaction with humans, and utility before considering consumer-level products, indicating a focus on industrial applications and gradual progression towards a consumer market entry."]}, {'end': 6112.046, 'start': 5836.178, 'title': 'Future of consumer level robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the broad capabilities and potential applications of consumer level robots, touching on tasks, emotional connections, and the potential for conversational ai integration, emphasizing the importance of utility and emotional connection in creating meaningful interaction with robots.', 'duration': 275.868, 'highlights': ['Emphasizing the importance of utility and emotional connection in creating meaningful interaction with robots, such as getting a beer, cleaning dishes, and forming emotional connections similar to a pet or a friend.', 'The potential for conversational AI integration, foreseeing a future where generative AI can create warm, meaningful connections and shared memories with users, addressing deep loneliness and providing companionship.', 'The broad capabilities and potential applications of consumer level robots, including tasks like differentiating between beverages, cleaning, and forming emotional connections, highlighting the complexity of these tasks and the work still to be done in this field.']}], 'duration': 1257.853, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os4854193.jpg', 'highlights': ["The mobile robot 'Stretch' has already received commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future.", "The potential for profitability is highlighted with the statement that 'there's definitely thousands of robots, probably tens of thousands of robots of this in the future.'", 'The need for growth is emphasized, with the target of reaching a thousand to maybe 1500 robots a year for a specific part of the business.', 'Development of Handle and Stretch, capability of Stretch to carry or place a 50-pound box in a warehouse, increased productivity, transition of manual laborers to robot operators', 'The decision to build Stretch was driven by the need to create a business that could make money in the long run, indicating a shift from pursuing purely mathematical or curiosity-driven endeavors to practical and profitable solutions.', 'The company emphasizes the importance of performance and utility in social robotics, prioritizing useful functionalities over cute interactions, with a focus on industrial applications before mass manufacturing and potential consumer market entry.', 'The company envisions a future where Spot-like robots could be in the home, potentially serving as social robots or performing tasks such as getting a beer, but acknowledges the need to address safety concerns, especially when interacting with children, before targeting the consumer market.', 'Emphasizing the importance of utility and emotional connection in creating meaningful interaction with robots, such as getting a beer, cleaning dishes, and forming emotional connections similar to a pet or a friend.', 'The potential for conversational AI integration, foreseeing a future where generative AI can create warm, meaningful connections and shared memories with users, addressing deep loneliness and providing companionship.']}, {'end': 6674.774, 'segs': [{'end': 6165.334, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6133.156, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6139.242, 'text': "But, of course, you have to build that on top of a company that's making money, with real application,", 'start': 6133.156, 'duration': 6.086}, {'end': 6146.19, 'text': 'with real customers and with robots that are safe and work, and reliable and manufactured scale.', 'start': 6139.242, 'duration': 6.948}, {'end': 6156.202, 'text': "And I think we're in a unique position in that because of our investors, primarily Hyundai, but also SoftBank still owns 20% of us.", 'start': 6147.409, 'duration': 8.793}, {'end': 6165.334, 'text': "They're not totally fixated on driving us to profitability as soon as possible.", 'start': 6156.222, 'duration': 9.112}], 'summary': 'Company must be profitable with reliable robots, backed by investors hyundai and softbank.', 'duration': 32.178, 'max_score': 6133.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6133156.jpg'}, {'end': 6202.701, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6181.021, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6189.425, 'text': "and they want both, and so i we are as a company, are trying to strike that balance between, let's build a business that makes money.", 'start': 6181.021, 'duration': 8.404}, {'end': 6193.474, 'text': "i've been describing that to my own team as self-destination.", 'start': 6189.425, 'duration': 4.049}, {'end': 6198.257, 'text': "If I want to drive my own ship, we need to have a business that's profitable in the end.", 'start': 6193.514, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 6200.259, 'text': 'Otherwise, somebody else is going to drive the ship for us.', 'start': 6198.357, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 6202.701, 'text': "So that's really important.", 'start': 6201.26, 'duration': 1.441}], 'summary': 'Striving for profitability to maintain control and independence.', 'duration': 21.68, 'max_score': 6181.021, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6181021.jpg'}, {'end': 6287.163, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6259.523, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6269.99, 'text': "And, in fact, what we've seen is that, uh, in addition to tesla, uh, we're seeing a proliferation of uh, robotic companies arise now,", 'start': 6259.523, 'duration': 10.467}, {'end': 6271.011, 'text': 'including humanoid.', 'start': 6269.99, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 6274.173, 'text': 'yes, oh, wow, yeah, so and um.', 'start': 6271.011, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 6278.256, 'text': "interestingly, many of them uh, as they're, you know, raising money,", 'start': 6274.173, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 6284.721, 'text': 'for example will claim whether or not they have a former boston dynamics employee on their staff as a criteria.', 'start': 6278.256, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 6287.163, 'text': "Yeah, that's true.", 'start': 6286.202, 'duration': 0.961}], 'summary': 'Proliferation of robotic companies, with ex-boston dynamics staff sought for funding.', 'duration': 27.64, 'max_score': 6259.523, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6259523.jpg'}, {'end': 6439.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6382.469, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6385.912, 'text': 'When we released our most recent video of Atlas you know,', 'start': 6382.469, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 6391.716, 'text': "I think you'd seen it the scaffolding and throwing the box of tools around and then doing the flip at the end.", 'start': 6385.912, 'duration': 5.804}, {'end': 6400.262, 'text': 'We were trying to show the world that not only can we do this parkour mobility thing, but we can pick up and move heavy things.', 'start': 6392.536, 'duration': 7.726}, {'end': 6406.93, 'text': "Because if you're gonna work in a manufacturing environment, that's what you gotta be able to do.", 'start': 6401.107, 'duration': 5.823}, {'end': 6412.352, 'text': "And for the reasons I explained to you earlier, it's not trivial to do so.", 'start': 6408.15, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 6424.197, 'text': "Changing the center of mass by picking up a 50 pound block for a robot that weighs 150 pounds, that's a lot to accommodate.", 'start': 6413.132, 'duration': 11.065}, {'end': 6426.758, 'text': "So we're trying to show that we can do that.", 'start': 6424.837, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 6431.502, 'text': "And um so it's totally been energizing.", 'start': 6427.539, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 6439.871, 'text': 'you know, we see the next phase of atlas being more dexterous hands that can manipulate and grab more things,', 'start': 6431.502, 'duration': 8.369}], 'summary': 'Atlas robot showcases parkour and heavy lifting abilities, aiming for dexterity in future phases.', 'duration': 57.402, 'max_score': 6382.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6382469.jpg'}, {'end': 6634.817, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6606.24, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6609.441, 'text': 'Do you see customers adding on those capabilities?', 'start': 6606.24, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 6611.602, 'text': 'or do you see Boston Dynamics doing that in-house??', 'start': 6609.441, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 6620.394, 'text': 'Some kinds of things we really believe are probably going to be more broadly available, maybe even commoditized.', 'start': 6612.382, 'duration': 8.012}, {'end': 6627.13, 'text': 'know, using a machine learning like a vision algorithm, so a robot can recognize something in the environment.', 'start': 6621.445, 'duration': 5.685}, {'end': 6629.072, 'text': 'that ought to be something you can just download.', 'start': 6627.13, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 6634.817, 'text': "like. i'm going to a new environment, i have a new kind of door handle or piece of equipment i want to inspect.", 'start': 6629.072, 'duration': 5.745}], 'summary': 'Boston dynamics aims to make machine learning capabilities widely available and commoditized for robots to recognize objects in different environments.', 'duration': 28.577, 'max_score': 6606.24, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6606240.jpg'}], 'start': 6112.646, 'title': 'Robotic technology and business strategy', 'summary': "Discusses the business strategy in robotic technology, impact of competitors like tesla's humanoid robot announcement, and boston dynamics' ambitious goals of creating a low-cost general-use humanoid robot, energizing impact of competition on the development of atlas, and the company's focus on enhancing dexterity and machine learning capabilities for future applications.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6313.634, 'start': 6112.646, 'title': 'Robotic technology and business strategy', 'summary': "Highlights the business strategy of combining profitable operations with long-term vision in robotic technology, the impact of competitors like tesla's humanoid robot announcement, and the validation and excitement it brings to the field.", 'duration': 200.988, 'highlights': ["The company's business strategy focuses on balancing profitability with the aspiration to build the next generation of technology, ensuring self-destination and retaining long-term vision.", "The impact of competitors like Tesla's announcement of building a humanoid robot has brought validation and excitement to the field of robotic technology, leading to a proliferation of robotic companies and competitive juices flowing.", 'The company is in a unique position due to its investors, primarily Hyundai and SoftBank, allowing a longer-term vision of creating mobility and shaping mobile robot technology, rather than solely fixating on immediate profitability.']}, {'end': 6674.774, 'start': 6316.624, 'title': "Boston dynamics' ambitious goals", 'summary': "Discusses boston dynamics' ambitious goals of creating a low-cost general-use humanoid robot, the energizing impact of competition on the development of atlas, and the company's focus on enhancing dexterity and machine learning capabilities for future applications.", 'duration': 358.15, 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics aims to create a low-cost general-use humanoid robot, pushing the boundaries of what's possible. The company is focused on developing a low-cost humanoid robot capable of general use, aiming to push the boundaries of what is achievable.", 'Competition has energized the development of Atlas, with a focus on showcasing mobility and the ability to manipulate heavy objects. Competition has energized the development of Atlas, with a focus on showcasing mobility and the ability to manipulate heavy objects, such as picking up and moving heavy items in a manufacturing environment.', "Boston Dynamics is prioritizing the enhancement of dexterity and plans to develop more dexterous hands for Atlas. The company plans to enhance Atlas' dexterity with the development of more dexterous hands, enabling it to manipulate and grab a wider range of objects.", 'The company anticipates machine learning applications to become more widely available and envisions an ecosystem of providers offering vision algorithms and behaviors for robots. Boston Dynamics anticipates machine learning applications to become more widely available, envisioning an ecosystem of providers offering vision algorithms and behaviors for robots, with partners already providing software for reading gauges and other functionalities.']}], 'duration': 562.128, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6112646.jpg', 'highlights': ["The impact of competitors like Tesla's announcement of building a humanoid robot has brought validation and excitement to the field of robotic technology, leading to a proliferation of robotic companies and competitive juices flowing.", "Boston Dynamics aims to create a low-cost general-use humanoid robot, pushing the boundaries of what's possible.", 'Competition has energized the development of Atlas, with a focus on showcasing mobility and the ability to manipulate heavy objects, such as picking up and moving heavy items in a manufacturing environment.', 'The company anticipates machine learning applications to become more widely available, envisioning an ecosystem of providers offering vision algorithms and behaviors for robots, with partners already providing software for reading gauges and other functionalities.', "The company's business strategy focuses on balancing profitability with the aspiration to build the next generation of technology, ensuring self-destination and retaining long-term vision.", 'The company is in a unique position due to its investors, primarily Hyundai and SoftBank, allowing a longer-term vision of creating mobility and shaping mobile robot technology, rather than solely fixating on immediate profitability.', 'Boston Dynamics is prioritizing the enhancement of dexterity and plans to develop more dexterous hands for Atlas.']}, {'end': 7183.598, 'segs': [{'end': 6705.47, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6675.275, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6683.322, 'text': 'So this technology will also be brought to bear on controlling the robot, the motions of the robot.', 'start': 6675.275, 'duration': 8.047}, {'end': 6692.131, 'text': "And we're using reinforcement learning to develop algorithms for both locomotion and manipulation.", 'start': 6684.183, 'duration': 7.948}, {'end': 6698.144, 'text': 'And ultimately, this is gonna mean you can add new behaviors to a robot quickly.', 'start': 6693.28, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 6703.348, 'text': 'And that could potentially be done outside of Boston Dynamics.', 'start': 6699.345, 'duration': 4.003}, {'end': 6705.47, 'text': "Right now, that's all internal to us.", 'start': 6703.388, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Reinforcement learning used to develop robot algorithms for locomotion and manipulation, enabling quick addition of new behaviors.', 'duration': 30.195, 'max_score': 6675.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6675275.jpg'}, {'end': 6987.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6960.687, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6967.633, 'text': 'And so suggested to Hyundai that he set up this institute,', 'start': 6960.687, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 6973.338, 'text': "and they agree that it's worth additional investment to kind of continue pushing this forefront.", 'start': 6967.633, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 6981.34, 'text': 'And we expect to be working together where Boston Dynamics can both commercialize and do research.', 'start': 6974.557, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 6987.902, 'text': "But the sort of time horizon of the research we're going to do is in the next, let's say, five years.", 'start': 6981.92, 'duration': 5.982}], 'summary': 'Hyundai plans to invest in an institute with boston dynamics for research and commercialization over the next five years.', 'duration': 27.215, 'max_score': 6960.687, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6960687.jpg'}, {'end': 7139.477, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7090.145, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7096.29, 'text': 'And in that first depiction of a robot, the robots took over at the end of the story.', 'start': 7090.145, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 7099.272, 'text': 'And, you know, people love to be afraid.', 'start': 7096.31, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7102.894, 'text': "And so we've been entertained by these stories for 100 years.", 'start': 7099.392, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 7114.702, 'text': "But I and I think that's as much why people are afraid as anything else is we've been sort of taught that this is the logical progression through fiction.", 'start': 7103.735, 'duration': 10.967}, {'end': 7118.005, 'text': "I think it's fiction.", 'start': 7117.367, 'duration': 0.638}, {'end': 7126.748, 'text': 'I think what people more and more will realize, just like you said, that the threat like, say,', 'start': 7118.982, 'duration': 7.766}, {'end': 7135.434, 'text': "you have a super intelligent AI embodied in a robot that's much less threatening because it's visible, it's verifiable,", 'start': 7126.748, 'duration': 8.686}, {'end': 7139.477, 'text': "it's right there in physical reality, and we humans know how to deal with physical reality.", 'start': 7135.434, 'duration': 4.043}], 'summary': 'People fear ai takeover, but visible ai in robots is less threatening and manageable in physical reality.', 'duration': 49.332, 'max_score': 7090.145, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os7090145.jpg'}], 'start': 6675.275, 'title': 'Risks and benefits of robotics and language models', 'summary': 'Explores reinforcement learning for robot algorithms, highlighting concerns about unintended consequences of advanced neural networks, the risks of large language models, and the importance of physical verification for ai systems.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6792.69, 'start': 6675.275, 'title': 'Robot control and reinforcement learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the application of reinforcement learning in developing algorithms for locomotion and manipulation in robots, enabling quick addition of new behaviors and the potential future external use, while also expressing concerns about the unintended consequences of advanced transformer neural networks, such as the potential for exacerbating disinformation.', 'duration': 117.415, 'highlights': ['Reinforcement learning applied in developing algorithms for both locomotion and manipulation in robots, allowing for quick addition of new behaviors and potential external use.', 'Expression of anxiety around the potential for advanced transformer neural networks, like GPT-4, to exacerbate disinformation through social media.', 'Utilization of reinforcement learning for increasing levels of learning in robots, including locomotion, manipulation, and perception.']}, {'end': 7183.598, 'start': 6795.391, 'title': 'Risks and benefits of language models and robotics', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks of large language models, the mission of the boston dynamics ai institute, and the fear of legged robots, emphasizing the importance of physical reality in verifying ai systems.', 'duration': 388.207, 'highlights': ['The Boston Dynamics Artificial Intelligence Institute aims to pursue unadulterated research and work on problems over the horizon for the next five years. The institute focuses on long-term research objectives, emphasizing unadulterated research and tackling problems over the next five years.', "The chapter highlights the fear of legged robots and the historical context of people's fear, emphasizing the influence of fiction on people's perception of robots. The fear of legged robots is traced back to historical influences and the impact of fiction in shaping people's perceptions of robots.", "The discussion emphasizes the importance of physical reality in verifying AI systems, highlighting the limitations of large language models in comparison to robots' interactions in the physical world. The chapter underscores the significance of physical reality in verifying AI systems and contrasts the limitations of large language models with the verifiability of AI embodied in robots."]}], 'duration': 508.323, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os6675275.jpg', 'highlights': ['Reinforcement learning applied in developing algorithms for both locomotion and manipulation in robots, allowing for quick addition of new behaviors and potential external use.', 'Utilization of reinforcement learning for increasing levels of learning in robots, including locomotion, manipulation, and perception.', 'The Boston Dynamics Artificial Intelligence Institute aims to pursue unadulterated research and work on problems over the horizon for the next five years.', "The chapter highlights the fear of legged robots and the historical context of people's fear, emphasizing the influence of fiction on people's perception of robots.", "The discussion emphasizes the importance of physical reality in verifying AI systems, highlighting the limitations of large language models in comparison to robots' interactions in the physical world."]}, {'end': 8868.745, 'segs': [{'end': 7298.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7262.793, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7271.857, 'text': 'but there is an element of like these robots are taking our jobs or irreversibly transforming society such that it will have economic impact,', 'start': 7262.793, 'duration': 9.064}, {'end': 7276.378, 'text': 'and the little guy would lose a lot, would lose their well-being.', 'start': 7271.857, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 7282.781, 'text': 'Is there something to be said about the fear that robots will take our jobs?', 'start': 7276.839, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 7298.323, 'text': "At every significant technological transformation there's been fear of an automation anxiety that it's gonna have a broader impact than we expected.", 'start': 7283.998, 'duration': 14.325}], 'summary': 'Robots are feared to take jobs, causing economic impact and anxiety about automation.', 'duration': 35.53, 'max_score': 7262.793, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os7262793.jpg'}, {'end': 7591.902, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7568.328, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7575.593, 'text': "And if you think the robot's gonna harm you, that's gonna impede the growth of that industry.", 'start': 7568.328, 'duration': 7.265}, {'end': 7584.088, 'text': 'So we thought it was important to draw a bright line and then publicize that.', 'start': 7576.485, 'duration': 7.603}, {'end': 7591.902, 'text': 'And our plan is to begin to engage with lawmakers and regulators.', 'start': 7584.108, 'duration': 7.794}], 'summary': 'Publicizing the importance of establishing boundaries to prevent harm to the industry and planning to engage with lawmakers and regulators.', 'duration': 23.574, 'max_score': 7568.328, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os7568328.jpg'}, {'end': 8205.561, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8180.204, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8191.549, 'text': 'It does seem that things that are true very well might be statistically well represented on the internet because the internet is made up of humans.', 'start': 8180.204, 'duration': 11.345}, {'end': 8198.775, 'text': 'So I tend to suspect that large language models are going to be able to simulate consciousness very effectively.', 'start': 8192.629, 'duration': 6.146}, {'end': 8205.561, 'text': 'And I actually believe that current GPT-4, when fine tuned correctly, would be able to do just that.', 'start': 8199.315, 'duration': 6.246}], 'summary': 'Internet truth statistically represented, gpt-4 can simulate consciousness effectively.', 'duration': 25.357, 'max_score': 8180.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os8180204.jpg'}, {'end': 8590.395, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8559.022, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8560.662, 'text': 'Do you think about that long-term vision??', 'start': 8559.022, 'duration': 1.64}, {'end': 8563.023, 'text': 'Well, I do think that.', 'start': 8562.203, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 8571.736, 'text': 'I think the robots will be ubiquitous and they will be out amongst us.', 'start': 8567.008, 'duration': 4.728}, {'end': 8581.472, 'text': "And they'll be certainly doing some of the hard labor that we do today.", 'start': 8575.702, 'duration': 5.77}, {'end': 8585.773, 'text': "don't think people don't want to work.", 'start': 8583.752, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 8586.854, 'text': 'people want to work.', 'start': 8585.773, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 8590.395, 'text': 'people need to work to, i think, feel productive.', 'start': 8586.854, 'duration': 3.541}], 'summary': 'Robots will be ubiquitous and doing hard labor, but people still want and need to work.', 'duration': 31.373, 'max_score': 8559.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os8559022.jpg'}], 'start': 7184.059, 'title': 'Robotics and future impact', 'summary': 'Delves into the impact of robots on jobs, emphasizing the need for upskilling and the demographic shift, ethical use of robots in warfare, potential consciousness in robots, and the societal implications of robotics and ai on human civilization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7447.571, 'start': 7184.059, 'title': 'Impact of robots on jobs', 'summary': 'Discusses the fear of robots taking jobs, the potential impact on manual labor, the need for upskilling, and the demographic shift impacting economic growth, emphasizing the need for technology to enhance productivity.', 'duration': 263.512, 'highlights': ['The fear of robots taking jobs and the impact on manual labor is addressed, emphasizing the need for upskilling and technology to enhance productivity. N/A', 'Discussion on the impact of demographic shift on economic growth and the need for technology to fill labor gaps due to the declining population in the first world. N/A', 'Mention of the potential replacement of certain jobs by GPT (language generation model) and the uncertainty in making it right, highlighting the impact on professions like programmers, consultants, and journalists. N/A']}, {'end': 7970.681, 'start': 7448.012, 'title': 'Robotics ceo on ethical use of robots', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical use of robots in warfare, emphasizing the importance of a clear stance against weaponization, the role of the ceo in leading a robotics company, and the interview process for hiring a great team.', 'duration': 522.669, 'highlights': ["The CEO discusses their letter against weaponizing robots and the importance of drawing a clear ethical line, highlighting the potential dangers of remotely operated robots with weapons, and the need to ensure the industry's growth focuses on positive impacts. mention of leading robotics companies co-signing the letter", 'The CEO emphasizes the courage and adaptability required to lead a robotics company, highlighting the importance of trusting and leading a team of highly skilled individuals and being willing to tackle various aspects of the business. mention of staying in one place for 30 years', "The CEO shares insights into the interview process for hiring, describing a rigorous yet effective process that focuses on tapping into the candidate's passion, work ethic, and attention to detail, with a preference for individuals who show genuine interest and care in their work. mention of evolving the interview process at Boston Dynamics"]}, {'end': 8337.624, 'start': 7970.861, 'title': 'Future of robotics and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the potential for consciousness in language models and embodied robots, the impact of anthropomorphization, and ethical considerations, with a focus on the implications for truth and emotions, and the ability of large language models to simulate consciousness.', 'duration': 366.763, 'highlights': ["Large language models' potential for simulating consciousness and the ethical implications The potential for current GPT-4 to simulate consciousness effectively and the complex ethical questions that arise, including the need for labeling truth and addressing disinformation.", 'Impact of anthropomorphization and projection of human traits onto robots Discussion on how people anthropomorphize robots, projecting intelligence and emotion that may not exist, due to physical gestures resembling human or animal behaviors.', 'The nuanced nature of truth and the ability of large language models to present diverse perspectives Insight into the nuanced nature of truth and the ability of large language models to present diverse hypotheses and evidence, particularly in politically tense and divisive topics.']}, {'end': 8868.745, 'start': 8338.544, 'title': 'Future of robotics and ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of robotics and ai on human civilization, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of ethical and societal implications, the integration of robots in complementing human labor, and the possible emotional connections between humans and robots.', 'duration': 530.201, 'highlights': ['Robots will become ubiquitous and perform hard labor, but humans still need to work and feel productive. The speaker envisions a future where robots will be ubiquitous and perform hard labor, while emphasizing the importance of humans continuing to work and feel productive to maintain physical and mental well-being.', 'Emphasizes the need for ethical considerations and careful planning in integrating robotics and AI into society. The discussion highlights the importance of ethical considerations and careful planning in integrating robotics and AI into society to avoid potential manipulation of human emotions and ensure a complementary relationship between humans and robots.', 'Encourages individuals to follow their curiosity and interests in shaping their careers, emphasizing the value of making choices and being open to new opportunities. The speaker encourages individuals, especially young people, to follow their curiosity and interests in shaping their careers, emphasizing the value of making choices, being open to new opportunities, and embracing happy mistakes along the way.']}], 'duration': 1684.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cLVdsZ3I5os/pics/cLVdsZ3I5os7184059.jpg', 'highlights': ['The fear of robots taking jobs and the impact on manual labor is addressed, emphasizing the need for upskilling and technology to enhance productivity.', "The CEO discusses their letter against weaponizing robots and the importance of drawing a clear ethical line, highlighting the potential dangers of remotely operated robots with weapons, and the need to ensure the industry's growth focuses on positive impacts.", "Large language models' potential for simulating consciousness and the ethical implications The potential for current GPT-4 to simulate consciousness effectively and the complex ethical questions that arise, including the need for labeling truth and addressing disinformation.", 'Robots will become ubiquitous and perform hard labor, but humans still need to work and feel productive. The speaker envisions a future where robots will be ubiquitous and perform hard labor, while emphasizing the importance of humans continuing to work and feel productive to maintain physical and mental well-being.']}], 'highlights': ["Boston Dynamics' 10 to 15 years of efforts led to the development of a natural walking motion in the humanoid robot Atlas in 2022.", 'The next generation of Atlas is expected to surpass human capabilities in jumping.', 'The transition from an R&D company to a commercial company is a significant challenge, requiring a focus on building high-quality, reliable, and cost-effective robots for the industrial sector, with a focus on Spot robot.', "The mobile robot 'Stretch' has already received commitments for a couple hundred robots and is projected to have thousands, potentially tens of thousands, in the future.", "The impact of competitors like Tesla's announcement of building a humanoid robot has brought validation and excitement to the field of robotic technology, leading to a proliferation of robotic companies and competitive juices flowing.", 'Reinforcement learning applied in developing algorithms for both locomotion and manipulation in robots, allowing for quick addition of new behaviors and potential external use.', 'The fear of robots taking jobs and the impact on manual labor is addressed, emphasizing the need for upskilling and technology to enhance productivity.', "The CEO discusses their letter against weaponizing robots and the importance of drawing a clear ethical line, highlighting the potential dangers of remotely operated robots with weapons, and the need to ensure the industry's growth focuses on positive impacts.", 'Robots will become ubiquitous and perform hard labor, but humans still need to work and feel productive. The speaker envisions a future where robots will be ubiquitous and perform hard labor, while emphasizing the importance of humans continuing to work and feel productive to maintain physical and mental well-being.']}