title
Sean Kelly: Existentialism, Nihilism, and the Search for Meaning | Lex Fridman Podcast #227

description
Sean Kelly is a philosopher at Harvard specializing in existentialism and the philosophy of mind. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Coinbase: https://coinbase.com/lex to get $5 in free Bitcoin - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex and use code Lex25 to get 25% off - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - Ladder: https://ladderlife.com/lex - Sunbasket: https://sunbasket.com/lex and use code LEX to get $35 off EPISODE LINKS: Sean's Twitter: https://twitter.com/sean_d_kelly Sean's Website: https://scholar.harvard.edu/sdkelly Sean's Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Dorrance_Kelly PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:19 - Existentialism 20:27 - Nietzsche and nihilism 38:03 - Dostoevsky 53:30 - Camus and suicide 1:12:00 - The Big Lebowski 1:19:49 - Ayn Rand 1:29:57 - Evil 1:40:31 - Heidegger 1:52:11 - Hubert Dreyfus 1:58:04 - Moby Dick 2:09:19 - David Foster Wallace 2:29:31 - Can AI make art? 2:49:15 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Sean Kelly: Existentialism, Nihilism, and the Search for Meaning | Lex Fridman Podcast #227', 'heatmap': [{'end': 731.518, 'start': 622.611, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The podcast delves into existentialism, nietzsche's 'god is dead' statement, existentialism in literature, philosophical depth in the big lebowski, ayn rand's philosophy, cultural responsibility, and the impact of ai on art and human evolution, providing comprehensive insights into the philosophical landscape.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1714.437, 'segs': [{'end': 55.911, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28.535, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 36.02, 'text': "So let me ask, what to you is existentialism? So it's a hard question.", 'start': 28.535, 'duration': 7.485}, {'end': 38.362, 'text': "I'm teaching a course on existentialism right now.", 'start': 36.08, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 39.503, 'text': 'You are? I am, yeah.', 'start': 38.422, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 42.765, 'text': 'Existentialism in literature and film, which is fun.', 'start': 39.883, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 55.911, 'text': "I mean, the traditional thing to say about What existentialism is, is that it's a movement in mid-20th century, mostly French, some German philosophy.", 'start': 44.166, 'duration': 11.745}], 'summary': 'Existentialism is a mid-20th century philosophical movement, studied in literature and film.', 'duration': 27.376, 'max_score': 28.535, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw28535.jpg'}, {'end': 153.729, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 126.772, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 135.957, 'text': "that puts us in the position to be able to play that role, is that we're the beings for whom, as Sartre says it, existence precedes essence.", 'start': 126.772, 'duration': 9.185}, {'end': 141.961, 'text': "That's the catchphrase for existentialism, and then you have to try to figure out what it means.", 'start': 137.978, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 147.243, 'text': 'What is existence? What is presence? And what does precedes mean? Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 143.439, 'duration': 3.804}, {'end': 153.729, 'text': "What is existence?, What is essence? And what is precedes? And in fact, precedes is Sartre's way of talking about it,", 'start': 147.283, 'duration': 6.446}], 'summary': "Sartre's existentialism emphasizes existence preceding essence.", 'duration': 26.957, 'max_score': 126.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw126772.jpg'}, {'end': 201.696, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 169.75, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 174.314, 'text': 'until you start existing, until you start living.', 'start': 169.75, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 183.743, 'text': 'And for Sartre, the core feature of what it is to be existing the way we do is to be making decisions, to be making choices in your life,', 'start': 174.574, 'duration': 9.169}, {'end': 190.228, 'text': 'to be sort of taking a stand on what it is to be you by deciding to do this or that.', 'start': 183.743, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 201.696, 'text': 'And the key feature of how to do that right for SART is to do it in the full recognition of the fact that, when you make that choice,', 'start': 191.528, 'duration': 10.168}], 'summary': 'Sartre emphasizes making decisions and taking a stand in existence.', 'duration': 31.946, 'max_score': 169.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw169750.jpg'}, {'end': 368.472, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 318.6, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 324.504, 'text': "Everything that you do presents you as a being who makes decisions and you're responsible for all of them.", 'start': 318.6, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 326.385, 'text': "So it's constantly happening.", 'start': 324.604, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 335.811, 'text': "And furthermore, there's no fact about you independent of the choices and actions you've performed.", 'start': 326.986, 'duration': 8.825}, {'end': 342.155, 'text': "So you don't get to say, Sartre's example, I really am a great writer, just haven't written my great book yet.", 'start': 335.871, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 344.857, 'text': "If you haven't written your great book, you're not a great writer.", 'start': 343.176, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 347.763, 'text': "And so it's terrifying.", 'start': 346.102, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 349.163, 'text': 'It puts a huge burden on us.', 'start': 347.803, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 358.087, 'text': "And that's why Sartre says on his view of existentialism, human beings are the beings that are condemned to be free.", 'start': 350.224, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 365.711, 'text': 'Our freedom consists in our ability and our responsibility to make these choices and to become someone through making them.', 'start': 359.308, 'duration': 6.403}, {'end': 368.472, 'text': "And we can't get away from that.", 'start': 366.671, 'duration': 1.801}], 'summary': "Sartre's existentialism: we are responsible for our choices and actions, shaping our identity and freedom.", 'duration': 49.872, 'max_score': 318.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw318600.jpg'}, {'end': 592.339, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 543.084, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 545.066, 'text': "He's not taking responsibility for it.", 'start': 543.084, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 546.687, 'text': "He's sort of playing a role.", 'start': 545.126, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 552.111, 'text': 'And the contours of the role are predetermined by someone other than him.', 'start': 547.728, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 554.754, 'text': 'So Sartre says, acting in bad faith.', 'start': 552.131, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 564.742, 'text': "And that's criticizable because it's acting in such a way as to fail to take responsibility for the kind of being Sartre thinks you are.", 'start': 555.754, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 566.623, 'text': "So you're not taking responsibility.", 'start': 565.422, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 567.623, 'text': "So that's one example.", 'start': 566.643, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 574.948, 'text': "And I think any teenager, if you've ever met a teenager, you've known someone who does that.", 'start': 567.964, 'duration': 6.984}, {'end': 576.689, 'text': 'Teenagers try on roles.', 'start': 574.988, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 581.172, 'text': 'They think, if I dressed like this, I would be cool.', 'start': 576.989, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 582.453, 'text': "So I'll dress like this.", 'start': 581.252, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 585.415, 'text': 'Or if I spoke like this or acted like this.', 'start': 582.793, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 592.339, 'text': "And it's natural for a teenager who's trying to figure out what their identity is to go through a phase like that.", 'start': 586.275, 'duration': 6.064}], 'summary': "Sartre criticizes acting in bad faith, not taking responsibility for one's identity, as seen in teenager's role-playing behavior.", 'duration': 49.255, 'max_score': 543.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw543084.jpg'}, {'end': 731.518, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 622.611, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 627.294, 'text': 'There you are on the first date, first date.', 'start': 622.611, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 640.158, 'text': 'And the date, the evening reaches moments when, might be appropriate for one person to hold the hand of the other.', 'start': 628.355, 'duration': 11.803}, {'end': 642.6, 'text': "That's the moment in the date where you are.", 'start': 640.779, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 644.801, 'text': 'And so you make a choice.', 'start': 642.88, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 649.485, 'text': "You decide, I think it's that time, and you hold the hand.", 'start': 645.002, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 653.447, 'text': "And what should happen is that the other person also makes a choice on Sartre's view.", 'start': 650.225, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 661.913, 'text': "Either they reject the hand, not that time, and I'm taking responsibility for that, or they grasp the hand back.", 'start': 654.088, 'duration': 7.825}, {'end': 663.154, 'text': "That's a choice.", 'start': 662.653, 'duration': 0.501}, {'end': 670.879, 'text': "But there's a thing that sometimes happens, which is that the other person leaves the hand there cold, dead and clammy,", 'start': 663.674, 'duration': 7.205}, {'end': 674.081, 'text': 'neither rejecting it nor embracing it.', 'start': 670.879, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 678.104, 'text': "And Sartre says, that's also bad faith.", 'start': 675.082, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 686.911, 'text': "That's also acting as if we're a kind of being that we're not because it pretends that it's possible not to make a choice.", 'start': 678.605, 'duration': 8.306}, {'end': 689.475, 'text': "And we're the beings who are always making choices.", 'start': 687.694, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 690.396, 'text': 'That was a choice.', 'start': 689.555, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 695.519, 'text': "And you're pretending as if it's the kind of thing that you don't have to take responsibility for.", 'start': 691.216, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 698.461, 'text': "So both of the examples you've given.", 'start': 696.12, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 709.429, 'text': "there's some sense in which the social interactions between humans is a kind of moving away from the full responsibility that you, as a human,", 'start': 698.461, 'duration': 10.968}, {'end': 712.15, 'text': 'in the view of existentialism, should take on.', 'start': 709.429, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 717.194, 'text': "So like isn't the basic conversation a delegation of responsibility??", 'start': 712.651, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 723.176, 'text': "holding a hand there, you're putting some of the responsibility into the court of the other person.", 'start': 718.354, 'duration': 4.822}, {'end': 731.518, 'text': 'And for the waiter, if you exist in a society, you are generally trying on a role.', 'start': 723.196, 'duration': 8.322}], 'summary': "Sartre's view on the responsibility of making choices in social interactions exemplified through holding hands and interactions with a waiter.", 'duration': 108.907, 'max_score': 622.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw622611.jpg'}, {'end': 698.461, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 670.879, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 674.081, 'text': 'neither rejecting it nor embracing it.', 'start': 670.879, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 678.104, 'text': "And Sartre says, that's also bad faith.", 'start': 675.082, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 686.911, 'text': "That's also acting as if we're a kind of being that we're not because it pretends that it's possible not to make a choice.", 'start': 678.605, 'duration': 8.306}, {'end': 689.475, 'text': "And we're the beings who are always making choices.", 'start': 687.694, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 690.396, 'text': 'That was a choice.', 'start': 689.555, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 695.519, 'text': "And you're pretending as if it's the kind of thing that you don't have to take responsibility for.", 'start': 691.216, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 698.461, 'text': "So both of the examples you've given.", 'start': 696.12, 'duration': 2.341}], 'summary': 'Sartre criticizes avoiding responsibility by not making choices, which is bad faith.', 'duration': 27.582, 'max_score': 670.879, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw670879.jpg'}, {'end': 775.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 747.823, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 750.547, 'text': "That's a decision that's not my own.", 'start': 747.823, 'duration': 2.724}, {'end': 754.132, 'text': "That's me seeing what everyone else is doing and copying them.", 'start': 750.567, 'duration': 3.565}, {'end': 755.814, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 754.732, 'duration': 1.082}, {'end': 763.063, 'text': 'So Sartre thinks that in the ideal, you should try to resist that.', 'start': 755.914, 'duration': 7.149}, {'end': 771.027, 'text': "Other existentialists think that that's actually a clue to how you should live well.", 'start': 763.364, 'duration': 7.663}, {'end': 775.55, 'text': 'So Sartre says somewhere else, hell is other people.', 'start': 771.808, 'duration': 3.742}], 'summary': 'Sartre and other existentialists differ on imitating others and living well.', 'duration': 27.727, 'max_score': 747.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw747823.jpg'}, {'end': 884.199, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 852.215, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 854.477, 'text': 'You wear a particular kind of clothes.', 'start': 852.215, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 863.342, 'text': 'And for Sartre, to have that style authentically in good faith rather than in bad faith, it has to come from you.', 'start': 855.297, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 864.923, 'text': 'You have to make the choice.', 'start': 863.842, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 872.45, 'text': "But other people are making choices also, and you're looking at their choices and you're thinking, that guy looks good.", 'start': 865.905, 'duration': 6.545}, {'end': 874.632, 'text': 'Maybe I could try that one on.', 'start': 873.051, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 884.199, 'text': "And if you try it on because you were influenced by the fact that you thought that guy was doing it well, then there's some important sense in which,", 'start': 875.272, 'duration': 8.927}], 'summary': 'Authentic style comes from personal choice, but may be influenced by others.', 'duration': 31.984, 'max_score': 852.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw852215.jpg'}, {'end': 992.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 966.199, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 974.291, 'text': "but I think Sartre's a kind of brilliant French misinterpretation of Heidegger's German phenomenological view.", 'start': 966.199, 'duration': 8.092}, {'end': 980.698, 'text': 'Heidegger says, A crucial aspect of what it is to be us is our thrownness.', 'start': 974.892, 'duration': 5.806}, {'end': 983.001, 'text': "We're thrown into a situation.", 'start': 980.778, 'duration': 2.223}, {'end': 984.662, 'text': "We're thrown into history.", 'start': 983.501, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 988.006, 'text': "We're thrown into our parental lineage.", 'start': 984.782, 'duration': 3.224}, {'end': 989.727, 'text': "And we don't choose it.", 'start': 988.766, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 991.529, 'text': "That's stuff that we don't choose.", 'start': 990.168, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 992.55, 'text': "We couldn't choose.", 'start': 991.609, 'duration': 0.941}], 'summary': "Heidegger emphasizes our 'thrownness' into situations, history, and lineage, which we cannot choose.", 'duration': 26.351, 'max_score': 966.199, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw966199.jpg'}, {'end': 1203.11, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1170.926, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 1173.669, 'text': "That's the thing that Sartre and the existentialists are against.", 'start': 1170.926, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 1182.436, 'text': 'So this idea that something about you is forever limiting the space of possible decisions you can make.', 'start': 1175.391, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 1185.718, 'text': 'Sartre says, no, the space is unlimited.', 'start': 1182.516, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 1188.96, 'text': 'Sartre is the philosopher of radical freedom.', 'start': 1186.058, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1190.621, 'text': 'Radical freedom.', 'start': 1189.301, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 1192.282, 'text': 'Yeah, radical freedom.', 'start': 1190.781, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1196.465, 'text': 'And then you could have other existentialists who say look, we are free,', 'start': 1192.623, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 1203.11, 'text': 'but we got to understand the way in which our freedom is limited by certain aspects of the kind of being that we are.', 'start': 1196.465, 'duration': 6.645}], 'summary': 'Sartre advocates for radical freedom, rejecting limitations on decisions.', 'duration': 32.184, 'max_score': 1170.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1170926.jpg'}, {'end': 1421.194, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1399.138, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 1407.386, 'text': "And artists are interesting because the natural way of thinking about artists is that they're responding to something.", 'start': 1399.138, 'duration': 8.248}, {'end': 1412.69, 'text': "They find themselves in a situation and they say, this is what's gonna make sense of the situation.", 'start': 1408.288, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 1413.971, 'text': 'This is what I have to write.', 'start': 1412.71, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1416.052, 'text': 'This is the way I have to dance.', 'start': 1414.591, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 1418.033, 'text': "This is the way I've gotta play the music.", 'start': 1416.212, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 1421.194, 'text': 'And Nietzsche says, we should live like that.', 'start': 1419.193, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': 'Artists respond to situations and nietzsche advocates living in a similar way.', 'duration': 22.056, 'max_score': 1399.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1399138.jpg'}], 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Existentialism and responsibility', 'summary': "Delves into existentialism, focusing on the movement in mid-20th century philosophy, particularly sartre's views on existential responsibility, bad faith, and the contrast between existentialism and nihilism, emphasizing individual choice and responsibility with examples from social interactions and external influences.", 'chapters': [{'end': 263.969, 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Existentialism in 20th century philosophy', 'summary': 'Discusses existentialism as a movement in mid-20th century, mostly french, some german philosophy, focusing on the idea that there is no god, and existence precedes essence, emphasizing the importance of individual choice and responsibility.', 'duration': 263.9, 'highlights': ['Existentialism as a movement in mid-20th century philosophy, with emphasis on the idea that there is no God and existence precedes essence Existentialism is described as a movement in mid-20th century, mostly French, some German philosophy, with the core idea that there is no God and existence precedes essence, as emphasized by major figures like Sartre and Camus.', "Sartre's concept of existence preceding essence and the significance of individual choice and responsibility Sartre's concept of existence preceding essence revolves around the idea that individuals make choices in full recognition of their own responsibility, emphasizing the importance of individual choice and rejecting external influences like God or philosophical theories.", "The role of consciousness and decision-making in defining existence for existentialists Existentialists emphasize the role of consciousness and decision-making in defining existence, rejecting determinism and physicalism about the mind, and emphasizing the individual's role as the ground of their choices."]}, {'end': 592.339, 'start': 264.667, 'title': "Sartre's view on existential responsibility", 'summary': "Explores sartre's view of existentialism, highlighting the concept of existential responsibility and the constant burden of making choices, which defines human freedom and identity.", 'duration': 327.672, 'highlights': ['Sartre emphasizes the constant burden of making choices, with every action being a result of a conscious decision, placing a significant responsibility on individuals.', "According to Sartre, there is no fact about a person independent of the choices and actions they have performed, emphasizing the inseparability of one's identity from their choices.", "Sartre's concept of 'condemned to be free' underscores the idea that human beings are inherently responsible for shaping their own identities through the choices they make.", "Sartre criticizes 'acting in bad faith,' where individuals fail to take responsibility for their actions by conforming to predetermined roles, highlighting the importance of authentic decision-making.", "Sartre's example of a waiter in 'bad faith' illustrates the notion of failing to take responsibility for one's actions by conforming to predetermined roles, which is applicable to various contexts, including adolescence."]}, {'end': 1082.994, 'start': 592.679, 'title': "Sartre's responsibility & bad faith", 'summary': "Discusses sartre's concept of responsibility and bad faith, emphasizing the idea that human existence is defined by choices and the ways individuals relinquish or take on responsibility, with examples from social interactions and external influences.", 'duration': 490.315, 'highlights': ["Sartre emphasizes that human existence is a result of individual choices, citing examples of responsibility in social interactions such as holding hands on a date. Sartre's concept of human existence being defined by individual choices.", 'Sartre criticizes the act of relinquishing responsibility by pretending not to make a choice, as demonstrated by the example of not embracing or rejecting a held hand on a date. Critique of relinquishing responsibility by pretending not to make a choice.', 'The concept of bad faith is explained through the idea that individuals are always making choices and pretending not to do so is a form of self-deception, as illustrated in social scenarios. Explanation of bad faith as self-deception in relation to making choices.', "The influence of social norms and the imitation of others' choices is discussed, highlighting Sartre's view that authenticity comes from making one's own choices without external influence. Discussion of the influence of social norms and the importance of making authentic choices.", "The concept of 'hell is other people' is explored, emphasizing the pressure to conform to others' choices and the impact on individual authenticity. Exploration of the pressure to conform to others' choices and its impact on individual authenticity.", "The discussion involves contrasting Sartre's ideal of resisting external influences with the reality of human existence, acknowledging the inherent influence of external factors on individuals. Contrast between Sartre's ideal of resisting external influences and the reality of human existence.", "The concept of 'thrownness' is introduced, highlighting the idea that individuals are thrown into situations and influenced by factors outside their control, challenging Sartre's emphasis on individual responsibility. Introduction of the concept of 'thrownness' and its challenge to Sartre's emphasis on individual responsibility.", "The significance of the chain of decisions in shaping one's identity is discussed, emphasizing the role of decisions in defining individual identity. Discussion of the significance of decisions in shaping individual identity."]}, {'end': 1714.437, 'start': 1083.255, 'title': 'Existentialism vs nihilism', 'summary': "Discusses the existentialist view against the deterministic categorization of individuals, emphasizing radical freedom, while contrasting it with nihilism, as described by nietzsche, which promotes the idea that there's nothing outside of us that grounds our existence, and offers a response to nihilism through the concept of being responsive and creating art out of the given situation.", 'duration': 631.182, 'highlights': ['Sartre and existentialists oppose the idea that something about an individual forever limits the space of possible decisions, emphasizing radical freedom.', "Nietzsche describes nihilism as the condition of the modern world, where there's nothing outside of us that grounds our existence, and proposes a response to nihilism through the concept of being responsive and creating art out of the given situation.", "Nietzsche emphasizes the idea of being artists of life, where there are constraints but understanding them is a complicated aspect of living, represented by the story of Miles Davis and Herbie Hancock's jazz improvisation.", "Nietzsche's concept of being responsive and creating art out of the given situation offers a response to nihilism, promoting a sense of responsibility and creativity in living.", "Plato's view, as described in the Republic, categorizes individuals based on their soul being gold, silver, or bronze, which identifies them forever, independent of anything they do about it."]}], 'duration': 1714.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw69.jpg', 'highlights': ['Existentialism as a mid-20th century movement with emphasis on existence preceding essence', "Sartre's concept of existence preceding essence and individual choice and responsibility", 'The role of consciousness and decision-making in defining existence for existentialists', 'Sartre emphasizes the constant burden of making choices and individual responsibility', "Sartre's concept of 'condemned to be free' underscores human responsibility for shaping identities", "Critique of 'acting in bad faith' and the importance of authentic decision-making", "Sartre's emphasis on individual choices defining human existence", 'Critique of relinquishing responsibility by pretending not to make a choice', 'Explanation of bad faith as self-deception in relation to making choices', 'Discussion of the influence of social norms and the importance of making authentic choices', "Exploration of the pressure to conform to others' choices and its impact on individual authenticity", "Contrast between Sartre's ideal of resisting external influences and the reality of human existence", "Introduction of the concept of 'thrownness' and its challenge to Sartre's emphasis on individual responsibility", 'Sartre and existentialists oppose the idea of limitations on possible decisions', "Nietzsche's response to nihilism through being responsive and creating art out of the given situation"]}, {'end': 3161.433, 'segs': [{'end': 1759.011, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1714.437, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1715.238, 'text': 'that makes it right?', 'start': 1714.437, 'duration': 0.801}, {'end': 1720.898, 'text': 'So let me ask about Nietzsche is God dead?', 'start': 1717.557, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 1723.419, 'text': 'What did he mean by that statement??', 'start': 1721.959, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 1731.502, 'text': "What's, in your sense, the truth behind the question and the possible set of answers that our world today provides?", 'start': 1723.739, 'duration': 7.763}, {'end': 1741.606, 'text': "Good, so I mean, I think that there's something super perceptive about Nietzsche's diagnosis of the condition at the end of the 19th century.", 'start': 1732.503, 'duration': 9.103}, {'end': 1745.968, 'text': "So not so far from the condition that I think we're currently in.", 'start': 1742.367, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 1752.483, 'text': "And I think there's an interesting question what we're supposed to do in response.", 'start': 1748.178, 'duration': 4.305}, {'end': 1754.806, 'text': "But what is the condition that we're currently in?", 'start': 1752.543, 'duration': 2.263}, {'end': 1759.011, 'text': 'When Nietzsche says God is dead, I think, like I was saying before,', 'start': 1754.846, 'duration': 4.165}], 'summary': "Nietzsche's 'god is dead' statement diagnoses 19th-century conditions; relevant to today's world.", 'duration': 44.574, 'max_score': 1714.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1714437.jpg'}, {'end': 1845.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1819.322, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1829.582, 'text': 'But it does mean that for those people, the role of their religion, the role that the religious, their religious belief, plays in their life,', 'start': 1819.322, 'duration': 10.26}, {'end': 1832.364, 'text': "isn't the same as it used to be in previous ages.", 'start': 1829.582, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 1834.125, 'text': "so what's that role?", 'start': 1832.364, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 1835.746, 'text': "we'll go back to the high middle ages.", 'start': 1834.125, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1840.79, 'text': 'that was clearly not a secular age, that was a religious age.', 'start': 1835.746, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 1843.231, 'text': 'and so there we are in 1300.', 'start': 1840.79, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1845.533, 'text': 'dante is writing the divine comedy or something.', 'start': 1843.231, 'duration': 2.302}], 'summary': 'Religious role has changed; in 1300, it was a religious age.', 'duration': 26.211, 'max_score': 1819.322, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1819322.jpg'}, {'end': 1921.427, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1895.521, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1907.877, 'text': "To say that we live in a secular age is to say that not that there aren't a lot of people who have religious belief there are but it's to say that their religious belief doesn't justify that conclusion.", 'start': 1895.521, 'duration': 12.356}, {'end': 1916.902, 'text': "If you're a religious believer and you meet me and suppose I'm not a religious believer,", 'start': 1909.098, 'duration': 7.804}, {'end': 1921.427, 'text': "learning that about me doesn't justify your concluding that I'm less than human.", 'start': 1916.902, 'duration': 4.525}], 'summary': "In a secular age, religious belief doesn't justify dehumanizing non-believers.", 'duration': 25.906, 'max_score': 1895.521, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1895521.jpg'}, {'end': 2151.367, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2094.775, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2100.618, 'text': "I mean, you don't see nihilism as a prevalent set of ideas that are overtaken modern culture.", 'start': 2094.775, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 2103.579, 'text': 'So a secular world is still full of meaning.', 'start': 2100.658, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 2106.45, 'text': "Good Well, I think that's the interesting question.", 'start': 2104.229, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 2114.256, 'text': "I think it's certainly possible for a secular world to be a world in which we live meaningful lives, worthwhile lives,", 'start': 2107.011, 'duration': 7.245}, {'end': 2123.262, 'text': 'lives that are sort of worthy of respect and that we can be proud of aiming to live.', 'start': 2114.256, 'duration': 9.006}, {'end': 2127.586, 'text': "But I think it is a hard question what we're doing when we do that.", 'start': 2124.162, 'duration': 3.424}, {'end': 2130.869, 'text': 'And that is the question of existence.', 'start': 2127.926, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 2138.717, 'text': "What does it mean to exist in a way that brings us out at our best as the beings that we are? That's the question for existentialism.", 'start': 2130.929, 'duration': 7.788}, {'end': 2149.185, 'text': 'So, besides Sartre, who, to you, is the most important existentialist to understand for others??', 'start': 2140.899, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 2151.367, 'text': 'What ideas, in particular of theirs, do you like??', 'start': 2149.245, 'duration': 2.122}], 'summary': 'Secular world can provide meaningful and worthwhile lives, a question of existence and existentialism.', 'duration': 56.592, 'max_score': 2094.775, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2094775.jpg'}, {'end': 2257.24, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2231.841, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2242.81, 'text': 'And then figures like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky develop that move and all of those take themselves to be defending an interpretation of a certain kind of Christianity.', 'start': 2231.841, 'duration': 10.969}, {'end': 2246.419, 'text': 'an existential interpretation of Christianity.', 'start': 2243.858, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 2257.24, 'text': 'And then I think there are other figures, other theistic figures, figures like Camus and Fanon, who are mid-20th century figures.', 'start': 2247.299, 'duration': 9.941}], 'summary': 'Existentialist figures defend christian interpretation. camus and fanon are mid-20th century theistic figures.', 'duration': 25.399, 'max_score': 2231.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2231841.jpg'}, {'end': 2313.222, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2278.968, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 2280.169, 'text': 'We have the different existentialists.', 'start': 2278.968, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 2281.51, 'text': "So maybe let's go to..", 'start': 2280.189, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2285.614, 'text': "You know what, let's go to Dostoevsky.", 'start': 2283.953, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2287.134, 'text': "All right, okay, let's do it.", 'start': 2285.774, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 2290.755, 'text': 'So my favorite novel of his is The Idiot.', 'start': 2287.414, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 2295.197, 'text': 'First of all, I see myself as the idiot and an idiot.', 'start': 2291.015, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 2300.999, 'text': 'And I love the optimism and the love the main character has for the world.', 'start': 2295.477, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 2304.6, 'text': 'so that just deeply connects with me as a novel.', 'start': 2302.159, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 2307.521, 'text': 'uh, notes from underground as well.', 'start': 2304.6, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 2313.222, 'text': "but what ideas of dostoevsky's do you think are existentialist?", 'start': 2307.521, 'duration': 5.701}], 'summary': "Discussion on dostoevsky's existentialist ideas and novels, including the idiot and notes from underground.", 'duration': 34.254, 'max_score': 2278.968, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2278968.jpg'}, {'end': 2465.706, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2437.142, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2443.837, 'text': 'What matters is, can we live well? in the face of these things that we do and have to take responsibility for.', 'start': 2437.142, 'duration': 6.695}, {'end': 2455.882, 'text': "So it's this intense exploration of notions and gradations of guilt and responsibility and the possibility of love and salvation in the face of those.", 'start': 2443.897, 'duration': 11.985}, {'end': 2458.482, 'text': 'It is incredibly human work.', 'start': 2456.242, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 2462.184, 'text': 'But I think Dostoevsky is the opposite of Sartre.', 'start': 2459.743, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 2465.706, 'text': "And let me just, I think it's so fascinating.", 'start': 2463.164, 'duration': 2.542}], 'summary': "Exploration of guilt, responsibility, love, and salvation in dostoevsky's work.", 'duration': 28.564, 'max_score': 2437.142, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2437142.jpg'}, {'end': 2518.973, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2489.78, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2491.842, 'text': 'If there is no God, then everything is permitted.', 'start': 2489.78, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 2495.465, 'text': "Mm-hmm And then there's a second premise.", 'start': 2491.862, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 2497.045, 'text': 'There is no God.', 'start': 2496.225, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 2498.826, 'text': "That's Sartre's view.", 'start': 2497.665, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 2500.046, 'text': "I mean, he's an atheist.", 'start': 2498.946, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 2500.687, 'text': 'There is no God.', 'start': 2500.066, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 2503.988, 'text': 'Conclusion? Everything is permitted.', 'start': 2501.367, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 2506.449, 'text': "And that's Sartre's radical freedom.", 'start': 2504.948, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 2511.27, 'text': 'And if you think about the structure of the Brothers Karamazov,', 'start': 2507.789, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 2516.112, 'text': 'I think Dostoevsky though he never says it this way would run the argument differently.', 'start': 2511.27, 'duration': 4.842}, {'end': 2518.973, 'text': "It's a modus tollens instead of a modus ponens.", 'start': 2516.292, 'duration': 2.681}], 'summary': "Sartre's view: without god, everything is permitted.", 'duration': 29.193, 'max_score': 2489.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2489780.jpg'}, {'end': 2635.447, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2606.356, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 2607.397, 'text': "It's totally not trivial.", 'start': 2606.356, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 2610.779, 'text': "And it's not a being that exists outside of time.", 'start': 2607.437, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 2613.68, 'text': 'None of that is sort of relevant for Dostoevsky.', 'start': 2611.519, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 2616.002, 'text': "For him, it's a question about how we live our lives.", 'start': 2613.7, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 2621.279, 'text': 'Do we live our lives in the mood that Christianity says it makes available to us, which is the mood of joy?', 'start': 2616.636, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 2623.88, 'text': 'Is there?', 'start': 2622.78, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 2630.924, 'text': "maybe this is a bit of a tangent, but so I'm a Russian speaker and one of the.", 'start': 2623.88, 'duration': 7.044}, {'end': 2635.447, 'text': 'I kind of listen to my heart and what my heart says is I need to take on this project.', 'start': 2630.924, 'duration': 4.523}], 'summary': "Dostoevsky's focus is on living in the mood of joy as christianity suggests.", 'duration': 29.091, 'max_score': 2606.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2606356.jpg'}, {'end': 2770.754, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2737.162, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 2741.123, 'text': 'that it makes certain ways of thinking about yourself or others more natural.', 'start': 2737.162, 'duration': 3.961}, {'end': 2745.744, 'text': 'And it closes off other ways of thinking about yourself and others.', 'start': 2741.663, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 2750.666, 'text': 'And so I think languages are fascinating in that way.', 'start': 2746.625, 'duration': 4.041}, {'end': 2757.888, 'text': "Heidegger, who is this philosopher that I'm interested in, says at one point, language is the house of being.", 'start': 2751.166, 'duration': 6.722}, {'end': 2770.754, 'text': "And I think that means something like it's by living in a language that you come to understand or that possibilities for understanding what it is to be,", 'start': 2758.888, 'duration': 11.866}], 'summary': "Language shapes thinking, influences perception; heidegger sees it as the 'house of being.'", 'duration': 33.592, 'max_score': 2737.162, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw2737162.jpg'}, {'end': 3100.579, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3070.616, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 3074.521, 'text': 'as an English speaker, just read the differences in the translations.', 'start': 3070.616, 'duration': 3.905}, {'end': 3085.774, 'text': 'You probably can get some deep understanding of ideas in those books by seeing the struggle of the translators to capture that idea.', 'start': 3075.382, 'duration': 10.392}, {'end': 3087.656, 'text': "That's a really interesting idea.", 'start': 3085.794, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 3092.457, 'text': 'Absolutely And you can do that for other projects in other languages too.', 'start': 3088.156, 'duration': 4.301}, {'end': 3100.579, 'text': "I mean, one of the, I don't know, I have this weird, huge range of interests and some days I'll find myself reading about something.", 'start': 3092.517, 'duration': 8.062}], 'summary': "Comparing translations can deepen understanding of ideas. it's an interesting concept with potential for other languages.", 'duration': 29.963, 'max_score': 3070.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3070616.jpg'}], 'start': 1714.437, 'title': "Nietzsche's 'god is dead' and existentialist views", 'summary': "Explores nietzsche's 'god is dead' statement, the transition to a secular age, existentialist interpretation of christianity, and the role of language in philosophy, involving key figures like kierkegaard, dostoevsky, and heidegger, providing a comprehensive understanding of the philosophical landscape at the end of the 19th century.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1759.011, 'start': 1714.437, 'title': "Nietzsche's 'god is dead' inquiry", 'summary': "Explores nietzsche's 'god is dead' statement, delving into the truth behind the question and the relevant condition at the end of the 19th century, linking it to the current situation and the possible responses.", 'duration': 44.574, 'highlights': ["Nietzsche's diagnosis of the condition at the end of the 19th century is similar to the current condition.", "Exploring the truth behind Nietzsche's 'God is dead' statement and the possible responses in today's world.", "Questioning the condition we're currently in when Nietzsche says 'God is dead.'"]}, {'end': 2204.836, 'start': 1759.011, 'title': 'Secular age and religious belief', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition to a secular age, where religious belief no longer justifies conclusions about others, impacting the grounding and understanding of life for religious believers, but still finding meaning and questioning existence. it also delves into the concept of existentialism and important figures in the tradition.', 'duration': 445.825, 'highlights': ["The concept of living in a secular age is described, where religious belief no longer justifies certain assumptions about people who don't share that belief, impacting the role of religious belief in people's lives.", 'The impact of living in a secular age on religious believers is discussed, highlighting the unsettling aspect that their belief can no longer ground their understanding of what they should aim for in life as it did in previous ages.', 'The discussion delves into the existentialist perspective, questioning what it means to exist in a way that brings out the best in individuals and mentions important figures in the existentialism tradition such as Pascal.', 'The chapter touches on the possibility of living meaningful lives in a secular world but raises the challenging question of what it means to exist in a way that brings out the best in individuals.', "The significance of religious belief in the high Middle Ages, where it justified certain assumptions about people who didn't share the belief, is contrasted with the modern secular age, where religious belief no longer justifies such conclusions."]}, {'end': 2557.921, 'start': 2206.185, 'title': 'Existentialist interpretation of christianity', 'summary': "Discusses the existentialist interpretation of christianity and explores the ideas of various figures like kierkegaard, dostoevsky, camus, and heidegger, with a focus on dostoevsky's novel 'the brothers karamazov' and the exploration of guilt, responsibility, and salvation.", 'duration': 351.736, 'highlights': ["Dostoevsky's novel 'The Brothers Karamazov' is discussed, emphasizing its intense exploration of notions and gradations of guilt, responsibility, and the possibility of love and salvation in the face of atrocious actions, providing a human perspective on existentialist themes.", "The contrast between Dostoevsky's views and Sartre's radical freedom is analyzed, highlighting the different approaches to the implications of the absence of God, with Dostoevsky's perspective emphasizing the price to pay for atrocious actions in contrast to Sartre's 'everything is permitted' stance.", 'The misconception of Christianity as a set of beliefs rather than a way of living a life is pointed out as an interesting move made by early figures, setting the stage for the development of an existential interpretation of Christianity by later thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky.', "The chapter delves into the existentialist ideas present in Dostoevsky's novels 'The Idiot' and 'Notes from Underground', highlighting the optimism, love for the world, and existential themes that deeply connect with the speaker.", "The existentialist themes in Dostoevsky's works, particularly in 'The Brothers Karamazov', are explored, focusing on the notions of responsibility, guilt, and the pursuit of salvation in the face of atrocious actions, providing a profound and human exploration of existentialist concepts."]}, {'end': 3161.433, 'start': 2558.661, 'title': 'The role of language in philosophy', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of language in understanding philosophical concepts, aiming to explore the roots of language and connect with the mood of joy provided by christianity, while also highlighting the significance of translating literature and philosophical works to capture the magic of ideas.', 'duration': 602.772, 'highlights': ['The significance of translating literature and philosophical works to capture the magic of ideas. The speaker emphasizes the importance of translating literature and philosophical works to convey the magic of ideas to a wider audience, aiming to capture the essence of the original language for non-native speakers.', 'Exploring the roots of language and connecting with the mood of joy provided by Christianity. The chapter delves into the exploration of language roots and the mood of joy offered by Christianity, suggesting a deeper understanding can be achieved by connecting with the language and its cultural context.', 'The importance of language in understanding philosophical concepts. The discussion highlights the crucial role of language in comprehending philosophical concepts, indicating that different languages offer varied possibilities for understanding oneself and others.']}], 'duration': 1446.996, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw1714437.jpg', 'highlights': ["Exploring the truth behind Nietzsche's 'God is dead' statement and the possible responses in today's world.", "Nietzsche's diagnosis of the condition at the end of the 19th century is similar to the current condition.", "Questioning the condition we're currently in when Nietzsche says 'God is dead.'", "The concept of living in a secular age is described, where religious belief no longer justifies certain assumptions about people who don't share that belief, impacting the role of religious belief in people's lives.", 'The impact of living in a secular age on religious believers is discussed, highlighting the unsettling aspect that their belief can no longer ground their understanding of what they should aim for in life as it did in previous ages.', 'The discussion delves into the existentialist perspective, questioning what it means to exist in a way that brings out the best in individuals and mentions important figures in the existentialism tradition such as Pascal.', "The significance of religious belief in the high Middle Ages, where it justified certain assumptions about people who didn't share the belief, is contrasted with the modern secular age, where religious belief no longer justifies such conclusions.", 'The chapter touches on the possibility of living meaningful lives in a secular world but raises the challenging question of what it means to exist in a way that brings out the best in individuals.', "Dostoevsky's novel 'The Brothers Karamazov' is discussed, emphasizing its intense exploration of notions and gradations of guilt, responsibility, and the possibility of love and salvation in the face of atrocious actions, providing a human perspective on existentialist themes.", "The contrast between Dostoevsky's views and Sartre's radical freedom is analyzed, highlighting the different approaches to the implications of the absence of God, with Dostoevsky's perspective emphasizing the price to pay for atrocious actions in contrast to Sartre's 'everything is permitted' stance.", 'The misconception of Christianity as a set of beliefs rather than a way of living a life is pointed out as an interesting move made by early figures, setting the stage for the development of an existential interpretation of Christianity by later thinkers like Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky.', "The chapter delves into the existentialist ideas present in Dostoevsky's novels 'The Idiot' and 'Notes from Underground', highlighting the optimism, love for the world, and existential themes that deeply connect with the speaker.", "The existentialist themes in Dostoevsky's works, particularly in 'The Brothers Karamazov', are explored, focusing on the notions of responsibility, guilt, and the pursuit of salvation in the face of atrocious actions, providing a profound and human exploration of existentialist concepts.", 'The significance of translating literature and philosophical works to capture the magic of ideas. The speaker emphasizes the importance of translating literature and philosophical works to convey the magic of ideas to a wider audience, aiming to capture the essence of the original language for non-native speakers.', 'Exploring the roots of language and connecting with the mood of joy provided by Christianity. The chapter delves into the exploration of language roots and the mood of joy offered by Christianity, suggesting a deeper understanding can be achieved by connecting with the language and its cultural context.', 'The importance of language in understanding philosophical concepts. The discussion highlights the crucial role of language in comprehending philosophical concepts, indicating that different languages offer varied possibilities for understanding oneself and others.']}, {'end': 4386.265, 'segs': [{'end': 3238.222, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3215.883, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3223.711, 'text': "Let's go to Camus, who is maybe less concerned with murder and more concerned with suicide as a way to explore human nature.", 'start': 3215.883, 'duration': 7.828}, {'end': 3231.797, 'text': 'So he is probably my favorite existentialist, probably one of the more accessible existentialists.', 'start': 3224.151, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 3238.222, 'text': "And like you said, one of the people who didn't like to call himself an existentialist.", 'start': 3232.598, 'duration': 5.624}], 'summary': 'Camus explores human nature through suicide. he is an accessible existentialist.', 'duration': 22.339, 'max_score': 3215.883, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3215883.jpg'}, {'end': 3559.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3538.45, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3548.213, 'text': "when you experience your day as sort of going on in this deadening way and you're just doing the things that you always do the way you always do them For Camus,", 'start': 3538.45, 'duration': 9.763}, {'end': 3551.075, 'text': 'that reveals the truth about what our lives are.', 'start': 3548.213, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 3558.44, 'text': "But I think there's some aspect, at least for me, and maybe he just didn't feel this or didn't have access to it.", 'start': 3551.855, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 3559.801, 'text': "Maybe others don't.", 'start': 3558.961, 'duration': 0.84}], 'summary': 'Camus reveals truth about monotonous life, but some may not feel this.', 'duration': 21.351, 'max_score': 3538.45, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3538450.jpg'}, {'end': 3793.083, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3765.922, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3773.851, 'text': "That seems like I'm getting some nice like dopamine hits in whatever the chemistry is from just the basics of life.", 'start': 3765.922, 'duration': 7.929}, {'end': 3775.933, 'text': 'And that is the source of aliveness.', 'start': 3773.891, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 3784.558, 'text': "However my brain is built, it's gotten a natural sort of mechanism for aliveness.", 'start': 3775.973, 'duration': 8.585}, {'end': 3793.083, 'text': 'And so one nice way to see the absence of aliveness is to look at the chemical, the clinical depression.', 'start': 3785.279, 'duration': 7.804}], 'summary': 'Chemistry of life produces aliveness, even in depression.', 'duration': 27.161, 'max_score': 3765.922, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3765922.jpg'}, {'end': 3847.328, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3817.219, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3820.101, 'text': 'You know, that excites me.', 'start': 3817.219, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 3822.922, 'text': 'The possibility that this is my last day.', 'start': 3820.121, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 3827.024, 'text': 'It just reminds me how amazing life is.', 'start': 3824.823, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 3828.484, 'text': "And that's chemistry.", 'start': 3827.084, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 3836.646, 'text': "I don't know what that is, but that's certainly not some kind of philosophical decision I made.", 'start': 3828.504, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 3843.907, 'text': "I am a little bit riding a wave of the chemistry, of the genetics I've been given, of the dopamine.", 'start': 3836.666, 'duration': 7.241}, {'end': 3847.328, 'text': 'So that question of suicide.', 'start': 3844.247, 'duration': 3.081}], 'summary': 'Excitement about life due to genetics and chemistry, not philosophical decision.', 'duration': 30.109, 'max_score': 3817.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3817219.jpg'}, {'end': 3962.63, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3925.208, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3928.93, 'text': "And it's only because they're things to lose that they can come to have the significance that they do.", 'start': 3925.208, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 3937.456, 'text': "So yeah, I think I'm not against the idea that that's a deep way of approaching the questions at the core of existentialism.", 'start': 3928.99, 'duration': 8.466}, {'end': 3941.919, 'text': 'But as you said, I was worried for a while about how I was going to teach it.', 'start': 3938.036, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 3946.699, 'text': "Well, I think there's a difference between suicide and not living.", 'start': 3943.157, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 3949.221, 'text': 'Because suicide is an action.', 'start': 3947.76, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 3962.63, 'text': "So it feels like to me, like suicide doesn't make sense because, you know, imagine you're in like a hotel and you're saying the room I'm in sucks.", 'start': 3950.522, 'duration': 12.108}], 'summary': 'Existentialism questions tackled with perspective on suicide and living.', 'duration': 37.422, 'max_score': 3925.208, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3925208.jpg'}, {'end': 4077.568, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4053.532, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4059.774, 'text': "And I think that Dostoevsky's real view is that the brain chemistry doesn't exist on its own.", 'start': 4053.532, 'duration': 6.242}, {'end': 4072.227, 'text': 'The way we interact with one another, the way we care about or isolate ourselves from others, the way we care for the lives that we lead,', 'start': 4060.394, 'duration': 11.833}, {'end': 4077.568, 'text': "affects the chemistry of our brain, which goes on and changes the mood that we're in.", 'start': 4072.227, 'duration': 5.341}], 'summary': 'Dostoevsky believes brain chemistry is affected by our interactions and impacts our mood.', 'duration': 24.036, 'max_score': 4053.532, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4053532.jpg'}, {'end': 4169.096, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4139.729, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4144.131, 'text': 'So there is an experiential part of existentialism where you want to.', 'start': 4139.729, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 4151.392, 'text': "it's not just about we've been talking about kind of decisions and actions but also what it means to listen, like you said from Nietzsche,", 'start': 4144.131, 'duration': 7.261}, {'end': 4156.393, 'text': 'like what it means to really take in the world and experience the moment.', 'start': 4151.392, 'duration': 5.001}, {'end': 4159.774, 'text': "So he's very good at writing about what it means to experience the moment.", 'start': 4156.433, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 4162.835, 'text': 'and experience the full absurdity of the moment.', 'start': 4160.254, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 4169.096, 'text': "And for him, I'm starting to forget Steppenwolf I think is humor.", 'start': 4163.175, 'duration': 5.921}], 'summary': "Existentialism emphasizes experiencing the full absurdity of the moment, as exemplified by nietzsche's writing.", 'duration': 29.367, 'max_score': 4139.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4139729.jpg'}, {'end': 4340.835, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4288.712, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4294.573, 'text': "If there aren't risks in your life, if your life is totally safe, then there's no possibility of significance.", 'start': 4288.712, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 4297.414, 'text': "And so I think, on Eric's reading,", 'start': 4295.273, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 4304.655, 'text': 'Kierkegaard sort of wants to line up the importance of the riskiness and vulnerability in your life to its having meaning.', 'start': 4297.414, 'duration': 7.241}, {'end': 4314.604, 'text': 'with the experience of destabilization that you get in jokes and comedy, which then becomes significant right?', 'start': 4305.575, 'duration': 9.029}, {'end': 4319.889, 'text': "When you remember having heard a joke for the first time, it's got a kind of salience for you.", 'start': 4314.764, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 4324.97, 'text': 'Speaking of jokes and speaking of, you mentioned film and literature.', 'start': 4320.589, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 4328.511, 'text': 'So existentialism in film and literature.', 'start': 4325.971, 'duration': 2.54}, {'end': 4339.515, 'text': 'I think for a lot of people, especially nihilism was experienced in the great work of art, modern work of art called Big Lebowski.', 'start': 4328.531, 'duration': 10.984}, {'end': 4340.835, 'text': "I don't know if you've ever seen that film.", 'start': 4339.555, 'duration': 1.28}], 'summary': 'Kierkegaard emphasizes the importance of risk and vulnerability for meaningful life, linking it to the experience of destabilization in jokes and comedy.', 'duration': 52.123, 'max_score': 4288.712, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4288712.jpg'}], 'start': 3161.593, 'title': 'Existentialism in literature', 'summary': "Explores camus's existential views, the concept of aliveness, and existential themes in the brothers karamazov. it highlights the exploration of suicide, absurdity in human existence, the impact of chemistry on life, contemplating mortality, and existential themes in film and literature.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3765.902, 'start': 3161.593, 'title': "Camus's existential exploration", 'summary': "Explores the existential views of camus, highlighting his exploration of suicide, the concept of absurdity in human existence, and the pursuit of 'aliveness' as an alternative perspective to camus's bleak view.", 'duration': 604.309, 'highlights': ["The idea of soil and honesty in Eckhart's interpretation of Christianity as the fundamental thing, revealing a different understanding of existence.", "Camus's exploration of suicide and the concept of absurdity in human existence, presenting a bleak understanding of life.", "The pursuit of 'aliveness' as an alternative perspective to Camus's view, emphasizing moments of peak experience and deep joy in mundane things."]}, {'end': 3996.082, 'start': 3765.922, 'title': 'Exploring aliveness and existentialism', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of aliveness and existentialism, highlighting the impact of chemistry on life, the importance of contemplating mortality, and the deep questions at the core of existentialism, particularly regarding the desirability of living and the significance of risks and vulnerability.', 'duration': 230.16, 'highlights': ['The impact of chemistry on life, particularly dopamine hits, is discussed as the source of aliveness.', 'Contemplating mortality and embracing the possibility of the last day is highlighted as a reminder of the amazingness of life.', 'The deep questions at the core of existentialism, including the desirability of living and the significance of risks and vulnerability, are explored.', 'The formulation of the question of existentialism regarding suicide is considered, emphasizing the difference between suicide and not living.']}, {'end': 4386.265, 'start': 3996.562, 'title': 'Existentialism in the brothers karamazov', 'summary': "Delves into the existential themes in the brothers karamazov, discussing the character ivan's struggle with suicidal thoughts and the impact of human interaction on brain chemistry. it also touches on the experiential aspect of existentialism, the role of humor, and notable appearances of existentialism in film and literature.", 'duration': 389.703, 'highlights': ["Dostoevsky's view that human interaction and care for our lives affects the chemistry of our brain, impacting our mood. Dostoevsky's belief in the influence of human interaction and caring for our lives on brain chemistry, altering our mood.", "The experiential aspect of existentialism and the importance of truly experiencing the moment, as exemplified in Herman Hesse's work, particularly 'Siddhartha.' Discusses the experiential aspect of existentialism and the significance of experiencing the moment, citing Herman Hesse's 'Siddhartha' as an example.", "The role of humor in existentialism, as depicted in Kierkegaard's writings and its significance in adding risk and vulnerability to life, thereby giving it meaning. Explores the role of humor in existentialism, drawing from Kierkegaard's writings and its role in introducing risk and vulnerability to life, contributing to its significance.", "The significance of notable appearances of existentialism in film, such as the portrayal of nihilism in 'The Big Lebowski.' Discusses the importance of notable appearances of existentialism in film, including the portrayal of nihilism in 'The Big Lebowski.'"]}], 'duration': 1224.672, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw3161593.jpg', 'highlights': ["Camus's exploration of suicide and the concept of absurdity in human existence, presenting a bleak understanding of life.", "The pursuit of 'aliveness' as an alternative perspective to Camus's view, emphasizing moments of peak experience and deep joy in mundane things.", 'The impact of chemistry on life, particularly dopamine hits, is discussed as the source of aliveness.', 'Contemplating mortality and embracing the possibility of the last day is highlighted as a reminder of the amazingness of life.', 'The deep questions at the core of existentialism, including the desirability of living and the significance of risks and vulnerability, are explored.', "The experiential aspect of existentialism and the importance of truly experiencing the moment, as exemplified in Herman Hesse's work, particularly 'Siddhartha.'", "The role of humor in existentialism, as depicted in Kierkegaard's writings and its significance in adding risk and vulnerability to life, thereby giving it meaning.", "The significance of notable appearances of existentialism in film, such as the portrayal of nihilism in 'The Big Lebowski.'", "Dostoevsky's view that human interaction and care for our lives affects the chemistry of our brain, impacting our mood."]}, {'end': 4951.479, 'segs': [{'end': 4516.244, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4487.504, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4490.306, 'text': 'Thank you for reminding me of all that.', 'start': 4487.504, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 4497.432, 'text': 'So one thing to say is that the group of nihilists who call themselves nihilists.', 'start': 4490.626, 'duration': 6.806}, {'end': 4502.135, 'text': "I think they've got a bad misinterpretation of what nihilism is supposed to be.", 'start': 4497.432, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 4507.36, 'text': 'And this happened actually in the 20s.', 'start': 4503.537, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 4516.244, 'text': "There was a famous case, um, of a couple of german students, leopold and loeb, who'd read a lot of nietzsche.", 'start': 4507.4, 'duration': 8.844}], 'summary': 'Nihilists misunderstood nihilism, influenced by nietzsche in the 20s.', 'duration': 28.74, 'max_score': 4487.504, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4487504.jpg'}, {'end': 4648.441, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4604.279, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4612.927, 'text': "Miles Davis' aim is to creatively bring it about that something works well in a situation where he is kind of constrained.", 'start': 4604.279, 'duration': 8.648}, {'end': 4614.148, 'text': 'So they thought two things.', 'start': 4613.007, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 4616.25, 'text': 'One, there are no constraints at all.', 'start': 4614.469, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 4620.512, 'text': 'not even the constraints of the situation that we find ourselves in.', 'start': 4617.111, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 4629.795, 'text': 'And two, we only become the beings that we really are when we act against what you might have thought the constraints were.', 'start': 4621.012, 'duration': 8.783}, {'end': 4634.037, 'text': "And I just think that's a bad misreading of what that kind of nihilism is up to.", 'start': 4630.415, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 4639.979, 'text': 'And I think maybe that group in the Big Lebowski has got that kind of bad misreading.', 'start': 4634.057, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 4643.3, 'text': 'But then the major characters are much more interesting.', 'start': 4640.399, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 4644.46, 'text': "Go ahead, you're going to say something.", 'start': 4643.36, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 4648.441, 'text': "So there's some kind of apathy to their particular nihilism.", 'start': 4644.62, 'duration': 3.821}], 'summary': 'Miles davis aims to creatively work within constraints; nihilism is misread.', 'duration': 44.162, 'max_score': 4604.279, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4604279.jpg'}, {'end': 4741.948, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4683.154, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4684.254, 'text': 'It means without passions.', 'start': 4683.154, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 4695.579, 'text': "And the Stoics who you mentioned earlier really thought that passions are what get in the way if you're living Well, because to live well,", 'start': 4685.215, 'duration': 10.364}, {'end': 4697.821, 'text': 'you have to think clearly about what you should do,', 'start': 4695.579, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 4704.528, 'text': "and you shouldn't let your resentments and your angers and your petty animosities direct your behavior.", 'start': 4697.821, 'duration': 6.707}, {'end': 4707.931, 'text': 'You should release yourself from those kinds of passions.', 'start': 4704.588, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 4716.339, 'text': "So stoicism, again, huge caricature, but it's an aim not to care because caring is bad.", 'start': 4708.552, 'duration': 7.787}, {'end': 4728.384, 'text': "And there's certain forms of existentialism, certainly in Pascal and Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky and Heidegger and Sartre in his own way.", 'start': 4717.14, 'duration': 11.244}, {'end': 4736.787, 'text': "So it's not just a theistic or atheistic thing, where what's crucial about us is that we do care.", 'start': 4729.464, 'duration': 7.323}, {'end': 4740.528, 'text': 'Heidegger says, care is the being of Dasein.', 'start': 4737.447, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 4741.948, 'text': 'Dasein is his name for us.', 'start': 4740.548, 'duration': 1.4}], 'summary': 'Stoicism aims to free oneself from negative passions to think clearly and live well.', 'duration': 58.794, 'max_score': 4683.154, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4683154.jpg'}, {'end': 4925.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4898.161, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4903.327, 'text': "I'm not again very knowledgeable about the full depth of her philosophy,", 'start': 4898.161, 'duration': 5.166}, {'end': 4916.337, 'text': "but I think she takes a view of the world that's similar to Sartre in the conclusions, but makes stronger statements about epistemology,", 'start': 4903.327, 'duration': 13.01}, {'end': 4920.14, 'text': "that first of all, everything is knowable, and there's some.", 'start': 4916.337, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 4922.342, 'text': 'you should always operate through reason.', 'start': 4920.14, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 4925.105, 'text': 'Like reason is very important.', 'start': 4923.083, 'duration': 2.022}], 'summary': "Her philosophy echoes sartre's views, emphasizing knowability and reason.", 'duration': 26.944, 'max_score': 4898.161, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4898161.jpg'}], 'start': 4386.525, 'title': 'Philosophical depth', 'summary': "Delves into the philosophical depth of the big lebowski, spotlighting characters' representation of philosophical concepts and discussing the misinterpretation of nihilism. it contrasts nietzsche's philosophy with miles davis' creativity and explores apathy, nihilism, stoicism, and existentialism, contrasting ayn rand's perspectives with sartre and other existentialists.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4629.795, 'start': 4386.525, 'title': 'Interpretation of the big lebowski', 'summary': "Discusses the philosophical depth of the big lebowski, highlighting the characters' representation of philosophical concepts and a case study of misinterpretation of nihilism, emphasizing the misreading of nietzsche's philosophy and contrasting it with miles davis' approach to creativity.", 'duration': 243.27, 'highlights': ["The characters in The Big Lebowski represent different philosophical concepts, with the main character, Jeff Bridges, embodying a 'it is what it is' philosophy and the nihilists misinterpreting Nietzsche's concept of nihilism. Representation of philosophical concepts in characters; portrayal of 'it is what it is' philosophy; misinterpretation of nihilism.", "A case study of misinterpretation of nihilism is discussed, citing the example of Leopold and Loeb's misguided understanding of Nietzsche's philosophy, leading to a fatal act based on their flawed interpretation. Case study of Leopold and Loeb's misreading of Nietzsche's philosophy; fatal act based on flawed interpretation of nihilism.", "Comparison of the misguided interpretation of nihilism by Leopold and Loeb with Miles Davis' creative approach, emphasizing the contrast between embracing constraints and acting against perceived constraints. Contrast between misguided nihilistic interpretation and Miles Davis' creative approach; emphasis on embracing constraints versus acting against perceived constraints."]}, {'end': 4951.479, 'start': 4630.415, 'title': 'Nihilism, apathy, and existentialism', 'summary': 'Explores the concepts of apathy, nihilism, stoicism, and existentialism, discussing the importance of caring and the contrasting perspectives of ayn rand in relation to sartre and other existentialists.', 'duration': 321.064, 'highlights': ['Existentialism emphasizes the importance of caring and rejects the Stoic aim not to care. Existentialists believe that caring is constitutive of human existence, contrasting the Stoic philosophy that aims not to care.', "Ayn Rand's philosophy aligns with Sartre's view of radical freedom and emphasizes the importance of operating through reason and courage. Ayn Rand's philosophy shares similarities with Sartre's view of radical freedom and emphasizes the significance of reason and courage in creating value.", 'The Stoics advocate releasing oneself from passions to live well, aiming to think clearly without being directed by resentments and angers. Stoicism promotes living well by freeing oneself from passions and not letting negative emotions dictate behavior.']}], 'duration': 564.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4386525.jpg', 'highlights': ["Representation of philosophical concepts in characters; portrayal of 'it is what it is' philosophy; misinterpretation of nihilism.", "Case study of Leopold and Loeb's misreading of Nietzsche's philosophy; fatal act based on flawed interpretation of nihilism.", "Contrast between misguided nihilistic interpretation and Miles Davis' creative approach; emphasis on embracing constraints versus acting against perceived constraints.", 'Existentialists believe that caring is constitutive of human existence, contrasting the Stoic philosophy that aims not to care.', "Ayn Rand's philosophy shares similarities with Sartre's view of radical freedom and emphasizes the significance of reason and courage in creating value.", 'Stoicism promotes living well by freeing oneself from passions and not letting negative emotions dictate behavior.']}, {'end': 5651.685, 'segs': [{'end': 4978.453, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4952.321, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4957.027, 'text': 'She would talk about virtue of selfishness and sort of a lot of people use that to dismiss her.', 'start': 4952.321, 'duration': 4.706}, {'end': 4958.569, 'text': "Look, she's very selfish and so on.", 'start': 4957.067, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 4961.87, 'text': 'She actually meant something very different.', 'start': 4958.929, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 4963.85, 'text': "It's like, it's more like a desartre thing.", 'start': 4961.91, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 4972.812, 'text': "Take responsibility for yourself, understand what forces you're operating under and make the best of this life.", 'start': 4963.91, 'duration': 8.902}, {'end': 4978.453, 'text': "And that's how you can be the best member of society is by making the best life you can.", 'start': 4972.892, 'duration': 5.561}], 'summary': "Ayn rand's 'virtue of selfishness' promotes self-responsibility for better societal contribution.", 'duration': 26.132, 'max_score': 4952.321, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4952321.jpg'}, {'end': 5161.155, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5130.687, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5142.423, 'text': "And it feels like with Simone de Beauvoir, it seems like she's a very important, person in this moment of history that shouldn't be fully forgotten.", 'start': 5130.687, 'duration': 11.736}, {'end': 5144.066, 'text': 'Interesting Yeah.', 'start': 5143.164, 'duration': 0.902}, {'end': 5146.631, 'text': "Well, so I mean, I don't have a lot to add.", 'start': 5144.507, 'duration': 2.124}, {'end': 5158.454, 'text': 'I will just say She and Beauvoir seem to me, from your description of her and remembering what I remember from 35 years ago,', 'start': 5146.651, 'duration': 11.803}, {'end': 5161.155, 'text': 'they seem pretty opposite from one another.', 'start': 5158.454, 'duration': 2.701}], 'summary': 'Simone de beauvoir is a significant figure in history, not to be forgotten. she and beauvoir seem opposite.', 'duration': 30.468, 'max_score': 5130.687, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5130687.jpg'}, {'end': 5292.881, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5266.27, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5271.094, 'text': "Frantz Fanon, who's a contemporary of Sartre and Beauvoir writes about it.", 'start': 5266.27, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 5273.576, 'text': "And it's very familiar the things that he's saying now,", 'start': 5271.214, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 5282.443, 'text': 'but he writes back in the 50s about being a black man in Paris and getting on an elevator with a woman alone.', 'start': 5273.576, 'duration': 8.867}, {'end': 5292.881, 'text': 'And how her reaction to him, not knowing him not having any views about, any reason to have any views about him,', 'start': 5282.893, 'duration': 9.988}], 'summary': 'Frantz fanon, a contemporary of sartre and beauvoir, discusses the experience of being a black man in 1950s paris and the impact of racial prejudice on interactions with others.', 'duration': 26.611, 'max_score': 5266.27, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5266270.jpg'}, {'end': 5373.59, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5343.76, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5351.622, 'text': "From my point of view, that's something big to miss and the ambition to think that really what's happening is that we're all the same.", 'start': 5343.76, 'duration': 7.862}, {'end': 5352.883, 'text': "We're all rational beings.", 'start': 5351.662, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5362.063, 'text': "We're all beings who, if we just got the axioms of our existence right and made good judgments and reasoned in an appropriate way,", 'start': 5353.697, 'duration': 8.366}, {'end': 5364.664, 'text': 'would optimize ourselves.', 'start': 5362.063, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 5373.59, 'text': 'That feels to me like a kind of natural end point of the philosophical tradition.', 'start': 5365.385, 'duration': 8.205}], 'summary': 'The speaker believes that rational beings can optimize themselves by making good judgments and reasoning in an appropriate way, which is the natural end point of the philosophical tradition.', 'duration': 29.83, 'max_score': 5343.76, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5343760.jpg'}, {'end': 5473.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5442.971, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5447.573, 'text': "But then it's also interesting that Heidegger was a Nazi.", 'start': 5442.971, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 5451.654, 'text': 'I mean, this is a very disturbing fact about his personal political background.', 'start': 5447.713, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 5458.917, 'text': "And so it's something that anyone who thinks that things that he said might be interesting has got to contend with.", 'start': 5453.235, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 5466.482, 'text': 'Heidegger was born in Germany, Hitler in Austria, Wittgenstein is Austria also.', 'start': 5459.597, 'duration': 6.885}, {'end': 5473.608, 'text': 'But so you have to, when you call Heidegger a Nazi, you have to remember, I mean, there was millions of Nazis too.', 'start': 5466.782, 'duration': 6.826}], 'summary': "Heidegger's nazi affiliation raises questions about his ideas.", 'duration': 30.637, 'max_score': 5442.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5442971.jpg'}], 'start': 4952.321, 'title': 'Philosophical influences', 'summary': "Explores ayn rand's philosophy of selfishness, simone de beauvoir's impact on feminist philosophy, and heidegger's controversial nazi affiliation, emphasizing existentialist responsibility and societal value.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5022.199, 'start': 4952.321, 'title': "Ayn rand's philosophy", 'summary': "Discusses ayn rand's philosophy of selfishness as a means of taking responsibility and making the best of life, leading to being a valuable member of society, despite her controversial and confident demeanor.", 'duration': 69.878, 'highlights': ["Ayn Rand's philosophy of selfishness is about taking responsibility for oneself and making the best of life to become a valuable member of society.", 'She emphasizes the importance of focusing on oneself to fix personal problems first, which ultimately contributes to being a better member of society, family, and friends.', "Ayn Rand's public dislike is partly attributed to her confident and assertive demeanor, similar to other philosophers like Nietzsche, who made strong statements about various aspects of life."]}, {'end': 5392.152, 'start': 5022.819, 'title': 'Influence of simone de beauvoir', 'summary': "Discusses the lack of acknowledgment of simone de beauvoir's influence, her impact on feminist philosophy, and her contrasting ideas with sartre, emphasizing the significance of recognizing one's 'thrownness.'", 'duration': 369.333, 'highlights': ["Simone de Beauvoir's influence is often overlooked despite being the author of some of the most widely read books and having strong ideas. Simone de Beauvoir's influence is often overlooked despite being the author of some of the most widely read books and having strong ideas.", "Simone de Beauvoir is a significant figure in feminist philosophy, and her contrasting ideas with Sartre emphasize the importance of recognizing one's 'thrownness'. Simone de Beauvoir is a significant figure in feminist philosophy, and her contrasting ideas with Sartre emphasize the importance of recognizing one's 'thrownness'.", "The chapter explores the concept of 'thrownness' and how it shapes individuals' understanding and experiences, particularly emphasizing its impact on Simone de Beauvoir's viewpoints as a woman. The chapter explores the concept of 'thrownness' and how it shapes individuals' understanding and experiences, particularly emphasizing its impact on Simone de Beauvoir's viewpoints as a woman.", "The discussion includes Frantz Fanon's perspective on the Black experience, highlighting the societal impact on individuals' social positions and the importance of acknowledging such influences. The discussion includes Frantz Fanon's perspective on the Black experience, highlighting the societal impact on individuals' social positions and the importance of acknowledging such influences.", "The chapter challenges the philosophical tradition's emphasis on rational optimization and argues for the recognition of the crucial aspects of human existence that have been overlooked. The chapter challenges the philosophical tradition's emphasis on rational optimization and argues for the recognition of the crucial aspects of human existence that have been overlooked."]}, {'end': 5651.685, 'start': 5392.793, 'title': "Heidegger's impact and political controversy", 'summary': 'Discusses martin heidegger, his contributions to philosophy, and the controversy surrounding his nazi affiliation, including his political position as rector of the university of freiburg in 1933, in the context of existentialist responsibility to stand up to evil and broken norms.', 'duration': 258.892, 'highlights': ["Martin Heidegger's birth year, 1889, coincides with the birth years of Wittgenstein and Hitler, marking a significant historical convergence.", "Heidegger's appointment as rector of the University of Freiburg in 1933, a politically significant role in a state university in Germany, raises questions about his association with the Nazi party.", "The discussion of existentialist responsibility to stand up to evil and broken norms, in the context of Heidegger's political position and personal beliefs, prompts reflection on ethical obligations and individual accountability.", "The chapter delves into the complexity of Heidegger's political background, raising questions about his ideological beliefs and actions during his association with the Nazi party."]}], 'duration': 699.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw4952321.jpg', 'highlights': ["Ayn Rand's philosophy of selfishness emphasizes taking responsibility for oneself and contributing to society.", "Simone de Beauvoir's influence in feminist philosophy and her contrasting ideas with Sartre are significant.", "The chapter challenges the philosophical tradition's emphasis on rational optimization and argues for recognizing crucial aspects of human existence.", "The discussion includes Frantz Fanon's perspective on the Black experience and the societal impact on individuals' social positions.", "The chapter delves into the complexity of Heidegger's political background and raises questions about his ideological beliefs and actions during his association with the Nazi party."]}, {'end': 6712.108, 'segs': [{'end': 5680.406, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5651.685, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5657.409, 'text': "you don't get to just isolate yourself and pull yourself out of the culture and think I don't have any responsibility.", 'start': 5651.685, 'duration': 5.724}, {'end': 5664.475, 'text': "You're already a part of the culture, even if you're isolating yourself from it.", 'start': 5659.591, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 5666.537, 'text': "That's a way of rejecting the..", 'start': 5664.555, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 5672.121, 'text': "sort of part you play in the culture, but it's not a way of getting behind it.", 'start': 5668.038, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 5675.062, 'text': "Now you're playing that role differently.", 'start': 5672.901, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 5680.406, 'text': "You're saying, I don't want to take responsibility for what's going on around me.", 'start': 5675.102, 'duration': 5.304}], 'summary': "Isolating oneself from culture is rejecting responsibility for one's role in it.", 'duration': 28.721, 'max_score': 5651.685, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5651685.jpg'}, {'end': 5821.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5794.854, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5799.458, 'text': "That's not what Alyosha intended to do, but that's the way it's experienced.", 'start': 5794.854, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 5807.666, 'text': "And so there's this way he comes to recognize, oh my God, what I'm supposed to do is love people in Dostoevsky's view of things.", 'start': 5799.498, 'duration': 8.168}, {'end': 5811.567, 'text': "And what I'm doing instead is dragging this poor woman down.", 'start': 5808.405, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 5813.068, 'text': "I'm making her life worse.", 'start': 5811.627, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 5815.01, 'text': "I'm making her feel terrible about herself.", 'start': 5813.148, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 5819.153, 'text': "And if I actually came to know her, I'd recognize her condition is difficult.", 'start': 5815.41, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 5821.474, 'text': "She's living a difficult life.", 'start': 5819.793, 'duration': 1.681}], 'summary': 'Alyosha realizes he should love people instead of making their lives worse.', 'duration': 26.62, 'max_score': 5794.854, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5794854.jpg'}, {'end': 6035.166, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6008.531, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6012.833, 'text': 'Everything we do is going to be sort of undermined by some aspect of it.', 'start': 6008.531, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 6017.575, 'text': "There's not going to be a kind of pure good in human existence.", 'start': 6012.893, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 6024.999, 'text': "And so it's sort of required that we're gonna have to be empathetic,", 'start': 6018.155, 'duration': 6.844}, {'end': 6030.943, 'text': "that we're gonna have to recognize that others are dealing with that just as we are.", 'start': 6024.999, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 6033.785, 'text': 'So I apologize for distracting us.', 'start': 6032.224, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 6035.166, 'text': 'We were talking about Heidegger.', 'start': 6033.805, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Empathy is essential as no human action is purely good; apology for distraction.', 'duration': 26.635, 'max_score': 6008.531, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6008531.jpg'}, {'end': 6254.488, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6225.152, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6235.283, 'text': "The feeling that I think we all have, that there's some pressure to do that, to relate to ourselves that way,", 'start': 6225.152, 'duration': 10.131}, {'end': 6239.344, 'text': 'is a clue to what Heidegger thinks the technological age is about.', 'start': 6235.283, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 6244.145, 'text': "And he thinks that's different from every other age in history.", 'start': 6240.244, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 6254.488, 'text': 'We used to think of ourselves in the 17th century, at the beginning of the Enlightenment, as subjects who represent objects.', 'start': 6244.946, 'duration': 9.542}], 'summary': 'Heidegger believes the technological age is distinct from all others in history due to pressure to relate to ourselves in a certain way.', 'duration': 29.336, 'max_score': 6225.152, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6225152.jpg'}, {'end': 6404.617, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6380.24, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6387.367, 'text': 'If we lived outside of communities, if we lived in a world where there were no social norms at all, Nothing would mean anything.', 'start': 6380.24, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 6389.468, 'text': 'Nothing would have any significance.', 'start': 6388.007, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 6397.693, 'text': 'Nothing would be regular in the way that things need to be regular in order for there to be departures or manifestations of that regularity.', 'start': 6389.708, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 6404.617, 'text': "So community norms are crucial, but they're also always updating.", 'start': 6398.893, 'duration': 5.724}], 'summary': 'Community norms are crucial for significance and regularity, always updating.', 'duration': 24.377, 'max_score': 6380.24, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6380240.jpg'}, {'end': 6517.536, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6486.383, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6497.367, 'text': "But it's also the saving possibility, because if we recognize that we never chose that, that it was given to us,", 'start': 6486.383, 'duration': 10.984}, {'end': 6505.831, 'text': "but also we were implicated in its being given and we could find a way to supersede it, that it's the ground, but it's also updatable.", 'start': 6497.367, 'duration': 8.464}, {'end': 6508.552, 'text': 'He calls the ground the groundless ground.', 'start': 6506.231, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 6517.536, 'text': "It's not like an entity, which is there, solid, stable, like God, who's eternal and non-changing.", 'start': 6510.314, 'duration': 7.222}], 'summary': "Discussing the concept of the 'groundless ground' as a saving possibility and its implication on stability and change.", 'duration': 31.153, 'max_score': 6486.383, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6486383.jpg'}], 'start': 5651.685, 'title': "Cultural responsibility, recognition, and understanding heidegger's views", 'summary': "Emphasizes cultural responsibility, recognizing implication in bringing others down, and understanding heidegger's views, with a focus on empathy and cautionary note about potential harm, supported by historical and philosophical references.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5695.415, 'start': 5651.685, 'title': 'Cultural responsibility', 'summary': 'Emphasizes that isolating oneself from culture does not absolve one from responsibility, as individuals are implicated in whatever is happening around them and should recognize this to make a difference.', 'duration': 43.73, 'highlights': ['Isolating oneself from culture does not absolve one from responsibility, as individuals are implicated in whatever is happening around them.', 'Refusing to take responsibility is a way of taking responsibility by refusing to do it.', "Recognizing one's implication in the culture is essential for making a difference in one's life."]}, {'end': 6199.283, 'start': 5696.474, 'title': 'Recognizing our implication in bringing others down', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of recognizing our role in bringing others down, the need for empathy and understanding, and the impact of technological age on our perception of ourselves and the world, with a cautionary note about the potential for even well-intentioned movements to perpetuate harm.', 'duration': 502.809, 'highlights': ["Alyosha's realization about unintentionally bringing others down serves as a crucial moment, highlighting the need to love people and understand their conditions, rather than inadvertently making their lives worse.", 'The discussion delves into the complexity of societal norms and the need for radical empathy and listening to the world, cautioning against becoming certain and dogmatic about labeling things as evil, as it can lead to committing evil onto the world.', "The impact of the technological age is explored, emphasizing Heidegger's view that our understanding of ourselves and everything else is limited and revolves around the idea of optimization and efficiency, which extends to how we perceive ourselves as a reserve of potential that needs to be optimized.", "The chapter also raises concerns about movements like 'woke culture' potentially perpetuating harm and the importance of constantly questioning and listening to the world, acknowledging the complexity and messiness of societal dynamics.", 'The discussion also touches upon the idea that there may not be a purely good way of doing things, emphasizing the necessity of empathy and the recognition that others are dealing with complexities just as we are.']}, {'end': 6712.108, 'start': 6199.363, 'title': "Understanding heidegger's views", 'summary': "Discusses heidegger's perspective on the technological age, emphasizing the danger of viewing ourselves as efficient resources to be optimized and the saving possibility in recognizing the groundless ground we stand on, using historical and philosophical references to support the argument.", 'duration': 512.745, 'highlights': ["Heidegger's critique of viewing ourselves as efficient resources to be optimized Heidegger highlights the danger of perceiving ourselves as efficient resources to be optimized, emphasizing the conflict between this view and the groundless ground we stand on.", 'The concept of the groundless ground and its updating nature Heidegger introduces the concept of the groundless ground, emphasizing its updating nature and our implication in its continuous evolution, providing insights into the nature of our existence.', 'Historical perspectives on human significance and community norms The discussion delves into historical perspectives, including the Middle Ages and the pre-Socratic age, emphasizing the significance of community norms in shaping human existence and the implications of living outside such norms.']}], 'duration': 1060.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw5651685.jpg', 'highlights': ["Recognizing one's implication in the culture is essential for making a difference in one's life.", "Alyosha's realization about unintentionally bringing others down serves as a crucial moment, highlighting the need to love people and understand their conditions.", "The impact of the technological age is explored, emphasizing Heidegger's view that our understanding of ourselves and everything else is limited and revolves around the idea of optimization and efficiency.", 'The discussion also touches upon the idea that there may not be a purely good way of doing things, emphasizing the necessity of empathy and the recognition that others are dealing with complexities just as we are.', 'Heidegger introduces the concept of the groundless ground, emphasizing its updating nature and our implication in its continuous evolution, providing insights into the nature of our existence.', 'Historical perspectives, including the Middle Ages and the pre-Socratic age, emphasize the significance of community norms in shaping human existence and the implications of living outside such norms.']}, {'end': 7709.935, 'segs': [{'end': 6809.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6768.54, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6774.122, 'text': 'So Burt Dreyfus was a very important philosopher.', 'start': 6768.54, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 6778.187, 'text': 'of the late 20th, early 21st century.', 'start': 6775.286, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 6782.129, 'text': 'He died in 2017, about a little over four years ago.', 'start': 6778.527, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 6783.909, 'text': 'He was my teacher.', 'start': 6783.189, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 6789.011, 'text': 'I met him in 1989 when I went away to graduate school in Berkeley.', 'start': 6784.13, 'duration': 4.881}, {'end': 6789.912, 'text': "That's where he taught.", 'start': 6789.151, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 6809.55, 'text': 'He plays an interesting and important role in the history of philosophy in America because in a period when most philosophers in America and in the English-speaking world were not taking seriously 20th century French and German philosophy,', 'start': 6790.792, 'duration': 18.758}], 'summary': 'Burt dreyfus, a significant philosopher, passed away in 2017, over four years ago, influencing american philosophy by embracing 20th century french and german philosophy.', 'duration': 41.01, 'max_score': 6768.54, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6768540.jpg'}, {'end': 6854.635, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6821.941, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6824.483, 'text': 'He was an incredible teacher.', 'start': 6821.941, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 6826.364, 'text': 'A lot of his influence came through his teaching.', 'start': 6824.523, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 6845.408, 'text': 'And one of the amazing things about him as a teacher was his mix of intellectual humility with deep, insightful authority.', 'start': 6827.585, 'duration': 17.823}, {'end': 6849.551, 'text': 'He would stand up in front of a class of 300 students.', 'start': 6845.889, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 6854.635, 'text': 'He taught huge classes because people loved to go see him, and I taught for him for many years.', 'start': 6849.571, 'duration': 5.064}], 'summary': 'Influential teacher with deep authority taught 300 students in huge classes.', 'duration': 32.694, 'max_score': 6821.941, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6821941.jpg'}, {'end': 6925.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6887.063, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6892.924, 'text': "His influence was for people who didn't know him through his interpretations of these texts.", 'start': 6887.063, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 6894.585, 'text': 'He wrote about a huge range of stuff.', 'start': 6892.984, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 6897.625, 'text': 'But for people who did know him, it was through his presence.', 'start': 6895.065, 'duration': 2.56}, {'end': 6901.246, 'text': 'It was through the way he carried himself in his life.', 'start': 6897.765, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 6905.009, 'text': "And so in any case, that's who he was.", 'start': 6902.146, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 6909.773, 'text': 'I graduated after many years as a graduate student.', 'start': 6905.869, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 6911.694, 'text': "I didn't start in philosophy.", 'start': 6910.313, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 6913.876, 'text': 'I started in math, math and computer science, actually.', 'start': 6911.714, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 6917.599, 'text': 'And then I did a lot of work in computational neuroscience for a few years.', 'start': 6914.416, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 6919.464, 'text': "It's a fascinating journey.", 'start': 6918.283, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 6924.067, 'text': "We'll get to it through our friendly conversation about artificial intelligence.", 'start': 6919.504, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 6925.047, 'text': "I'm sure.", 'start': 6924.627, 'duration': 0.42}], 'summary': 'The speaker made a transition from math and computer science to computational neuroscience before delving into artificial intelligence.', 'duration': 37.984, 'max_score': 6887.063, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6887063.jpg'}, {'end': 7135.245, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7108.856, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7113.337, 'text': 'So Moby Dick, I think, is the other great novel of the 19th century.', 'start': 7108.856, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 7120.039, 'text': "So the Brothers Karamazov and Moby Dick, and they're diametrically opposed, which is one of the really interesting things.", 'start': 7113.818, 'duration': 6.221}, {'end': 7128.002, 'text': 'So the Brothers Karamazov is a kind of existential interpretation of Russian Orthodox Christianity.', 'start': 7120.26, 'duration': 7.742}, {'end': 7135.245, 'text': 'How do you live that way and find joy in your existence? Moby Dick is not at all about Christianity.', 'start': 7128.542, 'duration': 6.703}], 'summary': 'Comparison between moby dick and brothers karamazov, representing opposing themes of christianity and existentialism.', 'duration': 26.389, 'max_score': 7108.856, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7108856.jpg'}, {'end': 7333.861, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7311.14, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7319.552, 'text': 'And Ahab wants to get him because a number of years earlier, he had an encounter with Moby Dick where Moby Dick bit off his leg.', 'start': 7311.14, 'duration': 8.412}, {'end': 7331.379, 'text': 'And he survived, but he had this deeply religious experience in the wake of it, and he needed to find out what the meaning of that was.', 'start': 7320.512, 'duration': 10.867}, {'end': 7333.861, 'text': 'Like what is the meaning of my suffering?', 'start': 7331.579, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Ahab seeks moby dick after losing leg; seeks meaning of suffering.', 'duration': 22.721, 'max_score': 7311.14, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7311140.jpg'}, {'end': 7449.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7413.281, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7417.763, 'text': "And he's got tattoos all over his body, head to toe.", 'start': 7413.281, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 7425.265, 'text': "He's party colored, like every different color, says Ishmael, is these tattoos.", 'start': 7418.363, 'duration': 6.902}, {'end': 7425.966, 'text': 'And they are..', 'start': 7425.385, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 7436.292, 'text': 'The writing on his body, he says, of the immutable mysteries of the universe as understood through his culture.', 'start': 7427.486, 'duration': 8.806}, {'end': 7444.617, 'text': 'And so somehow Queequeg is this character who is not Christian at all.', 'start': 7438.353, 'duration': 6.264}, {'end': 7449.148, 'text': "And he's powerful in a very different way than Ahab is.", 'start': 7446.186, 'duration': 2.962}], 'summary': "Queequeg has tattoos representing his culture's mysteries, not christian, powerful in a different way from ahab.", 'duration': 35.867, 'max_score': 7413.281, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7413281.jpg'}, {'end': 7685.192, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7659.767, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7668.113, 'text': "I think what's interesting about Melville is that he thinks our salvation comes not if we get in the right relation to monotheism or Christianity,", 'start': 7659.767, 'duration': 8.346}, {'end': 7673.977, 'text': "but if we get in the right relation to polytheism, to the idea that there's not a unity to our existence.", 'start': 7668.113, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 7678.062, 'text': "But there are lots of little meanings, and they don't cohere.", 'start': 7674.838, 'duration': 3.224}, {'end': 7685.192, 'text': "Like in Homer, sometimes you're in love.", 'start': 7678.883, 'duration': 6.309}], 'summary': 'Melville believes salvation comes from right relation to polytheism, not unity.', 'duration': 25.425, 'max_score': 7659.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7659767.jpg'}], 'start': 6712.108, 'title': "Philosopher's influence and journey through ai and literature", 'summary': "Discusses hubert dreyfus's influence and legacy in american philosophy, including his teaching style and interpretations. it also covers the speaker's journey from math to computational neuroscience, their collaboration on 'all things shining,' and the contrast between 'moby dick' and 'the brothers karamazov.'", 'chapters': [{'end': 6911.694, 'start': 6712.108, 'title': "Philosopher's influence and legacy", 'summary': 'Discusses the influence and legacy of philosopher hubert dreyfus, his role in american philosophy, and his teaching style, emphasizing his impact through his interpretations and personal presence.', 'duration': 199.586, 'highlights': ['Hubert Dreyfus was a significant philosopher of the late 20th, early 21st century, known for his important role in the history of American philosophy and his focus on 20th century French and German philosophy.', 'Dreyfus was an influential teacher, known for his intellectual humility and insightful authority, as well as his ability to be surprised and learn from his students, impacting a wide range of individuals through his interpretations and personal presence.', 'His influence was not only through his interpretations of texts but also through his presence and the way he carried himself in his life, leaving a lasting impact on those who knew him personally.']}, {'end': 7226.849, 'start': 6911.714, 'title': 'Journey through ai and literature', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's journey from math and computer science to computational neuroscience, influenced by criticisms of traditional ai, and his collaboration on the book 'all things shining' with a colleague. it also covers the contrast between 'moby dick' and 'the brothers karamazov' and the symbolism of the character ishmael.", 'duration': 315.135, 'highlights': ["The speaker's transition from math and computer science to computational neuroscience, influenced by criticisms of traditional AI, and his collaboration on the book 'All Things Shining' with a colleague. Transition from math and computer science to computational neuroscience, influence of criticisms of traditional AI, collaboration on the book 'All Things Shining'.", "Discussing the contrast between 'Moby Dick' and 'The Brothers Karamazov' and the symbolism of the character Ishmael. Contrast between 'Moby Dick' and 'The Brothers Karamazov', symbolism of the character Ishmael."]}, {'end': 7709.935, 'start': 7228.13, 'title': 'Moby dick and the search for meaning', 'summary': "Discusses the plot of moby dick, highlighting captain ahab's obsession with hunting the terrifying whale, moby dick, and the contrast between ahab's monotheistic quest for meaning and ishmael's exposure to polytheism and diverse meanings, as presented in melville's work.", 'duration': 481.805, 'highlights': ["Captain Ahab's obsession with hunting the terrifying whale, Moby Dick, after being bitten by it and his religious quest to find the meaning of his suffering and the universe. Ahab's obsession with hunting Moby Dick, who bit off his leg, and his religious quest for meaning.", "The contrast between Ahab's monotheistic quest for meaning and Ishmael's exposure to polytheism and diverse meanings through his relationship with the pagan character, Queequeg. Contrast between Ahab's monotheistic quest and Ishmael's exposure to diverse meanings through Queequeg.", "The discussion of Melville's perspective on salvation and the idea of getting in the right relation to polytheism and diverse meanings, as opposed to monotheism or Christianity. Melville's perspective on salvation and relation to polytheism and diverse meanings."]}], 'duration': 997.827, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw6712108.jpg', 'highlights': ['Hubert Dreyfus was a significant philosopher of the late 20th, early 21st century, known for his important role in the history of American philosophy and his focus on 20th century French and German philosophy.', 'Dreyfus was an influential teacher, known for his intellectual humility and insightful authority, as well as his ability to be surprised and learn from his students, impacting a wide range of individuals through his interpretations and personal presence.', 'His influence was not only through his interpretations of texts but also through his presence and the way he carried himself in his life, leaving a lasting impact on those who knew him personally.', "The speaker's transition from math and computer science to computational neuroscience, influenced by criticisms of traditional AI, and his collaboration on the book 'All Things Shining' with a colleague.", "Discussing the contrast between 'Moby Dick' and 'The Brothers Karamazov' and the symbolism of the character Ishmael.", "Captain Ahab's obsession with hunting the terrifying whale, Moby Dick, after being bitten by it and his religious quest to find the meaning of his suffering and the universe.", "The contrast between Ahab's monotheistic quest for meaning and Ishmael's exposure to polytheism and diverse meanings through his relationship with the pagan character, Queequeg.", "The discussion of Melville's perspective on salvation and the idea of getting in the right relation to polytheism and diverse meanings, as opposed to monotheism or Christianity."]}, {'end': 8344.701, 'segs': [{'end': 7738.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7710.215, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7715.519, 'text': "And Melville seems to think that that's a thing that we could aim to bring back.", 'start': 7710.215, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 7728.266, 'text': 'He says, we have to lure back the Merry May Day gods of old and lovingly enthrone them in the now egotistical sky, the now unhaunted hill.', 'start': 7716.42, 'duration': 11.846}, {'end': 7738.391, 'text': "We live in this world where hills aren't haunted with significance anymore and the sky is just a bunch of stuff that we're studying with physics and astrophysics and stuff.", 'start': 7728.586, 'duration': 9.805}], 'summary': 'Melville suggests reviving old gods for significance in modern world.', 'duration': 28.176, 'max_score': 7710.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7710215.jpg'}, {'end': 7783.996, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7759.843, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7768.908, 'text': 'In Wallace, one of the things I think is so interesting about him is that I think he is a great observer of the contemporary world.', 'start': 7759.843, 'duration': 9.065}, {'end': 7771.009, 'text': "And he's a very funny writer.", 'start': 7769.428, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 7772.51, 'text': "I mean, he's really funny.", 'start': 7771.029, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 7775.431, 'text': "But he's a great observer of the contemporary world,", 'start': 7773.03, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 7783.996, 'text': 'and what he thought was at the core of the contemporary world was this constant temptation to diversion through entertainment.', 'start': 7775.431, 'duration': 8.565}], 'summary': 'Wallace is a keen observer of the contemporary world, emphasizing the constant temptation to diversion through entertainment.', 'duration': 24.153, 'max_score': 7759.843, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7759843.jpg'}, {'end': 7869.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7832.987, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7835.97, 'text': "And I think there's two different David Foster Wallace's.", 'start': 7832.987, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 7839.973, 'text': 'One, I mean, David Foster Wallace committed suicide.', 'start': 7837.131, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 7849.467, 'text': "And when I, and it's very sad, and he clearly did have sort of, there was a physiological basis to his condition.", 'start': 7840.84, 'duration': 8.627}, {'end': 7853.15, 'text': 'He knew it, he was treating it for decades with medication.', 'start': 7849.687, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 7856.633, 'text': 'He had electroshock therapy a number of times.', 'start': 7853.17, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 7859.476, 'text': "It's just very, very sad story.", 'start': 7857.314, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 7869.224, 'text': 'When I decided that we were gonna write about David Foster Wallace, the first thing I was worried about is can you like, obviously,', 'start': 7860.136, 'duration': 9.088}], 'summary': 'David foster wallace suffered from a physiological condition, treated with medication and electroshock therapy, before his tragic suicide.', 'duration': 36.237, 'max_score': 7832.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7832987.jpg'}, {'end': 7952.704, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7924.031, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7926.912, 'text': "I think there's another side of him that's very different, but you were going to ask.", 'start': 7924.031, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 7938.856, 'text': "No, please, what's the other side? I mean, what I write about in the chapter mostly is what I think he's got as our saving possibility.", 'start': 7927.052, 'duration': 11.804}, {'end': 7951.863, 'text': 'He thinks our saving possibility he says this in a graduation speech that he gave to Kenyon is that we have the freedom to interpret situations,', 'start': 7941.038, 'duration': 10.825}, {'end': 7952.704, 'text': 'however we like.', 'start': 7951.863, 'duration': 0.841}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses the potential of freedom to interpret situations differently.', 'duration': 28.673, 'max_score': 7924.031, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7924031.jpg'}, {'end': 8321.898, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8300.516, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8311.268, 'text': "That's what we can get when we watch Federer or some other great athlete doing these things that transcend the limitations of their bodies.", 'start': 8300.516, 'duration': 10.752}, {'end': 8317.895, 'text': "That's the kind of peak experience that we're capable of that could be a kind of salvation.", 'start': 8311.808, 'duration': 6.087}, {'end': 8319.255, 'text': "That's a very different story.", 'start': 8317.955, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 8321.898, 'text': "And I think that's a livable story.", 'start': 8320.117, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Watching great athletes transcend physical limitations can lead to peak experiences and a livable story.', 'duration': 21.382, 'max_score': 8300.516, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8300516.jpg'}], 'start': 7710.215, 'title': "Reviving nature's significance", 'summary': "Discusses melville's call to revive the significance of nature in modern times, emphasizing the loss of awe and the need to restore the relation to natural elements. it also examines david foster wallace's observations on the contemporary world, including the temptation to diversion through entertainment and the potential for achieving peak moments of significance.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7759.202, 'start': 7710.215, 'title': 'Reviving significance in modernity', 'summary': "Discusses melville's call to revive the significance of nature in modern times, emphasizing the loss of awe and the need to restore the relation to natural elements, reflecting on the decline of significance in the modern world.", 'duration': 48.987, 'highlights': ['Melville emphasizes the need to lure back the significance of nature in modern times.', 'The loss of awe and significance in the modern world is highlighted, calling for a restoration of the relation to natural elements.', 'The discussion addresses the decline of significance in the modern world, particularly in relation to nature.']}, {'end': 8344.701, 'start': 7759.843, 'title': "David foster wallace's observations", 'summary': "Examines david foster wallace's observations on the contemporary world, including the temptation to diversion through entertainment and the freedom to interpret situations, while also delving into his struggles and the potential for achieving peak moments of significance.", 'duration': 584.858, 'highlights': ["David Foster Wallace's observations on the contemporary world and the temptation to diversion through entertainment Wallace observes the constant temptation to diversion through entertainment in the contemporary world, highlighting the struggle between efficiency and the allure of entertainment.", "David Foster Wallace's insights on the freedom to interpret situations Wallace discusses the freedom to interpret situations, emphasizing the need to challenge assumptions and recognize the possibility of different perspectives, while also cautioning against the abuse of this freedom.", "David Foster Wallace's struggle and physiological condition The chapter delves into Wallace's struggles, including his physiological condition, treatment with medication, and electroshock therapy, shedding light on the complexities and challenges he faced.", "David Foster Wallace's perspective on achieving peak moments of significance Wallace explores the potential for achieving peak moments of significance, using examples such as watching great athletes like Roger Federer to illustrate the transcending of limitations, offering a contrasting perspective to his struggles and the notion of salvation."]}], 'duration': 634.486, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw7710215.jpg', 'highlights': ['Melville emphasizes the need to lure back the significance of nature in modern times.', 'The loss of awe and significance in the modern world is highlighted, calling for a restoration of the relation to natural elements.', 'The discussion addresses the decline of significance in the modern world, particularly in relation to nature.', "David Foster Wallace's observations on the contemporary world and the temptation to diversion through entertainment Wallace observes the constant temptation to diversion through entertainment in the contemporary world, highlighting the struggle between efficiency and the allure of entertainment.", "David Foster Wallace's perspective on achieving peak moments of significance Wallace explores the potential for achieving peak moments of significance, using examples such as watching great athletes like Roger Federer to illustrate the transcending of limitations, offering a contrasting perspective to his struggles and the notion of salvation.", "David Foster Wallace's insights on the freedom to interpret situations Wallace discusses the freedom to interpret situations, emphasizing the need to challenge assumptions and recognize the possibility of different perspectives, while also cautioning against the abuse of this freedom.", "David Foster Wallace's struggle and physiological condition The chapter delves into Wallace's struggles, including his physiological condition, treatment with medication, and electroshock therapy, shedding light on the complexities and challenges he faced."]}, {'end': 9103.507, 'segs': [{'end': 8423.369, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8394.694, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8404.201, 'text': 'This would be very interesting to explore, because you kind of say that that may not be a realizable thing to do, which is to be unboreable.', 'start': 8394.694, 'duration': 9.507}, {'end': 8407.522, 'text': 'But my advice usually is life is amazing.', 'start': 8404.241, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 8416.525, 'text': 'You should be able to, you should strive to discover the joy, the levitation in everything.', 'start': 8408.562, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 8423.369, 'text': 'And the thing you get stuck on for a longer period of time, that might be the thing you should stick to.', 'start': 8417.485, 'duration': 5.884}], 'summary': 'Strive to discover joy, stick to what you get stuck on.', 'duration': 28.675, 'max_score': 8394.694, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8394694.jpg'}, {'end': 8536.078, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8502.352, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8508.475, 'text': 'And I actually think that Dostoevsky and Melville both agree,', 'start': 8502.352, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 8518.599, 'text': 'but in very different ways that life involves a wide range of moods and that all of them are important.', 'start': 8508.475, 'duration': 10.124}, {'end': 8520.6, 'text': 'It involves grief.', 'start': 8519.72, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 8524.682, 'text': "I think when someone dies, it's appropriate to grieve.", 'start': 8521.38, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 8528.853, 'text': "And it's not in the first instance joyful.", 'start': 8525.55, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 8536.078, 'text': "It's related to joy because it makes the joys you feel when you feel them more intense.", 'start': 8529.693, 'duration': 6.385}], 'summary': 'Dostoevsky and melville agree that life involves a wide range of moods, including grief, intensifying the joys.', 'duration': 33.726, 'max_score': 8502.352, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8502352.jpg'}, {'end': 8888.753, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8860.89, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8869.999, 'text': "just sort of taking yourself out of the world because you don't want to have to take responsibility for being involved with others.", 'start': 8860.89, 'duration': 9.109}, {'end': 8872.06, 'text': "I think that's a bad move.", 'start': 8870.879, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 8877.025, 'text': 'And I do worry that maybe, I mean, I never knew David Foster Wallace.', 'start': 8872.521, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 8887.152, 'text': 'I have no right to to comment on his life, but he portrays himself in that one episode as a person who does that.', 'start': 8877.065, 'duration': 10.087}, {'end': 8888.753, 'text': "And I think that's dangerous.", 'start': 8887.692, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Avoiding responsibility by isolating oneself may be dangerous.', 'duration': 27.863, 'max_score': 8860.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8860890.jpg'}, {'end': 9000.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8972.096, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8977.92, 'text': "You wrote a piece in MIT Tech Review saying that AI can't be an artist.", 'start': 8972.096, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 8983.536, 'text': 'Creativity is and always will be a human endeavor.', 'start': 8979.355, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 8987.236, 'text': 'You mentioned Burt and criticism of symbolic AI.', 'start': 8984.456, 'duration': 2.78}, {'end': 9000.699, 'text': 'Can you explain your view of criticizing the possible, the capacity for artistry and creativity in our robot friends? Yeah, I can try.', 'start': 8988.917, 'duration': 11.782}], 'summary': 'Ai cannot be an artist; creativity is a human endeavor.', 'duration': 28.603, 'max_score': 8972.096, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8972096.jpg'}], 'start': 8345.763, 'title': 'Finding joy and creativity', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of being unboreable, emphasizing the importance of embracing a wide range of moods. it also discusses the sensitivity and isolation of david foster wallace, emphasizing the importance of art as a human endeavor and the need for art to resonate with the audience.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8641.393, 'start': 8345.763, 'title': 'Discovering joy in everything', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of being unboreable and finding joy in all aspects of life, emphasizing the importance of embracing a wide range of moods for meaningful experiences.', 'duration': 295.63, 'highlights': ['Embracing a wide range of moods is important for meaningful experiences. The speaker discusses how life involves a wide range of moods and emphasizes the importance of experiencing grief and joy to make the joys more intense.', 'The concept of being unboreable and finding joy in everything is unachievable. The speaker shares the belief that being unboreable is an unachievable goal, acknowledging the impossibility of finding joy in everything.', 'Advice to strive to discover joy in everything and stick to tasks that bring joy. The speaker advises striving to discover joy in everything and suggests sticking to tasks that bring joy, indicating that the longer one is stuck on something, the more likely it is the right path.']}, {'end': 9103.507, 'start': 8641.994, 'title': 'David foster wallace and creativity', 'summary': 'Discusses the sensitivity and isolation of david foster wallace, his unique writing style, and the limitations of ai in artistic creativity, emphasizing the importance of art as a human endeavor. it also delves into the danger of isolating oneself from experiences that bring joy and the need for art to communicate and resonate with the audience.', 'duration': 461.513, 'highlights': ["David Foster Wallace's sensitivity and isolation are discussed, reflecting on his unique writing style and the danger of isolating oneself from joyous experiences. David Foster Wallace's sensitivity and isolation, unique writing style, and the danger of isolating oneself from joyous experiences", 'The limitations of AI in artistic creativity are examined, emphasizing the importance of art as a human endeavor and the need for art to communicate and resonate with the audience. Limitations of AI in artistic creativity, importance of art as a human endeavor, and the need for art to communicate and resonate with the audience']}], 'duration': 757.744, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw8345763.jpg', 'highlights': ['Embracing a wide range of moods is important for meaningful experiences.', 'The concept of being unboreable and finding joy in everything is unachievable.', "David Foster Wallace's sensitivity and isolation are discussed, reflecting on his unique writing style and the danger of isolating oneself from joyous experiences.", 'The limitations of AI in artistic creativity are examined, emphasizing the importance of art as a human endeavor and the need for art to communicate and resonate with the audience.']}, {'end': 10368.802, 'segs': [{'end': 9162.251, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9135.905, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9141.898, 'text': "It's so part of our musical palette that we don't have that response.", 'start': 9135.905, 'duration': 5.993}, {'end': 9143.119, 'text': 'It changed us.', 'start': 9142.018, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 9146.603, 'text': 'It changed the way we understand what counts as good music.', 'start': 9143.74, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 9149.446, 'text': "So that's a deep communicative act.", 'start': 9147.524, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 9155.132, 'text': "It didn't perform its communication in that opening moment.", 'start': 9149.686, 'duration': 5.446}, {'end': 9162.251, 'text': 'But it did ultimately establish a new understanding for all of us of what counts as good art.', 'start': 9156.087, 'duration': 6.164}], 'summary': 'Music changed our understanding of good art.', 'duration': 26.346, 'max_score': 9135.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9135905.jpg'}, {'end': 9234.858, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9203.742, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9213.187, 'text': 'And that actually is in contrast to the way artificial intelligence have been talked about throughout its history and certainly now,', 'start': 9203.742, 'duration': 9.445}, {'end': 9218.631, 'text': 'both on the robotic side and the AI side, especially on the tech sector,', 'start': 9213.187, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 9227.627, 'text': 'where the businesses around AI they kind of want to create systems that are like servants to humans.', 'start': 9218.631, 'duration': 8.996}, {'end': 9234.858, 'text': 'And then humans do all the beautiful human messiness of where art will be part.', 'start': 9228.448, 'duration': 6.41}], 'summary': 'Ai is shifting from being servants to humans to embracing human messiness and creativity.', 'duration': 31.116, 'max_score': 9203.742, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9203742.jpg'}, {'end': 9369.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9342.08, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9349.206, 'text': "It does certain things that most chess players, even at the highest level, don't do, which is it sacrifices pieces.", 'start': 9342.08, 'duration': 7.126}, {'end': 9355.03, 'text': 'It gives pieces away and then waits like 10 moves before it pays you back.', 'start': 9349.266, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 9357.532, 'text': "So to me, that's beautiful.", 'start': 9355.551, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 9362.897, 'text': "That's art if only AlphaZero understood the artistry of that.", 'start': 9359.294, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 9369.261, 'text': "which is I'm going to mess with you psychologically because I'm going to do two things.", 'start': 9363.397, 'duration': 5.864}], 'summary': "Alphazero's unique strategy involves sacrificing pieces and waiting to pay back, creating a psychological impact on opponents.", 'duration': 27.181, 'max_score': 9342.08, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9342080.jpg'}, {'end': 9790.181, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9764.03, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9772.655, 'text': "And as more and more of the world becomes digital, you're now operating in a space where AI is behind much less so.", 'start': 9764.03, 'duration': 8.625}, {'end': 9774.836, 'text': "Like we're both starting at zero.", 'start': 9773.355, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 9777.626, 'text': "I think that's super interesting.", 'start': 9776.184, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 9783.873, 'text': "Do you know this author, Brian Christian? Is that someone you've ever heard of? That sounds familiar.", 'start': 9777.986, 'duration': 5.887}, {'end': 9790.181, 'text': "He's a guy who competed in the, what is it called, the Loebner competition? The Loebner Prize, yeah.", 'start': 9784.074, 'duration': 6.107}], 'summary': 'The digital world is becoming more ai-driven, leveling the playing field for all.', 'duration': 26.151, 'max_score': 9764.03, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9764030.jpg'}, {'end': 9984.938, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9957.779, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 9967.446, 'text': "And the one thing I'm worried about is that we're changing ourselves in such a way that the norms for what we're aiming at are being changed.", 'start': 9957.779, 'duration': 9.667}, {'end': 9980.955, 'text': 'to move in the direction of this sort of efficiently and in an optimized way solving a problem and move away from this other kind of thing that we were calling aliveness or significance.', 'start': 9968.527, 'duration': 12.428}, {'end': 9984.938, 'text': "And so that's the other side of the story.", 'start': 9981.816, 'duration': 3.122}], 'summary': 'Concern about changing norms and moving towards efficiency over significance.', 'duration': 27.159, 'max_score': 9957.779, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9957779.jpg'}, {'end': 10177.892, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10149.243, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 10153.665, 'text': "But I think it's interesting to figure out what's at the ground of that response.", 'start': 10149.243, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 10163.566, 'text': 'We talked about meaning quite a bit throughout in a secular age, but let me ask you the big ridiculous question, almost too big.', 'start': 10155.359, 'duration': 8.207}, {'end': 10173.851, 'text': "What is the meaning of this thing we got going on? What is the meaning of life? You're saving the softball for the end.", 'start': 10165.187, 'duration': 8.664}, {'end': 10175.432, 'text': 'Easy one.', 'start': 10175.052, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 10177.892, 'text': "I don't know what the meaning of life is.", 'start': 10176.252, 'duration': 1.64}], 'summary': 'Exploring the meaning of life with no definitive answer.', 'duration': 28.649, 'max_score': 10149.243, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw10149243.jpg'}, {'end': 10314.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10282.736, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10295.043, 'text': "He said you should think about your life, hoping that there will be many moments in it about which you can say there's no place.", 'start': 10282.736, 'duration': 12.307}, {'end': 10303.027, 'text': "I'd rather be, there's no thing I'd rather be doing, there's no buddy.", 'start': 10295.043, 'duration': 7.984}, {'end': 10307.31, 'text': "I'd rather be with, and this I will remember well.", 'start': 10303.027, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 10314.313, 'text': 'And I think if you can aim to fill your life with moments like that, it will be a meaningful one.', 'start': 10309.25, 'duration': 5.063}], 'summary': 'Fill your life with meaningful moments to make it meaningful.', 'duration': 31.577, 'max_score': 10282.736, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw10282736.jpg'}], 'start': 9103.688, 'title': 'Art, ai, and human evolution', 'summary': "Discusses the integration of art and ai, emphasizing the need for societal embedding, citing examples from music composition and alphazero's strategies. it also explores the impact of ai on art, communication, human evolution, and the meaning of life, highlighting challenges and potential shifts in human experience and technology.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9392.116, 'start': 9103.688, 'title': 'Art and ai: social integration', 'summary': "Discusses the deep communicative act of art and the need for ai systems to be deeply socially embedded, contrasting the current trend of ai being seen as servants to humans, with examples from music composition and alphazero's chess strategies.", 'duration': 288.428, 'highlights': ["Art's deep communicative act can change our understanding of what counts as good art and of ourselves, as exemplified by the impact of unconventional music composition on our musical palette. Impact of unconventional music composition on changing our understanding of good music.", 'The need for AI systems to be deeply socially embedded is emphasized, in contrast to the current trend of AI being seen as servants to humans, as it can enrich human beings and bring a more lively world. Emphasizing the need for AI systems to be deeply socially embedded and contrasting it with the current trend of AI being seen as servants to humans.', "AlphaZero's unconventional chess strategies, such as sacrificing pieces and creating psychological tension, demonstrate a form of artistic and creative expression that could be further enhanced if the AI were socially integrated and self-aware of its impact. Discussion of AlphaZero's unconventional chess strategies as a form of artistic and creative expression and the potential for its enhancement through social integration and self-awareness."]}, {'end': 9617.228, 'start': 9392.916, 'title': 'Art for ai: social integration', 'summary': "Discusses the possibility of creating socially embedded art for ai, citing examples from stravinsky and alphazero's game-playing abilities, emphasizing on the importance of societal integration and pattern recognition in a finite context.", 'duration': 224.312, 'highlights': ["AlphaZero's game-playing abilities showcase pattern recognition and strategic sacrifice based on past experiences, instilling trust and authority in the game players.", 'The societal integration of AI-created art is compared to recognizing creativity in human art forms, emphasizing the importance of believing in the intentionality behind the creation.', "The discussion highlights the potential for AI to have a different understanding of the world, akin to a child's cluelessness about certain aspects, emphasizing the magic in flawed interaction and lack of understanding."]}, {'end': 9928.025, 'start': 9618.129, 'title': "Ai's impact on art and communication", 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of understanding non-finite art forms, the potential of ai in language and communication, and the evolving human-computer interaction, highlighted through examples like the loebner prize competition.', 'duration': 309.896, 'highlights': ["The Loebner Prize competition, particularly the story of Brian Christian competing for the 'most human human' prize, emphasizes the evolving nature of human-computer interaction and the blurring line between human and computer behavior.", 'The potential of AI in language and communication is compared to the surprising advances in solving chess, suggesting that AI may eventually replicate human communication in digital spaces.', "The challenges of understanding non-finite art forms, such as music and the limitations of language in expressing them, are discussed in comparison to finite systems like chess, highlighting the complexity of AI's role in creative expression.", 'The impact of technology on human behavior is explored, with the observation that humans may be adapting to behave more like computers in technological environments, affecting human interaction and communication.']}, {'end': 10124.689, 'start': 9929.105, 'title': "Technology's impact on human evolution", 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of technology on human evolution, highlighting the potential shift towards efficiency and optimization at the expense of aliveness and significance, while also emphasizing the need to find joy and embrace the evolving relationship between humans and technology.', 'duration': 195.584, 'highlights': ['The worry that technology is altering the norms of human aims, potentially moving towards efficiency and optimization at the expense of aliveness and significance.', 'The importance of embracing the evolving relationship between humans and technology, finding joy in it, and recognizing the potential for humans and technology to interact as equals.', "The acknowledgment of the speaker's inclination to not resist technological advancements but rather push people to find joy and a positive relation to it, emphasizing the need to understand our role in this evolving landscape."]}, {'end': 10368.802, 'start': 10125.25, 'title': 'The meaning of life and human experience', 'summary': 'Explores the paradoxical nature of human existence, emphasizing the capability to experience the ungroundedness of life while finding real significance, and suggests that a meaningful life is filled with moments of utmost contentment and fulfillment.', 'duration': 243.552, 'highlights': ['Human capacity to experience the ungroundedness of life and find real significance is emphasized. The speaker discusses the contradictory nature of human experience, highlighting the ability to simultaneously perceive the ungroundedness of meaningful existence and its real significance.', "Emphasis on living a meaningful life filled with moments of utmost contentment and fulfillment. The importance of aiming to fill life with moments where one can say 'there's no place I'd rather be, there's no thing I'd rather be doing, there's no buddy I'd rather be with' is highlighted as a key to a meaningful life.", "Exploration of the question 'What is the meaning of life?' The speaker poses the profound question of the meaning of life, acknowledging the complexity of this inquiry and expressing uncertainty in providing a definitive answer."]}], 'duration': 1265.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/cC1HszE5Hcw/pics/cC1HszE5Hcw9103688.jpg', 'highlights': ['The need for AI systems to be deeply socially embedded and contrasting it with the current trend of AI being seen as servants to humans.', "Art's deep communicative act can change our understanding of what counts as good art and of ourselves, as exemplified by the impact of unconventional music composition on our musical palette.", "AlphaZero's unconventional chess strategies, such as sacrificing pieces and creating psychological tension, demonstrate a form of artistic and creative expression that could be further enhanced if the AI were socially integrated and self-aware of its impact.", 'The societal integration of AI-created art is compared to recognizing creativity in human art forms, emphasizing the importance of believing in the intentionality behind the creation.', "The Loebner Prize competition, particularly the story of Brian Christian competing for the 'most human human' prize, emphasizes the evolving nature of human-computer interaction and the blurring line between human and computer behavior.", 'The worry that technology is altering the norms of human aims, potentially moving towards efficiency and optimization at the expense of aliveness and significance.', 'Emphasis on living a meaningful life filled with moments of utmost contentment and fulfillment.', "Exploration of the question 'What is the meaning of life?' The speaker poses the profound question of the meaning of life, acknowledging the complexity of this inquiry and expressing uncertainty in providing a definitive answer."]}], 'highlights': ['Sartre emphasizes the constant burden of making choices and individual responsibility', "Sartre's concept of 'condemned to be free' underscores human responsibility for shaping identities", "Sartre's emphasis on individual choices defining human existence", "Nietzsche's response to nihilism through being responsive and creating art out of the given situation", "The concept of living in a secular age is described, where religious belief no longer justifies certain assumptions about people who don't share that belief, impacting the role of religious belief in people's lives", 'The impact of living in a secular age on religious believers is discussed, highlighting the unsettling aspect that their belief can no longer ground their understanding of what they should aim for in life as it did in previous ages', "The significance of religious belief in the high Middle Ages, where it justified certain assumptions about people who didn't share the belief, is contrasted with the modern secular age, where religious belief no longer justifies such conclusions", "The pursuit of 'aliveness' as an alternative perspective to Camus's view, emphasizing moments of peak experience and deep joy in mundane things", "The role of humor in existentialism, as depicted in Kierkegaard's writings and its significance in adding risk and vulnerability to life, thereby giving it meaning", "Ayn Rand's philosophy shares similarities with Sartre's view of radical freedom and emphasizes the significance of reason and courage in creating value", "Simone de Beauvoir's influence in feminist philosophy and her contrasting ideas with Sartre are significant", "The discussion includes Frantz Fanon's perspective on the Black experience and the societal impact on individuals' social positions", 'The need for AI systems to be deeply socially embedded and contrasting it with the current trend of AI being seen as servants to humans', "Art's deep communicative act can change our understanding of what counts as good art and of ourselves, as exemplified by the impact of unconventional music composition on our musical palette", 'The worry that technology is altering the norms of human aims, potentially moving towards efficiency and optimization at the expense of aliveness and significance']}