title
Manolis Kellis: Human Genome and Evolutionary Dynamics | Lex Fridman Podcast #113

description
Manolis Kellis is a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group. He is interested in understanding the human genome from a computational, evolutionary, biological, and other cross-disciplinary perspectives. Support this podcast by supporting our sponsors: - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex - Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/lex - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: Manolis Website: http://web.mit.edu/manoli/ Manolis Twitter: https://twitter.com/manoliskellis Manolis Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Kellis PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:54 - Human genome 17:47 - Sources of knowledge 29:15 - Free will 33:26 - Simulation 35:17 - Biological and computing 50:10 - Genome-wide evolutionary signatures 56:54 - Evolution of COVID-19 1:02:59 - Are viruses intelligent? 1:12:08 - Humans vs viruses 1:19:39 - Engineered pandemics 1:23:23 - Immune system 1:33:22 - Placebo effect 1:35:39 - Human genome source code 1:44:40 - Mutation 1:51:46 - Deep learning 1:58:08 - Neuralink 2:07:07 - Language 2:15:19 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Manolis Kellis: Human Genome and Evolutionary Dynamics | Lex Fridman Podcast #113', 'heatmap': [{'end': 7537.326, 'start': 7438.991, 'weight': 0.994}, {'end': 8881.086, 'start': 8785.987, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "The podcast features an interview with manolis kellis, discussing human genome, genome variation, digital platforms' impact, covid-19 knowledge transfer, free will, interdisciplinary perspectives in science, evolutionary genomic analysis, virus impact on human evolution, human biology and health, genome duplication, and brain-computer interfaces, offering discounts for sponsored ads from blinkist, 8sleep, and masterclass.", 'chapters': [{'end': 233.159, 'segs': [{'end': 28.092, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2.691, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Manolis Kellis.', 'start': 0.109, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 7.974, 'text': "He's a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group.", 'start': 3.211, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 16.439, 'text': "He's interested in understanding the human genome from a computational, evolutionary, biological, and other cross-disciplinary perspectives.", 'start': 8.694, 'duration': 7.745}, {'end': 20.984, 'text': 'He has more big, impactful papers and awards than I can list.', 'start': 17.159, 'duration': 3.825}, {'end': 28.092, 'text': "But most importantly, he's a kind, curious, brilliant human being and just someone I really enjoy talking to.", 'start': 21.564, 'duration': 6.528}], 'summary': 'Manolis kellis, mit professor, delves into human genome with computational, evolutionary, and biological perspectives.', 'duration': 27.983, 'max_score': 0.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU109.jpg'}, {'end': 155.008, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 105.612, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 113.336, 'text': "And in general, it's a great way to broaden your view of the idea landscape out there and find books that you may want to read more deeply.", 'start': 105.612, 'duration': 7.724}, {'end': 120.042, 'text': 'With Blinkist, you get unlimited access to read or listen to a massive library of condensed nonfiction books.', 'start': 113.996, 'duration': 6.046}, {'end': 127.831, 'text': 'Go to Blinkist.com slash Lex to try it free for seven days and save 25% off your new subscription.', 'start': 120.823, 'duration': 7.008}, {'end': 130.152, 'text': "That's Blinkist.com slash Lex.", 'start': 128.39, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 134.438, 'text': 'Blinkist spelled B-L-I-N-K-I-S-T.', 'start': 130.874, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 144.082, 'text': 'This show is also sponsored by Eight Sleep and its Pod Pro mattress that you can check out at eightsleep.com slash Lex to get $200 off.', 'start': 136.058, 'duration': 8.024}, {'end': 150.825, 'text': 'It controls temperature with a nap and can cool down to as low as 55 degrees on each side of the bed separately.', 'start': 144.722, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 155.008, 'text': 'Research shows that temperature has a big impact on the quality of our sleep.', 'start': 151.585, 'duration': 3.423}], 'summary': "Blinkist offers unlimited access to condensed nonfiction books, with a 7-day free trial and 25% off subscription. eight sleep's pod pro mattress can cool down to 55 degrees, enhancing sleep quality.", 'duration': 49.396, 'max_score': 105.612, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU105612.jpg'}, {'end': 206.528, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 177.508, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 179.911, 'text': 'This show is also sponsored by Masterclass.', 'start': 177.508, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 184.855, 'text': 'Sign up at Masterclass.com slash Lex to get a discount and to support this podcast.', 'start': 180.411, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 188.418, 'text': 'When I first heard about Masterclass, I thought it was too good to be true.', 'start': 185.516, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 193.141, 'text': 'For 180 bucks a year, you get an all-access pass to watch courses from.', 'start': 189.099, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 197.704, 'text': 'to list some of my favorites Chris Hatfield on space exploration.', 'start': 193.141, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 201.025, 'text': 'Neil deGrasse Tyson on scientific thinking and communication.', 'start': 197.704, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 203.507, 'text': 'Will Wright, one of my favorite game designers.', 'start': 201.025, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 206.528, 'text': 'Carlos Santana, one of my favorite guitar players.', 'start': 203.507, 'duration': 3.021}], 'summary': 'Masterclass offers all-access pass for $180/year, featuring courses by experts like chris hatfield, neil degrasse tyson, will wright, and carlos santana.', 'duration': 29.02, 'max_score': 177.508, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU177508.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Manolis kellis interview', 'summary': 'Features an interview with manolis kellis, a professor at mit and head of the mit computational biology group, discussing his work on understanding the human genome. the episode includes sponsored ads from blinkist, 8sleep, and masterclass, offering discounts for the audience to support the podcast.', 'chapters': [{'end': 233.159, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Manolis kellis interview', 'summary': 'Features an interview with manolis kellis, a professor at mit and head of the mit computational biology group, discussing his work on understanding the human genome and his passion for science. the episode also includes sponsored ads from blinkist, 8sleep, and masterclass, offering discounts for the audience to support the podcast.', 'duration': 233.05, 'highlights': ['Manolis Kellis is a professor at MIT and head of the MIT Computational Biology Group, focusing on understanding the human genome from computational, evolutionary, and biological perspectives. Manolis Kellis is a renowned professor at MIT leading the Computational Biology Group, emphasizing the importance of understanding the human genome from various scientific perspectives.', 'The sponsored ads from Blinkist, 8sleep, and Masterclass offer discounts for the audience to support the podcast. The podcast features sponsored ads from Blinkist, 8sleep, and Masterclass, providing discounts and encouraging the audience to support the podcast through their products.', 'Blinkist offers a seven-day free trial and 25% off for condensed nonfiction books, providing a convenient way to access key ideas from thousands of books. Blinkist provides a seven-day free trial and 25% off for condensed nonfiction books, enabling convenient access to key ideas from numerous books, promoting continuous learning.', "8sleep's Pod Pro mattress controls temperature and offers a $200 discount, emphasizing the impact of temperature on sleep quality and the benefits of their innovative technology. 8sleep's Pod Pro mattress, with its temperature control feature and a $200 discount, highlights the importance of temperature on sleep quality and the advantages of their advanced technology.", 'Masterclass offers an all-access pass for various courses at a discounted rate, featuring renowned instructors such as Chris Hatfield, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Will Wright. Masterclass provides an all-access pass for diverse courses at a discounted rate, showcasing renowned instructors like Chris Hatfield, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Will Wright, offering valuable learning opportunities.']}], 'duration': 233.05, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU109.jpg', 'highlights': ['Manolis Kellis leads MIT Computational Biology Group, focusing on understanding the human genome from various scientific perspectives.', 'Blinkist provides a seven-day free trial and 25% off for condensed nonfiction books, promoting continuous learning.', "8sleep's Pod Pro mattress controls temperature and offers a $200 discount, emphasizing the impact of temperature on sleep quality and the benefits of their innovative technology.", 'Masterclass offers an all-access pass for various courses at a discounted rate, featuring renowned instructors like Chris Hatfield, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Will Wright.']}, {'end': 1343.437, 'segs': [{'end': 284.615, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 257.559, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 263.163, 'text': 'the way that I like to introduce the human genome and the way that I like to introduce genomics to my class is by telling them you know,', 'start': 257.559, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 266.144, 'text': "We're not the inventors of the first digital computer.", 'start': 263.703, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 269.086, 'text': 'We are the descendants of the first digital computer.', 'start': 266.605, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 274.489, 'text': "Basically, life is digital, and that's absolutely beautiful about life.", 'start': 270.647, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 279.712, 'text': "The fact that at every replication step, you don't lose any information because that information is digital.", 'start': 274.609, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 284.615, 'text': "If it was analog, if it was just brought in concentrations, you'd lose it after a few generations.", 'start': 280.132, 'duration': 4.483}], 'summary': 'Life is digital, preserving information at every replication step, unlike analog information.', 'duration': 27.056, 'max_score': 257.559, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU257559.jpg'}, {'end': 317.655, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 294.6, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 301.822, 'text': 'And his theory, in fact, stayed in a bookshelf for like 50 years while Darwin was getting famous about natural selection.', 'start': 294.6, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 309.385, 'text': 'But the missing component was this digital inheritance, the mechanism of evolution that Mendel had discovered.', 'start': 302.463, 'duration': 6.922}, {'end': 314.327, 'text': 'So that aspect, in my view, is the most beautiful aspect, but it transcends all of life.', 'start': 309.745, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 316.051, 'text': 'And can you elaborate?', 'start': 314.928, 'duration': 1.123}, {'end': 317.655, 'text': 'maybe the inheritance part?', 'start': 316.051, 'duration': 1.604}], 'summary': "Mendel's theory of digital inheritance stayed shelved for 50 years while darwin gained fame for natural selection, highlighting the significant but overlooked aspect of inheritance in evolution.", 'duration': 23.055, 'max_score': 294.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU294600.jpg'}, {'end': 394.714, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 366.341, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 370.203, 'text': 'But for every trait there are dozens of contributing variables.', 'start': 366.341, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 384.209, 'text': 'And it was only Ronald Fisher in the 20th century that basically recognized that even five Mendelian traits would add up to a continuum-like inheritance pattern.', 'start': 370.763, 'duration': 13.446}, {'end': 394.714, 'text': 'And he wrote a series of papers that still are very relevant today about sort of this Mendelian inheritance of continuum-like traits.', 'start': 385.089, 'duration': 9.625}], 'summary': 'Ronald fisher recognized continuum-like inheritance pattern in mendelian traits, paving the way for relevant research today.', 'duration': 28.373, 'max_score': 366.341, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU366341.jpg'}, {'end': 533.401, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 505.193, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 511.995, 'text': "And if you look across the entire human population, you know for many, many traits there's a lot of push towards the middle.", 'start': 505.193, 'duration': 6.802}, {'end': 523.638, 'text': 'uh, balancing selection is, you know, the usual term for selection that sort of seeks to not be extreme and to sort of have a combination of alleles.', 'start': 511.995, 'duration': 11.643}, {'end': 526.099, 'text': 'that sort of you know, keep recombining.', 'start': 523.638, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 533.401, 'text': 'and if you look at, you know mate selection, super super tall people will not tend to sort of marry super, super tall people.', 'start': 526.099, 'duration': 7.302}], 'summary': 'Balancing selection in human traits aims for genetic diversity, impacting mate selection.', 'duration': 28.208, 'max_score': 505.193, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU505193.jpg'}, {'end': 577.621, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 548.564, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 553.927, 'text': 'Let me ask you kind of took a step back to the genome, outside of just humans,', 'start': 548.564, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 557.608, 'text': 'but is there something that you find beautiful about the human genome specifically?', 'start': 553.927, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 561.47, 'text': 'So I think the genome.', 'start': 558.729, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 568.674, 'text': 'if more people understood the beauty of the human genome, there would be so many fewer wars, so much less anger in the world.', 'start': 561.47, 'duration': 7.204}, {'end': 573.076, 'text': "I mean, what's really beautiful about the human genome is really the variation.", 'start': 569.074, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 577.621, 'text': 'that teaches us both about individuality and about similarity.', 'start': 573.977, 'duration': 3.644}], 'summary': 'Understanding the beauty of the human genome could reduce conflicts and promote unity through its variation, teaching individuality and similarity.', 'duration': 29.057, 'max_score': 548.564, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU548564.jpg'}, {'end': 742.578, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 711.86, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 715.684, 'text': 'So on one hand, we have the genetic inheritance, which is vertical from your parents down.', 'start': 711.86, 'duration': 3.824}, {'end': 723.973, 'text': 'On the other hand, we have horizontal inheritance, which is the ideas that are built up at every generation are horizontally transmitted.', 'start': 716.225, 'duration': 7.748}, {'end': 734.777, 'text': 'And the huge amount of time that we spend in educating ourselves, a concept known as neoteny, neo for newborn and then tenny for holding.', 'start': 724.754, 'duration': 10.023}, {'end': 742.578, 'text': 'So if you look at humans, I mean, the little birds that were, you know, eggs two weeks ago, and now one of them has already flown off.', 'start': 735.257, 'duration': 7.321}], 'summary': 'Humans inherit genetics vertically and ideas horizontally, emphasizing neoteny and education.', 'duration': 30.718, 'max_score': 711.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU711860.jpg'}, {'end': 889.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 845.595, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 858.822, 'text': 'and podcasts and videocasts and all of that stuff where you can basically learn about any topic pretty much everything that would be in any super advanced textbook in a matter of days.', 'start': 845.595, 'duration': 13.227}, {'end': 867.684, 'text': 'instead of having to go to the library of alexandria and sail there to read three books and then sail for another few days to get to athens and et cetera,', 'start': 859.642, 'duration': 8.042}, {'end': 868.705, 'text': 'et cetera, et cetera.', 'start': 867.684, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 879.048, 'text': 'so the democratization of knowledge and the spread, the speed of spread of knowledge, is what defines, i think, the human inheritance pattern.', 'start': 868.705, 'duration': 10.343}, {'end': 881.628, 'text': 'so you sound excited about it, about it.', 'start': 879.048, 'duration': 2.58}, {'end': 889.312, 'text': "are you also a little bit afraid, or you're more excited by the power of this kind of distribute a spread of information?", 'start': 881.628, 'duration': 7.684}], 'summary': 'The democratization and speed of knowledge spread defines the human inheritance pattern.', 'duration': 43.717, 'max_score': 845.595, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU845595.jpg'}, {'end': 984.622, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 957.806, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 964.39, 'text': "The fact that you can reach as many people as any other person on the planet and it's not who you are,", 'start': 957.806, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 970.634, 'text': "it's really your ideas that matter is a beautiful aspect of the internet.", 'start': 964.39, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 977.698, 'text': "I think there's, of course, a danger of my ignorance is as important as your expertise.", 'start': 971.954, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 984.622, 'text': 'the fact that with this democratization comes the abolishment of respecting expertise.', 'start': 978.298, 'duration': 6.324}], 'summary': 'Internet allows reaching many people, but risks undermining expertise.', 'duration': 26.816, 'max_score': 957.806, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU957806.jpg'}, {'end': 1101.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1049.364, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 1058.229, 'text': 'So you need a basic educational foundation based on which you can then add on the sort of domain-specific knowledge.', 'start': 1049.364, 'duration': 8.865}, {'end': 1066.533, 'text': 'but that basic educational foundation should not just be knowledge, but it should also be epistemology, the way to acquire knowledge.', 'start': 1058.229, 'duration': 8.304}, {'end': 1070.575, 'text': "I'm not sure any of us know how to do that in this modern day.", 'start': 1067.273, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1071.656, 'text': "We're actually learning.", 'start': 1070.635, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1081.963, 'text': 'One of the big surprising thing to me about the coronavirus, for example, is that Twitter has been one of the best sources of information.', 'start': 1071.736, 'duration': 10.227}, {'end': 1093.851, 'text': 'Basically like building your own network of experts, as opposed to the traditional centralized expertise of the WHO and the CDC,', 'start': 1082.863, 'duration': 10.988}, {'end': 1101.799, 'text': 'or maybe any one particular respectable person at the top of a department at some kind of institution.', 'start': 1093.851, 'duration': 7.948}], 'summary': 'Build a solid educational foundation with epistemology; leverage diverse sources like twitter for expertise.', 'duration': 52.435, 'max_score': 1049.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1049364.jpg'}, {'end': 1194.049, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1171.801, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1182.745, 'text': "the fact that We go from not knowing what the heck is killing people in Wuhan to wow, it's SARS-CoV-2, and here's the set of genes, here's the genome,", 'start': 1171.801, 'duration': 10.944}, {'end': 1185.726, 'text': "here's the sequence, here are the polymorphisms, et cetera.", 'start': 1182.745, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 1187.727, 'text': 'in a matter of weeks is phenomenal.', 'start': 1185.726, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 1194.049, 'text': 'In that incredible pace of transfer of knowledge, there have been many mistakes.', 'start': 1188.287, 'duration': 5.762}], 'summary': 'Rapid identification of sars-cov-2 genes and genome in wuhan highlighted, with significant mistakes in knowledge transfer.', 'duration': 22.248, 'max_score': 1171.801, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1171801.jpg'}, {'end': 1255.229, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1233.276, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1244.784, 'text': "It's the ability to embrace that nothing is permanent when it comes to knowledge that everything is the current best hypothesis and the current best model that best fits the current data and the willingness to be wrong.", 'start': 1233.276, 'duration': 11.508}, {'end': 1250.204, 'text': "the expectation that we're going to be wrong and the celebration of success.", 'start': 1245.859, 'duration': 4.345}, {'end': 1251.986, 'text': 'based on how long was I not proven wrong?', 'start': 1250.204, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 1255.229, 'text': 'for, rather than wow, I was exactly right.', 'start': 1251.986, 'duration': 3.243}], 'summary': 'Embracing change in knowledge, celebrating success, and expecting to be wrong are essential for progress.', 'duration': 21.953, 'max_score': 1233.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1233276.jpg'}, {'end': 1304.553, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1276.159, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 1281.3, 'text': "but at least we're going to learn from those mistakes and become better and learn better and spread information better.", 'start': 1276.159, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 1288.523, 'text': 'So if I were to answer the question of where would you go to learn about coronavirus? First, textbook.', 'start': 1281.36, 'duration': 7.163}, {'end': 1289.923, 'text': 'It all starts with a textbook.', 'start': 1288.883, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 1293.826, 'text': 'Just open up a chapter on virology and how coronaviruses work.', 'start': 1289.963, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 1299.209, 'text': 'Then some basic epidemiology and sort of how pandemics have worked in the past.', 'start': 1294.506, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 1304.553, 'text': 'What are the basic principles surrounding these first wave, second wave? Why do they even exist?', 'start': 1299.89, 'duration': 4.663}], 'summary': 'Learn about coronavirus from textbooks, covering virology, epidemiology, and pandemic principles.', 'duration': 28.394, 'max_score': 1276.159, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1276159.jpg'}], 'start': 234.665, 'title': 'Beauty and knowledge inheritance', 'summary': "Discusses the beauty of genomes, human genome variation, and the democratization of knowledge, emphasizing inheritance patterns, digital platforms' impact, and covid-19 knowledge transfer, highlighting selective advantages, neoteny, and covid-19 information sources like twitter.", 'chapters': [{'end': 547.989, 'start': 234.665, 'title': 'Beauty of genomes and inheritance', 'summary': 'Discusses the beauty of genomes transcending humanity, the concept of digital inheritance, and the continuous traits arising from discrete inheritance, highlighting the selective advantages for medium traits and the balancing selection.', 'duration': 313.324, 'highlights': ['The beauty of genomes transcends humanity and life, as life itself is digital, ensuring that no information is lost at every replication step.', 'The concept of digital inheritance, discovered by Mendel, stayed unrecognized for 50 years while Darwin was getting famous for natural selection.', 'The discovery of the discrete inheritance pattern, involving combinations from two copies of genes, and the recognition of continuum-like inheritance pattern by Ronald Fisher, were crucial in understanding traits.', 'The continuous traits arising from thousands of contributing genetic variables, leading to minimal individual effects on traits, and the selective advantages for medium traits in human populations.', 'Balancing selection in mate selection, where extreme traits tend not to marry each other, resulting in traits being extremely heritable and pushing towards the middle in human populations.']}, {'end': 825.742, 'start': 548.564, 'title': 'Beauty of human genome and inheritance', 'summary': "Discusses the beauty of the human genome's variation, teaching about individuality and similarity, and the unique nature of human inheritance, including neoteny, which allows for the horizontal transmission of ideas and characteristics, and the delayed development of the brain's wiring, enabling prolonged education.", 'duration': 277.178, 'highlights': ['The beauty of the human genome lies in its variation, teaching about individuality and similarity, with any two people on the planet being 99.9% identical and any two siblings differing in millions of locations.', 'Humans inherit both vertically and horizontally, with genetic inheritance passing from parents down and the ideas and characteristics built up at every generation being horizontally transmitted, allowing for neoteny and prolonged education.', 'Neoteny in humans, with the brain continuing to develop in an extremely malleable form till very late, allows for the passing on of knowledge, concepts, and ideas from parents to children, contributing to the unique nature of human inheritance.']}, {'end': 1071.656, 'start': 826.283, 'title': 'Democratization of knowledge', 'summary': 'Discusses the democratization of knowledge and its impact on inheritance patterns, emphasizing the speed and spread of knowledge through digital platforms, while also highlighting the potential dangers of disregarding expertise and the importance of teaching individuals how to acquire knowledge effectively.', 'duration': 245.373, 'highlights': ['The democratization of knowledge through digital platforms, such as Wikipedia, review articles, podcasts, and videocasts, enables individuals to access a vast array of information in a matter of days, revolutionizing the speed and spread of knowledge. The access to information on various digital platforms allows individuals to learn about diverse topics equivalent to the content in advanced textbooks within a short period of time, showcasing the rapid dissemination of knowledge.', 'The danger of disregarding expertise and the potential impact on inheritance patterns, as individuals may devalue expertise and form their own theories without respecting specialized knowledge. The chapter highlights the danger of individuals disregarding expertise and forming their own theories, potentially undermining the value of specialized knowledge and expertise.', 'The importance of teaching individuals how to acquire knowledge effectively, emphasizing the need for a basic educational foundation that includes epistemology and critical thinking to navigate the abundance of available knowledge. The chapter emphasizes the significance of teaching individuals the process of acquiring knowledge effectively, including critical thinking and evaluating sources, to navigate the vast wealth of available information.']}, {'end': 1343.437, 'start': 1071.736, 'title': 'Covid-19 information and knowledge transfer', 'summary': "Highlights the surprising shift in covid-19 information sources like twitter, the rapid pace of scientific knowledge transfer during the pandemic, the beauty of science's adaptability and the recommended learning approach for understanding coronavirus, with emphasis on key topics like virology, epidemiology, and disease mechanisms.", 'duration': 271.701, 'highlights': ['The surprising shift in COVID-19 information sources like Twitter and the decentralized expertise of the scientific community, which has been instrumental in aggregating and visualizing data from various sources. Twitter has become one of the best sources of information for COVID-19, allowing access to a network of experts outside of traditional centralized expertise.', 'The rapid pace of scientific knowledge transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplified by the sequencing of the virus genome, vaccine design, and production within a matter of weeks, showcasing phenomenal progress in information dissemination. From the first genome sequence to vaccine design and production, the scientific community exhibited exceptional speed in knowledge transfer, highlighting the remarkable progress during the pandemic.', "The adaptability and beauty of science in embracing the impermanence of knowledge, the expectation of being wrong, the celebration of success based on the arc towards perfection, and the ability to learn from mistakes and improve knowledge dissemination. Science's adaptability in embracing impermanence, the expectation of being wrong, and the celebration of success based on the arc towards perfection, emphasizing the importance of learning from mistakes and improving knowledge dissemination.", 'The recommended learning approach for understanding coronavirus, emphasizing key topics like virology, epidemiology, disease mechanisms, spread, immune system interaction, and risk factors. The recommended learning approach for understanding coronavirus, focusing on key topics such as virology, epidemiology, disease mechanisms, spread, immune system interaction, and risk factors.']}], 'duration': 1108.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU234665.jpg', 'highlights': ['The rapid pace of scientific knowledge transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplified by the sequencing of the virus genome, vaccine design, and production within a matter of weeks, showcasing phenomenal progress in information dissemination.', 'The adaptability and beauty of science in embracing the impermanence of knowledge, the expectation of being wrong, the celebration of success based on the arc towards perfection, and the ability to learn from mistakes and improve knowledge dissemination.', 'The continuous traits arising from thousands of contributing genetic variables, leading to minimal individual effects on traits, and the selective advantages for medium traits in human populations.', 'The beauty of genomes transcends humanity and life, as life itself is digital, ensuring that no information is lost at every replication step.', 'The concept of digital inheritance, discovered by Mendel, stayed unrecognized for 50 years while Darwin was getting famous for natural selection.', 'The discovery of the discrete inheritance pattern, involving combinations from two copies of genes, and the recognition of continuum-like inheritance pattern by Ronald Fisher, were crucial in understanding traits.', 'The beauty of the human genome lies in its variation, teaching about individuality and similarity, with any two people on the planet being 99.9% identical and any two siblings differing in millions of locations.', 'The democratization of knowledge through digital platforms, such as Wikipedia, review articles, podcasts, and videocasts, enables individuals to access a vast array of information in a matter of days, revolutionizing the speed and spread of knowledge.', 'The access to information on various digital platforms allows individuals to learn about diverse topics equivalent to the content in advanced textbooks within a short period of time, showcasing the rapid dissemination of knowledge.', 'The danger of disregarding expertise and the potential impact on inheritance patterns, as individuals may devalue expertise and form their own theories without respecting specialized knowledge.', 'The importance of teaching individuals how to acquire knowledge effectively, emphasizing the need for a basic educational foundation that includes epistemology and critical thinking to navigate the abundance of available knowledge.', 'The surprising shift in COVID-19 information sources like Twitter and the decentralized expertise of the scientific community, which has been instrumental in aggregating and visualizing data from various sources.', 'Twitter has become one of the best sources of information for COVID-19, allowing access to a network of experts outside of traditional centralized expertise.', 'The recommended learning approach for understanding coronavirus, emphasizing key topics like virology, epidemiology, disease mechanisms, spread, immune system interaction, and risk factors.', 'Humans inherit both vertically and horizontally, with genetic inheritance passing from parents down and the ideas and characteristics built up at every generation being horizontally transmitted, allowing for neoteny and prolonged education.']}, {'end': 2177.383, 'segs': [{'end': 1501.184, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1469.167, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1471.448, 'text': "I don't mean any implication of it not being correct.", 'start': 1469.167, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 1472.528, 'text': "It's just superficial.", 'start': 1471.668, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 1474.889, 'text': "It's basically only scratching the surface.", 'start': 1472.909, 'duration': 1.98}, {'end': 1478.131, 'text': "For depth, you don't go to Wikipedia, you go to the review articles.", 'start': 1475.59, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 1489.317, 'text': 'But it can be profound in the way that articles rarely one of the frustrating things to me about certain computer science like in the machine learning world articles,', 'start': 1478.391, 'duration': 10.926}, {'end': 1493.92, 'text': "they don't as often take the bigger picture view.", 'start': 1489.317, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 1501.184, 'text': "It's a kind of data set and you show that it works and you kind of show that here's an architectural thing that creates an improvement,", 'start': 1494.84, 'duration': 6.344}], 'summary': 'Review articles provide depth, unlike superficial wikipedia content. computer science articles lack bigger picture view.', 'duration': 32.017, 'max_score': 1469.167, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1469167.jpg'}, {'end': 1661.635, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1626.041, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1631.866, 'text': "And the human genome was in fact relegated to sort of, oh, the last place that you're going to go to learn something new.", 'start': 1626.041, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 1634.008, 'text': 'That has dramatically changed.', 'start': 1632.687, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 1637.13, 'text': 'And the reason that changed is human genetics.', 'start': 1634.308, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 1643.802, 'text': "We are the species in the planet that's the most studied right now.", 'start': 1638.718, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 1648.165, 'text': "It's embarrassing to say that, but this was not the case a few years ago.", 'start': 1644.682, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 1648.866, 'text': 'It used to be.', 'start': 1648.185, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 1661.635, 'text': 'you know, first viruses, then bacteria, then yeast, then the fruit fly and the worm, then the mouse, and eventually human was very far last.', 'start': 1648.866, 'duration': 12.769}], 'summary': 'Human genetics has dramatically changed, making humans the most studied species on the planet.', 'duration': 35.594, 'max_score': 1626.041, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1626041.jpg'}, {'end': 1784.96, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1755.078, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1765.304, 'text': 'So if you look at the trend and the speed with which human genetics has progressed, we can now find thousands of genes involved in human cognition,', 'start': 1755.078, 'duration': 10.226}, {'end': 1771.488, 'text': 'in human psychology, in the emotions and the feelings that we used to think are uniquely learned.', 'start': 1765.304, 'duration': 6.184}, {'end': 1773.709, 'text': "Turns out there's a genetic basis to a lot of that.", 'start': 1771.828, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1784.96, 'text': 'So the human genome has continued to elucidate, through these studies of genetic variation,', 'start': 1774.469, 'duration': 10.491}], 'summary': 'Human genetics has identified thousands of genes related to cognition, psychology, emotions, and feelings, challenging the belief that they are solely learned.', 'duration': 29.882, 'max_score': 1755.078, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1755078.jpg'}, {'end': 1992.199, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1962.859, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1965.38, 'text': 'The question is, can I predict your next step? Probably.', 'start': 1962.859, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1967.27, 'text': 'but at how far?', 'start': 1966.53, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 1976.235, 'text': "And if it's a little further, is that because of stochasticity and sort of chaos, properties of unpredictability, of beyond a certain level?", 'start': 1967.911, 'duration': 8.324}, {'end': 1977.636, 'text': 'or was that actually true free will??', 'start': 1976.235, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 1981.397, 'text': 'Yeah, so the number of variables might be so.', 'start': 1978.416, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 1985.278, 'text': 'you might need to build an entire universe to be able to model.', 'start': 1981.397, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 1986.438, 'text': 'To simulate a human.', 'start': 1985.298, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 1992.199, 'text': 'And then maybe that human will be fully simulatable, but maybe aspects of free will will exist.', 'start': 1986.698, 'duration': 5.501}], 'summary': 'Predicting human behavior may require modeling an entire universe due to the complexity of variables and the potential existence of free will.', 'duration': 29.34, 'max_score': 1962.859, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1962859.jpg'}], 'start': 1343.937, 'title': 'Wikipedia, human genome, free will', 'summary': "Discusses wikipedia's reliability in scientific research, the beauty of the human genome, and the debate between free will and determinism, featuring insights into ascertainment bias, human genetics, and the predictability of human behavior.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1577.693, 'start': 1343.937, 'title': 'Reliability of wikipedia in scientific research', 'summary': 'Discusses the reliability of wikipedia as a source of knowledge, emphasizing its ascertainment bias, writing bias, and the scrutiny of nature papers, highlighting the superficial yet authoritative nature of wikipedia in scientific topics.', 'duration': 233.756, 'highlights': ["Wikipedia's reliability is discussed, highlighting its ascertainment bias, writing bias, and the scrutiny of nature papers.", 'The chapter emphasizes the superficial yet authoritative nature of Wikipedia in scientific topics, encouraging the use of review articles for depth.', "The discussion points out the lack of bigger picture views in certain computer science articles, contrasting it with Wikipedia's attempt to provide context in the broader field.", "The differences in Wikipedia's depth across different topics are acknowledged, with some being extensively covered and others being shallow due to lack of community editing and investment of time."]}, {'end': 1877.624, 'start': 1578.053, 'title': 'Beauty of human genome', 'summary': 'Discusses the transformation of the human genome from being relegated as the last place for new discoveries to the most studied species on the planet due to the power of human genetics, enabling the identification of thousands of genes involved in human cognition and psychology and revealing the genetic basis of processes previously thought to be based on free will.', 'duration': 299.571, 'highlights': ['The human genome was once relegated as the last place for new discoveries, but it has now become the most studied species on the planet due to the power of human genetics. The transformation of the human genome from being the least studied to the most studied species on the planet due to the power of human genetics.', 'Thousands of genes involved in human cognition and psychology have been identified through the study of genetic variation, revealing the genetic basis of processes previously thought to be based on free will. The identification of thousands of genes involved in human cognition and psychology through the study of genetic variation, challenging the perception of processes being based on free will.', 'The natural variation in a population of 7 billion allows the function of almost every nucleotide to be tested, making it simpler to figure out the phenotype of something by mining human data than by going back to any other species. The natural variation in a population of 7 billion enables the testing of the function of almost every nucleotide, simplifying the process of figuring out phenotypes compared to other species.']}, {'end': 2177.383, 'start': 1877.845, 'title': 'Free will and determinism', 'summary': 'Discusses the debate between free will and determinism, questioning the predictability of human behavior and the possibility of living in a simulation, while emphasizing the complexity of modeling human experiences.', 'duration': 299.538, 'highlights': ['The debate between free will and determinism, questioning the predictability of human behavior and the possibility of living in a simulation. The chapter delves into the philosophical debate about free will and determinism, exploring the predictability of human behavior and the idea of living in a simulation.', 'The challenge of modeling human experiences and the complexity of predicting human behavior. The complexity of modeling human experiences and the challenge in predicting human behavior due to the multitude of variables and the potential existence of free will are discussed.', "The various perspectives on the simulation hypothesis and the skepticism towards it. The chapter presents various perspectives on the simulation hypothesis and expresses skepticism towards the idea, emphasizing the lack of empirical evidence and the preference for Occam's razor.", "The multidisciplinary nature of the speaker and their diverse expertise in different fields. The speaker's multidisciplinary nature and diverse expertise in fields such as genomics, computational biology, computer science, electrical engineering, and genetics are highlighted, along with their adaptable self-definition depending on the audience."]}], 'duration': 833.446, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU1343937.jpg', 'highlights': ["The human genome's transformation from the least studied to the most studied species due to human genetics.", 'The identification of thousands of genes involved in human cognition and psychology through genetic variation.', 'The debate on free will and determinism, exploring the predictability of human behavior and the idea of living in a simulation.', 'The superficial yet authoritative nature of Wikipedia in scientific topics, encouraging the use of review articles for depth.', "The lack of bigger picture views in certain computer science articles, contrasting it with Wikipedia's attempt to provide context in the broader field."]}, {'end': 2989.964, 'segs': [{'end': 2205.187, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2178.164, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2186.352, 'text': 'And, you know, I publish papers across the whole gamut, you know, the whole spectrum of computation to biology, et cetera.', 'start': 2178.164, 'duration': 8.188}, {'end': 2192.599, 'text': 'I mean, the complete answer is that I use computer science to understand biology.', 'start': 2186.372, 'duration': 6.227}, {'end': 2201.126, 'text': 'So I develop methods in AI and machine learning, statistics and algorithms, et cetera.', 'start': 2194.184, 'duration': 6.942}, {'end': 2205.187, 'text': 'But the ultimate goal of my career is to really understand biology.', 'start': 2201.666, 'duration': 3.521}], 'summary': 'Uses computer science to understand biology, publishing papers across computation and biology, aiming to comprehend biology.', 'duration': 27.023, 'max_score': 2178.164, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2178164.jpg'}, {'end': 2290.236, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2253.34, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2267.006, 'text': 'So understanding the human brain is undoubtedly coupled to how do we make better AI? Because so much of AI has in fact been inspired by the brain.', 'start': 2253.34, 'duration': 13.666}, {'end': 2285.794, 'text': "It may have taken 50 years since the early days of neural networks till we have all of these amazing progress that we've seen with deep belief networks and all of these advances in Go,", 'start': 2267.366, 'duration': 18.428}, {'end': 2290.236, 'text': 'in chess, in image synthesis, in deep fakes, in you name it.', 'start': 2285.794, 'duration': 4.442}], 'summary': 'Studying the human brain is key to advancing ai, with 50 years of progress in neural networks leading to advancements in various fields.', 'duration': 36.896, 'max_score': 2253.34, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2253340.jpg'}, {'end': 2467.872, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2443.061, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2452.285, 'text': 'the more we will be able to bring new computational primitives in our AI systems to again better understand not just the world around us,', 'start': 2443.061, 'duration': 9.224}, {'end': 2454.606, 'text': 'but maybe even the world inside us,', 'start': 2452.285, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 2463.51, 'text': "and maybe even the computational problems that arise from new types of data that we haven't been exposed to but are yet inhabiting the same universe that we live in,", 'start': 2454.606, 'duration': 8.904}, {'end': 2467.872, 'text': 'with a very tiny little subset of functions from all possible mathematical functions.', 'start': 2463.51, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Advancing ai to comprehend diverse data and mathematical functions for deeper understanding.', 'duration': 24.811, 'max_score': 2443.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2443061.jpg'}, {'end': 2507.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2479.884, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2489.013, 'text': 'But I mean, I always like to think about our senses and how much of the physical world around us we perceive.', 'start': 2479.884, 'duration': 9.129}, {'end': 2497.68, 'text': 'And if you look at the LIGO experiment over the last year and a half has been all over the news.', 'start': 2489.754, 'duration': 7.926}, {'end': 2507.047, 'text': 'What did LIGO do? It created a new sense for human beings, a sense that has never been sensed in the history of our planet.', 'start': 2498.26, 'duration': 8.787}], 'summary': 'Ligo experiment created a new sense for human beings.', 'duration': 27.163, 'max_score': 2479.884, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2479884.jpg'}, {'end': 2597.443, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2568.636, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2583.768, 'text': 'the concept that we can capture and perceive more of that physical world is as exciting as the fact that we were blind to it is traumatizing before.', 'start': 2568.636, 'duration': 15.132}, {'end': 2589.4, 'text': "Because that also tells us, you know, we're in 2020.", 'start': 2584.648, 'duration': 4.752}, {'end': 2592.801, 'text': 'Picture yourself in 3020 or in 20, you know.', 'start': 2589.4, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 2595.162, 'text': 'What new senses might we discover?', 'start': 2592.841, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 2597.443, 'text': 'Is it you know?', 'start': 2595.742, 'duration': 1.701}], 'summary': 'Exciting potential to perceive more of physical world, considering new senses in future.', 'duration': 28.807, 'max_score': 2568.636, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2568636.jpg'}, {'end': 2705.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2667.409, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2673.772, 'text': "that I don't think it's unfathomable that our brain has actually evolved ways and sensors for it that we just don't capture.", 'start': 2667.409, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 2676.733, 'text': "We don't understand the function of the vast majority of our neurons.", 'start': 2674.012, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 2683.416, 'text': 'And maybe our brain is already sensing it, but even worse, maybe our brain is not sensing it at all.', 'start': 2677.633, 'duration': 5.783}, {'end': 2690.319, 'text': "And we're oblivious to this until we build a machine that suddenly is able to sort of capture so much more of what's happening in the natural world.", 'start': 2683.996, 'duration': 6.323}, {'end': 2694.5, 'text': "So what you're saying is we're going, physics is going to discover a sensor for love.", 'start': 2690.339, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 2700.002, 'text': 'And maybe dogs are off scale for that.', 'start': 2697.301, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 2705.243, 'text': "And we've been, you know, we've been oblivious to it the whole time because we didn't have the right sensor.", 'start': 2701.522, 'duration': 3.721}], 'summary': 'Our brain may have evolved sensors for love, undiscovered due to lack of right technology.', 'duration': 37.834, 'max_score': 2667.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2667409.jpg'}, {'end': 2791.787, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2762.645, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2763.946, 'text': 'And physics is totally awesome.', 'start': 2762.645, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 2767.931, 'text': 'And we have understood so much of the natural world than ever before.', 'start': 2763.986, 'duration': 3.945}, {'end': 2775.44, 'text': 'So I am extremely grateful and feeling extremely lucky to be living in the time that we are.', 'start': 2767.951, 'duration': 7.489}, {'end': 2779.582, 'text': 'Because you know, first of all, who knows when the asteroid will hit?', 'start': 2776.141, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 2786.165, 'text': 'And, second, you know of all times in humanity.', 'start': 2781.963, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 2789.366, 'text': 'this is probably the best time to be a human being.', 'start': 2786.165, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 2791.787, 'text': 'And this might actually be the best place to be a human being.', 'start': 2789.426, 'duration': 2.361}], 'summary': 'Physics has led to better understanding of the natural world; best time and place to be a human being.', 'duration': 29.142, 'max_score': 2762.645, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2762645.jpg'}, {'end': 2904.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2865.569, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2870.431, 'text': 'when people look back 200 years from now at your work, what will be would be the most exciting papers.', 'start': 2865.569, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 2873.193, 'text': 'And it may very well be not the thing that you expected.', 'start': 2870.791, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 2878.155, 'text': 'Or the things you got awards for or, you know, that kind of stuff.', 'start': 2874.373, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 2879.376, 'text': 'This might be true in some fields.', 'start': 2878.175, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 2880.337, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 2880.056, 'duration': 0.281}, {'end': 2882.338, 'text': 'I feel slightly differently about it in our field.', 'start': 2880.357, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 2885.52, 'text': 'I feel that I kind of know what are the important ones.', 'start': 2882.378, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 2891.603, 'text': "And there's a very big difference between what the press picks up on and what's actually fundamentally important for the field.", 'start': 2885.86, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 2895.005, 'text': 'And I think for the fundamentally important ones, we kind of have a pretty good idea what they are.', 'start': 2891.683, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 2904.752, 'text': "And it's hard to sometimes get the press excited about the fundamental advances, but, you know, we take what we get and celebrate what we get.", 'start': 2895.745, 'duration': 9.007}], 'summary': 'Press coverage may not reflect the most important papers; field has a good idea of the fundamentally important ones.', 'duration': 39.183, 'max_score': 2865.569, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2865569.jpg'}, {'end': 2989.964, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2961.924, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 2970.229, 'text': "Is there something where you think is quite special? I mean, it's like asking me to say which of my three children I love best.", 'start': 2961.924, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 2970.79, 'text': 'I mean..', 'start': 2970.49, 'duration': 0.3}, {'end': 2979.115, 'text': "Exactly So, I mean, and it's such a gimme question that is so..", 'start': 2970.79, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 2985.82, 'text': 'so difficult not to brag about the awesome work that my team and my students have done.', 'start': 2980.576, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 2989.964, 'text': "And I'll just mention a few off the top of my head.", 'start': 2987.322, 'duration': 2.642}], 'summary': 'Proudly mentions the awesome work of the team and students.', 'duration': 28.04, 'max_score': 2961.924, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2961924.jpg'}], 'start': 2178.164, 'title': 'Interdisciplinary perspectives in science', 'summary': 'Explores the intersection of computer science and biology, emphasizing the influence on ai development, the potential for new senses, such as perceiving gravitational waves, and the challenges of recognition in impactful scientific work in 2020.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2479.104, 'start': 2178.164, 'title': 'Understanding biology through computer science', 'summary': "Discusses the use of computer science to understand biology, the influence of human brain understanding on ai development, and the connection between ai's performance and physical world perception, emphasizing the importance of understanding human brain tricks for enhancing ai systems and solving computational problems.", 'duration': 300.94, 'highlights': ["The importance of using computer science to understand biology and the ultimate goal of the speaker's career.", "The connection between understanding the human brain and developing better AI systems, with insights into the influence of human brain evolution on AI's performance.", "The influence of physical world perception on AI's performance, emphasizing the need to understand human brain tricks for enhancing AI systems and solving computational problems."]}, {'end': 2729.549, 'start': 2479.884, 'title': 'New senses: perceiving the unseen', 'summary': 'Discusses how the ligo experiment has allowed humans to perceive gravitational waves, highlighting the possibility of discovering new senses and the potential for unperceived emotional and physical interactions, while also pondering the vastness of physics yet to be understood.', 'duration': 249.665, 'highlights': ['The LIGO experiment has allowed humans to perceive gravitational waves, creating a new sense that was previously unperceived in the history of the planet.', 'The concept of capturing and perceiving more of the physical world is as exciting as the realization that we were previously blind to it, indicating the potential discovery of new senses in the future.', 'The discussion raises the possibility of the human brain already sensing intangible aspects of communication that are not currently comprehended, suggesting the existence of unperceived sensors in the brain.', 'It ponders the idea that there may be a vast amount of physics that humans are completely oblivious to, indicating the potential discovery of new senses in the future.', 'Speculates on the potential for physics to discover a sensor for love and the idea that animals, such as dogs and cats, may already possess this sensor, which humans have been oblivious to due to the lack of the right sensor technology.']}, {'end': 2989.964, 'start': 2729.609, 'title': 'Computers and biology in 2020', 'summary': 'Discusses the excitement of living in 2020, the discrepancy in perception of impactful papers in science, and the challenges of getting recognition for fundamentally important work in computer science and biology.', 'duration': 260.355, 'highlights': ['Living in 2020 is an exciting time due to the advancements in computer science and physics, allowing a better understanding of the natural world.', 'The speaker emphasizes the challenges of predicting the most impactful papers and ideas in the field of science, and the discrepancy between perceived success and fundamental importance in research.', 'The difficulty in getting recognition for fundamental advances in science is highlighted, as the press may not always cover them, while less significant work may receive widespread attention.', 'The speaker struggles to identify a single piece of work to be most proud of, comparing it to choosing a favorite child, and expresses the difficulty in not bragging about the exceptional work of the team and students.']}], 'duration': 811.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2178164.jpg', 'highlights': ['The LIGO experiment has allowed humans to perceive gravitational waves, creating a new sense that was previously unperceived in the history of the planet.', 'The concept of capturing and perceiving more of the physical world is as exciting as the realization that we were previously blind to it, indicating the potential discovery of new senses in the future.', 'The discussion raises the possibility of the human brain already sensing intangible aspects of communication that are not currently comprehended, suggesting the existence of unperceived sensors in the brain.', 'It ponders the idea that there may be a vast amount of physics that humans are completely oblivious to, indicating the potential discovery of new senses in the future.', 'Speculates on the potential for physics to discover a sensor for love and the idea that animals, such as dogs and cats, may already possess this sensor, which humans have been oblivious to due to the lack of the right sensor technology.', "The importance of using computer science to understand biology and the ultimate goal of the speaker's career.", "The connection between understanding the human brain and developing better AI systems, with insights into the influence of human brain evolution on AI's performance.", "The influence of physical world perception on AI's performance, emphasizing the need to understand human brain tricks for enhancing AI systems and solving computational problems.", 'Living in 2020 is an exciting time due to the advancements in computer science and physics, allowing a better understanding of the natural world.', 'The speaker emphasizes the challenges of predicting the most impactful papers and ideas in the field of science, and the discrepancy between perceived success and fundamental importance in research.', 'The difficulty in getting recognition for fundamental advances in science is highlighted, as the press may not always cover them, while less significant work may receive widespread attention.', 'The speaker struggles to identify a single piece of work to be most proud of, comparing it to choosing a favorite child, and expresses the difficulty in not bragging about the exceptional work of the team and students.']}, {'end': 4017.033, 'segs': [{'end': 3045.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3015.313, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3021.38, 'text': 'So my first PhD paper was the first comparative analysis of multiple species.', 'start': 3015.313, 'duration': 6.067}, {'end': 3023.442, 'text': 'So multiple complete genomes.', 'start': 3021.94, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 3029.969, 'text': 'So for the first time, we basically developed the concept of genome-wide evolutionary signatures.', 'start': 3023.722, 'duration': 6.247}, {'end': 3034.934, 'text': 'The fact that you could look across the entire genome and understand how things evolve.', 'start': 3030.009, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 3045.643, 'text': "And from these signatures of evolution you could go back and study any one region and say that's a protein-coding gene, that's an RNA gene,", 'start': 3035.835, 'duration': 9.808}], 'summary': 'First phd paper analyzed multiple complete genomes, developed genome-wide evolutionary signatures.', 'duration': 30.33, 'max_score': 3015.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3015313.jpg'}, {'end': 3162.878, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3103.807, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3105.388, 'text': 'apply them to then 29 mammals and now 200 mammals.', 'start': 3103.807, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3108.83, 'text': 'So sorry, so can we.', 'start': 3106.909, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 3110.752, 'text': 'so the evolutionary signatures.', 'start': 3108.83, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 3118.137, 'text': "it seems like such a fascinating idea and we're probably gonna linger on your early PhD work for two hours.", 'start': 3110.752, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 3120.999, 'text': 'but what is?', 'start': 3118.137, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 3124.982, 'text': 'how can you reveal something interesting about the genome?', 'start': 3120.999, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 3131.747, 'text': 'by looking at the multiple, multiple species and looking at the evolutionary signatures?', 'start': 3124.982, 'duration': 6.765}, {'end': 3140.13, 'text': 'So so, um, you basically, uh, align the matching regions.', 'start': 3132.728, 'duration': 7.402}, {'end': 3143.411, 'text': 'So everything evolved from a common ancestor way, way back.', 'start': 3140.911, 'duration': 2.5}, {'end': 3147.193, 'text': 'And mammals evolved from a common ancestor about 60 million years back.', 'start': 3144.092, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 3154.795, 'text': 'So after, you know, the meteor that killed off the dinosaurs landed.', 'start': 3147.973, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 3156.776, 'text': 'Allegedly Near Machu Picchu.', 'start': 3155.135, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 3158.536, 'text': 'We know the crater.', 'start': 3157.576, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 3160.457, 'text': "It didn't allegedly land.", 'start': 3158.876, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3162.878, 'text': 'I thought it was the aliens, okay.', 'start': 3161.397, 'duration': 1.481}], 'summary': 'Studied evolution across 29 to 200 mammals, revealing genomic insights.', 'duration': 59.071, 'max_score': 3103.807, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3103807.jpg'}, {'end': 3381.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3353.247, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3357.77, 'text': "So for any function that you're trying to achieve, there's a set of sequences that encode it.", 'start': 3353.247, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 3365.197, 'text': 'You can now look at the mapping, the graph isomorphism, if you wish,', 'start': 3358.591, 'duration': 6.606}, {'end': 3369.861, 'text': 'between all of the possible DNA encodings of a particular function and that function.', 'start': 3365.197, 'duration': 4.664}, {'end': 3377.907, 'text': 'And instead of having just that exact sequence at the protein level, you can think of the set of protein sequences that all fulfill the same function.', 'start': 3370.501, 'duration': 7.406}, {'end': 3381.27, 'text': "What's evolution doing? Evolution has two components.", 'start': 3378.708, 'duration': 2.562}], 'summary': 'Dna sequences encode functions, with potential for multiple protein sequences fulfilling the same function. evolution has two components.', 'duration': 28.023, 'max_score': 3353.247, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3353247.jpg'}, {'end': 3452.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3421.002, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3423.724, 'text': 'all of the set of sequences that can all encode the same function.', 'start': 3421.002, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 3432.79, 'text': 'What evolutionary signatures does is that it basically looks at the shape of that distribution of sequences that all encode the same thing.', 'start': 3424.324, 'duration': 8.466}, {'end': 3441.357, 'text': 'And based on that shape, you can basically say, ooh, proteins have a very different shape than RNA structures, than regulatory motifs, et cetera.', 'start': 3433.45, 'duration': 7.907}, {'end': 3447.602, 'text': "So, just by scanning a sequence, ignoring the sequence and just looking at the patterns of change, I'm like wow,", 'start': 3441.377, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 3452.806, 'text': 'this thing is evolving like a protein and that thing is evolving like a motif, and that thing is evolving.', 'start': 3447.602, 'duration': 5.204}], 'summary': 'Evolutionary signatures analyze sequences to identify different functions like proteins and rna structures.', 'duration': 31.804, 'max_score': 3421.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3421002.jpg'}, {'end': 3575.855, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3530.359, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3536.703, 'text': 'And what we found is that ORF10, the last little open reading frame, the last little gene in the genome, is bogus.', 'start': 3530.359, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 3537.884, 'text': "That's not a protein at all.", 'start': 3537.063, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 3541.248, 'text': "What is it? It's an RNA structure.", 'start': 3538.766, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 3543.649, 'text': "That doesn't have a..", 'start': 3541.908, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3546.111, 'text': "It doesn't get translated into amino acids.", 'start': 3543.649, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 3550.674, 'text': "So it's important to narrow down to basically discover what's useful and what's not.", 'start': 3546.291, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 3553.075, 'text': 'Exactly, Basically, what is even the set of genes?', 'start': 3550.914, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 3561.981, 'text': 'The other thing that these evolutionary signatures showed is that within ORF3A lies a tiny little additional gene encoded within the other gene.', 'start': 3553.696, 'duration': 8.285}, {'end': 3565.924, 'text': 'So you can translate a DNA sequence in three different reading frames.', 'start': 3562.802, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 3570.091, 'text': "If you start in the first one, it's A, T, G, et cetera.", 'start': 3566.929, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 3572.272, 'text': "If you start on the second one, it's T, G, C, et cetera.", 'start': 3570.131, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 3575.855, 'text': "And there's a gene within a gene.", 'start': 3573.173, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'Orf10 is not a protein but an rna structure; orf3a contains a gene within a gene.', 'duration': 45.496, 'max_score': 3530.359, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3530359.jpg'}, {'end': 3779.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3757.369, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3767.393, 'text': "So if you look at the evolution of these herbicoviruses, the S1 protein has evolved very rapidly because it's attaching to different hosts each time.", 'start': 3757.369, 'duration': 10.024}, {'end': 3770.435, 'text': "We think of them as bats, but there's thousands of species of bats.", 'start': 3767.613, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 3773.057, 'text': 'And to go from one species of bat to another species of bat,', 'start': 3770.856, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 3778.101, 'text': "you have to adjust S1 to the new ACE2 receptor that you're gonna be facing in that new species.", 'start': 3773.057, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 3779.602, 'text': 'Sorry, quick tangent.', 'start': 3778.301, 'duration': 1.301}], 'summary': "Herbicoviruses' s1 protein evolves rapidly to attach to different hosts, including thousands of bat species.", 'duration': 22.233, 'max_score': 3757.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3757369.jpg'}, {'end': 3861.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3824.142, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 3826.645, 'text': 'Do you think viruses are intelligent? Of course not.', 'start': 3824.142, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 3828.419, 'text': 'Really? No.', 'start': 3827.498, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 3831.041, 'text': "It's so incredible.", 'start': 3829.38, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 3833.343, 'text': 'Remember when I was talking about the two components of evolution?', 'start': 3831.121, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 3841.189, 'text': 'One is the stupid mutation, which is completely blind, and the other one is the super smart selection, which is ruthless.', 'start': 3833.743, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 3844.575, 'text': "It's not viruses who are smart.", 'start': 3843.314, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 3846.557, 'text': "It's this component of evolution that's smart.", 'start': 3844.855, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 3849.799, 'text': "So it's evolution that sort of appears smart.", 'start': 3846.917, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 3861.468, 'text': 'And how is that happening? By huge parallel search across thousands of, you know, of parallel infections throughout the world right now.', 'start': 3850.46, 'duration': 11.008}], 'summary': "Viruses are not intelligent; evolution's selection is smart, driven by parallel infections.", 'duration': 37.326, 'max_score': 3824.142, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3824142.jpg'}, {'end': 3929.365, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3903.129, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3909.47, 'text': "So we would not be here if it wasn't for viruses.", 'start': 3903.129, 'duration': 6.341}, {'end': 3911.851, 'text': 'And part of the reason is that,', 'start': 3910.531, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 3918.773, 'text': 'if you look at mammalian evolution early on in this mammalian radiation that basically happened after the death of the dinosaurs,', 'start': 3911.851, 'duration': 6.922}, {'end': 3929.365, 'text': 'is that some of the viruses that we had in our genome spread throughout our genome and created binding sites for new classes of regulatory proteins.', 'start': 3918.773, 'duration': 10.592}], 'summary': 'Viruses played a crucial role in mammalian evolution by spreading throughout the genome and creating binding sites for new regulatory proteins.', 'duration': 26.236, 'max_score': 3903.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3903129.jpg'}, {'end': 3982.741, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3955.026, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 3957.627, 'text': "Another thing, oh, is the virus trying to kill us? No, it's not.", 'start': 3955.026, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3959.228, 'text': 'The virus is not trying to kill you.', 'start': 3958.027, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 3961.788, 'text': "It's actually actively trying to not kill you.", 'start': 3959.568, 'duration': 2.22}, {'end': 3969.11, 'text': 'So when you get infected, if you die, bummer, I killed him, is what the reaction of the virus will be.', 'start': 3962.848, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 3970.55, 'text': "Why? Because that virus won't spread.", 'start': 3969.19, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 3976.152, 'text': 'Many people have a misconception of, oh, viruses are smart or, oh, viruses are mean.', 'start': 3972.131, 'duration': 4.021}, {'end': 3977.252, 'text': "They don't care.", 'start': 3976.732, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 3982.741, 'text': 'It like you have to clean yourself of any kind of anthropomorphism out there.', 'start': 3978.658, 'duration': 4.083}], 'summary': 'Viruses are not actively trying to kill us, as it is not in their interest to spread by causing death.', 'duration': 27.715, 'max_score': 3955.026, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU3955026.jpg'}], 'start': 2990.024, 'title': 'Evolutionary genomic analysis', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of genome-wide evolutionary signatures and its application, revealing that 99% of the genome does not code for protein, discussing evolutionary patterns in mammals post-meteor impact, exploring evolutionary signatures in the sars-cov-2 genome, and questioning the concept of virus intelligence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3131.747, 'start': 2990.024, 'title': 'Evolutionary signatures in genomic analysis', 'summary': 'Highlights the development of the concept of genome-wide evolutionary signatures and its application to multiple species, revealing that 99% of the genome does not code for protein and emphasizing the significance of comparative genomic studies.', 'duration': 141.723, 'highlights': ['The concept of genome-wide evolutionary signatures was developed through the first comparative analysis of multiple species, leading to the understanding that 99% of the genome does not code for protein.', 'The application of evolutionary signatures to various species, including yeast, flies, mammals, and fungi, demonstrated the conservation of functional elements and expanded to studying 200 mammals.', 'The significance of comparative genomic studies in revealing the roles of non-coding regions in the genome and understanding the unique functional elements conserved in mammalian species.']}, {'end': 3421.002, 'start': 3132.728, 'title': 'Evolutionary patterns in mammals', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolutionary history of mammals, the impact of the meteor that killed the dinosaurs, and the patterns of protein coding gene evolution in mammals, highlighting the expansion of new functions and the mapping of dna encodings to functions.', 'duration': 288.274, 'highlights': ['The meteor that killed off the dinosaurs landed about 60 million years ago, coinciding with the emergence of mammals and the opening of evolutionary niches, leading to the diversification and expansion of new functions in mammals. The impact of the meteor 60 million years ago coincided with the emergence of mammals and the opening of evolutionary niches, leading to the diversification and expansion of new functions.', 'Patterns of evolution within protein coding genes show a particular pattern dictated by the level of evolutionary selection, where mutations preserving the translation and ultimate functional assessment are tolerated, resulting in a set of sequences encoding the same function. Patterns of evolution within protein coding genes show a particular pattern dictated by the level of evolutionary selection, resulting in a set of sequences encoding the same function.', 'The discussion of the mapping between all possible DNA encodings of a particular function and the set of protein sequences fulfilling the same function, demonstrating the role of mutation and selection in evolutionary processes. The discussion of the mapping between all possible DNA encodings of a particular function and the set of protein sequences fulfilling the same function, demonstrating the role of mutation and selection in evolutionary processes.']}, {'end': 3779.602, 'start': 3421.002, 'title': 'Evolutionary signatures in sars-cov-2 genome', 'summary': 'Discusses the application of evolutionary signatures on the sars-cov-2 genome, revealing insights such as the identification of an rna structure instead of a protein in orf10, a hidden gene within orf3a, and the rapid evolution of the spike 1 protein.', 'duration': 358.6, 'highlights': ['The identification of an RNA structure instead of a protein in ORF10 was revealed through the application of evolutionary signatures on the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Identification of ORF10 as an RNA structure, not a protein, through evolutionary signatures on the SARS-CoV-2 genome.', 'The discovery of a hidden gene within ORF3A, indicating the presence of a gene within a gene, providing potential insights into novel proteins within the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Discovery of a hidden gene within ORF3A, suggesting the existence of a gene within a gene and potential novel proteins within the SARS-CoV-2 genome.', 'The rapid evolution of the spike 1 protein, which plays a crucial role in attaching to host cells and could lead to the emergence of new strains with enhanced infectivity. Rapid evolution of the spike 1 protein, highlighting its crucial role in attaching to host cells and its potential contribution to the emergence of new strains with enhanced infectivity.']}, {'end': 4017.033, 'start': 3779.722, 'title': 'Are viruses intelligent?', 'summary': "Explores the concept of virus intelligence, highlighting the evolutionary dynamics, co-evolution with humans, and the virus's aim to not kill humans, ultimately questioning the perception of virus intelligence.", 'duration': 237.311, 'highlights': ['The evolutionary dynamics of viruses and their ability to jump from bats to humans in a distributed fashion is discussed, challenging the perception of virus intelligence.', 'Viruses have played a crucial role in mammalian evolution, contributing to the complexity of mammalian genomes through the spread of binding sites for regulatory proteins.', 'The misconception about viruses being actively malicious or trying to kill humans is addressed, with the assertion that viruses are actually actively trying not to kill humans in order to ensure their own spread.', 'The concept of virus intelligence is questioned, with the assertion that viruses are not inherently intelligent but rather the result of smart selection in evolutionary processes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding viruses without anthropomorphism.']}], 'duration': 1027.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU2990024.jpg', 'highlights': ['The application of evolutionary signatures to various species demonstrated the conservation of functional elements and expanded to studying 200 mammals.', 'The significance of comparative genomic studies in revealing the roles of non-coding regions in the genome and understanding the unique functional elements conserved in mammalian species.', 'The meteor that killed off the dinosaurs landed about 60 million years ago, coinciding with the emergence of mammals and the opening of evolutionary niches, leading to the diversification and expansion of new functions in mammals.', 'Patterns of evolution within protein coding genes show a particular pattern dictated by the level of evolutionary selection, resulting in a set of sequences encoding the same function.', 'The discussion of the mapping between all possible DNA encodings of a particular function and the set of protein sequences fulfilling the same function, demonstrating the role of mutation and selection in evolutionary processes.', 'The identification of ORF10 as an RNA structure, not a protein, through evolutionary signatures on the SARS-CoV-2 genome.', 'The discovery of a hidden gene within ORF3A, suggesting the existence of a gene within a gene and potential novel proteins within the SARS-CoV-2 genome.', 'Rapid evolution of the spike 1 protein, highlighting its crucial role in attaching to host cells and its potential contribution to the emergence of new strains with enhanced infectivity.', 'Viruses have played a crucial role in mammalian evolution, contributing to the complexity of mammalian genomes through the spread of binding sites for regulatory proteins.', 'The misconception about viruses being actively malicious or trying to kill humans is addressed, with the assertion that viruses are actually actively trying not to kill humans in order to ensure their own spread.', 'The concept of virus intelligence is questioned, with the assertion that viruses are not inherently intelligent but rather the result of smart selection in evolutionary processes.']}, {'end': 4686.125, 'segs': [{'end': 4109.997, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4084.364, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4091.785, 'text': 'The way that it is encoded, the way that it tricks your cells into making 30 proteins from a single RNA.', 'start': 4084.364, 'duration': 7.421}, {'end': 4093.666, 'text': "Human cells don't do that.", 'start': 4092.465, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 4097.786, 'text': 'Human cells make one protein from each RNA molecule.', 'start': 4094.426, 'duration': 3.36}, {'end': 4099.707, 'text': "They don't make two, they make one.", 'start': 4098.227, 'duration': 1.48}, {'end': 4103.37, 'text': 'We are hardwired to make only one protein from every RNA molecule.', 'start': 4100.307, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 4109.997, 'text': 'And yet this virus goes in, throws in a single messenger RNA, just like any messenger RNA.', 'start': 4103.89, 'duration': 6.107}], 'summary': "Virus tricks cells into making 30 proteins from one rna, defying human cell's usual production of one protein per rna molecule.", 'duration': 25.633, 'max_score': 4084.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4084364.jpg'}, {'end': 4208.805, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4182.921, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4190.852, 'text': 'So the virus basically hijacks your cells and it cuts, it cleaves every one of your human RNAs.', 'start': 4182.921, 'duration': 7.931}, {'end': 4193.154, 'text': "to basically say to the ribosome don't translate this one junk.", 'start': 4190.852, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 4194.396, 'text': "Don't look at this one, junk.", 'start': 4193.535, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 4201.361, 'text': 'and it only spares its own RNAs because they have a particular mark that it spares,', 'start': 4195.277, 'duration': 6.084}, {'end': 4208.805, 'text': 'then all of the ribosomes that normally make protein in your human cells are now only able to translate viral RNAs.', 'start': 4201.361, 'duration': 7.444}], 'summary': 'Virus hijacks human cells, inhibits translation of human rnas, allowing only viral rnas to be translated.', 'duration': 25.884, 'max_score': 4182.921, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4182921.jpg'}, {'end': 4269.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4242.582, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4252.08, 'text': 'So how does spike even get translated? This positive strand RNA virus has a reverse transcriptase, which is an RNA-based reverse transcriptase.', 'start': 4242.582, 'duration': 9.498}, {'end': 4256.046, 'text': 'So from the RNA on the positive strand, it makes an RNA on the negative strand.', 'start': 4252.421, 'duration': 3.625}, {'end': 4262.194, 'text': "And in between every single one of these genes, these open reading frames, there's a little signal,", 'start': 4257.087, 'duration': 5.107}, {'end': 4269.416, 'text': 'AACGCA or something like that that basically loops over to the beginning of the RNA.', 'start': 4263.254, 'duration': 6.162}], 'summary': 'Sars-cov-2 spike translated by rna-based reverse transcriptase, with looping signal between genes.', 'duration': 26.834, 'max_score': 4242.582, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4242582.jpg'}, {'end': 4407.368, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4368.147, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4383.497, 'text': 'The Black Death killed what, 30% of Europe? That has left a tremendous imprint, a huge hole, a horrendous hole in the genetic makeup of humans.', 'start': 4368.147, 'duration': 15.35}, {'end': 4392.36, 'text': "There's been series of wiping out of huge fractions of entire species or just entire species altogether.", 'start': 4384.717, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 4398.522, 'text': 'And that has a consequence on the human immune repertoire.', 'start': 4393.38, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 4407.368, 'text': 'If you look at how Europe was shaped and how Africa was shaped by malaria, for example,', 'start': 4399.662, 'duration': 7.706}], 'summary': 'The black death killed 30% of europe, impacting human genetic makeup and immune repertoire.', 'duration': 39.221, 'max_score': 4368.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4368147.jpg'}, {'end': 4442.57, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4423.05, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4433.759, 'text': 'And that basically led people to hypothesize that the reason why sickle cell disease is so much more frequent in Americans of African descent is because there was selection in Africa against malaria.', 'start': 4423.05, 'duration': 10.709}, {'end': 4441.448, 'text': 'leading to sickle cell, because when the cells, sickle malaria is not able to replicate inside your cells as well,', 'start': 4435.422, 'duration': 6.026}, {'end': 4442.57, 'text': 'and therefore you protect against that.', 'start': 4441.448, 'duration': 1.122}], 'summary': 'Selection in africa against malaria led to higher frequency of sickle cell disease in americans of african descent.', 'duration': 19.52, 'max_score': 4423.05, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4423050.jpg'}, {'end': 4489.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4465.963, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4473.731, 'text': 'The reason for that is similar to what I was describing earlier, where the outward facing proteins evolve much more rapidly,', 'start': 4465.963, 'duration': 7.768}, {'end': 4475.212, 'text': 'because the environment is always changing.', 'start': 4473.731, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 4481.899, 'text': "But what's really interesting in the human genome is that we have co-opted many of these immune genes to carry out non-immune functions.", 'start': 4475.933, 'duration': 5.966}, {'end': 4489.602, 'text': "For example, in our brain, we use immune cells to cleave off neuronal connections that don't get used.", 'start': 4482.479, 'duration': 7.123}], 'summary': 'Human genome has co-opted immune genes for non-immune functions, such as using immune cells in the brain to cleave off unused neuronal connections.', 'duration': 23.639, 'max_score': 4465.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4465963.jpg'}, {'end': 4586.414, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4556.058, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4559.799, 'text': 'Hopefully the US will get it tacked together and stop the virus from spreading further.', 'start': 4556.058, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 4566.862, 'text': "But if it doesn't, it's having an imprint on individuals who have particular genetic repertoires.", 'start': 4560.54, 'duration': 6.322}, {'end': 4575.687, 'text': "So if you look at now the genetic associations of blood type and immune function cells, et cetera, there's actually associations, genetic variation.", 'start': 4567.362, 'duration': 8.325}, {'end': 4579.57, 'text': 'that basically says how much more likely am I or you to die if we contact the virus.', 'start': 4575.687, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 4586.414, 'text': "And it's through these rounds of shaping the human genome that humans have basically made it so far.", 'start': 4580.29, 'duration': 6.124}], 'summary': 'Genetic variation affects virus susceptibility, influencing likelihood of death.', 'duration': 30.356, 'max_score': 4556.058, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4556058.jpg'}, {'end': 4640.219, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4617.413, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4626.396, 'text': 'but the surviving ones are basically the ones that then are shaped for any kind of subsequent evolutionary condition and environmental condition.', 'start': 4617.413, 'duration': 8.983}, {'end': 4631.777, 'text': 'But if you look at, for example, obesity, obesity was selected for.', 'start': 4627.256, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 4635.998, 'text': 'basically, the genes that now predisposes to obesity were at 2% frequency in Africa.', 'start': 4631.777, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 4638.979, 'text': 'They rose to 44% frequency in Europe.', 'start': 4636.698, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 4640.219, 'text': "Wow, that's fascinating.", 'start': 4638.999, 'duration': 1.22}], 'summary': 'Genes predisposing to obesity rose from 2% to 44% frequency in europe.', 'duration': 22.806, 'max_score': 4617.413, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4617413.jpg'}], 'start': 4017.733, 'title': 'Virus evolution and impact on human evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses virus evolutionary strategies, emphasizing host cell hijacking by coronavirus and its impact on human genome and disease associations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4321.951, 'start': 4017.733, 'title': 'Virus evolution and host hijacking', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolutionary strategy of viruses to survive and spread, emphasizing the ingenious hijacking of host cells by the coronavirus to replicate and infect more cells.', 'duration': 304.218, 'highlights': ["The coronavirus hijacks human cells by manipulating their machinery to translate its RNA into multiple proteins, effectively taking control of the cell's protein production.", "The virus's RNA tricks human cells into making 30 proteins from a single RNA, while human cells normally make only one protein from each RNA molecule.", "The virus cleaves human RNAs to prevent their translation, redirecting the cell's machinery to exclusively produce viral proteins, aiding in the virus's replication and spread.", 'The intricate process of translational slippage during protein translation by the virus showcases its remarkable adaptability and evolutionary survival strategy.']}, {'end': 4686.125, 'start': 4321.971, 'title': 'Impact of viruses on human evolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of viruses on human evolution, highlighting how the human genome has been shaped by historical pandemics and environmental factors, leading to genetic variations and disease associations, with an emphasis on the ruthless and brutal nature of natural selection.', 'duration': 364.154, 'highlights': ["The Black Death killed 30% of Europe, leaving a tremendous imprint on the genetic makeup of humans. The Black Death's impact on Europe's population and genetic makeup is highlighted, demonstrating the significant historical impact of pandemics on human evolution.", 'Selection in Africa against malaria led to the frequency of sickle cell disease, demonstrating the influence of environmental factors on genetic variations. The relationship between malaria and sickle cell disease frequency in African descent populations is emphasized, showcasing the impact of environmental selection on genetic traits.', "Co-option of immune genes for non-immune functions, such as in the brain's use of immune cells to cleave off neuronal connections, illustrates the adaptability and complexity of human evolution. The co-option of immune genes for non-immune functions, particularly in the brain's neural processes, underscores the adaptability and versatility of human genetic traits.", 'Genetic associations of blood type and immune function cells indicate varying susceptibility to COVID-19, highlighting the impact of genetic repertoires on virus susceptibility. The genetic associations of blood type and immune function cells are linked to susceptibility to COVID-19, emphasizing the role of genetic variation in determining individual responses to viruses.', 'The rise in frequency of obesity-predisposing genes in Europe due to historical environmental changes demonstrates the dynamic nature of genetic traits in response to shifting conditions. The increase in obesity-predisposing gene frequency in Europe due to environmental changes highlights the dynamic nature of genetic traits and their adaptation to varying environmental conditions.']}], 'duration': 668.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4017733.jpg', 'highlights': ["The coronavirus hijacks human cells by manipulating their machinery to translate its RNA into multiple proteins, effectively taking control of the cell's protein production.", "The virus's RNA tricks human cells into making 30 proteins from a single RNA, while human cells normally make only one protein from each RNA molecule.", "The virus cleaves human RNAs to prevent their translation, redirecting the cell's machinery to exclusively produce viral proteins, aiding in the virus's replication and spread.", 'The intricate process of translational slippage during protein translation by the virus showcases its remarkable adaptability and evolutionary survival strategy.', "The Black Death killed 30% of Europe, leaving a tremendous imprint on the genetic makeup of humans. The Black Death's impact on Europe's population and genetic makeup is highlighted, demonstrating the significant historical impact of pandemics on human evolution.", 'Selection in Africa against malaria led to the frequency of sickle cell disease, demonstrating the influence of environmental factors on genetic variations.', "Co-option of immune genes for non-immune functions, such as in the brain's use of immune cells to cleave off neuronal connections, illustrates the adaptability and complexity of human evolution.", 'Genetic associations of blood type and immune function cells indicate varying susceptibility to COVID-19, highlighting the impact of genetic repertoires on virus susceptibility.', 'The rise in frequency of obesity-predisposing genes in Europe due to historical environmental changes demonstrates the dynamic nature of genetic traits in response to shifting conditions.']}, {'end': 6111.746, 'segs': [{'end': 4798.539, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4750.977, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4758.423, 'text': 'The blood type is another one, the major histocompatibility complex, the HLA alleles are, you know, another source of diversity.', 'start': 4750.977, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 4766.33, 'text': 'So the immune system of humans is by nature, incredibly diverse, and that basically leads to resilience.', 'start': 4758.804, 'duration': 7.526}, {'end': 4769.352, 'text': "So basically what I'm saying, that I don't worry for the human species.", 'start': 4766.61, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 4779.883, 'text': 'Because we are so diverse immunologically, we are likely to be very resilient against so many different attacks like this current virus.', 'start': 4770.453, 'duration': 9.43}, {'end': 4788.531, 'text': "So you're saying natural pandemics may not be something that you're really afraid of because of the diversity in our genetic makeup?", 'start': 4780.023, 'duration': 8.508}, {'end': 4791.053, 'text': 'What about engineered pandemics?', 'start': 4789.452, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 4796.578, 'text': 'Do you have fears of us messing with the makeup of viruses?', 'start': 4791.073, 'duration': 5.505}, {'end': 4798.539, 'text': 'or well, yeah,', 'start': 4796.578, 'duration': 1.961}], 'summary': 'The genetic diversity in human immune system makes us resilient against natural pandemics, but concerns remain for engineered pandemics.', 'duration': 47.562, 'max_score': 4750.977, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4750977.jpg'}, {'end': 5053.903, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5029.765, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5035.832, 'text': 'If you look at North Italy, the vaccination rates are abysmal there, and a lot of people have been dying.', 'start': 5029.765, 'duration': 6.067}, {'end': 5039.797, 'text': 'If you look at Greece, very good vaccination rates, almost no one has been dying.', 'start': 5035.852, 'duration': 3.945}, {'end': 5043.338, 'text': "So yes, there's a policy component.", 'start': 5040.357, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 5045.459, 'text': 'So Italy reacted very slowly.', 'start': 5043.599, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 5047.26, 'text': 'Greece reacted very fast.', 'start': 5046.02, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 5049.261, 'text': 'So yeah, many fewer people died in Greece.', 'start': 5047.5, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 5053.903, 'text': 'But there might actually be a component of genetic immune repertoire.', 'start': 5049.781, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': "Italy's slow reaction led to high deaths, greece's fast reaction minimized deaths due to vaccination rates and genetic immune repertoire.", 'duration': 24.138, 'max_score': 5029.765, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5029765.jpg'}, {'end': 5221.119, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5172.201, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5179.462, 'text': "So we're looking basically for magic bullets for sort of ways that we can, you know, beat cancer and beat coronavirus and beat this and beat that.", 'start': 5172.201, 'duration': 7.261}, {'end': 5185.564, 'text': 'And it turns out that the window with like just diet and exercise is the best way to boost every aspect of your health.', 'start': 5179.502, 'duration': 6.062}, {'end': 5190.165, 'text': "If you look at Alzheimer's, exercise and nutrition.", 'start': 5186.164, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 5195.448, 'text': "I mean, you're like, really? For my brain? Neurodegeneration? Absolutely.", 'start': 5191.206, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 5199.109, 'text': 'If you look at cancer, exercise and nutrition.', 'start': 5196.208, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 5203.631, 'text': 'If you look at coronavirus, exercise and nutrition.', 'start': 5200.45, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 5206.952, 'text': 'Every single aspect of human health gets improved.', 'start': 5203.911, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 5212.334, 'text': "And one of the studies we're doing now is basically looking at what are the effects of diet and exercise?", 'start': 5207.352, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 5214.915, 'text': 'How similar are they to each other?', 'start': 5213.054, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 5221.119, 'text': "We're basically taking diet intervention and exercise intervention in human and in mice.", 'start': 5215.355, 'duration': 5.764}], 'summary': "Diet and exercise boost health, with studies on cancer, alzheimer's, and coronavirus.", 'duration': 48.918, 'max_score': 5172.201, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5172201.jpg'}, {'end': 5451.855, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5407.017, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5413.144, 'text': "So, when you're thinking about sort of personalized nutritional advice, part of that is actually how do you match your microbiome?", 'start': 5407.017, 'duration': 6.127}, {'end': 5416.407, 'text': 'And part of that is how do we match your genetics?', 'start': 5413.704, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 5424.603, 'text': 'But again, you know, this is a very diverse set of contributors and the effect sizes are not enormous.', 'start': 5417.128, 'duration': 7.475}, {'end': 5427.349, 'text': 'So I think the science for that is not fully developed yet.', 'start': 5424.683, 'duration': 2.666}, {'end': 5434.937, 'text': "Speaking of diets, because I've wrestled in combat sports, sports my whole life, where weight matters, so you have to cut and all that stuff.", 'start': 5427.91, 'duration': 7.027}, {'end': 5444.688, 'text': "One thing I've learned a lot about my body, and it seems to be, I think, true about other people's bodies, is that you can adjust to a lot of things.", 'start': 5435.478, 'duration': 9.21}, {'end': 5451.855, 'text': "That's the miraculous thing about this biological system is, Like I fast often.", 'start': 5445.148, 'duration': 6.707}], 'summary': 'Personalized nutrition considers microbiome and genetics, but science is not fully developed. bodies can adjust to different diets and fasting.', 'duration': 44.838, 'max_score': 5407.017, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5407017.jpg'}, {'end': 5528.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5507.589, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5521.518, 'text': 'I think part of the reason why we lose weight with pretty much every kind of change in behavior is because our epigenome and the set of proteins and enzymes that are expressed and our microbiome are not well suited to that nutritional source.', 'start': 5507.589, 'duration': 13.929}, {'end': 5526.262, 'text': 'And therefore they will not be able to sort of catch everything that you give them.', 'start': 5522.099, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 5528.703, 'text': 'And then, you know, a lot of that will go on digested.', 'start': 5526.702, 'duration': 2.001}], 'summary': 'Changes in behavior can lead to weight loss due to mismatched epigenome and microbiome, leading to inefficient digestion.', 'duration': 21.114, 'max_score': 5507.589, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5507589.jpg'}, {'end': 5689.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5590.356, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5596.443, 'text': 'both sort of in terms of number of subjects and temporal, like how long you do the study for?', 'start': 5590.356, 'duration': 6.087}, {'end': 5602.572, 'text': "that it just seems like it's not even a real science for now, like nutrition science.", 'start': 5597.043, 'duration': 5.529}, {'end': 5609.682, 'text': 'I want to jump into the whole placebo effect for a little bit here and basically talk about the implications of that.', 'start': 5602.672, 'duration': 7.01}, {'end': 5615.295, 'text': "If I give you a sugar pill and I tell you it's a sugar pill, you won't get any better.", 'start': 5610.303, 'duration': 4.992}, {'end': 5622.359, 'text': 'But if I tell you sugar pill and I tell you wow, this is an amazing drug, it actually will stop your cancer.', 'start': 5615.495, 'duration': 6.864}, {'end': 5625.902, 'text': 'your cancer will actually stop with much higher probability.', 'start': 5622.359, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 5627.743, 'text': "What does that mean? That's so amazing.", 'start': 5626.342, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5634.587, 'text': "That means that if I can trick your brain into thinking that I'm healing you, your brain will basically figure out a way to heal itself,", 'start': 5627.763, 'duration': 6.824}, {'end': 5635.248, 'text': 'to heal the body.', 'start': 5634.587, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 5643.934, 'text': "And that tells us that there's so much that we don't understand in the interplay between our cognition and our biology.", 'start': 5636.128, 'duration': 7.806}, {'end': 5654.236, 'text': 'that if we were able to better harvest the power of our brain to sort of impact the body through the placebo effect,', 'start': 5645.394, 'duration': 8.842}, {'end': 5656.617, 'text': 'we would be so much better in so many different things.', 'start': 5654.236, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 5661.037, 'text': "Just by tricking yourself into thinking that you're doing better, you're actually doing better.", 'start': 5657.357, 'duration': 3.68}, {'end': 5665.058, 'text': "So there's something to be said about sort of positive thinking, about optimism,", 'start': 5661.578, 'duration': 3.48}, {'end': 5672.5, 'text': 'about sort of just getting your brain and your mind into the right mindset.', 'start': 5665.058, 'duration': 7.442}, {'end': 5676.681, 'text': 'that helps your body and helps your entire biology.', 'start': 5673.36, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 5679.302, 'text': "Yeah, from a science perspective, that's just fascinating.", 'start': 5677.201, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 5689.605, 'text': "Obviously, most things about the brain is a total mystery for now, but that's a fascinating interplay that the brain can reduce.", 'start': 5680.342, 'duration': 9.263}], 'summary': 'Placebo effect shows power of brain over body, impacting biology and health through positive thinking.', 'duration': 99.249, 'max_score': 5590.356, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5590356.jpg'}, {'end': 5754.747, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5731.805, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 5739.134, 'text': 'but then the healing part is perhaps the same pathways, perhaps different pathways, but again something that is totally untapped scientifically.', 'start': 5731.805, 'duration': 7.329}, {'end': 5742.857, 'text': 'I think we tried to bring this question up a couple of times,', 'start': 5739.534, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 5749.462, 'text': "but let's return to it again is what do you think is the difference between the way a computer represents information,", 'start': 5742.857, 'duration': 6.605}, {'end': 5754.747, 'text': 'the human genome represents and stores information? And maybe broadly,', 'start': 5749.462, 'duration': 5.285}], 'summary': 'Exploring the untapped scientific potential in understanding the differences between how a computer and the human genome represent and store information.', 'duration': 22.942, 'max_score': 5731.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5731805.jpg'}, {'end': 5805.698, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5773.65, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 5777.933, 'text': "If you look at our sort of RNA and all of that stuff inside our cells, it's not really digital.", 'start': 5773.65, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 5779.654, 'text': "It's really analog in many ways.", 'start': 5777.973, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 5784.617, 'text': "But let's start with the code and then we'll expand to the rest.", 'start': 5781.035, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 5786.939, 'text': 'So the code itself is digital.', 'start': 5784.877, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 5788.587, 'text': "So there's genes.", 'start': 5787.867, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 5793.631, 'text': "You can think of the genes as, I don't know, the procedures, the functions inside your language.", 'start': 5788.688, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 5796.352, 'text': 'And then somehow you have to turn these functions on.', 'start': 5794.151, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 5797.213, 'text': 'How do you call a gene??', 'start': 5796.432, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 5798.574, 'text': 'How do you call that function??', 'start': 5797.333, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 5805.698, 'text': "The way that you would do it in old programming languages is go to address whatever in your memory and then you'd start running from there.", 'start': 5799.414, 'duration': 6.284}], 'summary': 'Rna and cellular code functions analogously to digital programming languages, with genes serving as procedures and functions.', 'duration': 32.048, 'max_score': 5773.65, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5773650.jpg'}, {'end': 5964.429, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5938.801, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 5947.287, 'text': "If I took your hard drive and I messed with 20% of the letters in it, of the zeros and ones and I flipped them, you'd be in trouble.", 'start': 5938.801, 'duration': 8.486}, {'end': 5953.392, 'text': "If I take the genome and I flip 20% of the letters, you probably won't even notice.", 'start': 5948.208, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 5957.086, 'text': "And that resilience- That's fascinating, yeah.", 'start': 5954.645, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 5959.427, 'text': 'Is a key design principle.', 'start': 5957.506, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 5964.429, 'text': "And again, I'm anthropomorphizing here, but it's a key driving principle of how biological systems work.", 'start': 5959.567, 'duration': 4.862}], 'summary': '20% letter flip in hard drive = trouble, genome = resilient biological system', 'duration': 25.628, 'max_score': 5938.801, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU5938801.jpg'}, {'end': 6066.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6022.396, 'weight': 16, 'content': [{'end': 6023.677, 'text': 'Yeah, biology does plenty of that.', 'start': 6022.396, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 6026.259, 'text': 'But I mean, through evolutionary exploration.', 'start': 6024.298, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 6035.787, 'text': 'But if you look at biological systems, first they are robust and then they specialize to become anything else.', 'start': 6026.9, 'duration': 8.887}, {'end': 6045.741, 'text': "And if you look at viruses, the reason why they're so elegant when you look at the design of this genome, it seems so elegant.", 'start': 6036.758, 'duration': 8.983}, {'end': 6053.484, 'text': "And the reason for that is that it's been stripped down from something much larger because of the pressure to keep it compact.", 'start': 6046.322, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 6057.766, 'text': 'So many compact genomes out there have ancestors that were much larger.', 'start': 6053.984, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 6060.247, 'text': "You don't start small and become big.", 'start': 6058.686, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 6066.732, 'text': 'You go through a loop of add a bunch of stuff, increase complexity, and then, you know, slim it down.', 'start': 6060.808, 'duration': 5.924}], 'summary': 'Biological systems evolve to become robust and specialized, with viruses exemplifying elegant genome design through compacting from larger ancestors.', 'duration': 44.336, 'max_score': 6022.396, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6022396.jpg'}], 'start': 4686.545, 'title': 'Human biology and health', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of diversity in genetic makeup and immune system, impact of exercise and diet on overall health, power of positive thinking on biology, and digital and analog systems in genomic information, highlighting quantifiable data on resilience against pandemics and positive impact on alzheimer's, cancer, and coronavirus.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5144.852, 'start': 4686.545, 'title': 'Diversity in immunity and genetic makeup', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of diversity in genetic makeup and immune system for resilience against pandemics, highlighting the diverse immune system of humans, the potential risks of engineered pandemics, and the impact of vaccinations on death rates.', 'duration': 458.307, 'highlights': ['The diverse immune system of humans provides resilience against various attacks, including the current virus, due to the layers of genetic diversity and immune repertoire. Diverse immune system of humans, resilience against current virus, layers of genetic diversity, immune repertoire', 'The potential risks of engineered pandemics are discussed, emphasizing that the current virus was not engineered to kill off the human race, and the challenges and limitations of engineering a deadly virus from existing strains. Risks of engineered pandemics, current virus not engineered to kill off human race, challenges and limitations of engineering a deadly virus', 'The impact of vaccinations on death rates is highlighted, with examples from North Italy and Greece, suggesting a policy component and genetic immune repertoire as contributing factors. Impact of vaccinations on death rates, policy component, genetic immune repertoire']}, {'end': 5568.557, 'start': 5144.852, 'title': 'Exercise and diet for overall health', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of exercise and nutrition in enhancing overall health, including the positive impact on alzheimer's, cancer, and coronavirus, while also highlighting the significance of understanding the effects of diet and exercise on various bodily systems and the role of the gut microbiome.", 'duration': 423.705, 'highlights': ["The positive impact of exercise and nutrition on various aspects of health, including Alzheimer's, cancer, and coronavirus, is emphasized, indicating the effectiveness of diet and exercise as a 'magic bullet' for overall well-being.", 'The ongoing study involves analyzing the effects of diet and exercise interventions on human and mice, focusing on single cell profiling to understand the cellular response and communication networks influenced by exercise, indicating a comprehensive approach to evaluating the impact of diet and exercise.', 'The significance of the gut microbiome in personalized nutritional advice is highlighted, suggesting that matching the microbiome and genetics plays a crucial role in tailoring nutritional recommendations, indicating the need for a diverse set of contributors for personalized nutrition.', "The adaptability of the body to various dietary changes and fasting is discussed, emphasizing the body's ability to adjust to different eating patterns over time, indicating the potential for individuals to adapt to dietary modifications.", "The short-term impact of diet changes on weight loss is discussed, highlighting the role of the epigenome and microbiome in responding to nutritional sources and the body's ability to adjust to a 'new normal,' indicating the complexity of weight management.", 'The placebo effect and the challenge of uncoupling the psychological impact of dietary interventions from their actual physiological effects are mentioned, underscoring the difficulty in isolating the true impact of dietary changes on individual health outcomes, indicating the complexity of evaluating dietary interventions.']}, {'end': 5731.805, 'start': 5568.557, 'title': 'The power of positive thinking and the brain', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges in conducting good science in nutrition and psychology due to numerous uncontrollable variables, and highlights the remarkable impact of the placebo effect on the brain's ability to heal the body, revealing the potential benefits of positive thinking and optimism on overall biology.", 'duration': 163.248, 'highlights': ['The placebo effect can significantly impact healing, as telling someone a sugar pill is an amazing drug to stop cancer can increase the probability of the cancer stopping.', "The interplay between cognition and biology is not fully comprehended, and harnessing the brain's power through the placebo effect could lead to advancements in various areas.", 'Positive thinking and optimism can have a substantial impact on the body and overall biology, presenting a fascinating aspect of science and the brain.']}, {'end': 5864.214, 'start': 5731.805, 'title': 'Analog and digital systems in genomic information', 'summary': 'Discusses the digital and analog aspects of genomic information, highlighting the difference between the representation of information in computers and the human genome, emphasizing the presence of analog elements in biological systems, and explaining the content-based indexing in the human genome.', 'duration': 132.409, 'highlights': ['The human genome contains both digital and analog elements, with the core code being digital while the surrounding components are analog, presenting a unique complexity in information representation.', 'The difference between the representation of information in computers and the human genome is that while computers use a go-to function for executing instructions, the human genome utilizes content-based indexing to activate genes, providing a distinct mechanism for gene activation.', 'The presence of analog components in biological systems such as the brain and RNA introduces a level of complexity beyond digital representation, contributing to the intricate nature of genomic information processing.']}, {'end': 6111.746, 'start': 5864.835, 'title': 'Genome regulation and design principles', 'summary': 'Discusses the small regulatory motifs in dna, the fault tolerance of the genome, and the elegance of biological system design, emphasizing the resilience and messiness of the process while comparing it to computer science principles.', 'duration': 246.911, 'highlights': ["The genome's fault tolerance allows for resilience, as flipping 20% of its letters may go unnoticed, contrasting with the vulnerability of a computer's hard drive to similar changes. The genome's fault tolerance allows for resilience, as flipping 20% of its letters may go unnoticed, contrasting with the vulnerability of a computer's hard drive to similar changes.", 'Biological systems prioritize resilience and then specialization, unlike the hierarchical and modular design principles in engineering and computer science. Biological systems prioritize resilience and then specialization, unlike the hierarchical and modular design principles in engineering and computer science.', 'Viruses exhibit elegant genome design due to evolutionary pressure to keep it compact, resulting in a stripped-down form from larger ancestors. Viruses exhibit elegant genome design due to evolutionary pressure to keep it compact, resulting in a stripped-down form from larger ancestors.', 'Biological systems do not follow the concept of starting small and becoming big; instead, they undergo cycles of adding complexity and then slimming down. Biological systems do not follow the concept of starting small and becoming big; instead, they undergo cycles of adding complexity and then slimming down.']}], 'duration': 1425.201, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU4686545.jpg', 'highlights': ['Diverse immune system of humans, resilience against current virus, layers of genetic diversity, immune repertoire', 'The impact of vaccinations on death rates, policy component, genetic immune repertoire', 'Risks of engineered pandemics, current virus not engineered to kill off human race, challenges and limitations of engineering a deadly virus', "The positive impact of exercise and nutrition on various aspects of health, including Alzheimer's, cancer, and coronavirus, indicating the effectiveness of diet and exercise as a 'magic bullet' for overall well-being", 'The ongoing study involves analyzing the effects of diet and exercise interventions on human and mice, focusing on single cell profiling to understand the cellular response and communication networks influenced by exercise, indicating a comprehensive approach to evaluating the impact of diet and exercise', 'The significance of the gut microbiome in personalized nutritional advice is highlighted, suggesting that matching the microbiome and genetics plays a crucial role in tailoring nutritional recommendations, indicating the need for a diverse set of contributors for personalized nutrition', "The adaptability of the body to various dietary changes and fasting is discussed, emphasizing the body's ability to adjust to different eating patterns over time, indicating the potential for individuals to adapt to dietary modifications", "The short-term impact of diet changes on weight loss is discussed, highlighting the role of the epigenome and microbiome in responding to nutritional sources and the body's ability to adjust to a 'new normal,' indicating the complexity of weight management", 'The placebo effect and the challenge of uncoupling the psychological impact of dietary interventions from their actual physiological effects are mentioned, underscoring the difficulty in isolating the true impact of dietary changes on individual health outcomes, indicating the complexity of evaluating dietary interventions', 'The placebo effect can significantly impact healing, as telling someone a sugar pill is an amazing drug to stop cancer can increase the probability of the cancer stopping', "The interplay between cognition and biology is not fully comprehended, and harnessing the brain's power through the placebo effect could lead to advancements in various areas", 'Positive thinking and optimism can have a substantial impact on the body and overall biology, presenting a fascinating aspect of science and the brain', 'The human genome contains both digital and analog elements, with the core code being digital while the surrounding components are analog, presenting a unique complexity in information representation', 'The difference between the representation of information in computers and the human genome is that while computers use a go-to function for executing instructions, the human genome utilizes content-based indexing to activate genes, providing a distinct mechanism for gene activation', 'The presence of analog components in biological systems such as the brain and RNA introduces a level of complexity beyond digital representation, contributing to the intricate nature of genomic information processing', "The genome's fault tolerance allows for resilience, as flipping 20% of its letters may go unnoticed, contrasting with the vulnerability of a computer's hard drive to similar changes", 'Biological systems prioritize resilience and then specialization, unlike the hierarchical and modular design principles in engineering and computer science', 'Viruses exhibit elegant genome design due to evolutionary pressure to keep it compact, resulting in a stripped-down form from larger ancestors', 'Biological systems do not follow the concept of starting small and becoming big; instead, they undergo cycles of adding complexity and then slimming down']}, {'end': 7084.637, 'segs': [{'end': 6159.907, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6111.766, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6119.612, 'text': "Yep So anyway, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, basically the major baker's yeast out there is the descendant of a whole genome duplication.", 'start': 6111.766, 'duration': 7.846}, {'end': 6122.254, 'text': 'Why would a whole genome duplication even happen?', 'start': 6120.492, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 6132.562, 'text': 'When it happened is coinciding with about a hundred million years ago and the emergence of fruit bearing plants.', 'start': 6123.054, 'duration': 9.508}, {'end': 6135.513, 'text': 'Why fruit-bearing plants?', 'start': 6134.432, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 6146.059, 'text': 'Because animals would eat the fruit and would walk around and poop huge amounts of nutrients along with a seed for the plants to spread.', 'start': 6135.573, 'duration': 10.486}, {'end': 6148.961, 'text': 'Before that, plants were not spreading through animals.', 'start': 6146.519, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 6151.842, 'text': 'They were spreading through wind and all kinds of other ways.', 'start': 6149.001, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 6159.907, 'text': 'But basically, the moment you have fruit-bearing plants, these plants are basically creating this abundance of sugar in the environment.', 'start': 6152.383, 'duration': 7.524}], 'summary': "Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a major baker's yeast, descended from whole genome duplication around 100 million years ago, coinciding with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, which facilitated the spread of plants through animals and created an abundance of sugar in the environment.", 'duration': 48.141, 'max_score': 6111.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6111766.jpg'}, {'end': 6253.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6225.19, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6231.971, 'text': "So that's- Not necessarily because what happens immediately thereafter is that you start massively losing tons of those duplicated genes.", 'start': 6225.19, 'duration': 6.781}, {'end': 6237.673, 'text': 'So 90% of those genes were actually lost very rapidly after whole gene duplication.', 'start': 6232.491, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 6241.614, 'text': 'And the reason for that is that biology is not intelligent.', 'start': 6238.353, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 6246.215, 'text': "It's just ruthless selection, random mutation.", 'start': 6241.934, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 6253.337, 'text': 'So the ruthless selection basically means that as soon as one of the random mutations hit one gene, Ruthless selection just kills off that gene.', 'start': 6246.655, 'duration': 6.682}], 'summary': '90% of duplicated genes lost rapidly after whole gene duplication due to ruthless selection and random mutation.', 'duration': 28.147, 'max_score': 6225.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6225190.jpg'}, {'end': 6367.401, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6342.364, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6348.526, 'text': 'the other one will sort of be free to evolve and specialize while losing the ancestral function, and so on and so forth.', 'start': 6342.364, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 6350.127, 'text': "So that's how genomes evolve.", 'start': 6348.866, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 6358.614, 'text': "They're just messy things, but they're extremely fault tolerant and they're extremely able to deal with mutations,", 'start': 6350.147, 'duration': 8.467}, {'end': 6363.418, 'text': "because that's the very way that you generate new functions.", 'start': 6358.614, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 6367.401, 'text': 'So new functionalization comes from the very thing that breaks it.', 'start': 6364.078, 'duration': 3.323}], 'summary': 'Genomes evolve through mutations, generating new functions and specializations while losing ancestral functions.', 'duration': 25.037, 'max_score': 6342.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6342364.jpg'}, {'end': 6426.118, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6389.253, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6396.476, 'text': 'And one of the things we found, for example, is that the genes that evolved rapidly in the past are still evolving rapidly now,', 'start': 6389.253, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 6397.256, 'text': 'in the current pandemic.', 'start': 6396.476, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 6400.818, 'text': 'The genes that evolved slowly in the past are still evolving slowly.', 'start': 6397.857, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 6402.339, 'text': "Which means that they're useful.", 'start': 6401.138, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 6405.723, 'text': "which means that they're under the same evolutionary pressures.", 'start': 6402.941, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 6409.886, 'text': 'But then the question is what happens in specific mutations?', 'start': 6406.404, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 6414.41, 'text': "So if you look at the D614 gene mutation, that's been all over the news.", 'start': 6410.567, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 6426.118, 'text': "so in position 614, in the amino acid 614 of the S protein, there's a D2 gene mutation that sort of has creeped over the population.", 'start': 6414.41, 'duration': 11.708}], 'summary': 'Genes that evolved rapidly in the past still evolving rapidly in current pandemic, d614 gene mutation prevalent.', 'duration': 36.865, 'max_score': 6389.253, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6389253.jpg'}, {'end': 6585.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6547.014, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6555.478, 'text': 'The second one is that that position was very well suited to bat transmission, but now is not well suited to human transmission, so it got rid of it.', 'start': 6547.014, 'duration': 8.464}, {'end': 6562.402, 'text': 'And it now has a new version of that amino acid that basically makes it much easier to transmit from human to human.', 'start': 6555.938, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 6574.43, 'text': "So in terms of the evolutionary history teaching us about the future, It basically tells us here's the regions that are currently mutating.", 'start': 6562.863, 'duration': 11.567}, {'end': 6577.471, 'text': "Here's the regions that are most likely to mutate going forward.", 'start': 6574.89, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 6585.116, 'text': "As you're building a vaccine, here's what you should be focusing on in terms of the most stable regions that are the least likely to mutate.", 'start': 6578.012, 'duration': 7.104}], 'summary': 'Evolutionary history informs regions most likely to mutate, guiding vaccine development.', 'duration': 38.102, 'max_score': 6547.014, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6547014.jpg'}, {'end': 6675.656, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6644.742, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 6648.043, 'text': 'Exactly We as engineers need to embrace breaking things.', 'start': 6644.742, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 6655.846, 'text': "We as engineers need to embrace robustness as the first principle beyond perfection, because nothing's going to ever be perfect.", 'start': 6648.583, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 6660.507, 'text': "And when you're sending a satellite to Mars, when something goes wrong, it'll break down.", 'start': 6656.246, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 6670.152, 'text': 'As opposed to building systems that tolerate failure, and are resilient to that, and in fact, get better through that.', 'start': 6661.228, 'duration': 8.924}, {'end': 6675.656, 'text': 'So the SpaceX approach versus NASA for the..', 'start': 6671.153, 'duration': 4.503}], 'summary': 'Engineers need to embrace robustness over perfection, prioritizing systems that tolerate failure and improve through it.', 'duration': 30.914, 'max_score': 6644.742, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6644742.jpg'}, {'end': 6760.298, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6730.257, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6742.848, 'text': 'And again, I want you to pause for a second and realize the complexity of the entire human brain, with trillions of connections within our neurons,', 'start': 6730.257, 'duration': 12.591}, {'end': 6748.853, 'text': 'with millions of cells talking to each other, is still encoded within that same genome.', 'start': 6742.848, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 6757.475, 'text': 'That same genome encodes every single freaking cell type of the entire body.', 'start': 6752.39, 'duration': 5.085}, {'end': 6760.298, 'text': 'Every single cell is encoded by the same code.', 'start': 6758.055, 'duration': 2.243}], 'summary': 'Human genome encodes trillions of brain connections and all body cell types.', 'duration': 30.041, 'max_score': 6730.257, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6730257.jpg'}, {'end': 7004.89, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6973.601, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6975.002, 'text': "And that's a feature, not a book.", 'start': 6973.601, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 6983.591, 'text': "Exactly And in the same way, when you're thinking about sort of these deep learning systems that will allow us to sort of be more creative, perhaps,", 'start': 6975.403, 'duration': 8.188}, {'end': 6993.621, 'text': 'or learn better approximations of these complex functions, again tuned to the universe that we inhabit, You have to embrace the breaking.', 'start': 6983.591, 'duration': 10.03}, {'end': 6995.142, 'text': 'You have to embrace the.', 'start': 6993.641, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 6997.424, 'text': 'you know, how do we get out of these local optima?', 'start': 6995.142, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 7004.89, 'text': 'And a lot of the design paradigms that have made deep learning so successful are ways to get away from that.', 'start': 6998.024, 'duration': 6.866}], 'summary': 'Deep learning systems aim to embrace breaking and avoid local optima for better approximations.', 'duration': 31.289, 'max_score': 6973.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6973601.jpg'}], 'start': 6111.766, 'title': 'Genome duplication and evolutionary dynamics', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of whole genome duplication in saccharomyces cerevisiae, its link to the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, evolutionary dynamics, and the impact of mutations such as the d614g mutation in the current pandemic, which has rapidly increased in frequency from 1% to 90% in almost all outbreaks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6159.907, 'start': 6111.766, 'title': 'Genome duplication and fruit-bearing plants', 'summary': 'Discusses the significance of whole genome duplication in saccharomyces cerevisiae, linking it to the emergence of fruit-bearing plants around a hundred million years ago, which facilitated the spread of plants through animals by providing an abundance of sugar in the environment.', 'duration': 48.141, 'highlights': ['The emergence of fruit-bearing plants coincided with a whole genome duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, approximately a hundred million years ago. This event marked the connection between the emergence of fruit-bearing plants and the genome duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.', 'The abundance of sugar created by fruit-bearing plants facilitated the spread of plants through animals, as animals consumed the fruit and dispersed the seeds along with nutrients through their waste. This resulted in the spread of plants through animals, which contributed to the abundance of sugar in the environment.', 'Prior to the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, plants mainly spread through wind and other means, while the introduction of fruit-bearing plants led to the creation of an abundance of sugar in the environment. The shift from plant dispersion through wind to animal dispersion due to fruit-bearing plants resulted in an abundance of sugar in the environment.']}, {'end': 6528.686, 'start': 6160.407, 'title': 'Genome duplication and evolutionary dynamics', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolutionary niche created by whole genome duplication, the rapid loss of duplicated genes, and the impact of mutations on evolutionary dynamics, including the d614g mutation in the current pandemic, which has rapidly increased in frequency from 1% to 90% in almost all outbreaks.', 'duration': 368.279, 'highlights': ["The D614G mutation in the S protein has rapidly increased in frequency from 1% to 90% in almost all outbreaks, indicating its significant impact on the virus's adaptation to the human environment.", 'Whole genome duplication initially results in a messy event, leading to rapid loss of 90% of duplicated genes, with only 10% being preserved for environment adaptation, replication speed, translation speed, and sugar processing.', 'The evolutionary dynamics of the current genome reveal that genes that evolved rapidly in the past continue to evolve rapidly in the current pandemic, while genes that evolved slowly in the past are still evolving slowly, indicating their usefulness and presence under the same evolutionary pressures.', 'The chapter explains that biological systems, unlike engineered systems, can tolerate and even benefit from content-based indexing, modularity, and the duplication of genes to relieve complexity and generate new functions through mutations.']}, {'end': 7084.637, 'start': 6529.847, 'title': "Evolution's messy path and engineering lessons", 'summary': "Explores the importance of specific protein positions in viral transmission and evolutionary history's guidance for vaccine development. it delves into the role of messiness in evolution and engineering, and the potential of deep learning systems to embrace breaking from local optima.", 'duration': 554.79, 'highlights': ['The specific protein position was well suited to bat transmission but not to human transmission, and now has a new version that makes it easier to transmit from human to human. The specific protein position was well suited to bat transmission but not to human transmission, and now has a new version that makes it easier to transmit from human to human, guiding vaccine development.', 'Evolutionary history teaches about regions currently mutating and those likely to mutate, guiding vaccine development. Evolutionary history teaches about regions currently mutating and those likely to mutate, guiding vaccine development.', 'Deep learning systems embrace breaking from local optima, inspired by the brain aspect of biology, and allow for more natural evolution of parameters. Deep learning systems embrace breaking from local optima, inspired by the brain aspect of biology, and allow for more natural evolution of parameters.', "The complexity and specialization of the entire human brain is encoded within the same genome, highlighting the potential of deep learning systems and the profound nature of biology's design. The complexity and specialization of the entire human brain is encoded within the same genome, highlighting the potential of deep learning systems and the profound nature of biology's design.", 'Embracing messiness and breaking from local optima is a pervasive design paradigm, not commonly taught in engineering schools. Embracing messiness and breaking from local optima is a pervasive design paradigm, not commonly taught in engineering schools.']}], 'duration': 972.871, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU6111766.jpg', 'highlights': ['Whole genome duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae linked to emergence of fruit-bearing plants.', 'Abundance of sugar from fruit-bearing plants facilitated spread of plants through animals.', 'Introduction of fruit-bearing plants led to shift from wind to animal dispersion, resulting in sugar abundance.', 'D614G mutation in S protein rapidly increased from 1% to 90% in almost all outbreaks.', 'Whole genome duplication leads to rapid loss of 90% duplicated genes, preserving 10% for adaptation.', 'Evolutionary dynamics reveal genes evolving rapidly in the past continue to evolve rapidly in current pandemic.', 'Biological systems can tolerate and benefit from gene duplication to generate new functions through mutations.', 'Specific protein position well suited to bat transmission now has a new version for easier human transmission.', 'Evolutionary history guides vaccine development by identifying mutating regions and likely mutations.', 'Deep learning systems embrace breaking from local optima, inspired by biology, for natural evolution of parameters.', 'Complexity and specialization of entire human brain encoded within the same genome, highlighting potential of deep learning systems.', 'Embracing messiness and breaking from local optima is a pervasive design paradigm not commonly taught in engineering schools.']}, {'end': 8954.567, 'segs': [{'end': 7117.869, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7086.486, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7094.232, 'text': 'On that, you quickly mentioned this in terms of us using our vocal cores to speak on a podcast.', 'start': 7086.486, 'duration': 7.746}, {'end': 7105.78, 'text': 'So Elon Musk and Neuralink are working on trying to plug, as per our discussion with computers and biological systems, to connect the two.', 'start': 7095.172, 'duration': 10.608}, {'end': 7114.566, 'text': "He's trying to connect our brain to a computer to create a brain-computer interface where they can communicate back and forth.", 'start': 7105.86, 'duration': 8.706}, {'end': 7117.869, 'text': 'On this line of thinking.', 'start': 7116.267, 'duration': 1.602}], 'summary': "Elon musk's neuralink aims to create brain-computer interface for communication.", 'duration': 31.383, 'max_score': 7086.486, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7086486.jpg'}, {'end': 7202.251, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7171.824, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7173.765, 'text': 'that the machine is better at recognizing.', 'start': 7171.824, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 7177.296, 'text': 'So, in the same way,', 'start': 7174.855, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 7187.142, 'text': 'I think what will happen is that humans will be trained to be able to create the mind pattern that the machine will respond to before the machine truly comprehends our thoughts.', 'start': 7177.296, 'duration': 9.846}, {'end': 7195.707, 'text': 'So the first human brain interfaces will be tricking humans to speak the machine language where, with the right set of electrodes,', 'start': 7187.822, 'duration': 7.885}, {'end': 7197.448, 'text': 'I can sort of trick my brain into doing this.', 'start': 7195.707, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 7202.251, 'text': 'And this is the same way that many people teach, like learn to control artificial limbs.', 'start': 7197.888, 'duration': 4.363}], 'summary': 'Humans will be trained to create mind pattern for machines to comprehend before the machines truly comprehend thoughts.', 'duration': 30.427, 'max_score': 7171.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7171824.jpg'}, {'end': 7377.55, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7346.55, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7348.952, 'text': 'Like the brain would be cleverer than the machine at first.', 'start': 7346.55, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 7350.874, 'text': "When I talk about a third limb, that's exactly what I'm saying.", 'start': 7348.992, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 7354.237, 'text': "An artificial limb that basically just controls your mouse while you're typing.", 'start': 7350.934, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 7356.639, 'text': 'know, perfectly natural thing.', 'start': 7355.018, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 7364.063, 'text': "i mean again, you know, in a few hundred years, maybe sooner than that, but but basically there's.", 'start': 7356.639, 'duration': 7.424}, {'end': 7369.806, 'text': 'as long as the machine is consistent in the way that it will respond to your brain impulses,', 'start': 7364.063, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 7374.108, 'text': "you'll figure out how to control that and you could play tennis with your third limb.", 'start': 7369.806, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 7377.55, 'text': 'and let me go back to consistency.', 'start': 7374.108, 'duration': 3.442}], 'summary': 'Brain may control artificial limb to type and play tennis, if machine is consistent.', 'duration': 31, 'max_score': 7346.55, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7346550.jpg'}, {'end': 7438.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7388.587, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7396.151, 'text': 'You can basically build up that tissue again and eventually train your body how to walk again and how to read again and how to play again and how to think again,', 'start': 7388.587, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 7397.572, 'text': 'how to speak a language again, et cetera.', 'start': 7396.151, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 7409.064, 'text': "So there's a massive amount of malleability that happens naturally in our way of controlling our body, our brain, our thoughts, our vocal cords,", 'start': 7398.172, 'duration': 10.892}, {'end': 7410.105, 'text': 'our limbs, et cetera.', 'start': 7409.064, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 7418.055, 'text': 'And human-machine interfaces are inevitable if we sort of figure out how to read these electric impulses.', 'start': 7410.946, 'duration': 7.109}, {'end': 7426.109, 'text': 'But the resolution at which we can understand human thought right now is nil, is ridiculous.', 'start': 7419.366, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 7428.69, 'text': 'So how are human thoughts encoded??', 'start': 7426.629, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 7437.334, 'text': "It's basically combinations of neurons that co-fire, and these create these things, called engrams, that eventually form memories,", 'start': 7428.71, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 7438.034, 'text': 'and so on and so forth.', 'start': 7437.334, 'duration': 0.7}], 'summary': 'The brain has massive malleability, but human thought encoding is poorly understood.', 'duration': 49.447, 'max_score': 7388.587, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7388587.jpg'}, {'end': 7537.326, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 7438.991, 'weight': 0.994, 'content': [{'end': 7441.072, 'text': 'We know nothing of all that stuff.', 'start': 7438.991, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 7447.536, 'text': 'So before we can actually read into your brain that you want to build a program that does this and this and this,', 'start': 7442.013, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 7450.478, 'text': 'and that we need a lot of neuroscience.', 'start': 7447.536, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 7458.723, 'text': "Well, so to push back on that, do you think it's possible that, without understanding the functionally about the brain,", 'start': 7450.978, 'duration': 7.745}, {'end': 7464.226, 'text': "or from the neuroscience or the cognitive science or psychology, whichever level of the brain we'll look at?", 'start': 7458.723, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 7468.768, 'text': 'do you think, if we just connect, connect them, just like per your previous point.', 'start': 7464.226, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 7474.411, 'text': 'If we just have a high enough resolution between connection between Wikipedia and your brain,', 'start': 7469.168, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 7477.212, 'text': 'the brain will just figure it out with less understanding.', 'start': 7474.411, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 7485.315, 'text': "Because that's one of the innovations of Neuralink is they're increasing the number of connections to the brain to like several thousand,", 'start': 7478.192, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 7488.277, 'text': 'which before was, you know, in the dozens or whatever.', 'start': 7485.315, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7491.818, 'text': "You're still off by a few orders of magnitude, only over seven.", 'start': 7488.297, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 7498.823, 'text': 'Right, but the thing is, the hope is, if you increase that number more and more and more,', 'start': 7494.399, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 7504.927, 'text': "maybe you don't need to understand anything about the actual how human thought is represented in the brain.", 'start': 7498.823, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 7507.83, 'text': 'You can just let it figure it out by itself.', 'start': 7504.947, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 7510.492, 'text': 'Yeah, the whole Keanu Reeves waking up and saying, I know kookafoo.', 'start': 7507.85, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 7511.312, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 7510.732, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 7514.575, 'text': 'Exactly So yeah, sure.', 'start': 7511.372, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 7517.357, 'text': "You don't have faith in the plasticity of the brain to that degree.", 'start': 7514.595, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 7519.742, 'text': "It's not about brain plasticity.", 'start': 7518.402, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 7521.603, 'text': "It's about the input aspect.", 'start': 7519.902, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 7523.743, 'text': 'Basically, I think on the output aspect.', 'start': 7521.903, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 7526.484, 'text': 'being able to control a machine is something that you can probably train.', 'start': 7523.743, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 7532.945, 'text': "your neural impulses that you're sending out to sort of match, whatever response you see in the environment.", 'start': 7526.484, 'duration': 6.461}, {'end': 7537.326, 'text': 'If this thing moved every single time I thought a particular thought, then I could figure out.', 'start': 7533.385, 'duration': 3.941}], 'summary': 'Neuralink aims to increase brain connections to thousands for self-learning, bypassing need for understanding human thought.', 'duration': 98.335, 'max_score': 7438.991, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7438991.jpg'}, {'end': 7504.927, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7478.192, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7485.315, 'text': "Because that's one of the innovations of Neuralink is they're increasing the number of connections to the brain to like several thousand,", 'start': 7478.192, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 7488.277, 'text': 'which before was, you know, in the dozens or whatever.', 'start': 7485.315, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 7491.818, 'text': "You're still off by a few orders of magnitude, only over seven.", 'start': 7488.297, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 7498.823, 'text': 'Right, but the thing is, the hope is, if you increase that number more and more and more,', 'start': 7494.399, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 7504.927, 'text': "maybe you don't need to understand anything about the actual how human thought is represented in the brain.", 'start': 7498.823, 'duration': 6.104}], 'summary': 'Neuralink increases brain connections by several thousand, aiming to bypass understanding human thought.', 'duration': 26.735, 'max_score': 7478.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7478192.jpg'}, {'end': 7650.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7620.784, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 7627.148, 'text': 'I mean, I think language will still be the input way rather than sort of any kind of more complex.', 'start': 7620.784, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 7631.531, 'text': "It's a really interesting notion that the ambiguity of language is a feature.", 'start': 7627.408, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 7639.537, 'text': 'And we evolved for millions of years to take advantage of that ambiguity.', 'start': 7632.672, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 7650.089, 'text': 'Exactly. And yet no one teaches us the subtle differences between words that are near cognates and yet evoke so much more than you know one from the other.', 'start': 7639.557, 'duration': 10.532}], 'summary': 'Language as input, ambiguity as feature, near cognates evoke more.', 'duration': 29.305, 'max_score': 7620.784, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7620784.jpg'}, {'end': 7687.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7662.616, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7668.88, 'text': "so so yes, there's ambiguity, but there's all kinds of connotations, and in the way that we select our words,", 'start': 7662.616, 'duration': 6.264}, {'end': 7676.344, 'text': "we have so much baggage that we're sending along the way, that we're emoting, the way that we're moving our hands every single time we speak the.", 'start': 7668.88, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 7679.165, 'text': 'you know the pauses, the eye contact, etc.', 'start': 7676.344, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 7684.047, 'text': 'so much higher bot rate than just the vocal, you know, string of characters.', 'start': 7679.165, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 7687.148, 'text': 'well, let me just take a small tangent on that.', 'start': 7684.047, 'duration': 3.101}], 'summary': 'Non-verbal communication adds layers of meaning beyond words.', 'duration': 24.532, 'max_score': 7662.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7662616.jpg'}, {'end': 7769.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7743.192, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7747.634, 'text': "I don't know if you've experienced that in your own life with knowing multiple languages.", 'start': 7743.192, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 7751.736, 'text': "I don't know what to, I don't know how to make sense of it,", 'start': 7747.654, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 7757.158, 'text': "but there's so much loss in translation between Russian and English and getting a sense of that.", 'start': 7751.736, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 7764.957, 'text': "Like for example, Just taking a single sentence from Dostoevsky, there's a lot of them.", 'start': 7757.459, 'duration': 7.498}, {'end': 7769.28, 'text': 'You could talk for hours about how to translate that sentence properly.', 'start': 7765.457, 'duration': 3.823}], 'summary': "Translation between russian and english poses challenges, as seen in dostoevsky's work.", 'duration': 26.088, 'max_score': 7743.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7743192.jpg'}, {'end': 7902.315, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7876.726, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 7886.309, 'text': 'my passion was evolution of language and sort of tracing cognates across different languages through their etymologies.', 'start': 7876.726, 'duration': 9.583}, {'end': 7895.181, 'text': "And that's fascinating that there's parallels between, I mean, the idea that there's evolutionary dynamics to our language.", 'start': 7887.361, 'duration': 7.82}, {'end': 7902.315, 'text': 'Yeah Every single word that you utter, parallels, parallels.', 'start': 7896.664, 'duration': 5.651}], 'summary': 'Passionate about tracing cognates through etymologies and finding parallels in language evolution.', 'duration': 25.589, 'max_score': 7876.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7876726.jpg'}, {'end': 8045.728, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8018.533, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 8023.379, 'text': "because of the emotional baggage that I've grown up with, that you've grown up with, and that they've grown up with.", 'start': 8018.533, 'duration': 4.846}, {'end': 8027.223, 'text': "And that's, I think, the magic of translation.", 'start': 8024.42, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 8037.255, 'text': 'If you start thinking of translation as just simply capturing that emotional set of reactions that you evoke,', 'start': 8027.884, 'duration': 9.371}, {'end': 8045.728, 'text': 'You need a different set of words to evoke that same set of reactions to a French person than to a Russian person,', 'start': 8039.341, 'duration': 6.387}], 'summary': 'Translation captures emotional reactions, requires different words for different people.', 'duration': 27.195, 'max_score': 8018.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8018533.jpg'}, {'end': 8420.572, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8383.611, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 8384.813, 'text': "Damn, that's an answer.", 'start': 8383.611, 'duration': 1.202}, {'end': 8397.198, 'text': 'And one way to summarize this whole meaning of life symposium is that the very symposium was illustrating the quest for meaning which might itself be the meaning of life.', 'start': 8385.573, 'duration': 11.625}, {'end': 8410.605, 'text': 'This constant quest for something sublime, something human, something intangible, some aspect of what defines us as a species and as an individual.', 'start': 8398.179, 'duration': 12.426}, {'end': 8420.572, 'text': 'both the quest of me as a person through my own life, but the meaning of life could also be the meaning of all of life.', 'start': 8411.445, 'duration': 9.127}], 'summary': 'The symposium illustrates the quest for meaning, which could be the meaning of life for both individuals and all of life.', 'duration': 36.961, 'max_score': 8383.611, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8383611.jpg'}, {'end': 8462.98, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8435.896, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 8444.167, 'text': 'Does life transcend physics by fighting against entropy, by compartmentalizing and increasing concentrations rather than diluting away??', 'start': 8435.896, 'duration': 8.271}, {'end': 8453.294, 'text': 'Is life a distinct entity in the universe? beyond the traditional,', 'start': 8445.429, 'duration': 7.865}, {'end': 8460.838, 'text': 'very simple physical rules that govern gravity and electromagnetism and all of these forces?', 'start': 8453.294, 'duration': 7.544}, {'end': 8462.079, 'text': 'is life another force??', 'start': 8460.838, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 8462.98, 'text': 'Is there a life force??', 'start': 8462.159, 'duration': 0.821}], 'summary': 'Exploring the concept of life as a distinct force transcending traditional physical rules.', 'duration': 27.084, 'max_score': 8435.896, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8435896.jpg'}, {'end': 8542.371, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8515.53, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 8519.051, 'text': "I'm telling my wife, wow, I was useful today.", 'start': 8515.53, 'duration': 3.521}, {'end': 8532.485, 'text': "and there's a certain pleasure that comes from feeling useful and there's a certain pleasure that comes from feeling grateful.", 'start': 8520.61, 'duration': 11.875}, {'end': 8542.371, 'text': "so i've written this little sort of prayer for my kids to say at bedtime every night, where they basically say Thank you, God,", 'start': 8532.485, 'duration': 9.886}], 'summary': 'Emphasizing the joy of feeling useful and grateful, a father creates a bedtime prayer for his kids.', 'duration': 26.841, 'max_score': 8515.53, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8515530.jpg'}, {'end': 8657.355, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8625.825, 'weight': 16, 'content': [{'end': 8638.388, 'text': 'Teaching my kids about my view of the world and watching through their eyes the naivete with which they start and the sophistication with which they end up,', 'start': 8625.825, 'duration': 12.563}, {'end': 8643.589, 'text': 'the understanding that they have of not just the natural world around them, but of me too.', 'start': 8638.388, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 8657.355, 'text': 'The unfiltered criticism that you get from your own children that knows no bounds of honesty.', 'start': 8646.545, 'duration': 10.81}], 'summary': 'Teaching kids about the world, witnessing their growth and understanding, and receiving unfiltered criticism from them.', 'duration': 31.53, 'max_score': 8625.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8625825.jpg'}, {'end': 8900.359, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 8785.987, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 8787.068, 'text': "Because again, I'm a professor.", 'start': 8785.987, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 8796.112, 'text': 'My first role is to bring adult human beings into a more mature level of adulthood, where they learn not just to do science,', 'start': 8787.108, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 8804.992, 'text': 'but they learn the process of discovery and the process of collaboration, the process of sharing, the process of conveying the knowledge,', 'start': 8797.042, 'duration': 7.95}, {'end': 8813.742, 'text': 'of encapsulating something incredibly complex and sort of giving it up in sort of bite-sized chunks that the rest of humanity can appreciate.', 'start': 8804.992, 'duration': 8.75}, {'end': 8822.447, 'text': "I tell my students all the time, Like when a tree falls in the forest and no one's there to listen has it really fallen?", 'start': 8814.483, 'duration': 7.964}, {'end': 8825.288, 'text': 'The same way, you do this awesome research.', 'start': 8823.047, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 8830.469, 'text': "if you write an impenetrable paper that no one will understand, it's as if you never did the awesome research.", 'start': 8825.288, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 8837.711, 'text': 'So conveying of knowledge, conveying this lateral transfer that I was talking about at the very beginning,', 'start': 8831.109, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 8841.492, 'text': 'of sort of humanity and sort of the sharing of information.', 'start': 8837.711, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 8850.654, 'text': 'All of that has gotten so much more rich by seeing human beings grow in my own home,', 'start': 8842.573, 'duration': 8.081}, {'end': 8862.233, 'text': 'because that makes me a better parent and that makes me a better teacher and a better mentor to the nurturing of my adult children,', 'start': 8852.287, 'duration': 9.946}, {'end': 8863.134, 'text': 'which are my research group.', 'start': 8862.233, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 8865.796, 'text': 'First of all, beautifully put,', 'start': 8863.954, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 8873.781, 'text': "connects beautifully to the vertical and the horizontal inheritance of ideas that we've talked about at the very beginning.", 'start': 8865.796, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 8881.086, 'text': "I don't think there's a better way to end it on this poetic and powerful note.", 'start': 8874.501, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 8882.947, 'text': 'Manolis, thank you so much for talking to me.', 'start': 8881.346, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 8883.627, 'text': 'It was a huge honor.', 'start': 8882.967, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 8893.574, 'text': "We'll have to talk again about the origin of life, about epigenetics, epigenomics, and some of the incredible research you're doing.", 'start': 8883.647, 'duration': 9.927}, {'end': 8894.274, 'text': 'Truly an honor.', 'start': 8893.614, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 8895.255, 'text': 'Thanks so much for talking today.', 'start': 8894.335, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 8895.595, 'text': 'Thank you.', 'start': 8895.275, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 8896.236, 'text': 'Such a pleasure.', 'start': 8895.655, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 8897.216, 'text': "It's such a pleasure.", 'start': 8896.496, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 8899.018, 'text': 'I mean, your questions are outstanding.', 'start': 8897.236, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 8900.359, 'text': "I've had such a blast here.", 'start': 8899.078, 'duration': 1.281}], 'summary': 'Professor emphasizes the importance of conveying knowledge and collaboration in research to make a meaningful impact on humanity.', 'duration': 48.072, 'max_score': 8785.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU8785987.jpg'}], 'start': 7086.486, 'title': 'Brain-computer interfaces and human thought', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of brain-computer interfaces, emphasizing their impact on human thought, discussing muscle control, brain plasticity, human-machine interfaces, language ambiguity, and challenges in understanding human thought.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7261.065, 'start': 7086.486, 'title': 'Brain-computer interface development', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of creating a brain-computer interface, drawing parallels to training humans to create mind patterns that a machine can respond to, ultimately leading to the possibility of connecting our brain to a computer.', 'duration': 174.579, 'highlights': ['Elon Musk and Neuralink are working on creating a brain-computer interface to connect the brain to a computer for communication. Elon Musk and Neuralink are actively pursuing the development of a brain-computer interface to establish communication between the brain and a computer.', 'The potential of training humans to create mind patterns that a machine can respond to, leading to the possibility of tricking the brain into communicating in machine language. The concept of training humans to create mind patterns that a machine can recognize suggests the potential for tricking the brain into speaking the machine language before the machine truly comprehends human thoughts.', 'Drawing parallels between the process of learning to control artificial limbs and the development of brain-computer interfaces. Comparing the process of learning to control artificial limbs to the potential learning process involved in using brain-computer interfaces, indicating similarities in the learning mechanisms.']}, {'end': 7684.047, 'start': 7261.065, 'title': 'Brain-computer interfaces and human thought', 'summary': 'Discusses the control of muscles, brain plasticity, human-machine interfaces, and the ambiguity of language, emphasizing the potential of brain-computer interfaces and the challenges in understanding human thought.', 'duration': 422.982, 'highlights': ['The brain builds a lookup table between neuronal firing and body actions, demonstrating massive malleability in controlling the body, brain, and thoughts.', 'Human-machine interfaces are inevitable, provided we can decode electric impulses; however, understanding human thoughts encoded in combinations of neurons and engrams is currently minimal.', 'Neuralink aims to increase the number of connections to the brain, potentially eliminating the need to understand how human thought is represented in the brain, relying on brain plasticity to figure it out.', 'The ambiguity of language is a feature evolved over millions of years, allowing for subtle differences between words and conveying connotations and emotions beyond the literal meanings.']}, {'end': 8098.119, 'start': 7684.047, 'title': 'The profound art of translation', 'summary': 'Discusses the profound nature of translation, the depth of language, the impact of cultural context on language, and the emergent properties of communication networks and emotional baggage, highlighting the complexity and depth of language and communication.', 'duration': 414.072, 'highlights': ['The depth of language and translation is seen as more profound than natural language processing papers in the machine learning community, with a single sentence from Dostoevsky being capable of hours of discussion for accurate translation, highlighting the complexity and depth of language and translation.', 'Understanding the etymology of words and the components of language teaches about the context and original usage of words, with words taking new meanings as they are created and augmented, showcasing the impact of historical provenance and evolution of language.', 'The concept of the eye of the beholder is emphasized, stating that nothing takes meaning with one person creating it, but rather, it takes meaning in the receiving end and the emergent properties of communication networks, highlighting the subjective nature of language and communication.', 'The cultural context and emotional baggage of the audience play a crucial role in translation, as different sets of words and sentence structures are needed to evoke the same set of reactions in different cultures, emphasizing the impact of cultural context on language and communication.', 'The emergent properties of communication networks and the impact of emotional baggage on language and communication are discussed, highlighting the complex and multifaceted nature of communication and the differences in interpretation based on individual experiences.']}, {'end': 8487.897, 'start': 8100.08, 'title': 'Meaning of life symposium', 'summary': "Discusses the meaning of life symposium, where 42 individuals gave diverse seven-minute speeches on the meaning of life, highlighting the quest for meaning, the different perspectives on life's meaning, and the interconnectedness of human experiences.", 'duration': 387.817, 'highlights': ['The Meaning of Life Symposium featured 42 individuals giving seven-minute speeches on the meaning of life, each offering a different perspective, highlighting the diversity of human experiences and interpretations.', 'The symposium illustrated the constant quest for meaning, which in itself might be the meaning of life, emphasizing the sublime, intangible aspect of human existence and the interconnectedness of individual and collective meaning.', 'Questions regarding the nature of life, its inevitability, transcendence of physics, and its potential as a distinct force in the universe were explored, delving into philosophical and scientific inquiries about the essence of life.', 'The symposium brought together diverse viewpoints on the meaning of life, including perspectives on gratitude, the purpose of life, and the unique experiences that shape human understanding of existence.']}, {'end': 8954.567, 'start': 8487.897, 'title': 'Manolis kellis: work, family, and human progress', 'summary': "Highlights manolis kellis's work ethic, the importance of family, and the impact of parenting on his work as a professor and researcher, emphasizing the interplay between his personal and professional life as well as his passion for knowledge and human progress.", 'duration': 466.67, 'highlights': ["Manolis Kellis's intense work schedule from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. every day, including weekends, showcases his relentless dedication to his research and intellectual satisfaction. He worked nonstop from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. every single day, including Saturday and Sunday, demonstrating his unwavering commitment to his work.", "Kellis's prayer for his kids reflects his gratitude and desire for them to give back, showcasing the importance of family values and gratitude in his life. He wrote a prayer for his kids to express gratitude and seek strength to give back, emphasizing the significance of family values and gratitude.", "The impact of parenting on Kellis's personal growth is evident through the emotional and intellectual development he experiences by teaching and nurturing his children. He describes the emotional and intellectual growth he experiences through parenting, highlighting the impact of teaching and nurturing his children on his personal development.", "Kellis's role as a professor and parent influences his approach to teaching, emphasizing the importance of conveying complex knowledge and nurturing adult students to become mature individuals. His role as a parent influences his teaching approach, emphasizing the importance of conveying complex knowledge and nurturing adult students to become mature individuals.", "The interconnectedness of Kellis's personal and professional life is evident in his belief that the growth of his children enriches his role as a parent, teacher, and mentor, enhancing his ability to convey knowledge and ideas effectively. He emphasizes the interconnectedness of his personal and professional life, stating that the growth of his children enriches his role as a parent, teacher, and mentor, enhancing his ability to convey knowledge and ideas effectively."]}], 'duration': 1868.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/brslF-Cy3HU/pics/brslF-Cy3HU7086486.jpg', 'highlights': ['Elon Musk and Neuralink actively pursue brain-computer interface development.', 'Training humans to create mind patterns for machine communication is possible.', 'Comparing learning to control artificial limbs to brain-computer interface development.', "Brain's massive malleability in controlling body, brain, and thoughts is demonstrated.", 'Understanding human thoughts encoded in neurons and engrams is minimal.', 'Neuralink aims to increase brain connections, relying on brain plasticity.', 'Language ambiguity allows conveying emotions beyond literal meanings.', "Translation complexity highlighted by Dostoevsky's single sentence.", 'Etymology and language evolution showcase the impact of historical provenance.', 'Subjective nature of language and communication emphasized.', 'Cultural context plays a crucial role in language translation and communication.', "Meaning of Life Symposium showcased diverse perspectives on life's meaning.", 'Constant quest for meaning might be the essence of life.', "Exploration of life's nature, inevitability, and transcendence of physics.", "Manolis Kellis's relentless dedication to research and intellectual satisfaction.", "Kellis's prayer for his kids reflects gratitude and desire for them to give back.", "Parenting's impact on Kellis's personal growth and teaching approach.", "Interconnectedness of Kellis's personal and professional life."]}], 'highlights': ['The rapid pace of scientific knowledge transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic, exemplified by the sequencing of the virus genome, vaccine design, and production within a matter of weeks, showcasing phenomenal progress in information dissemination.', 'The adaptability and beauty of science in embracing the impermanence of knowledge, the expectation of being wrong, the celebration of success based on the arc towards perfection, and the ability to learn from mistakes and improve knowledge dissemination.', 'The democratization of knowledge through digital platforms, such as Wikipedia, review articles, podcasts, and videocasts, enables individuals to access a vast array of information in a matter of days, revolutionizing the speed and spread of knowledge.', "The human genome's transformation from the least studied to the most studied species due to human genetics.", 'The identification of thousands of genes involved in human cognition and psychology through genetic variation.', 'The concept of digital inheritance, discovered by Mendel, stayed unrecognized for 50 years while Darwin was getting famous for natural selection.', 'The LIGO experiment has allowed humans to perceive gravitational waves, creating a new sense that was previously unperceived in the history of the planet.', 'The application of evolutionary signatures to various species demonstrated the conservation of functional elements and expanded to studying 200 mammals.', "The coronavirus hijacks human cells by manipulating their machinery to translate its RNA into multiple proteins, effectively taking control of the cell's protein production.", "The Black Death killed 30% of Europe, leaving a tremendous imprint on the genetic makeup of humans. The Black Death's impact on Europe's population and genetic makeup is highlighted, demonstrating the significant historical impact of pandemics on human evolution.", 'Diverse immune system of humans, resilience against current virus, layers of genetic diversity, immune repertoire', 'The significance of the gut microbiome in personalized nutritional advice is highlighted, suggesting that matching the microbiome and genetics plays a crucial role in tailoring nutritional recommendations, indicating the need for a diverse set of contributors for personalized nutrition', 'The human genome contains both digital and analog elements, with the core code being digital while the surrounding components are analog, presenting a unique complexity in information representation', 'Whole genome duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae linked to emergence of fruit-bearing plants.', 'Elon Musk and Neuralink actively pursue brain-computer interface development.', 'Understanding human thoughts encoded in neurons and engrams is minimal.', "Exploration of life's nature, inevitability, and transcendence of physics.", "Manolis Kellis's relentless dedication to research and intellectual satisfaction.", "Interconnectedness of Kellis's personal and professional life."]}