title
Hamming, "You and Your Research" (June 6, 1995)
description
Intro: I have given a talk with this title many times, and it turns out from discussions after the talk I could have just as well have called it "You and Your Engineering Career," or even "You and Your Career." But I left the word "Research" in the title because that is what I have most studied. From the previous chapters you have an adequate background for how I made the study, and I need not mention again the names of the famous people I have studied closely. The earlier chapters are, in sense, just a great expansion, with much more detail, of the original talk. This chapter is, in a sense, a summary of the previous chapters.
The Art of Doing Science and Engineering: Learning to Learn" was the capstone course by Dr. Richard W. Hamming (1915-1998) for graduate students at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey California.
This course is intended to instill a "style of thinking" that will enhance one's ability to function as a problem solver of complex technical issues. With respect, students sometimes called the course "Hamming on Hamming" because he relates many research collaborations, discoveries, inventions and achievements of his own. This collection of stories and carefully distilled insights relates how those discoveries came about. Most importantly, these presentations provide objective analysis about the thought processes and reasoning that took place as Dr. Hamming, his associates and other major thinkers, in computer science and electronics, progressed through the grand challenges of science and engineering in the twentieth century.
detail
{'title': 'Hamming, "You and Your Research" (June 6, 1995)', 'heatmap': [{'end': 134.257, 'start': 75.197, 'weight': 0.711}, {'end': 692.113, 'start': 636.863, 'weight': 0.78}, {'end': 880.195, 'start': 823.869, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 1702.013, 'start': 1676.433, 'weight': 0.831}, {'end': 1914.55, 'start': 1885.034, 'weight': 0.787}, {'end': 2422.964, 'start': 2363.184, 'weight': 0.847}, {'end': 2633.586, 'start': 2604.968, 'weight': 0.837}], 'summary': 'Discusses success principles in research and career, emphasizing preparation, hard work, and the role of luck. it underscores the importance of belief, confidence, vision, excellence, studying success, deep thinking, and effective communication in achieving success.', 'chapters': [{'end': 194.722, 'segs': [{'end': 134.257, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 54.308, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 60.311, 'text': 'Some of the people who keep the thing going, but whose opinion does not matter a great deal.', 'start': 54.308, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 65.593, 'text': 'They could trust me to do simple things, but the major decisions I was not really involved in.', 'start': 60.971, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 71.215, 'text': 'And to put it bluntly and unpleasantly, I was envious.', 'start': 66.854, 'duration': 4.361}, {'end': 73.496, 'text': 'Plain envious.', 'start': 72.556, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 80.725, 'text': "And I began to ask myself, what's the difference between the really capable scientists and myself.", 'start': 75.197, 'duration': 5.528}, {'end': 83.868, 'text': 'And I studied it.', 'start': 83.107, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 85.669, 'text': 'I went up to Bell Labs, I studied it further.', 'start': 83.968, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 90.673, 'text': 'This is really a report on what I found, different between the first class and the second class.', 'start': 85.769, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 98.459, 'text': 'I want to remind you of something which is not in the notes, what is called the Matthew Effect, named after St. Matthew.', 'start': 91.674, 'duration': 6.785}, {'end': 106.185, 'text': "There's a verse there in the Bible which says, unto those who have shall be given, unto those who have not shall it be taken away.", 'start': 99.099, 'duration': 7.086}, {'end': 111.333, 'text': "or put it bluntly, those with got gets and those that haven't got it, you know what happens.", 'start': 107.492, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 114.273, 'text': "It's true in science.", 'start': 113.393, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 117.614, 'text': "When you become famous, it's easy to remain famous.", 'start': 114.993, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 123.055, 'text': 'For example, once I became moderately famous, I was invited to give talks at IBM and so on,', 'start': 117.914, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 126.315, 'text': "and when I went there they would show me this or that that's going on.", 'start': 123.055, 'duration': 3.26}, {'end': 129.156, 'text': 'show me the research labs or production lines and so on.', 'start': 126.315, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 131.396, 'text': 'so I got to know more information than the other person.', 'start': 129.156, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 134.257, 'text': "Once famous, it's very easy to remain famous.", 'start': 132.137, 'duration': 2.12}], 'summary': 'Fame in science perpetuates more fame, creating a gap between the capable and the envious.', 'duration': 29.56, 'max_score': 54.308, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw54308.jpg'}, {'end': 157.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 129.156, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 131.396, 'text': 'so I got to know more information than the other person.', 'start': 129.156, 'duration': 2.24}, {'end': 134.257, 'text': "Once famous, it's very easy to remain famous.", 'start': 132.137, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 139.939, 'text': 'once not famous, and what you do do will be taken away from you.', 'start': 135.678, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 142.399, 'text': "So it's necessary to do something outstanding.", 'start': 139.999, 'duration': 2.4}, {'end': 149.08, 'text': 'Otherwise, what you do is sort of taken away from you, as Saint Matthew said.', 'start': 144.319, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 157.602, 'text': "Now why do I believe it's important to talk? Because as far as I know and as far as you know, you have one life to lead.", 'start': 150.4, 'duration': 7.202}], 'summary': 'Fame requires outstanding actions; speaking out is crucial for a meaningful life.', 'duration': 28.446, 'max_score': 129.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw129156.jpg'}], 'start': 3.137, 'title': 'Success in research and career', 'summary': "Discusses success principles in research and career, based on the speaker's experiences at los alamos, highlighting the difference between capable scientists and emphasizing the matthew effect in science and the importance of leading a significant life.", 'chapters': [{'end': 83.868, 'start': 3.137, 'title': 'Success principles in research and career', 'summary': "Discusses broad principles of success in research and career based on the speaker's experiences at los alamos, highlighting the difference between capable scientists and the speaker's journey of self-discovery.", 'duration': 80.731, 'highlights': ['The speaker discusses broad principles of success in research and career based on experiences at Los Alamos. The speaker talks about the discussions afterwards for the talk, stating that the principles are broad and applicable to many fields.', "The speaker reflects on being a 'janitor of science' at Los Alamos and feeling envious of capable scientists. The speaker realized that he was not really involved in major decisions and began to question the difference between capable scientists and himself."]}, {'end': 194.722, 'start': 83.968, 'title': 'The matthew effect in science', 'summary': 'Discusses the matthew effect in science, emphasizing the tendency for the famous to become more famous while the less known struggle to gain recognition, and the importance of leading a significant life based on personal definition.', 'duration': 110.754, 'highlights': ['The Matthew Effect in science highlights the tendency for famous individuals to gain more opportunities and recognition, while those who are not famous struggle to gain attention and are at risk of having their accomplishments overlooked.', "The importance of leading a significant life is emphasized, encouraging individuals to pursue meaningful endeavors based on their own definition of significance, rather than simply 'getting by' without causing harm."]}], 'duration': 191.585, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw3137.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Matthew Effect in science emphasizes the tendency for famous individuals to gain more opportunities and recognition.', "The speaker reflects on being a 'janitor of science' at Los Alamos and feeling envious of capable scientists."]}, {'end': 608.305, 'segs': [{'end': 380.167, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 324.887, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 329.231, 'text': 'You prepare yourself the way you lead your life from day to day.', 'start': 324.887, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 332.094, 'text': "You prepare yourself for success or you don't.", 'start': 329.692, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 335.237, 'text': "And when the lightning strikes, you're either ready or you're not.", 'start': 332.854, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 337.539, 'text': 'It misses you or it hits you.', 'start': 336.258, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 345.626, 'text': 'What will be is open to debate, but I think that Shannon had not created information there, he would have done other significant things.', 'start': 339.921, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 348.589, 'text': "He'd done a bunch before, he would have done ones afterwards.", 'start': 346.007, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 350.531, 'text': 'So I sort of deny it.', 'start': 349.31, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 356.396, 'text': "At least I deny it's all luck.", 'start': 355.095, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 368.881, 'text': 'Now Newton observed, Sir Isaac Newton, that if other people thought as hard as he did, they would get the same results.', 'start': 361.738, 'duration': 7.143}, {'end': 374.544, 'text': 'And Edison said genius is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration.', 'start': 369.642, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 376.325, 'text': 'And I tell you the same thing.', 'start': 374.564, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 380.167, 'text': 'To a great extent, it is constant hard work that does it.', 'start': 376.765, 'duration': 3.402}], 'summary': 'Success requires constant hard work, as seen through examples of newton and edison.', 'duration': 55.28, 'max_score': 324.887, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw324887.jpg'}, {'end': 447.103, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 425.886, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 434.849, 'text': 'Now, Einstein considered the fact that after he got his doctorate degree, he had no legitimate job except for seven years in the patent office.', 'start': 425.886, 'duration': 8.963}, {'end': 437.189, 'text': 'No job at a university.', 'start': 435.849, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 439.61, 'text': "He didn't get early recognition.", 'start': 438.33, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 441.639, 'text': 'But when he got it, he did it.', 'start': 440.558, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 447.103, 'text': 'And that indicates that the IQs and such other things which people are supposed to have.', 'start': 442.96, 'duration': 4.143}], 'summary': "Einstein faced job challenges but excelled, proving iq's significance.", 'duration': 21.217, 'max_score': 425.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw425886.jpg'}, {'end': 543.541, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 514.751, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 518.054, 'text': 'Here was my chance to contribute to a really good idea if it were good.', 'start': 514.751, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 521.177, 'text': "But his department didn't think much of him.", 'start': 519.716, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 523.015, 'text': 'But I reflected.', 'start': 522.315, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 528.938, 'text': 'Muhammad had to leave town, flee for his life.', 'start': 523.936, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 538.342, 'text': 'A prophet is without honor in his own country, remember? It will be often true that your local people cannot see that you are doing great work.', 'start': 530.799, 'duration': 7.543}, {'end': 541.063, 'text': 'I concluded I would help him.', 'start': 539.902, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 543.541, 'text': 'I taught him how to use the machine.', 'start': 541.94, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Despite initial doubt, i decided to help muhammad and taught him to use the machine.', 'duration': 28.79, 'max_score': 514.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw514751.jpg'}], 'start': 195.262, 'title': 'Achieving success through preparation and hard work', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of preparation, hard work, and the role of luck in achieving success. it highlights that success is a result of constant hard work and preparation, and luck favors the prepared mind. it also discusses the lack of early recognition and high iqs in great minds and the impact of mentoring on a scientist's success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 409.455, 'start': 195.262, 'title': 'Success through preparation and hard work', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of preparation, hard work, and the role of luck in achieving success, citing examples of famous scientists and inventors. it highlights that success is a result of constant hard work and preparation, and luck favors the prepared mind. it also challenges the notion that success is solely based on luck, emphasizing the role of dedication and effort.', 'duration': 214.193, 'highlights': ['Success is a result of constant hard work and preparation, with luck favoring the prepared mind, as exemplified by the experiences of famous scientists such as Feynman, Shannon, Einstein, and Edison.', 'The chapter challenges the notion that success is solely based on luck, emphasizing the role of dedication and effort in achieving significant accomplishments.', "The importance of constantly working on one's abilities and being prepared for success is highlighted through examples of renowned scientists and inventors, including their relentless dedication to their work.", 'The chapter emphasizes that success is not solely based on luck, but rather on the constant hard work and preparation, as evidenced by the experiences of famous scientists and inventors like Shannon, Einstein, and Edison.', 'The role of luck is discussed in the context of success, with the chapter highlighting that while luck may play a part, it is ultimately the constant hard work and preparation that lead to significant accomplishments.']}, {'end': 492.315, 'start': 410.382, 'title': 'Iq and recognition of great minds', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of early recognition and high iqs in great minds like newton and einstein, highlighting their unconventional paths to success and contributions despite initial limitations.', 'duration': 81.933, 'highlights': ["Einstein's unconventional path to success, spending seven years in the patent office before receiving recognition, challenges the notion that high IQ is a prerequisite for greatness.", "Newton's lack of early recognition and exceptional mathematical abilities despite starting with basic arithmetic challenges traditional beliefs about the correlation between IQ and success.", 'Example of Bill Fan at Bell Labs demonstrates that unconventional paths and non-traditional educational backgrounds can still lead to significant contributions in scientific research and development.']}, {'end': 608.305, 'start': 492.335, 'title': 'Mentoring a brilliant scientist', 'summary': 'Discusses how the narrator, despite initial skepticism from others, mentored a scientist named muhammad, leading to his success and the development of a vital technology for bell labs, resulting in multiple awards and national recognition.', 'duration': 115.97, 'highlights': ["The narrator decided to help Muhammad despite skepticism from his department, leading to Muhammad's success and the development of a crucial technology for Bell Labs, earning him numerous prizes and national recognition.", "Muhammad's laboratory was recognized as a national treasure, showcasing the impact of the technology he developed with the narrator's help.", "The narrator's mentoring transformed Muhammad from an inarticulate and lacking confidence individual to a clear-speaking, confident man, highlighting the impact of the mentorship on Muhammad's personal growth and development.", 'Zone melting technology, developed with the help of computing, allowed for remarkable control over impurities in germanium, demonstrating the importance of computing in the development of crucial technologies.', "The narrator's decision to provide machine time and mentoring to Muhammad led to the successful development of technology for Bell Labs, emphasizing the significance of mentorship and support in scientific achievements."]}], 'duration': 413.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw195262.jpg', 'highlights': ['Success is a result of constant hard work and preparation, with luck favoring the prepared mind, as exemplified by famous scientists like Feynman, Shannon, Einstein, and Edison.', 'The chapter challenges the notion that success is solely based on luck, emphasizing the role of dedication and effort in achieving significant accomplishments.', "Einstein's unconventional path to success, spending seven years in the patent office before receiving recognition, challenges the notion that high IQ is a prerequisite for greatness.", "The narrator's mentoring transformed Muhammad from an inarticulate and lacking confidence individual to a clear-speaking, confident man, highlighting the impact of mentorship on personal growth and development."]}, {'end': 1060.81, 'segs': [{'end': 695.295, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 628.061, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 632.882, 'text': 'Now, the most important thing, probably, of great people is they believe they can do great work.', 'start': 628.061, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 635.282, 'text': 'They have confidence in themselves.', 'start': 634.042, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 640.803, 'text': "If you don't think you do great work, it's not likely that you're ever going to do it.", 'start': 636.863, 'duration': 3.94}, {'end': 643.204, 'text': "It's that simple.", 'start': 642.524, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 648.418, 'text': 'Now, you can be too overconfident, but you should have a fair amount of confidence.', 'start': 644.335, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 649.519, 'text': 'Take, for example, Shannon.', 'start': 648.458, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 657.464, 'text': 'You remember when I did information theory, I pointed out how, when stuck with random codes,', 'start': 650.8, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 662.108, 'text': 'he averaged over all random codes and showed the average was arbitrarily good.', 'start': 657.464, 'duration': 4.644}, {'end': 664.169, 'text': 'therefore, one good code had to exist?', 'start': 662.108, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 667.852, 'text': 'Who but a man with almost infinite courage would do that?', 'start': 665.63, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 670.358, 'text': 'He had her.', 'start': 669.878, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 672.7, 'text': 'Now, I can tell you another way, simply.', 'start': 671.259, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 677.123, 'text': "There was a year or so when he came in about 10 o'clock, played chess until about 2 and went home.", 'start': 673.3, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 680.365, 'text': 'At the end of the year, the company gave him a salary raise.', 'start': 678.224, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 682.246, 'text': "That's all you could see him doing was that.", 'start': 680.926, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 684.148, 'text': 'But at home, he was creating information for you.', 'start': 682.567, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 687.45, 'text': 'Well, the way he played chess is the following.', 'start': 684.668, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 692.113, 'text': 'When you are attacking chess, you can either defend yourself or you attack back.', 'start': 688.451, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 695.295, 'text': 'Shannon never defended himself.', 'start': 693.354, 'duration': 1.941}], 'summary': "Confidence in oneself is crucial for achieving great work, exemplified by shannon's unwavering courage and dedication in creating information while playing chess.", 'duration': 67.234, 'max_score': 628.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw628061.jpg'}, {'end': 701.589, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 673.3, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 677.123, 'text': "There was a year or so when he came in about 10 o'clock, played chess until about 2 and went home.", 'start': 673.3, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 680.365, 'text': 'At the end of the year, the company gave him a salary raise.', 'start': 678.224, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 682.246, 'text': "That's all you could see him doing was that.", 'start': 680.926, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 684.148, 'text': 'But at home, he was creating information for you.', 'start': 682.567, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 687.45, 'text': 'Well, the way he played chess is the following.', 'start': 684.668, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 692.113, 'text': 'When you are attacking chess, you can either defend yourself or you attack back.', 'start': 688.451, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 695.295, 'text': 'Shannon never defended himself.', 'start': 693.354, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 697.417, 'text': 'He attacked back.', 'start': 696.917, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 701.589, 'text': 'And the game would get tied up more and more and more and more complex.', 'start': 698.346, 'duration': 3.243}], 'summary': 'He played chess for 4 hours daily, got a raise, and attacked in chess, creating complex games.', 'duration': 28.289, 'max_score': 673.3, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw673300.jpg'}, {'end': 880.195, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 823.869, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 829.23, 'text': 'And so I said, do you mind if I join you? So I sit down and we talk about chemistry and such other things for a long while.', 'start': 823.869, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 840.953, 'text': "And finally, one day I walk in and say if what you're working on is not important and it's not likely to lead to important things,", 'start': 830.07, 'duration': 10.883}, {'end': 841.953, 'text': 'why are you working on it?', 'start': 840.953, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 848.005, 'text': 'After that, I ate with the engineers.', 'start': 846.784, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 852.289, 'text': 'That was spring.', 'start': 851.688, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 859.635, 'text': 'In the fall going down the long corridor of Bell Labs, my friend, a chemist, stopped me and said you know, Hamming,', 'start': 852.329, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 861.396, 'text': 'that remark of yours got underneath my skin.', 'start': 859.635, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 865.08, 'text': "I've spent the summer thinking about the important problems in my field.", 'start': 862.237, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 868.823, 'text': 'I have not changed my research, but I think it was well worth the time.', 'start': 865.32, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 871.565, 'text': 'I say, thank you, Dave, and walk on.', 'start': 869.804, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 875.008, 'text': "About two weeks later, I notice he's made head of the department.", 'start': 872.686, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 880.195, 'text': 'about 10 or 12 years ago, I noticed he is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.', 'start': 876.314, 'duration': 3.881}], 'summary': 'Challenged colleague, led to impactful research, achieved recognition.', 'duration': 56.326, 'max_score': 823.869, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw823869.jpg'}, {'end': 934.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 907.313, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 912.917, 'text': "If you don't work on important problems, you are not going to do important things except by the dumbest of dumb luck.", 'start': 907.313, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 917.1, 'text': 'You must work on important problems.', 'start': 915.379, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 920.683, 'text': "Now, you can't work on them all the time because that's what Nobel Prize winners do.", 'start': 917.34, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 926.867, 'text': 'They get a Nobel Prize and then they think, like Shannon also, they can only work on important problems.', 'start': 922.284, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 930.27, 'text': "As a result, they don't do anything.", 'start': 929.069, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 934.573, 'text': 'You have to plant little acorns which grow into mighty oak trees.', 'start': 931.451, 'duration': 3.122}], 'summary': 'Work on important problems to achieve significance; plant little acorns for big impact.', 'duration': 27.26, 'max_score': 907.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw907313.jpg'}, {'end': 1023.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 972.689, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 976.751, 'text': "So that's a lot of reasons why Nobel Prize winners often don't do very much afterwards.", 'start': 972.689, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 983.313, 'text': 'Now, confidence in yourself, I said, is important.', 'start': 981.072, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 985.434, 'text': 'Overconfidence, of course, is a disaster.', 'start': 983.433, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 988.156, 'text': "I'll put it as I did the other day.", 'start': 986.496, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 991.337, 'text': 'The difference between being strong-willed and stubborn.', 'start': 988.817, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 995.038, 'text': 'The difference between being confident and overconfident is about the same thing.', 'start': 991.357, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 996.378, 'text': "It's this fine line.", 'start': 995.078, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 1003.26, 'text': "I've seen a lot of people abandon a good idea too soon, and I've seen people cling to a bad idea too long.", 'start': 996.858, 'duration': 6.402}, {'end': 1005.601, 'text': "They're both difficult problems.", 'start': 1004.32, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 1015.903, 'text': 'Now, one of the features which you can cling to regularly is a desire to do excellent work.', 'start': 1009.741, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 1019.018, 'text': "Whatever you do, you're going to do well.", 'start': 1016.877, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 1021.018, 'text': "Now, it's not true what my father said.", 'start': 1019.598, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 1023.139, 'text': 'Anything worth doing at all is worth doing well.', 'start': 1021.038, 'duration': 2.101}], 'summary': 'Nobel prize winners face post-win challenges; importance of balance in confidence and determination highlighted.', 'duration': 50.45, 'max_score': 972.689, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw972689.jpg'}], 'start': 608.585, 'title': 'Belief, confidence, and problem importance', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of belief and confidence in doing great work, illustrated by shannon's success in chess. it also highlights the significance of working on important problems and learning from successful individuals to achieve success.", 'chapters': [{'end': 744.709, 'start': 608.585, 'title': 'Belief and confidence', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of belief and confidence in doing great work, as exemplified by shannon's infinite courage in creating information and his fearless approach to chess, which led to success and salary raise despite spending most of his time playing chess at work.", 'duration': 136.124, 'highlights': ["Shannon's infinite courage in creating information and his fearless approach to chess led to success and salary raise despite spending most of his time playing chess at work. Shannon's fearless approach to chess and his ability to create information while spending most of his time playing chess at work resulted in a salary raise, demonstrating the impact of unwavering confidence and boldness.", "The importance of belief and confidence in doing great work, as exemplified by Shannon's infinite courage in creating information. The chapter emphasizes the significance of belief and confidence in accomplishing great work, as demonstrated by Shannon's infinite courage in creating information, highlighting the correlation between confidence and impactful achievements."]}, {'end': 1060.81, 'start': 748.57, 'title': 'Importance of working on important problems', 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of working on important problems, emphasizing the value of learning from successful individuals and the dangers of overconfidence, while emphasizing the need to focus on problems that can become important and matter, in order to achieve success.', 'duration': 312.24, 'highlights': ['The importance of working on important problems is emphasized, with a focus on the value of learning from successful individuals. Emphasizes the value of learning from successful individuals to gain insights and knowledge. Stressing the significance of associating with successful peers.', 'The dangers of overconfidence are discussed, with emphasis on the fine line between being strong-willed and stubborn, and being confident and overconfident. Discusses the dangers of overconfidence and the fine line between being strong-willed and stubborn, and being confident and overconfident.', 'Emphasizes the need to focus on problems that can become important and matter, in order to achieve success. Stresses the importance of focusing on problems that can become important and matter, in order to achieve success. Discourages the misconception that only important problems are worth working on.']}], 'duration': 452.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw608585.jpg', 'highlights': ["Shannon's fearless approach to chess and his ability to create information while spending most of his time playing chess at work resulted in a salary raise, demonstrating the impact of unwavering confidence and boldness.", "The chapter emphasizes the significance of belief and confidence in accomplishing great work, as demonstrated by Shannon's infinite courage in creating information, highlighting the correlation between confidence and impactful achievements.", 'Emphasizes the value of learning from successful individuals to gain insights and knowledge. Stressing the significance of associating with successful peers.', 'Discusses the dangers of overconfidence and the fine line between being strong-willed and stubborn, and being confident and overconfident.', 'Stresses the importance of focusing on problems that can become important and matter, in order to achieve success. Discourages the misconception that only important problems are worth working on.']}, {'end': 1479.075, 'segs': [{'end': 1094.907, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1060.81, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1063.612, 'text': 'When you have a vision, you will go a long way.', 'start': 1060.81, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1068.635, 'text': "Without a vision of what you're going to do and where you're going to be, you're not going to get very far.", 'start': 1063.932, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 1070.576, 'text': "It's that simple.", 'start': 1069.835, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 1075.833, 'text': 'You have to get a vision of what you are going to do and be, and then pursue it.', 'start': 1071.55, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 1078.135, 'text': 'And excellence is one of the best tracks you could use.', 'start': 1075.853, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 1079.936, 'text': 'I am going to do things very well.', 'start': 1078.595, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1082.358, 'text': "I'm going to do more than just a good job.", 'start': 1080.156, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 1083.559, 'text': "I'm going to do a first class job.", 'start': 1082.378, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 1094.907, 'text': 'Now, what you may consider good working conditions may not be for you.', 'start': 1092.105, 'duration': 2.802}], 'summary': 'Having a vision is key for success, aiming for excellence is crucial for achieving more than just a good job.', 'duration': 34.097, 'max_score': 1060.81, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1060810.jpg'}, {'end': 1350.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1313.358, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1317.621, 'text': 'The net effect was that I was put immediately right in the frontier of programming.', 'start': 1313.358, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 1326.171, 'text': 'How do I make the machine do the programming for us? What appeared to be a defect, by turning the problem around, became an asset.', 'start': 1318.442, 'duration': 7.729}, {'end': 1330.272, 'text': 'Grace Hopper has told several other stories a similar way.', 'start': 1327.751, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1333.252, 'text': 'What appears to be a defect is an asset.', 'start': 1331.192, 'duration': 2.06}, {'end': 1340.134, 'text': "So frequently when you think things are wrong and you haven't got the wherewithal to do it.", 'start': 1334.953, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 1342.614, 'text': 'if you turn the problem around, you can turn it into great success.', 'start': 1340.134, 'duration': 2.48}, {'end': 1345.095, 'text': 'Another one is slightly different.', 'start': 1344.015, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 1350.676, 'text': 'When I was doing this 28th order system equation, I told you about the Navy intercept plane.', 'start': 1345.775, 'duration': 4.901}], 'summary': "Turning defects into assets, grace hopper's success stories in programming.", 'duration': 37.318, 'max_score': 1313.358, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1313358.jpg'}, {'end': 1471.044, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1445.531, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1452.395, 'text': 'I saw that the problem, although originally was get the answers to these trajectories, in fact, it was something else.', 'start': 1445.531, 'duration': 6.864}, {'end': 1457.637, 'text': 'It was proving that a digital machine could beat the analog machine on its own home ground of differential equations.', 'start': 1452.555, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 1462.8, 'text': 'I redefined the problem and made it a success.', 'start': 1459.278, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 1471.044, 'text': "I would not have found Hamming's method if I had not realized that the method I was using, which was adequate for me,", 'start': 1465.737, 'duration': 5.307}], 'summary': 'Redefining the problem led to success in proving digital machine superiority in solving differential equations.', 'duration': 25.513, 'max_score': 1445.531, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1445531.jpg'}], 'start': 1060.81, 'title': 'Vision and excellence in work', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of having a vision and pursuing excellence in work, citing examples from bell laboratories and the institute for advanced study in princeton, and discusses the technological triumph of digital over analog machines in problem-solving.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1350.676, 'start': 1060.81, 'title': 'Vision and excellence in work', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of having a vision and pursuing excellence in work, as exemplified by the relevance of open-mindedness and adapting to changing conditions, using examples from bell laboratories and the institute for advanced study in princeton, and the transformative approach to problem-solving in the field of computing.', 'duration': 289.866, 'highlights': ['The significance of having a vision and pursuing excellence in work, as demonstrated by the impact of open-mindedness and adaptability in work conditions, using examples from Bell Laboratories and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.', 'The transformative approach to problem-solving in the field of computing, exemplified by the story of creating a machine to do the programming, turning a perceived defect into an asset.', 'The impact of turning problems around to achieve great success, as illustrated by the story of Grace Hopper and the Navy intercept plane.', 'The observation that those working with closed doors may not be as connected with reality and might work on the wrong problems, compared to those with open doors, based on the experience at Bell Laboratories.']}, {'end': 1479.075, 'start': 1352.486, 'title': 'Digital vs analog: a technological triumph', 'summary': 'Recounts how the speaker transformed a crummy method into a jazzy one, demonstrating the superiority of digital machines over analog ones in solving differential equations, ultimately redefining the problem and achieving success.', 'duration': 126.589, 'highlights': ['The speaker demonstrated the superiority of digital machines over analog ones in solving differential equations, redefining the problem and achieving success. The speaker showed that a digital machine could beat the analog on its own home ground of differential equations, proving its superiority.', "The speaker transformed a crummy method into a jazzy one, making it defensible and effective. The speaker derived a better method of integrating differential equations, known as Hamming's method, which was very suitable for the machines at that time.", 'The speaker realized the need to change the nature of the problem, leading to the redefinition of the problem and the success achieved. The speaker changed the nature of the problem from simply getting answers to trajectories to proving the superiority of digital machines over analog ones, ultimately achieving success.']}], 'duration': 418.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1060810.jpg', 'highlights': ['The transformative approach to problem-solving in the field of computing, exemplified by the story of creating a machine to do the programming, turning a perceived defect into an asset.', 'The speaker demonstrated the superiority of digital machines over analog ones in solving differential equations, redefining the problem and achieving success.', 'The impact of turning problems around to achieve great success, as illustrated by the story of Grace Hopper and the Navy intercept plane.', 'The significance of having a vision and pursuing excellence in work, as demonstrated by the impact of open-mindedness and adaptability in work conditions, using examples from Bell Laboratories and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.']}, {'end': 1938.924, 'segs': [{'end': 1571.034, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1546.56, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1552.646, 'text': "Which elements of that can you adapt to your personality? You can't be everybody, but you have to find your own method.", 'start': 1546.56, 'duration': 6.086}, {'end': 1557.09, 'text': 'And studying success is a very good way of forming your own style.', 'start': 1552.846, 'duration': 4.244}, {'end': 1565.15, 'text': "Now, one day, I think I've told you a story before, I'll repeat it.", 'start': 1561.007, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 1571.034, 'text': 'One day I found John Tukey with whom I was working extensively, he was my age, and the guy was clearly a genius.', 'start': 1565.89, 'duration': 5.144}], 'summary': 'Studying success can help form your own style.', 'duration': 24.474, 'max_score': 1546.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1546560.jpg'}, {'end': 1702.013, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1640.418, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1644.841, 'text': 'This way I forced myself to get a wide acquaintance in computer science.', 'start': 1640.418, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 1648.845, 'text': 'And being the book review editor, I got to review the books I wanted.', 'start': 1646.062, 'duration': 2.783}, {'end': 1650.806, 'text': 'This was a device.', 'start': 1648.865, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 1655.63, 'text': "Now it's true, I quit reading New Yorker, I quit reading magazines, I quit doing other things.", 'start': 1650.886, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 1658.793, 'text': 'My wife complained occasionally that all I looked at in New Yorker was the jokes.', 'start': 1655.65, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 1660.094, 'text': 'She was right.', 'start': 1659.574, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 1663.037, 'text': "I didn't have time to do everything.", 'start': 1661.636, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 1664.398, 'text': "I wasn't a first class genius.", 'start': 1663.077, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 1665.539, 'text': 'I had to work hard.', 'start': 1664.798, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 1668.666, 'text': 'So I simply set aside all the other things and did that.', 'start': 1666.624, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 1671.528, 'text': "It's not hard to do.", 'start': 1670.648, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 1672.589, 'text': 'You just do it.', 'start': 1671.548, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 1677.974, 'text': 'Now, I want to say another couple things.', 'start': 1676.433, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 1680.256, 'text': 'The race is not to the swiftest.', 'start': 1678.174, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 1683.719, 'text': "The guy who works hardest doesn't win.", 'start': 1682.218, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1688.883, 'text': 'The person who works on the right problem at the right time in the right way is what counts and nothing else.', 'start': 1684.48, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 1691.527, 'text': "This is what I'm trying to do in this whole course.", 'start': 1690.026, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1699.731, 'text': "I'm going to try and teach you something about style and taste, so you'll be able to have some hunch of when the problem is ripe,", 'start': 1691.567, 'duration': 8.164}, {'end': 1702.013, 'text': 'what problem is ripe and how to go about it.', 'start': 1699.731, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Focused hard work in computer science led to book reviews; emphasizes importance of working on the right problem at the right time.', 'duration': 48.465, 'max_score': 1640.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1640418.jpg'}, {'end': 1781.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1739.768, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1746.551, 'text': "yes, I'll answer the telephone, yes, I'll sign a sheet of paper, but mainly, what is the effect of computing on science??", 'start': 1739.768, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 1749.652, 'text': 'What the hell am I doing with this computing machine?', 'start': 1747.931, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 1752.546, 'text': 'How is it going to affect AT&T??', 'start': 1750.965, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 1755.087, 'text': 'What should I be doing with computing??', 'start': 1753.706, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 1757.088, 'text': 'What is the nature of software?', 'start': 1755.747, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 1760.17, 'text': 'My friends all, after a while, got to know.', 'start': 1758.489, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 1761.991, 'text': 'Friday afternoons, great thoughts.', 'start': 1760.89, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 1764.292, 'text': "What's the nature of this?", 'start': 1763.431, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 1766.753, 'text': 'that and the other thing?', 'start': 1764.292, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 1773.116, 'text': 'I spent 10% of my time trying to answer the question what are the important problems in my field?', 'start': 1766.833, 'duration': 6.283}, {'end': 1774.917, 'text': '10% Friday afternoons straight through.', 'start': 1773.496, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 1778.392, 'text': "Don't do it Monday morning because you'll be interrupted immediately.", 'start': 1776.391, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 1781.533, 'text': 'If you do it Friday afternoon, some of it can linger over on to Saturday and Sunday.', 'start': 1778.612, 'duration': 2.921}], 'summary': "Exploring computing's impact on science, at&t, and determining important problems in the field.", 'duration': 41.765, 'max_score': 1739.768, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1739768.jpg'}, {'end': 1922.215, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1885.034, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1890.037, 'text': "But they disbelieve enough to notice what's wrong and make the big change to the new theory.", 'start': 1885.034, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 1895.681, 'text': "If you believe the theory is right, you won't make the big change to the next new theory.", 'start': 1890.818, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 1898.142, 'text': "You won't make the big step forward.", 'start': 1896.901, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1900.864, 'text': "You'll merely elaborate and extend the old theory.", 'start': 1898.182, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 1903.305, 'text': "And that won't make you a great scientist.", 'start': 1901.684, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1906.267, 'text': "It'll make you just a good one, which I'm not complaining about.", 'start': 1903.505, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 1914.55, 'text': 'Greatness consists of seeing what other people have missed and seizing upon the contradictions and making the new step forward.', 'start': 1908.206, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 1918.292, 'text': 'You have to tolerate ambiguity.', 'start': 1916.971, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 1922.215, 'text': "And I have not the faintest idea how I'd ever teach a course in ambiguity.", 'start': 1918.312, 'duration': 3.903}], 'summary': 'Great scientists notice, make big changes, and seize contradictions to advance theories and achieve greatness.', 'duration': 37.181, 'max_score': 1885.034, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1885034.jpg'}], 'start': 1485.083, 'title': 'Studying success and deep thinking', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of studying success, adapting successful elements, and working on the right problem, as well as the necessity of setting aside regular time for deep thinking, recommending the allocation of 10% of time and the significance of tolerating ambiguity in scientific pursuits.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1713.979, 'start': 1485.083, 'title': 'Studying success for personal growth', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of studying success, adapting successful elements to one's personality, and working hard on the right problem at the right time, as exemplified by the speaker's experiences and insights.", 'duration': 228.896, 'highlights': ["Studying success closely, both personal and others', to understand the elements of their success and adapt them to one's personality.", 'Emphasizing the significance of working on the right problem at the right time in the right way, rather than just working hard.', "The speaker's personal experience of reorganizing his life to focus on career-related activities, such as deliberate book reviewing, to acquire a wide acquaintance in computer science."]}, {'end': 1938.924, 'start': 1714.02, 'title': 'Importance of time for deep thinking', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the necessity of setting aside regular time for deep thinking, recommending the allocation of 10% of time to ponder over important problems in the field, with a preference for friday afternoons to avoid interruptions and allow thoughts to linger over the weekend, while also stressing the significance of tolerating ambiguity in scientific pursuits.', 'duration': 224.904, 'highlights': ['The chapter stresses the recommendation to find a regular time, such as Friday afternoon, to stop and think about important matters, dedicating around 10% of time to ponder over crucial problems in the field, allowing thoughts to linger over the weekend (quantifiable data: 10% time allocation for deep thinking).', "It emphasizes the necessity of tolerating ambiguity in scientific pursuits, highlighting the importance of believing and disbelieving simultaneously to notice what's wrong and make significant changes to theories, ultimately leading to scientific greatness (quantifiable data: significance of tolerating ambiguity in scientific pursuits).", "The chapter also discusses the importance of pondering over the effect of computing on science, the nature of software, and the impact on AT&T, underlining the need to understand the fundamentals and characteristics of the job to march in a uniform direction and make progress (quantifiable data: importance of pondering over computing's impact and understanding job fundamentals)."]}], 'duration': 453.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1485083.jpg', 'highlights': ['Emphasizes the significance of working on the right problem at the right time in the right way, rather than just working hard.', "Studying success closely, both personal and others', to understand the elements of their success and adapt them to one's personality.", "The speaker's personal experience of reorganizing his life to focus on career-related activities, such as deliberate book reviewing, to acquire a wide acquaintance in computer science.", 'The chapter stresses the recommendation to find a regular time, such as Friday afternoon, to stop and think about important matters, dedicating around 10% of time to ponder over crucial problems in the field, allowing thoughts to linger over the weekend.', 'The chapter also discusses the importance of pondering over the effect of computing on science, the nature of software, and the impact on AT&T, underlining the need to understand the fundamentals and characteristics of the job to march in a uniform direction and make progress.', "It emphasizes the necessity of tolerating ambiguity in scientific pursuits, highlighting the importance of believing and disbelieving simultaneously to notice what's wrong and make significant changes to theories, ultimately leading to scientific greatness."]}, {'end': 2634.607, 'segs': [{'end': 2011.374, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1983.364, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1986.505, 'text': 'Problems are not important per se, although they have some consequences.', 'start': 1983.364, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 1991.746, 'text': 'The most important thing that makes a problem important is that there is an attack.', 'start': 1987.005, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 1993.967, 'text': 'You have an idea how I can go about that problem.', 'start': 1991.926, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 1997.167, 'text': 'You want to watch it.', 'start': 1996.567, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 2007.132, 'text': 'Just because the economic consequences are great and take those three of them anti-gravity teleportation or time travel the economic consequences are unbelievably large.', 'start': 1997.627, 'duration': 9.505}, {'end': 2011.374, 'text': "But they're not important problems until you have an idea how to do it.", 'start': 2008.873, 'duration': 2.501}], 'summary': 'Problems become important with an attack, economic consequences, and a solution idea.', 'duration': 28.01, 'max_score': 1983.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1983364.jpg'}, {'end': 2070.878, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2042.394, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2048.956, 'text': 'Several other people had it all before, but Einstein did it the right way, and you only remember Einstein having done special relativity.', 'start': 2042.394, 'duration': 6.562}, {'end': 2050.976, 'text': 'The other guys had it all.', 'start': 2050.036, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 2052.608, 'text': 'They even gave talks on it.', 'start': 2051.627, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 2054.529, 'text': 'But they had it screwed up to some extent.', 'start': 2052.967, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 2056.55, 'text': "They didn't have it really clear and straightforward.", 'start': 2054.549, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2059.551, 'text': "Now, when you first do a thing, it's often muddled up.", 'start': 2057.55, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2063.594, 'text': 'And one of your problems is to get it clear so it can be communicated to other people.', 'start': 2059.712, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 2070.878, 'text': 'And you can spend a lot of time lying in bed saying, well, gee, how can I say that to Joe? If I try it this way? Jill might misunderstand that.', 'start': 2063.954, 'duration': 6.924}], 'summary': "Einstein's approach to special relativity was notably clear and straightforward, unlike others who had it muddled up.", 'duration': 28.484, 'max_score': 2042.394, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2042394.jpg'}, {'end': 2110.349, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2077.801, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2078.922, 'text': 'so you can communicate it to others?', 'start': 2077.801, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 2080.643, 'text': 'It may not be the way you found it.', 'start': 2079.322, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2081.463, 'text': 'It often is not.', 'start': 2080.663, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 2085.926, 'text': 'But getting it clear is important, which brings me to the topic of communication.', 'start': 2082.824, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 2095.391, 'text': 'You need to learn to communicate orally in talks like this, written and written reports, and casual conversations.', 'start': 2086.866, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 2101.606, 'text': "In the middle of a conference, you have to be able to get up and say, that's wrong for these reasons, bing, bing, bing, bing, and you win.", 'start': 2096.164, 'duration': 5.442}, {'end': 2106.568, 'text': "If you sit around and say well, I'll write a report tomorrow after I've thought about it some more.", 'start': 2102.867, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 2110.349, 'text': "the decision is made, we go ahead and it doesn't matter what you do then.", 'start': 2106.568, 'duration': 3.781}], 'summary': 'Importance of clear communication in oral, written, and casual conversations for effective decision-making.', 'duration': 32.548, 'max_score': 2077.801, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2077801.jpg'}, {'end': 2144.204, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2113.711, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2116.672, 'text': 'Now, how do you learn it? You can read books if you want to, but forget it.', 'start': 2113.711, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 2124.757, 'text': "The way you learn, as far as I'm concerned, is every time you go to a talk, you listen not only to the talk, but to the style that's done.", 'start': 2118.154, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 2126.537, 'text': 'What talks are effective?', 'start': 2125.377, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 2127.978, 'text': 'Why were they effective??', 'start': 2127.037, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 2130.739, 'text': 'What aspects of the speaker can you adapt??', 'start': 2128.818, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 2140.663, 'text': "For example, if you're going to give afternoon speeches, generally speaking, there are three jokes one at the beginning, when you get up,", 'start': 2131.819, 'duration': 8.844}, {'end': 2144.204, 'text': "one in the middle to keep them awake, and one last, so they'll remember something that you said.", 'start': 2140.663, 'duration': 3.541}], 'summary': 'Learn effective speaking by analyzing successful talks and adapting key aspects like humor and structure.', 'duration': 30.493, 'max_score': 2113.711, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2113711.jpg'}, {'end': 2322.807, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2295.615, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2298.615, 'text': "Most people and most institutions don't like change.", 'start': 2295.615, 'duration': 3}, {'end': 2300.256, 'text': 'They resent it.', 'start': 2299.675, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 2306.277, 'text': 'And therefore, in order to make progress, you have to sort of welcome change.', 'start': 2302.436, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 2309.057, 'text': "You have to embrace it in spite of the fact you don't like it.", 'start': 2306.937, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 2311.238, 'text': "Why, we've all been doing this perfectly all right now.", 'start': 2309.397, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2314.642, 'text': 'Why should I ever change? adopt the model I did.', 'start': 2311.258, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 2322.807, 'text': "If the department has been doing this for 10 years the same way, it's time you should change to find out how to do it some other way.", 'start': 2316.083, 'duration': 6.724}], 'summary': 'To make progress, embrace change, even if uncomfortable. adapt to new ways after 10 years of doing things the same.', 'duration': 27.192, 'max_score': 2295.615, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2295615.jpg'}, {'end': 2422.964, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2363.184, 'weight': 0.847, 'content': [{'end': 2367.827, 'text': "After he told me, I could see that what he said was true, but I couldn't think of it first.", 'start': 2363.184, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 2369.728, 'text': 'So I started doing it anyway.', 'start': 2368.547, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2370.928, 'text': 'I got a new piece of information.', 'start': 2369.748, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 2375.531, 'text': 'I turned it around many ways until, as it were, it was connected with many pieces of information,', 'start': 2370.928, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 2378.193, 'text': 'so that in various situations that would come available.', 'start': 2375.531, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 2381.655, 'text': 'And this has worked out fairly well.', 'start': 2379.894, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 2386.398, 'text': "Now you're likely to say to yourself, you haven't got the freedom to work.", 'start': 2383.936, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 2388.299, 'text': "I didn't either when I began.", 'start': 2387.398, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 2391.258, 'text': 'I had to do more or less what was expected.', 'start': 2390.017, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 2396.842, 'text': 'When you hire a plumber to fix the plumbing, you expect him to be already trained.', 'start': 2391.578, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 2398.784, 'text': 'You expect him to be able.', 'start': 2398.003, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 2406.049, 'text': "You don't give a person a big, lovely chance to do something great when they've not already demonstrated greatness.", 'start': 2400.465, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 2411.473, 'text': "The onus is on you to demonstrate greatness, and then you'll get the opportunities.", 'start': 2407.31, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 2413.575, 'text': "It's not the other way around.", 'start': 2412.274, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 2417.638, 'text': 'As beautifully put by an instructor when I was at Nebraska.', 'start': 2414.255, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 2422.964, 'text': 'The instructor went to the head department and said I want to be relieved of some teaching, so I do some research.', 'start': 2419.002, 'duration': 3.962}], 'summary': 'Adaptability and skill demonstration lead to opportunities and success.', 'duration': 59.78, 'max_score': 2363.184, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2363184.jpg'}, {'end': 2478.265, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2439.65, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2442.011, 'text': 'After I became more able, the manager left me alone.', 'start': 2439.65, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 2444.172, 'text': 'In fact, at the back end the manager clearly had the belief.', 'start': 2442.051, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 2449.261, 'text': "The more we left Hamming alone, the more he'd worry about what should be done, the more likely he's going to do the right thing.", 'start': 2444.818, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 2453.485, 'text': 'That applied to a guy like Hamming who had a conscience and was worried.', 'start': 2450.462, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 2455.106, 'text': "It doesn't apply to some people.", 'start': 2453.965, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 2456.927, 'text': "Some people, you give them freedom, they'll do nothing.", 'start': 2455.146, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 2460.73, 'text': 'But I was compulsive and I was worried about doing the right job, so I did.', 'start': 2457.568, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 2471.999, 'text': "Now, I have to answer the question, is effort to be a great person worth it? Now, great isn't by definition of what you think is great, not mine.", 'start': 2463.753, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 2475.524, 'text': 'Is it worth it? I will claim yes.', 'start': 2474.204, 'duration': 1.32}, {'end': 2478.265, 'text': "I've talked to various people.", 'start': 2477.285, 'duration': 0.98}], 'summary': 'Manager believed that leaving hamming alone led to better results, worth the effort.', 'duration': 38.615, 'max_score': 2439.65, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2439650.jpg'}, {'end': 2633.586, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2604.968, 'weight': 0.837, 'content': [{'end': 2606.589, 'text': "I'm a revivalist preacher, if you want.", 'start': 2604.968, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 2613.509, 'text': "I'm saying, repent your idle ways and get down and be somebody worth being.", 'start': 2608.064, 'duration': 5.445}, {'end': 2616.091, 'text': 'This is what this lecture is all about.', 'start': 2614.75, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 2618.073, 'text': 'Revivalist preacher preaching.', 'start': 2616.892, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 2621.856, 'text': "Well, now, I've told you things, how to succeed.", 'start': 2619.034, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 2625.019, 'text': "No one ever told me these things I've been telling you.", 'start': 2622.737, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 2628.342, 'text': 'Nobody I had to find them for myself.', 'start': 2626.14, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 2630.503, 'text': "I've told you how to succeed.", 'start': 2629.302, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 2633.586, 'text': 'You have no excuse for not doing better than I did.', 'start': 2631.304, 'duration': 2.282}], 'summary': 'Revivalist preacher shares keys to success, urging audience to be worth being.', 'duration': 28.618, 'max_score': 2604.968, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw2604968.jpg'}], 'start': 1940.065, 'title': 'Problem importance and effective communication', 'summary': 'Highlights the significance of viable problem-solving approaches over potential consequences or economic impact, and emphasizes the importance of clear communication, embracing change for progress, and effort in personal development.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2059.551, 'start': 1940.065, 'title': 'Importance of problems in science', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of problems in science, stating that the significance of a problem lies in the existence of a viable approach to solving it, rather than in potential consequences or economic impact, highlighting the need for clarity and straightforwardness in problem-solving.', 'duration': 119.486, 'highlights': ['The significance of a problem lies in the existence of a viable approach to solving it, rather than potential consequences or economic impact.', 'The importance of a problem is determined by having an idea of how to approach it, rather than its consequences.', 'Emphasizes the need for clarity and straightforwardness in problem-solving, using the example of special relativity to illustrate the importance of the right approach.']}, {'end': 2634.607, 'start': 2059.712, 'title': 'Effective communication and embracing change', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of clear communication, the need to embrace change for progress, and the value of effort in becoming a great person, with insights on effective communication techniques and the necessity of embracing change for progress.', 'duration': 574.895, 'highlights': ['The chapter stresses the importance of clear communication, emphasizing the need to simplify problems for effective communication to others, and the significance of learning to communicate orally, in written reports, and casual conversations. ', 'It highlights the necessity of embracing change for progress, emphasizing the reluctance of most people and institutions towards change and the importance of welcoming change despite resistance, to explore better methods and achieve progress. ', "The chapter provides insights on effective communication techniques, such as learning from other speakers, adapting their effective styles, and putting hooks on ideas to connect them widely, as exemplified by John Tukey's ability to dredge up various information. ", "It emphasizes the value of effort in becoming a great person, highlighting the need to demonstrate greatness before expecting opportunities, and the belief that the more one worries about doing the right job, the more likely they are to do the right thing, as exemplified by the manager's trust in Hamming's conscientiousness. ", "The chapter conveys the value of effort in becoming a great person, based on feedback from successful individuals who found the struggle to succeed more rewarding than 'wine, women, and song' combined, and emphasizes the importance of examining one's life and working on the right problem at the right time in the right way. "]}], 'duration': 694.542, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/a1zDuOPkMSw/pics/a1zDuOPkMSw1940065.jpg', 'highlights': ['The significance of a problem lies in the existence of a viable approach to solving it, rather than potential consequences or economic impact.', 'The importance of a problem is determined by having an idea of how to approach it, rather than its consequences.', 'Emphasizes the need for clarity and straightforwardness in problem-solving, using the example of special relativity to illustrate the importance of the right approach.', 'The chapter stresses the importance of clear communication, emphasizing the need to simplify problems for effective communication to others, and the significance of learning to communicate orally, in written reports, and casual conversations.', 'It highlights the necessity of embracing change for progress, emphasizing the reluctance of most people and institutions towards change and the importance of welcoming change despite resistance, to explore better methods and achieve progress.', "The chapter provides insights on effective communication techniques, such as learning from other speakers, adapting their effective styles, and putting hooks on ideas to connect them widely, as exemplified by John Tukey's ability to dredge up various information.", "It emphasizes the value of effort in becoming a great person, highlighting the need to demonstrate greatness before expecting opportunities, and the belief that the more one worries about doing the right job, the more likely they are to do the right thing, as exemplified by the manager's trust in Hamming's conscientiousness.", "The chapter conveys the value of effort in becoming a great person, based on feedback from successful individuals who found the struggle to succeed more rewarding than 'wine, women, and song' combined, and emphasizes the importance of examining one's life and working on the right problem at the right time in the right way."]}], 'highlights': ['The Matthew Effect in science emphasizes the tendency for famous individuals to gain more opportunities and recognition.', 'Success is a result of constant hard work and preparation, with luck favoring the prepared mind, as exemplified by famous scientists like Feynman, Shannon, Einstein, and Edison.', "Einstein's unconventional path to success, spending seven years in the patent office before receiving recognition, challenges the notion that high IQ is a prerequisite for greatness.", "The speaker's mentoring transformed Muhammad from an inarticulate and lacking confidence individual to a clear-speaking, confident man, highlighting the impact of mentorship on personal growth and development.", "Shannon's fearless approach to chess and his ability to create information while spending most of his time playing chess at work resulted in a salary raise, demonstrating the impact of unwavering confidence and boldness.", 'Emphasizes the value of learning from successful individuals to gain insights and knowledge. Stressing the significance of associating with successful peers.', 'The transformative approach to problem-solving in the field of computing, exemplified by the story of creating a machine to do the programming, turning a perceived defect into an asset.', 'The significance of having a vision and pursuing excellence in work, as demonstrated by the impact of open-mindedness and adaptability in work conditions, using examples from Bell Laboratories and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.', 'Emphasizes the significance of working on the right problem at the right time in the right way, rather than just working hard.', "Studying success closely, both personal and others', to understand the elements of their success and adapt them to one's personality.", 'The chapter stresses the recommendation to find a regular time, such as Friday afternoon, to stop and think about important matters, dedicating around 10% of time to ponder over crucial problems in the field, allowing thoughts to linger over the weekend.', 'The chapter also discusses the importance of pondering over the effect of computing on science, the nature of software, and the impact on AT&T, underlining the need to understand the fundamentals and characteristics of the job to march in a uniform direction and make progress.', 'The significance of a problem lies in the existence of a viable approach to solving it, rather than potential consequences or economic impact.', 'The importance of a problem is determined by having an idea of how to approach it, rather than its consequences.', 'Emphasizes the need for clarity and straightforwardness in problem-solving, using the example of special relativity to illustrate the importance of the right approach.', 'The chapter stresses the importance of clear communication, emphasizing the need to simplify problems for effective communication to others, and the significance of learning to communicate orally, in written reports, and casual conversations.', 'It highlights the necessity of embracing change for progress, emphasizing the reluctance of most people and institutions towards change and the importance of welcoming change despite resistance, to explore better methods and achieve progress.', "The chapter provides insights on effective communication techniques, such as learning from other speakers, adapting their effective styles, and putting hooks on ideas to connect them widely, as exemplified by John Tukey's ability to dredge up various information.", "It emphasizes the value of effort in becoming a great person, highlighting the need to demonstrate greatness before expecting opportunities, and the belief that the more one worries about doing the right job, the more likely they are to do the right thing, as exemplified by the manager's trust in Hamming's conscientiousness."]}