title
Python Tutorial - Python Full Course for Beginners

description
Python tutorial - Python full course for beginners - Go from Zero to Hero with Python (includes machine learning & web development projects). 🔥 Want to master Python? Get my Python mastery course: http://bit.ly/35BLHHP 👍 Subscribe for more Python tutorials like this: https://goo.gl/6PYaGF 👉 Watch the new edition: https://youtu.be/kqtD5dpn9C8 📕 Get my FREE Python cheat sheet: http://bit.ly/2Gp80s6 Want to learn more from me? Courses: https://codewithmosh.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/moshhamedani Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/programmingwithmosh/ Blog: http://programmingwithmosh.com #Python, #MachineLearning, #WebDevelopment 🔗 Supplementary Materials (Spreadsheet): https://bit.ly/3cb2YNo 📔 Python Exercises for Beginners: https://goo.gl/1XnQB1 ⭐ My Favorite Python Books - Python Crash Course: https://amzn.to/2GqMdjG - Automate the Boring Stuff with Python: https://amzn.to/2N71d6S - A Smarter Way to Learn Python: https://amzn.to/2UZa6lE - Machine Learning for Absolute Beginners: https://amzn.to/2Gs0koL - Hands-on Machine Learning with scikit-learn and TensorFlow: https://amzn.to/2IdUuJy TABLE OF CONTENT 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:49 Installing Python 3 00:06:10 Your First Python Program 00:08:11 How Python Code Gets Executed 00:11:24 How Long It Takes To Learn Python 00:13:03 Variables 00:18:21 Receiving Input 00:22:16 Python Cheat Sheet 00:22:46 Type Conversion 00:29:31 Strings 00:37:36 Formatted Strings 00:40:50 String Methods 00:48:33 Arithmetic Operations 00:51:33 Operator Precedence 00:55:04 Math Functions 00:58:17 If Statements 01:06:32 Logical Operators 01:11:25 Comparison Operators 01:16:17 Weight Converter Program 01:20:43 While Loops 01:24:07 Building a Guessing Game 01:30:51 Building the Car Game 01:41:48 For Loops 01:47:46 Nested Loops 01:55:50 Lists 02:01:45 2D Lists 02:05:11 My Complete Python Course 02:06:00 List Methods 02:13:25 Tuples 02:15:34 Unpacking 02:18:21 Dictionaries 02:26:21 Emoji Converter 02:30:31 Functions 02:35:21 Parameters 02:39:24 Keyword Arguments 02:44:45 Return Statement 02:48:55 Creating a Reusable Function 02:53:42 Exceptions 02:59:14 Comments 03:01:46 Classes 03:07:46 Constructors 03:14:41 Inheritance 03:19:33 Modules 03:30:12 Packages 03:36:22 Generating Random Values 03:44:37 Working with Directories 03:50:47 Pypi and Pip 03:55:34 Project 1: Automation with Python 04:10:22 Project 2: Machine Learning with Python 04:58:37 Project 3: Building a Website with Django

detail
{'title': 'Python Tutorial - Python Full Course for Beginners', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5612.049, 'start': 5385.046, 'weight': 0.704}, {'end': 6521.213, 'start': 6056.25, 'weight': 0.726}, {'end': 8981.313, 'start': 8751.252, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 11673.905, 'start': 11448.138, 'weight': 0.707}], 'summary': 'A comprehensive python tutorial for beginners covering core concepts, practical applications, and potential job readiness, including a potential salary range of $50,000 to $60,000 for junior developers and $100,000 to $120,000 for experienced developers. the tutorial also includes python programming essentials, fundamentals, basics, loops, data structures, coding essentials, programming concepts, automation, excel spreadsheet automation, machine learning basics, decision trees, django web development, and database management.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1361.451, 'segs': [{'end': 47.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19.637, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 21.677, 'text': "So if you're looking for a job, Python is for you.", 'start': 19.637, 'duration': 2.04}, {'end': 25.979, 'text': "In this course, I'm going to teach you everything you need to get started with Python.", 'start': 22.318, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 31.686, 'text': "We're going to talk about all the core concepts in Python, And then we're going to build three Python projects together.", 'start': 26.219, 'duration': 5.467}, {'end': 33.667, 'text': "Here's the first project we're going to build.", 'start': 32.266, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 38.008, 'text': "You're going to learn how to create this beautiful website for an imaginary grocery store.", 'start': 33.927, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 44.21, 'text': 'Here on the homepage, we can see all the products in the shop, and we also have an admin area for managing the stock.', 'start': 38.508, 'duration': 5.702}, {'end': 47.752, 'text': "We're going to build this using a popular Python framework called Django.", 'start': 44.65, 'duration': 3.102}], 'summary': 'Learn python for job opportunities and build 3 projects, including a django website for a grocery store.', 'duration': 28.115, 'max_score': 19.637, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19637.jpg'}, {'end': 109.3, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 72.273, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 76.894, 'text': 'You will write a Python program that will process thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.', 'start': 72.273, 'duration': 4.621}, {'end': 80.415, 'text': "I've designed this Python course for anyone who wants to learn Python.", 'start': 77.514, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 81.995, 'text': "If you're a beginner, don't worry.", 'start': 80.715, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 83.896, 'text': 'I will hold your hands through this entire course.', 'start': 82.155, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 87.457, 'text': "You're not too old or too young, and Python is super easy to learn.", 'start': 84.396, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 90.357, 'text': 'You can write your first Python program in literally seconds.', 'start': 87.477, 'duration': 2.88}, {'end': 96.139, 'text': "Plus, I'm going to give you plenty of exercises to help you build your confidence writing cool Python programs.", 'start': 90.698, 'duration': 5.441}, {'end': 97.2, 'text': 'My name is Mosh.', 'start': 96.579, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 102.288, 'text': "I'm a software engineer with two decades of experience, and I've taught over 3 million people how to code.", 'start': 97.501, 'duration': 4.787}, {'end': 109.3, 'text': "I'm super excited to be teaching you Python in this course, so I hope you stick around and learn this beautiful and powerful programming language.", 'start': 102.609, 'duration': 6.691}], 'summary': 'Mosh, a software engineer with 2 decades of experience, will teach python to anyone, including beginners, and has taught over 3 million people how to code.', 'duration': 37.027, 'max_score': 72.273, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc72273.jpg'}, {'end': 795.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 767.15, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 770.333, 'text': 'So, are you excited to learn Python and get started on this career path?', 'start': 767.15, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 776.42, 'text': 'If you are, I would encourage you to make a commitment and spend two hours every day practicing Python.', 'start': 770.874, 'duration': 5.546}, {'end': 780.504, 'text': "And use the comment box below and let me know why you're learning Python.", 'start': 776.98, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 784.188, 'text': "What do you want to do with it? What's your dream job? I would love to hear your story.", 'start': 780.624, 'duration': 3.564}, {'end': 793.731, 'text': "In this Python tutorial, you're going to learn about variables, which are one of the most fundamental concepts in programming.", 'start': 788.447, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 795.312, 'text': "They're not specific to Python.", 'start': 793.891, 'duration': 1.421}], 'summary': 'Encourages two hours of daily python practice, emphasizes importance of variables in programming.', 'duration': 28.162, 'max_score': 767.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc767150.jpg'}, {'end': 1213.887, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1184.973, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1188.314, 'text': 'So now we can get that value and store it in the memory using a variable.', 'start': 1184.973, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 1192.436, 'text': 'So we get the result and put it in a variable called name.', 'start': 1188.775, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 1199.209, 'text': 'Okay? Now on the second line, we want to print a message like hi john, or hi mosh, whatever.', 'start': 1193.116, 'duration': 6.093}, {'end': 1210.703, 'text': 'So print, quotations, hi, with a space, now after the quotation, we want to dynamically print what we have in the name variable.', 'start': 1199.75, 'duration': 10.953}, {'end': 1213.887, 'text': 'So we add a plus sign, and then name.', 'start': 1211.263, 'duration': 2.624}], 'summary': 'Code stores value in a variable and dynamically prints it. no quantifiable data available.', 'duration': 28.914, 'max_score': 1184.973, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1184973.jpg'}], 'start': 0.489, 'title': 'Python programming essentials', 'summary': 'Covers a python programming course including core concepts, website and machine learning projects, automation; installation of python 3.7.2 and pycharm; job readiness timeline resulting in a potential salary of $50,000 to $60,000 as a junior developer and $100,000 to $120,000 as experience grows; and introduces variables, data types, and user interaction.', 'chapters': [{'end': 109.3, 'start': 0.489, 'title': 'Python programming course', 'summary': 'Introduces a python programming course which covers core concepts, builds projects like a website and machine learning program, and focuses on automation, targeting beginners and offering confidence-building exercises.', 'duration': 108.811, 'highlights': ['The course covers core Python concepts and includes building three Python projects, such as creating a website for an imaginary grocery store and using Python in machine learning or artificial intelligence.', 'Python is popular for automation, and the course focuses on teaching how to use Python to automate boring, repetitive tasks, processing thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.', 'The instructor, Mosh, is a software engineer with two decades of experience and has taught over 3 million people how to code, targeting beginners and assuring them that Python is super easy to learn.']}, {'end': 682.994, 'start': 114.116, 'title': 'Python installation and pycharm setup', 'summary': 'Explains how to download and install python 3.7.2, including setting it up on windows and macos, and also covers the installation of the pycharm code editor, as well as executing basic python programs and learning about python interpreter, strings, and expressions.', 'duration': 568.878, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to download and install Python 3.7.2 on the computer, including setting it up on Windows and macOS. The latest version of Python, Python 3.7.2, is demonstrated to be downloaded and installed with specific guidance for both Windows and macOS.', 'Demonstration of the installation of the PyCharm code editor, along with the difference between the professional edition and the community edition, which is free. The tutorial covers the installation of the PyCharm code editor, highlighting the availability of the professional edition with additional features and the free community edition, and provides instructions for installation on both Windows and macOS.', "Execution of a basic Python program to print the user's name and explanation of the Python interpreter, strings, and expressions. The chapter includes the execution of a basic Python program to print the user's name, along with an explanation of the Python interpreter, strings, and expressions, including a demonstration of drawing shapes using print statements."]}, {'end': 928.626, 'start': 685.185, 'title': 'Learning python for job readiness', 'summary': 'Discusses the timeline and steps to become job-ready with python, emphasizing the commitment of two hours daily resulting in basic proficiency in three months, specialized skills in nine to twelve months, and a potential salary of $50,000 to $60,000 as a junior developer, with the possibility of earning $100,000 to $120,000 as experience grows. additionally, it introduces the concept of variables and their usage in python programming.', 'duration': 243.441, 'highlights': ['Learning Python for Job Readiness The chapter discusses the timeline and steps to become job-ready with Python, emphasizing the commitment of two hours daily resulting in basic proficiency in three months, specialized skills in nine to twelve months, and a potential salary of $50,000 to $60,000 as a junior developer, with the possibility of earning $100,000 to $120,000 as experience grows.', "Introduction to Variables in Python The chapter introduces the concept of variables, highlighting their fundamental role in programming and their usage in temporarily storing data in a computer's memory. It also provides a simplified explanation and a practical example of defining variables in Python."]}, {'end': 1361.451, 'start': 928.646, 'title': 'Python variables and data types', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of integers, floats, strings, booleans, and input functions in python, and provides examples of defining variables and creating customized output messages, with an emphasis on user interaction and practical exercises.', 'duration': 432.805, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concept of integers, floats, strings, booleans, and input functions in Python. It explains the different data types in Python, including integers, floats, strings, and booleans, and highlights the use of input functions for user interaction.', 'Provides examples of defining variables and creating customized output messages. It demonstrates the process of defining variables for storing different types of data and creating customized output messages using string concatenation.', 'Emphasizes user interaction and practical exercises. It emphasizes the importance of user interaction through practical exercises, such as defining variables for a hospital program and extending a program to ask user input for favorite color.']}], 'duration': 1360.962, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc489.jpg', 'highlights': ['The course covers core Python concepts and includes building three Python projects, such as creating a website for an imaginary grocery store and using Python in machine learning or artificial intelligence.', 'Python is popular for automation, and the course focuses on teaching how to use Python to automate boring, repetitive tasks, processing thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.', 'The instructor, Mosh, is a software engineer with two decades of experience and has taught over 3 million people how to code, targeting beginners and assuring them that Python is super easy to learn.', 'The chapter discusses the timeline and steps to become job-ready with Python, emphasizing the commitment of two hours daily resulting in basic proficiency in three months, specialized skills in nine to twelve months, and a potential salary of $50,000 to $60,000 as a junior developer, with the possibility of earning $100,000 to $120,000 as experience grows.', "The chapter introduces the concept of variables, highlighting their fundamental role in programming and their usage in temporarily storing data in a computer's memory. It also provides a simplified explanation and a practical example of defining variables in Python.", 'The chapter introduces the concept of integers, floats, strings, booleans, and input functions in Python. It explains the different data types in Python, including integers, floats, strings, and booleans, and highlights the use of input functions for user interaction.']}, {'end': 3457.074, 'segs': [{'end': 1447.474, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1417.811, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1420.975, 'text': "Now, finally, let's print age on a terminal.", 'start': 1417.811, 'duration': 3.164}, {'end': 1423.517, 'text': "Let's run our program and see what happens.", 'start': 1421.535, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 1429.183, 'text': 'So, my birth year is 1982, enter, oops, we got an error.', 'start': 1424.118, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 1434.749, 'text': 'What is going on here? So whenever you see this red message, that means there is something wrong in your program.', 'start': 1429.744, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 1438.911, 'text': 'With the information here, we can find exactly where the error occurred.', 'start': 1435.43, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 1447.474, 'text': 'So, next to the file you can see the file that generated this error, in this case, that is app.py.', 'start': 1439.531, 'duration': 7.943}], 'summary': 'Debugging age printing in program, birth year 1982, error in app.py', 'duration': 29.663, 'max_score': 1417.811, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1417811.jpg'}, {'end': 1528.679, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1507.043, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1517.171, 'text': 'in other words, When we run this program, this birth year variable will be set to a string with four characters 1982..', 'start': 1507.043, 'duration': 10.128}, {'end': 1521.414, 'text': 'This string is different from the actual number 1982.', 'start': 1517.171, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 1523.475, 'text': 'One is an integer, the other is a string.', 'start': 1521.414, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 1528.679, 'text': 'Right? So, back to line two, where this error occurred.', 'start': 1524.356, 'duration': 4.323}], 'summary': 'Error occurred due to integer and string mismatch in birth year variable.', 'duration': 21.636, 'max_score': 1507.043, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1507043.jpg'}, {'end': 1647.794, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1613.965, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1618.008, 'text': 'in python we have a useful function for getting the type of variables.', 'start': 1613.965, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 1621.971, 'text': "for example, let's print the type of birth year.", 'start': 1618.008, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 1626.054, 'text': "so right after line one let's print now.", 'start': 1621.971, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 1629.876, 'text': "here we're going to call another built-in function called type.", 'start': 1626.054, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 1632.298, 'text': "and now let's pass birth year.", 'start': 1629.876, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 1639.235, 'text': "now, similarly, after line 3, let's also print the type of h.", 'start': 1634.411, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 1644.119, 'text': 'so print type of h.', 'start': 1639.235, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 1647.794, 'text': "okay, let's run our program So birth year.", 'start': 1644.119, 'duration': 3.675}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating the use of the type() function in python to determine variable types, with examples of birth year and h.', 'duration': 33.829, 'max_score': 1613.965, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1613965.jpg'}, {'end': 1890.887, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1867.381, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1876.709, 'text': 'So to solve this, we need to change our double quotes to single quotes like this, and then we can add double quotes in the middle of the string.', 'start': 1867.381, 'duration': 9.328}, {'end': 1881.674, 'text': "Now let's run this program, there you go, so we get python for beginners.", 'start': 1877.67, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 1886.324, 'text': 'So these are the cases for using single or double quotes.', 'start': 1883.322, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 1890.887, 'text': "Now, in all the examples I've shown you so far, we only deal with short strings.", 'start': 1887.025, 'duration': 3.862}], 'summary': 'Changing double quotes to single quotes and adding double quotes in the middle of the string helps in dealing with short strings.', 'duration': 23.506, 'max_score': 1867.381, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1867381.jpg'}, {'end': 2292.272, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2266.955, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2273.479, 'text': 'Formatted strings are particularly useful in situations where you want to dynamically generate some text with your variables.', 'start': 2266.955, 'duration': 6.524}, {'end': 2274.46, 'text': 'Let me show you.', 'start': 2273.96, 'duration': 0.5}, {'end': 2277.722, 'text': "Let's say we have two variables, first name and last name.", 'start': 2274.88, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 2283.146, 'text': 'So first, we set this to John, and last, we set this to Smith.', 'start': 2278.203, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 2288.229, 'text': "Now it's better to call these variables first name and last name because they're more descriptive.", 'start': 2283.686, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 2292.272, 'text': "But here I'm using shorter names because I want you to see the entire code on the screen.", 'start': 2288.63, 'duration': 3.642}], 'summary': 'Formatted strings help dynamically generate text with variables. example using first name and last name variables shown.', 'duration': 25.317, 'max_score': 2266.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc2266955.jpg'}, {'end': 2990.859, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2964.833, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2971.176, 'text': 'We get a floating point number, but we also have another division operator for getting an integer.', 'start': 2964.833, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 2978.253, 'text': 'so if we add another slash here and run this program, we get an integer.', 'start': 2971.176, 'duration': 7.077}, {'end': 2986.497, 'text': 'We have another operator called modulus, which is a percent sign, and this returns the remainder of the division.', 'start': 2979.113, 'duration': 7.384}, {'end': 2990.139, 'text': 'So when we run this program we should get 1.', 'start': 2987.077, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 2990.859, 'text': 'There you go.', 'start': 2990.139, 'duration': 0.72}], 'summary': 'Using the division operator returns an integer, and the modulus operator returns the remainder.', 'duration': 26.026, 'max_score': 2964.833, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc2964833.jpg'}], 'start': 1361.831, 'title': 'Python programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Introduces python age calculator program, error handling, type errors, string handling, formatted strings, len function, string methods, and arithmetic operations in python, emphasizing essential concepts and practical applications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1464.14, 'start': 1361.831, 'title': 'Python age calculator program', 'summary': "Introduces a python tutorial for creating a program that calculates a person's age based on the birth year input and prints it on the terminal. it also covers error handling and identification in the program, emphasizing the importance of understanding error messages and locating the specific line causing the error.", 'duration': 102.309, 'highlights': ["The chapter introduces a Python tutorial for creating a program that calculates a person's age based on the birth year input and prints it on the terminal.", 'It also covers error handling and identification in the program, emphasizing the importance of understanding error messages and locating the specific line causing the error.']}, {'end': 1785.021, 'start': 1464.78, 'title': 'Handling type errors in python', 'summary': 'Discusses the type error caused by subtracting a string from an integer, the need to convert input strings to integer or float, and the use of built-in functions like int and type in python.', 'duration': 320.241, 'highlights': ["The type error occurs when subtracting a string from an integer, such as 2019 - '1982', resulting in unsupported operand types for subtraction, int and str.", "When using the input function in Python, the input is always treated as a string, even if it's a number, hence requiring conversion to either an integer or a float.", "Built-in functions like int can be used to convert a string into an integer, mitigating the type error and allowing the expression to be evaluated, demonstrated by converting '1982' into an integer to perform the subtraction 2019 - 1982.", 'The tutorial also covers the use of the type function to identify the type of variables, as well as providing an exercise to convert weight from pounds to kilograms and highlighting the need to handle input strings by converting them to integers or floats before performing calculations.']}, {'end': 2242.415, 'start': 1785.021, 'title': 'Python string handling', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of single and double quotes in python strings, including handling apostrophes, defining multi-line strings with triple quotes, indexing and slicing strings, and the usage of square bracket syntax for extracting characters and substrings.', 'duration': 457.394, 'highlights': ['Python strings can be defined using both single and double quotes, with specific cases requiring a specific form to avoid issues. The transcript explains the need to use double quotes to define strings when including an apostrophe, the confusion caused by using double quotes for a double quote within the string, and the use of triple quotes for defining multi-line strings.', 'Python strings can be indexed to retrieve specific characters, and negative indexing allows accessing characters from the end of the string. The transcript details the usage of square brackets for indexing and negative indexing to access characters from the end of the string, along with examples of retrieving characters at specific indexes and with negative indexes.', 'Python strings support slicing to extract substrings, with the ability to specify start and end indexes or use default values. The transcript covers the usage of slicing to extract substrings from a string, including examples with specified start and end indexes, default values, and the ability to clone a string using slicing.']}, {'end': 2532.078, 'start': 2242.715, 'title': 'Python formatted strings & len function', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of formatted strings in python, illustrating their benefits in visualizing output and the len function, which calculates the number of characters in a string, with examples demonstrating their applications and benefits.', 'duration': 289.363, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of formatted strings in Python, illustrating their benefits in visualizing output Formatted strings are demonstrated to be useful for dynamically generating text with variables, providing a clear advantage over string concatenation for visualizing output.', 'The len function calculates the number of characters in a string, with examples demonstrating their applications and benefits The len function is showcased to be particularly useful for enforcing character limits in user input fields and is highlighted as a general purpose function with broader applications, such as counting items in a list.']}, {'end': 2915.242, 'start': 2532.078, 'title': 'Python string methods', 'summary': 'Explains how to use string methods in python, including converting strings to uppercase and lowercase, finding and replacing characters, and checking for the existence of characters or sequences in a string.', 'duration': 383.164, 'highlights': ['Specific methods for strings include upper for converting a string into uppercase, lower for lowercase, and find for finding the index of a character or sequence of characters. These specific methods for strings include upper for converting a string into uppercase, lower for lowercase, and find for finding the index of a character or sequence of characters.', 'The replace method can be used to replace characters or words in a string. The replace method can be used to replace characters or words in a string.', 'The in operator is used to check the existence of characters or sequences in a string, producing a boolean value. The in operator is used to check the existence of characters or sequences in a string, producing a boolean value.', 'The len function can be used to count the number of characters in a string. The len function can be used to count the number of characters in a string.']}, {'end': 3457.074, 'start': 2920.959, 'title': 'Arithmetic operations in python', 'summary': 'Covers the arithmetic operations in python, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, exponentiation, and operator precedence, and also discusses the built-in functions like round, abs, and the math module.', 'duration': 536.115, 'highlights': ['Python supports arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and two types of division, which can be observed through examples like 10 plus 3, and the results of these operations are demonstrated. addition, subtraction, multiplication, two types of division', 'Python also includes the modulus operator, represented by the percent sign, which returns the remainder of the division, exemplified by a program output. modulus operator, program output', 'The concept of operator precedence, which determines the order of operations in mathematical expressions, is explained, demonstrated through examples, and verified with program outputs. operator precedence, examples, verification through program outputs', "The built-in functions 'round' and 'abs' are introduced and their usage is demonstrated with program outputs, and the need to import the math module for complex mathematical calculations is explained. built-in functions 'round' and 'abs', usage demonstration, need to import math module"]}], 'duration': 2095.243, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc1361831.jpg', 'highlights': ["The chapter introduces a Python tutorial for creating a program that calculates a person's age based on the birth year input and prints it on the terminal.", "The type error occurs when subtracting a string from an integer, such as 2019 - '1982', resulting in unsupported operand types for subtraction, int and str.", 'Python strings can be defined using both single and double quotes, with specific cases requiring a specific form to avoid issues.', 'The chapter covers the usage of formatted strings in Python, illustrating their benefits in visualizing output.', 'Specific methods for strings include upper for converting a string into uppercase, lower for lowercase, and find for finding the index of a character or sequence of characters.', 'Python supports arithmetic operations including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and two types of division, which can be observed through examples like 10 plus 3, and the results of these operations are demonstrated.']}, {'end': 4424.727, 'segs': [{'end': 3484.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3457.074, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3461.357, 'text': "Now there's so many functions built in this module, and we don't really have time to go through all of them.", 'start': 3457.074, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 3464.139, 'text': 'But let me show you how you can learn about them on your own.', 'start': 3461.838, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 3469.515, 'text': 'Open up your browser and search for Python 3 math module.', 'start': 3465.211, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 3472.258, 'text': 'Make sure to add the version, Python 3.', 'start': 3469.916, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 3477.603, 'text': 'Because the math module in Python 2 is slightly different from the math module in Python 3.', 'start': 3472.258, 'duration': 5.345}, {'end': 3479.465, 'text': 'So Python 3, math module.', 'start': 3477.603, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 3484.669, 'text': 'Now, here you can see the documentation for this module.', 'start': 3481.365, 'duration': 3.304}], 'summary': 'Python 3 math module offers numerous functions; explore its documentation for details.', 'duration': 27.595, 'max_score': 3457.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc3457074.jpg'}, {'end': 3622.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3578.64, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3588.909, 'text': 'So, back to our program, after our condition, we add a colon, now note that when I press enter, pycharm automatically indents our cursor.', 'start': 3578.64, 'duration': 10.269}, {'end': 3593.794, 'text': 'Now any code that we write here will be executed if this condition is true.', 'start': 3589.79, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 3595.315, 'text': 'Otherwise, it will be ignored.', 'start': 3594.214, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 3596.436, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 3595.736, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 3598.718, 'text': "Let's write a print statement.", 'start': 3597.177, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 3603.563, 'text': "Here I'm going to use double quotes because I want to use an apostrophe in our string.", 'start': 3599.479, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 3606.025, 'text': "So, it's a hot day.", 'start': 3604.023, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 3608.326, 'text': "Now let's press enter.", 'start': 3607.026, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 3610.487, 'text': 'you can see the cursor is still indented.', 'start': 3608.326, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 3612.068, 'text': 'that means we can write more code.', 'start': 3610.487, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3613.148, 'text': 'that will be executed.', 'start': 3612.068, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 3617.429, 'text': "if this condition is true in this case, let's say we don't want to write any extra code.", 'start': 3613.148, 'duration': 4.281}, {'end': 3622.411, 'text': 'so to terminate this block, we need to press shift and tab.', 'start': 3617.429, 'duration': 4.982}], 'summary': 'Python program executes code based on condition, with automatic indentation and termination using shift and tab.', 'duration': 43.771, 'max_score': 3578.64, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc3578640.jpg'}, {'end': 3882.283, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3854.623, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3858.204, 'text': "It's a cold day, wear warm clothes, and enjoy your day.", 'start': 3854.623, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 3868.334, 'text': "Now, back to the top, if we change is cold to false, it's neither hot nor cold, so it's going to be a lovely day.", 'start': 3859.424, 'duration': 8.91}, {'end': 3871.356, 'text': "Let's run the program, and here you go.", 'start': 3868.774, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 3873.497, 'text': "It's a lovely day, enjoy your day.", 'start': 3871.756, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3876.899, 'text': 'So this is the basic of using if statements.', 'start': 3874.558, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 3882.283, 'text': "as you can see, they're very useful in programming and with these we can build all kinds of rules into our programs.", 'start': 3876.899, 'duration': 5.384}], 'summary': 'Using if statements, we can build various rules into programs.', 'duration': 27.66, 'max_score': 3854.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc3854623.jpg'}, {'end': 4123.912, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4094.715, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4103.205, 'text': 'but if we change either of these conditions to false and run the program again, look, the message disappeared.', 'start': 4094.715, 'duration': 8.49}, {'end': 4106.626, 'text': 'So this is the logical and operator.', 'start': 4104.185, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 4113.928, 'text': 'We also have the logical or, and we use that in situations where we want to do certain things if at least one of the conditions is true.', 'start': 4107.106, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 4123.912, 'text': "For example, let's change the rule for this program such that if the applicant has high income, or good credit, then they're eligible for loan.", 'start': 4114.509, 'duration': 9.403}], 'summary': 'Logical operators like and and or determine program behavior based on conditions.', 'duration': 29.197, 'max_score': 4094.715, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4094715.jpg'}, {'end': 4324.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4294.133, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4298.075, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to talk to you guys about the comparison operators in Python.", 'start': 4294.133, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 4303.838, 'text': 'We use comparison operators in situations where we want to compare a variable with a value.', 'start': 4298.655, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 4310.622, 'text': "For example, if temperature is greater than 30, then we want to print it's a hot day.", 'start': 4304.298, 'duration': 6.324}, {'end': 4314.564, 'text': "otherwise, if it's less than 10, it's a cold day.", 'start': 4310.622, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 4316.785, 'text': "otherwise it's neither hot nor cold.", 'start': 4314.564, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 4319.827, 'text': "And by the way, here I'm talking about Celsius, not Fahrenheit.", 'start': 4316.985, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 4324.608, 'text': 'So, to build these rules into our program, we need to use comparison operators.', 'start': 4320.487, 'duration': 4.121}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on python comparison operators for variable comparisons and temperature conditions.', 'duration': 30.475, 'max_score': 4294.133, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4294133.jpg'}, {'end': 4366.21, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4338.931, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4344.172, 'text': "If this is greater than 30, we want to print it's a hot day.", 'start': 4338.931, 'duration': 5.241}, {'end': 4350.998, 'text': "Otherwise, let's just print it's not a hot day.", 'start': 4345.852, 'duration': 5.146}, {'end': 4361.526, 'text': "Now when we run this program, we're going to see the second message because 30 is not greater than 30, so our first condition evaluates to false.", 'start': 4351.899, 'duration': 9.627}, {'end': 4366.21, 'text': "Let's verify that, so run, it's not a hot day.", 'start': 4362.367, 'duration': 3.843}], 'summary': 'Program evaluates condition, outputs message based on value. 30 is not a hot day.', 'duration': 27.279, 'max_score': 4338.931, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4338931.jpg'}], 'start': 3457.074, 'title': 'Python programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers exploring python 3 math module, emphasizing differences from python 2 and encouraging a 5-minute review of the module documentation; using if statements in python through a practical example, demonstrating how to build programs making decisions based on various conditions; explaining the use of logical and comparison operators in python programming, with examples such as calculating down payment, using logical operators for loan eligibility, and implementing comparison operators for temperature conditions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3499.308, 'start': 3457.074, 'title': 'Exploring python 3 math module', 'summary': 'Discusses how to explore the python 3 math module, emphasizing the differences from python 2 and encouraging a 5-minute review of the module documentation to understand available functions.', 'duration': 42.234, 'highlights': ['Encourages exploring the Python 3 math module documentation for understanding its functions by spending 5 minutes for a quick review.', 'Highlights the importance of specifying Python 3 when searching for the math module due to differences from Python 2.']}, {'end': 3876.899, 'start': 3505.071, 'title': 'Using if statements in python', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of if statements in python through a practical example, demonstrating how to build programs that make decisions based on various conditions and providing a step-by-step guide on implementing if, else, and elif statements with boolean variables, resulting in different output messages.', 'duration': 371.828, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides a practical example of using if statements in Python to simulate decision-making based on conditions such as hot, cold, or lovely days, using boolean variables and if, else, and elif statements. This demonstrates the importance of if statements in programming and their role in executing specific actions based on conditions.', "The tutorial illustrates the functionality of if statements by showing the execution of specific code blocks based on the boolean condition, with clear examples of different output messages for hot, cold, and lovely days, emphasizing the impact of changing boolean values on the program's output.", 'The chapter explains the step-by-step process of implementing if, else, and elif statements in Python, detailing the use of boolean variables and logical conditions to control the flow of the program and generate specific output messages based on different scenarios, providing a comprehensive understanding of if statement usage in Python programming.']}, {'end': 4424.727, 'start': 3876.899, 'title': 'Logical and comparison operators in python', 'summary': 'Explains the use of logical and comparison operators in python programming, with examples such as calculating down payment, using logical operators for loan eligibility, and implementing comparison operators for temperature conditions.', 'duration': 547.828, 'highlights': ["The down payment for a house priced at $1 million is calculated based on the buyer's credit, with 10% required for good credit and 20% for otherwise, resulting in a down payment of $100,000 for a buyer with good credit. {'housePrice': '$1 million', 'downPaymentGoodCredit': '$100,000'}", "Logical and operator is used to determine loan eligibility based on high income and good credit, demonstrating that both conditions must be true for the applicant to be eligible. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "Logical or operator is utilized to determine loan eligibility based on either high income or good credit, resulting in the applicant being eligible if at least one condition is true. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "The not operator is employed to reverse a boolean value, exemplifying how it can affect loan eligibility based on the absence of a criminal record. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "Comparison operators, including greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equality operator, are used to determine temperature conditions, with examples such as identifying a hot day if the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius. {'temperatureThreshold': 30, 'temperatureValue': 35}"]}], 'duration': 967.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc3457074.jpg', 'highlights': ['Encourages exploring the Python 3 math module documentation for understanding its functions by spending 5 minutes for a quick review.', 'Highlights the importance of specifying Python 3 when searching for the math module due to differences from Python 2.', "The tutorial illustrates the functionality of if statements by showing the execution of specific code blocks based on the boolean condition, with clear examples of different output messages for hot, cold, and lovely days, emphasizing the impact of changing boolean values on the program's output.", 'The chapter explains the step-by-step process of implementing if, else, and elif statements in Python, detailing the use of boolean variables and logical conditions to control the flow of the program and generate specific output messages based on different scenarios, providing a comprehensive understanding of if statement usage in Python programming.', "The down payment for a house priced at $1 million is calculated based on the buyer's credit, with 10% required for good credit and 20% for otherwise, resulting in a down payment of $100,000 for a buyer with good credit. {'housePrice': '$1 million', 'downPaymentGoodCredit': '$100,000'}", "Logical and operator is used to determine loan eligibility based on high income and good credit, demonstrating that both conditions must be true for the applicant to be eligible. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "Logical or operator is utilized to determine loan eligibility based on either high income or good credit, resulting in the applicant being eligible if at least one condition is true. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "The not operator is employed to reverse a boolean value, exemplifying how it can affect loan eligibility based on the absence of a criminal record. {'loanEligibilityConditions': 2}", "Comparison operators, including greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, and equality operator, are used to determine temperature conditions, with examples such as identifying a hot day if the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Celsius. {'temperatureThreshold': 30, 'temperatureValue': 35}"]}, {'end': 6118.8, 'segs': [{'end': 4471.916, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4448.501, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4455.467, 'text': 'Now if the name is less than 3 characters long, we want to display a validation error like name must be at least 3 characters.', 'start': 4448.501, 'duration': 6.966}, {'end': 4462.393, 'text': 'Otherwise, if the name is more than 50 characters long, then we want to display a different validation error,', 'start': 4456.128, 'duration': 6.265}, {'end': 4465.115, 'text': 'like name can be a maximum of 50 characters.', 'start': 4462.393, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 4471.916, 'text': 'Otherwise, if the name is between 3 and 50 characters, then we just want to tell the user that name looks good.', 'start': 4465.775, 'duration': 6.141}], 'summary': 'Validate name length: <3 characters, >50 characters, or between 3 and 50 characters.', 'duration': 23.415, 'max_score': 4448.501, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4448501.jpg'}, {'end': 4594.71, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4540.363, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4547.745, 'text': 'and otherwise, so else, if none of these conditions is true, that means the name looks good.', 'start': 4540.363, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 4550.706, 'text': 'So print name looks good.', 'start': 4548.025, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 4557.328, 'text': "Let's run our program, so in this case we get this message because our name is too short.", 'start': 4551.966, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 4562.649, 'text': 'Now if you go back here and type something really really long.', 'start': 4558.108, 'duration': 4.541}, {'end': 4565.937, 'text': 'and then run our program.', 'start': 4563.715, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 4567.619, 'text': "we're going to see a different message.", 'start': 4565.937, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 4580.734, 'text': 'name must be a maximum of 50 characters and finally, if we type a proper name here, like John Smith, and run our program, we get name looks good.', 'start': 4567.619, 'duration': 13.115}, {'end': 4590.006, 'text': "Here's another good exercise that combines many of the materials you have learned so far.", 'start': 4586.462, 'duration': 3.544}, {'end': 4594.71, 'text': "So earlier you built a program to convert someone's weight from pounds to kilograms.", 'start': 4590.526, 'duration': 4.184}], 'summary': 'Program checks the length of input name and gives messages based on the length. maximum name length is 50 characters.', 'duration': 54.347, 'max_score': 4540.363, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4540363.jpg'}, {'end': 4727.397, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4702.102, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4707.806, 'text': 'So this unit is a string because as I told you before, the input function always returns a string.', 'start': 4702.102, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 4713.23, 'text': 'So, we can use the dot operator to access all its methods or functions.', 'start': 4708.387, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 4721.417, 'text': "Here we call the upper method, this will convert whatever the user enters to uppercase and then we'll compare it with a capital L.", 'start': 4713.811, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 4727.397, 'text': 'Now, if this condition is true, then we need to get the weight and multiply it by 0.45.', 'start': 4722.256, 'duration': 5.141}], 'summary': 'Using the upper method to convert input to uppercase and comparing it with l, then multiplying weight by 0.45 if condition is true.', 'duration': 25.295, 'max_score': 4702.102, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4702102.jpg'}, {'end': 4907.913, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4877.31, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4882.574, 'text': 'As long as this condition is true, the code that we write in this block will be repeatedly executed.', 'start': 4877.31, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 4883.795, 'text': "Here's an example.", 'start': 4883.074, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 4890.6, 'text': 'We can define a variable like i as in short for index and set it to 1.', 'start': 4884.475, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 4895.403, 'text': 'Now, we set our condition to i less than or equal to 5.', 'start': 4890.6, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 4901.308, 'text': 'So as long as i is less than or equal to 5, we can print i on the terminal.', 'start': 4895.403, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 4905.071, 'text': 'And then we need to increment i by 1.', 'start': 4902.488, 'duration': 2.583}, {'end': 4907.913, 'text': 'So we set i to i plus 1.', 'start': 4905.071, 'duration': 2.842}], 'summary': 'Code in block runs repeatedly while i<=5, printing and incrementing i.', 'duration': 30.603, 'max_score': 4877.31, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4877310.jpg'}, {'end': 5199.968, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5151.809, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5156.773, 'text': 'so, as a best practice, always use meaningful and descriptive names for your variables.', 'start': 5151.809, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 5160.335, 'text': "so it's better to rename this variable to guess count.", 'start': 5156.773, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 5162.177, 'text': 'let me show you how to rename.', 'start': 5160.335, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 5168.781, 'text': 'so right click on I variable and then go to refactor and rename.', 'start': 5162.177, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 5169.982, 'text': 'look at the shortcut.', 'start': 5168.781, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 5172.043, 'text': "on a Mac computer that's shift and f6.", 'start': 5169.982, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 5180.433, 'text': 'Now, in this dialog box we can easily rename a variable and PyCharm will update all the references to that variable.', 'start': 5174.505, 'duration': 5.928}, {'end': 5183.237, 'text': "So we don't have to manually update each instance.", 'start': 5180.573, 'duration': 2.664}, {'end': 5188.283, 'text': "Let's change this to guess underline count.", 'start': 5183.777, 'duration': 4.506}, {'end': 5189.985, 'text': 'Enter, there you go.', 'start': 5188.944, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 5191.586, 'text': 'Now, that is better.', 'start': 5190.606, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 5199.968, 'text': "Also, it's better to store 3 in a separate variable to make our code more readable, because it's not quite clear what does 3 represent here.", 'start': 5192.266, 'duration': 7.702}], 'summary': "Use meaningful variable names, rename 'i' to 'guess count', and store 3 in a separate variable for readability.", 'duration': 48.159, 'max_score': 5151.809, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc5151809.jpg'}, {'end': 5310.458, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5277.23, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5279.412, 'text': "Now let's go ahead and run our program up to this point.", 'start': 5277.23, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 5283.556, 'text': "So okay, it's asking me to make a guess.", 'start': 5280.213, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 5284.657, 'text': "I'm going to make the wrong guess.", 'start': 5283.556, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 5285.378, 'text': 'so 1,.', 'start': 5284.657, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 5288.961, 'text': 'it asks me again beautiful 2, one more time 3,.', 'start': 5285.378, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 5293.406, 'text': 'okay, what is missing in this implementation is the message that tells me that I failed.', 'start': 5288.961, 'duration': 4.445}, {'end': 5295.127, 'text': "We're going to take care of it momentarily.", 'start': 5293.686, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 5299.21, 'text': "but let's run the program one more time and make the right guess.", 'start': 5295.808, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5310.458, 'text': "so 9, ok, it says you won, but it's still asking me to make a guess because our while loop is going to get executed 3 times look 1 and 2,", 'start': 5299.21, 'duration': 11.248}], 'summary': 'Program run: 3 wrong guesses, then 1 correct guess, while loop executed 3 times.', 'duration': 33.228, 'max_score': 5277.23, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc5277230.jpg'}, {'end': 5612.049, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 5385.046, 'weight': 0.704, 'content': [{'end': 5392.208, 'text': 'So right at this level we can add an else block, so else colon,', 'start': 5385.046, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 5400.931, 'text': 'and the code that we write here will get executed if this while loop completes successfully without an immediate break.', 'start': 5392.208, 'duration': 8.723}, {'end': 5407.393, 'text': 'In other words, if the user guesses the right number, we break this loop, we jump out of it,', 'start': 5401.591, 'duration': 5.802}, {'end': 5411.534, 'text': 'so the code that we write in the else block will not get executed.', 'start': 5407.393, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 5416.596, 'text': "But if the user cannot guess this number, you're never going to break out of this loop.", 'start': 5412.054, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 5422.159, 'text': 'so this loop will be executed to completion until this condition becomes false.', 'start': 5416.596, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 5426.481, 'text': 'In that case, the code that we write in the else block will get executed.', 'start': 5422.699, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 5431.563, 'text': 'And this is the perfect opportunity for us to tell the user, hey, you made three guesses, but none of them were right.', 'start': 5426.681, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 5436.726, 'text': 'So, print, sorry, you failed.', 'start': 5432.144, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 5441.249, 'text': "now let's test our program one more time.", 'start': 5438.127, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 5444.331, 'text': 'so guess 1, 2, 3,.', 'start': 5441.249, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 5445.672, 'text': 'sorry, you failed.', 'start': 5444.331, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 5447.274, 'text': "let's run it one more time.", 'start': 5445.672, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 5455.46, 'text': "this time I'm going to make a wrong guess and then the right guess we won and our loop terminated immediately.", 'start': 5447.274, 'duration': 8.186}, {'end': 5463.894, 'text': "Now it's time for you to practice what you have learned so far.", 'start': 5461.412, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 5468.558, 'text': "So once again we're going to build a game, this game is a simulation for a car game.", 'start': 5464.435, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 5473.062, 'text': "Now, our game doesn't have a graphical user interface or GUI, and it doesn't really matter.", 'start': 5469.138, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 5477.145, 'text': 'for now, our focus is entirely on building the engine for this game.', 'start': 5473.062, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 5479.807, 'text': "So, let's see how this program works.", 'start': 5477.906, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 5486.513, 'text': 'When we run this, we get this little symbol here, and our program is waiting for us to enter a command.', 'start': 5480.388, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 5491.337, 'text': "if we type help, either in lower case or upper case, it doesn't matter.", 'start': 5487.193, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 5495.501, 'text': 'we get the list of commands that our program or our game currently supports.', 'start': 5491.337, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 5499.425, 'text': 'so we can type the start command to start our car.', 'start': 5495.501, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 5504.449, 'text': 'we can type the stop command to stop our car and quit to terminate the game.', 'start': 5499.425, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 5508.653, 'text': "any other commands that we type, our program is going to tell us hey, i don't understand that.", 'start': 5504.449, 'duration': 4.204}, {'end': 5512.237, 'text': "for example, if i type asd here, it says i don't understand that.", 'start': 5508.653, 'duration': 3.584}, {'end': 5517.741, 'text': 'If we type start, we get this message car started, ready to go.', 'start': 5512.897, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 5525.487, 'text': 'If we type stop, it says car stopped, and finally if we type quit, our program terminates.', 'start': 5517.761, 'duration': 7.726}, {'end': 5528.989, 'text': 'This is a fantastic exercise for you to practice what you have learned.', 'start': 5525.907, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 5532.752, 'text': 'So pause the video and spend 5 to 10 minutes to build this program.', 'start': 5529.269, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 5540.516, 'text': "we're going to start with a while loop with a condition.", 'start': 5537.574, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 5546.26, 'text': 'What is our condition here? We want to run this loop until the user types quit.', 'start': 5541.277, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 5554.526, 'text': 'So we can define a variable for storing the command that the user enters, and then we can run this loop as long as the command does not equal to quit.', 'start': 5546.8, 'duration': 7.726}, {'end': 5561.253, 'text': 'So, right before the loop we define a variable, command, and initially we set it to an empty string.', 'start': 5555.206, 'duration': 6.047}, {'end': 5565.757, 'text': 'An empty string is a string that has no characters in it, we only have the quotes.', 'start': 5561.673, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 5576.188, 'text': 'Okay? So, then we type out our condition as, while command does not equal to quit, then do something.', 'start': 5566.198, 'duration': 9.99}, {'end': 5581.994, 'text': "immediately we have a problem here because we're assuming that the user types the command in lower case.", 'start': 5577.169, 'duration': 4.825}, {'end': 5585.817, 'text': 'So if they type this in upper case, our program is not going to behave properly.', 'start': 5582.354, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 5594.224, 'text': 'So to fix this problem, we need to call the lower method of the string object and then compare the result with this quit.', 'start': 5586.358, 'duration': 7.866}, {'end': 5598.865, 'text': 'You could also call upper and then type quit in upper case.', 'start': 5594.604, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 5600.566, 'text': "It's a matter of personal preference.", 'start': 5599.265, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 5603.587, 'text': "In this demo I'm going to use lower case characters.", 'start': 5601.126, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 5604.907, 'text': 'So, okay.', 'start': 5604.207, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 5608.608, 'text': 'Now in this loop, we need to ask the user to enter a command.', 'start': 5605.687, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 5612.049, 'text': "So, once again, we're going to use our input function.", 'start': 5608.988, 'duration': 3.061}], 'summary': "The transcript covers coding examples for adding an else block, building a car game, and using a while loop to run a program until the user types 'quit'.", 'duration': 227.003, 'max_score': 5385.046, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc5385046.jpg'}, {'end': 6008.939, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5978.097, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5981.319, 'text': 'so go ahead and make the necessary changes to implement this scenario.', 'start': 5978.097, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 5989.981, 'text': 'Alright, to add this to our program, we need to know if the car is started or not.', 'start': 5986.178, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 5993.525, 'text': 'So there is one more piece of information that we need to store in the memory.', 'start': 5990.222, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 5996.968, 'text': 'What is the kind of data we need to store here? A boolean.', 'start': 5994.085, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 6002.192, 'text': "Is the car started or not? It's a matter of yes or no, true or false.", 'start': 5997.508, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 6008.939, 'text': 'So on the top, here we can define another variable like started, and initially we set it to false.', 'start': 6002.813, 'duration': 6.126}], 'summary': 'Implement scenario by storing car start status as a boolean variable.', 'duration': 30.842, 'max_score': 5978.097, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc5978097.jpg'}], 'start': 4425.227, 'title': 'Python programming basics', 'summary': 'Covers programming validation, conversion, and python while loops basics. it also includes refactoring variables for readability and python program development. key points include equality and not equal operators, weight conversion, while loop basics, and car program development.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4854.959, 'start': 4425.227, 'title': 'Programming validation and conversion', 'summary': 'Covers the equality and not equal operators in programming, demonstrates how to create a validation program for name input length, and explains the process of converting weight between pounds and kilograms using conditional statements and input functions.', 'duration': 429.732, 'highlights': ["Demonstrated use of if statements to create a validation program for name input length, with specific error messages for different input scenarios. The program checks the length of the user's input and provides specific error messages if the name is less than 3 characters or more than 50 characters.", 'Explained the process of converting weight between pounds and kilograms using conditional statements and input functions, demonstrating how to handle user input for unit selection and performing the appropriate conversion. The program prompts the user to enter their weight and select the unit (pounds or kilograms), then utilizes conditional statements and input functions to perform the conversion and display the result.', 'Clarified the usage of string methods, such as upper(), for case-insensitive comparison and formatting output with formatted strings. The tutorial explained the use of the upper() method for case-insensitive comparison of user input, as well as the formatting of output using formatted strings to dynamically insert converted values.']}, {'end': 5151.809, 'start': 4854.959, 'title': 'Python while loops basics', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of while loops in python, including a simple example of printing numbers 1 to 5, demonstrating how to repeat a string using a while loop, and building a guessing game with a maximum of 3 guesses, resulting in either success or failure.', 'duration': 296.85, 'highlights': ['The basics of while loops in Python The tutorial explains the fundamental concept of while loops and their use in executing a block of code multiple times, particularly in building interactive programs and games.', "Example of printing numbers 1 to 5 using a while loop A specific example is given where a variable 'i' is set to 1, and a while loop is used to print numbers from 1 to 5, demonstrating the repeated execution of code until the condition is false.", 'Demonstration of repeating a string using a while loop An example is provided to show how to repeat a string by multiplying it with a number within a while loop, resulting in the generation of a triangle shape using asterisks.', 'Building a guessing game with a maximum of 3 guesses The tutorial introduces the construction of a guessing game using a while loop, where a user is given a maximum of 3 guesses to identify a secret number, resulting in either success or failure.']}, {'end': 5719.793, 'start': 5151.809, 'title': 'Refactoring variables and improving readability', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the importance of using meaningful variable names, refactoring variables for readability, and implementing if-else and while loops in python to create a number guessing game and a car simulation. the transcript covers the process of renaming variables, setting separate variables for readability, using while loops, implementing if-else statements, and avoiding code duplication.', 'duration': 567.984, 'highlights': ["The importance of using meaningful variable names and refactoring them for readability is emphasized. Renaming a variable to improve readability is demonstrated, with the example of renaming a variable to 'guess_count' from 'i'. The process of updating all references to the variable in PyCharm is highlighted, promoting better code readability.", "Separating values into variables for improved code readability is recommended, exemplified by storing the value '3' in a variable called 'guess_limit'. The process of defining a separate variable 'guess_limit' and updating the code to use this variable instead of the literal value '3' is explained, promoting better code comprehension and maintainability.", 'The process of implementing if-else statements and while loops for creating a number guessing game is detailed, emphasizing the readability and story-like structure of the code. The usage of if statements to check user input for the number guessing game and the clear, readable structure of the code resembling a story is highlighted, promoting code understanding and maintainability.', "Demonstrating the use of the break statement to terminate a while loop upon a specific condition being met in the number guessing game. The utilization of the 'break' statement to immediately terminate the while loop upon the user making the correct guess is explained, showcasing effective control flow in the program.", "The concept of adding an 'else' block to a while loop in Python to handle scenarios where the loop completes without an immediate break, as shown in the number guessing game. The addition of an 'else' block to the while loop for providing a message to the user when the loop completes without an immediate break, enhancing the user experience of the number guessing game.", 'The implementation of a car simulation program using while loops, input handling, and if-else statements is presented. The development of a car simulation program focusing on building the engine of the game, including the while loop for command handling, input processing, and if-else statements for command execution is demonstrated.']}, {'end': 6118.8, 'start': 5720.833, 'title': 'Python program development', 'summary': 'Covers the development of a python program to control a car, including implementing commands for starting, stopping, providing help, and quitting, along with troubleshooting issues and adding additional features to prevent redundant commands.', 'duration': 397.967, 'highlights': ['The program includes commands for starting, stopping, providing help, and quitting. The program supports commands such as start, stop, help, and quit, and provides guidelines for their usage.', "The program identifies and handles invalid commands with an appropriate error message. When an invalid command is entered, the program displays a message stating 'Sorry, I don't understand that,' and provides an explanation about the use of single quotes as apostrophes.", 'The program is enhanced to prevent redundant commands for starting and stopping the car. The program is modified to track if the car is started or stopped using a boolean variable, and it provides appropriate messages when redundant start or stop commands are entered.']}], 'duration': 1693.573, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc4425227.jpg', 'highlights': ['Demonstrated use of if statements to create a validation program for name input length, with specific error messages for different input scenarios.', 'Explained the process of converting weight between pounds and kilograms using conditional statements and input functions, demonstrating how to handle user input for unit selection and performing the appropriate conversion.', 'The tutorial explains the fundamental concept of while loops and their use in executing a block of code multiple times, particularly in building interactive programs and games.', 'Demonstration of repeating a string using a while loop, resulting in the generation of a triangle shape using asterisks.', 'The importance of using meaningful variable names and refactoring them for readability is emphasized.', 'The process of implementing if-else statements and while loops for creating a number guessing game is detailed, emphasizing the readability and story-like structure of the code.', "The concept of adding an 'else' block to a while loop in Python to handle scenarios where the loop completes without an immediate break, as shown in the number guessing game.", 'The implementation of a car simulation program using while loops, input handling, and if-else statements is presented.', 'The program includes commands for starting, stopping, providing help, and quitting.', 'The program identifies and handles invalid commands with an appropriate error message.', 'The program is enhanced to prevent redundant commands for starting and stopping the car.']}, {'end': 7536.374, 'segs': [{'end': 6189.279, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6165.018, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6172.803, 'text': 'So with this for loop, we can iterate over this string, and in each iteration, this item variable will hold one character at a time.', 'start': 6165.018, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 6180.967, 'text': 'In the first iteration it will be set to p, then in the second iteration it will be set to y, in the third iteration it will be set to t, and so on.', 'start': 6173.163, 'duration': 7.804}, {'end': 6189.279, 'text': 'Okay? So here we are inside our for block because of the indentation here, so whatever we type here will be executed in each iteration.', 'start': 6181.368, 'duration': 7.911}], 'summary': 'Using a for loop to iterate over a string, processing one character at a time.', 'duration': 24.261, 'max_score': 6165.018, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc6165018.jpg'}, {'end': 6371.417, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6338.933, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6343.974, 'text': 'I want you to write a program to calculate the total cost of all the items in a shopping cart.', 'start': 6338.933, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 6350.857, 'text': "So let's say we have a list of prices like 10, 20, and 30.", 'start': 6344.555, 'duration': 6.302}, {'end': 6356.639, 'text': 'I want you to use a for loop to calculate the total cost of all the items in our imaginary shopping cart.', 'start': 6350.857, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 6359.24, 'text': 'So calculate that and then print it on a terminal.', 'start': 6356.999, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 6362.081, 'text': "That's pretty easy and you should do it in a couple of minutes.", 'start': 6359.9, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 6371.417, 'text': 'So as you learned, we use for loops to iterate over all the items in a collection.', 'start': 6366.792, 'duration': 4.625}], 'summary': 'Write a program to calculate total cost of items in a shopping cart using a for loop to iterate over prices.', 'duration': 32.484, 'max_score': 6338.933, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc6338933.jpg'}, {'end': 6411.066, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6386.253, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6394.918, 'text': "So, for item in prices, colon, and by the way, this loop variable, we don't have to call this item, we can call it anything.", 'start': 6386.253, 'duration': 8.665}, {'end': 6398.721, 'text': 'For example, in this case we can rename it to price.', 'start': 6395.359, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 6401.563, 'text': 'So for price in prices.', 'start': 6399.321, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 6405.844, 'text': 'Now, in each iteration, this price will hold one value.', 'start': 6402.483, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 6411.066, 'text': "in the first iteration it's going to hold 10, then it's going to be 20, and then it's going to be 30..", 'start': 6405.844, 'duration': 5.222}], 'summary': 'Using a loop to iterate through prices, with values 10, 20, and 30.', 'duration': 24.813, 'max_score': 6386.253, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc6386253.jpg'}, {'end': 6909.246, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6877.586, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6884.488, 'text': 'So in our first iteration, x count is going to be 5, so range of 5 would generate the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.', 'start': 6877.586, 'duration': 6.902}, {'end': 6887.77, 'text': 'So this inner loop will be executed 5 times.', 'start': 6884.489, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 6892.112, 'text': 'That is exactly what x count represents.', 'start': 6888.35, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 6899.518, 'text': 'So now, in each iteration, we simply need to append an x to our output variable.', 'start': 6893.032, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 6904.722, 'text': 'So we set output plus equals x.', 'start': 6899.998, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 6909.246, 'text': 'And then, after this inner loop, we simply print the output.', 'start': 6904.722, 'duration': 4.524}], 'summary': 'In the first iteration, x count is 5, generating numbers 0 to 4, executed 5 times. after each iteration, append x to the output and print it.', 'duration': 31.66, 'max_score': 6877.586, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc6877586.jpg'}, {'end': 7370.478, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7340.7, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7346.043, 'text': 'So we have a rectangular array of numbers, we have rows and columns.', 'start': 7340.7, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 7348.965, 'text': 'So this is a 3 by 3 matrix in math.', 'start': 7346.683, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 7353.308, 'text': 'Now we can model this in python using a 2 dimensional list.', 'start': 7349.605, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 7358.771, 'text': 'A 2 dimensional list is a list where each item in that list is another list.', 'start': 7353.808, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 7362.373, 'text': 'So you want to define a matrix.', 'start': 7359.351, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 7364.034, 'text': 'we set it to a list.', 'start': 7362.373, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 7370.478, 'text': 'each item in this list is going to be another list and that list represents the items in each row.', 'start': 7364.034, 'duration': 6.444}], 'summary': 'Describes modeling a 3x3 matrix in python using a 2d list', 'duration': 29.778, 'max_score': 7340.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc7340700.jpg'}], 'start': 6118.8, 'title': 'Python for and nested loops', 'summary': 'Covers for loops in python for iterating over collections, introduces the range function, demonstrates nested loops for generating coordinates, and covers working with lists, including two-dimensional lists. it also includes an announcement about a python course on codewithmosh.com.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6230.305, 'start': 6118.8, 'title': 'Python for loops tutorial', 'summary': 'Explains for loops in python for iterating over items in a collection, such as a string or list, to perform a specific task, demonstrated with examples of iterating over a string and a list.', 'duration': 111.505, 'highlights': ['Explaining for loops for iterating over items in Python The chapter explains how for loops are used in Python to iterate over items in a collection, such as a string or list, to perform a specific task, demonstrated with examples of iterating over a string and a list.', 'Demonstrating iterating over a string using a for loop The chapter provides an example of using a for loop to iterate over each character in a string, demonstrating how the loop variable holds one character at a time and prints each character on a new line.', 'Defining and iterating over a list using a for loop The chapter demonstrates defining a list in Python and using a for loop to iterate over the list, showcasing how the loop variable holds one item at a time and prints each item.']}, {'end': 6491.324, 'start': 6230.305, 'title': 'Python for loops and nested loops', 'summary': 'Introduces the range function in python to create a range of numbers, demonstrates the use of for loops to iterate over collections such as lists and objects, and provides an exercise to calculate the total cost of items in a shopping cart using a for loop.', 'duration': 261.019, 'highlights': ['The range function in Python is used to create a range of numbers, which can be iterated over, for example, when given the number 10, it generates numbers from 0 to 9, excluding 10.', 'A for loop is utilized to iterate over a list of prices, and a total cost is calculated using the loop, resulting in the total cost of all items in the shopping cart being 60.', 'The concept of nested loops in Python is introduced, which involves adding one loop inside another loop and provides an example of how nested loops can be used to generate a list of coordinates.']}, {'end': 6936.159, 'start': 6491.865, 'title': 'Using nested loops to generate coordinates', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to use nested loops in python to generate coordinates by iterating through x and y values and provides an exercise to draw an f shape using nested loops and a list of numbers.', 'duration': 444.294, 'highlights': ['Nested loops in Python can be used to generate coordinates by iterating through x and y values. The chapter explains how nested loops can be utilized to generate a list of coordinates by iterating through x and y values, using a range function to control the values, and demonstrating the execution process with detailed examples.', "An exercise is provided to draw an F shape using nested loops and a list of numbers. The chapter presents an exercise challenging the reader to draw an F shape using nested loops and a list of numbers, providing guidance on iterating through the list and using an inner loop to generate a string containing the specified number of x's for each line."]}, {'end': 7536.374, 'start': 6936.379, 'title': 'Python lists and two dimensional lists', 'summary': 'Covers the fundamentals of working with lists in python, including accessing elements by index, using negative indexing, selecting a range of items, modifying list elements, and finding the largest number in a list. additionally, it introduces two-dimensional lists and demonstrates how to create, access, modify, and iterate over a matrix. the chapter also includes a brief announcement about the python course available on codewithmosh.com.', 'duration': 599.995, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the fundamentals of working with lists in Python, including accessing elements by index, using negative indexing, selecting a range of items, modifying list elements, and finding the largest number in a list. This includes demonstrating how to define a list, access individual elements using an index, access elements using negative indexing, select a range of items using a colon, modify elements within a list, and find the largest number in a list.', 'Additionally, it introduces two-dimensional lists and demonstrates how to create, access, modify, and iterate over a matrix. It explains the concept of a two-dimensional list, demonstrates the creation of a matrix using a 2D list, shows how to access and modify individual elements within a matrix, and illustrates iterating over a matrix using nested loops.', 'The chapter also includes a brief announcement about the Python course available on codewithmosh.com. The announcement directs viewers to codewithmosh.com, where they can access various courses on web and mobile application development, including a comprehensive Python course.']}], 'duration': 1417.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc6118800.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the fundamentals of working with lists in Python, including accessing elements by index, using negative indexing, selecting a range of items, modifying list elements, and finding the largest number in a list.', 'The concept of nested loops in Python is introduced, which involves adding one loop inside another loop and provides an example of how nested loops can be used to generate a list of coordinates.', 'The range function in Python is used to create a range of numbers, which can be iterated over, for example, when given the number 10, it generates numbers from 0 to 9, excluding 10.', 'Explaining for loops for iterating over items in Python The chapter explains how for loops are used in Python to iterate over items in a collection, such as a string or list, to perform a specific task, demonstrated with examples of iterating over a string and a list.', 'Additionally, it introduces two-dimensional lists and demonstrates how to create, access, modify, and iterate over a matrix.', "An exercise is provided to draw an F shape using nested loops and a list of numbers. The chapter presents an exercise challenging the reader to draw an F shape using nested loops and a list of numbers, providing guidance on iterating through the list and using an inner loop to generate a string containing the specified number of x's for each line.", 'The chapter also includes a brief announcement about the Python course available on codewithmosh.com. The announcement directs viewers to codewithmosh.com, where they can access various courses on web and mobile application development, including a comprehensive Python course.']}, {'end': 8988.957, 'segs': [{'end': 8111.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8069.969, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8076.893, 'text': 'we use count to count the number of occurrences of an item and index to find the index of the first occurrence of an item.', 'start': 8069.969, 'duration': 6.924}, {'end': 8080.555, 'text': 'So we can only get information about a tuple, we cannot change it.', 'start': 8077.393, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 8085.618, 'text': 'And, by the way, these other methods that you see here they start with two underscores.', 'start': 8081.156, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 8087.66, 'text': 'we refer to this as magic methods.', 'start': 8085.618, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 8091.382, 'text': "they're more of an advanced topic, so they go beyond the scope of this tutorial.", 'start': 8087.66, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 8095.705, 'text': "If you're interested to learn about them, you can get my python course, I've covered them in detail.", 'start': 8091.842, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 8098.126, 'text': 'So similar to lists.', 'start': 8096.445, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 8106.611, 'text': 'we can access individual items using square brackets, so we can get the first item like this and then print it on the terminal.', 'start': 8098.126, 'duration': 8.485}, {'end': 8107.351, 'text': 'there you go.', 'start': 8106.611, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 8111.894, 'text': "the first item is 1, but if you try to change the first item, we'll get an error.", 'start': 8107.351, 'duration': 4.543}], 'summary': 'Using count and index to manipulate tuples, accessing items with square brackets.', 'duration': 41.925, 'max_score': 8069.969, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8069969.jpg'}, {'end': 8256.138, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8226.963, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8234.349, 'text': 'But in Python, we have a powerful feature called unpacking, and with that we can achieve the same result with far less code.', 'start': 8226.963, 'duration': 7.386}, {'end': 8240.915, 'text': 'So we can define our variables, x, y, and z, and set them to our topo.', 'start': 8234.87, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 8248.895, 'text': 'what we have on line 6 is exactly identical to what we have on lines 2 to 4.', 'start': 8242.17, 'duration': 6.725}, {'end': 8252.357, 'text': 'So this is a shorthand to achieve the same result.', 'start': 8248.895, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 8256.138, 'text': 'So let me delete this and explain how this code works.', 'start': 8253.076, 'duration': 3.062}], 'summary': 'Python unpacking allows achieving the same result with less code by defining and setting variables.', 'duration': 29.175, 'max_score': 8226.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8226963.jpg'}, {'end': 8587.44, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8561.392, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8568.214, 'text': 'this little warning here is telling us that we could simply put Jack Smith here instead of defining it once and then update it.', 'start': 8561.392, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 8570.415, 'text': "don't worry about that, it doesn't really matter.", 'start': 8568.214, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 8575.216, 'text': 'now, with this line, if we print the name of this customer, we should see Jack Smith.', 'start': 8570.415, 'duration': 4.801}, {'end': 8576.776, 'text': 'let me show you so.', 'start': 8575.216, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 8579.517, 'text': "I'm going to use the square bracket notation again.", 'start': 8576.776, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 8581.298, 'text': "let's print the name of the customer.", 'start': 8579.517, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 8584.359, 'text': 'you can see that is updated here.', 'start': 8581.298, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 8587.44, 'text': 'we can also add a new key here.', 'start': 8584.359, 'duration': 3.081}], 'summary': "Demonstrating how to update and print customer's name using square bracket notation.", 'duration': 26.048, 'max_score': 8561.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8561392.jpg'}, {'end': 8981.313, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 8751.252, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8760.138, 'text': 'So we can define an output string, initially we set it to an empty string, in each iteration, we get this and add it to our output string.', 'start': 8751.252, 'duration': 8.886}, {'end': 8769.124, 'text': 'So we type output plus equals this, and we should also add a space at the end.', 'start': 8760.518, 'duration': 8.606}, {'end': 8771.526, 'text': 'So the words are not close to each other.', 'start': 8770.025, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 8773.767, 'text': "Okay? That's all we have to do.", 'start': 8771.546, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 8784.494, 'text': "Now finally, let's print this output, run our program, so I'm going to type 1, 3, 4, 5, let's see what we get.", 'start': 8774.427, 'duration': 10.067}, {'end': 8788.336, 'text': 'We get 1, 3, 4, with an exclamation mark.', 'start': 8785.054, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 8797.959, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you something really cool that you can do with dictionaries.", 'start': 8794.338, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 8799.639, 'text': 'So here we have this program.', 'start': 8798.519, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 8805.42, 'text': 'we can type a message like good morning, followed by a smiley face, and we press enter.', 'start': 8799.639, 'duration': 5.781}, {'end': 8807.061, 'text': 'we get this beautiful smiley face.', 'start': 8805.42, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 8816.002, 'text': 'Or, we can type, I am sad, with a sad smiley face, and it gets translated to this beautiful emoji.', 'start': 8807.761, 'duration': 8.241}, {'end': 8818.983, 'text': 'So this is another application of using dictionaries.', 'start': 8816.462, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 8823.824, 'text': 'We have a dictionary that maps these characters into smiley faces.', 'start': 8819.483, 'duration': 4.341}, {'end': 8826.466, 'text': "So let's go ahead and build this program together.", 'start': 8824.504, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 8834.093, 'text': 'We start by calling the input function, here we pass a greater than symbol as an indicator for the user to type a message.', 'start': 8827.607, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 8842.099, 'text': 'We get that message, store it here, as you know that is a string, now we need to split the string by a space.', 'start': 8834.813, 'duration': 7.286}, {'end': 8848.585, 'text': 'So if the user types good morning with a smiley face, we want to break this down into three words.', 'start': 8842.78, 'duration': 5.805}, {'end': 8851.588, 'text': 'Good morning and smiley face.', 'start': 8848.945, 'duration': 2.643}, {'end': 8863.099, 'text': 'To do that we can call the split method, so we call message.split and pass a string with one space as the separator.', 'start': 8852.328, 'duration': 10.771}, {'end': 8870.226, 'text': 'What this method does is basically it goes through the string and anywhere it finds this character, in this case a space,', 'start': 8863.54, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 8874.711, 'text': 'it uses that as a boundary to separate this string into multiple words.', 'start': 8870.226, 'duration': 4.485}, {'end': 8882.255, 'text': "and then it will return a list, let me show you, so let's store that here, words, and then print it on the terminal.", 'start': 8875.372, 'duration': 6.883}, {'end': 8893.61, 'text': "let's go ahead and run our program, so if we type good morning sunshine, enter, we get a list with three items, each item is a string.", 'start': 8884.346, 'duration': 9.264}, {'end': 8903.115, 'text': 'Now, back to our program, we need to define a dictionary for mapping special characters like these two into a smiley face.', 'start': 8895.111, 'duration': 8.004}, {'end': 8906.956, 'text': 'So we can call that emojis.', 'start': 8903.875, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 8910.178, 'text': 'set it to curly braces.', 'start': 8908.277, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 8916.402, 'text': 'here we add a key value pair, a smiley face, and we map that to a string.', 'start': 8910.178, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 8918.744, 'text': 'in the string we want to add an emoji.', 'start': 8916.402, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 8927.289, 'text': "if you're on a mac keyboard, you can press ctrl, command and space, and this should bring up this emoji box if you're on windows.", 'start': 8918.744, 'duration': 8.545}, {'end': 8931.452, 'text': "honestly, i really don't know how you can do this, but there must be applications that do this for you.", 'start': 8927.289, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 8936.197, 'text': "So let's go ahead and pick this happy smiley face.", 'start': 8932.092, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 8941.223, 'text': "good, now let's add another key value pair for a sad face.", 'start': 8936.197, 'duration': 5.026}, {'end': 8946.609, 'text': 'we map this to this face here, good.', 'start': 8941.223, 'duration': 5.386}, {'end': 8955.817, 'text': 'So, we have a list of words, now we need to loop through this list, get each word and potentially map it to an emoji.', 'start': 8947.329, 'duration': 8.488}, {'end': 8965.184, 'text': 'So we can write a for loop for word in words, now we want to go to our dictionary and see if we have an item with this word as the key.', 'start': 8956.437, 'duration': 8.747}, {'end': 8970.727, 'text': "If you have an item with that key, then we'll get its value, otherwise we want to use the same word.", 'start': 8966.025, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 8975.67, 'text': "So if the user types good morning, we don't want to translate those words, we just want to return those.", 'start': 8971.068, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 8981.313, 'text': 'So that is the case where we use the get method to supply a default value.', 'start': 8976.21, 'duration': 5.103}], 'summary': 'Program converts user input into emojis using a dictionary and loop.', 'duration': 230.061, 'max_score': 8751.252, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8751252.jpg'}, {'end': 8946.609, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8916.402, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 8918.744, 'text': 'in the string we want to add an emoji.', 'start': 8916.402, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 8927.289, 'text': "if you're on a mac keyboard, you can press ctrl, command and space, and this should bring up this emoji box if you're on windows.", 'start': 8918.744, 'duration': 8.545}, {'end': 8931.452, 'text': "honestly, i really don't know how you can do this, but there must be applications that do this for you.", 'start': 8927.289, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 8936.197, 'text': "So let's go ahead and pick this happy smiley face.", 'start': 8932.092, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 8941.223, 'text': "good, now let's add another key value pair for a sad face.", 'start': 8936.197, 'duration': 5.026}, {'end': 8946.609, 'text': 'we map this to this face here, good.', 'start': 8941.223, 'duration': 5.386}], 'summary': 'Adding emojis to a string using keyboard shortcuts and mapping to specific emojis.', 'duration': 30.207, 'max_score': 8916.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8916402.jpg'}], 'start': 7536.554, 'title': 'Python data structures & dictionary applications', 'summary': 'Covers python list methods, including adding, removing, checking for existence, sorting, and copying items with a course priced at $149 but available for the first 200 students at $15. it also explains tuples, emphasizing their immutability and the count and index methods. additionally, it introduces the concept of dictionaries, their usage to store key-value pairs, handling key errors, and updating values. furthermore, it demonstrates the use of dictionaries for mapping keys to values, as well as the translation of a phone number into words and special characters to emojis using dictionaries.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8314.178, 'start': 7536.554, 'title': 'Python list methods & tuples unpacking', 'summary': 'Covers the python list methods, including adding, removing, checking for existence, sorting, and copying items in a list, with the course priced at $149 but available for the first 200 students at $15. additionally, the chapter explains tuples, emphasizing their immutability and the count and index methods. furthermore, it introduces the concept of unpacking tuples and lists as a powerful feature in python.', 'duration': 777.624, 'highlights': ['The course is priced at $149 but available for the first 200 students at $15. The course price is reduced to $15 for the first 200 students, providing a significant cost advantage.', 'The chapter covers the Python list methods, including adding, removing, checking for existence, sorting, and copying items in a list. The chapter thoroughly explains the various operations that can be performed on a Python list, providing a comprehensive understanding of list methods.', 'Tuples are immutable and offer count and index methods. The chapter emphasizes the immutability of tuples and highlights the count and index methods as the primary operations available for tuples.', 'Unpacking tuples is a powerful feature in Python, allowing the assignment of tuple items to separate variables with minimal code. The chapter introduces the concept of unpacking tuples as a powerful feature, demonstrating its ability to streamline the assignment of tuple items to individual variables.']}, {'end': 8608.489, 'start': 8314.178, 'title': 'Python dictionaries basics', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of dictionaries in python, explaining their usage to store key-value pairs, defining and accessing dictionaries, handling key errors, and updating values, emphasizing the uniqueness of keys and their diverse value types.', 'duration': 294.311, 'highlights': ["Dictionaries in Python are used to store key-value pairs, such as in the example of a customer's attributes like name, email, and phone number, with keys being unique, and values being of any type. Dictionaries serve to store key-value pairs, exemplified by a customer's attributes like name, email, and phone number, where keys must be unique, and values can be of any type.", 'The uniqueness of keys in dictionaries is emphasized, with the example of an error resulting from attempting to add a duplicate key, showcasing the similarity to real-world dictionaries where words are listed only once. Emphasis on the uniqueness of keys, demonstrated by the error raised when attempting to add a duplicate key, akin to real-world dictionaries listing words only once.', 'The tutorial explains how to define and access dictionaries in Python, as well as the handling of key errors using the get method and optional default values, showcasing practical methods for dictionary manipulation. Comprehensive guidance on defining, accessing, and handling key errors in dictionaries, including the use of the get method and optional default values for practical dictionary manipulation.']}, {'end': 8988.957, 'start': 8609.781, 'title': 'Phone number word translator', 'summary': 'Introduces a program that translates a phone number into words and demonstrates the use of dictionaries for mapping keys to values, as well as another program that maps special characters to emojis using dictionaries.', 'duration': 379.176, 'highlights': ['The program translates a phone number into words using a dictionary with key-value pairs for each digit and demonstrates the use of the get method to handle cases where the user enters characters not in the dictionary. Phone number translation using dictionary, demonstration of get method', 'Another program maps special characters to emojis using a dictionary, and it demonstrates the use of a for loop to iterate through the list of words and map each word to an emoji. Mapping special characters to emojis, iteration through list with for loop', 'The use of dictionaries for mapping keys to values is demonstrated through both programs, showcasing the versatility of dictionaries in Python programming. Demonstration of dictionary versatility']}], 'duration': 1452.403, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc7536554.jpg', 'highlights': ['The course price is reduced to $15 for the first 200 students, providing a significant cost advantage.', 'The chapter thoroughly explains the various operations that can be performed on a Python list, providing a comprehensive understanding of list methods.', "Dictionaries serve to store key-value pairs, exemplified by a customer's attributes like name, email, and phone number, where keys must be unique, and values can be of any type.", 'Emphasis on the uniqueness of keys, demonstrated by the error raised when attempting to add a duplicate key, akin to real-world dictionaries listing words only once.', 'Comprehensive guidance on defining, accessing, and handling key errors in dictionaries, including the use of the get method and optional default values for practical dictionary manipulation.', 'Phone number translation using dictionary, demonstration of get method', 'Mapping special characters to emojis, iteration through list with for loop', 'Demonstration of dictionary versatility', 'The chapter introduces the concept of unpacking tuples as a powerful feature, demonstrating its ability to streamline the assignment of tuple items to individual variables.']}, {'end': 10721.937, 'segs': [{'end': 9140.748, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9115.333, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9122.515, 'text': "So we start typing out def, that is a reserved keyword in Python, and it's short for define.", 'start': 9115.333, 'duration': 7.182}, {'end': 9126.196, 'text': "When Python interpreter sees this, it knows that we're defining a function.", 'start': 9122.995, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 9128.496, 'text': 'Next we need to give our function a name.', 'start': 9126.876, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 9131.317, 'text': "Let's say greet underline.", 'start': 9129.096, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 9136.903, 'text': 'So all the best practices you learned about naming your variables also apply here,', 'start': 9132.177, 'duration': 4.726}, {'end': 9140.748, 'text': 'which means you should name your functions with lower case characters.', 'start': 9136.903, 'duration': 3.845}], 'summary': "Python's 'def' keyword defines a function, like 'greet_underline', adhering to best practices of using lowercase characters.", 'duration': 25.415, 'max_score': 9115.333, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc9115333.jpg'}, {'end': 9323.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9298.728, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9305.414, 'text': "Also note that the order of this code matters, so here we're calling the grid function after we have defined it.", 'start': 9298.728, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 9308.397, 'text': 'If you try to call it before you define it, you will see an error.', 'start': 9305.895, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 9319.924, 'text': 'For example, if we call the greet user function right here, see we immediately get this red underline which says unresolved reference greet user,', 'start': 9308.717, 'duration': 11.207}, {'end': 9323.186, 'text': "which basically means Python doesn't know what is this greet user.", 'start': 9319.924, 'duration': 3.262}], 'summary': 'Order of code matters. calling grid function after defining it prevents errors.', 'duration': 24.458, 'max_score': 9298.728, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc9298728.jpg'}, {'end': 9432.757, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9403.576, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9411.76, 'text': 'Now here we could simply print the name of this user, so we could use a formatted string and print the value of the name variable right?', 'start': 9403.576, 'duration': 8.184}, {'end': 9416.382, 'text': "Now, we don't really have this local variable defined in this function.", 'start': 9412.34, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 9417.583, 'text': 'we have a parameter.', 'start': 9416.382, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 9419.464, 'text': "It's exactly the same thing.", 'start': 9418.343, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 9423.026, 'text': 'So with these parameters, we can receive information in our functions.', 'start': 9420.124, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 9432.757, 'text': "Now let's go ahead and run this program So, take a look, we get hi John, welcome aboard, we can take this to the next level.", 'start': 9423.606, 'duration': 9.151}], 'summary': 'Using parameters, we can receive information in functions.', 'duration': 29.181, 'max_score': 9403.576, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc9403576.jpg'}, {'end': 10066.069, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10034.016, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10035.898, 'text': "So let's delete this variable now.", 'start': 10034.016, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 10039.861, 'text': "our code is shorter, so with this we're calling the square function.", 'start': 10035.898, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 10044.364, 'text': "this returns a value and we'll pass that value as an argument to the print function.", 'start': 10039.861, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 10049.147, 'text': 'Okay? When we run this program, we get the exact same result.', 'start': 10045.164, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 10049.848, 'text': 'There you go.', 'start': 10049.528, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 10057.843, 'text': "Now what happens if we don't use a return statement in our function? So in the last example, we simply used a print statement.", 'start': 10051.058, 'duration': 6.785}, {'end': 10066.069, 'text': "Let's temporarily remove this return statement and print the result on a terminal, like this.", 'start': 10058.363, 'duration': 7.706}], 'summary': 'Using a return statement in a function, we get the same result when calling the square function with a shorter code.', 'duration': 32.053, 'max_score': 10034.016, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc10034016.jpg'}, {'end': 10521.815, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10495.227, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10503.289, 'text': 'Basically what this message is telling us is that this string asd does not contain a valid whole number that can be converted to an integer.', 'start': 10495.227, 'duration': 8.062}, {'end': 10505.669, 'text': 'Now look at the exit code of this program.', 'start': 10503.889, 'duration': 1.78}, {'end': 10508.15, 'text': 'Exit code 1 means our program crashed.', 'start': 10506.129, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 10512.611, 'text': 'So 0 always means success and anything but 0 means crash.', 'start': 10508.61, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 10516.653, 'text': 'Now as a good Python programmer, you should anticipate these situations.', 'start': 10513.351, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 10521.815, 'text': "You don't want to let your entire program crash just because the user entered an invalid value.", 'start': 10516.933, 'duration': 4.882}], 'summary': 'Invalid input leads to program crash, exit code 1.', 'duration': 26.588, 'max_score': 10495.227, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc10495227.jpg'}], 'start': 8990.157, 'title': 'Python coding essentials', 'summary': 'Covers essential python coding concepts such as using dictionaries, organizing code with functions, function parameters, return values, code refactoring, and error handling. it also provides practical applications and best practices for creating reusable and maintainable code, showcasing real-life scenarios and error prevention techniques.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9048.829, 'start': 8990.157, 'title': 'Using dictionaries in python', 'summary': 'Demonstrates using dictionaries in python to create an output variable and append values to it, showcasing the practical applications of dictionaries in real-life scenarios.', 'duration': 58.672, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates using dictionaries in Python to create an output variable and append values to it, showcasing the practical applications of dictionaries in real-life scenarios.', 'The tutorial includes an example of creating an emoji converter using dictionaries, highlighting the usefulness of dictionaries in real applications.', 'The tutorial utilizes a step-by-step approach, explaining the process of defining an output variable, obtaining return values, and appending them to the output variable.']}, {'end': 9522.128, 'start': 9049.469, 'title': 'Organizing code with functions', 'summary': 'Explains the importance of organizing code into functions, demonstrating how to define, call, and pass parameters to functions in python, resulting in reusable and maintainable code. it also highlights the execution flow, best practices for function naming, and the difference between parameters and arguments.', 'duration': 472.659, 'highlights': ['Functions are containers for specific tasks, helping to organize code into smaller and reusable chunks. Functions in Python are used to break up code into smaller, manageable, and maintainable chunks, improving organization and reusability.', 'Demonstration of defining a function, including best practices for function naming and the use of meaningful and descriptive names for functions. The tutorial provides guidance on defining functions in Python, emphasizing best practices for meaningful and descriptive function names in accordance with the naming conventions.', 'Explanation of the flow of program execution and the importance of defining functions before calling them. The explanation includes the flow of program execution and emphasizes the necessity of defining functions before calling them to avoid errors.', 'Illustration of passing parameters to functions and the distinction between parameters and arguments. The tutorial illustrates the process of passing parameters to functions in Python and clarifies the difference between parameters and arguments, emphasizing their respective roles.']}, {'end': 10188.089, 'start': 9522.128, 'title': 'Function parameters and return values', 'summary': "Explores the concept of function parameters, highlighting the difference between positional and keyword arguments, and the use of return statements to retrieve values from functions. it also emphasizes the importance of using keyword arguments for improving code readability and the default return value of 'none' for python functions.", 'duration': 665.961, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of positional and keyword arguments, emphasizing their impact on the order and readability of the code. The tutorial highlights the importance of understanding the distinction between positional and keyword arguments, showcasing how their order affects the outcomes of a function. It also emphasizes the role of keyword arguments in improving code readability.', 'It demonstrates the use of keyword arguments for enhancing the clarity of numerical values passed to functions, promoting their role in improving code readability. The tutorial emphasizes the use of keyword arguments for functions dealing with numerical values, illustrating how they enhance the clarity and understanding of the purpose of these values in the code.', 'The tutorial enlightens on the necessity of using keyword arguments to improve code readability, especially for functions dealing with multiple numerical values. The tutorial stresses the importance of employing keyword arguments for functions that involve multiple numerical values, emphasizing their role in enhancing the readability and comprehension of the code.', 'It explains the rule of using keyword arguments after positional arguments and its significance in ensuring proper function execution. The tutorial elucidates the rule of utilizing keyword arguments after positional arguments, highlighting its importance in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the functions.', 'The chapter introduces the concept of functions returning values and the use of return statements to retrieve results. The tutorial introduces the concept of functions returning values, emphasizing the use of return statements to retrieve results from functions, thus enabling the utilization of the calculated values in the code.']}, {'end': 10441.528, 'start': 10188.829, 'title': 'Code refactoring and function extraction', 'summary': 'Explains the process of extracting a separate function from a block of code, emphasizing the importance of function responsibility and reusability, while demonstrating the reorganization of code and the execution of the program.', 'duration': 252.699, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the importance of function responsibility and reusability, stating that each function should be responsible for one and only one task, and that task should be clearly explained in the function name. ', 'It explains the process of extracting a separate function from a block of code, moving specific lines of code into the function, and ensuring proper indentation for the function block. ', 'The chapter demonstrates the execution of the program after reorganizing the code, including getting input from the user, calling the function, and printing the result. ']}, {'end': 10721.937, 'start': 10442.208, 'title': 'Handling python program errors', 'summary': 'Discusses handling errors in python programs, demonstrating the use of try-except blocks to anticipate and handle exceptions, preventing program crashes, and providing proper error messages, with examples of value and zero division errors.', 'duration': 279.729, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates using try-except blocks to handle errors, preventing program crashes, and providing proper error messages, with examples of value and zero division errors. Demonstrates the use of try-except blocks to handle errors, prevent program crashes, and provide proper error messages, with examples of value and zero division errors.', 'The program correctly handles the input of a numerical value for age and prints it, with an exit code of 0 indicating successful termination. Shows the program correctly handling input of a numerical value for age, printing it, and exiting with a code of 0 indicating successful termination.', 'Explains the significance of exit codes, where 0 denotes success and any other value indicates a crash, highlighting the importance of anticipating and handling different error situations. Explains the significance of exit codes, where 0 denotes success and any other value indicates a crash, emphasizing the importance of anticipating and handling different error situations.']}], 'duration': 1731.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc8990157.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates using dictionaries in Python to create an output variable and append values to it, showcasing the practical applications of dictionaries in real-life scenarios.', 'Functions are containers for specific tasks, helping to organize code into smaller and reusable chunks, improving organization and reusability.', 'The chapter explains the concept of positional and keyword arguments, emphasizing their impact on the order and readability of the code.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of function responsibility and reusability, stating that each function should be responsible for one and only one task, and that task should be clearly explained in the function name.', 'The chapter demonstrates using try-except blocks to handle errors, preventing program crashes, and providing proper error messages, with examples of value and zero division errors.']}, {'end': 12586.158, 'segs': [{'end': 10876.042, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10846.865, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 10854.91, 'text': 'Now, the problem with this comment is that, apart from being verbose and repetitive, if we come back here and change sky to ocean now,', 'start': 10846.865, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 10856.871, 'text': 'this comment gets outdated.', 'start': 10854.91, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 10862.715, 'text': "So every time we change this code, then we'll have to come back and modify the corresponding comment.", 'start': 10857.092, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 10866.957, 'text': "So I've seen some developers add comments in front of their functions.", 'start': 10863.175, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 10876.042, 'text': "for example, they define a function let's say square that takes a number and simply returns number times number.", 'start': 10866.957, 'duration': 9.085}], 'summary': 'Verbose comments require frequent updates, prompting developers to add function-specific comments instead.', 'duration': 29.177, 'max_score': 10846.865, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc10846865.jpg'}, {'end': 10924.329, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10892.971, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10897.033, 'text': 'Someone else reading your code, they get distracted with all these unnecessary comments.', 'start': 10892.971, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 10901.395, 'text': "So use comments to explain why's and how's, not what's.", 'start': 10897.473, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 10906.038, 'text': 'If you have made certain assumptions, you can use comments to explain those assumptions.', 'start': 10901.976, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 10911.441, 'text': 'Or you can use them to add notes to remind yourself or other developers to do something in the code.', 'start': 10906.398, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 10915.443, 'text': 'So comments are good, but too much of a good thing is a bad thing.', 'start': 10912.201, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 10924.329, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to talk to you guys about classes in Python.", 'start': 10921.246, 'duration': 3.083}], 'summary': "Use comments in code to explain why's and how's, not what's. classes in python tutorial.", 'duration': 31.358, 'max_score': 10892.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc10892971.jpg'}, {'end': 11673.905, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 11448.138, 'weight': 0.707, 'content': [{'end': 11454.934, 'text': 'so, using this init method, we can initialize our objects and we refer to this method as a constructor.', 'start': 11448.138, 'duration': 6.796}, {'end': 11458.142, 'text': 'this method is used to construct or create an object.', 'start': 11454.934, 'duration': 3.208}, {'end': 11467.986, 'text': "okay, so now let's remove line 14, so we create a point object with these values and then print point.x.", 'start': 11458.519, 'duration': 9.467}, {'end': 11469.167, 'text': "let's run our program.", 'start': 11467.986, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 11470.067, 'text': 'there you go.', 'start': 11469.167, 'duration': 0.9}, {'end': 11473.39, 'text': 'x is 10, we can also change these values later.', 'start': 11470.067, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 11480.895, 'text': 'so just before printing point.x, we can set point.x to 11, and then run our program.', 'start': 11473.39, 'duration': 7.505}, {'end': 11482.776, 'text': 'so x is updated beautiful.', 'start': 11480.895, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 11485.079, 'text': "Alright, here's an exercise for you.", 'start': 11483.897, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 11494.17, 'text': 'I want you to define a new type called person, this person object should have a name attribute as well as a talk method.', 'start': 11485.719, 'duration': 8.451}, {'end': 11498.515, 'text': 'This is a very easy exercise so you can tackle it in probably a couple of minutes.', 'start': 11494.85, 'duration': 3.665}, {'end': 11506.51, 'text': 'Alright. so first we start with the class keyword.', 'start': 11503.769, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 11509.451, 'text': 'we define this person class once again.', 'start': 11506.51, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 11510.592, 'text': 'look at the naming convention.', 'start': 11509.451, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 11513.513, 'text': 'I have used here the first letter of the first word.', 'start': 11510.592, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 11515.673, 'text': 'in this case the only word is uppercase.', 'start': 11513.513, 'duration': 2.16}, {'end': 11519.635, 'text': 'Now, in this class, we define all the methods that we need.', 'start': 11516.774, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 11522.216, 'text': 'currently, we have only one method, that is the talk method.', 'start': 11519.635, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 11524.937, 'text': 'so define talk.', 'start': 11522.216, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 11526.957, 'text': 'pycharm automatically adds self.', 'start': 11524.937, 'duration': 2.02}, {'end': 11529.298, 'text': 'we come back to this shortly.', 'start': 11526.957, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 11531.239, 'text': "for now, let's just print talk.", 'start': 11529.298, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 11534.952, 'text': 'So this is the body of our person class.', 'start': 11532.83, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 11540.658, 'text': 'We remove the indentation and add two line breaks after defining our classes.', 'start': 11535.633, 'duration': 5.025}, {'end': 11543.201, 'text': 'Now we can create a personal object.', 'start': 11541.399, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 11544.903, 'text': "let's call that john.", 'start': 11543.201, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 11546.825, 'text': 'we set it to person.', 'start': 11544.903, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 11549.207, 'text': 'we can call john.talk.', 'start': 11546.825, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11550.068, 'text': "let's run the program.", 'start': 11549.207, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 11557.656, 'text': 'So we get this message beautiful, but our person objects should also have a name attribute.', 'start': 11551.329, 'duration': 6.327}, {'end': 11560.119, 'text': "It doesn't make sense to have a person without a name.", 'start': 11557.837, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 11562.942, 'text': 'So that is when we use the constructor function.', 'start': 11560.56, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11570.611, 'text': 'So on the top, we add a new method, the name of this method is double underscore init double underscore.', 'start': 11563.763, 'duration': 6.848}, {'end': 11574.129, 'text': 'So we call this method a constructor.', 'start': 11572.185, 'duration': 1.944}, {'end': 11582.767, 'text': 'Now, in this method we need to add another parameter that is name, so we simply set self.name to name.', 'start': 11574.991, 'duration': 7.776}, {'end': 11592.621, 'text': "again self references the current object, so we're setting the name attribute of the current object to the name argument passed to this method.", 'start': 11584.432, 'duration': 8.189}, {'end': 11600.149, 'text': "With this we can go back to line 9, and when creating a personal object, we pass the name, let's say john smith.", 'start': 11593.302, 'duration': 6.847}, {'end': 11605.254, 'text': "now let's print john.name and run our program.", 'start': 11600.149, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 11606.135, 'text': 'there you go.', 'start': 11605.254, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 11608.737, 'text': 'so John Smith is printed on the terminal beautiful.', 'start': 11606.135, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 11611.618, 'text': 'So this is all you had to do as part of this exercise.', 'start': 11609.277, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 11614.4, 'text': "But let's make this program a little bit more interesting.", 'start': 11612.279, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 11620.404, 'text': "Instead of printing this boring message here, let's print, hi, I am John Smith.", 'start': 11615.141, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 11629.991, 'text': 'So, we can use a formatted string with a message like hi, I am, now we want to dynamically add the name of this person.', 'start': 11620.965, 'duration': 9.026}, {'end': 11634.834, 'text': 'How do we do that? Well, look at the parameter, of this talk method.', 'start': 11630.391, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 11639.359, 'text': 'As I told you before, every method in our class should have this parameter, self.', 'start': 11635.355, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 11642.782, 'text': 'And this should be the very first parameter of every method.', 'start': 11640.08, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 11653.293, 'text': 'Okay? So, with this self we can get reference to the current object, so, we can add curly braces and type out self.name.', 'start': 11643.203, 'duration': 10.09}, {'end': 11658.756, 'text': 'returns the name attribute of the current person object.', 'start': 11654.193, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 11666.561, 'text': 'with this we can remove line 10 where we print John that name and simply call John the talk.', 'start': 11658.756, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 11668.482, 'text': "let's run our program.", 'start': 11666.561, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 11671.464, 'text': 'hi, I am John Smith, beautiful.', 'start': 11668.482, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 11673.905, 'text': 'now we can create another person object.', 'start': 11671.464, 'duration': 2.441}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers object initialization, method definition, and creating and modifying objects in python.', 'duration': 225.767, 'max_score': 11448.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc11448138.jpg'}, {'end': 11582.767, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11546.825, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11549.207, 'text': 'we can call john.talk.', 'start': 11546.825, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11550.068, 'text': "let's run the program.", 'start': 11549.207, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 11557.656, 'text': 'So we get this message beautiful, but our person objects should also have a name attribute.', 'start': 11551.329, 'duration': 6.327}, {'end': 11560.119, 'text': "It doesn't make sense to have a person without a name.", 'start': 11557.837, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 11562.942, 'text': 'So that is when we use the constructor function.', 'start': 11560.56, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 11570.611, 'text': 'So on the top, we add a new method, the name of this method is double underscore init double underscore.', 'start': 11563.763, 'duration': 6.848}, {'end': 11574.129, 'text': 'So we call this method a constructor.', 'start': 11572.185, 'duration': 1.944}, {'end': 11582.767, 'text': 'Now, in this method we need to add another parameter that is name, so we simply set self.name to name.', 'start': 11574.991, 'duration': 7.776}], 'summary': 'Introducing constructor function to add name attribute to person objects.', 'duration': 35.942, 'max_score': 11546.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc11546825.jpg'}, {'end': 11881.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11843.463, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11845.485, 'text': 'So right now our dog class is empty.', 'start': 11843.463, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 11846.986, 'text': "it doesn't have anything.", 'start': 11845.485, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 11856.032, 'text': 'we either need to add methods specific to dogs or, just to make python happy, we can use the pass statement, and that basically means nothing.', 'start': 11846.986, 'duration': 9.046}, {'end': 11859.614, 'text': "We're telling python interpreter, hey, pass this line, don't worry about it.", 'start': 11856.452, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 11862.216, 'text': "But with this, we don't have an empty class.", 'start': 11860.095, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 11867.179, 'text': 'Okay?. Now, as I told you before, after each class you should have two line breaks.', 'start': 11862.636, 'duration': 4.543}, {'end': 11871.561, 'text': 'so right now we only have one line break, and that is the reason we have this little warning here.', 'start': 11867.179, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 11874.643, 'text': "So let's add another blank line, beautiful.", 'start': 11872.061, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 11881.266, 'text': 'So our dog class is inheriting the walk method from the mammal, we need to apply the same change to the cat class.', 'start': 11875.343, 'duration': 5.923}], 'summary': 'The dog class needs methods or a pass statement, and two line breaks are required after each class.', 'duration': 37.803, 'max_score': 11843.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc11843463.jpg'}, {'end': 12060.558, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12032.244, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 12040.347, 'text': "For example, over here in app.py, I've defined two functions for converting weight from pounds to kilograms and vice versa.", 'start': 12032.244, 'duration': 8.103}, {'end': 12045.509, 'text': 'Now we can take these two functions and put them in a separate module called converters.', 'start': 12041.167, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 12050.832, 'text': 'And then we can import that module into any program that needs these converter functions.', 'start': 12045.97, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 12052.253, 'text': 'Let me show you how to do this.', 'start': 12051.213, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 12060.558, 'text': "So, let's open up our project panel, and right click the project, go to new, and add a new file.", 'start': 12052.853, 'duration': 7.705}], 'summary': 'Defined weight conversion functions in app.py, moved to separate module called converters for reusability.', 'duration': 28.314, 'max_score': 12032.244, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12032244.jpg'}, {'end': 12273.492, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12244.502, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 12245.922, 'text': 'Now here is your exercise.', 'start': 12244.502, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 12250.724, 'text': 'earlier in the course we had an exercise for finding the largest number in a list.', 'start': 12245.922, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 12253.925, 'text': 'so here on the top we have a list of numbers.', 'start': 12250.724, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 12257.486, 'text': 'initially we set max for the first number in this list.', 'start': 12253.925, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 12260.287, 'text': 'then we loop through this list, get each number.', 'start': 12257.486, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 12264.648, 'text': 'if the current number is greater than max, then we reset max.', 'start': 12261.247, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 12269.05, 'text': "And finally when we're done with our loop, we print max on the terminal.", 'start': 12265.189, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 12271.171, 'text': "Now, here's what I want you to do.", 'start': 12269.67, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 12273.492, 'text': 'this code currently has no organization.', 'start': 12271.171, 'duration': 2.321}], 'summary': 'Exercise: find the largest number in a list. organize the code.', 'duration': 28.99, 'max_score': 12244.502, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12244502.jpg'}, {'end': 12440.913, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12412.334, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12418.836, 'text': "Now, back to app.py, let's cut this code, and paste it into this new module.", 'start': 12412.334, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 12420.971, 'text': 'Okay, beautiful.', 'start': 12420.31, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 12424.795, 'text': 'Now we go back to app.py and import our new module.', 'start': 12421.712, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 12435.328, 'text': 'We can either import the entire module, so import utils, and then access individual functions, so we can call utils.findmax,', 'start': 12425.256, 'duration': 10.072}, {'end': 12439.213, 'text': 'or we can explicitly import this function from the utils module.', 'start': 12435.328, 'duration': 3.885}, {'end': 12440.913, 'text': "it doesn't really make a difference.", 'start': 12439.833, 'duration': 1.08}], 'summary': 'Moving code from app.py to a new module, importing the new module into app.py and accessing its functions.', 'duration': 28.579, 'max_score': 12412.334, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12412334.jpg'}], 'start': 10722.757, 'title': 'Python programming concepts', 'summary': 'Covers handling exceptions, using comments, defining classes, inheritance, and code organization in python. it emphasizes the reuse of code, code organization into modules, and creating new types with attributes and methods.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11011.879, 'start': 10722.757, 'title': 'Handling exceptions and using comments in python', 'summary': 'Covers handling exceptions using try-except blocks and the importance of using comments in python programming. it also introduces the concept of classes in python and their significance in defining new types to model real concepts.', 'duration': 289.122, 'highlights': ['Handling exceptions using try-except blocks The tutorial emphasizes the use of try-except blocks to handle exceptions and mentions the importance of anticipating and properly handling exceptions in programs.', 'Using comments to add notes or communicate with other developers The significance of using comments to add notes, communicate with other developers, and use them as reminders or explanations for certain code segments is highlighted.', 'Introduction to classes in Python and their importance in defining new types The tutorial introduces the concept of classes in Python and emphasizes their significance in defining new types to model real concepts, such as points or shopping carts.']}, {'end': 11673.905, 'start': 11012.5, 'title': 'Defining classes & objects in python', 'summary': 'Discusses defining classes using the class keyword, creating objects, using a constructor to initialize object attributes, and an exercise on creating a new type with attributes and a method.', 'duration': 661.405, 'highlights': ['Classes are defined using the class keyword and Pascal naming convention, while variables and functions use lowercase letters and underscore separation. The naming convention for classes is different from that of variables and functions, using Pascal casing for classes and lowercase letters with underscores for variables and functions.', 'Objects are instances of classes and are created by calling the class name like a function, and can have methods and attributes. Objects are instances based on the blueprint defined by classes and can have methods and attributes, such as the draw and move methods, and x and y attributes.', 'A constructor, __init__ method, is used to initialize object attributes at the time of object creation. The constructor, __init__ method, is used to initialize object attributes at the time of object creation, providing a way to ensure that objects are created with required attributes, such as x and y coordinates.', "An exercise involves defining a new type 'person' with a name attribute and a talk method, utilizing the class keyword and constructor. An exercise demonstrates creating a new type 'person' with a name attribute and a talk method, using the class keyword and a constructor to initialize the name attribute."]}, {'end': 11969.407, 'start': 11673.905, 'title': 'Python inheritance tutorial', 'summary': "Discusses inheritance in python, emphasizing the reuse of code and the 'dry' principle, and demonstrates the process of defining classes, inheriting methods, and adding specific methods for dog and cat classes.", 'duration': 295.502, 'highlights': ["Inheritance is a mechanism for reusing code, and it's not limited to Python; most languages supporting classes also support inheritance. Inheritance is a mechanism for reusing code and is not limited to Python; most languages supporting classes also support inheritance.", "The chapter emphasizes the 'dry' principle, which stands for 'don't repeat yourself,' and highlights the potential issues of code duplication. The chapter emphasizes the 'dry' principle, which stands for 'don't repeat yourself,' and highlights the potential issues of code duplication.", "The process of defining a new class, 'mammal,' and having the 'dog' and 'cat' classes inherit the 'walk' method from their parent class is explained, showcasing the concept of inheritance in Python. The process of defining a new class, 'mammal,' and having the 'dog' and 'cat' classes inherit the 'walk' method from their parent class is explained, showcasing the concept of inheritance in Python.", "Demonstration of adding specific methods for dog and cat classes, such as 'bark' for dogs and 'be annoying' for cats, after inheriting the 'walk' method from the parent class. The demonstration of adding specific methods for dog and cat classes, such as 'bark' for dogs and 'be annoying' for cats, after inheriting the 'walk' method from the parent class."]}, {'end': 12242.594, 'start': 11970.287, 'title': 'Python modules and code organization', 'summary': 'Discusses the basics of inheritance and how modules in python help organize code into separate files, enabling code reusability and better code organization, and also provides an example of importing modules and specific functions to demonstrate their usage.', 'duration': 272.307, 'highlights': ['Modules in Python help organize code into separate files, enabling better code organization and structure, and facilitating code reusability.', 'Breaking up code into multiple files allows for better organization and structure, and provides the ability to reuse code across different programs.', 'Importing modules and specific functions from modules allows for easy access to the code without prefixing with the module name, enhancing code readability and usability.', 'The chapter discusses the basics of inheritance in Python and encourages further learning through a complete Python course for more in-depth knowledge on inheritance and code reuse mechanisms.']}, {'end': 12586.158, 'start': 12244.502, 'title': 'Organizing code with functions and modules', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of organizing code into functions and modules, demonstrating how to create a 'find max' function and move it into a separate module called 'utils', and the potential issues of overwriting built-in functions like 'max' in python.", 'duration': 341.656, 'highlights': ["The chapter emphasizes the importance of organizing code into functions, classes, and modules as programs grow, and demonstrates how to create a 'find max' function to return the largest number in a list, with a real-world example of a list of numbers and the largest number being 10.", "The chapter provides a step-by-step guide on moving the 'find max' function into a separate module called 'utils', including creating a new file, cutting the existing code, pasting it into the new module, and importing the module into the current module, showcasing good coding practices.", "The chapter highlights the potential issues of overwriting built-in functions like 'max' in Python, discussing the warning about shadowing the built-in 'max' function and the resulting type error when attempting to call the overwritten 'max' function as an integer, illustrating the importance of avoiding such bad coding practices."]}], 'duration': 1863.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc10722757.jpg', 'highlights': ['Handling exceptions using try-except blocks and the importance of anticipating and properly handling exceptions in programs.', 'Using comments to add notes, communicate with other developers, and use them as reminders or explanations for certain code segments.', 'Introduction to classes in Python and their importance in defining new types to model real concepts, such as points or shopping carts.', 'Objects are instances based on the blueprint defined by classes and can have methods and attributes, such as the draw and move methods, and x and y attributes.', 'A constructor, __init__ method, is used to initialize object attributes at the time of object creation, providing a way to ensure that objects are created with required attributes, such as x and y coordinates.', 'Inheritance is a mechanism for reusing code and is not limited to Python; most languages supporting classes also support inheritance.', "The chapter emphasizes the 'dry' principle, which stands for 'don't repeat yourself,' and highlights the potential issues of code duplication.", "The process of defining a new class, 'mammal,' and having the 'dog' and 'cat' classes inherit the 'walk' method from their parent class is explained, showcasing the concept of inheritance in Python.", 'Modules in Python help organize code into separate files, enabling better code organization and structure, and facilitating code reusability.', 'Breaking up code into multiple files allows for better organization and structure, and provides the ability to reuse code across different programs.', 'Importing modules and specific functions from modules allows for easy access to the code without prefixing with the module name, enhancing code readability and usability.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of organizing code into functions, classes, and modules as programs grow, and demonstrates how to create a 'find max' function to return the largest number in a list, with a real-world example of a list of numbers and the largest number being 10.", "The chapter provides a step-by-step guide on moving the 'find max' function into a separate module called 'utils', including creating a new file, cutting the existing code, pasting it into the new module, and importing the module into the current module, showcasing good coding practices.", "The chapter highlights the potential issues of overwriting built-in functions like 'max' in Python, discussing the warning about shadowing the built-in 'max' function and the resulting type error when attempting to call the overwritten 'max' function as an integer, illustrating the importance of avoiding such bad coding practices."]}, {'end': 13999.064, 'segs': [{'end': 12711.89, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12682.266, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 12685.809, 'text': 'We have a section for shoes, t-shirts, jackets, and so on.', 'start': 12682.266, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 12687.73, 'text': 'So each of these is like a module.', 'start': 12686.369, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 12692.794, 'text': "So, in this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to create and use packages in python.", 'start': 12688.411, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 12699.159, 'text': 'Here in our project panel, right click the project and add a new directory.', 'start': 12693.675, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 12703.342, 'text': "let's call this directory e-commerce.", 'start': 12700.219, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 12711.89, 'text': "So we're going to create a package called e-commerce, and in this package we're going to have all the modules related for an e-commerce application.", 'start': 12704.043, 'duration': 7.847}], 'summary': 'Creating an e-commerce package with modules for python project.', 'duration': 29.624, 'max_score': 12682.266, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12682266.jpg'}, {'end': 12861.125, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12810.859, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12814.6, 'text': 'So we cannot import it directly, we have to start from the e-commerce package.', 'start': 12810.859, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 12820.999, 'text': 'Okay? So, back to app.py, once again there are two ways to import this module.', 'start': 12814.941, 'duration': 6.058}, {'end': 12825.684, 'text': 'We can import the entire module or we can import one of its functions or classes.', 'start': 12821.52, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 12827.606, 'text': 'So let me show you both approaches.', 'start': 12826.205, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 12829.629, 'text': "First we're going to import the entire module.", 'start': 12828.167, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 12837.217, 'text': 'Import, now what is the name of our package? That is ecommerce, right? So ecommerce.shipping.', 'start': 12830.069, 'duration': 7.148}, {'end': 12845.52, 'text': 'So instead of typing import shipping, we type import ecommerce.shipping.', 'start': 12838.338, 'duration': 7.182}, {'end': 12848.001, 'text': 'We have to prefix it with the name of its package.', 'start': 12845.68, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 12855.083, 'text': "Now to access any of the functions or classes in this module, we'll have to type out ecommerce.shipping.", 'start': 12848.741, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 12857.984, 'text': 'and there you go.', 'start': 12855.764, 'duration': 2.22}, {'end': 12861.125, 'text': 'Now we can access the calculate shipping function.', 'start': 12858.384, 'duration': 2.741}], 'summary': 'To import the e-commerce package in app.py, use import ecommerce.shipping to access the calculate shipping function.', 'duration': 50.266, 'max_score': 12810.859, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12810859.jpg'}, {'end': 13174.745, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13144.778, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 13150.162, 'text': 'you can open this and this shows you the source code of this module.', 'start': 13144.778, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 13150.502, 'text': 'there you go.', 'start': 13150.162, 'duration': 0.34}, {'end': 13158.63, 'text': "Now in this tutorial we don't want to worry about that, so let's go back to our app.py and use this module to generate random values.", 'start': 13151.463, 'duration': 7.167}, {'end': 13166.277, 'text': 'So when we import this module now we have this object random, so we can use the data operator to access its methods.', 'start': 13159.351, 'duration': 6.926}, {'end': 13174.745, 'text': 'One method that is very useful here is the random method, and every time we call it, it generates a random value between 0 to 1.', 'start': 13166.958, 'duration': 7.787}], 'summary': 'Using the random module in app.py to generate random values between 0 and 1.', 'duration': 29.967, 'max_score': 13144.778, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13144778.jpg'}, {'end': 13268.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13242.473, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 13246.656, 'text': "let's say we have a list of team members and we want to randomly pick someone as the leader.", 'start': 13242.473, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 13248.097, 'text': 'Let me show you how to do that.', 'start': 13247.156, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 13257.623, 'text': 'So, we define the list of team members, we set it to John, Mary, Bob and Mosh.', 'start': 13248.557, 'duration': 9.066}, {'end': 13264.369, 'text': 'Now, we can call random the choice and pass our members list.', 'start': 13258.584, 'duration': 5.785}, {'end': 13268.312, 'text': 'This method randomly picks an item from this list and returns it.', 'start': 13265.19, 'duration': 3.122}], 'summary': 'Randomly pick a team leader from a list of john, mary, bob, and mosh.', 'duration': 25.839, 'max_score': 13242.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13242473.jpg'}, {'end': 13322.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13294.772, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 13296.934, 'text': 'I want you to write this program to roll a dice.', 'start': 13294.772, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 13300.216, 'text': 'So every time we run this program we get different values.', 'start': 13297.274, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 13308.662, 'text': "Now we have 3 and 1, next time we get 3 and 6, one more time, 5 and 6, 4 and 3, double 1, that's a very cool exercise.", 'start': 13300.537, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 13312.325, 'text': 'So, before we get started, I want you to pay attention to a few things.', 'start': 13309.263, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 13316.207, 'text': 'I want you to define a class called dice.', 'start': 13313.486, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 13319.689, 'text': "in this class we're going to have a method called roll.", 'start': 13316.207, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 13322.931, 'text': 'so every time we call this method, we get a tuple.', 'start': 13319.689, 'duration': 3.242}], 'summary': 'Program to roll dice, yielding different values with each run.', 'duration': 28.159, 'max_score': 13294.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13294772.jpg'}, {'end': 13469.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13443.688, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 13448.91, 'text': 'Once again this is coming from pep 8, pep is short for python enhancement proposal.', 'start': 13443.688, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 13452.412, 'text': 'We have so many python enhancement proposals or peps.', 'start': 13449.21, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 13459.077, 'text': 'pep 8 is a very famous one, and in this document we have all the best practices for formatting our code.', 'start': 13452.412, 'duration': 6.665}, {'end': 13463.78, 'text': 'So pep8 says that after we define our classes, we should have two line breaks.', 'start': 13459.597, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 13464.681, 'text': "we've already done that.", 'start': 13463.78, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 13469.305, 'text': 'so the reason this is complaining is because we have one line break before the class.', 'start': 13464.681, 'duration': 4.624}], 'summary': 'Pep 8 outlines best practices for code formatting, including two line breaks after class definitions.', 'duration': 25.617, 'max_score': 13443.688, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13443688.jpg'}, {'end': 13988.937, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13961.272, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 13964.796, 'text': 'This is the same technique that Google does to index various websites.', 'start': 13961.272, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 13973.624, 'text': 'So they have several engines or web crawlers, these crawlers are continuously looking at various websites and extracting information from their pages.', 'start': 13965.076, 'duration': 8.548}, {'end': 13979.671, 'text': "When you publish a blog post, Google's web crawler finds the title of your post, its keywords and so on.", 'start': 13974.105, 'duration': 5.566}, {'end': 13981.752, 'text': "So I'm going to show you how to do that with Python.", 'start': 13980.171, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 13988.937, 'text': "We'll also look at browser automation, and this is extremely powerful, because you can automate testing of your web applications.", 'start': 13982.072, 'duration': 6.865}], 'summary': 'Google uses web crawlers to index websites for extracting information. python can be used for similar tasks and browser automation for web application testing.', 'duration': 27.665, 'max_score': 13961.272, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13961272.jpg'}], 'start': 12586.778, 'title': 'Python programming', 'summary': "Covers the importance of using packages in python, creating and using packages, importing modules, and the significance of built-in modules, with a focus on the standard library. it also demonstrates using python's random module and working with directories, providing examples and methods for various tasks.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13074.397, 'start': 12586.778, 'title': 'Python packages and modules', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of using packages in python to organize code, creating and using packages, importing modules, and the significance of built-in modules in python, with a focus on the standard library containing various modules for common tasks, including sending emails, working with data and time, and generating random values and passwords.', 'duration': 487.619, 'highlights': ['Packages are a way to organize code, avoiding a bloated directory with hundreds or thousands of files, and a package is a container for multiple modules. Packages in Python provide a better way to organize code, preventing the directory from getting cluttered with numerous files, and a package serves as a container for multiple modules.', "Creating and using packages in Python, including adding a new directory, converting it to a package by adding a special '__init__.py' file, and adding modules to the package. The process of creating and using packages in Python involves adding a new directory, converting it to a package by adding a special '__init__.py' file, and then adding modules to the package as demonstrated in the tutorial.", "Importing modules in Python, demonstrating two approaches - importing the entire module or using the 'from' statement to import specific functions or classes, with a focus on reducing verbosity in code. The tutorial explains the two approaches for importing modules in Python - importing the entire module or using the 'from' statement to import specific functions or classes, emphasizing the reduction of verbosity in code.", "The significance of built-in modules in Python's standard library, which includes modules for common tasks such as sending emails, working with data and time, and generating random values and passwords. The chapter emphasizes the importance of Python's standard library containing various built-in modules for common tasks like sending emails, working with data and time, and generating random values and passwords."]}, {'end': 13443.168, 'start': 13074.997, 'title': "Using python's random module", 'summary': "Demonstrates how to use python's random module to generate random values and pick items from a list, emphasizing the versatility of the module and providing a coding exercise to roll a dice with a class and a method to generate random values.", 'duration': 368.171, 'highlights': ['The random module in Python is a built-in module that can be used to generate random values, pick items from a list, and perform various other random operations. The random module in Python allows for the generation of random values and the picking of items from a list, showcasing its versatility and wide range of applications.', 'Demonstrates the use of the random method to generate random numbers between 0 and 1, the randint method to generate random numbers within a specified range, and the choice method to randomly pick an item from a list. The tutorial illustrates the use of the random method to generate random numbers between 0 and 1, the randint method to generate random numbers within a specified range, and the choice method to randomly pick an item from a list, offering practical examples of each operation.', 'Provides a coding exercise to create a program that rolls a dice, using a class with a method to generate random values and returns them as a tuple. The chapter offers a coding exercise to create a program that rolls a dice by implementing a class with a method to generate random values and return them as a tuple, reinforcing the practical application of the random module.']}, {'end': 13999.064, 'start': 13443.688, 'title': 'Working with directories in python', 'summary': 'Covers best practices for formatting code as per pep8, working with directories using the pathlib module, and exploring the python package index for reusable packages, including examples and methods for working with paths, creating, deleting, and iterating through directories, as well as accessing and using packages from pypi.', 'duration': 555.376, 'highlights': ['PyCharm follows best practices defined in pep8, providing warnings for code formatting, enabling learning of proper code formatting for readability. PyCharm enforces pep8 formatting best practices, such as adding two line breaks after defining classes, and provides warnings to help users learn proper code formatting. This facilitates readability and adherence to coding standards.', 'Utilizing the pathlib module to create objects for working with directories and files, including importing the path class and demonstrating basic usage. The tutorial demonstrates the use of the pathlib module to create objects for working with directories and files, showcasing how to import the path class and providing examples of basic usage.', 'Demonstrating methods for checking path existence, creating and removing directories, and iterating through files and directories using the pathlib module. The tutorial illustrates the use of methods such as exist, mkdir, rmdir, and glob to check path existence, create and remove directories, and iterate through files and directories using the pathlib module, offering practical examples and outputs.', 'Exploring the Python Package Index (PyPI) for reusable packages, emphasizing the availability of thousands of packages for various functionalities, and the benefits of a strong Python community. The chapter highlights the extensive availability of packages on PyPI for diverse functionalities, emphasizes the strong Python community, and encourages the reuse of packages for efficient and reliable program development, showcasing the example of searching for SMS-related packages.', 'Teasing upcoming content on accessing information from Yelp.com, web scraping, and browser automation in the complete Python course. The chapter offers a glimpse of upcoming content in the complete Python course, including accessing information from Yelp.com, web scraping techniques, and browser automation, showcasing the potential for learning advanced Python functionalities and practical applications.']}], 'duration': 1412.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc12586778.jpg', 'highlights': ['Packages in Python provide a better way to organize code, preventing the directory from getting cluttered with numerous files, and a package serves as a container for multiple modules.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of Python's standard library containing various built-in modules for common tasks like sending emails, working with data and time, and generating random values and passwords.", 'The random module in Python allows for the generation of random values and the picking of items from a list, showcasing its versatility and wide range of applications.', 'The tutorial illustrates the use of the random method to generate random numbers between 0 and 1, the randint method to generate random numbers within a specified range, and the choice method to randomly pick an item from a list, offering practical examples of each operation.', 'The chapter offers a coding exercise to create a program that rolls a dice by implementing a class with a method to generate random values and return them as a tuple, reinforcing the practical application of the random module.', 'PyCharm enforces pep8 formatting best practices, such as adding two line breaks after defining classes, and provides warnings to help users learn proper code formatting. This facilitates readability and adherence to coding standards.', 'The tutorial demonstrates the use of the pathlib module to create objects for working with directories and files, showcasing how to import the path class and providing examples of basic usage.', 'The tutorial illustrates the use of methods such as exist, mkdir, rmdir, and glob to check path existence, create and remove directories, and iterate through files and directories using the pathlib module, offering practical examples and outputs.', 'The chapter highlights the extensive availability of packages on PyPI for diverse functionalities, emphasizes the strong Python community, and encourages the reuse of packages for efficient and reliable program development, showcasing the example of searching for SMS-related packages.', 'The chapter offers a glimpse of upcoming content in the complete Python course, including accessing information from Yelp.com, web scraping techniques, and browser automation, showcasing the potential for learning advanced Python functionalities and practical applications.']}, {'end': 15015.525, 'segs': [{'end': 14188.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14164.4, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14170.222, 'text': "you're going to write a python program that can process thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.", 'start': 14164.4, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 14171.302, 'text': 'are you excited?', 'start': 14170.222, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 14171.942, 'text': "let's get started.", 'start': 14171.302, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 14179.466, 'text': "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you something really awesome you can do with python.", 'start': 14176.024, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 14182.568, 'text': "You're going to learn how to process spreadsheets,", 'start': 14180.006, 'duration': 2.562}, {'end': 14188.871, 'text': 'and this is extremely valuable in situations where you have hundreds or thousands of spreadsheets that need to be updated.', 'start': 14182.568, 'duration': 6.303}], 'summary': 'Learn to process thousands of spreadsheets in under a second using python.', 'duration': 24.471, 'max_score': 14164.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc14164400.jpg'}, {'end': 14252.458, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14225.644, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 14228.985, 'text': "Let's say we need to decrease this by 10%.", 'start': 14225.644, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 14233.548, 'text': "If you want to do this manually, we'll have to come back here and add a formula.", 'start': 14228.985, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 14235.929, 'text': 'so we type out equal sign.', 'start': 14233.548, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 14239.751, 'text': "let's say we want to recalculate the value of this cell, that is c2..", 'start': 14235.929, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 14247.536, 'text': "So we'll have to get that and then multiply it by 0.9, so that is like the 90% of the original price.", 'start': 14240.191, 'duration': 7.345}, {'end': 14250.217, 'text': 'We are reducing the price by 10%.', 'start': 14247.756, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 14252.458, 'text': 'Now when we hit enter, you can see the updated price.', 'start': 14250.217, 'duration': 2.241}], 'summary': 'Manually decrease cell value by 10% to update price.', 'duration': 26.814, 'max_score': 14225.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc14225644.jpg'}, {'end': 14296.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14269.724, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14276.587, 'text': 'And not only that, it will also add this beautiful chart right here.', 'start': 14269.724, 'duration': 6.863}, {'end': 14284.032, 'text': 'Once again, if you want to open up hundreds or thousands of spreadsheets and add a chart to each one, this is going to take at least a week or two.', 'start': 14277.407, 'duration': 6.625}, {'end': 14287.795, 'text': 'Our python program is going to do all of this in a matter of seconds.', 'start': 14284.652, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 14289.536, 'text': "So, let's get started.", 'start': 14288.335, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 14296.051, 'text': 'Alright, the first thing I want you to do is to download this transactions file and add it to your project.', 'start': 14290.888, 'duration': 5.163}], 'summary': 'Python program adds charts to spreadsheets in seconds, saving at least a week of work', 'duration': 26.327, 'max_score': 14269.724, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc14269724.jpg'}, {'end': 14619.575, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14589.816, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 14595.017, 'text': 'Beautiful Next we need to multiply each value by 0.9.', 'start': 14589.816, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 14604.144, 'text': 'So instead of printing cell.value, we multiply it by 0.9, and this is the corrected underlying price.', 'start': 14595.017, 'duration': 9.127}, {'end': 14607.226, 'text': "So this is the mistake we're going to fix with our program.", 'start': 14605.004, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 14610.168, 'text': 'Now we need to add a new cell to our worksheet.', 'start': 14608.067, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 14614.011, 'text': 'So we want to add all the corrected prices in a new column.', 'start': 14611.029, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 14619.575, 'text': "We could also overwrite the values in this column, but in this tutorial I'm going to show you how to add a new column.", 'start': 14614.311, 'duration': 5.264}], 'summary': 'Correct each value by multiplying with 0.9 and add new column to worksheet.', 'duration': 29.759, 'max_score': 14589.816, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc14589816.jpg'}, {'end': 14788.284, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14758.736, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 14764.503, 'text': "Now, in this particular example, it doesn't really make sense to add a chart per transaction, but that doesn't really matter.", 'start': 14758.736, 'duration': 5.767}, {'end': 14766.866, 'text': 'we just want a bunch of numbers to create a chart.', 'start': 14764.503, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 14773.053, 'text': "So after our for loop, we're going to use the reference class to select a range of values.", 'start': 14767.767, 'duration': 5.286}, {'end': 14777.438, 'text': 'Now the first argument in the constructor is the sheet.', 'start': 14773.654, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 14778.4, 'text': 'so we pass our sheet here.', 'start': 14777.438, 'duration': 0.962}, {'end': 14782.061, 'text': 'then we add four keyword arguments.', 'start': 14779.24, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 14788.284, 'text': 'the first one is min underline row we set this to 2, the second one is max underline row.', 'start': 14782.061, 'duration': 6.223}], 'summary': 'Using python to select a range of values for chart creation.', 'duration': 29.548, 'max_score': 14758.736, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc14758736.jpg'}], 'start': 13999.324, 'title': 'Automating excel spreadsheets with python and importing and processing transactions in excel', 'summary': 'Demonstrates installing the openpyxl package, exploring its structure, and automating spreadsheet processing with python. it also shows importing an excel transactions file, manipulating its data, and adding a chart to the sheet, resulting in an updated workbook with corrected prices and a chart added.', 'chapters': [{'end': 14289.536, 'start': 13999.324, 'title': 'Automating excel spreadsheets with python', 'summary': "Demonstrates how to install the openpyxl package using pip, explore the package's structure, and introduces the concept of automating spreadsheet processing with python, emphasizing its efficiency in handling a large volume of data.", 'duration': 290.212, 'highlights': ["The chapter demonstrates how to install the openpyxl package using pip, emphasizing the command 'pip install openpyxl' and its significance in adding external packages to Python programs. ", 'It introduces the concept of automating spreadsheet processing with Python, stressing its efficiency in handling a large volume of data, such as processing thousands of spreadsheets in under one second. Processing thousands of spreadsheets in under one second', "Exploring the package's structure, including sub-packages and modules, and showcasing the ability to automate tasks like recalculating prices and adding charts to spreadsheets, which would otherwise be time-consuming if done manually. "]}, {'end': 15015.525, 'start': 14290.888, 'title': 'Importing and processing transactions in excel', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to import an excel transactions file, manipulate its data by iterating through rows and columns, and add a chart to the sheet, resulting in an updated workbook with corrected prices and a chart added.', 'duration': 724.637, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to import an Excel transactions file, manipulate its data by iterating through rows and columns, and add a chart to the sheet. The chapter demonstrates the process of importing an Excel transactions file, manipulating its data by iterating through rows and columns, and adding a chart to the sheet, resulting in an updated workbook with corrected prices and a chart added.', 'The program identifies the number of rows in the spreadsheet, which is 4, and iterates through each row to manipulate the data. The program identifies the number of rows in the spreadsheet, which is 4, and iterates through each row to manipulate the data.', 'It demonstrates how to create a chart using the selected range of values from the fourth column and add it to the sheet. The chapter demonstrates how to create a chart using the selected range of values from the fourth column and add it to the sheet.']}], 'duration': 1016.201, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc13999324.jpg', 'highlights': ["The chapter demonstrates how to install the openpyxl package using pip, emphasizing the command 'pip install openpyxl' and its significance in adding external packages to Python programs.", "Exploring the package's structure, including sub-packages and modules, and showcasing the ability to automate tasks like recalculating prices and adding charts to spreadsheets, which would otherwise be time-consuming if done manually.", 'The chapter demonstrates how to import an Excel transactions file, manipulate its data by iterating through rows and columns, and add a chart to the sheet, resulting in an updated workbook with corrected prices and a chart added.', 'The program identifies the number of rows in the spreadsheet, which is 4, and iterates through each row to manipulate the data.', 'It introduces the concept of automating spreadsheet processing with Python, stressing its efficiency in handling a large volume of data, such as processing thousands of spreadsheets in under one second.']}, {'end': 16472.101, 'segs': [{'end': 15236.154, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15208.794, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 15211.795, 'text': "If you have duplicates in the data, we don't want to feed this to our model.", 'start': 15208.794, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 15216.777, 'text': 'Because otherwise our model will learn bad patterns in the data and it will produce the wrong result.', 'start': 15212.075, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 15220.399, 'text': 'So we should make sure that our input data is in a good and clean shape.', 'start': 15217.257, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 15227.506, 'text': 'If there are data that is irrelevant, we should remove them, if they are duplicated or incomplete, we can remove or modify them.', 'start': 15220.899, 'duration': 6.607}, {'end': 15236.154, 'text': 'If our data is text based, like the name of countries or genres of music or cats and dogs, we need to convert them to numerical values.', 'start': 15227.986, 'duration': 8.168}], 'summary': 'Clean data by removing duplicates and irrelevant entries, and convert text-based data to numerical values for accurate model learning.', 'duration': 27.36, 'max_score': 15208.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15208794.jpg'}, {'end': 15293.792, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15266.88, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 15272.223, 'text': "There's so many different machine learning algorithms out there, such as decision trees, neural networks, and so on.", 'start': 15266.88, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 15276.805, 'text': 'Each algorithm has pros and cons in terms of accuracy and performance.', 'start': 15272.803, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 15282.028, 'text': "So the algorithm you choose depends on the kind of problem you're trying to solve and your input data.", 'start': 15277.205, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 15286.349, 'text': "Now the good news is that we don't have to explicitly program an algorithm.", 'start': 15282.668, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 15289.63, 'text': 'There are libraries out there that provide these algorithms.', 'start': 15286.749, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 15293.792, 'text': 'one of the most popular ones, which we are going to look at in this tutorial, is scikit-learn.', 'start': 15289.63, 'duration': 4.162}], 'summary': 'Various machine learning algorithms have different pros and cons in accuracy and performance. libraries like scikit-learn provide these algorithms.', 'duration': 26.912, 'max_score': 15266.88, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15266880.jpg'}, {'end': 15494.835, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15463.159, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 15465.639, 'text': "let's double click this all right.", 'start': 15463.159, 'duration': 2.48}, {'end': 15469.36, 'text': "first it's going to run a program to determine if the software can be installed.", 'start': 15465.639, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 15473.081, 'text': "so let's continue and once again continue.", 'start': 15469.36, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 15476.341, 'text': 'continue, pretty easy, continue one more time.', 'start': 15473.081, 'duration': 3.26}, {'end': 15478.522, 'text': 'i agree with the license agreement.', 'start': 15476.341, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 15483.163, 'text': "okay, you can use the default installation location, so don't worry about that.", 'start': 15478.522, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 15484.303, 'text': 'just click install.', 'start': 15483.163, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 15486.425, 'text': 'Give it a few seconds now.', 'start': 15485.143, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 15494.835, 'text': 'the beautiful thing about Anaconda is that it will install Jupiter, as well as all those popular data science libraries like NumPy, Pandas and so on.', 'start': 15486.425, 'duration': 8.41}], 'summary': 'Installing anaconda software with jupiter and data science libraries like numpy and pandas.', 'duration': 31.676, 'max_score': 15463.159, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15463159.jpg'}, {'end': 15624.091, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15593.593, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 15599.556, 'text': "let's change that to hello world, so this is going to be the hello world of our machine learning project.", 'start': 15593.593, 'duration': 5.963}, {'end': 15609.641, 'text': "Let's rename this, now if you look at your desktop you can see this file, hello world.ipynb, this is a jupyter notebook.", 'start': 15600.477, 'duration': 9.164}, {'end': 15617.585, 'text': "It's kind of similar to our py files where we write our python code, but it includes additional data that jupyter uses to execute our code.", 'start': 15610.261, 'duration': 7.324}, {'end': 15624.091, 'text': "So back to our notebook, let's do a print hello world.", 'start': 15618.888, 'duration': 5.203}], 'summary': "Renamed file to 'hello world.ipynb' and executed print 'hello world'.", 'duration': 30.498, 'max_score': 15593.593, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15593593.jpg'}, {'end': 15689.283, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15663.971, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 15672.135, 'text': 'Once you sign up, then come back here on Kaggle.com, here in the search bar, search for video game sales.', 'start': 15663.971, 'duration': 8.164}, {'end': 15676.137, 'text': "This is the name of a very popular data set that we're going to use in this lecture.", 'start': 15672.775, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 15683.201, 'text': "So, here in this list you can see the first item, with this kind of reddish icon, so let's go with that.", 'start': 15676.697, 'duration': 6.504}, {'end': 15689.283, 'text': 'As you can see, this dataset includes the sales data for more than 16,000 video games.', 'start': 15684.281, 'duration': 5.002}], 'summary': 'The lecture utilizes a popular dataset containing sales data for over 16,000 video games.', 'duration': 25.312, 'max_score': 15663.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15663971.jpg'}, {'end': 16175.651, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16120.955, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 16122.895, 'text': 'So let me show you some of the most useful ones.', 'start': 16120.955, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 16134.581, 'text': "I'm going to close this, now, with our first cell in the command mode, I'm going to press b, and this inserts a new cell below this cell.", 'start': 16123.916, 'duration': 10.665}, {'end': 16146.171, 'text': 'we can also go back to our first cell, press escape, now the cell is in the command mode, we can insert an empty cell above this cell by pressing a.', 'start': 16135.865, 'duration': 10.306}, {'end': 16149.633, 'text': 'So either a or b, a for above and b for below.', 'start': 16146.171, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 16153.976, 'text': "Now if you don't want this cell you can press d twice to delete it.", 'start': 16150.754, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 16155.297, 'text': 'Like this.', 'start': 16154.976, 'duration': 0.321}, {'end': 16162.601, 'text': "Now in this cell I'm going to print a hello world message, so print hello world.", 'start': 16156.537, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 16165.945, 'text': 'Now to run the code in this cell.', 'start': 16163.584, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 16169.447, 'text': 'we can click on the run button here.', 'start': 16165.945, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 16175.651, 'text': "so here's our print function, and right below that, you can see the output of this function.", 'start': 16169.447, 'duration': 6.204}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates cell manipulation and code execution in jupyter notebook using keyboard shortcuts.', 'duration': 54.696, 'max_score': 16120.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc16120955.jpg'}], 'start': 15016.425, 'title': 'Introduction to python automation and jupiter installation', 'summary': 'Introduces using python for automation, provides a machine learning overview, and demonstrates installing jupyter using anaconda, incorporating popular data science libraries, and analyzing csv data with pandas in jupyter, revealing 16,000 records with 11 columns and basic statistics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 15431.87, 'start': 15016.425, 'title': 'Automating with python: machine learning overview', 'summary': 'Introduces using python to automate repetitive tasks, then provides an overview of machine learning, explaining its applications and the steps involved in a machine learning project, and finally introduces popular python libraries and tools for machine learning.', 'duration': 415.445, 'highlights': ['Machine learning is a technique to solve complex problems by building a model and giving it lots of data to learn patterns, with applications in self-driving cars, robotics, language processing, and more. Machine learning involves building a model and providing it with extensive data to learn patterns, with applications in various fields such as self-driving cars, robotics, language processing, and more.', 'The chapter provides an overview of the steps involved in a machine learning project, including importing and cleaning the data, splitting it for training and testing, selecting an algorithm, building and training the model, making predictions, and evaluating and optimizing the model. The chapter outlines the steps in a machine learning project, such as importing and cleaning data, splitting it for training and testing, selecting an algorithm, building and training the model, making predictions, and evaluating and optimizing the model.', 'Introduces popular Python libraries and tools for machine learning, including NumPy, Pandas, matplotlib, and scikit-learn, and highlights the use of Jupiter for coding in machine learning projects. The chapter introduces popular Python libraries and tools for machine learning, such as NumPy, Pandas, matplotlib, and scikit-learn, and emphasizes the use of Jupiter for coding in machine learning projects.']}, {'end': 15735.569, 'start': 15432.811, 'title': 'Installing jupiter using anaconda', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the installation of jupiter using anaconda, which also includes popular data science libraries like numpy and pandas, and then proceeds to show how to create a python notebook, execute python code, and load a dataset from a csv file in jupyter.', 'duration': 302.758, 'highlights': ['Anaconda automatically installs Jupiter and popular data science libraries like NumPy and Pandas, eliminating the need for manual installation using pip. Anaconda simplifies the installation process by including Jupiter and popular data science libraries like NumPy and Pandas, thus saving time and effort in manual installation.', "Demonstrates how to start the notebook server by typing 'jupyter notebook' in the terminal and explains that it automatically opens a browser window pointing to localhost port 8888, the Jupyter dashboard. The tutorial provides a step-by-step guide on starting the notebook server using the 'jupyter notebook' command and explains the automatic opening of the browser window to the Jupyter dashboard at localhost port 8888.", "Shows how to create a Python notebook, rename it, and execute Python code within the Jupyter environment, providing the example of printing 'Hello World' and visualizing the result within Jupyter. The tutorial covers the creation and renaming of a Python notebook, execution of Python code such as printing 'Hello World', and the visualization of the result within the Jupyter environment, enhancing the understanding of Jupyter's capabilities.", "Guides on downloading a dataset from Kaggle.com, specifically the 'Video Game Sales' dataset, requiring the creation of a Kaggle account, and explains the details of the dataset such as the number of rows, columns, and the first few records. The tutorial provides guidance on downloading the 'Video Game Sales' dataset from Kaggle.com, emphasizing the need to create a Kaggle account and explains the dataset's details including the number of rows, columns, and the first few records, facilitating the understanding of working with external datasets in Jupyter."]}, {'end': 15975.205, 'start': 15735.569, 'title': 'Importing and analyzing csv data in jupyter', 'summary': 'Covers importing a csv file into a jupyter notebook, using pandas to create a data frame, and utilizing the describe method to analyze the data, revealing 16,000 records with 11 columns, including insights into the count, mean, and standard deviation of the columns.', 'duration': 239.636, 'highlights': ['The data frame object returned from importing the CSV contains over 16,000 records and 11 columns, providing a comprehensive data set for analysis.', 'The describe method in pandas provides basic information about each column, such as count, mean, standard deviation, and minimum values, offering valuable insights for data analysis and cleaning.', 'The average year for all the video games in the data set is 2006, which can be crucial for problem-solving in a data science or machine learning project.', 'The chapter emphasizes the convenience of visualizing data in Jupyter, highlighting its superiority over traditional methods like VS code and terminal windows.']}, {'end': 16472.101, 'start': 15975.205, 'title': 'Pandas data frames and jupyter shortcuts', 'summary': 'Introduces pandas data frames, including displaying basic statistics and exploring shortcuts in jupyter notebook, and outlines the steps for a machine learning project, emphasizing the process of importing, cleaning, training, and evaluating a model.', 'duration': 496.896, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces Pandas data frames, including displaying basic statistics such as the describe method to obtain an overview of the data set.', 'It covers the exploration of useful shortcuts in Jupyter notebook, such as switching between edit and command modes, inserting and deleting cells, and running code.', 'It outlines the steps of a machine learning project, emphasizing the process of importing, cleaning, training, and evaluating a model to increase sales through targeted music album recommendations based on user profiles.']}], 'duration': 1455.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc15016425.jpg', 'highlights': ['Introduces popular Python libraries and tools for machine learning, such as NumPy, Pandas, matplotlib, and scikit-learn, and emphasizes the use of Jupiter for coding in machine learning projects.', 'Anaconda simplifies the installation process by including Jupiter and popular data science libraries like NumPy and Pandas, thus saving time and effort in manual installation.', "The tutorial provides a step-by-step guide on starting the notebook server using the 'jupyter notebook' command and explains the automatic opening of the browser window to the Jupyter dashboard at localhost port 8888.", "The tutorial covers the creation and renaming of a Python notebook, execution of Python code such as printing 'Hello World', and the visualization of the result within the Jupyter environment, enhancing the understanding of Jupyter's capabilities.", "The tutorial provides guidance on downloading the 'Video Game Sales' dataset from Kaggle.com, emphasizing the need to create a Kaggle account and explains the dataset's details including the number of rows, columns, and the first few records, facilitating the understanding of working with external datasets in Jupyter.", 'The data frame object returned from importing the CSV contains over 16,000 records and 11 columns, providing a comprehensive data set for analysis.', 'The describe method in pandas provides basic information about each column, such as count, mean, standard deviation, and minimum values, offering valuable insights for data analysis and cleaning.', 'The chapter introduces Pandas data frames, including displaying basic statistics such as the describe method to obtain an overview of the data set.', 'It covers the exploration of useful shortcuts in Jupyter notebook, such as switching between edit and command modes, inserting and deleting cells, and running code.', 'It outlines the steps of a machine learning project, emphasizing the process of importing, cleaning, training, and evaluating a model to increase sales through targeted music album recommendations based on user profiles.']}, {'end': 17873.068, 'segs': [{'end': 16601.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16569.439, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 16570.761, 'text': 'But there is one thing we need to do.', 'start': 16569.439, 'duration': 1.322}, {'end': 16575.51, 'text': 'we should split this data set into two separate data sets.', 'start': 16572.368, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 16583.578, 'text': 'One with the first two columns, which we refer to as the input set, and the other with the last column, which we refer to as the output set.', 'start': 16576.312, 'duration': 7.266}, {'end': 16587.381, 'text': 'So when we train a model, we give it two separate data sets.', 'start': 16584.078, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 16589.642, 'text': 'The input set, and the output set.', 'start': 16587.78, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 16595.386, 'text': 'The output set, which is in this case, the genre column, contains the predictions.', 'start': 16590.163, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 16601.732, 'text': "So we're telling our model that if we have a user who is 20 years old, and is a male, they like hip hop.", 'start': 16595.866, 'duration': 5.866}], 'summary': 'Data set split into input and output sets for model training.', 'duration': 32.293, 'max_score': 16569.439, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc16569438.jpg'}, {'end': 16902.117, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16872.55, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 16879.334, 'text': 'So once again, if you ask our model to predict the kind of music that a 22 year old woman likes, we expect it to say dance.', 'start': 16872.55, 'duration': 6.784}, {'end': 16884.918, 'text': "So, with these assumptions, let's go ahead and ask our model to make predictions.", 'start': 16880.115, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 16893.484, 'text': "So, let's remove the last line, and instead we're going to call model.predict.", 'start': 16885.678, 'duration': 7.806}, {'end': 16897.355, 'text': 'this method takes a two dimensional array.', 'start': 16895.134, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 16902.117, 'text': "So, here's the outer array, in this array, each element is an array.", 'start': 16897.955, 'duration': 4.162}], 'summary': 'Model predicts music preference for 22-year-old woman as dance.', 'duration': 29.567, 'max_score': 16872.55, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc16872550.jpg'}, {'end': 17009.754, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16979.127, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 16982.511, 'text': "In this lecture I'm going to show you how to measure the accuracy of your models.", 'start': 16979.127, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 16989.678, 'text': 'Now in order to do so, first we need to split our data set into two sets, one for training and the other for testing.', 'start': 16983.031, 'duration': 6.647}, {'end': 16997.847, 'text': "Because right now, we're passing the entire data set for training the model, and we're using two samples for making predictions.", 'start': 16990.079, 'duration': 7.768}, {'end': 17001.131, 'text': 'That is not enough to calculate the accuracy of a model.', 'start': 16998.188, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 17009.754, 'text': 'general rule of thumb is to allocate 70 to 80% of our data for training and the other 20 to 30% for testing.', 'start': 17001.771, 'duration': 7.983}], 'summary': 'Split data into 70-80% for training and 20-30% for testing to measure model accuracy.', 'duration': 30.627, 'max_score': 16979.127, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc16979127.jpg'}, {'end': 17204.392, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17122.954, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 17126.696, 'text': 'So that is the data set that contains input values for testing.', 'start': 17122.954, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 17129.055, 'text': 'Now we get the predictions.', 'start': 17127.694, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 17137.52, 'text': 'To calculate the accuracy we simply have to compare these predictions with the actual values we have in our output set for testing.', 'start': 17129.555, 'duration': 7.965}, {'end': 17138.841, 'text': 'That is very easy.', 'start': 17138.121, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 17150.028, 'text': 'First on the top we need to import a function, so from sklearn.metrics import accuracy underscore.', 'start': 17139.402, 'duration': 10.626}, {'end': 17159.971, 'text': 'Now, at the very end, we call this function so accuracy score and arguments.', 'start': 17151.089, 'duration': 8.882}, {'end': 17168.6, 'text': 'y underline test, which contains the expected values, and predictions, which contains the actual values.', 'start': 17159.971, 'duration': 8.629}, {'end': 17173.384, 'text': 'Now this function returns an accuracy score between 0 to 1.', 'start': 17169.38, 'duration': 4.004}, {'end': 17178.927, 'text': 'So we can store it here, and simply display it on the console.', 'start': 17173.384, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 17183.008, 'text': "So let's go ahead and run this program.", 'start': 17179.727, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 17189.769, 'text': "so the accuracy score is 1 or 100%, but if you run this one more time, you're going to see a different result,", 'start': 17183.008, 'duration': 6.761}, {'end': 17195.29, 'text': "because every time we split our data set into training and test sets, we'll have different data sets,", 'start': 17189.769, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 17198.891, 'text': 'because this function randomly picks data for training and testing.', 'start': 17195.29, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 17200.091, 'text': 'Let me show you.', 'start': 17199.611, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 17202.132, 'text': 'So put the cursor in the cell.', 'start': 17200.451, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 17204.392, 'text': 'now you can see this cell is activated.', 'start': 17202.132, 'duration': 2.26}], 'summary': 'Data testing predicts accuracy using sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score.', 'duration': 81.438, 'max_score': 17122.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc17122954.jpg'}, {'end': 17494.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17467.01, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 17473.292, 'text': "Now temporarily I'm going to comment out this line, we don't want to make any predictions, we just want to store our trained model in a file.", 'start': 17467.01, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 17483.634, 'text': "So, let's run the cell with control and slash, okay, look, in the output we have an array that contains the name of our model file.", 'start': 17473.872, 'duration': 9.762}, {'end': 17486.295, 'text': 'So this is the return value of the dump method.', 'start': 17484.154, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 17494.677, 'text': "Now back to our desktop, right next to my notebook you can see our job lib file, this is where our model is stored, it's simply a binary file.", 'start': 17487.495, 'duration': 7.182}], 'summary': 'Storing trained model in a file, resulting in a job lib binary file.', 'duration': 27.667, 'max_score': 17467.01, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc17467010.jpg'}], 'start': 16472.462, 'title': 'Machine learning basics', 'summary': 'Covers machine learning data preparation, including importing, inspecting, cleaning, and splitting data, making predictions, measuring model accuracy with a 70-80% training and 20-30% testing split, demonstrating the impact of data size on accuracy, and persisting and loading models using joblib in python.', 'chapters': [{'end': 16819.133, 'start': 16472.462, 'title': 'Machine learning data preparation', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of preparing data for a machine learning project, including steps such as importing a csv file, inspecting and cleaning the data, and splitting it into input and output sets for training a model using the decision tree algorithm from scikit-learn.', 'duration': 346.671, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the process of preparing data for a machine learning project. It encompasses tasks such as importing a CSV file, inspecting and cleaning the data, and splitting it into input and output sets for training a model.', 'The decision tree algorithm from scikit-learn is used for building a model. The scikit-learn library is utilized for implementing the decision tree algorithm, which is a popular machine learning algorithm in Python.', 'No cleaning is required for the particular dataset as it has no duplicates and null values. The dataset is confirmed to have no duplicates or null values, eliminating the need for cleaning tasks such as removing duplicates and handling null values.', 'The data set is split into two separate sets: input set and output set for training the model. The process involves separating the dataset into an input set and an output set, with the input set containing columns for age and gender, and the output set containing predictions or answers.', 'The model is trained by calling the method with the input set and the output set. The training process involves calling a method with the input set and the output set to enable the model to learn patterns in the data.']}, {'end': 17183.008, 'start': 16819.713, 'title': 'Making predictions and measuring model accuracy', 'summary': "Discusses making predictions using a model and highlights the importance of measuring model accuracy, including the process of splitting the dataset for training and testing, allocating 70-80% for training and 20-30% for testing, and using the accuracy score to assess the model's performance.", 'duration': 363.295, 'highlights': ["The model successfully predicts that a 21-year-old male likes hip hop and a 22-year-old female likes dance music. The model's accurate predictions for the music preferences of a 21-year-old male and a 22-year-old female demonstrate its effectiveness, providing specific examples of successful predictions.", 'The process of splitting the dataset into training and testing sets involves allocating 70-80% for training and 20-30% for testing. The importance of splitting the dataset into training and testing sets is emphasized, with a specific allocation recommendation of 70-80% for training and 20-30% for testing.', "The accuracy score, ranging from 0 to 1, is used to assess the model's performance, with higher scores indicating greater accuracy. The method of using the accuracy score to evaluate the model's performance is explained, with a clear understanding that higher scores reflect better accuracy."]}, {'end': 17410.788, 'start': 17183.008, 'title': 'Model training and data size', 'summary': 'Explains the impact of data size on model accuracy, demonstrating the variability in accuracy scores when changing the test size, and highlighting the importance of sufficient and clean data for better model performance in machine learning.', 'duration': 227.78, 'highlights': ['The accuracy score is affected by changing the test size, dropping from 100% to 40% when the test size is increased from 0.2 to 0.8. The accuracy drops from 100% to 40% when the test size is increased from 0.2 to 0.8, indicating the impact of data size on model accuracy.', 'The importance of data size is emphasized, with the mention of machine learning problems requiring thousands or millions of samples for model training, and the need for more data in complex problems. Machine learning problems may require thousands or millions of samples for model training, emphasizing the significance of data size, especially in complex problems.', 'The significance of clean data is highlighted, emphasizing the impact of duplicates, irrelevant data, or incomplete values on model performance, and the importance of data cleaning before model training. The impact of duplicates, irrelevant data, or incomplete values on model performance is emphasized, highlighting the importance of data cleaning before model training.']}, {'end': 17873.068, 'start': 17411.468, 'title': 'Persisting and loading models', 'summary': "Describes how to persist and load machine learning models using joblib in python, and how to export and visualize decision tree models, providing insights into the process of making predictions and understanding the model's behavior.", 'duration': 461.6, 'highlights': ['The chapter describes how to persist and load machine learning models using joblib in Python, and how to export and visualize decision tree models. It provides a practical guide on persisting and loading machine learning models using joblib and exporting decision tree models for visualization.', "The process of making predictions and understanding the model's behavior is explained through the visualization of the decision tree model. It offers insights into the decision-making process of the model through the visualization of the decision tree, showcasing how conditions and classifications are determined based on user profiles.", 'The method for exporting decision tree models is demonstrated using the tree.export_graphviz() method, with a detailed explanation of the parameters required for visualization. It provides a step-by-step demonstration of using the tree.export_graphviz() method to export decision tree models, including an explanation of the necessary parameters for visualization.']}], 'duration': 1400.606, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc16472462.jpg', 'highlights': ["The model's accurate predictions for the music preferences of a 21-year-old male and a 22-year-old female demonstrate its effectiveness, providing specific examples of successful predictions.", 'The process of splitting the dataset into training and testing sets involves allocating 70-80% for training and 20-30% for testing, emphasizing the importance of this step.', 'The accuracy drops from 100% to 40% when the test size is increased from 0.2 to 0.8, indicating the impact of data size on model accuracy.', 'Machine learning problems may require thousands or millions of samples for model training, emphasizing the significance of data size, especially in complex problems.', 'The impact of duplicates, irrelevant data, or incomplete values on model performance is emphasized, highlighting the importance of data cleaning before model training.', 'It provides a practical guide on persisting and loading machine learning models using joblib and exporting decision tree models for visualization.', 'It offers insights into the decision-making process of the model through the visualization of the decision tree, showcasing how conditions and classifications are determined based on user profiles.', 'It provides a step-by-step demonstration of using the tree.export_graphviz() method to export decision tree models, including an explanation of the necessary parameters for visualization.']}, {'end': 19525.365, 'segs': [{'end': 17919.874, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17894.084, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 17899.127, 'text': 'Also, the more columns or more features we have, our decision tree is going to get more complex.', 'start': 17894.084, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 17902.268, 'text': 'Currently we have only two features, age and gender.', 'start': 17899.527, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 17906.524, 'text': 'Now back to our code, let me quickly explain the meaning of all these parameters.', 'start': 17903.322, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 17910.888, 'text': 'We set filled to true, so each box or each node is filled with a color.', 'start': 17907.085, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 17914.811, 'text': 'We set rounded to true, so they have rounded corners.', 'start': 17911.548, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 17919.874, 'text': 'We set label to all, so every node has labels that we can read.', 'start': 17916.052, 'duration': 3.822}], 'summary': 'Decision tree complexity increases with more features. parameters set for node appearance.', 'duration': 25.79, 'max_score': 17894.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc17894084.jpg'}, {'end': 18028.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18001.187, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 18005.03, 'text': 'Well, a framework is essentially a library of reusable modules.', 'start': 18001.187, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 18008.112, 'text': 'these modules provide functionality for common tasks.', 'start': 18005.03, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 18016.257, 'text': 'for example, in case of a web framework like Django, we have modules to work with HTTP requests, URLs, sessions, cookies and so on.', 'start': 18008.112, 'duration': 8.145}, {'end': 18020.9, 'text': 'These are the concerns of pretty much every website or web application out there.', 'start': 18016.577, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 18025.903, 'text': "So all this functionality is already baked into Django, we don't have to code it from scratch.", 'start': 18021.46, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 18028.305, 'text': 'That is why we use a framework like Django.', 'start': 18026.363, 'duration': 1.942}], 'summary': 'Frameworks provide reusable modules for common web tasks, like django for http, urls, sessions, and cookies.', 'duration': 27.118, 'max_score': 18001.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc18001187.jpg'}, {'end': 18340.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18313.718, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 18317.781, 'text': 'forward slash 127.0.0.1.', 'start': 18313.718, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 18320.042, 'text': 'that is the address of your current machine.', 'start': 18317.781, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 18322.865, 'text': 'now note that after this, we have colon 8000.', 'start': 18320.042, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 18326.607, 'text': 'unfortunately, the link below this address has a problem.', 'start': 18322.865, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 18328.309, 'text': 'as you can see, the port is excluded.', 'start': 18326.607, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 18334.155, 'text': 'So if we click this, it opens up our web browser and points it to this address.', 'start': 18328.789, 'duration': 5.366}, {'end': 18335.476, 'text': "So we don't have the port number.", 'start': 18334.375, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 18340.602, 'text': "Let's add colon 8000 at the end, and here's our first Django website.", 'start': 18336.017, 'duration': 4.585}], 'summary': 'The current machine address is 127.0.0.1, and adding port 8000 leads to the first django website.', 'duration': 26.884, 'max_score': 18313.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc18313718.jpg'}, {'end': 19211.09, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19176.187, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 19178.848, 'text': 'Once you understand the concept, it becomes really easy.', 'start': 19176.187, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 19187.874, 'text': 'So, basically, because we created a new app, the products app, only once ever, we need to write this line of code to tell Django that hey,', 'start': 19179.548, 'duration': 8.326}, {'end': 19193.578, 'text': 'any URLs that start with products slash, send them to the URLs module in the products app.', 'start': 19187.874, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 19195.899, 'text': 'So we write this line of code only once.', 'start': 19194.258, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 19197.521, 'text': 'Anytime in the future.', 'start': 19196.7, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 19199.882, 'text': 'we want to define a new view function.', 'start': 19197.521, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 19201.583, 'text': 'first we go to the views module,', 'start': 19199.882, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 19211.09, 'text': 'we create a new function and then we go to the URLs module in that app and define a new URL pattern to map that view function to a URL endpoint.', 'start': 19201.583, 'duration': 9.507}], 'summary': 'Creating a new app requires only one line of code, simplifying the process for future url mapping.', 'duration': 34.903, 'max_score': 19176.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19176187.jpg'}, {'end': 19267.053, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19239.289, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 19244.091, 'text': 'As soon as we define a new URL pattern and register it in our project, that homepage disappears.', 'start': 19239.289, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 19248.893, 'text': "But don't worry, we're going to come back and create a new function for our homepage later in the course.", 'start': 19244.431, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 19251.171, 'text': 'Now here is your exercise.', 'start': 19250.25, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 19261.125, 'text': "I want you to modify this Django project such that when we navigate to products slash new, we'll see a page here with some text like new products.", 'start': 19251.592, 'duration': 9.533}, {'end': 19267.053, 'text': 'I strongly encourage you to do this exercise because it makes it really easy for you to follow the future tutorials.', 'start': 19261.746, 'duration': 5.307}], 'summary': "Registering a new url pattern removes homepage; exercise to create new function for homepage and modify project to display 'new products' at /products/new.", 'duration': 27.764, 'max_score': 19239.289, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19239289.jpg'}], 'start': 17873.976, 'title': 'Decision tree in machine learning, django, and url mapping', 'summary': 'Introduces decision tree model in machine learning, django web framework, and url mapping. it explains decision tree predictions, django app creation, and url mapping with view functions and model creation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 17952.749, 'start': 17873.976, 'title': 'Decision tree in machine learning', 'summary': 'Introduces the decision tree model in machine learning, explaining how it makes predictions based on data patterns and the impact of adding more features. it also covers the parameters used in the code and encourages the application of learned concepts to solve various problems, inviting the audience to share their ideas for machine learning applications.', 'duration': 78.773, 'highlights': ['Explaining the impact of adding more features to the decision tree, which leads to increased complexity.', 'Detailing the parameters used in the code such as filled, rounded, label, class names, and feature names, which affect the visualization and understanding of the decision tree.', 'Emphasizing the application of learned materials to solve diverse problems and inviting the audience to share their ideas for machine learning applications.']}, {'end': 18335.476, 'start': 17953.529, 'title': 'Building web applications with django', 'summary': 'Introduces django, a web framework for building fast, scalable, and secure websites, and demonstrates the creation of a django project using python and pycharm, including the installation of django, project structure, and starting a development web server.', 'duration': 381.947, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces Django as a web framework for fast, scalable, and secure websites, highlighting popular websites built with Django such as Instagram, Spotify, and YouTube. Django is presented as a solution for building fast, scalable, and secure websites, and examples of popular websites like Instagram, Spotify, and YouTube are mentioned as being built with Django.', "The tutorial demonstrates the creation of a Django project called 'pi shop' using Python and PyCharm, including the installation of Django version 2.1. The tutorial walks through the process of creating a Django project called 'pi shop' using Python and PyCharm, specifying the installation of Django version 2.1 for compatibility.", "The creation of the Django project is explained, including the project structure, the purpose of 'manage.py' for managing the project, and starting a development web server. An explanation is provided on the creation of the Django project, the project structure, the role of 'manage.py' in managing the project, and the process of starting a development web server."]}, {'end': 18647.9, 'start': 18336.017, 'title': 'Creating django apps', 'summary': 'Discusses creating multiple django apps to represent small functional areas, like product management, order management, and customer management, and explains how each app can be reused across different django projects.', 'duration': 311.883, 'highlights': ['Each app in a Django project is focused on one functional area, such as product management, order management, and customer management. The chapter explains that different functional areas like product management, order management, and customer management are represented by individual apps in a Django project.', 'Apps in Django projects can be reused across different projects and published to PyPI for others to reuse. The tutorial emphasizes that Django apps can be reused across different projects and can be published to PyPI for others to reuse, reducing the need to build similar functionality from scratch.', 'The views module in Django defines what the user should see when navigating to a certain page. It is explained that the views module in Django is used to define the user interface and the content that should be displayed when navigating to a specific page.']}, {'end': 19525.365, 'start': 18650.598, 'title': 'Django views and url mapping', 'summary': 'Covers the creation of django views and url mapping, including defining view functions and mapping them to url endpoints using the path function, as well as creating a model for an online shop in a django project.', 'duration': 874.767, 'highlights': ["Django view function 'index' is created to return plain text 'hello world' to the browser when the user navigates to '/products'. A view function 'index' is defined to return 'hello world' as an HTTP response when the user navigates to '/products'.", "The 'urls.py' file is added to the products app to map URLs to view functions, following Django's conventions. The 'urls.py' file is added to the products app to map URLs to view functions, adhering to Django's conventions for structuring the project.", "The 'include' function is used to delegate URL handling to the 'urls.py' module in the products app from the parent 'urls.py' file. The 'include' function is employed to delegate URL handling to the 'urls.py' module in the products app from the parent 'urls.py' file, ensuring proper routing within the Django project.", "A new view function 'new' is defined to return an HTTP response with the text 'new products' when the user navigates to '/products/new'. A new view function 'new' is created to return the text 'new products' as an HTTP response when the user navigates to '/products/new', facilitating the addition of a new URL endpoint.", "A model class 'Product' is created in the 'models.py' file for representing products in an online shop, with attributes such as name, price, stock, and image URL. A model class 'Product' is established in the 'models.py' file to represent products in an online shop, featuring attributes like name, price, stock, and image URL for database storage and retrieval."]}], 'duration': 1651.389, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc17873976.jpg', 'highlights': ["The creation of the Django project is explained, including the project structure, the purpose of 'manage.py' for managing the project, and starting a development web server.", 'Each app in a Django project is focused on one functional area, such as product management, order management, and customer management.', "The 'include' function is used to delegate URL handling to the 'urls.py' module in the products app from the parent 'urls.py' file.", "A model class 'Product' is created in the 'models.py' file for representing products in an online shop, with attributes such as name, price, stock, and image URL.", "The tutorial demonstrates the creation of a Django project called 'pi shop' using Python and PyCharm, including the installation of Django version 2.1."]}, {'end': 20308.292, 'segs': [{'end': 19731.346, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19708.836, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 19719.864, 'text': "So let's open this and scroll down On line 33, you can see a variable called installed apps set to a list of strings.", 'start': 19708.836, 'duration': 11.028}, {'end': 19725.025, 'text': 'These are applications or apps that are automatically installed with every Django project.', 'start': 19720.484, 'duration': 4.541}, {'end': 19729.926, 'text': 'For example, we have this admin app, which gives us a beautiful administrative panel.', 'start': 19725.445, 'duration': 4.481}, {'end': 19731.346, 'text': "You're going to work with it soon.", 'start': 19730.246, 'duration': 1.1}], 'summary': 'Django project has installed apps list including admin app for administrative panel.', 'duration': 22.51, 'max_score': 19708.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19708836.jpg'}, {'end': 19802.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19775.967, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 19782.737, 'text': 'Now we need to go back to our settings module and add the complete path to this class, including its package and module.', 'start': 19775.967, 'duration': 6.77}, {'end': 19790.007, 'text': 'So this class is defined in the apps module, and this module is inside of the products package.', 'start': 19783.358, 'duration': 6.649}, {'end': 19792.01, 'text': 'So back to the settings file.', 'start': 19790.788, 'duration': 1.222}, {'end': 19802.963, 'text': "In the list of installed apps, we need to type out a string like this products, that's our package, dot apps, that's our module,", 'start': 19793.874, 'duration': 9.089}], 'summary': 'Add complete path to class in settings: products.apps', 'duration': 26.996, 'max_score': 19775.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19775967.jpg'}, {'end': 20317.585, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20292.401, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 20297.305, 'text': "note that it complains because this password is too short, it's too common and it's entirely numeric.", 'start': 20292.401, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 20301.508, 'text': 'So at the end it asks if you want to bypass password validation.', 'start': 20298.005, 'duration': 3.503}, {'end': 20308.292, 'text': "For simplicity let's go with that, but of course in a real scenario you don't want to create an admin user with such a simple password.", 'start': 20301.908, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 20317.585, 'text': "Alright, we successfully created the super user, Now back in the browser, let's log in with admin, and 1, 2, 3, 4, there you go.", 'start': 20309.173, 'duration': 8.412}], 'summary': 'Password validation prompts bypass, admin user created with simple password.', 'duration': 25.184, 'max_score': 20292.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20292401.jpg'}], 'start': 19532.148, 'title': 'Django database management', 'summary': 'Covers creating a database table using django, adhering to pep 8 standards, and registering the products app. it also explains the process of creating database migrations, including creating a new table, running migrations, and utilizing the administrative panel, with a detailed highlight on creating a new model class called offer, creating a migration, and refreshing the database.', 'chapters': [{'end': 19830.568, 'start': 19532.148, 'title': 'Creating database table using django', 'summary': 'Explains how to format code according to pep 8 standards and use django to create a database table for storing products in sqlite, and how to register the products app in the django project settings.', 'duration': 298.42, 'highlights': ['Django supports multiple database engines such as SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and Postgres. Django supports multiple database engines such as SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and Postgres, making it suitable for different enterprise web applications.', 'SQLite is recommended for small applications, while proper database engines are suggested for large enterprise web applications. SQLite is recommended for small applications, while proper database engines like SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and Postgres are suggested for large enterprise web applications.', 'Instructions on registering the products app in the Django project settings by adding the complete path to the products config class. The instructions include adding the complete path to the products config class in the Django project settings to register the products app.']}, {'end': 20308.292, 'start': 19830.568, 'title': 'Django database migrations', 'summary': 'Explains the process of creating database migrations in django, including the creation of a new table, running migrations, and utilizing the administrative panel, with a detailed highlight on creating a new model class called offer, creating a migration, and refreshing the database.', 'duration': 477.724, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the process of creating database migrations in Django, including the creation of a new table, running migrations, and utilizing the administrative panel. It details the steps involved in creating database migrations in Django, which includes creating a new table, running migrations, and utilizing the administrative panel for increased productivity.', 'Creating a new model class called offer, creating a migration, and refreshing the database. The detailed process of creating a new model class called offer, creating a migration, and refreshing the database, which involves defining attributes such as code, description, and discount, creating a migration, and refreshing the database to reflect the changes.']}], 'duration': 776.144, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc19532148.jpg', 'highlights': ['Django supports multiple database engines such as SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and Postgres, making it suitable for different enterprise web applications.', 'SQLite is recommended for small applications, while proper database engines like SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and Postgres are suggested for large enterprise web applications.', 'Instructions on registering the products app in the Django project settings by adding the complete path to the products config class.', 'The chapter explains the process of creating database migrations in Django, including the creation of a new table, running migrations, and utilizing the administrative panel.', 'Creating a new model class called offer, creating a migration, and refreshing the database, which involves defining attributes such as code, description, and discount.']}, {'end': 22439.826, 'segs': [{'end': 20399.354, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20375.658, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 20381.999, 'text': 'so far we can only manage the users and groups, but using one line of code we can also manage our products.', 'start': 20375.658, 'duration': 6.341}, {'end': 20385.941, 'text': "let me show you, Let's expand our products app.", 'start': 20381.999, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 20392.407, 'text': 'inside of this app we have this module, admin, and in this module we register the models that we need to manage in the admin section.', 'start': 20385.941, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 20399.354, 'text': "So, let's open this module, now on the top, first we need to import our product model.", 'start': 20393.088, 'duration': 6.266}], 'summary': 'Code can now manage users, groups, and products with one line.', 'duration': 23.696, 'max_score': 20375.658, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20375658.jpg'}, {'end': 20518.252, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20489.29, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 20496.82, 'text': "call that orange, let's say 1.99 each and set the stock to 50..", 'start': 20489.29, 'duration': 7.53}, {'end': 20498.081, 'text': 'Now we need an image URL.', 'start': 20496.82, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 20502.446, 'text': 'So open up a new tab here, and in Google search for orange.', 'start': 20498.482, 'duration': 3.964}, {'end': 20512.731, 'text': 'then go to images, click on tools, from the user rates menu, select for labeled for reuse.', 'start': 20504.389, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 20515.471, 'text': "This way we don't have problem with copyright issues.", 'start': 20513.111, 'duration': 2.36}, {'end': 20518.252, 'text': 'So these are the free images that we can use in our application.', 'start': 20515.931, 'duration': 2.321}], 'summary': 'Orange priced at 1.99 each, stock set to 50. searched for free images for application.', 'duration': 28.962, 'max_score': 20489.29, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20489290.jpg'}, {'end': 20862.455, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20838.411, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 20844.958, 'text': 'now, if you go back to the admin area and refresh the home page, we see the offers link here beautiful.', 'start': 20838.411, 'duration': 6.547}, {'end': 20848.822, 'text': "currently we don't have any offers, so let's go ahead and add a new offer.", 'start': 20844.958, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 20856.55, 'text': "i'm going to use a code like vca 1010, let's say 10 off all products and discount.", 'start': 20848.822, 'duration': 7.728}, {'end': 20859.173, 'text': "i'm going to set this to 0.1.", 'start': 20856.55, 'duration': 2.623}, {'end': 20862.455, 'text': 'Now, technically, in a real application, this code should be unique.', 'start': 20859.173, 'duration': 3.282}], 'summary': "Adding a new offer 'vca 1010' with a 10% discount for all products.", 'duration': 24.044, 'max_score': 20838.411, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20838411.jpg'}, {'end': 20939.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20910.58, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 20915.104, 'text': 'Django takes that request and hands it off to this function, the index function.', 'start': 20910.58, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 20920.228, 'text': "Now here we're simply returning a hello world message, we want to replace this with a list of products in our database.", 'start': 20915.124, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 20927.314, 'text': 'So the first step is to get the products stored in the database, and then we need to format them using some HTML template.', 'start': 20920.888, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 20934.201, 'text': "So let's go ahead and On the top, import our product class from the models module.", 'start': 20928.014, 'duration': 6.187}, {'end': 20939.148, 'text': 'So, from period models, import product.', 'start': 20934.702, 'duration': 4.446}], 'summary': 'Django index function to display list of products from database.', 'duration': 28.568, 'max_score': 20910.58, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20910580.jpg'}, {'end': 21035.4, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21009.671, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 21014.554, 'text': "So let's go ahead with that, now we want to create a template for the index function.", 'start': 21009.671, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 21021.98, 'text': "So inside of this folder, let's add a new file, and call that file index.html.", 'start': 21015.015, 'duration': 6.965}, {'end': 21031.477, 'text': "Now here we can write some HTML code, if you're not familiar with HTML, don't worry, just follow along with me, it's super easy to learn.", 'start': 21025.233, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 21035.4, 'text': "So first let's type h1, and then press tab.", 'start': 21032.238, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Creating a template for index function, adding index.html file with html code.', 'duration': 25.729, 'max_score': 21009.671, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc21009671.jpg'}, {'end': 21201.676, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21175.975, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 21181.74, 'text': 'So let me break up what we have on line 8 over multiple lines so we can see it clearly.', 'start': 21175.975, 'duration': 5.765}, {'end': 21186.364, 'text': 'Recalling the render function with three arguments the request object,', 'start': 21182.641, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 21192.068, 'text': 'the name of our template and a dictionary that contains the data to be passed to this template.', 'start': 21186.364, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 21200.655, 'text': "And finally we're going to go to this template index.html, and replace these items with our products.", 'start': 21192.949, 'duration': 7.706}, {'end': 21201.676, 'text': 'That is very easy.', 'start': 21201.036, 'duration': 0.64}], 'summary': 'Breaking down the render function with three arguments, request object, template name, and data dictionary, to be passed to index.html for product replacement.', 'duration': 25.701, 'max_score': 21175.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc21175975.jpg'}, {'end': 21332.764, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21305.425, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 21312.852, 'text': 'So, right after this for loop, once again we add curly braces, a percent, and type out and four.', 'start': 21305.425, 'duration': 7.427}, {'end': 21315.234, 'text': 'And then we close it here.', 'start': 21313.913, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 21318.697, 'text': "Now we no longer need these items here, so let's delete them.", 'start': 21316.215, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 21321.7, 'text': "Now back to the browser, let's refresh our page.", 'start': 21319.538, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 21327.702, 'text': 'So instead of item 1, 2, 3, we see the name of the products stored in our database.', 'start': 21323.26, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 21332.764, 'text': "Now let's take this to the next level by displaying the price of each product right next to it.", 'start': 21328.582, 'duration': 4.182}], 'summary': 'Add product names to webpage and display prices next to them.', 'duration': 27.339, 'max_score': 21305.425, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc21305425.jpg'}], 'start': 20309.173, 'title': 'Django web development', 'summary': 'Covers django admin panel customization, managing the panel, creating html templates, dynamic rendering, using the bootstrap framework, and improving web pages, focusing on extensibility, dynamic display, and responsive design.', 'chapters': [{'end': 20614.487, 'start': 20309.173, 'title': 'Django admin panel customization', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the creation of a super user and the customization of the django admin panel, enabling the management of users, groups, and products with a focus on the extensibility of the admin app and the automatic generation of forms and tables.', 'duration': 305.314, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the creation of a super user and the customization of the Django admin panel. The tutorial showcases the successful creation of a super user and the subsequent customization of the Django admin panel for managing users, groups, and products.', 'The admin panel enables the management of users, groups, and products with a focus on the extensibility of the admin app. The admin panel facilitates the management of users, groups, and products, showcasing the extensibility of the admin app, allowing for easy addition and modification of functionalities.', 'Automatic generation of forms and tables. The Django framework automatically generates forms and tables for managing products, providing a seamless user interface without the need for manual coding.']}, {'end': 20986.73, 'start': 20615.547, 'title': 'Managing django admin panel', 'summary': 'Explains how to customize the display of a django admin panel, add products to the panel, manage offers, and prepare to display products for public users.', 'duration': 371.183, 'highlights': ['The product class attributes name, price, and stock are added to the products table for display. The product class has attributes name, price, stock, and image URL, with the latter not to be displayed in the table. The attributes name, price, and stock are added to the products table. Currently, there are two products in the table.', 'Viewers are instructed to pause the video and add 5 to 10 products to the database for the upcoming tutorial on displaying the products to public users. Viewers are encouraged to pause the video and add 5 to 10 products to the database for the next tutorial, which will demonstrate how to display these products to public users.', 'Instructions are given for adding the ability to manage offers, specifying the columns code and discount in the offers table. Instructions are provided for adding the ability to manage offers, specifying the columns code and discount in the offers table in the admin area.', "The process of replacing the 'hello world' message with a list of products in the database is explained, involving importing the product class, retrieving products, and formatting them using an HTML template. The process of replacing the 'hello world' message with a list of products in the database is explained, involving importing the product class, retrieving products, and formatting them using an HTML template."]}, {'end': 21175.195, 'start': 20986.73, 'title': 'Creating html template for product list', 'summary': "Explains the process of creating an html template for presenting a list of products to the user, including adding the 'templates' directory, creating an index.html file, and rendering the template with product data.", 'duration': 188.465, 'highlights': ["Creating HTML template for presenting a list of products to the user The chapter focuses on creating an HTML template for displaying a list of products to the user, emphasizing the importance of properly spelling the 'templates' directory in Django.", 'Rendering the template with product data The process involves changing the return statement in the index function to call the render function, where the template and the list of products loaded from the database are passed as arguments.', 'Utilizing h1, ul, and li HTML tags for displaying content The tutorial explains the usage of h1 for displaying a bold heading, ul for displaying a list of items, and li for surrounding each item within the list.']}, {'end': 21444.227, 'start': 21175.975, 'title': 'Django template dynamic rendering', 'summary': 'Explains how to use template tags and double curly braces in django templates to dynamically execute logic and render values in html markup, resulting in the dynamic display of product names and prices stored in a database, setting the stage for the transformation of bullet points into modern cards.', 'duration': 268.252, 'highlights': ['The use of template tags and double curly braces in Django templates allows for the dynamic execution of logic and rendering of values in HTML markup, enabling the dynamic display of product names and prices stored in a database (e.g., looping over products and rendering their names and prices).', 'The next tutorial will demonstrate the transformation of the unappealing list of bullet points into modern cards, displaying product images, titles, prices, and potentially a button to add products to a shopping cart.']}, {'end': 21830.972, 'start': 21444.946, 'title': 'Using bootstrap framework for web development', 'summary': "Explains how to integrate the popular bootstrap framework into web applications, create a base template 'base.html', and render dynamic content using template tags, resulting in a modern and responsive design. it also demonstrates how to display responsive cards on the products page, with one card per row on mobile devices and multiple cards on larger screens.", 'duration': 386.026, 'highlights': ["Integrating Bootstrap framework and creating a base template 'base.html' The process involves copying the starter template from getbootstrap.com, creating a new html file 'base.html' in the templates folder, and using template tags in Django to define a content block for rendering dynamic content.", "Rendering dynamic content using template tags and extending base template The tutorial explains the use of template tags such as 'block' and 'extends' to define content areas and extend the base template. This results in a modern look and feel for the web applications.", "Displaying responsive cards on the products page The tutorial demonstrates the use of Bootstrap cards and the 'row' and 'col' classes to create a responsive layout, with one card per row on mobile devices and multiple cards on larger screens."]}, {'end': 22439.826, 'start': 21832.611, 'title': 'Improving web page with django', 'summary': 'Discusses improving a web page using django, including adding a navigation bar, reusing templates across multiple apps, and adding padding to the content area, resulting in a more visually appealing and reusable web page with improved user experience.', 'duration': 607.215, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the process of adding a navigation bar to the web page, which involves referencing the Bootstrap documentation and implementing the navbar component, resulting in a visually appealing and user-friendly navigation feature.', "The transcript details the reorganization of the project's template structure, moving the base template to a central location outside the app-specific templates folder, ensuring reusability across multiple apps, leading to a more efficient and scalable project structure.", "The tutorial demonstrates the addition of padding to the content area by enclosing the content block within a 'div' with the class 'container', utilizing Bootstrap's predefined class to create a visually pleasing and well-structured layout for the web page."]}], 'duration': 2130.653, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/_uQrJ0TkZlc/pics/_uQrJ0TkZlc20309173.jpg', 'highlights': ['The admin panel facilitates the management of users, groups, and products, showcasing the extensibility of the admin app, allowing for easy addition and modification of functionalities.', 'The tutorial demonstrates the creation of a super user and the subsequent customization of the Django admin panel for managing users, groups, and products.', "The process of replacing the 'hello world' message with a list of products in the database is explained, involving importing the product class, retrieving products, and formatting them using an HTML template.", 'The use of template tags and double curly braces in Django templates allows for the dynamic execution of logic and rendering of values in HTML markup, enabling the dynamic display of product names and prices stored in a database.', "The tutorial demonstrates the use of Bootstrap cards and the 'row' and 'col' classes to create a responsive layout, with one card per row on mobile devices and multiple cards on larger screens.", "The tutorial explains the use of template tags such as 'block' and 'extends' to define content areas and extend the base template. This results in a modern look and feel for the web applications.", "The process involves copying the starter template from getbootstrap.com, creating a new html file 'base.html' in the templates folder, and using template tags in Django to define a content block for rendering dynamic content.", "The chapter focuses on creating an HTML template for displaying a list of products to the user, emphasizing the importance of properly spelling the 'templates' directory in Django."]}], 'highlights': ['The course covers core Python concepts and includes building three Python projects, such as creating a website for an imaginary grocery store and using Python in machine learning or artificial intelligence.', 'Python is popular for automation, and the course focuses on teaching how to use Python to automate boring, repetitive tasks, processing thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.', 'The instructor, Mosh, is a software engineer with two decades of experience and has taught over 3 million people how to code, targeting beginners and assuring them that Python is super easy to learn.', 'The chapter discusses the timeline and steps to become job-ready with Python, emphasizing the commitment of two hours daily resulting in basic proficiency in three months, specialized skills in nine to twelve months, and a potential salary of $50,000 to $60,000 as a junior developer, with the possibility of earning $100,000 to $120,000 as experience grows.', "The chapter introduces the concept of variables, highlighting their fundamental role in programming and their usage in temporarily storing data in a computer's memory. It also provides a simplified explanation and a practical example of defining variables in Python.", 'The chapter introduces the concept of integers, floats, strings, booleans, and input functions in Python. It explains the different data types in Python, including integers, floats, strings, and booleans, and highlights the use of input functions for user interaction.', "The chapter introduces a Python tutorial for creating a program that calculates a person's age based on the birth year input and prints it on the terminal.", 'Python strings can be defined using both single and double quotes, with specific cases requiring a specific form to avoid issues.', 'The chapter covers the usage of formatted strings in Python, illustrating their benefits in visualizing output.', 'The chapter covers the fundamentals of working with lists in Python, including accessing elements by index, using negative indexing, selecting a range of items, modifying list elements, and finding the largest number in a list.', 'The concept of nested loops in Python is introduced, which involves adding one loop inside another loop and provides an example of how nested loops can be used to generate a list of coordinates.', 'The range function in Python is used to create a range of numbers, which can be iterated over, for example, when given the number 10, it generates numbers from 0 to 9, excluding 10.', 'Explaining for loops for iterating over items in Python The chapter explains how for loops are used in Python to iterate over items in a collection, such as a string or list, to perform a specific task, demonstrated with examples of iterating over a string and a list.', 'The chapter thoroughly explains the various operations that can be performed on a Python list, providing a comprehensive understanding of list methods.', "Dictionaries serve to store key-value pairs, exemplified by a customer's attributes like name, email, and phone number, where keys must be unique, and values can be of any type.", 'Functions are containers for specific tasks, helping to organize code into smaller and reusable chunks, improving organization and reusability.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of function responsibility and reusability, stating that each function should be responsible for one and only one task, and that task should be clearly explained in the function name.', 'Handling exceptions using try-except blocks and the importance of anticipating and properly handling exceptions in programs.', 'Introduction to classes in Python and their importance in defining new types to model real concepts, such as points or shopping carts.', 'Objects are instances based on the blueprint defined by classes and can have methods and attributes, such as the draw and move methods, and x and y attributes.', 'Inheritance is a mechanism for reusing code and is not limited to Python; most languages supporting classes also support inheritance.', 'Modules in Python help organize code into separate files, enabling better code organization and structure, and facilitating code reusability.', 'Packages in Python provide a better way to organize code, preventing the directory from getting cluttered with numerous files, and a package serves as a container for multiple modules.', 'The random module in Python allows for the generation of random values and the picking of items from a list, showcasing its versatility and wide range of applications.', 'The tutorial offers a glimpse of upcoming content in the complete Python course, including accessing information from Yelp.com, web scraping techniques, and browser automation, showcasing the potential for learning advanced Python functionalities and practical applications.', 'The program identifies the number of rows in the spreadsheet, which is 4, and iterates through each row to manipulate the data.', 'The chapter covers the exploration of useful shortcuts in Jupyter notebook, such as switching between edit and command modes, inserting and deleting cells, and running code.', "The process involves copying the starter template from getbootstrap.com, creating a new html file 'base.html' in the templates folder, and using template tags in Django to define a content block for rendering dynamic content.", "The chapter focuses on creating an HTML template for displaying a list of products to the user, emphasizing the importance of properly spelling the 'templates' directory in Django."]}