title
Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions | Software Testing Interview Preparation | Edureka

description
🔥 Test Automation Masters Program (Use Code "𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐔𝐁𝐄𝟐𝟎"): https://www.edureka.co/masters-program/automation-testing-engineer-training This Edureka video on "Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers" will help you to prepare yourself for Software Testing Interviews based on manual testing. It covers manual testing interview questions for beginners, intermediate and experienced professionals. Below topics are covered in this video: Top 50 manual testing interview questions 1. Beginners level questions 2. Intermediate level questions 3. Advance level questions Selenium playlist: https://goo.gl/NmuzXE Selenium Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2B7C3QR Software Testing Blog playlist: http://bit.ly/2UXwdJm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Join Edureka’s Meetup community and never miss any event – YouTube Live, Webinars, Workshops etc. https://bit.ly/2EfTXS1 Subscribe to our channel to get video updates. Hit the subscribe button above: https://goo.gl/6ohpTV SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/edurekaIN Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About the Course Edureka’s Test Automation Masters online training is designed to help you achieve success in optimizing your test automation strategies and methodology. You will learn how to perform software testing in all phases of the software life cycle, and automation of any web-based application using Selenium. This program includes training on continuous testing in DevOps, performance testing using JMeter, and mobile app testing using Appium. It also offers programming courses such as Python Scripting, Ruby on Rails, Ruby with Cucumber, SQL essentials, and Java essential. During this course, our expert DevOps instructors will help you: 1. Learn software testing and understand different types of testing 2. Learn about different test design techniques used to test software, test execution, and analysis of the test outcome 3. Gain insight into the evolution of Selenium, get an overview of Selenium 3.3 and its components 4. Understand the importance of DevOps in Test Automation 5. Learn concepts like XPath Functions, TestNG Framework 6. Grasp concepts like Page Object Model and Page Factory 7. Understand how to implement continuous testing using Selenium 8. Learn how to perform continuous integration with Jenkins by building and automating test cases using Maven 9. Understand how to perform Performance Testing, Stress & Load Testing using JMeter 10. Learn how to integrate Selenium Webdriver with Apache JMeter 11. Learn different approaches of mobile testing 12. Understand how to use Appium to automate the application management actions, automate the gestures and offer network management and performance analysis Along with the above-mentioned topics, you will also get additional courses on CI/CD in DevOps, Jira, Java basics, version control with Git, and third-party tools such as Jenkins, AutoIT, Sikuli and Maven. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Who should go for this course? Test Automation candidates are among the highest paid IT professionals today, and the market demand for them is growing rapidly. With the emergence of new job roles around Test Automation philosophy, anyone aspiring to get into these new roles can take up this Test Automation course. Some of these roles are: 1. Software Test Engineer 2. Automation Test Specialist 3. Developer/Tester 4. Testing Engineer 5. Quality Assurance Engineer 6. Automation Tester 7. Automation Engineer - - - - - - - - - - - - - - For more information, Please write back to us at sales@edureka.in or call us at IND: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775 (toll free).

detail
{'title': 'Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions | Software Testing Interview Preparation | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 452.665, 'start': 333.012, 'weight': 0.78}, {'end': 1050.961, 'start': 976.19, 'weight': 0.759}], 'summary': 'Covers essential topics in manual testing, including its importance in software development, api testing, bug life cycle, differences between manual and automation testing, and software testing techniques, providing comprehensive insights for software testing interview preparations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 76.143, 'segs': [{'end': 76.143, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 34.275, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 40.22, 'text': 'and that is why manual test play a very important role in software development as well as testing,', 'start': 34.275, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 44.063, 'text': 'and they come in handy whenever you have a case where you cannot use automation.', 'start': 40.22, 'duration': 3.843}, {'end': 49.328, 'text': "Hence, there's a lot of demand for people with skills relevant to manual testing.", 'start': 44.624, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 55.253, 'text': 'this manual testing interview question session is the perfect guide for you to master manual testing.', 'start': 49.328, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 63.128, 'text': "So without any delay, let's go ahead and take a look at today's agenda to make it much more easier for you guys to understand.", 'start': 55.879, 'duration': 7.249}, {'end': 70.116, 'text': "I've divided the questions into three categories beginner level manual testing interview questions advanced level questions.", 'start': 63.148, 'duration': 6.968}, {'end': 76.143, 'text': 'And lastly we have real-world scenario based questions, which are based on manual testing.', 'start': 70.356, 'duration': 5.787}], 'summary': 'Manual testing is crucial in software development, with high demand for relevant skills.', 'duration': 41.868, 'max_score': 34.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc34275.jpg'}], 'start': 11.383, 'title': 'Manual testing interview questions', 'summary': "Highlights the importance of manual testing in software development, emphasizing its relevance in scenarios where automation testing cannot be applied and the industry's demand for manual testing skills.", 'chapters': [{'end': 76.143, 'start': 11.383, 'title': 'Manual testing interview questions', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of manual testing in software development, highlighting its relevance in scenarios where automation testing cannot be applied, and the demand for skills relevant to manual testing in the industry.', 'duration': 64.76, 'highlights': ['The demand for manual testing skills is high in the industry, as automation testing cannot be applied in all scenarios.', 'Manual testing plays a crucial role in software development and testing, especially in scenarios where automation cannot be used.', 'The session categorizes the interview questions into beginner level, advanced level, and real-world scenario based questions to guide the audience in mastering manual testing.']}], 'duration': 64.76, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc11383.jpg', 'highlights': ['The demand for manual testing skills is high in the industry, as automation testing cannot be applied in all scenarios.', 'Manual testing plays a crucial role in software development and testing, especially in scenarios where automation cannot be used.', 'The session categorizes the interview questions into beginner level, advanced level, and real-world scenario based questions to guide the audience in mastering manual testing.']}, {'end': 890.625, 'segs': [{'end': 177.783, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 154.657, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 163.62, 'text': 'Software testing is really a mandatory process which guarantees that software product is safe and good enough to be released to market for public to use it.', 'start': 154.657, 'duration': 8.963}, {'end': 168.541, 'text': 'Well, here are some compelling reasons to prove why testing is really needed.', 'start': 164.36, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 174.182, 'text': 'First of all, it points out the defects and errors that were made during the development phase.', 'start': 169.201, 'duration': 4.981}, {'end': 177.783, 'text': 'So, basically, it provides a quality assurance.', 'start': 174.723, 'duration': 3.06}], 'summary': 'Software testing is essential for identifying defects and ensuring quality assurance.', 'duration': 23.126, 'max_score': 154.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc154657.jpg'}, {'end': 298.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 271.281, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 280.027, 'text': 'If I have to tell automation testing uses the assistance of tools scripts and software to perform test cases by repeating predefined actions.', 'start': 271.281, 'duration': 8.746}, {'end': 286.531, 'text': 'So these are two main categories of software testing manual testing and automation testing.', 'start': 280.667, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 289.773, 'text': 'next question that we have is what exactly is quality control?', 'start': 286.531, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 298.799, 'text': 'There are different terms that are associated with quality when we are referring to software you have quality control quality assurance and many more.', 'start': 290.494, 'duration': 8.305}], 'summary': 'Automation testing uses tools, scripts, and software to repeat predefined actions. quality control in software includes quality assurance and more.', 'duration': 27.518, 'max_score': 271.281, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc271281.jpg'}, {'end': 452.665, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 312.733, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 320.38, 'text': 'So using quality control testers make sure that the software meets all the requirements which are put forth by stakeholders and end users.', 'start': 312.733, 'duration': 7.647}, {'end': 327.307, 'text': 'It includes different type of testings like you have functional testing like unit testing usability and integration testing.', 'start': 321.022, 'duration': 6.285}, {'end': 333.012, 'text': 'You also have non-functional testing, like compatibility, security and performance and all that.', 'start': 327.768, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 341.439, 'text': 'so quality control in general as a product oriented approach of running a program to determine if it has any defects or not.', 'start': 333.012, 'duration': 8.427}, {'end': 342.78, 'text': 'moving on to our next question,', 'start': 341.439, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 345.582, 'text': 'It says what different types of manual testing are there?', 'start': 342.98, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 353.866, 'text': 'Well, basically, you have six types of manual testing, which are black box testing, white box testing, unit testing, system testing,', 'start': 346.337, 'duration': 7.529}, {'end': 355.908, 'text': 'acceptance testing and integration testing.', 'start': 353.866, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 360.253, 'text': 'Well, let me explain you all of these types in a very brief manner.', 'start': 356.469, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 366.661, 'text': 'But if you want to know more you can actually go ahead and refer to Edureka YouTube playlist on software testing.', 'start': 360.834, 'duration': 5.827}, {'end': 369.697, 'text': 'So what exactly is black box testing?', 'start': 367.296, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 371.298, 'text': 'in black box testing,', 'start': 369.697, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 381.003, 'text': "testers analyze the functionality of the software or an application without actually knowing much about the internal design or structure of the application that they're testing.", 'start': 371.298, 'duration': 9.705}, {'end': 388.407, 'text': 'talking about white box testing, and like black box testing, white box requires a profound knowledge of code,', 'start': 381.003, 'duration': 7.404}, {'end': 391.669, 'text': 'as it includes testing of some structural part of the application.', 'start': 388.407, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 393.805, 'text': 'Next up you have unit testing.', 'start': 392.265, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 399.207, 'text': "It's a way of testing the smallest piece of code, which we usually refer to as a unit.", 'start': 393.845, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 403.768, 'text': "then there's integration testing, where you test the interface between the units after that.", 'start': 399.207, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 410.91, 'text': 'We have system testing which is done to examine the fully working of an integrated software system against the user requirements.', 'start': 403.808, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 415.552, 'text': 'And lastly we have you 80 or acceptance testing.', 'start': 411.59, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 420.813, 'text': "It's a formal testing that's performed based on user requirements and function processing.", 'start': 416.072, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 423.759, 'text': "This type of testing that's acceptance testing.", 'start': 421.357, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 426.981, 'text': 'It covers end-users real-world scenarios.', 'start': 423.799, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 437.027, 'text': 'So yeah, these are six typical types of manual testing moving on to the next question explain the difference between alpha testing and beta testing.', 'start': 427.681, 'duration': 9.346}, {'end': 445.212, 'text': 'Well both alpha and beta testing our customer validation methodologies on top of that both of our acceptance testing types.', 'start': 437.607, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 452.665, 'text': "They help in building confidence to launch the product in the market and that's how they result in success of product in the market.", 'start': 445.879, 'duration': 6.786}], 'summary': 'Quality control testers ensure software meets requirements. six types of manual testing include black box, white box, unit, system, acceptance, and integration testing. alpha and beta testing are customer validation methodologies that help build confidence for product launch.', 'duration': 43.175, 'max_score': 312.733, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc312733.jpg'}, {'end': 445.212, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 416.072, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 420.813, 'text': "It's a formal testing that's performed based on user requirements and function processing.", 'start': 416.072, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 423.759, 'text': "This type of testing that's acceptance testing.", 'start': 421.357, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 426.981, 'text': 'It covers end-users real-world scenarios.', 'start': 423.799, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 437.027, 'text': 'So yeah, these are six typical types of manual testing moving on to the next question explain the difference between alpha testing and beta testing.', 'start': 427.681, 'duration': 9.346}, {'end': 445.212, 'text': 'Well both alpha and beta testing our customer validation methodologies on top of that both of our acceptance testing types.', 'start': 437.607, 'duration': 7.605}], 'summary': 'Acceptance testing covers real-world scenarios, including alpha and beta testing.', 'duration': 29.14, 'max_score': 416.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc416072.jpg'}, {'end': 480.095, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 455.487, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 463.914, 'text': 'alpha testing is internal acceptance testing, which is performed to identify all possible issues and bugs after acceptance testing,', 'start': 455.487, 'duration': 8.427}, {'end': 466.556, 'text': 'but before releasing the software for beta testing.', 'start': 463.914, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 472.721, 'text': 'So the focus of this testing is to simulate real users by using black box and white box technique.', 'start': 467.016, 'duration': 5.705}, {'end': 480.095, 'text': 'The key point is you perform it after acceptance testing, but before actually releasing the product for beta testing.', 'start': 473.453, 'duration': 6.642}], 'summary': 'Alpha testing simulates real users using black box and white box techniques, performed after acceptance testing and before beta release.', 'duration': 24.608, 'max_score': 455.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc455487.jpg'}, {'end': 679.078, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 652.566, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 657.028, 'text': 'Quality control is set of activities for ensuring quality in the product.', 'start': 652.566, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 661.95, 'text': 'So the activities focus on identifying defects in actual product produced.', 'start': 657.468, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 669.853, 'text': 'Whereas quality assurance is set of activities for ensuring quality in the processes by which product are developed.', 'start': 662.59, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 673.615, 'text': 'So you get my point, right? Quality control is a product-oriented approach.', 'start': 670.294, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 675.856, 'text': "You're checking the quality or defects in the product.", 'start': 673.635, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 679.078, 'text': 'Whereas quality assurance is a process oriented approach.', 'start': 676.437, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Quality control focuses on product defects, while quality assurance ensures process quality.', 'duration': 26.512, 'max_score': 652.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc652566.jpg'}, {'end': 748.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 721.866, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 727.369, 'text': 'techniques and processes which are used to create the product meets the quality standard.', 'start': 721.866, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 732.157, 'text': 'The next question that we have is what is a test bed in manual testing?', 'start': 728.095, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 739.56, 'text': 'explain with help of an example test bed, in simple terms, is a test execution environment which is configured for testing.', 'start': 732.157, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 748.543, 'text': 'It consists of hardware, software, network configuration application which is under test, operating system settings, software configuration,', 'start': 740.1, 'duration': 8.443}], 'summary': 'Test bed in manual testing is a test execution environment comprising hardware, software, and network configuration.', 'duration': 26.677, 'max_score': 721.866, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc721866.jpg'}, {'end': 869.882, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 826.508, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 829.69, 'text': "So that's the general procedure that you follow when performing manual test.", 'start': 826.508, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 832.931, 'text': 'The next question is what exactly is test case?', 'start': 830.27, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 834.992, 'text': 'explain with an example.', 'start': 832.931, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 838.713, 'text': 'guys, documentation plays a very important role in testing.', 'start': 834.992, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 840.694, 'text': 'beat manual testing or automation testing.', 'start': 838.713, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 844.07, 'text': 'A test case is one of the documentation used.', 'start': 841.329, 'duration': 2.741}, {'end': 854.195, 'text': "It's a document which has set of conditions or actions that are performed on software application in order to verify the expected functionality of a feature.", 'start': 844.771, 'duration': 9.424}, {'end': 864.64, 'text': 'So basically test cases describe a specific idea that is to be tested without actually detailing the exact steps to be taken or data to be used.', 'start': 854.895, 'duration': 9.745}, {'end': 869.882, 'text': "For example, let's say in a test case your document looks something like this.", 'start': 865.24, 'duration': 4.642}], 'summary': 'Test case is a documentation with conditions and actions to verify software functionality.', 'duration': 43.374, 'max_score': 826.508, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc826508.jpg'}], 'start': 76.801, 'title': 'Software testing basics and manual testing levels', 'summary': 'Covers the importance of software testing, its benefits, categories, types, and levels, emphasizing its crucial role in ensuring high-quality and safe products for the market. it also discusses the four levels of manual testing, quality control, quality assurance, test bed, test case, and outlines the procedure for manual testing.', 'chapters': [{'end': 532.061, 'start': 76.801, 'title': 'Software testing basics', 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of software testing, its benefits, main categories, types, and levels, emphasizing that software testing is crucial for ensuring a high-quality and safe product for the market.', 'duration': 455.26, 'highlights': ['Importance of Software Testing Software testing is crucial for ensuring a high-quality and safe product for the market, as it points out defects, reduces coding cycles, ensures lower maintenance costs, and maintains customer satisfaction.', 'Main Categories of Software Testing Software testing can be categorized into manual testing and automation testing, with manual testing involving human action and automation testing utilizing tools, scripts, and software to perform test cases.', 'Quality Control in Software Testing Quality control in software testing is a product-oriented approach to check for defects and ensure that the software meets all requirements set by stakeholders and end-users, encompassing functional and non-functional testing.', 'Types of Manual Testing There are six types of manual testing: black box testing, white box testing, unit testing, system testing, acceptance testing, and integration testing, each serving specific purposes in analyzing software functionality and structure.', 'Alpha and Beta Testing Alpha testing is internal acceptance testing before beta testing, while beta testing involves real users testing the software in real environments, allowing for customer input and extensive testing on various machines.']}, {'end': 890.625, 'start': 532.321, 'title': 'Manual testing levels and procedures', 'summary': 'Discusses the four levels of manual testing, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing, along with the difference between quality control and quality assurance, and explanation of test bed and test case. it also outlines the procedure for manual testing.', 'duration': 358.304, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the four levels of manual testing: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. The chapter describes the different levels of manual testing, emphasizing the focus and purpose of each level, providing a comprehensive overview for understanding manual testing.', 'Explains the difference between quality control and quality assurance in terms of approach and focus. The difference between quality control and quality assurance is clearly explained, highlighting the distinction in approach and focus, providing a clear understanding of the two concepts.', 'Provides an explanation of test bed in manual testing, including its components and configuration. The concept of a test bed in manual testing is explained, outlining its essential components and configuration, offering a clear understanding of the test execution environment.', 'Outlines the procedure for manual testing, including understanding requirements, writing test cases, conducting tests, and reporting results. The procedure for manual testing is outlined, covering the essential steps from understanding requirements to reporting results, providing a clear and concise overview of the manual testing process.', 'Defines a test case as a documentation used in testing, providing an example to illustrate its purpose. The concept of a test case is defined, emphasizing its role as documentation in testing and providing a specific example to illustrate its purpose and content.']}], 'duration': 813.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc76801.jpg', 'highlights': ['Software testing is crucial for ensuring a high-quality and safe product for the market, as it points out defects, reduces coding cycles, ensures lower maintenance costs, and maintains customer satisfaction.', 'Manual testing involves human action, while automation testing utilizes tools, scripts, and software to perform test cases.', 'Quality control in software testing is a product-oriented approach to check for defects and ensure that the software meets all requirements set by stakeholders and end-users, encompassing functional and non-functional testing.', 'There are six types of manual testing: black box testing, white box testing, unit testing, system testing, acceptance testing, and integration testing, each serving specific purposes in analyzing software functionality and structure.', 'Alpha testing is internal acceptance testing before beta testing, while beta testing involves real users testing the software in real environments, allowing for customer input and extensive testing on various machines.', 'The chapter discusses the four levels of manual testing: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing.', 'The difference between quality control and quality assurance is clearly explained, highlighting the distinction in approach and focus, providing a clear understanding of the two concepts.', 'The concept of a test bed in manual testing is explained, outlining its essential components and configuration, offering a clear understanding of the test execution environment.', 'The procedure for manual testing is outlined, covering the essential steps from understanding requirements to reporting results, providing a clear and concise overview of the manual testing process.', 'The concept of a test case is defined, emphasizing its role as documentation in testing and providing a specific example to illustrate its purpose and content.']}, {'end': 1377.471, 'segs': [{'end': 1050.961, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 936.926, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 944.609, 'text': 'API testing is really needed to reveal bugs, inconsistencies and deviations from the expected behavior of an API.', 'start': 936.926, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 948.722, 'text': 'Well, to be honest, API testing offers lot of advantages.', 'start': 945.561, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 953.422, 'text': 'like its language independent, first of all, and its graphical user interface independent.', 'start': 948.722, 'duration': 4.7}, {'end': 955.183, 'text': 'it offers improved test coverage.', 'start': 953.422, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 960.184, 'text': 'It reduces the testing cost, it enables faster releases and all that.', 'start': 955.543, 'duration': 4.641}, {'end': 964.945, 'text': 'on top of that, one more thing that you remember is basically application is divided into three stages.', 'start': 960.184, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 968.885, 'text': 'You have presentation layer then you have business layer and database layer.', 'start': 965.225, 'duration': 3.66}, {'end': 972.306, 'text': 'So API testing is usually performed in business layer.', 'start': 969.505, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 974.49, 'text': "Let's move on to next question.", 'start': 973.189, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 975.55, 'text': "Let's see what that is.", 'start': 974.53, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 982.433, 'text': "So what's the difference between verification and validation and manual testing in software testing?", 'start': 976.19, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 991.177, 'text': 'verification is a means to confirm that the product development is taking place according to the specifications and using standard development procedures.', 'start': 982.433, 'duration': 8.744}, {'end': 998.12, 'text': 'It consists of different activities like you have reviews inspection walkthroughs demos and all that.', 'start': 991.957, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 1003.55, 'text': "So, basically, you're confirming that the product development is taking place according to the requirements,", 'start': 998.729, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 1008.811, 'text': 'specifications and using standard procedures, now coming to validation.', 'start': 1003.55, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 1015.212, 'text': "It's a means to confirm that the developed product doesn't have any bugs and it's working as expected.", 'start': 1009.291, 'duration': 5.921}, {'end': 1019.793, 'text': 'It consists of activities like functional and non-functional testing techniques.', 'start': 1015.833, 'duration': 3.96}, {'end': 1024.914, 'text': "So that's the difference between verification and validation moving on to next question.", 'start': 1020.533, 'duration': 4.381}, {'end': 1034.415, 'text': "What's the difference between a bug and a defect? So a defect is simply defined as a variance or difference between expected and actual result.", 'start': 1025.034, 'duration': 9.381}, {'end': 1038.435, 'text': "It's an error found after the application goes into production.", 'start': 1035.135, 'duration': 3.3}, {'end': 1045.299, 'text': 'It commonly refers to several troubles with software products with its external behavior or with its internal feature.', 'start': 1039.196, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 1050.961, 'text': 'So the key point is defect is an error which is found after the application goes into production.', 'start': 1045.819, 'duration': 5.142}], 'summary': "Api testing offers advantages like language independence, improved test coverage, reduced testing cost, and faster releases. api testing is usually performed in the business layer. verification confirms product development according to specifications, while validation confirms the product's functionality. a defect is a variance between expected and actual results found after the application goes into production.", 'duration': 66.624, 'max_score': 936.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc936926.jpg'}, {'end': 1181.951, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1151.761, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1159.406, 'text': "on top of all that, manual testing requires really low investment, as it doesn't require any costly tools or highly skilled people to be hired.", 'start': 1151.761, 'duration': 7.645}, {'end': 1167.311, 'text': 'So what I meant to say is initial investment in manual testing is very low and manual testing is cost-effective for short-term projects.', 'start': 1160.006, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 1172.088, 'text': 'Lastly in manual testing you can Swiftly test and see the outcomes.', 'start': 1168.206, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 1181.951, 'text': "So it's well suited in cases when you're making lot of unplanned changes to your application and also your application needs to be tested immediately after implementing these changes.", 'start': 1172.628, 'duration': 9.323}], 'summary': 'Manual testing has low initial investment, cost-effective for short-term projects, and suitable for swift testing of unplanned changes.', 'duration': 30.19, 'max_score': 1151.761, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1151761.jpg'}, {'end': 1305.332, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1276.345, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1278.046, 'text': 'All should be documented.', 'start': 1276.345, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 1284.912, 'text': 'documenting the test cases will facilitate you to estimate the testing efforts that you will need, along with your test coverage.', 'start': 1278.046, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 1288.034, 'text': 'It will help you to track and trace your requirements as well.', 'start': 1285.412, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 1295.243, 'text': 'Some commonly applied or used documentation artifacts that are associated with manual testing are.', 'start': 1288.698, 'duration': 6.545}, {'end': 1298.286, 'text': 'we did discuss one earlier, which is test case after that.', 'start': 1295.243, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 1305.332, 'text': 'We have test plans to scenario traceability matrix and many more well guys with this we have completed the basic level questions.', 'start': 1298.306, 'duration': 7.026}], 'summary': 'Documenting test cases aids in estimating testing efforts, enhancing test coverage, and tracking requirements.', 'duration': 28.987, 'max_score': 1276.345, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1276345.jpg'}, {'end': 1360.639, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1336.926, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1344.37, 'text': "since it's performed by humans, the accuracy and the reliability of test cases are low, whereas automation testing, on other hand,", 'start': 1336.926, 'duration': 7.444}, {'end': 1346.391, 'text': 'is performed with tools and scripts.', 'start': 1344.37, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 1354.615, 'text': 'The reliability and accuracy is literally high the time required for manual testing is literally high as you and resource perform all the tasks.', 'start': 1347.071, 'duration': 7.544}, {'end': 1360.639, 'text': 'What is time required for automation testing is comparatively low as software tools execute the test cases.', 'start': 1355.116, 'duration': 5.523}], 'summary': 'Manual testing has low accuracy and high time, while automation testing offers high accuracy and low time.', 'duration': 23.713, 'max_score': 1336.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1336926.jpg'}], 'start': 890.945, 'title': 'Api and manual testing', 'summary': 'Covers the concept and importance of api testing, differences between verification and validation, advantages and disadvantages of manual testing, and the importance of documentation, providing a comprehensive understanding of testing concepts and practices.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1003.55, 'start': 890.945, 'title': 'Understanding api testing and verification vs validation in software testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the major objective of testing, the concept of api testing including its importance, advantages, and the stages where it is performed, and the difference between verification and validation in software testing.', 'duration': 112.605, 'highlights': ["API testing is a type of software testing where api's are tested to check if they meet expected functionality, reliability, performance, and security. Explains the concept of API testing and its purpose, ensuring expected functionality, reliability, performance, and security are met.", 'API testing offers advantages such as being language independent, graphical user interface independent, improved test coverage, reduced testing cost, and enabling faster releases. Lists the advantages of API testing, including language independence, improved test coverage, and reduced testing cost.', 'API testing is usually performed in the business layer of the application, which consists of three stages: presentation layer, business layer, and database layer. Explains the stage where API testing is usually performed and the structure of the application with its three layers.', 'Verification confirms that the product development is taking place according to the specifications and using standard development procedures, consisting of activities such as reviews, inspection, walkthroughs, and demos. Defines the concept of verification in software testing and the activities involved in confirming product development.']}, {'end': 1377.471, 'start': 1003.55, 'title': 'Validation, bugs, and manual testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the difference between verification and validation, bug and defect, advantages and disadvantages of manual testing, and the importance of documentation in manual testing, highlighting the key points and quantifiable data.', 'duration': 373.921, 'highlights': ['Manual testing is cost-effective for short-term projects and requires low investment, making it well-suited for immediate testing after implementing changes. Manual testing requires low investment and is cost-effective for short-term projects, making it well-suited for immediate testing after implementing changes.', 'Documentation plays a critical role in achieving effective software testing, facilitating estimation of testing efforts and tracking requirements. Documentation facilitates estimation of testing efforts and tracking requirements, playing a critical role in achieving effective software testing.', 'Automation testing has a comparatively low time requirement, high accuracy, and reliability due to the use of software tools and scripts. Automation testing has a low time requirement, high accuracy, and reliability due to the use of software tools and scripts compared to manual testing.']}], 'duration': 486.526, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc890945.jpg', 'highlights': ['API testing ensures expected functionality, reliability, performance, and security.', 'Advantages of API testing include language independence, improved test coverage, and reduced testing cost.', 'API testing is usually performed in the business layer of the application, consisting of three stages: presentation layer, business layer, and database layer.', 'Verification confirms that the product development is taking place according to the specifications and using standard development procedures.', 'Manual testing requires low investment and is cost-effective for short-term projects, making it well-suited for immediate testing after implementing changes.', 'Documentation facilitates estimation of testing efforts and tracking requirements, playing a critical role in achieving effective software testing.', 'Automation testing has a low time requirement, high accuracy, and reliability due to the use of software tools and scripts compared to manual testing.']}, {'end': 1895.229, 'segs': [{'end': 1417.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1377.471, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1382.594, 'text': 'manual testing is performed when you have test cases that need to be learned only once or twice.', 'start': 1377.471, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 1387.718, 'text': 'also when you have test cases suitable for exploratory testing, usability testing or ad-hoc testing.', 'start': 1382.594, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 1392.555, 'text': 'You can use automation for performing regression testing, performance testing,', 'start': 1388.374, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 1396.975, 'text': 'load testing or when you have cases that need to be tested multiple times.', 'start': 1392.555, 'duration': 4.42}, {'end': 1404.097, 'text': 'Now, one best thing about manual testing is that it Hallows for human observation to find out if there are any glitches,', 'start': 1397.716, 'duration': 6.381}, {'end': 1408.117, 'text': "and that's why a manual testing helps in improving the customer experience.", 'start': 1404.097, 'duration': 4.02}, {'end': 1411.938, 'text': 'when it comes to automation testing is no human observation involved,', 'start': 1408.117, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 1417.399, 'text': "and that is why it doesn't guarantee the positive customer experience that a manual testing guarantees.", 'start': 1411.938, 'duration': 5.461}], 'summary': 'Manual testing is suitable for learning test cases once or twice and allows for human observation, while automation is best for regression, performance, and load testing.', 'duration': 39.928, 'max_score': 1377.471, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1377471.jpg'}, {'end': 1463.686, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1437.751, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1444.172, 'text': 'automated tests are aimed at saving time and resources, and yet they take a lot of time and resources to design and maintain them.', 'start': 1437.751, 'duration': 6.421}, {'end': 1448.642, 'text': 'For example, if you are building a small promotional website,', 'start': 1444.761, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 1454.903, 'text': 'it can be much more efficient to rely on manual testing rather than go ahead and create all those automated test cases.', 'start': 1448.642, 'duration': 6.261}, {'end': 1456.584, 'text': 'Well, it takes time, right?', 'start': 1455.484, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 1463.686, 'text': "So in such cases, when you're working on small scale projects or projects which take small amount of time, you could go for manual testing.", 'start': 1456.624, 'duration': 7.062}], 'summary': 'Automated tests save time and resources, but manual testing may be more efficient for small projects.', 'duration': 25.935, 'max_score': 1437.751, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1437751.jpg'}, {'end': 1508.742, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1477.625, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1479.666, 'text': 'Well again manual testing sounds good.', 'start': 1477.625, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 1482.548, 'text': "Then there's the case of exploratory testing.", 'start': 1480.287, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 1490.052, 'text': 'even then, manual testing is preferred, because in exploratory testing it requires testers knowledge, experience skills, analytical skills,', 'start': 1482.548, 'duration': 7.504}, {'end': 1491.953, 'text': 'creativity and, mainly, intuition.', 'start': 1490.052, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1494.274, 'text': 'So human involvement is really important here.', 'start': 1492.313, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 1496.954, 'text': 'Lastly you have usability testing.', 'start': 1494.913, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 1500.216, 'text': 'So when performing usability testing go ahead and use manual testing.', 'start': 1496.974, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 1505.5, 'text': 'So, when performing usability testing, usually the tester needs to measure how user-friendly,', 'start': 1500.777, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 1508.742, 'text': 'efficient or convenient the software the product is to end user.', 'start': 1505.5, 'duration': 3.242}], 'summary': 'Manual testing is preferred for exploratory and usability testing due to the need for human involvement and measurement of user-friendliness.', 'duration': 31.117, 'max_score': 1477.625, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1477625.jpg'}, {'end': 1545.255, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1515.305, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1519.408, 'text': 'So these are certain scenarios where you can prefer manual testing over automation testing.', 'start': 1515.305, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 1526.421, 'text': "The next question that we have is what are the phases involved in software testing life cycle? Well, it's quite simple.", 'start': 1520.197, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 1533.506, 'text': 'It begins with requirement analysis, where you figure out or categorize the user requirements next up.', 'start': 1526.962, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 1537.569, 'text': "based on the requirements that you've gathered, you plan your entire test life cycle.", 'start': 1533.506, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 1545.255, 'text': "Once you're sure as to what you performing testing on which type of testing you have to perform and all that you start developing your test cases.", 'start': 1538.17, 'duration': 7.085}], 'summary': 'Manual testing preference scenarios and software testing life cycle phases.', 'duration': 29.95, 'max_score': 1515.305, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1515305.jpg'}, {'end': 1611.867, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1584.52, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1590.664, 'text': "What's the difference between a bug a defect and an error? We did already discuss the difference between a bug and a defect.", 'start': 1584.52, 'duration': 6.144}, {'end': 1592.105, 'text': 'Let me go through it again.', 'start': 1591.204, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 1600.03, 'text': 'So defect is a variance or difference between expected results and actual result detected by the developer after the product goes live.', 'start': 1592.565, 'duration': 7.465}, {'end': 1604.593, 'text': 'So defect is an error which is found after the application goes into production.', 'start': 1600.73, 'duration': 3.863}, {'end': 1611.867, 'text': 'In simple terms, it refers to several troubles with the software product with its external behavior or with its internal features.', 'start': 1605.183, 'duration': 6.684}], 'summary': 'Defect is a variance between expected and actual results found after product goes live.', 'duration': 27.347, 'max_score': 1584.52, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1584520.jpg'}, {'end': 1810.48, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1777.426, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1779.327, 'text': 'So regression testing is really important,', 'start': 1777.426, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1786.749, 'text': "because without it it's quite possible to introduce intended fixes into system that create more problems that they can actually solve.", 'start': 1779.327, 'duration': 7.422}, {'end': 1790.136, 'text': "So how do you actually apply regression testing? It's quite simple.", 'start': 1787.435, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 1793.896, 'text': "You have tested software, but you'll have to add a new feature.", 'start': 1790.456, 'duration': 3.44}, {'end': 1795.897, 'text': 'So a feature has been updated.', 'start': 1794.477, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 1803.619, 'text': 'Now you want to check if the new feature is affected or brought out any old bugs, or if it has introduced any new bugs.', 'start': 1796.397, 'duration': 7.222}, {'end': 1805.439, 'text': 'for that, you perform regression testing.', 'start': 1803.619, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 1810.48, 'text': 'All you have to do is create a regression test plan, just like how you perform the entire software testing lifecycle.', 'start': 1805.499, 'duration': 4.981}], 'summary': 'Regression testing is crucial to prevent introducing new issues when adding new features. creating a regression test plan is essential.', 'duration': 33.054, 'max_score': 1777.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1777426.jpg'}, {'end': 1844.627, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1816.822, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1821.425, 'text': "the next question that we have is what's the difference between system testing and integration testing?", 'start': 1816.822, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 1831.613, 'text': "It's quite simple system testing it test the entire software application to see if the system is compliant with user requirements and stakeholders requirements.", 'start': 1822.126, 'duration': 9.487}, {'end': 1836.396, 'text': 'but integration testing, it test interface between the modules or units of software application.', 'start': 1831.613, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 1837.803, 'text': 'System testing.', 'start': 1837.043, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 1844.627, 'text': 'it involves both functional and non-functional testing, like sanity usability testing, performance testing, load testing and all that,', 'start': 1837.803, 'duration': 6.824}], 'summary': 'System testing covers entire software, while integration testing focuses on module interfaces.', 'duration': 27.805, 'max_score': 1816.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1816822.jpg'}], 'start': 1377.471, 'title': 'Manual vs automation testing', 'summary': 'Explains the differences between manual and automation testing, highlighting their suitability for different scenarios, emphasizing human observation in manual testing, and discussing important aspects of manual testing in software testing life cycle including ad-hoc, exploratory, usability testing, bug, defect, error, regression testing, system testing, and integration testing.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1456.584, 'start': 1377.471, 'title': 'Manual vs automation testing', 'summary': 'Explains the key differences between manual and automation testing, highlighting the suitability of each for different testing scenarios and emphasizing the importance of human observation in manual testing to improve customer experience.', 'duration': 79.113, 'highlights': ["Manual testing allows for human observation to find glitches, improving customer experience, while automation testing lacks human observation and doesn't guarantee positive customer experience.", 'Manual testing is suitable for scenarios such as usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and short time projects, while automation testing is preferable for regression testing, performance testing, and load testing.', 'Automated tests aim to save time and resources but require a lot of time and resources to design and maintain, making manual testing more efficient for small projects like promotional websites.']}, {'end': 1895.229, 'start': 1456.624, 'title': 'Manual testing and software testing life cycle', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of manual testing in scenarios like ad-hoc, exploratory, and usability testing, the phases of software testing life cycle, differences between bug, defect, and error, characteristics of a good test engineer, regression testing, and the difference between system testing and integration testing.', 'duration': 438.605, 'highlights': ['Manual testing is preferred in ad-hoc, exploratory, and usability testing scenarios. Manual testing is preferred in scenarios like ad-hoc, exploratory, and usability testing where human involvement, intuition, and end-user perspective are crucial.', 'Phases of software testing life cycle include requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test cycle closure. The phases of software testing life cycle involve requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test cycle closure.', 'Clarification of the differences between bug, defect, and error. The chapter explains the differences between bug, defect, and error, defining defect as a variance between expected and actual results, bug as a fault detected during testing, and error as a mistake or misconception by the developer.', 'Qualities of a good test engineer include test to break attitude, attention to quality, communication skills, and experience in software development or testing field. The qualities of a good test engineer encompass a test to break attitude, desire for quality, communication skills, and experience in software development or testing field.', "Regression testing ensures that small changes don't break existing functionality, and it is applied when adding new features or updates. Regression testing ensures that small changes don't break existing functionality and is applied when adding new features or updates to check for any new or reintroduced defects.", 'System testing checks the entire software compliance with user requirements, while integration testing focuses on checking the interface between modules or units of software application. System testing verifies the entire software compliance with user requirements, while integration testing focuses on checking the interface between modules or units of software application.']}], 'duration': 517.758, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1377471.jpg', 'highlights': ["Manual testing allows for human observation to find glitches, improving customer experience, while automation testing lacks human observation and doesn't guarantee positive customer experience.", 'Manual testing is suitable for scenarios such as usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and short time projects, while automation testing is preferable for regression testing, performance testing, and load testing.', 'Automated tests aim to save time and resources but require a lot of time and resources to design and maintain, making manual testing more efficient for small projects like promotional websites.', 'Manual testing is preferred in scenarios like ad-hoc, exploratory, and usability testing where human involvement, intuition, and end-user perspective are crucial.', 'Phases of software testing life cycle include requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test cycle closure.', 'The chapter explains the differences between bug, defect, and error, defining defect as a variance between expected and actual results, bug as a fault detected during testing, and error as a mistake or misconception by the developer.', "Regression testing ensures that small changes don't break existing functionality and is applied when adding new features or updates to check for any new or reintroduced defects.", 'System testing verifies the entire software compliance with user requirements, while integration testing focuses on checking the interface between modules or units of software application.']}, {'end': 2326.275, 'segs': [{'end': 1919.45, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1895.971, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1902.818, 'text': "A bug life cycle basically illustrates the journey of a bug from the time it is reported to the time it's fixed and closed.", 'start': 1895.971, 'duration': 6.847}, {'end': 1908.765, 'text': "So let's quickly go through the steps that are involved in defect life cycle or bug life cycle.", 'start': 1903.519, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 1917.514, 'text': "First if we have something called new state well in this step if a defect is logged and it's posted for first time its state is given as new.", 'start': 1909.445, 'duration': 8.069}, {'end': 1919.45, 'text': 'Then you have a sign state.', 'start': 1918.109, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'Bug life cycle: from report to fix and closure involves new and assigned states.', 'duration': 23.479, 'max_score': 1895.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1895971.jpg'}, {'end': 2096.781, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2064.474, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2067.818, 'text': 'Moving on to our next question, what is test closure?', 'start': 2064.474, 'duration': 3.344}, {'end': 2076.467, 'text': 'Well, test closure is a document which gives a summary of all the tests which are conducted during the software development lifecycle,', 'start': 2068.319, 'duration': 8.148}, {'end': 2080.833, 'text': 'and it also gives a detailed analysis of bugs removed and the errors found.', 'start': 2076.467, 'duration': 4.366}, {'end': 2088.237, 'text': 'So this document, or memo, actually contains the total number of experiments, total number of experiments executed,', 'start': 2081.353, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 2096.781, 'text': 'total number of imperfections found and total number of imperfections settled, total number of bucks or imperfections not settled,', 'start': 2088.237, 'duration': 8.544}], 'summary': 'Test closure document summarizes tests conducted, bugs found, and errors removed.', 'duration': 32.307, 'max_score': 2064.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2064474.jpg'}, {'end': 2166.49, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2132.498, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2133.979, 'text': 'Whereas negative testing,', 'start': 2132.498, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2142.848, 'text': 'it ensures that your application can run gracefully and it can handle invalid input and unexpected user behavior in a very proper manner.', 'start': 2133.979, 'duration': 8.869}, {'end': 2146.871, 'text': 'positive testing is always done to verify a known set of test conditions.', 'start': 2142.848, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 2153.057, 'text': 'Whereas negative testing is always done to break the project and the product with unknown set of test conditions.', 'start': 2147.151, 'duration': 5.906}, {'end': 2159.708, 'text': 'Positive testing checks how the product and the project behave by providing the valid set of data.', 'start': 2153.726, 'duration': 5.982}, {'end': 2166.49, 'text': 'Whereas negative testing checks how the application will actually perform if we provide the invalid output.', 'start': 2160.328, 'duration': 6.162}], 'summary': 'Negative testing ensures application handles invalid input, while positive testing verifies known set of conditions.', 'duration': 33.992, 'max_score': 2132.498, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2132498.jpg'}, {'end': 2224.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2176.494, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2179.555, 'text': "So next question that we have is define what's critical bug.", 'start': 2176.494, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 2186.147, 'text': "Well, a critical bug is a bug that's got tendency to affect majority of functionality of a given application.", 'start': 2180.305, 'duration': 5.842}, {'end': 2195.171, 'text': "It means that a large piece of functionality or a major system component is completely broken and there's no way to work around it.", 'start': 2186.647, 'duration': 8.524}, {'end': 2198.792, 'text': 'application cannot be distributed to end client users.', 'start': 2195.171, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 2203.854, 'text': 'If the critical bug is not being issued remember that moving on to our next question.', 'start': 2198.852, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 2207.255, 'text': 'What is pesticide paradox and how do you overcome it??', 'start': 2204.434, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 2212.589, 'text': 'if same test cases are repeatedly run over and over again,', 'start': 2208.166, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 2220.535, 'text': 'eventually they will no longer will help you find new box and this concept is called pesticide paradox in testing.', 'start': 2212.589, 'duration': 7.946}, {'end': 2224.557, 'text': 'after certain number of iterations of testing, as the testing improves,', 'start': 2220.535, 'duration': 4.022}], 'summary': 'Critical bug: major functionality completely broken, pesticide paradox: repeating test cases loses effectiveness', 'duration': 48.063, 'max_score': 2176.494, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2176494.jpg'}, {'end': 2313.089, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2285.84, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2289.741, 'text': 'Well as a result multiple defects crop up in later stages of development.', 'start': 2285.84, 'duration': 3.901}, {'end': 2294.113, 'text': 'If defect cascading continues to affect other features in your application,', 'start': 2290.39, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 2297.816, 'text': 'identifying the affected actually affected feature becomes very challenging.', 'start': 2294.113, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 2304.442, 'text': "You might actually go ahead and take different test cases to solve this issue even when it's difficult and time-consuming.", 'start': 2298.397, 'duration': 6.045}, {'end': 2307.444, 'text': 'Let me give you a simple example to understand the concept.', 'start': 2305.042, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 2313.089, 'text': 'So, an application has been deployed to calculate a monthly salary of the employees.', 'start': 2308.145, 'duration': 4.944}], 'summary': 'Defect cascading impacts multiple features in development, making identification challenging. example: payroll application.', 'duration': 27.249, 'max_score': 2285.84, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2285840.jpg'}], 'start': 1895.971, 'title': 'Bug life cycle overview and software testing insights', 'summary': 'Explains the bug life cycle states and covers key concepts in software testing including test harness, test closure, positive vs negative testing, critical bugs, pesticide paradox, and defect cascading, offering practical definitions and solutions to common testing challenges.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1999.038, 'start': 1895.971, 'title': 'Bug life cycle overview', 'summary': 'Explains the bug life cycle, which includes states like new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred.', 'duration': 103.067, 'highlights': ['The bug life cycle involves states such as new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred, which illustrate the journey of a bug from being reported to being fixed and closed.', 'In the bug life cycle, the bug goes through states like new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred, with the tester checking if the bug assigned to the developer has been fixed or not during the tested state.', 'The bug life cycle includes states such as new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred, with the possibility of a bug being marked as duplicate or rejected if it is not genuine, or deferred if it is not fixed in the first attempt.']}, {'end': 2326.275, 'start': 1999.078, 'title': 'Software testing insights', 'summary': 'Covers key concepts in software testing including the bug life cycle, test harness, test closure, positive vs negative testing, critical bugs, pesticide paradox, and defect cascading, with a focus on practical definitions and solutions to common testing challenges.', 'duration': 327.197, 'highlights': ["A critical bug is a bug that's got tendency to affect majority of functionality of a given application. A critical bug is defined as one that has the potential to significantly impact the functionality of an application, rendering a major system component completely broken with no workaround.", 'Pesticide paradox is the concept that after a certain number of testing iterations, the number of defects starts dropping as the testing improves. Pesticide paradox refers to the phenomenon where repeated test cases no longer uncover new bugs, leading to a decrease in the number of defects found over time as testing improves.', 'Defect cascading is the process of triggering other defects in the application when a defect goes unnoticed during testing. Defect cascading occurs when an undetected defect in an application leads to the triggering of other defects in later stages of development, making it challenging to identify the affected features.', "Positive testing checks how the product and the project behave by providing the valid set of data, while negative testing checks how the application will perform with invalid input. Positive testing verifies the expected behavior of an application with valid data, while negative testing evaluates the application's ability to handle invalid input and unexpected user behavior.", 'Test closure is a document summarizing all tests conducted during the software development lifecycle, providing a detailed analysis of bugs removed and errors found. Test closure serves as a comprehensive summary of all tests conducted during the software development lifecycle, offering insights into the bugs removed, errors found, and overall test outcomes.']}], 'duration': 430.304, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc1895971.jpg', 'highlights': ["The bug life cycle involves states such as new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred, illustrating the bug's journey from being reported to being fixed and closed.", "Positive testing verifies the expected behavior of an application with valid data, while negative testing evaluates the application's ability to handle invalid input and unexpected user behavior.", 'Test closure serves as a comprehensive summary of all tests conducted during the software development lifecycle, offering insights into the bugs removed, errors found, and overall test outcomes.', 'Pesticide paradox refers to the phenomenon where repeated test cases no longer uncover new bugs, leading to a decrease in the number of defects found over time as testing improves.', 'Defect cascading occurs when an undetected defect in an application leads to the triggering of other defects in later stages of development, making it challenging to identify the affected features.', 'A critical bug is defined as one that has the potential to significantly impact the functionality of an application, rendering a major system component completely broken with no workaround.']}, {'end': 2897.732, 'segs': [{'end': 2370.216, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2326.275, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2332.018, 'text': 'which are further reflected in your balance sheet tax calculations and wherever the salary part is used.', 'start': 2326.275, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 2335.661, 'text': 'So one defect is triggering other defects in application.', 'start': 2332.779, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2337.221, 'text': "That's what defect cascading is.", 'start': 2335.721, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 2343.845, 'text': "Let's move on to our next question, which is what do you actually mean when you say a quality software?", 'start': 2338.002, 'duration': 5.843}, {'end': 2348.588, 'text': 'So, in general, quality software is reasonably bug-free.', 'start': 2344.606, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 2356.706, 'text': "It's delivered on time and within budget it meets the given requirements or expectations and it's highly maintainable.", 'start': 2349.401, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 2360.369, 'text': 'But again quality is always a subjective term.', 'start': 2357.247, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 2365.893, 'text': 'It will depend on who the customer is and their overall influence in the schema of your testing.', 'start': 2360.869, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 2370.216, 'text': 'For example, each type of customer will have their own slant for quality.', 'start': 2366.313, 'duration': 3.903}], 'summary': "Defect cascading occurs when one defect triggers other defects. quality software is bug-free, delivered on time, within budget, meets requirements, and is maintainable. customer's influence impacts quality perception.", 'duration': 43.941, 'max_score': 2326.275, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2326275.jpg'}, {'end': 2422.59, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2391.613, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2396.237, 'text': 'So black box testing is also known as specification based testing.', 'start': 2391.613, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 2404.523, 'text': "it analyzes the functionality of the application without knowing much about the internal structure or design of the application that's being tested.", 'start': 2396.237, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 2407.445, 'text': "So what's the purpose of black box testing??", 'start': 2405.124, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 2414.271, 'text': "Well, it's to check the functionality of the system as a whole, to make sure that it works correctly and it's meeting the user demands.", 'start': 2407.485, 'duration': 6.786}, {'end': 2422.59, 'text': 'You have various techniques that pop up under black box testing, like you have equivalence, partitioning, use case testing, cause-effect,', 'start': 2414.924, 'duration': 7.666}], 'summary': 'Black box testing checks system functionality without internal knowledge, using techniques like equivalence partitioning and use case testing.', 'duration': 30.977, 'max_score': 2391.613, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2391613.jpg'}, {'end': 2458.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2434.079, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2439.943, 'text': 'It requires a profound knowledge of code as it includes testing of some internal structures a part of application.', 'start': 2434.079, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 2442.436, 'text': 'So, unlike black box testing,', 'start': 2440.555, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 2450.119, 'text': 'in white box testing the tester need to have some sort of knowledge regarding the internal architecture of the application that is testing.', 'start': 2442.436, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 2457.242, 'text': 'the purpose, if you ask, is to enhance the security, check the flow of input, output through application, to improve the design,', 'start': 2450.119, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 2458.862, 'text': 'usability and all that.', 'start': 2457.242, 'duration': 1.62}], 'summary': 'White box testing requires knowledge of internal application architecture to enhance security, check input/output flow, and improve design and usability.', 'duration': 24.783, 'max_score': 2434.079, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2434079.jpg'}, {'end': 2493.967, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2468.288, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2473.592, 'text': 'Another question, based on the same concept, is what are experience-based testing techniques?', 'start': 2468.288, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 2479.256, 'text': "experience-based testing is all about discovery, invention, intuition, and it's all about learning.", 'start': 2473.592, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 2488.483, 'text': 'So the tester constantly studies and analyzes the product and accordingly applies the skills traits experience to develop a trust strategy and design test cases.', 'start': 2479.817, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 2493.967, 'text': 'So various techniques that come under this category are exploratory testing and erogation.', 'start': 2489.324, 'duration': 4.643}], 'summary': 'Experience-based testing involves discovery, invention, intuition, and learning to develop a trust strategy and design test cases.', 'duration': 25.679, 'max_score': 2468.288, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2468288.jpg'}, {'end': 2650.488, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2627.096, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2635.023, 'text': 'The key point is static testing is performed in the early stages of development lifecycle to recognize imperfections dynamic testing.', 'start': 2627.096, 'duration': 7.927}, {'end': 2640.668, 'text': "It includes a lot of execution of code and it's done at later stage of software development lifecycle.", 'start': 2635.383, 'duration': 5.285}, {'end': 2648.827, 'text': 'It validates and it approves the output with expected results static testing is usually implemented at verification stage.', 'start': 2641.281, 'duration': 7.546}, {'end': 2650.488, 'text': "So that's early stages.", 'start': 2649.207, 'duration': 1.281}], 'summary': 'Static testing validates code early in the development lifecycle.', 'duration': 23.392, 'max_score': 2627.096, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2627096.jpg'}, {'end': 2733.522, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2709.873, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2718.098, 'text': "So some common factors that you can consider when you're facing difficulty to decide on when to stop your testing are that you can go ahead and consider the deadlines which are released,", 'start': 2709.873, 'duration': 8.225}, {'end': 2724.959, 'text': 'deadlines, testing deadlines and all those and suppose you have test cases which are completed with certain pass percentage,', 'start': 2718.098, 'duration': 6.861}, {'end': 2733.522, 'text': 'then maybe you can go ahead and stop testing after you think that the amount of pass percentage is enough or when your test purchase is completely depleted.', 'start': 2724.959, 'duration': 8.563}], 'summary': 'Consider deadlines and test pass percentage to determine when to stop testing.', 'duration': 23.649, 'max_score': 2709.873, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2709873.jpg'}, {'end': 2802.986, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2766.235, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2774.057, 'text': 'The best thing is for testers to go through the process of reporting whatever bugs they find and focus mainly on critical box.', 'start': 2766.235, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 2783.575, 'text': 'Well, since this type of problem can cause other issues like insufficient unit testing or insufficient integration testing for design of the application,', 'start': 2774.87, 'duration': 8.705}, {'end': 2786.717, 'text': 'improper build or release procedures, Etc.', 'start': 2783.575, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 2802.986, 'text': 'The higher authorities or managers should be notified and they should be provided with some sort of documentation as a proof or evidence of the problem saying that so and so bug has come up and we are facing an issue where we are not able to solve this bug at all.', 'start': 2787.197, 'duration': 15.789}], 'summary': 'Testers should report bugs, focus on critical ones. notify managers with documentation for unresolved issues.', 'duration': 36.751, 'max_score': 2766.235, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2766235.jpg'}, {'end': 2913.662, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2882.262, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2884.103, 'text': 'You can actually go ahead and I.', 'start': 2882.262, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 2891.188, 'text': 'very skilled and good people to deal with the situation or management should actually ruthlessly prioritize quality issues,', 'start': 2884.103, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 2897.732, 'text': 'and their main focus should be put on customer, and everyone in the organization should be clear on what actually quality means to them.', 'start': 2891.188, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 2907.778, 'text': 'So these are certain solutions that they can adopt in situation where they actually think that the fixed testing procedures are no longer plausible or can be applied.', 'start': 2898.292, 'duration': 9.486}, {'end': 2913.662, 'text': 'Next question that we have is how do you know that the code has actually met the specifications?', 'start': 2908.579, 'duration': 5.083}], 'summary': 'Management should prioritize quality, focus on customer, and ensure clarity on quality definition. solutions should be adopted when testing procedures are not applicable.', 'duration': 31.4, 'max_score': 2882.262, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2882262.jpg'}], 'start': 2326.275, 'title': 'Software testing techniques and approaches', 'summary': 'Discusses defect cascading, quality software attributes, black box and white box testing, and various testing techniques. it covers experience-based testing, different testing approaches, factors to stop testing, and adapting testing procedures in a fast-growing organization.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2467.266, 'start': 2326.275, 'title': 'Software quality and testing techniques', 'summary': 'Discusses defect cascading, quality software attributes, and black box and white box testing techniques, emphasizing the subjective nature of quality and the functionality analysis in testing. it also provides examples of customer perspectives and various techniques under each testing method.', 'duration': 140.991, 'highlights': ['Defect cascading is when one defect triggers other defects in an application. Defect cascading is explained as one defect leading to the occurrence of other defects in the application, creating a chain reaction of issues.', 'Quality software is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets given requirements, and is highly maintainable. The attributes of quality software are outlined to include being reasonably bug-free, on-time delivery within budget, meeting requirements, and being highly maintainable.', 'Quality is a subjective term depending on the customer and their influence in testing, with different perspectives from different types of customers. The subjective nature of quality is emphasized, illustrating how different customers define quality based on their perspectives and influence in the testing process.', "Black box testing analyzes the application's functionality without knowledge of its internal structure or design, aiming to ensure correct functionality and meeting user demands. Black box testing is defined as analyzing the application's functionality without knowledge of its internal structure, with the purpose of ensuring correct functionality and meeting user demands.", "White box testing requires profound knowledge of the application's internal architecture and includes techniques such as decision coverage, statement coverage, and condition coverage. White box testing necessitates deep knowledge of the application's internal architecture and involves techniques like decision coverage, statement coverage, and condition coverage."]}, {'end': 2897.732, 'start': 2468.288, 'title': 'Software testing: techniques and approaches', 'summary': 'Covers experience-based testing, top-down vs bottom-up approach, smoke testing vs sanity testing, static testing vs dynamic testing, factors to stop testing, handling untestable software, testing products with unfrozen requirements, and adapting testing procedures to a fast-growing organization.', 'duration': 429.444, 'highlights': ['Difference between static testing and dynamic testing Static testing is performed in the early stages of development lifecycle to recognize imperfections, while dynamic testing is done at a later stage and validates the output with expected results.', 'Factors to stop testing Common factors to consider when deciding to stop testing: deadlines, completion of test cases with a certain pass percentage, depletion of test resources, coverage of code or functionality reaching a specific point, bug rate falling below a certain level, and the end of the testing period.', 'Experience-based testing techniques Experience-based testing focuses on discovery, invention, intuition, and learning, where testers constantly analyze the product and apply their skills and experience to develop a test strategy and design test cases.', 'Handling untestable software When encountering untestable software, testers should focus on reporting critical bugs, notifying higher authorities or managers, and providing documentation as proof of the untestable nature of the bugs.', 'Adapting testing procedures to a fast-growing organization In a fast-growing organization, it is essential to prioritize quality issues, focus on the customer, and ensure clarity on what quality means to everyone in the organization.']}], 'duration': 571.457, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2326275.jpg', 'highlights': ['Defect cascading is when one defect triggers other defects in an application.', 'Quality software is reasonably bug-free, delivered on time and within budget, meets given requirements, and is highly maintainable.', "Black box testing analyzes the application's functionality without knowledge of its internal structure or design, aiming to ensure correct functionality and meeting user demands.", "White box testing requires profound knowledge of the application's internal architecture and includes techniques such as decision coverage, statement coverage, and condition coverage.", 'Difference between static testing and dynamic testing: Static testing is performed in the early stages of development lifecycle to recognize imperfections, while dynamic testing is done at a later stage and validates the output with expected results.', 'Factors to stop testing: Common factors to consider when deciding to stop testing include deadlines, completion of test cases with a certain pass percentage, depletion of test resources, coverage of code or functionality reaching a specific point, bug rate falling below a certain level, and the end of the testing period.', 'Experience-based testing techniques focus on discovery, invention, intuition, and learning, where testers constantly analyze the product and apply their skills and experience to develop a test strategy and design test cases.', 'Handling untestable software involves focusing on reporting critical bugs, notifying higher authorities or managers, and providing documentation as proof of the untestable nature of the bugs.', 'Adapting testing procedures to a fast-growing organization requires prioritizing quality issues, focusing on the customer, and ensuring clarity on what quality means to everyone in the organization.']}, {'end': 3362.434, 'segs': [{'end': 2955.554, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2922.548, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2924.53, 'text': "It's readable and highly maintainable.", 'start': 2922.548, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 2931.174, 'text': 'So most organizations have their own coding standard that all the developers and testers are supposed to stick to,', 'start': 2925.19, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 2936.881, 'text': "but everyone has different ideas about what's best, what's too many rules and what's very few rules.", 'start': 2931.897, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 2940.323, 'text': "So there's no fixed thing as good code or anything.", 'start': 2937.441, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 2949.49, 'text': "Well, honestly, there are a lot of tools these days that can help you check if your code is sustainable, if it's good or if it is met specifications.", 'start': 2941.084, 'duration': 8.406}, {'end': 2955.554, 'text': 'for example, you have something called traceability Matrix, which ensures that all your requirements are mapped to the test cases.', 'start': 2949.49, 'duration': 6.064}], 'summary': 'Coding standards vary, but tools like traceability matrix ensure code meets specifications.', 'duration': 33.006, 'max_score': 2922.548, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2922548.jpg'}, {'end': 3003.875, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2980.061, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2987.666, 'text': 'For example, when you have test cases that require periodic execution, when the test include repetitive steps,', 'start': 2980.061, 'duration': 7.605}, {'end': 2994.89, 'text': 'when tests need to be executed in a standard runtime environment, you can go ahead and adopt automation testing rather than manual testing.', 'start': 2987.666, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 2997.531, 'text': 'also, when you have very less time to complete the test phase,', 'start': 2994.89, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 3003.875, 'text': "when there's a lot of code that needs to be repeatedly tested and when there are reports that are required for every execution,", 'start': 2997.531, 'duration': 6.344}], 'summary': 'Automation testing is beneficial for repetitive, time-sensitive test cases and code with frequent testing needs.', 'duration': 23.814, 'max_score': 2980.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2980061.jpg'}, {'end': 3036.065, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3013.081, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3021.202, 'text': "So every high-functioning organization has a master plan right that details how they're supposed to operate and how they supposed to achieve their goals,", 'start': 3013.081, 'duration': 8.121}, {'end': 3022.083, 'text': 'and all that.', 'start': 3021.202, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 3025.223, 'text': 'well, software development and testing are no different.', 'start': 3022.083, 'duration': 3.14}, {'end': 3036.065, 'text': 'software configuration management or SCM is set of processes, policies and tools that organize, control, coordinate and track code.', 'start': 3025.223, 'duration': 10.842}], 'summary': 'Scm is crucial for organizing, controlling, and tracking code in software development.', 'duration': 22.984, 'max_score': 3013.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc3013081.jpg'}, {'end': 3198.897, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3167.283, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3171.285, 'text': 'Why is that boundary value analysis provides very good test cases.', 'start': 3167.283, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 3182.311, 'text': 'So the reason why boundary value analysis provides good test cases is that a greater number of errors actually occur at boundaries rather than in the center of the input domain for any test.', 'start': 3171.966, 'duration': 10.345}, {'end': 3188.628, 'text': 'So, basically, in boundary value analysis, test cases are designed to include values at boundaries,', 'start': 3183.044, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 3191.691, 'text': "and that's why boundary value analysis provides very good test cases.", 'start': 3188.628, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 3198.897, 'text': "So if the input is within the boundary value, it's considered positive testing, and if your input is outside of your boundary value,", 'start': 3192.431, 'duration': 6.466}], 'summary': 'Boundary value analysis provides good test cases due to errors occurring at boundaries and designed test cases including boundary values.', 'duration': 31.614, 'max_score': 3167.283, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc3167283.jpg'}, {'end': 3258.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3231.242, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3234.144, 'text': "but it's impossible to make it hundred percent error free.", 'start': 3231.242, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 3239.448, 'text': 'Well, here are some two principal reasons that make it impossible to test a program entirely.', 'start': 3234.765, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 3246.773, 'text': 'First of all software specifications and requirements can be subjective and they can lead to different interpretations.', 'start': 3240.109, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 3253.956, 'text': 'Secondly a software program might require too many inputs too many outputs and too many path combinations to test.', 'start': 3247.473, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 3258.699, 'text': 'Well, these reasons make it impossible to test a program entirely.', 'start': 3254.817, 'duration': 3.882}], 'summary': 'Testing a program entirely is impossible due to subjective specifications and too many inputs, outputs, and path combinations.', 'duration': 27.457, 'max_score': 3231.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc3231242.jpg'}], 'start': 2898.292, 'title': 'Manual testing q&a', 'summary': 'Delves into manual and automation testing, as well as configuration management and boundary value analysis. it highlights the importance of both testing methods and reasons for the impossibility of thoroughly testing a program.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3362.434, 'start': 2898.292, 'title': 'Manual testing q&a', 'summary': "Discusses manual testing, automation testing, configuration management, boundary value analysis, and reasons why it's impossible to test a program thoroughly, emphasizing the importance of both manual and automation testing.", 'duration': 464.142, 'highlights': ["Good code is bug-free, readable, and maintainable, with no fixed definition for 'good code'. Good code is defined as bug-free, readable, and maintainable, with no fixed definition, emphasizing the qualities of good code.", 'Automation testing is preferred for test cases requiring periodic execution, repetitive steps, standard runtime environment, time constraints, repeated code testing, and report generation. Automation testing is preferred for scenarios like periodic execution, repetitive steps, time constraints, and report generation, showcasing the advantages of automation over manual testing.', 'Software configuration management (SCM) organizes, controls, coordinates, and tracks code, documentations, problems, change requests, designs, tools, compilers, and libraries. Software configuration management (SCM) encompasses processes, policies, and tools to organize, control, coordinate, and track various aspects of software development and testing.', 'Boundary value analysis provides good test cases as errors occur more frequently at boundaries, and test cases are designed to include values at boundaries. Boundary value analysis is effective due to the higher occurrence of errors at boundaries and the inclusion of boundary values in test cases, highlighting its significance in generating effective test cases.', "It's impossible to test a program thoroughly due to subjective software specifications, requirements, and the multitude of inputs, outputs, and path combinations. Thorough testing is impossible due to subjective specifications, requirements, and the complexity of inputs, outputs, and path combinations, explaining the challenges in achieving thorough testing."]}], 'duration': 464.142, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Zkeqvl8cxGc/pics/Zkeqvl8cxGc2898292.jpg', 'highlights': ['Automation testing is preferred for scenarios like periodic execution, repetitive steps, time constraints, and report generation, showcasing the advantages of automation over manual testing.', 'Boundary value analysis is effective due to the higher occurrence of errors at boundaries and the inclusion of boundary values in test cases, highlighting its significance in generating effective test cases.', 'Software configuration management (SCM) encompasses processes, policies, and tools to organize, control, coordinate, and track various aspects of software development and testing.', 'Good code is defined as bug-free, readable, and maintainable, emphasizing the qualities of good code.', 'Thorough testing is impossible due to subjective specifications, requirements, and the complexity of inputs, outputs, and path combinations, explaining the challenges in achieving thorough testing.']}], 'highlights': ['Manual testing is crucial in scenarios where automation cannot be used.', 'API testing ensures expected functionality, reliability, performance, and security.', 'Quality control in software testing checks for defects and ensures software meets requirements.', 'There are six types of manual testing: black box, white box, unit, system, acceptance, and integration testing.', 'Alpha testing is internal acceptance testing before beta testing, while beta testing involves real users testing the software in real environments.', 'The difference between quality control and quality assurance is clearly explained.', 'The procedure for manual testing is outlined, covering essential steps from understanding requirements to reporting results.', 'API testing is usually performed in the business layer of the application, consisting of three stages: presentation layer, business layer, and database layer.', 'Manual testing is suitable for scenarios such as usability testing, ad-hoc testing, and short time projects.', 'Phases of software testing life cycle include requirement analysis, test planning, test case development, test environment setup, test execution, and test cycle closure.', "Regression testing ensures that small changes don't break existing functionality and is applied when adding new features or updates.", 'The bug life cycle involves states such as new, assigned, open, fixed, tested, verified, reopened, closed, duplicate, rejected, and deferred.', "Positive testing verifies the expected behavior of an application with valid data, while negative testing evaluates the application's ability to handle invalid input and unexpected user behavior.", 'Defect cascading occurs when an undetected defect in an application leads to the triggering of other defects in later stages of development.', "Black box testing analyzes the application's functionality without knowledge of its internal structure or design.", "White box testing requires profound knowledge of the application's internal architecture and includes techniques such as decision coverage, statement coverage, and condition coverage.", 'Factors to stop testing include deadlines, completion of test cases with a certain pass percentage, depletion of test resources, coverage of code or functionality reaching a specific point, bug rate falling below a certain level, and the end of the testing period.', 'Experience-based testing techniques focus on discovery, invention, intuition, and learning.', 'Automation testing is preferred for scenarios like periodic execution, repetitive steps, time constraints, and report generation.', 'Boundary value analysis is effective due to the higher occurrence of errors at boundaries and the inclusion of boundary values in test cases.', 'Software configuration management (SCM) encompasses processes, policies, and tools to organize, control, coordinate, and track various aspects of software development and testing.', 'Thorough testing is impossible due to subjective specifications, requirements, and the complexity of inputs, outputs, and path combinations.']}