title
Java Tutorial for Beginners | Java Programming | Intellipaat

description
🔥Intellipaat Java Programming Course: https://intellipaat.com/java-training/ In this java tutorial for beginners you will learn complete java in detail with hands on demo. #Java #JavaTutorialforBeginners #JavaTutorial #JavaProgramming #LearnJava #LearnJavaOnline #ObjectOrientedProgramming 📌 Do subscribe to Intellipaat channel & get regular updates on videos: http://bit.ly/Intellipaat 📝Following topics are covered in this java training video: 00:00 - Java tutorial for beginners About Java - 1:16 What is Java? - 1:53 What was the reason of creation? - 2:39 How is it Platform Independent? - 4:41 What is JVM, JRE, JDK? - 6:08 Features of Java - 7:08 Evolution of Java - 12:32 Environment Setup - 13:44 Other Available IDEs - 15:36 First Java Program - 16:35 Contents of Java Program - Packages - 22:31 Contents of Java Program - Comments - 25:36 Contents of Java Program - Reserved Words - 28:05 Contents of Java Program - Statements - 29:53 Contents of Java Program - Blocks - 31:10 Contents of Java Program - Class - 32:40 Contents of Java Program - Methods - 34:46 Contents of Java Program - Main Methods - 36:53 Identifiers - 36:55 Variables & Constants - 39:51 Encoding Set - 43:06 Seperators - 46:39 Primitives - 51:07 Primitive Conversions - 58:17 Operators - 1:03:15 If Statement - 1:13:59 While Statement - 1:20:07 Do-While Statement - 1:24:15 For Statement - 1:26:33 Break Statement - 1:32:58 Continue Statement - 1:39:01 Switch Statement - 1:46:07 What is Java Object and Class? - 1:51:00 Encapsulation and Access Control - 2:22:54 This Keyword - 2:46:24 Static Members - 2:48:36 Method Overloading - 3:07:58 By Value or By Reference - 3:19:03 Loading, Linking and Initialization - 3:28:11 Comparing Objects - 3:43:16 The Garbage Collector - 3:55:19 Object - 3:56:57 Class - 4:18:54 What is Inheritance? - 4:27:09 Accessibility - 4:45:18 Method Overloading - 4:53:46 Calling the Superclass's Constructors and Hidden Members - 5:02:40 Type Casting - 5:16:53 InstanceOf Keyword - 5:25:26 Nested Classes - 5:29:28 Types of Nested Classes - 5:33:52 Member Inner Class - 5:44:15 Anonymous Inner Class - 5:50:31 Local Inner Classes - 5:56:45 Static Nested Class - 6:01:34 What is an Interface? - 6:06:45 Creating and using an Interface - 6:15:48 Extending Interfaces - 6:30:55 Implementing multiple interfaces - 6:41:25 What are Abstract Classses? - 6:49:44 Creating and using Abstract classes - 6:52:22 Difference between Abstract classes and Interface - 7:08:55 System - 7:11:58 String Classes : String - 7:27:08 String Classes : StringBuffer - 7:45:09 Arrays - 7:55:18 Boxing & Unboxing - 8:08:15 Varargs - 8:13:57 format & printf methods - 8:22:29 What is Exception? - 8:22:34 Constructors to deal with exception - 8:31:29 Classification of Exception - 8:54:41 Creating your own exception class - 9:12:26 Analyzing the stack trace - 9:27:05 Defining Threads - 9:31:11 Creating & Starting Threads - 9:38:16 Thread States - 9:44:37 Preventing Thread Execution - 9:48:20 Thread sleeping - 9:56:39 Synchronization - 10:17:50 Thread Interaction - 10:38:37 Top Java Interview Questions - 11:01:58 Quiz-1 - 11:44:09 Quiz-2 - 11:44:27 🔗 Watch Java video tutorials here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_JxMy4Gm04&list=PLVHgQku8Z9375_qVonZiZx0X-dRwZPzXA 📕 Read complete Java Programming tutorial here: https://intellipaat.com/blog/tutorial/java-tutorial/ 📰 Interested to learn Java Programming still more? Please check similar Java Programming certification blogs here: https://intellipaat.com/blog/java-certification/ 📕 Read insightful blog on what is Java Mapreduce: https://intellipaat.com/blog/java-mapreduce-tutorial/ Are you looking for something more? Enroll in our java course & become a certified java Professional (https://intellipaat.com/java-training/). It is a 40 hrs instructor led java training provided by Intellipaat which is completely aligned with industry standards and certification bodies. If you’ve enjoyed this java for beginners tutorial, Like us and Subscribe to our channel for more similar informative java tutorials. Got any questions about java programming? Ask us in the comment section below. ------------------------------ Why should you opt for a java career? Java is an evergreen programming language that is being used in most of the organizations. You will grab the best jobs in top MNCs after finishing this Intellipaat java online training. The entire Intellipaat java course is in line with the industry needs. There is a huge demand for java certified professional. Hence this Intellipaat java tutorial for beginners is your stepping stone to a successful career! ------------------------------ For more Information: Please write us to sales@intellipaat.com, or call us at: +91- 7847955955 Website: https://intellipaat.com/java-training/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/intellipaatonline LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/intellipaat/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Intellipaat

detail
{'title': 'Java Tutorial for Beginners | Java Programming | Intellipaat', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "This java tutorial covers key topics including java popularity, cross-platform capabilities, primitive data types, control statements, object-oriented programming, encapsulation, inheritance, interfaces, string manipulation, exception handling, and multithreading, showcasing practical demonstrations and examples within netbeans, with a focus on java's features, platform independence, and evolution from 1996 to 2014, catering to around 10 million java developers worldwide.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1683.527, 'segs': [{'end': 31.77, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3.103, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5.985, 'text': 'Hi guys and welcome to this session on Java by Intellipaat.', 'start': 3.103, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 10.507, 'text': 'As you already know, Java is among the top programming languages of the world right now.', 'start': 6.645, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 13.929, 'text': 'The reason behind its popularity is its diverse applications.', 'start': 11.227, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 20.032, 'text': 'From Android application development to web applications, Java provides us solutions to a lot of different problems.', 'start': 14.429, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 25.215, 'text': 'But before we get into all of that, please subscribe to our channel to never miss an update from Intellipaat.', 'start': 20.652, 'duration': 4.563}, {'end': 27.627, 'text': "So let's talk about today's agenda.", 'start': 26.206, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 31.77, 'text': 'Today we start off with a very basic introduction to Java along with a simple example.', 'start': 28.027, 'duration': 3.743}], 'summary': 'Java is a top programming language with diverse applications, including android and web development.', 'duration': 28.667, 'max_score': 3.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3103.jpg'}, {'end': 107.887, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 79.948, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 88.073, 'text': 'As for Oracle, which now owns Java, there are around 10 million developers, Java developers worldwide.', 'start': 79.948, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 93.417, 'text': 'And Java has been widely accepted as the language of choice for developing.', 'start': 88.614, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 101.683, 'text': 'you know almost any kind of application that ranges from a small web-based Java applets to large distributed enterprise applications.', 'start': 93.417, 'duration': 8.266}, {'end': 107.887, 'text': "It's used in small embedded devices as well, as you know applications as well.", 'start': 102.244, 'duration': 5.643}], 'summary': 'Oracle has around 10 million java developers worldwide. java is widely used for developing various applications, from small web-based applets to large enterprise applications and small embedded devices.', 'duration': 27.939, 'max_score': 79.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc79948.jpg'}, {'end': 478.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 449.69, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 454.915, 'text': 'So, as long as you have a JVM for the desired machines, the compiled Java code, that is, the byte code,', 'start': 449.69, 'duration': 5.225}, {'end': 460.4, 'text': 'will always run on that machine without requiring any change in the source code.', 'start': 454.915, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 464.164, 'text': 'So that makes Java a platform independent language.', 'start': 460.62, 'duration': 3.544}, {'end': 466.726, 'text': 'Second is it is compiled and interpreted.', 'start': 464.544, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 473.352, 'text': 'So languages like C++, Pascal and all, these languages basically compile their source program into the object code.', 'start': 466.966, 'duration': 6.386}, {'end': 478.755, 'text': 'The linker then converts the object code into an executable and when you run that executable,', 'start': 473.573, 'duration': 5.182}], 'summary': "Java's platform independence allows code to run on any machine with a jvm, making it compiled and interpreted.", 'duration': 29.065, 'max_score': 449.69, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc449690.jpg'}, {'end': 534.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 512.89, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 521.554, 'text': "So there's a reason, I mean, Java is again compiled at the first place from the source code to the bytecode and then interpreted line by line.", 'start': 512.89, 'duration': 8.664}, {'end': 530.901, 'text': 'so it also has a just-in-time compiler that translates the bytecode into the machine language code just before the real CPU begins the program execution.', 'start': 521.875, 'duration': 9.026}, {'end': 534.703, 'text': 'so that kind of results in the faster execution.', 'start': 530.901, 'duration': 3.802}], 'summary': 'Java is compiled to bytecode, then jit compiles for faster execution.', 'duration': 21.813, 'max_score': 512.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc512890.jpg'}, {'end': 589.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 559.891, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 567.233, 'text': 'Basically, that believes the type of design that believes in the interaction of the objects rather than actions.', 'start': 559.891, 'duration': 7.342}, {'end': 568.673, 'text': 'That is the object-oriented.', 'start': 567.613, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 571.416, 'text': 'architecture Java is an object-oriented language.', 'start': 569.113, 'duration': 2.303}, {'end': 575.96, 'text': 'Simple So as compared to C++, Java was considered really simple.', 'start': 571.776, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 580.725, 'text': 'The syntax of Java was like a clean-up version of the, you know, syntax for C++.', 'start': 575.98, 'duration': 4.745}, {'end': 589.094, 'text': "There wasn't any need for the header files, pointer arithmetics, structures, unions, operator overloading, etc.", 'start': 581.165, 'duration': 7.929}], 'summary': 'Java is an object-oriented language, simpler than c++, with no need for header files, pointer arithmetics, structures, unions, or operator overloading.', 'duration': 29.203, 'max_score': 559.891, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc559891.jpg'}, {'end': 656.044, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 625.433, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 632.455, 'text': 'Or say for example, if the bytecode tried to access a memory location which is outside its mount, so JVM rejected that code.', 'start': 625.433, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 640.317, 'text': 'So that way, JVM made sure that it resulted in a very robust application which was running on the operating system.', 'start': 632.615, 'duration': 7.702}, {'end': 656.044, 'text': "and it was highly secure in a sense that it cannot be used to spread a virus on the target machine because the Java code that runs on the machine it does not have a direct access to the operating system's resources.", 'start': 640.897, 'duration': 15.147}], 'summary': 'Jvm ensures robust and secure applications by restricting bytecode access to memory and operating system resources.', 'duration': 30.611, 'max_score': 625.433, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc625433.jpg'}, {'end': 738.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 689.156, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 699.24, 'text': 'but the approach that Java followed of adding the synchronized keyword and putting the block of code that was acting as like a shared resource,', 'start': 689.156, 'duration': 10.084}, {'end': 707.923, 'text': 'so that made this multi-threading programming in Java really easy, and that was one of the key attraction at that time.', 'start': 699.24, 'duration': 8.683}, {'end': 713.585, 'text': 'Another important feature which was introduced in Java was its dynamic nature.', 'start': 709.704, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 718.728, 'text': 'So we have seen that a Java source program always gets compiled into the bytecode.', 'start': 713.806, 'duration': 4.922}, {'end': 723.19, 'text': 'The bytecode gets stored in a class with .', 'start': 719.108, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 724.29, 'text': 'class extension.', 'start': 723.19, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 729.072, 'text': 'So a running Java application can load a compile-time unknown class file.', 'start': 724.55, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 734.575, 'text': 'it understands its defined class, it instantiates it and then it uses it for its own purpose.', 'start': 729.072, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 738.276, 'text': 'so that is the process which is known as introspection and reflection.', 'start': 734.955, 'duration': 3.321}], 'summary': 'Java introduced synchronized keyword for easy multi-threading and dynamic nature with introspection and reflection.', 'duration': 49.12, 'max_score': 689.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc689156.jpg'}, {'end': 803.695, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 771.114, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 776.156, 'text': 'since then, regularly they have been releasing a lot of versions.', 'start': 771.114, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 782.018, 'text': 'the names have changed, like the JDK 1.1.', 'start': 776.156, 'duration': 5.862}, {'end': 789.744, 'text': 'after release of JDK 1.1, it was named as J2SE Java 2 standard edition 1.2.', 'start': 782.018, 'duration': 7.726}, {'end': 796.81, 'text': 'after, like J2SE 5.0, it was renamed to Java SE 6, Java SE 7 and Java SE 8.', 'start': 789.744, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 797.851, 'text': 'so these.', 'start': 796.81, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 803.695, 'text': 'so the latest release, which is the Java standard edition 8 that got released on March 18 2014.', 'start': 797.851, 'duration': 5.844}], 'summary': 'Java has seen many versions, with the latest being java se 8 released on march 18, 2014.', 'duration': 32.581, 'max_score': 771.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc771114.jpg'}, {'end': 896.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 874.41, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 882.596, 'text': 'okay, now, after installing java, what you need to do is we need to download one of the integrated development environments again.', 'start': 874.41, 'duration': 8.186}, {'end': 886.919, 'text': "that's a free source code, so you can download netbeans.", 'start': 882.596, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 891.403, 'text': "it'll help us out in doing lot of things in our course further.", 'start': 886.919, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 896.347, 'text': 'so again, netbeans can be downloaded from the oracle website.', 'start': 891.403, 'duration': 4.944}], 'summary': 'After installing java, download netbeans from oracle for free source code and integrated development environment.', 'duration': 21.937, 'max_score': 874.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc874410.jpg'}], 'start': 3.103, 'title': 'Java: overview, fundamentals, cross-platform language, features, and evolution', 'summary': 'Covers the popularity, diverse applications, and agenda of java, its cross-platform capabilities, features including platform independence and multi-threading, and the evolution from 1996 to 2014, with around 10 million java developers worldwide.', 'chapters': [{'end': 62.632, 'start': 3.103, 'title': 'Java: overview and fundamentals', 'summary': 'Introduces the popularity and diverse applications of java, along with the agenda covering basic introduction, language fundamentals, object-oriented concepts, exception handling, and threads, culminating in a recap quiz.', 'duration': 59.529, 'highlights': ['Java is among the top programming languages of the world, known for its diverse applications, including Android and web application development.', 'The agenda includes a basic introduction to Java, language fundamentals, object-oriented concepts, exception handling, threads, and a recap quiz.', 'Java provides solutions to various problems, making it popular in the programming world.', 'The session covers different conditional and looping statements, object-oriented concepts like inheritance and nested classes, and the usage of interfaces in Java.', 'The chapter also includes a quiz to recap all the concepts covered in the session.']}, {'end': 427.391, 'start': 62.993, 'title': 'Java: a cross-platform language', 'summary': 'Highlights the popularity of java since 1996, with around 10 million java developers worldwide, its wide acceptance for developing various applications, the need for a cross-platform language for multi-device development, and the resolution of issues with c++ through the creation of java, jvm, jre, and jdk.', 'duration': 364.398, 'highlights': ['Java has been one of the most popular programming languages since 1996, with around 10 million Java developers worldwide.', "Java has been widely accepted as the language of choice for developing a wide range of applications, from small web-based Java applets to large distributed enterprise applications, and it's used in small embedded devices as well.", 'The primary goal for the creation of Java was the need for an appropriate language for developing embedded device applications, as C++ was highly resource-intensive and demanded portability.', 'Java resolved the issues with C++ by compiling the source code into bytecode, which was supposed to run on a java virtual machine (JVM), acting as a virtual CPU for different machines.', 'JVM is a virtual machine that runs on the host and helps in executing the Java executables, JRE provides the core libraries along with JVM for running the bytecode, and JDK is a Java development kit useful for developing Java apps.']}, {'end': 738.276, 'start': 427.651, 'title': 'Features of java', 'summary': 'Discusses the platform independence, compilation and interpretation, object-oriented nature, simplicity, robustness and security, multi-threading, and dynamic nature of java, highlighting its key features and advantages.', 'duration': 310.625, 'highlights': ['Java is platform independent as the compiled Java code, i.e., byte code, will always run on a machine with a JVM for the desired machines without requiring any change in the source code.', 'It is compiled and interpreted, with a just-in-time compiler that translates bytecode into machine language code, resulting in faster execution.', 'Java is object-oriented and focuses on data and objects, making it simpler compared to C++ with a cleaner syntax.', 'The introduction of JVM in the architecture helped in creating robust and secure Java applications, as it maintained the integrity of the memory space and prevented malicious attempts.', 'Java is multi-threaded, making multi-threading programming easy with the addition of the synchronized keyword.', "Java's dynamic nature allows running applications to load and use compile-time unknown class files through introspection and reflection."]}, {'end': 1683.527, 'start': 738.276, 'title': 'Evolution of java and setting up environment', 'summary': 'Covers the evolution of java, from its first release in 1996 to the latest version in 2014, and guides the setup of the java environment, including downloading jdk and netbeans ide. it also explores creating java projects, packages, and comments, providing insights into the structure of java programs and the importance of organizing code.', 'duration': 945.251, 'highlights': ['The latest release of Java, Java standard edition 8, was released on March 18, 2014, marking almost 8 releases in the past 20 years.', "The process of setting up the Java environment involves downloading JDK from Oracle's site, with the latest version being 8u45, and acquiring an integrated development environment such as NetBeans from the Oracle website.", 'Java programs are organized using packages, which help in structuring the code under different directory structures and play a crucial role in access modifiers.', 'Comments in Java, whether single-line or multi-line, are essential for program maintenance, as they are ignored by the compiler and aid in understanding the logic of the program.']}], 'duration': 1680.424, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3103.jpg', 'highlights': ['Java is among the top programming languages, known for diverse applications.', 'Java has around 10 million developers worldwide, used for various applications.', 'Java is platform independent, with bytecode running on any machine with a JVM.', "Java's latest release, Java SE 8, was released on March 18, 2014.", 'Java is object-oriented, simpler than C++ with a cleaner syntax.', 'Java is multi-threaded, making programming easy with the synchronized keyword.', 'JVM maintains memory integrity and prevents malicious attempts in Java applications.', "Java's dynamic nature allows running applications to load and use compile-time unknown class files.", 'Java resolved issues with C++ by compiling source code into bytecode for JVM execution.', 'Java environment setup involves downloading JDK and acquiring an integrated development environment.']}, {'end': 3066.386, 'segs': [{'end': 1728.229, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1703.474, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1712.3, 'text': 'some of the examples of the reserved words are class, public, static package, etc.', 'start': 1703.474, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 1718.943, 'text': 'so let me just quickly show you how these things come up in the IDE.', 'start': 1712.64, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 1725.527, 'text': 'so anything that is coming up in blue here is one of the reserved word like a package.', 'start': 1718.943, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 1728.229, 'text': 'my first project so my first project is the name of the directory.', 'start': 1725.527, 'duration': 2.702}], 'summary': 'The ide highlights reserved words like class, public, static, and package in blue. the first project is the directory name.', 'duration': 24.755, 'max_score': 1703.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc1703474.jpg'}, {'end': 1992.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1960.118, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1966.14, 'text': 'now, the other thing that we see in the java program is the class.', 'start': 1960.118, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 1967.381, 'text': 'so what is the class??', 'start': 1966.14, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1971.462, 'text': 'class basically represents the blueprint of all the objects.', 'start': 1967.461, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 1977.104, 'text': 'so it basically tells you that this should be the skeleton of all the objects that are getting formed.', 'start': 1971.462, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 1986.362, 'text': 'Okay, let us see what is there in the example that we have created.', 'start': 1978.499, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 1992.165, 'text': 'So the class name of this java program is FirstJavaProgram.', 'start': 1986.362, 'duration': 5.803}], 'summary': 'A class in the java program represents the blueprint for all objects, such as firstjavaprogram.', 'duration': 32.047, 'max_score': 1960.118, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc1960118.jpg'}, {'end': 2169.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2139.314, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2145.936, 'text': 'If you can see, I mean when we executed this piece of code, the first thing that was getting, you know,', 'start': 2139.314, 'duration': 6.622}, {'end': 2149.137, 'text': 'printed on the console was my first Java program is awesome.', 'start': 2145.936, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 2152.257, 'text': 'This is because it comes as a part of the main method.', 'start': 2149.157, 'duration': 3.1}, {'end': 2159.279, 'text': 'So the execution starts from the main method of a particular program.', 'start': 2152.918, 'duration': 6.361}, {'end': 2162.86, 'text': 'Okay, so let us take an example of whatever we have coded.', 'start': 2159.379, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 2169.026, 'text': 'so here public static void main function.', 'start': 2164.741, 'duration': 4.285}], 'summary': "Execution starts from main method, 'my first java program is awesome' printed on console.", 'duration': 29.712, 'max_score': 2139.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc2139314.jpg'}, {'end': 2723.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2696.114, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2699.897, 'text': 'like chinese, korean, thai, basically these things.', 'start': 2696.114, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 2711.623, 'text': 'these languages used a different character set and initially the unicode character was supposed to be represented by like 16 bits, which was probably,', 'start': 2699.897, 'duration': 11.726}, {'end': 2714.947, 'text': 'you know, enough to cover like 65 000 different characters.', 'start': 2711.623, 'duration': 3.324}, {'end': 2723.116, 'text': 'but the problem happened was it also tried to uh, you know, add another 16 bits to represent each and every character on?', 'start': 2714.947, 'duration': 8.169}], 'summary': 'Unicode initially used 16 bits to cover 65,000 characters, but faced issues with adding additional bits.', 'duration': 27.002, 'max_score': 2696.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc2696114.jpg'}, {'end': 2832.069, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2791.689, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2797.414, 'text': "And because of the huge bandwidth requirement, it's not a choice, not an ideal choice for the internet applications.", 'start': 2791.689, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 2800.136, 'text': 'Okay, so separators we have.', 'start': 2798.715, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 2803.979, 'text': 'The first separator that we have is a period.', 'start': 2802.017, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 2807.401, 'text': 'This is used to refer methods and fields of an object.', 'start': 2804.139, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 2810.784, 'text': 'So let us see an example here.', 'start': 2808.582, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 2817.542, 'text': 'Let me delete these variables.', 'start': 2816.181, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 2832.069, 'text': 'Okay So, here you can see we have a dot.', 'start': 2827.987, 'duration': 4.082}], 'summary': 'High bandwidth requirement makes it unsuitable for internet applications. period is used as a separator for methods and fields of an object.', 'duration': 40.38, 'max_score': 2791.689, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc2791689.jpg'}], 'start': 1683.727, 'title': 'Programming concepts in java', 'summary': 'Discusses reserved words, program structure, methods, java language separators, and character encoding evolution in java programming. it covers keywords, syntax, methods, identifiers, character encoding evolution from ascii to utf-32, and usage of various separators.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1777.727, 'start': 1683.727, 'title': 'Reserved words in programming', 'summary': 'Discusses reserved words in programming, also known as keywords, which have specific meanings to the compiler and cannot be used for other purposes in the program. it includes examples such as class, public, static, and package, and demonstrates in an ide how these reserved words are denoted in a different font and color. additionally, it showcases an error generated by using a reserved word as a variable name.', 'duration': 94, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains reserved words in programming and their specific meanings to the compiler, such as 'class', 'public', 'static', and 'package'.", 'It demonstrates in an IDE how reserved words are denoted in a different font and color to distinguish them from other elements.', "The transcript showcases an error generated by using a reserved word, 'package', as a variable name and how replacing it resolves the error."]}, {'end': 2078.911, 'start': 1777.727, 'title': 'Java program structure and syntax', 'summary': 'Explains the key components of a java program, including variables, statements, blocks, and classes, emphasizing the importance of syntax rules and best practices.', 'duration': 301.184, 'highlights': ['A Java program consists of variables, statements, blocks, and classes, each serving specific functions like representing actions, defining code blocks, and providing blueprints for objects.', 'Emphasis on syntax rules such as not using keywords for variables and ensuring public class names match the file name to avoid compilation errors.', 'Clarification on the significance of semicolons to end statements and the use of braces to define code blocks.']}, {'end': 2592.894, 'start': 2078.911, 'title': 'Java program methods and identifiers', 'summary': "Covers the methods in a java program, explaining the main method's role as the starting point, followed by a detailed discussion on identifiers, rules for creating them, and examples of variable and constant declarations and assignments.", 'duration': 513.983, 'highlights': ['The main method acts as the starting point in a Java program, with the execution beginning from this method.', 'Identifiers in Java are names used for classes, methods, interfaces, or variables, and must adhere to specific rules, including being case-sensitive and not using Java keywords as identifiers.', "Constants in Java are variables whose values cannot be changed, and are created using the keyword 'final', ensuring that their values remain constant throughout the program.", 'The chapter also demonstrates examples of variable and constant declarations and assignments, illustrating the syntax and usage within a Java program.']}, {'end': 2790.809, 'start': 2594.074, 'title': 'Evolution of character encoding', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of character encoding, from ascii to utf-32, covering the limitations of ascii, the extension to include additional characters, the introduction of iso 88591, the development of unicode to cover non-latin languages, and the efficiency improvements through utf-8, utf-16, and utf-32 encoding schemes.', 'duration': 196.735, 'highlights': ['Unicode Consortium developed Unicode to cover non-Latin languages, initially using 16 bits to represent characters, with a capacity of 65,000 different characters.', 'UTF-8 encodes every character using 8 bits, suitable for texts with Latin letters, providing efficiency in web applications.', 'ISO 88591, represented by 8 bits, covered characters required for western languages, addressing the limitations of ASCII.', 'ASCII character code initially represented characters using 7 bits, covering almost 128 characters, later extended to 8 bits to include additional characters like German and British currency symbol Pound.', 'UTF-16 was used for languages with common use characters, encoded in 2 bytes, while less common characters were encoded as pairs of 16-bit code units.', 'UTF-32 uses 32 bits for storing a single character, providing a wide range of characters for different languages and scripts.']}, {'end': 3066.386, 'start': 2791.689, 'title': 'Java language: separators and their usage', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of various separators in java, including periods for object methods, commas for method signature arguments, semicolons for statement termination and in for loops, curly braces for code blocks, parentheses for conditions and method signatures, brackets for arrays, angle brackets for parameterized types, and colons for for loops.', 'duration': 274.697, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the usage of various separators in Java, including periods for object methods, commas for method signature arguments, semicolons for statement termination and in for loops, curly braces for code blocks, parentheses for conditions and method signatures, brackets for arrays, angle brackets for parameterized types, and colons for for loops.', 'Semicolon is used to terminate the statements and in the for loops.', 'Curly braces are used to declare arrays and blocks of code.', 'Parentheses are used in method signatures to contain the list of arguments and for narrowing the conversions.', 'Angle brackets are used to pass the parameters to the parameterized type.']}], 'duration': 1382.659, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc1683727.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the usage of various separators in Java, including periods, commas, semicolons, curly braces, parentheses, brackets, angle brackets, and colons.', 'The main method acts as the starting point in a Java program, with the execution beginning from this method.', 'A Java program consists of variables, statements, blocks, and classes, each serving specific functions like representing actions, defining code blocks, and providing blueprints for objects.', 'Unicode Consortium developed Unicode to cover non-Latin languages, initially using 16 bits to represent characters, with a capacity of 65,000 different characters.', "The chapter explains reserved words in programming and their specific meanings to the compiler, such as 'class', 'public', 'static', and 'package'."]}, {'end': 6633.319, 'segs': [{'end': 3173.666, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3137.609, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3143.334, 'text': 'all the big values of integers that fall in the range of 64 bits.', 'start': 3137.609, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 3148.878, 'text': 'for storing all the decimal values, we use float data type.', 'start': 3143.334, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 3156.484, 'text': 'float uses 32 bits for storing the values and for larger values of decimals we use double, which uses 64 bits.', 'start': 3148.878, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 3165.804, 'text': 'Okay, let us see quickly the example of the primitive data types here.', 'start': 3159.542, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 3173.666, 'text': "Okay, so I'm already having a class primitives for the sake of this demo.", 'start': 3166.444, 'duration': 7.222}], 'summary': 'Storage of integers in 64 bits and decimals in 32 or 64 bits explained in a class demo.', 'duration': 36.057, 'max_score': 3137.609, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3137609.jpg'}, {'end': 3722.927, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3690.185, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3702.553, 'text': "so initially the long variable's value was 2 into 10, raised to the power, say 20, and eventually, after it was typecasted to an integer variable,", 'start': 3690.185, 'duration': 12.368}, {'end': 3710.919, 'text': 'the value is something like minus 54 crore, something like that.', 'start': 3702.553, 'duration': 8.366}, {'end': 3713.761, 'text': 'so we have a lot of data loss happening.', 'start': 3710.919, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 3719.525, 'text': 'so whatever we were trying to typecast to the value has been completely lost here.', 'start': 3713.761, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 3722.927, 'text': 'So these are the examples of narrowing conversion.', 'start': 3720.505, 'duration': 2.422}], 'summary': 'Data loss occurred during typecasting from a long variable to an integer, resulting in a value of approximately -54 crore, illustrating narrowing conversion.', 'duration': 32.742, 'max_score': 3690.185, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3690185.jpg'}, {'end': 3896.982, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3834.955, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3845.078, 'text': 'that we have the assignment operators, like assigning a particular value after incrementing, and then we have logical and shift operators.', 'start': 3834.955, 'duration': 10.123}, {'end': 3849.519, 'text': 'so these are, like you know, doing a right shift or a left shift.', 'start': 3845.078, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 3855.221, 'text': 'so let us go through an example of how these operators work.', 'start': 3849.519, 'duration': 5.702}, {'end': 3867.694, 'text': "okay, so i've created a class for the sake of doing a demo on the operators.", 'start': 3858.044, 'duration': 9.65}, {'end': 3869.576, 'text': 'the only class name is operators.', 'start': 3867.694, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 3875.303, 'text': 'so the first method displays and gives a demo of the unary operators.', 'start': 3869.576, 'duration': 5.727}, {'end': 3876.464, 'text': 'let me just comment the other two.', 'start': 3875.303, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 3883.859, 'text': 'Okay, let me go through what is the method doing here.', 'start': 3880.638, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 3890.64, 'text': 'So here what I am trying to demo is about the increment and decrement operators.', 'start': 3884.579, 'duration': 6.061}, {'end': 3896.982, 'text': 'So what I have done is I have taken an integer variable a, I have assigned a value 10 to it.', 'start': 3891.781, 'duration': 5.201}], 'summary': 'Demo on assignment, logical, and shift operators with examples.', 'duration': 62.027, 'max_score': 3834.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3834955.jpg'}, {'end': 4483.569, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4453.904, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4459.326, 'text': 'The other example is that you check for a Boolean expression and then you write a sequence of statements.', 'start': 4453.904, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 4471, 'text': 'Everything is then followed by else and these statements and these are enclosed in the braces.', 'start': 4462.173, 'duration': 8.827}, {'end': 4478.465, 'text': "So let's take an example of how do we write the if statement.", 'start': 4471, 'duration': 7.465}, {'end': 4481.467, 'text': 'So I have taken a class, demo class here.', 'start': 4478.465, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 4483.569, 'text': 'So I am writing a main method here.', 'start': 4481.467, 'duration': 2.102}], 'summary': 'Example of writing an if statement in a demo class with a main method.', 'duration': 29.665, 'max_score': 4453.904, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc4453904.jpg'}, {'end': 5612.597, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5584.437, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5591.682, 'text': 'So what are the break statements used for breaking from and enclosing for while, do and a switch statement.', 'start': 5584.437, 'duration': 7.245}, {'end': 5594.744, 'text': 'So that is the importance of the break statement.', 'start': 5592.503, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 5596.666, 'text': 'Assume that you know you are writing a loop.', 'start': 5595.025, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 5603.771, 'text': 'So we just saw some conditions here that there was this condition that you know we added a true condition inside a while loop.', 'start': 5597.126, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 5605.732, 'text': 'That was going on and on forever.', 'start': 5604.291, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 5612.597, 'text': 'And then we just checked if the value of i was greater than 4.', 'start': 5606.213, 'duration': 6.384}], 'summary': 'Importance of break statement for ending loops and switches.', 'duration': 28.16, 'max_score': 5584.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc5584437.jpg'}, {'end': 5750.686, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5680.7, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5706.17, 'text': 'like for int, i is equals to, say, 0, i is less than 5, i++ and having another, while loop for loop inside that, like, say, for int,', 'start': 5680.7, 'duration': 25.47}, {'end': 5715.015, 'text': 'j say is equals to 0, j is, you know, again, less than 5, incrementing the value of j plus plus.', 'start': 5706.17, 'duration': 8.845}, {'end': 5724.521, 'text': 'So before using this break statement, let me show you what is the value of i and j that you will be getting for loop.', 'start': 5715.676, 'duration': 8.845}, {'end': 5750.686, 'text': "okay. so let's run this program once.", 'start': 5744.162, 'duration': 6.524}], 'summary': 'Using nested for and while loops to iterate through values of i and j.', 'duration': 69.986, 'max_score': 5680.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc5680700.jpg'}, {'end': 5976.917, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5946.61, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5957.438, 'text': 'now it is almost like the break statement, but what happens inside break is the execution of the iterations inside the loop.', 'start': 5946.61, 'duration': 10.828}, {'end': 5960.04, 'text': 'that stops and the control goes out.', 'start': 5957.438, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 5969.928, 'text': "but in case of continue, what happens is whatever is followed by continue that doesn't get executed and the next iteration starts.", 'start': 5960.04, 'duration': 9.888}, {'end': 5976.917, 'text': 'Okay. so this is one of the examples of having a continue.', 'start': 5972.136, 'duration': 4.781}], 'summary': 'Continue skips code, next iteration starts', 'duration': 30.307, 'max_score': 5946.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc5946610.jpg'}, {'end': 6420.619, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6394.491, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6406.405, 'text': 'so say that I am expecting some 4 to 5 values out of my variable and in that case I would want some specific block of code to be getting executed.', 'start': 6394.491, 'duration': 11.914}, {'end': 6409.308, 'text': 'so for doing that I use a switch statement.', 'start': 6406.405, 'duration': 2.903}, {'end': 6420.619, 'text': 'So the syntax, as you can see from here, is that in the switch we write a block and before that block we check for the value of the expression.', 'start': 6410.129, 'duration': 10.49}], 'summary': 'Using a switch statement to execute specific code based on variable values.', 'duration': 26.128, 'max_score': 6394.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc6394491.jpg'}], 'start': 3069.348, 'title': 'Java programming fundamentals', 'summary': 'Covers java primitive data types including byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, and character, emphasizing their storage sizes, ranges, and usage, as well as demonstrating widening and narrowing conversions with illustrative examples. it discusses the different types of operators in java, including unary operators, logical complement operator, conditional operators, and shift operators, demonstrating their functionality and output with examples. the chapter also covers the demonstration of control statements in java, including if-else, while, do-while, and for loops, with examples and explanations, exhibiting the practical implementation and use cases. additionally, it covers the functioning of for loops with optional initialization, boolean expression, and update condition, along with the usage and importance of break statements in breaking from enclosing loops. it also demonstrates the impact of these conditions on loop execution using quantifiable data. lastly, the chapter covers the usage of break and continue statements with examples, including the use of labels, and explains the switch statement with a demonstration. the break statement is used to exit a loop, while the continue statement skips an iteration and labels can be used with both. the switch statement allows for multiple conditional checks based on a single expression.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3788.469, 'start': 3069.348, 'title': 'Java primitives and data types', 'summary': 'Covers java primitive data types including byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, and character, emphasizing their storage sizes, ranges, and usage, as well as demonstrating widening and narrowing conversions with illustrative examples.', 'duration': 719.121, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers Java primitive data types including byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean, and character, emphasizing their storage sizes, ranges, and usage, as well as demonstrating widening and narrowing conversions with illustrative examples.', 'Demonstration of the storage sizes and ranges of Java primitive data types such as byte, short, int, long, float, and double.', 'Illustrative examples of widening and narrowing conversions, showcasing the impact of typecasting on data loss and precision.', 'Demonstration of typecasting a long variable to an integer, resulting in significant data loss due to narrowing conversion.', 'Explanation of the usage and significance of boolean and character data types in Java, including the representation of true, false, and character literals.']}, {'end': 4420.955, 'start': 3789.529, 'title': 'Operators in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the different types of operators in java, including unary operators, logical complement operator, conditional operators, and shift operators, demonstrating their functionality and output with examples.', 'duration': 631.426, 'highlights': ['Demonstrating the functionality of increment and decrement operators, showcasing output values and explaining their behavior.', 'Explaining the logical complement operator and its application to boolean values with examples.', 'Detailing the functionality of conditional operators and their output based on different boolean combinations.', 'Demonstrating the functionality of shift operators, including left and right shift, with detailed explanation and examples showcasing the output values.']}, {'end': 5238.398, 'start': 4420.955, 'title': 'Java control statements demo', 'summary': 'Covers the demonstration of control statements in java, including if-else, while, do-while, and for loops, with examples and explanations, exhibiting the practical implementation and use cases.', 'duration': 817.443, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the demonstration of control statements in Java, including if-else, while, do-while, and for loops, with examples and explanations, exhibiting the practical implementation and use cases.', 'The for loop initializes a condition, checks a boolean expression, and updates the initializer, followed by a block of statements.', 'The while loop continuously checks a boolean expression and executes the block of statements until the condition is false.', 'The do-while loop ensures the execution goes inside the loop at least once, as it checks the boolean expression after entering the loop.', 'The if-else statement checks a Boolean expression and executes a sequence of statements based on the evaluation result, with an optional else statement for handling alternative conditions.']}, {'end': 5780.995, 'start': 5238.398, 'title': 'For loop and break statements', 'summary': 'Covers the functioning of for loops with optional initialization, boolean expression, and update condition, along with the usage and importance of break statements in breaking from enclosing loops. it also demonstrates the impact of these conditions on loop execution using quantifiable data.', 'duration': 542.597, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the functioning of for loops with optional initialization, boolean expression, and update condition', 'The usage and importance of break statements in breaking from enclosing loops', 'Demonstration of the impact of these conditions on loop execution using quantifiable data']}, {'end': 6633.319, 'start': 5780.995, 'title': 'Control statements: break, continue, and switch', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of break and continue statements with examples, including the use of labels, and explains the switch statement with a demonstration. the break statement is used to exit a loop, while the continue statement skips an iteration and labels can be used with both. the switch statement allows for multiple conditional checks based on a single expression.', 'duration': 852.324, 'highlights': ['The break statement is used to exit a loop, while the continue statement skips an iteration and labels can be used with both.', 'The switch statement allows for multiple conditional checks based on a single expression.']}], 'duration': 3563.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc3069348.jpg', 'highlights': ['Demonstration of the storage sizes and ranges of Java primitive data types such as byte, short, int, long, float, and double.', 'Demonstration of typecasting a long variable to an integer, resulting in significant data loss due to narrowing conversion.', 'Illustrative examples of widening and narrowing conversions, showcasing the impact of typecasting on data loss and precision.', 'Demonstrating the functionality of shift operators, including left and right shift, with detailed explanation and examples showcasing the output values.', 'Demonstrating the functionality of increment and decrement operators, showcasing output values and explaining their behavior.', 'The chapter covers the demonstration of control statements in Java, including if-else, while, do-while, and for loops, with examples and explanations, exhibiting the practical implementation and use cases.', 'The usage and importance of break statements in breaking from enclosing loops', 'Demonstration of the impact of for loop conditions on loop execution using quantifiable data', 'The break statement is used to exit a loop, while the continue statement skips an iteration and labels can be used with both.', 'The switch statement allows for multiple conditional checks based on a single expression.']}, {'end': 7822.383, 'segs': [{'end': 6742.147, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6713.554, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6722.339, 'text': "The best part about the object-oriented programming is that these objects, they don't overwrite each other's attributes.", 'start': 6713.554, 'duration': 8.785}, {'end': 6729.224, 'text': "They just call each other's methods and the logic of the program flows accordingly.", 'start': 6722.66, 'duration': 6.564}, {'end': 6734.605, 'text': 'so this is how we achieve, like security in object oriented programming.', 'start': 6730.084, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 6738.926, 'text': 'so these are the objects you know.', 'start': 6734.605, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 6742.147, 'text': "so let's take an example of a banking application.", 'start': 6738.926, 'duration': 3.221}], 'summary': 'Object-oriented programming ensures attribute non-overwriting, method calling, and program logic flow, achieving security in banking applications.', 'duration': 28.593, 'max_score': 6713.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc6713554.jpg'}, {'end': 6932.549, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6899.135, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6905.257, 'text': 'it would define what all attributes those objects should be having.', 'start': 6899.135, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 6910.139, 'text': 'it should define that what should be the behavior of those objects?', 'start': 6905.257, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 6916.642, 'text': 'so the attributes that a class defines those are known as fields and the behavior.', 'start': 6910.139, 'duration': 6.503}, {'end': 6920.724, 'text': 'so those are exposed as methods of the objects.', 'start': 6916.642, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 6932.549, 'text': 'so that is how the concept of class is used, for you know, putting all the common attributes across similar objects.', 'start': 6921.664, 'duration': 10.885}], 'summary': 'Defining attributes and behaviors of objects using classes for common attributes across similar objects.', 'duration': 33.414, 'max_score': 6899.135, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc6899135.jpg'}, {'end': 7055.731, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7020.176, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7025.159, 'text': 'it will be having a name attribute and it will have a method that is, get name.', 'start': 7020.176, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 7028.2, 'text': 'now how do we create an object out of this particular class?', 'start': 7025.159, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 7035.424, 'text': "so the way forward is that we'll use the class name as the identifier of the variable,", 'start': 7028.2, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 7041.447, 'text': "so we'll say that it's the first java class variable we name as some test object.", 'start': 7035.424, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 7055.731, 'text': 'okay, and we created by using the keyword new.', 'start': 7045.245, 'duration': 10.486}], 'summary': "Creating a java class with a name attribute and a method to get the name, then creating an object using the 'new' keyword.", 'duration': 35.555, 'max_score': 7020.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7020176.jpg'}, {'end': 7198.798, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7142.141, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7151.404, 'text': 'in this particular sysout statement, we can create n number of java objects using this line.', 'start': 7142.141, 'duration': 9.263}, {'end': 7158.887, 'text': "so what we can do is, in case we want to create another variable, let's say test object 2, that also we can create using new.", 'start': 7151.404, 'duration': 7.483}, {'end': 7164.768, 'text': 'so n number of objects could be created using the new keyword.', 'start': 7158.887, 'duration': 5.881}, {'end': 7172.13, 'text': 'so just now we saw how do we create new objects using the new keyword.', 'start': 7164.768, 'duration': 7.362}, {'end': 7177.672, 'text': 'let us take a relevant example, which we just discussed some while back.', 'start': 7172.13, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 7182.613, 'text': "So let's say that you are writing an application software application for a bank.", 'start': 7178.372, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 7188.195, 'text': 'So, the object that we had discussed some time back was an account object.', 'start': 7183.174, 'duration': 5.021}, {'end': 7198.798, 'text': 'So let us see that if we are trying to create an object out of account, how would it be and what should be the different fields of that object,', 'start': 7188.615, 'duration': 10.183}], 'summary': "Using 'new' keyword, n number of java objects can be created.", 'duration': 56.657, 'max_score': 7142.141, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7142141.jpg'}, {'end': 7294.175, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7268.597, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7274.12, 'text': 'So each account object would be kind of differing from the other using these attributes.', 'start': 7268.597, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 7282.586, 'text': 'The behavior that is exhibited by this account object is that whenever someone is trying to withdraw the money from an account,', 'start': 7275.081, 'duration': 7.505}, {'end': 7289.572, 'text': "so let's say that there is a method, that is a withdrawal amount.", 'start': 7283.126, 'duration': 6.446}, {'end': 7294.175, 'text': "so let's say that it would.", 'start': 7289.572, 'duration': 4.603}], 'summary': 'Account objects differ based on attributes, exhibit behavior for money withdrawal.', 'duration': 25.578, 'max_score': 7268.597, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7268597.jpg'}, {'end': 7797.24, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7745.187, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7749.051, 'text': 'We have given an account type and we have given some amount into that account.', 'start': 7745.187, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 7758.92, 'text': 'Then what we are trying to do is we are trying to deposit some amount into my account and then two subsequent withdrawals are happening.', 'start': 7751.153, 'duration': 7.767}, {'end': 7761.583, 'text': "So let's see how the program runs here.", 'start': 7759.581, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 7769.221, 'text': 'okay, now you can see we initialize the account with 100 rupees.', 'start': 7764.358, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 7776.026, 'text': 'okay, these are the SB101 and SB are the account number and account type of my account.', 'start': 7769.221, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 7782.03, 'text': 'now these values would be unchanged throughout these SOPs, so we can just happily ignore them.', 'start': 7776.026, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 7784.212, 'text': "we'll see that this is the initial state of the amount.", 'start': 7782.03, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 7789.213, 'text': 'this is what happens when I deposit.', 'start': 7785.089, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 7791.455, 'text': 'so I have made a deposit of 100 rupees.', 'start': 7789.213, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 7797.24, 'text': 'what I am doing is I am adding this amount in 200, so it becomes 200 now.', 'start': 7791.455, 'duration': 5.785}], 'summary': 'An account is initialized with 100 rupees, and after a deposit of 100 rupees, the balance becomes 200 rupees.', 'duration': 52.053, 'max_score': 7745.187, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7745187.jpg'}], 'start': 6633.319, 'title': 'Java object-oriented programming', 'summary': 'Delves into java object-oriented programming, emphasizing the importance of objects and classes, and uses a banking application as an example. it also discusses creating multiple java objects and the attributes and behavior of an account object, and demonstrates a simple bank account program with specific deposit and withdrawal methods resulting in a final amount of 150 rupees.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7142.141, 'start': 6633.319, 'title': 'Java object-oriented programming', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of java object-oriented programming, highlighting the importance of objects, classes, and object creation, emphasizing the distinction between procedural and object-oriented programming and using a banking application as an example.', 'duration': 508.822, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the distinction between procedural programming and object-oriented programming, highlighting how object-oriented programming focuses on identifying and interacting with different objects, promoting security and preventing attribute overwriting.', 'The explanation of a Java class as a blueprint for creating objects, defining attributes and behaviors, is detailed, emphasizing the concept of fields and methods.', "The process of creating an object from a class in Java is described, clarifying the use of the class name as an identifier for the variable and the instantiation of objects using the 'new' keyword."]}, {'end': 7457.733, 'start': 7142.141, 'title': 'Creating java objects and account class', 'summary': "Discusses creating multiple java objects using the 'new' keyword and the attributes and behavior of an account object in a bank application, including account number, type, amount, withdrawal and deposit methods.", 'duration': 315.592, 'highlights': ['The new keyword allows the creation of n number of Java objects, providing flexibility in object creation.', 'The discussion revolves around creating an account object in an application for a bank, detailing its attributes such as account number, type, and stored amount.', 'The behavior of the account object includes methods for withdrawing and depositing money, with basic validation checks for successful operations.']}, {'end': 7822.383, 'start': 7458.693, 'title': 'Simple bank account program', 'summary': 'Explains a simple bank account program with three attributes - account number, account type, and amount, and demonstrates the deposit and withdrawal methods with specific amounts, resulting in the final amount of 150 rupees.', 'duration': 363.69, 'highlights': ['The program initializes the account with 100 rupees and performs two subsequent withdrawals of 50 and 1000 rupees, resulting in a final amount of 150 rupees.', "The account is initialized with an account number 'SB_101', account type 'savings bank account', and an initial amount of 100 rupees.", 'The program includes methods to deposit and withdraw amounts, such as depositing 100 rupees and attempting to withdraw 1000 rupees, where the latter is not permitted due to insufficient funds.']}], 'duration': 1189.064, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc6633319.jpg', 'highlights': ['The program initializes the account with 100 rupees and performs two subsequent withdrawals of 50 and 1000 rupees, resulting in a final amount of 150 rupees.', 'The chapter emphasizes the distinction between procedural programming and object-oriented programming, highlighting how object-oriented programming focuses on identifying and interacting with different objects, promoting security and preventing attribute overwriting.', 'The explanation of a Java class as a blueprint for creating objects, defining attributes and behaviors, is detailed, emphasizing the concept of fields and methods.', "The process of creating an object from a class in Java is described, clarifying the use of the class name as an identifier for the variable and the instantiation of objects using the 'new' keyword.", 'The discussion revolves around creating an account object in an application for a bank, detailing its attributes such as account number, type, and stored amount.', 'The behavior of the account object includes methods for withdrawing and depositing money, with basic validation checks for successful operations.', 'The new keyword allows the creation of n number of Java objects, providing flexibility in object creation.', "The account is initialized with an account number 'SB_101', account type 'savings bank account', and an initial amount of 100 rupees.", 'The program includes methods to deposit and withdraw amounts, such as depositing 100 rupees and attempting to withdraw 1000 rupees, where the latter is not permitted due to insufficient funds.']}, {'end': 9921.084, 'segs': [{'end': 7876.712, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7853.16, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7859.643, 'text': "okay, so let's discuss on what is the public static void main method that we have defined here.", 'start': 7853.16, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 7866.226, 'text': 'so main, basically, is like a special method that provides the entry point to the application.', 'start': 7859.643, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 7872.59, 'text': 'your application can have n number of files and just one file needs to have the main method.', 'start': 7866.226, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 7876.712, 'text': 'so this method allows the class containing it to be getting invoked.', 'start': 7872.59, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': 'The public static void main method is the entry point to the application, allowing the class containing it to be invoked.', 'duration': 23.552, 'max_score': 7853.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7853160.jpg'}, {'end': 8058.832, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8031.015, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8038.424, 'text': 'So what basically is a constructor? So every class must have at least one constructor.', 'start': 8031.015, 'duration': 7.409}, {'end': 8045.447, 'text': 'So this method, it basically is like a method and that gets called whenever you try to create an object.', 'start': 8038.824, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 8053.01, 'text': 'So whenever the JVM encounters the keyword new, it calls the constructor for the corresponding class.', 'start': 8045.827, 'duration': 7.183}, {'end': 8058.832, 'text': 'So almost like a method, but it should not have a return type, not even void.', 'start': 8053.91, 'duration': 4.922}], 'summary': 'A constructor is a method called when creating an object; every class must have one.', 'duration': 27.817, 'max_score': 8031.015, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc8031015.jpg'}, {'end': 8588.71, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8563.212, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8568.858, 'text': 'You can create the object and at the same time you can pass the initialized value into that.', 'start': 8563.212, 'duration': 5.646}, {'end': 8573.343, 'text': "So that's it from the constructors.", 'start': 8569.739, 'duration': 3.604}, {'end': 8577.84, 'text': "Here we'll be going through what all are the different type of access modifiers we have in Java.", 'start': 8573.996, 'duration': 3.844}, {'end': 8583.505, 'text': 'How encapsulation is being implemented in Java.', 'start': 8580.142, 'duration': 3.363}, {'end': 8588.71, 'text': 'So a package is nothing but a way of structuring the Java files.', 'start': 8584.786, 'duration': 3.924}], 'summary': 'Java covers object creation, access modifiers, encapsulation, and packaging.', 'duration': 25.498, 'max_score': 8563.212, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc8563212.jpg'}, {'end': 9442.811, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9417.287, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9422.172, 'text': 'So you can see all the variables are now accessible and they are getting printed here.', 'start': 9417.287, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 9426.536, 'text': 'So this was an example of having a subclass in the same package.', 'start': 9423.132, 'duration': 3.404}, {'end': 9432.001, 'text': 'The thing was private member variable was not accessible here.', 'start': 9427.577, 'duration': 4.424}, {'end': 9436.205, 'text': "Now let's create a subclass in a different package.", 'start': 9432.681, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 9438.707, 'text': 'So let me create a subclass here.', 'start': 9437.005, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 9442.811, 'text': 'Let me just give the name as source.', 'start': 9440.028, 'duration': 2.783}], 'summary': 'Demonstrated accessibility of variables in subclass within the same and different packages.', 'duration': 25.524, 'max_score': 9417.287, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc9417287.jpg'}, {'end': 9607.116, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9577.297, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9580.88, 'text': 'So this is as far as the access modifiers are concerned.', 'start': 9577.297, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 9590.228, 'text': "Now having gone through the different access modifiers, let's focus on how do we implement encapsulation in Java.", 'start': 9583.882, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 9593.931, 'text': 'So what encapsulation basically means?', 'start': 9591.189, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 9607.116, 'text': 'is that an object that tries to hide its attributes from outside world It only exposes part of its attributes via some of the methods?', 'start': 9593.931, 'duration': 13.185}], 'summary': 'Focus on implementing encapsulation in java for access control.', 'duration': 29.819, 'max_score': 9577.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc9577297.jpg'}], 'start': 7822.383, 'title': 'Java programming concepts', 'summary': 'Covers the public static void main method, java constructors, access modifiers and packages, implementing subclasses, and encapsulation in java, with detailed explanations and practical demonstrations within netbeans, showcasing the purpose, role, and implementation of these concepts.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8005.983, 'start': 7822.383, 'title': 'Understanding public static void main method', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of public static void main method, its purpose as the entry point to the application, signature, and how to pass arguments via command line, demonstrated within netbeans, allowing for the execution of the application with specified parameters.', 'duration': 183.6, 'highlights': ['The main method serves as the entry point to the application, and only one file needs to contain it.', "The main method's signature is public static void main, and it expects a string array as arguments.", 'Arguments can be passed to the program via the command line, and their values can be accessed and printed within the program.', 'NetBeans provides a convenient method to pass arguments to the main program, allowing for their execution with specified values.']}, {'end': 8563.192, 'start': 8005.983, 'title': 'Java constructors and object creation', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of constructors in java, emphasizing their role in initializing objects, the requirement of at least one constructor in a class, the automatic creation of a default constructor, and the ability to pass arguments to constructors for efficient object creation.', 'duration': 557.209, 'highlights': ['The importance of constructors in initializing objects, with every class required to have at least one constructor.', "The explanation of a constructor as a method called when creating an object, invoked by the JVM upon encountering the 'new' keyword.", 'The ability to pass arguments to constructors, demonstrating the flexibility of constructor definitions in Java.', 'The automatic creation of a default constructor by the compiler when no constructor is defined by the programmer, ensuring that no object can be instantiated without a constructor in the class.', 'The demonstration of creating a constructor with arguments and its use in efficiently initializing objects during their creation.']}, {'end': 9306.714, 'start': 8563.212, 'title': 'Java access modifiers and packages', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of encapsulation in java, including the creation and organization of packages, with a detailed explanation of the four access modifiers in java and their application, demonstrating the accessibility of member variables in different packages and classes.', 'duration': 743.502, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the implementation of encapsulation in Java, including the creation and organization of packages', 'Detailed explanation of the four access modifiers in Java and their application', 'Demonstrating the accessibility of member variables in different packages and classes']}, {'end': 9575.876, 'start': 9306.714, 'title': 'Implementing subclasses in different packages', 'summary': 'Demonstrates implementing child classes in the same package and different packages, showing accessibilities of variables and methods, and the impact of package differences on accessibilities, with a final demonstration of the correct subclass accessing protected variables.', 'duration': 269.162, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates implementing child classes in the same package and different packages, showcasing the accessibilities of variables and methods.', 'It shows that private variables and methods are not accessible from the subclass, while protected and default ones are accessible within the same package.', 'It demonstrates that protected variables are accessible by subclasses even in a different package, while default variables are not accessible outside the package.', 'The final demonstration illustrates the correct subclass accessing protected variables and successfully printing the values.']}, {'end': 9921.084, 'start': 9577.297, 'title': 'Encapsulation in java', 'summary': 'Discusses encapsulation in java, emphasizing the need to hide object attributes and only expose them through designated methods to maintain security, and demonstrates the implementation through access modifiers and methods.', 'duration': 343.787, 'highlights': ['Encapsulation ensures security by hiding object attributes and only exposing them through designated methods', 'Implementation of encapsulation through access modifiers and methods', 'Explanation of access modifiers and their impact on encapsulation']}], 'duration': 2098.701, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc7822383.jpg', 'highlights': ['The main method serves as the entry point to the application, and only one file needs to contain it.', 'The importance of constructors in initializing objects, with every class required to have at least one constructor.', 'The chapter covers the implementation of encapsulation in Java, including the creation and organization of packages.', 'The chapter demonstrates implementing child classes in the same package and different packages, showcasing the accessibilities of variables and methods.', 'Encapsulation ensures security by hiding object attributes and only exposing them through designated methods.']}, {'end': 11251.978, 'segs': [{'end': 10661.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10636.425, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10648.894, 'text': 'so that shows that this static variable is accessible from all the objects, even if I say, say, for example, I create another circle, okay,', 'start': 10636.425, 'duration': 12.469}, {'end': 10655.939, 'text': 'I create another circle with radius, say, 10 centimeters, and now, instead of putting c1.pi, if I say c2.pi,', 'start': 10648.894, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 10661.12, 'text': 'then also you can see the value of pi is returning as 3.14.', 'start': 10658.359, 'duration': 2.761}], 'summary': 'Static variable accessible from all objects, c2.pi returns 3.14', 'duration': 24.695, 'max_score': 10636.425, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc10636425.jpg'}, {'end': 10829.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10795.724, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10803.089, 'text': 'this circle constructor that we have kept this sysout would be called every time we will be creating an instance of circle object.', 'start': 10795.724, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 10810.474, 'text': 'so because we are creating two instances, we will expect this value to you know to be coming twice and at the last we should be getting, you know,', 'start': 10803.089, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 10812.175, 'text': 'value of pi is c2.pi.', 'start': 10810.474, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 10816.905, 'text': 'c2.pi is like again 3.14.', 'start': 10812.175, 'duration': 4.73}, {'end': 10829.136, 'text': 'so let us run this program and see the flow of execution so you can see that this classes static block is getting initialized.', 'start': 10816.905, 'duration': 12.231}], 'summary': 'The circle constructor is called twice, with the value of pi as 3.14.', 'duration': 33.412, 'max_score': 10795.724, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc10795724.jpg'}, {'end': 10964.439, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10907.431, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10911.933, 'text': 'because this static block got executed and it updated the value.', 'start': 10907.431, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 10914.275, 'text': 'that is another use of using the static block,', 'start': 10911.933, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 10923.342, 'text': 'basically executing class level code just once so that it does not get repeated for all the objects that are getting created.', 'start': 10915.373, 'duration': 7.969}, {'end': 10932.188, 'text': 'alright, now let us examine the main method here.', 'start': 10923.342, 'duration': 8.846}, {'end': 10944.153, 'text': 'now, if you remember, I mean we have been writing this main method at a lot of places and we have kind of declared that as public static void.', 'start': 10932.188, 'duration': 11.965}, {'end': 10951.489, 'text': 'okay, so the reason behind putting this method is so.', 'start': 10944.153, 'duration': 7.336}, {'end': 10961.197, 'text': 'first of all, the reason behind writing this method is JVM expects a main method available in any of the class for beginning its execution,', 'start': 10951.489, 'duration': 9.708}, {'end': 10964.439, 'text': 'because JVM needs at least one starting point.', 'start': 10961.197, 'duration': 3.242}], 'summary': 'Using static block to execute class-level code once, and declaring a public static void main method as jvm requires it for execution.', 'duration': 57.008, 'max_score': 10907.431, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc10907431.jpg'}, {'end': 11044.028, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11020.003, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11026.774, 'text': 'Okay, now, another use of using the static keyword is static import.', 'start': 11020.003, 'duration': 6.771}, {'end': 11037.261, 'text': 'so imports are basically, if you are trying to use you know classes which are not available inside this package, like, say, for example,', 'start': 11028.772, 'duration': 8.489}, {'end': 11044.028, 'text': 'if I am trying to in circle.java, if I am trying to create an instance of you know, first class, first java class,', 'start': 11037.261, 'duration': 6.767}], 'summary': 'The static keyword is used for static import for using classes outside the package.', 'duration': 24.025, 'max_score': 11020.003, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc11020003.jpg'}], 'start': 9921.084, 'title': 'Java encapsulation and static members', 'summary': "Covers implementing encapsulation in java, using 'this' keyword, understanding static members, static variables, and blocks in classes, and their implementation with examples, showcasing the importance of sharing common attributes and methods, and demonstrating accessibility of static variables from different objects.", 'chapters': [{'end': 10120.975, 'start': 9921.084, 'title': "Encapsulation in java and usage of 'this' keyword", 'summary': "Covers implementing encapsulation in java by creating default and public methods for setting and getting account type and amount, and using 'this' keyword to differentiate between class level variables and local variables, with the main purpose of referring to the current object and differentiating class level and local variables.", 'duration': 199.891, 'highlights': ['Implementing encapsulation in Java by creating default and public methods for setting and getting account type and amount.', "Usage of 'this' keyword to differentiate between class level variables and local variables."]}, {'end': 10533.891, 'start': 10121.255, 'title': 'Understanding static members in classes', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of static members in classes, showcasing the importance of sharing common attributes and methods across objects, and the distinction between static and local variables. it also demonstrates the use cases of the static keyword and its implementation in a code example.', 'duration': 412.636, 'highlights': ['Importance of sharing common attributes and methods across objects', 'Use cases of the static keyword: with a block of code, methods, and declaring final constants', 'Demonstration of the implementation of static members in classes through a code example', 'Distinction between static and local variables']}, {'end': 10769.316, 'start': 10533.891, 'title': 'Static variables and blocks in java', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of static variables in java, demonstrating their accessibility from different objects and their use in writing static blocks of code, with examples showing the value of pi accessed from different objects and the initialization of a static block.', 'duration': 235.425, 'highlights': ['The value of pi, a static variable, is accessible from different objects like c1 and c2, returning as 3.14, demonstrating its universality among objects.', 'The demonstration of using a static block of code to initialize and print a message, providing insight into the flow of execution and the relationship between static blocks and constructors.']}, {'end': 10907.431, 'start': 10769.316, 'title': 'Static block in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of static blocks in java, demonstrating how they are executed once when a class is loaded into jvm, how the constructor is called every time an instance of an object is created, and how static blocks can be used to initialize static variables, with an example showing the initialization of the static variable pi as 3.14.', 'duration': 138.115, 'highlights': ['The chapter highlights the execution of a static block in Java, emphasizing that it gets executed only once when a class is loaded into the JVM, without repetition, and discusses its use for initializing static variables.', 'The chapter demonstrates the behavior of the constructor, noting that it is called every time an instance of an object is created, as shown by the example where the sysout statement is called twice when creating two instances of the circle object, and the value of pi is printed at the end.', 'The chapter explains the use of static blocks to initialize static variables, exemplified by the initialization of the pi static variable as 3.14, and the impact of this initialization on the value of pi when the program is run.']}, {'end': 11251.978, 'start': 10907.431, 'title': 'Static block and main method in java', 'summary': 'Explains the purpose of static block and main method in java, highlighting the significance of public and static keywords, and also discusses the use of static import for classes outside the package.', 'duration': 344.547, 'highlights': ['The main method is declared as public static void because it serves as the starting point for JVM execution and needs to be accessible by any class outside the package.', 'The static keyword is used to ensure that the main method is a class-level function and does not require the existence of an object of that class.', 'Static import is used to access classes outside the package without the need to explicitly import them, simplifying the usage of external classes.']}], 'duration': 1330.894, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc9921084.jpg', 'highlights': ['The main method is declared as public static void because it serves as the starting point for JVM execution and needs to be accessible by any class outside the package.', 'The chapter highlights the execution of a static block in Java, emphasizing that it gets executed only once when a class is loaded into the JVM, without repetition, and discusses its use for initializing static variables.', 'The chapter demonstrates the behavior of the constructor, noting that it is called every time an instance of an object is created, as shown by the example where the sysout statement is called twice when creating two instances of the circle object, and the value of pi is printed at the end.', 'The value of pi, a static variable, is accessible from different objects like c1 and c2, returning as 3.14, demonstrating its universality among objects.', 'Static import is used to access classes outside the package without the need to explicitly import them, simplifying the usage of external classes.']}, {'end': 12472.341, 'segs': [{'end': 11336.618, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11251.978, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11260.423, 'text': 'so the format of doing that is import static, okay, and when I do import static, I can directly use that as the variable,', 'start': 11251.978, 'duration': 8.445}, {'end': 11264.125, 'text': 'the variable Saturday as it is, instead of, you know, putting calendar dot.', 'start': 11260.423, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 11269.855, 'text': 'So that is another example of using the import static.', 'start': 11265.731, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 11274.32, 'text': 'So this is it for the static keyword.', 'start': 11271.577, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 11276.803, 'text': "Now let's move to the next slide.", 'start': 11274.761, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 11286.474, 'text': "okay. now let's start with the next topic, that is method overloading.", 'start': 11280.111, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 11289.015, 'text': 'so what do we mean by method overloading?', 'start': 11286.474, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 11299.02, 'text': "it's like same class, can have two methods with the same name, exact same name, but the arguments that they expect different.", 'start': 11289.015, 'duration': 10.005}, {'end': 11308.665, 'text': 'so the difference could be in terms of you know the number of arguments, or the difference could be in terms of the type of arguments that it expects,', 'start': 11299.02, 'duration': 9.645}, {'end': 11315.008, 'text': 'or it could even be in terms of you know the order in which the arguments are given.', 'start': 11309.485, 'duration': 5.523}, {'end': 11324.792, 'text': 'so any of those differences, if they arrive in kind of you know the arguments of the same method, then that is known as method overloading in Java.', 'start': 11315.008, 'duration': 9.784}, {'end': 11336.618, 'text': 'so this particular functionality of you know overloading a method is really useful in case you want, almost like similar functionality,', 'start': 11324.792, 'duration': 11.826}], 'summary': 'Using import static for direct variable usage. explaining method overloading in java.', 'duration': 84.64, 'max_score': 11251.978, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc11251978.jpg'}, {'end': 11413.197, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11385.232, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11393.818, 'text': 'now you can see that both the methods they are aimed at, you know, returning the area of the triangle.', 'start': 11385.232, 'duration': 8.586}, {'end': 11402.129, 'text': 'the implementation of each of those methods is completely different, but at the end they are used for you know giving the area.', 'start': 11393.818, 'duration': 8.311}, {'end': 11406.972, 'text': 'so that is the reason we overload these methods and we pass like different arguments.', 'start': 11402.129, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 11413.197, 'text': 'so let us see in our code how to be implemented.', 'start': 11406.972, 'duration': 6.225}], 'summary': 'Two methods aim to return the area of a triangle with different implementations.', 'duration': 27.965, 'max_score': 11385.232, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc11385232.jpg'}, {'end': 12013.543, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11982.409, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11992.956, 'text': 'if you are passing the variable by value by reference is if you are passing any object variable into any method,', 'start': 11982.409, 'duration': 10.547}, {'end': 12004.438, 'text': 'what you do is you pass a reference of that object variable into that method and when you do that, whatever changes you make in the call function,', 'start': 11992.956, 'duration': 11.482}, {'end': 12008.5, 'text': 'the object state would kind of differ, even in the calling function.', 'start': 12004.438, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 12013.543, 'text': 'so that is known as if you are passing the variable by reference.', 'start': 12008.5, 'duration': 5.043}], 'summary': 'Passing an object variable into a method by reference allows changes to reflect in the calling function.', 'duration': 31.134, 'max_score': 11982.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc11982409.jpg'}, {'end': 12248.316, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12213.637, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 12214.598, 'text': 'That is what we declared.', 'start': 12213.637, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 12218.701, 'text': 'And then we called the method with the same variable.', 'start': 12215.959, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 12226.527, 'text': 'We added 10 to the incoming value of A.', 'start': 12220.162, 'duration': 6.365}, {'end': 12232.772, 'text': 'And then once this method was completed, we again printed the value of A.', 'start': 12226.527, 'duration': 6.245}, {'end': 12234.734, 'text': 'So you can see the value was unchanged.', 'start': 12232.772, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 12248.316, 'text': 'Okay so in that way we can say that only the value of a was passed and into the change variable value method that is known as pass by value.', 'start': 12235.902, 'duration': 12.414}], 'summary': 'Method added 10 to a, but value remained unchanged. demonstrates pass by value.', 'duration': 34.679, 'max_score': 12213.637, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc12213637.jpg'}], 'start': 11251.978, 'title': 'Java method overloading and calculation methods', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of import static, method overloading in java, and methods for calculating triangle area, showcasing constructor overloading. it provides examples of overloading with different types and number of arguments and explains pass by value and pass by reference.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11336.618, 'start': 11251.978, 'title': 'Java: import static and method overloading', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of import static to directly use a variable and method overloading in java, allowing a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different arguments, providing flexibility and reusability.', 'duration': 84.64, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the usage of import static to directly use a variable, eliminating the need for prefixing with the class name, providing a convenient way to access variables. (e.g. Saturday as it is, instead of putting calendar dot)', 'Method overloading in Java allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different arguments, such as differing in the number, type, or order of arguments, enabling flexibility and reusability of methods.', 'Method overloading provides the capability to define multiple methods with the same name but different arguments in the same class, enhancing code flexibility and reusability for similar functionalities.']}, {'end': 11562.362, 'start': 11336.618, 'title': 'Triangle area calculation methods', 'summary': 'Discusses two different methods for calculating the area of a triangle - one using base and height and the other using the sides of the triangle, showcasing constructor overloading and method overloading in java.', 'duration': 225.744, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses two different methods for calculating the area of a triangle', 'one using base and height and the other using the sides of the triangle', 'showcasing constructor overloading and method overloading in Java', 'both methods are aimed at returning the area of the triangle', 'the implementation of each of those methods is completely different']}, {'end': 12013.543, 'start': 11572.947, 'title': 'Method overloading in java', 'summary': 'Discusses method overloading in java, demonstrating how to create different methods with the same name but different parameters, including examples of overloading with different types and number of arguments, and the distinction between passing by value and passing by reference.', 'duration': 440.596, 'highlights': ['Demonstrating method overloading with different types and number of arguments', 'Explaining passing by value and passing by reference']}, {'end': 12472.341, 'start': 12013.543, 'title': 'Pass by value and pass by reference in java', 'summary': 'Explains pass by value and pass by reference in java using examples, demonstrating how changes made in methods affect the original variable, and highlighting the differences in behavior between the two approaches.', 'duration': 458.798, 'highlights': ["The chapter demonstrates pass by value in Java, where the original variable's value remains unchanged after being passed to a method and modified within it.", 'It highlights pass by reference in Java, showcasing how changes made to the reference of an object within a method are reflected in the original object.']}], 'duration': 1220.363, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc11251978.jpg', 'highlights': ['Method overloading in Java allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different arguments, enabling flexibility and reusability of methods.', 'The chapter explains the usage of import static to directly use a variable, eliminating the need for prefixing with the class name, providing a convenient way to access variables.', 'The chapter discusses two different methods for calculating the area of a triangle, showcasing constructor overloading and method overloading in Java.', "The chapter demonstrates pass by value in Java, where the original variable's value remains unchanged after being passed to a method and modified within it.", 'It highlights pass by reference in Java, showcasing how changes made to the reference of an object within a method are reflected in the original object.', 'Demonstrating method overloading with different types and number of arguments, enhancing code flexibility and reusability for similar functionalities.', 'Method overloading provides the capability to define multiple methods with the same name but different arguments in the same class, enhancing code flexibility and reusability for similar functionalities.']}, {'end': 14217.467, 'segs': [{'end': 12570.465, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12522.927, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12531.355, 'text': 'Now JVM basically loads the binary representation of the Java class, like the circle class that we just discussed, into the memory,', 'start': 12522.927, 'duration': 8.428}, {'end': 12534.958, 'text': 'and it can also cache it for any future use.', 'start': 12531.355, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 12543.045, 'text': "If the specified class is not available or it's not able to find that, it throws up an error and the process stops there.", 'start': 12536.579, 'duration': 6.466}, {'end': 12551.608, 'text': 'Now once the process of loading gets completed successfully, the next thing that comes in picture is linking.', 'start': 12544.198, 'duration': 7.41}, {'end': 12556.354, 'text': 'So linking is basically kind of composed of three particular tasks.', 'start': 12552.369, 'duration': 3.985}, {'end': 12561.901, 'text': 'First is verification, second is preparation and the third is resolution.', 'start': 12557.035, 'duration': 4.866}, {'end': 12570.465, 'text': 'so, by verification what JVM does, it tries to check the binary representation, if whether or not,', 'start': 12562.862, 'duration': 7.603}], 'summary': 'Jvm loads java class into memory, verifies, prepares, and resolves it.', 'duration': 47.538, 'max_score': 12522.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc12522927.jpg'}, {'end': 12711.272, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12689.395, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 12698.616, 'text': 'what it does is it tries to initialize all these static variable with the assigned or default values and these static initializers which we just saw some time back,', 'start': 12689.395, 'duration': 9.221}, {'end': 12700.137, 'text': 'that is, the static blocks.', 'start': 12698.616, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 12706.418, 'text': 'So initialization, this process of initialization occurs just before the main method gets executed.', 'start': 12700.957, 'duration': 5.461}, {'end': 12711.272, 'text': 'Now similar to the resolution phase.', 'start': 12709.031, 'duration': 2.241}], 'summary': 'Initialization process occurs before main method execution', 'duration': 21.877, 'max_score': 12689.395, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc12689395.jpg'}, {'end': 12780.028, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12749.268, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 12752.971, 'text': "now it's in my hand that I provide some initialized value for them, or not?", 'start': 12749.268, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 12758.896, 'text': "okay? so in case the programmer doesn't want to provide any values, what JVM does it?", 'start': 12752.971, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 12764.843, 'text': 'that it assigns some default values to the variables?', 'start': 12760.441, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 12774.626, 'text': 'say, for example, if the attribute is of type boolean, the default value that JVM provides is false.', 'start': 12764.843, 'duration': 9.783}, {'end': 12780.028, 'text': 'if I am not initializing, if it is byte, the default value comes as 0.', 'start': 12774.626, 'duration': 5.402}], 'summary': "Jvm assigns default values if programmer doesn't provide any for variables.", 'duration': 30.76, 'max_score': 12749.268, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc12749268.jpg'}, {'end': 13156.387, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13127.359, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 13134.781, 'text': "so we'll say that variable dot.", 'start': 13127.359, 'duration': 7.422}, {'end': 13136.021, 'text': 'now it had some radius.', 'start': 13134.781, 'duration': 1.24}, {'end': 13138.941, 'text': 'right, we created one with radius.', 'start': 13136.021, 'duration': 2.92}, {'end': 13147.603, 'text': 'so in this particular case, as we had noticed that you know, this circle initialized variable would be coming with a null value.', 'start': 13138.941, 'duration': 8.662}, {'end': 13156.387, 'text': "So when we'll be running our program, we'll be getting a null pointer exception here because we are trying to refer to an attribute of a null object.", 'start': 13148.164, 'duration': 8.223}], 'summary': 'Creating a circle with null radius causes null pointer exception.', 'duration': 29.028, 'max_score': 13127.359, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc13127359.jpg'}, {'end': 13310.925, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13285.746, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 13292.374, 'text': 'now for the circle as I mentioned, I mean we will be getting a null pointer exception because by default this thing comes as null.', 'start': 13285.746, 'duration': 6.628}, {'end': 13295.037, 'text': 'this test class.circle uninitialized variable.', 'start': 13292.374, 'duration': 2.663}, {'end': 13296.159, 'text': 'this would be returning a null.', 'start': 13295.037, 'duration': 1.122}, {'end': 13297.679, 'text': 'that is the reason.', 'start': 13296.879, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 13303.182, 'text': 'if you are trying to access, you know dot radius method on that, it will return a null pointer exception.', 'start': 13297.679, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 13306.243, 'text': 'so I have modified that dot radius method.', 'start': 13303.182, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 13308.844, 'text': 'I have removed that and now I will run the program again.', 'start': 13306.243, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 13310.925, 'text': 'so now this thing would be coming as null.', 'start': 13308.844, 'duration': 2.081}], 'summary': 'Null pointer exception fixed by modifying dot radius method.', 'duration': 25.179, 'max_score': 13285.746, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc13285746.jpg'}, {'end': 13493.69, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13464.873, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 13467.915, 'text': 'you know the primitive comparison.', 'start': 13464.873, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 13476.062, 'text': 'but the difference happens in case of Java is because of the way these objects are stored in memory.', 'start': 13467.915, 'duration': 8.147}, {'end': 13484.769, 'text': 'so all the primitive variables, those are stored in a separate piece of memory location that is known as stack, and all the objects,', 'start': 13476.062, 'duration': 8.707}, {'end': 13489.386, 'text': 'these basically get stored in the heap memory.', 'start': 13486.843, 'duration': 2.543}, {'end': 13491.548, 'text': 'that is a separate section, okay.', 'start': 13489.386, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 13493.69, 'text': 'so whenever we try to initialize an object,', 'start': 13491.548, 'duration': 2.142}], 'summary': 'In java, primitives are stored in stack, objects in heap.', 'duration': 28.817, 'max_score': 13464.873, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc13464873.jpg'}, {'end': 13840.863, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13812.512, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 13817.433, 'text': 'C2 should be just checking the radius and it would be returning me the correct value.', 'start': 13812.512, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 13822.634, 'text': 'so I should be using the dot equals method that is given by the parent class object.', 'start': 13817.433, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 13829.296, 'text': 'so in Java we have all the classes come from a same parent class, that is, they have object.', 'start': 13822.634, 'duration': 6.662}, {'end': 13830.496, 'text': 'is the common parent class?', 'start': 13829.296, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 13835.067, 'text': 'Okay, so that object common class is object.', 'start': 13831.197, 'duration': 3.87}, {'end': 13837.253, 'text': 'class is having a method equals.', 'start': 13835.067, 'duration': 2.186}, {'end': 13840.863, 'text': 'so that returns me the values by default.', 'start': 13837.253, 'duration': 3.61}], 'summary': "In java, classes have a common parent class 'object' with a method 'equals' for returning values by default.", 'duration': 28.351, 'max_score': 13812.512, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc13812512.jpg'}, {'end': 14106.29, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14078.573, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 14083.035, 'text': 'So now you can see both of these things are returning me true value.', 'start': 14078.573, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 14089.959, 'text': 'The reason is the class name is matching and the radius is matching and I have overridden this equals method.', 'start': 14083.536, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 14094.441, 'text': 'So that is how you can compare two different objects.', 'start': 14090.759, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 14101.986, 'text': "But for now, I mean, the point that I'm trying to make here is that the way these objects are stored in memory is different.", 'start': 14095.519, 'duration': 6.467}, {'end': 14106.29, 'text': 'And the object variables are stored in memory is different.', 'start': 14102.866, 'duration': 3.424}], 'summary': 'Objects with matching class name and radius return true value, demonstrating the differences in memory storage.', 'duration': 27.717, 'max_score': 14078.573, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc14078573.jpg'}, {'end': 14221.932, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14193.138, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 14195.359, 'text': 'so that is how the garbage collector program runs.', 'start': 14193.138, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 14204.525, 'text': 'it checks in the heap, memory, sees what all are not referenced by any of the variables, any of the stack variables, and it cleans that piece of code.', 'start': 14195.359, 'duration': 9.166}, {'end': 14209.328, 'text': "so in java you don't have to run any explicit thing.", 'start': 14204.525, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 14217.467, 'text': "as a programmer, you don't have to take care of memory management, so the garbage collector takes care of that Alright.", 'start': 14209.328, 'duration': 8.139}, {'end': 14221.932, 'text': 'so the first is the object class that we will be covering in this module.', 'start': 14217.467, 'duration': 4.465}], 'summary': 'Garbage collector in java automatically manages memory by cleaning unreferenced objects.', 'duration': 28.794, 'max_score': 14193.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc14193138.jpg'}], 'start': 12473.281, 'title': 'Java class loading and initialization, default variable initialization, handling null pointer exception, object comparison, and garbage collection in java', 'summary': "Covers java class loading, linking, and initialization, default variable initialization, null pointer exception handling, object comparison, and garbage collection. it discusses pass by value and pass by reference, default values for different data types, dot equals method, and object comparison in java, along with the garbage collector's role in cleaning up unreferenced objects.", 'chapters': [{'end': 12749.268, 'start': 12473.281, 'title': 'Java class loading and initialization', 'summary': 'Explains the process of loading, linking, and initialization of java classes, covering topics such as pass by value and pass by reference, loading of binary representation, verification, preparation, resolution, and initialization.', 'duration': 275.987, 'highlights': ['The JVM starts its job by loading the binary representation of the Java class into the memory and caching it for future use, throwing an error if the class is not available.', 'The linking phase consists of verification, preparation, and resolution, where the JVM verifies the binary representation, prepares the class for execution, and resolves class references recursively.', 'During initialization, the JVM initializes static variables with assigned or default values and static initializers, occurring just before the main method is executed and proceeding recursively for parent classes.']}, {'end': 13285.746, 'start': 12749.268, 'title': 'Default variable initialization in java', 'summary': 'Discusses how java assigns default values to uninitialized variables of different data types, such as false for boolean, 0 for integers and floats, and null for object references, demonstrated through a program execution.', 'duration': 536.478, 'highlights': ['Java assigns default values to uninitialized variables, such as false for booleans, 0 for integers and floats, and null for object references.', 'Program execution demonstrates default values for different data types, with uninitialized boolean variables returning false, integers returning 0, and floats returning 0.0.', 'Demonstration of object reference initialization, showing that a null pointer exception occurs when trying to refer to an attribute of a null object.']}, {'end': 13812.512, 'start': 13285.746, 'title': 'Handling null pointer exception and comparing objects in java', 'summary': 'Discusses handling null pointer exception due to uninitialized variables in java, and the comparison of objects using the dot equals method, highlighting the difference in storage of primitive variables and objects in memory.', 'duration': 526.766, 'highlights': ['The difference in storage of primitive variables and objects in memory is highlighted, explaining that primitive variables are stored in a separate piece of memory location known as the stack, and objects are stored in the heap memory, influencing the comparison of objects in Java.', 'Handling of null pointer exception due to uninitialized variables in Java is explained, emphasizing the modification of the dot radius method to avoid null pointer exception and the proper initialization logic for class and instance initialization.', 'The process of comparing objects in Java using the dot equals method is detailed, demonstrating the comparison of string representations of objects and the impact of reference variable pointing on the comparison result.']}, {'end': 14217.467, 'start': 13812.512, 'title': 'Java object comparison and garbage collection', 'summary': 'Explains how to override the equals method for object comparison in java, ensuring objects with matching class names and radii return true. it also discusses the garbage collector in java, which periodically runs to clean up unreferenced objects in the heap memory.', 'duration': 404.955, 'highlights': ['Java object comparison involves overriding the equals method to check for matching class names and radii, ensuring objects return true if both conditions are met.', 'The garbage collector in Java periodically runs to clean up unreferenced objects in the heap memory, ensuring efficient memory management without the need for explicit memory cleanup by the programmer.']}], 'duration': 1744.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc12473281.jpg', 'highlights': ['The JVM loads the binary representation of Java classes into memory and caches it for future use, throwing an error if the class is not available.', 'The linking phase involves verification, preparation, and resolution, where the JVM verifies the binary representation, prepares the class for execution, and resolves class references recursively.', 'During initialization, the JVM initializes static variables with assigned or default values and static initializers, occurring just before the main method is executed and proceeding recursively for parent classes.', 'Java assigns default values to uninitialized variables, such as false for booleans, 0 for integers and floats, and null for object references.', 'Demonstration of object reference initialization, showing that a null pointer exception occurs when trying to refer to an attribute of a null object.', 'The difference in storage of primitive variables and objects in memory is highlighted, explaining that primitive variables are stored in a separate piece of memory location known as the stack, and objects are stored in the heap memory, influencing the comparison of objects in Java.', 'Handling of null pointer exception due to uninitialized variables in Java is explained, emphasizing the modification of the dot radius method to avoid null pointer exception and the proper initialization logic for class and instance initialization.', 'The process of comparing objects in Java using the dot equals method is detailed, demonstrating the comparison of string representations of objects and the impact of reference variable pointing on the comparison result.', 'Java object comparison involves overriding the equals method to check for matching class names and radii, ensuring objects return true if both conditions are met.', 'The garbage collector in Java periodically runs to clean up unreferenced objects in the heap memory, ensuring efficient memory management without the need for explicit memory cleanup by the programmer.']}, {'end': 18854.193, 'segs': [{'end': 14310.005, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14217.467, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14221.932, 'text': 'so the first is the object class that we will be covering in this module.', 'start': 14217.467, 'duration': 4.465}, {'end': 14226.437, 'text': 'So java.lang.object class it represents a java object.', 'start': 14222.733, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 14231.163, 'text': 'So in fact all the classes are direct or indirect descendants of this particular class.', 'start': 14227.078, 'duration': 4.085}, {'end': 14235.368, 'text': 'All the objects derive some properties from this objects class.', 'start': 14231.584, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 14244.491, 'text': "So we'll go over and see what all are couple of methods that this object class implements.", 'start': 14236.249, 'duration': 8.242}, {'end': 14254.254, 'text': 'So some of the methods are like, the examples are like a clone method that creates and returns a copy of the object.', 'start': 14244.991, 'duration': 9.263}, {'end': 14258.015, 'text': 'So a class needs to implement this method to support the object cloning.', 'start': 14254.794, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 14263.205, 'text': 'like the equals method that we discussed in our last module.', 'start': 14259.824, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 14276.973, 'text': 'so any class that needs to support the equality for basically the checking of equality for all the objects that needs to implement this method.', 'start': 14263.205, 'duration': 13.768}, {'end': 14280.215, 'text': 'Then we will see what is the finalized method.', 'start': 14278.433, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 14284.777, 'text': 'The finalized method basically gets called when the garbage collector is run.', 'start': 14280.515, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 14292.222, 'text': 'So it tries to see if the object is supposed to be cleared off by this program.', 'start': 14285.418, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 14295.264, 'text': 'So this method would be called before clearing off.', 'start': 14292.862, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 14301.808, 'text': 'So let us see that in the code how these methods could be implemented.', 'start': 14296.164, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 14310.005, 'text': 'Right now, let us quickly create a class for this particular demo.', 'start': 14304.818, 'duration': 5.187}], 'summary': 'The module covers the java.lang.object class, its methods, and their implementations.', 'duration': 92.538, 'max_score': 14217.467, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc14217467.jpg'}], 'start': 14217.467, 'title': 'Java object class and inheritance', 'summary': 'Covers the java.lang.object class and its methods, implementation of methods in the object demo class, finalize method, java.lang.class, and inheritance in java, including creating child classes and method overriding, with examples demonstrating their functionality and usage.', 'chapters': [{'end': 14310.005, 'start': 14217.467, 'title': 'Java object class', 'summary': 'Covers the java.lang.object class, which serves as the root for all java classes, and discusses its methods such as clone, equals, and finalize.', 'duration': 92.538, 'highlights': ['The java.lang.Object class is the root for all Java classes, and all classes are direct or indirect descendants of this class.', 'The Object class implements methods such as clone, which creates and returns a copy of the object, and equals, which is used for checking equality of objects.', 'The finalized method in the Object class gets called when the garbage collector is run to determine if the object should be cleared off.']}, {'end': 15207.554, 'start': 14310.386, 'title': 'Object demo class methods', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of methods in the object demo class, including the creation of objects, overriding the equals method, utilizing the clone method, and implementing the hash code method, with examples demonstrating their functionality and usage.', 'duration': 897.168, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the creation of objects and the implementation of fields in the object demo class.', 'The implementation and overriding of the equals method is explained, with an example demonstrating its functionality and the comparison of objects.', 'The discussion and usage of the clone method, including the requirement to implement the clonable interface and the example of creating and comparing cloned objects.', 'The implementation of the hash code method is described, with an example of overriding the default implementation and the subsequent comparison of hash code values.']}, {'end': 15868.214, 'start': 15208.675, 'title': 'Implementing the finalize method and java.lang.class', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of the finalize method in java, including its purpose, usage, and the behavior of the garbage collector, along with the explanation of java.lang.class, its methods, and how to obtain class information from objects.', 'duration': 659.539, 'highlights': ['The finalize method in Java is used to perform specific actions before garbage collection, such as closing connections, and can be implemented to customize the behavior of the garbage collector.', 'The behavior of the garbage collector involves reclaiming memory by identifying and removing objects not referenced by any stack variables, and the finalize method can be used to prevent specific objects from being collected prematurely.', "The java.lang.class object is automatically created by the JVM for each object and provides information about the object's type, including methods like getClass and getName, and allows for creating objects without using the 'new' keyword."]}, {'end': 17103.196, 'start': 15868.214, 'title': 'Inheritance in java', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of inheritance in java, including creating child classes using the 'extends' keyword, the relative relationship between superclass and subclass, and the use of inheritance to avoid redundancy and duplication in object-oriented programming. it also covers the creation of subclasses using the 'extends' keyword and demonstrates the implementation of inheritance through the creation of shape, circle, and triangle classes with relevant attributes and methods.", 'duration': 1234.982, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses the concept of inheritance in Java, including creating child classes using the 'extends' keyword, the relative relationship between superclass and subclass, and the use of inheritance to avoid redundancy and duplication in object-oriented programming.", "It also covers the creation of subclasses using the 'extends' keyword and demonstrates the implementation of inheritance through the creation of shape, circle, and triangle classes with relevant attributes and methods."]}, {'end': 17988.997, 'start': 17103.196, 'title': 'Inheriting methods, accessibility, and method overriding', 'summary': "Discusses inheriting methods from a parent class, the accessibility of member variables with different access modifiers within and outside a package, and the concept of method overriding in java, emphasizing the importance of method signatures and the use of the 'final' keyword to prevent method overriding.", 'duration': 885.801, 'highlights': ['Inheriting Methods of Class Shape', 'Accessibility Modifiers in Java', 'Method Overriding in Java']}, {'end': 18854.193, 'start': 17988.997, 'title': 'Method overriding and constructor invocation', 'summary': 'Explains method overriding and constructor invocation in java, including examples of method overloading and method overriding, as well as calling superclass constructors and handling hidden members.', 'duration': 865.196, 'highlights': ['The concept of method overriding is demonstrated, with examples showing the behavior of overridden and non-overridden methods, resulting in quantifiable data such as executing the getArea method from parent class and same class, with expected results of 2 and 16.', "Method overloading is explained through an example, showcasing the implementation of a new method 'getArea' with integer parameter and its output, demonstrating the concept with quantifiable data of the output as 24 for specific input values.", "The process of preventing parent class methods from being overridden in the child class is outlined, describing the use of the 'final' keyword and its impact, including a warning generated for an overridden final method.", "The explanation of calling a superclass constructor and using the 'super' keyword for accessing parent class variables and methods, illustrated through a discussion and code examples, outlining the behavior of the JVM and the use of 'super' for constructor invocation and member variable access."]}], 'duration': 4636.726, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc14217467.jpg', 'highlights': ['The java.lang.Object class is the root for all Java classes, and all classes are direct or indirect descendants of this class.', 'The Object class implements methods such as clone, which creates and returns a copy of the object, and equals, which is used for checking equality of objects.', 'The finalize method in the Object class gets called when the garbage collector is run to determine if the object should be cleared off.', "The chapter discusses the concept of inheritance in Java, including creating child classes using the 'extends' keyword, the relative relationship between superclass and subclass, and the use of inheritance to avoid redundancy and duplication in object-oriented programming.", 'The concept of method overriding is demonstrated, with examples showing the behavior of overridden and non-overridden methods, resulting in quantifiable data such as executing the getArea method from parent class and same class, with expected results of 2 and 16.']}, {'end': 20113.085, 'segs': [{'end': 18965.193, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18937.351, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 18943.313, 'text': 'okay. and if we done the program now, so what you can see, the value that is coming is 49,', 'start': 18937.351, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 18946.534, 'text': "and we are seeing that I'm getting inside the squares area method.", 'start': 18943.313, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 18953.649, 'text': 'now, if I somehow want to get a feel of, you know what happens inside the the rectangles area method.', 'start': 18946.534, 'duration': 7.115}, {'end': 18959.351, 'text': 'so what I can do is I can just call the super method okay.', 'start': 18953.649, 'duration': 5.702}, {'end': 18965.193, 'text': 'so I can just say that super dot.', 'start': 18959.351, 'duration': 5.842}], 'summary': 'Program output is 49; accessing squares and rectangles methods using super.', 'duration': 27.842, 'max_score': 18937.351, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc18937351.jpg'}, {'end': 19076.933, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19048.844, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 19054.87, 'text': 'so we can always assign an object to a superclass variable, and that is known as upcasting.', 'start': 19048.844, 'duration': 6.026}, {'end': 19063.479, 'text': "okay. so let's take it for an example that you have a a class parent and its subclass child.", 'start': 19054.87, 'duration': 8.609}, {'end': 19073.61, 'text': 'okay, so you can always create a parent type of reference variable and point it to a class object in the heap.', 'start': 19063.479, 'duration': 10.131}, {'end': 19075.592, 'text': 'okay, so that is always permissible.', 'start': 19073.61, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 19076.933, 'text': 'that is known as upcasting.', 'start': 19075.592, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'Upcasting involves assigning an object to a superclass variable, allowing a parent type reference variable to point to a class object in the heap.', 'duration': 28.089, 'max_score': 19048.844, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19048844.jpg'}, {'end': 19185.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19157.89, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 19172.332, 'text': "what I'm saying is I'm creating a square object that is a child or a subclass object in the heap and I'm referencing to this particular subclass object using parent classes reference variable,", 'start': 19157.89, 'duration': 14.442}, {'end': 19174.933, 'text': 'which is rectangles reference variable.', 'start': 19172.332, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 19177.753, 'text': 'Okay so now that is a permissible thing.', 'start': 19174.933, 'duration': 2.82}, {'end': 19185.224, 'text': 'now I can, you know, just call some of its methods, like say, for example, I can say that Or let me do one thing.', 'start': 19177.753, 'duration': 7.471}], 'summary': "Creating a square subclass object in the heap and referencing it using a parent class's reference variable is permissible.", 'duration': 27.334, 'max_score': 19157.89, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19157890.jpg'}, {'end': 19247.293, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19224.033, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 19234.146, 'text': 'So the thing is that what we have done is we have created a parent, you know, parent type of parent variable, which is pointing to rectangle.', 'start': 19224.033, 'duration': 10.113}, {'end': 19241.35, 'text': 'Now, when we say parent.getArea, it would go to the getArea method of square and print its value.', 'start': 19234.907, 'duration': 6.443}, {'end': 19247.293, 'text': 'And because we are passing the value as six for this side, the value is coming as 36.', 'start': 19242.49, 'duration': 4.803}], 'summary': 'Using inheritance, parent.getarea points to square, giving area as 36', 'duration': 23.26, 'max_score': 19224.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19224033.jpg'}, {'end': 19619.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19585.234, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 19587.976, 'text': 'you know this is of which object type?', 'start': 19585.234, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 19597.404, 'text': 'okay, If you apply this instance of on a null variable, null reference variable, it will always return as false because, as I said,', 'start': 19587.976, 'duration': 9.428}, {'end': 19604.47, 'text': 'that it is used to figure out the type of the object in memory.', 'start': 19597.404, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 19607.633, 'text': "Now, if it's a null reference variable, it's not pointing to anything.", 'start': 19605.11, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 19610.835, 'text': 'Okay So for that reason, it always returns as false.', 'start': 19608.293, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 19619.101, 'text': 'and a subclass, when you know, is kind of is used against this particular operator.', 'start': 19611.836, 'duration': 7.265}], 'summary': 'Instanceof used to figure out object type, returns false for null reference variable.', 'duration': 33.867, 'max_score': 19585.234, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19585234.jpg'}, {'end': 19718.223, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19676.477, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 19684.182, 'text': 'so that means this child, which is pretty much, you know, correct, is an instance of square, because parent initially was, you know,', 'start': 19676.477, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 19686.103, 'text': 'pointing to a new square object.', 'start': 19684.182, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 19689.486, 'text': 'so this is coming as true.', 'start': 19686.103, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 19691.507, 'text': 'now let us, kind of, you know, check this thing.', 'start': 19689.486, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 19698.492, 'text': "if child is an instance of rectangle, okay, now let's run the program and see what is the outcome.", 'start': 19691.507, 'duration': 6.985}, {'end': 19718.223, 'text': 'So, as we mentioned that you know, this particular instance of operator will also work because the rectangle is also a square correct?', 'start': 19709.54, 'duration': 8.683}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of child instance as square and rectangle in programming.', 'duration': 41.746, 'max_score': 19676.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19676477.jpg'}, {'end': 19813.103, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19780.783, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 19786.065, 'text': 'we were writing a Java file in which we created a couple of skeletons for the class.', 'start': 19780.783, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 19795.95, 'text': 'And in case we wanted to write a separate class altogether, we either appended the definition by the existing skeleton.', 'start': 19788.386, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 19803.315, 'text': "so far, you know, we haven't ever written this definition inside an existing class.", 'start': 19797.251, 'duration': 6.064}, {'end': 19813.103, 'text': 'okay, so in case you write a definition of a class inside an existing class that is known as a nested class, okay, now,', 'start': 19803.315, 'duration': 9.788}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses creating nested classes in java files.', 'duration': 32.32, 'max_score': 19780.783, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc19780783.jpg'}], 'start': 18855.494, 'title': 'Java typecasting and operators', 'summary': "Discusses the super keyword, typecasting, upcasting, downcasting, and the 'instanceof' operator in java, with examples and limitations, showcasing correct output of 49 and emphasizing runtime polymorphism.", 'chapters': [{'end': 19076.933, 'start': 18855.494, 'title': 'Super keyword and typecasting', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of the super keyword in method overriding, showcasing how it calls the constructor and overrides behavior, resulting in a correct output of 49. additionally, it explores typecasting, emphasizing on upcasting and its applicability in superclass and subclass relationships.', 'duration': 221.439, 'highlights': ['The super keyword is used to call the constructor with appropriate values and to override behavior inside a subclass method, resulting in a correct output of 49 when applied to the area method.', 'Typecasting allows assigning an object to a superclass variable, known as upcasting, and is applicable in superclass and subclass relationships.']}, {'end': 19532.523, 'start': 19078.331, 'title': 'Upcasting and downcasting in java', 'summary': 'Discusses upcasting and downcasting in java, demonstrating the process of creating parent and child objects, typecasting them, and explaining runtime polymorphism with examples. it also highlights the limitations of downcasting and the importance of the instanceof keyword.', 'duration': 454.192, 'highlights': ['Demonstrating upcasting and downcasting in Java', 'Explaining the process of creating parent and child objects', 'Illustrating runtime polymorphism with examples', 'Highlighting the limitations of downcasting', 'Emphasizing the importance of the instanceof keyword']}, {'end': 19732.707, 'start': 19532.523, 'title': "Using the 'instanceof' operator in java", 'summary': "Explains the use of the 'instanceof' operator in java to test if an object is of a specified type, with examples showing its application on different types of variables and its behavior with null and subclass instances.", 'duration': 200.184, 'highlights': ["The 'instanceof' operator can be used to test if an object is of a specified type, returning a boolean value indicating the result.", "Applying the 'instanceof' operator on a null reference variable will always return false due to its inability to point to any object.", "When the 'instanceof' operator is used on a subclass, it will return true if the instance is of the parent class, showcasing its behavior with inheritance.", "The 'instanceof' operator can be used to test if an object is an instance of a specific class, as demonstrated with examples of testing instances of 'square' and 'rectangle' classes."]}, {'end': 20113.085, 'start': 19733.527, 'title': 'Nested classes and instance of operator', 'summary': 'Explains the instance of operator and nested classes in java, including how to create and use nested classes and the difference between static and non-static nested classes.', 'duration': 379.558, 'highlights': ['Nested classes are classes defined within a class or an interface.', 'Demonstrates how to create and use a nested class in Java.', 'Explains the difference between static and non-static nested classes.', 'Describes the instance of operator and its behavior when pointing to null.']}], 'duration': 1257.591, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc18855494.jpg', 'highlights': ['The super keyword is used to call the constructor with appropriate values and to override behavior inside a subclass method, resulting in a correct output of 49 when applied to the area method.', 'Typecasting allows assigning an object to a superclass variable, known as upcasting, and is applicable in superclass and subclass relationships.', "The 'instanceof' operator can be used to test if an object is of a specified type, returning a boolean value indicating the result.", 'Demonstrating upcasting and downcasting in Java', 'Illustrating runtime polymorphism with examples', "The 'instanceof' operator can be used to test if an object is an instance of a specific class, as demonstrated with examples of testing instances of 'square' and 'rectangle' classes.", 'Explaining the process of creating parent and child objects', 'Emphasizing the importance of the instanceof keyword', 'Highlighting the limitations of downcasting', 'Nested classes are classes defined within a class or an interface.']}, {'end': 22658.601, 'segs': [{'end': 20173.025, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20141.557, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 20144.78, 'text': 'so that is known as a member inner class.', 'start': 20141.557, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 20146.402, 'text': 'you know it.', 'start': 20144.78, 'duration': 1.622}, {'end': 20152.348, 'text': 'the instance of that member inner class would be different for each object that is created of the enclosing class.', 'start': 20146.402, 'duration': 5.946}, {'end': 20156.693, 'text': 'okay, so that is known as a member inner class.', 'start': 20153.311, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 20159.035, 'text': 'the other is a local inner class.', 'start': 20156.693, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 20167.541, 'text': 'okay, so any class that you define inside some method, okay, that is known as a local inner class.', 'start': 20159.035, 'duration': 8.506}, {'end': 20173.025, 'text': "you're not defining that class, you know outside a method or you know somewhere else.", 'start': 20167.541, 'duration': 5.484}], 'summary': 'Member inner class has different instances for each object; local inner class is defined inside a method.', 'duration': 31.468, 'max_score': 20141.557, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc20141557.jpg'}, {'end': 20255.819, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20215.157, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 20220.559, 'text': "you know, when we see a demo of how it works, it'll be, you know, clearer.", 'start': 20215.157, 'duration': 5.402}, {'end': 20228.022, 'text': 'now I mean having, you know, gone through different type of nested classes, different type of you know.', 'start': 20220.559, 'duration': 7.463}, {'end': 20232.183, 'text': "I haven't seen the example of how it is kind of you know, operated.", 'start': 20228.022, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 20234.784, 'text': 'why do we basically need these nested classes?', 'start': 20232.183, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 20236.605, 'text': 'or you know, why do we need these inner classes?', 'start': 20234.784, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 20248.773, 'text': 'So we were saying that the inner classes were introduced in version 1.1 of Java and we have seen that in the object oriented programming that the classes are,', 'start': 20237.265, 'duration': 11.508}, {'end': 20255.819, 'text': 'kind of, you know, supposed to be specialized because that kind of create the concept of, you know, greater usability and flexibility.', 'start': 20248.773, 'duration': 7.046}], 'summary': 'Nested/inner classes introduced in java 1.1 for greater usability and flexibility.', 'duration': 40.662, 'max_score': 20215.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc20215157.jpg'}, {'end': 20520.522, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20488.97, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 20493.211, 'text': 'or when you press some key, it sends the message to the other user that XYZ is typing.', 'start': 20488.97, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 20495.632, 'text': 'So you kind of create a class for that.', 'start': 20493.911, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 20503.957, 'text': 'now you can say that what a person can do is you know he can write this code in.', 'start': 20496.843, 'duration': 7.114}, {'end': 20506.742, 'text': 'you know different methods in the chat client class.', 'start': 20503.957, 'duration': 2.785}, {'end': 20508.265, 'text': "let's say okay,", 'start': 20506.742, 'duration': 1.523}, {'end': 20520.522, 'text': 'but think about a scenario in which you know the event handler is kind of waiting for or is kind of extending some other classes inputs or some other classes.', 'start': 20508.265, 'duration': 12.257}], 'summary': 'Creating a chat client class to handle user typing messages and extending event handlers.', 'duration': 31.552, 'max_score': 20488.97, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc20488970.jpg'}, {'end': 20591.136, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20562.118, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 20565.239, 'text': 'Okay, and both these two classes can extend from different classes.', 'start': 20562.118, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 20569.082, 'text': "My client don't have to necessarily extend any of these classes.", 'start': 20566.019, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 20570.943, 'text': "It's not required for me to do.", 'start': 20569.902, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 20575.307, 'text': "So that way I'm kind of solving the problem of multiple inheritance.", 'start': 20571.484, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 20585.135, 'text': "I'm kind of implementing different scenarios and my inner classes are kind of helping me to do that thing.", 'start': 20576.107, 'duration': 9.028}, {'end': 20591.136, 'text': "okay, so, as you've seen, you know better encapsulation, like, say, for example,", 'start': 20586.573, 'duration': 4.563}], 'summary': 'Classes can extend from different classes, solving the problem of multiple inheritance and implementing different scenarios using inner classes.', 'duration': 29.018, 'max_score': 20562.118, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc20562118.jpg'}], 'start': 20114.025, 'title': 'Java nested classes and interfaces', 'summary': 'Covers nested and member inner classes in java, including improved modularity, encapsulation, and accessibility, while also discussing the usage of anonymous inner classes and interfaces to override methods of abstract classes, demonstrating the precedence of inner class member variables over outer class member variables.', 'chapters': [{'end': 20561.317, 'start': 20114.025, 'title': 'Nested classes in java', 'summary': 'Explains the three types of non-static nested classes in java - member inner class, local inner class, and anonymous inner class, while demonstrating the need for inner classes in java, specifically for event handling in a chat client application, and how they provide greater usability and flexibility in object-oriented programming.', 'duration': 447.292, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the three types of non-static nested classes in Java - member inner class, local inner class, and anonymous inner class.', 'Demonstrates the need for inner classes in Java, specifically for event handling in a chat client application.', 'Explains how inner classes provide greater usability and flexibility in object-oriented programming.']}, {'end': 20878.966, 'start': 20562.118, 'title': 'Nested and member inner classes in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage and benefits of nested and member inner classes in java, including improved modularity, encapsulation, and accessibility, with examples and syntax explanation.', 'duration': 316.848, 'highlights': ['Nested classes provide better modularity and solve the problem of multiple inheritance', 'Inner classes offer better encapsulation and visibility control', 'Member inner classes can access private variables of the outer class']}, {'end': 21382.149, 'start': 20878.966, 'title': 'Java inner and anonymous classes', 'summary': 'Discusses inner classes accessing private member variables, demonstrating the precedence of inner class member variables over outer class member variables, and the usage of anonymous inner classes to override methods of abstract classes and interfaces.', 'duration': 503.183, 'highlights': ['Anonymous Inner Class Usage', 'Precedence of Inner Class Member Variables', 'Accessing Private Member Variables']}, {'end': 21771.057, 'start': 21382.149, 'title': 'Java inner classes overview', 'summary': 'Introduces the concepts of anonymous inner classes, local inner classes, and static nested classes in java, highlighting the scope and usage of each type, with examples demonstrating their functionalities.', 'duration': 388.908, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concepts of anonymous inner classes, local inner classes, and static nested classes in Java', 'Local inner classes are defined inside a method or a scope block, and their scope is limited to that method or block', 'The static nested classes are defined within an enclosing class and do not require an instance of the enclosing class to exist']}, {'end': 22658.601, 'start': 21771.057, 'title': 'Java nested classes and interfaces', 'summary': 'Covers the creation and invocation of static nested classes in java, followed by an explanation of interfaces, their purpose, and how they are created and used, emphasizing the concept of multiple inheritance and the distinction between inheritance and interfaces.', 'duration': 887.544, 'highlights': ["The demonstration includes creating a static nested class with a method 'printString' and invoking it.", 'An explanation of interfaces in Java, their purpose, and how they enable multiple inheritance.', 'Clarification on the definition of an interface and the implementation of its fields and methods, including the optional nature of modifiers, extends, and interface names.', 'The distinction between inheritance and interfaces, highlighting how interfaces only inherit constants and require class-specific implementations, as well as the unrelated nature of objects implementing interfaces.']}], 'duration': 2544.576, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc20114025.jpg', 'highlights': ['Demonstrates the need for inner classes in Java, specifically for event handling in a chat client application.', 'Nested classes provide better modularity and solve the problem of multiple inheritance', 'Inner classes offer better encapsulation and visibility control', 'The chapter explains the three types of non-static nested classes in Java - member inner class, local inner class, and anonymous inner class.', 'The chapter introduces the concepts of anonymous inner classes, local inner classes, and static nested classes in Java', 'An explanation of interfaces in Java, their purpose, and how they enable multiple inheritance.']}, {'end': 23649.217, 'segs': [{'end': 22688.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22658.601, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 22663.444, 'text': 'and because this class is implementing the interface, okay,', 'start': 22658.601, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 22670.429, 'text': 'it has to provide a statement block and it has to provide the implementation of whatever methods were defined in that interface name.', 'start': 22663.444, 'duration': 6.985}, {'end': 22673.868, 'text': 'Okay, now let us see that.', 'start': 22671.724, 'duration': 2.144}, {'end': 22678.617, 'text': 'how do we create those interfaces and how do we make use of them in an example?', 'start': 22673.868, 'duration': 4.749}, {'end': 22688.599, 'text': 'Right So I have, you know, I have created a class interface demo for this particular demo.', 'start': 22680.276, 'duration': 8.323}], 'summary': 'Class implements interface, providing method implementation.', 'duration': 29.998, 'max_score': 22658.601, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc22658601.jpg'}, {'end': 23049.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22972.879, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 22975.381, 'text': 'access modifier and that is taken implicitly as public.', 'start': 22972.879, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 22985.645, 'text': 'now the first lesson you have to take is that in case the class is implementing an interface, it cannot narrow the access modifier scope.', 'start': 22976.241, 'duration': 9.404}, {'end': 22992.588, 'text': 'so by saying narrow, we mean if it is public, it cannot be, you know, put in a narrow scope.', 'start': 22985.645, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 22999.031, 'text': "so narrow scope would be a private protected or a default, because we haven't declared anything here.", 'start': 22992.588, 'duration': 6.443}, {'end': 23003.053, 'text': 'you know, it is considered as default, which is a narrower scope than public.', 'start': 22999.031, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 23004.894, 'text': "so we'll have to declare that as public.", 'start': 23003.053, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 23012.688, 'text': "the point to note again here is that it's not the gas vehicle, is not an interface, so it's the public.", 'start': 23007.584, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 23014.87, 'text': 'access modifier will not be implicit here.', 'start': 23012.688, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 23018.933, 'text': "okay, now let's say that what we are doing is we are just.", 'start': 23014.87, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 23027.799, 'text': 'we just return a value like, say, miles counter divided by fuel consumed.', 'start': 23018.933, 'duration': 8.866}, {'end': 23030.642, 'text': "okay, that's what it is right.", 'start': 23027.799, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 23034.024, 'text': 'fuel consumed okay.', 'start': 23030.642, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 23036.96, 'text': 'So that should be it.', 'start': 23035.839, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 23039.941, 'text': 'We have created a class that is implementing this interface.', 'start': 23037.26, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 23045.744, 'text': "Okay Now let's, you know, try and run this particular piece of code.", 'start': 23040.921, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 23049.165, 'text': "So let's say that we have, we'll create a main method here.", 'start': 23046.444, 'duration': 2.721}], 'summary': 'When implementing an interface, the access modifier must not narrow the scope from public. the class should explicitly declare the access modifier as public. the class is then implemented to return the value of miles counter divided by fuel consumed.', 'duration': 76.286, 'max_score': 22972.879, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc22972879.jpg'}, {'end': 23138.532, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23095.285, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 23100.629, 'text': "as you know, fuel consumed as gallons, let's say 20 gallons.", 'start': 23095.285, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 23107.914, 'text': "okay, so let's print what is the efficiency of this gas vehicle object?", 'start': 23100.629, 'duration': 7.285}, {'end': 23116.725, 'text': "we'll just say efficiency is dot get mileage.", 'start': 23107.914, 'duration': 8.811}, {'end': 23124.532, 'text': 'okay, efficiency of gas vehicle is good.', 'start': 23116.725, 'duration': 7.807}, {'end': 23129.756, 'text': "so let's run this program now.", 'start': 23124.532, 'duration': 5.224}, {'end': 23134.451, 'text': 'okay, so you can see, the efficiency of gas vehicle is coming is five.', 'start': 23129.756, 'duration': 4.695}, {'end': 23137.952, 'text': 'so that would be, like you know, five miles per gallon.', 'start': 23134.451, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 23138.532, 'text': 'so that is how.', 'start': 23137.952, 'duration': 0.58}], 'summary': 'Gas vehicle efficiency is 5 miles per gallon.', 'duration': 43.247, 'max_score': 23095.285, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc23095285.jpg'}], 'start': 22658.601, 'title': 'Implementing interfaces in java', 'summary': 'Covers implementing interfaces in java, including creating a fuel efficiency interface, its implementation in various vehicle classes, extending interfaces, and showcasing the efficiency of gas, electric, and hybrid vehicles, with a focus on overriding abstract methods and extending multiple interfaces.', 'chapters': [{'end': 22840.895, 'start': 22658.601, 'title': 'Interfaces and implementations', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of interfaces in a class, creating an interface for fuel efficiency, and implementing it in different vehicle classes, emphasizing the need to override abstract methods.', 'duration': 182.294, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the implementation of interfaces in a class, creating an interface for fuel efficiency, and implementing it in different vehicle classes.', "It emphasizes the need to override abstract methods, such as 'get mileage,' when implementing interfaces in classes.", "The example illustrates the use of the interface 'fuel efficiency' to define methods like 'get mileage' for different types of vehicles."]}, {'end': 23412.484, 'start': 22840.895, 'title': 'Implementing fuel efficiency interface', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of a fuel efficiency interface in java, covering concepts such as method definition, access modifiers, interface implementation, and the creation of classes that implement the interface to calculate mileage for gas and electric vehicles.', 'duration': 571.589, 'highlights': ['The importance of access modifiers in interface implementation', 'Demonstration of method overriding in interface implementation', 'Utilizing interfaces for behavioral pattern implementation']}, {'end': 23649.217, 'start': 23412.484, 'title': 'Java interfaces extension', 'summary': 'Discusses implementing and extending interfaces in java, showcasing the efficiency of gas and electric vehicles, and explaining the concept of extending multiple interfaces and its benefits, with an example of hybrid vehicles needing additional methods while avoiding the need for all vehicle classes to implement them.', 'duration': 236.733, 'highlights': ['The efficiency of the gas vehicle is 5 and the electric vehicle is around 6.6 miles per kilowatt.', 'Interfaces in Java can extend multiple interfaces, unlike classes, and a class implementing an extended interface must implement the methods of all the previous interfaces.', 'The concept of extending interfaces is useful when adding new methods for hybrid vehicles without requiring all vehicle classes to implement those methods, by creating a new interface that extends the original fuel efficiency interface.']}], 'duration': 990.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc22658601.jpg', 'highlights': ['The efficiency of the gas vehicle is 5 and the electric vehicle is around 6.6 miles per kilowatt.', 'Interfaces in Java can extend multiple interfaces, unlike classes, and a class implementing an extended interface must implement the methods of all the previous interfaces.', "The example illustrates the use of the interface 'fuel efficiency' to define methods like 'get mileage' for different types of vehicles.", 'The chapter discusses the implementation of interfaces in a class, creating an interface for fuel efficiency, and implementing it in different vehicle classes.', "It emphasizes the need to override abstract methods, such as 'get mileage,' when implementing interfaces in classes.", 'The concept of extending interfaces is useful when adding new methods for hybrid vehicles without requiring all vehicle classes to implement those methods, by creating a new interface that extends the original fuel efficiency interface.', 'Demonstration of method overriding in interface implementation', 'Utilizing interfaces for behavioral pattern implementation', 'The importance of access modifiers in interface implementation']}, {'end': 25257.491, 'segs': [{'end': 23698.503, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23649.217, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 23652.76, 'text': "okay, let's give some name to it randomly into it.", 'start': 23649.217, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 23683.546, 'text': "okay, okay, now we'll say that it'll give us a method, you know, get fuel efficiency, and we'll write another method that gives us, you know,", 'start': 23652.76, 'duration': 30.786}, {'end': 23686.627, 'text': 'the charge efficiency.', 'start': 23683.546, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 23687.567, 'text': "let's say charge efficiency.", 'start': 23686.627, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 23698.503, 'text': 'okay, so these are the two new methods that we are saying that this new interface would be kind of providing and we want to use the get mileage,', 'start': 23688.74, 'duration': 9.763}], 'summary': 'Creating new interface with methods for fuel and charge efficiency.', 'duration': 49.286, 'max_score': 23649.217, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc23649217.jpg'}, {'end': 24019.629, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23974.219, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 23978.661, 'text': "Okay, so we'll use the logic of creating a hybrid vehicle.", 'start': 23974.219, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 23988.173, 'text': 'So hybrid vehicle at object equals to new hybrid vehicle.', 'start': 23979.861, 'duration': 8.312}, {'end': 23996.919, 'text': "okay, for the H object we'll set the miles counter, as again let's say 100.", 'start': 23988.173, 'duration': 8.746}, {'end': 24002.883, 'text': "okay, we'll set the H objects.", 'start': 23996.919, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 24004.504, 'text': 'power consumed, you know.', 'start': 24002.883, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 24008.407, 'text': "let's say 10 kilowatts.", 'start': 24004.504, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 24019.629, 'text': "and this H object, you know, fuel consumed, let's say it's again tank gallons.", 'start': 24008.407, 'duration': 11.222}], 'summary': 'Creating a hybrid vehicle with 100 miles, 10 kilowatts power consumption, and tank gallons fuel consumption.', 'duration': 45.41, 'max_score': 23974.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc23974219.jpg'}, {'end': 24186.161, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24162.901, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 24172.29, 'text': 'I need to, kind of you know, add another interface that changes that you know, provides the option of you know, changing the battery.', 'start': 24162.901, 'duration': 9.389}, {'end': 24178.675, 'text': 'now, as you know that both the electric and the hybrid vehicles would be kind of operated on some battery charges.', 'start': 24172.29, 'duration': 6.385}, {'end': 24182.458, 'text': 'right, that would be, you know, used to running engine.', 'start': 24178.675, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 24186.161, 'text': 'so i need to create another interface.', 'start': 24182.458, 'duration': 3.703}], 'summary': 'Developing an interface for changing electric and hybrid vehicle batteries.', 'duration': 23.26, 'max_score': 24162.901, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc24162901.jpg'}, {'end': 24271.593, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24239.954, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 24243.162, 'text': 'So that is the only method that it prescribes now.', 'start': 24239.954, 'duration': 3.208}, {'end': 24252.089, 'text': 'uh, since you see that you know this hybrid vehicle is type of, is like a battery operated device, a machine.', 'start': 24244.765, 'duration': 7.324}, {'end': 24255.611, 'text': 'so it has to implement this battery machines interface.', 'start': 24252.089, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 24257.893, 'text': 'so how do we do that?', 'start': 24255.611, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 24263.076, 'text': 'we say that implements hybrid efficiency comma, the new battery machines.', 'start': 24257.893, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 24271.593, 'text': 'so as soon as we added this new interface, you see that we get a warning message saying it has to override the abstract method change battery, okay.', 'start': 24263.076, 'duration': 8.517}], 'summary': 'The hybrid vehicle implements a new battery machines interface, resulting in a warning message for abstract method change battery.', 'duration': 31.639, 'max_score': 24239.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc24239954.jpg'}], 'start': 23649.217, 'title': 'Implementing hybrid vehicle interface', 'summary': "Discusses fuel and charge efficiency methods, implementation of 'hybrid vehicles' class, and new interface for hybrid vehicles, providing a clear understanding of their usage and benefits in java.", 'chapters': [{'end': 23804.294, 'start': 23649.217, 'title': 'Implementing hybrid vehicle interface', 'summary': "Discusses the implementation of a new interface for hybrid vehicles, introducing methods for fuel efficiency and charge efficiency, as well as the declaration and implementation of a new class 'hybrid vehicles' with associated attributes and methods.", 'duration': 155.077, 'highlights': ['A new interface is introduced with methods for fuel efficiency and charge efficiency, to be utilized by a new class of hybrid vehicles.', "The new class 'hybrid vehicles' is declared and implemented, introducing attributes for miles counter, power consumed, and fuel consumed, along with methods for fuel efficiency calculation.", 'The chapter presents the implementation of methods to calculate fuel efficiency by dividing the fuel consumed by the miles counter.']}, {'end': 24239.333, 'start': 23804.294, 'title': 'Implementing hybrid efficiency and multiple interfaces', 'summary': 'Explains the implementation of hybrid efficiency methods, including get charge efficiency and get mileage, and the concept of implementing multiple interfaces, emphasizing the need to implement all methods defined in the chosen interfaces for spreading the concept of multiple inheritance.', 'duration': 435.039, 'highlights': ['Implementing the get mileage method for a hybrid vehicle by combining the fuel efficiency and charge efficiency values to calculate the mileage.', 'Using the logic of creating a hybrid vehicle to set its parameters and calculating its efficiency, yielding an efficiency value of around 10.', 'Explaining the concept of extending an interface and the example of implementing multiple interfaces, emphasizing the need to implement all methods defined in the chosen interfaces for spreading the concept of multiple inheritance.']}, {'end': 24818.226, 'start': 24239.954, 'title': 'Java interfaces and abstract classes', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of multiple interfaces and demonstrates behavior of polymorphism and interfaces, along with the concept and implementation of abstract classes in java, providing a clear understanding of their usage and benefits.', 'duration': 578.272, 'highlights': ['Demonstrating the behavior of polymorphism and interfaces', 'Implementing multiple interfaces and their usage', 'Explaining the concept and implementation of abstract classes in Java']}, {'end': 25257.491, 'start': 24818.226, 'title': 'Abstract employee model', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of abstract employee class, with examples of common attributes and methods shared between contractual and regular employees, and demonstrates the implementation of abstract and concrete methods in java, including the use of inheritance and polymorphism.', 'duration': 439.265, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of abstract employee class', 'Examples of common attributes and methods shared between contractual and regular employees', 'Demonstrates the implementation of abstract and concrete methods in Java', 'Use of inheritance and polymorphism']}], 'duration': 1608.274, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc23649217.jpg', 'highlights': ['A new interface is introduced with methods for fuel efficiency and charge efficiency, to be utilized by a new class of hybrid vehicles.', "The new class 'hybrid vehicles' is declared and implemented, introducing attributes for miles counter, power consumed, and fuel consumed, along with methods for fuel efficiency calculation.", 'Implementing the get mileage method for a hybrid vehicle by combining the fuel efficiency and charge efficiency values to calculate the mileage.', 'Using the logic of creating a hybrid vehicle to set its parameters and calculating its efficiency, yielding an efficiency value of around 10.', 'Explaining the concept of extending an interface and the example of implementing multiple interfaces, emphasizing the need to implement all methods defined in the chosen interfaces for spreading the concept of multiple inheritance.', 'Demonstrating the behavior of polymorphism and interfaces', 'Implementing multiple interfaces and their usage', 'Explaining the concept and implementation of abstract classes in Java', 'The chapter discusses the concept of abstract employee class', 'Examples of common attributes and methods shared between contractual and regular employees', 'Demonstrates the implementation of abstract and concrete methods in Java', 'Use of inheritance and polymorphism']}, {'end': 26609.895, 'segs': [{'end': 25412.669, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 25356.952, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 25364.057, 'text': "so let's just make use of whatever interface we have created earlier.", 'start': 25356.952, 'duration': 7.105}, {'end': 25377.107, 'text': 'okay, it extends from employee.', 'start': 25364.057, 'duration': 13.05}, {'end': 25391.514, 'text': 'okay. now, okay, so Now we will have to extend.', 'start': 25377.107, 'duration': 14.407}, {'end': 25395.697, 'text': 'you have to write this method root salary.', 'start': 25391.514, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 25401.041, 'text': "We just say that you know, Multiply some by some factor of, let's say 0.8,", 'start': 25395.697, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 25407.625, 'text': 'okay for a regular employee and Another interface that will be creating for the regular employees.', 'start': 25401.041, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 25412.669, 'text': 'again, Salary.', 'start': 25407.625, 'duration': 5.044}], 'summary': 'Creating interfaces for employee salary calculation, with regular employees having a 0.8 factor.', 'duration': 55.717, 'max_score': 25356.952, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc25356952.jpg'}, {'end': 26104.378, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26073.402, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 26076.844, 'text': 'so we see that hello print and hello print2 are coming in the same line.', 'start': 26073.402, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 26078.285, 'text': 'so system.out.println.', 'start': 26076.844, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 26078.866, 'text': 'what it does?', 'start': 26078.285, 'duration': 0.581}, {'end': 26084.87, 'text': 'it appends a slash and character to whatever string that we are giving in.', 'start': 26078.866, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 26094.477, 'text': 'so it basically, after you know, after showing that particular arguments, this string argument, it adds a new line.', 'start': 26084.87, 'duration': 9.607}, {'end': 26104.378, 'text': 'so if we print these two, if you use println for these two commands, we see that hello println and hello print2 are coming in separate lines.', 'start': 26094.477, 'duration': 9.901}], 'summary': 'System.out.println appends a new line to the given string, separating it from the next print statement.', 'duration': 30.976, 'max_score': 26073.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc26073402.jpg'}, {'end': 26413.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26382.183, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 26388.588, 'text': 'okay, basically, to read the input from the system okay,', 'start': 26382.183, 'duration': 6.405}, {'end': 26397.705, 'text': 'so that would kind of give me the all the characters that I have entered on the console into the string buffer variable.', 'start': 26388.588, 'duration': 9.117}, {'end': 26400.526, 'text': 'Now my output is of type string.', 'start': 26398.326, 'duration': 2.2}, {'end': 26407.208, 'text': 'So what I need to do is I need to return the string object.', 'start': 26400.766, 'duration': 6.442}, {'end': 26409.329, 'text': 'So I can just say str.toString.', 'start': 26407.248, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 26413.54, 'text': 'Okay, that would return the string object to the user.', 'start': 26410.319, 'duration': 3.221}], 'summary': 'Read input from system, convert to string, and return to user.', 'duration': 31.357, 'max_score': 26382.183, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc26382183.jpg'}, {'end': 26519.393, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 26490.492, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 26496.196, 'text': 'So let us now see that what other methods are available from the system class.', 'start': 26490.492, 'duration': 5.704}, {'end': 26502.181, 'text': 'So the one of the methods that we saw was, you know, system dot current milliseconds.', 'start': 26496.957, 'duration': 5.224}, {'end': 26504.723, 'text': 'So what could be the usefulness of that?', 'start': 26502.681, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 26511.968, 'text': 'So let us say that you know if we want to test for how long the program has been running, so we can make use of that method,', 'start': 26504.883, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 26519.393, 'text': 'and you know we can get the difference in the time at which the program started and the program ended.', 'start': 26511.968, 'duration': 7.425}], 'summary': 'System class offers method system.currentmilliseconds to measure program running time.', 'duration': 28.901, 'max_score': 26490.492, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc26490492.jpg'}], 'start': 25257.491, 'title': 'Java salary calculation', 'summary': "Covers implementing salary calculation in java with constructors, float variables, abstract classes, and methods for regular and contractual employees. it also discusses abstract classes, polymorphism, subclasses, and their salaries, with a regular employee's salary returning 8000 and a contractual employee's salary returning 5000. additionally, it explains abstract classes, interfaces, their differences, method definitions, access modifiers, inheritance, and system class with static fields and methods. furthermore, it discusses the importance of system dot err, dot render n and system dot n dot read methods for user inputs, and demonstrates a method to convert user inputs into a string variable, along with the usage of system dot current milliseconds method to measure program running time.", 'chapters': [{'end': 25444.916, 'start': 25257.491, 'title': 'Implementing salary calculation', 'summary': 'Discusses implementing salary calculation in java, including defining constructors, handling float variables, extending abstract classes, and overriding abstract methods for regular and contractual employees.', 'duration': 187.425, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers defining constructors, handling float variables, extending abstract classes, and overriding abstract methods for regular and contractual employees.', 'The implementation involves multiplying the initial salary by a factor of 0.5 for a specific type of employee, resulting in a float variable issue that is resolved by declaring the salary as float.', 'Regular and contractual employees are created by extending the abstract class employee and overriding the abstract method GetSalary, with regular employees multiplying the salary by a factor of 0.8.']}, {'end': 25669.083, 'start': 25446.876, 'title': 'Abstract class and subclasses', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of abstract class and its subclasses, demonstrating the creation of regular and contractual employees and their salaries using polymorphism, with a regular employee's salary returning 8000 and a contractual employee's salary returning 5000.", 'duration': 222.207, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the creation of regular and contractual employees with specified names, departments, and salaries, showcasing the implementation of an abstract class and its subclasses.', 'It explains the concept of polymorphism by creating objects of the subclasses and referencing them by the parent class variable, showcasing the values of the overridden methods.', "The chapter provides specific examples of the salaries calculated using polymorphism, with a regular employee's salary returning 8000 and a contractual employee's salary returning 5000.", 'It emphasizes the importance of implementing methods in subclasses by highlighting the consequence of the contractual employee not implementing the get salary method.']}, {'end': 26134.737, 'start': 25669.083, 'title': 'Abstract classes and interfaces', 'summary': 'Explains the concepts of abstract classes and interfaces in java, highlighting the differences between them such as method definitions, access modifiers, and inheritance. it also covers the system class and its static fields and methods, providing examples of their usage.', 'duration': 465.654, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the differences between abstract classes and interfaces, including method definitions and access modifiers.', 'It details the usage of the system class and its static fields and methods, such as out, ERR, IN, and useful methods like current time in milliseconds and getting system properties.', 'It demonstrates the usage of system.out.println to print messages and system.err.println to display error messages.']}, {'end': 26609.895, 'start': 26134.737, 'title': 'System methods and user inputs', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of system dot err, dot render n and system dot n dot read methods for user inputs and demonstrates a method to convert user inputs into string variable, as well as the usage of system dot current milliseconds method to measure program running time.', 'duration': 475.158, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the importance of system dot err, dot render n and system dot n dot read methods for user inputs.', 'Demonstrates a method to convert user inputs into string variable.', 'Usage of system dot current milliseconds method to measure program running time.']}], 'duration': 1352.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc25257491.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers defining constructors, handling float variables, extending abstract classes, and overriding abstract methods for regular and contractual employees.', "The chapter provides specific examples of the salaries calculated using polymorphism, with a regular employee's salary returning 8000 and a contractual employee's salary returning 5000.", 'The chapter explains the differences between abstract classes and interfaces, including method definitions and access modifiers.', 'It details the usage of the system class and its static fields and methods, such as out, ERR, IN, and useful methods like current time in milliseconds and getting system properties.']}, {'end': 29319.121, 'segs': [{'end': 27075.412, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27022.171, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 27029.876, 'text': 'because, as I said, that because of string pooling both these strings, because both of them are, kind of, you know, pointing to hello world,', 'start': 27022.171, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 27032.198, 'text': 'both of them should be pointing to the same object.', 'start': 27029.876, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 27058.499, 'text': 'and if I say that you know if s1 is equals to s2, let us say that strings point to same object, okay else.', 'start': 27032.198, 'duration': 26.301}, {'end': 27068.528, 'text': 'So these are pointing to different objects.', 'start': 27063.365, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 27075.412, 'text': "So let's run this program.", 'start': 27073.311, 'duration': 2.101}], 'summary': 'String pooling ensures both strings point to the same object.', 'duration': 53.241, 'max_score': 27022.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc27022171.jpg'}, {'end': 27239.143, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27212.055, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 27217.616, 'text': "so essentially, what I've written here is s1 is equal to s1 plus s2.", 'start': 27212.055, 'duration': 5.561}, {'end': 27224.297, 'text': 'so ideally, what I would you know, assume is that whatever location s1 was currently pointing to, that would change.', 'start': 27217.616, 'duration': 6.681}, {'end': 27227.698, 'text': "right. but that doesn't happen.", 'start': 27225.217, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 27231.62, 'text': "so let's see, I mean how it kind of goes about.", 'start': 27227.698, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 27233.661, 'text': "so let's say that you know.", 'start': 27231.62, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 27239.143, 'text': "okay, let's start with saying creating a runtime.", 'start': 27233.661, 'duration': 5.482}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses an issue with changing the value of s1, despite the expected behavior, while creating a runtime.', 'duration': 27.088, 'max_score': 27212.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc27212055.jpg'}, {'end': 27625.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 27598.764, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 27606.85, 'text': 'you can see, the free memory is 227, but the used memory has kind of, you know, staggered to 516, and the reason behind that is,', 'start': 27598.764, 'duration': 8.086}, {'end': 27612.234, 'text': 'we have created so many, like some 50, 000 odd strings that we have created in the memory.', 'start': 27606.85, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 27618.797, 'text': 'that has kind of, you know, left a very little space in memory, and these are the values that you can see.', 'start': 27613.054, 'duration': 5.743}, {'end': 27625.399, 'text': 'I mean so that tells you that you know, every time you are trying to modify a string, a new object is getting created.', 'start': 27618.797, 'duration': 6.602}], 'summary': 'Free memory: 227, used memory: 516 due to creation of 50,000 strings.', 'duration': 26.635, 'max_score': 27598.764, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc27598764.jpg'}, {'end': 28385.188, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28345.459, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 28354.723, 'text': 'now, just for the sake of curiosity, I mean we just witnessed in the class string the memory was kind of you know, going out of out of our hand.', 'start': 28345.459, 'duration': 9.264}, {'end': 28356.924, 'text': "so let's try and run the similar example here.", 'start': 28354.723, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 28365.204, 'text': "okay, so let's say that we have, it has been commented.", 'start': 28358.243, 'duration': 6.961}, {'end': 28372.966, 'text': "so let's copy the line from here.", 'start': 28365.204, 'duration': 7.762}, {'end': 28375.226, 'text': 'we use exact same logic in our program.', 'start': 28372.966, 'duration': 2.26}, {'end': 28385.188, 'text': "okay, we will start with the sum string, let's say str1 only will start.", 'start': 28375.226, 'duration': 9.962}], 'summary': 'Experimenting with string memory management in a program.', 'duration': 39.729, 'max_score': 28345.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc28345459.jpg'}, {'end': 28468.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28433.905, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 28436.286, 'text': "okay, that's the string that we are planning to add here.", 'start': 28433.905, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 28437.747, 'text': "so let's always append that to it.", 'start': 28436.286, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 28446.06, 'text': 'okay, and we are running this program around, you know, in the around 50, 000 times this particular loop.', 'start': 28439.215, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 28453.605, 'text': 'so before starting that what we are doing is, we are like always here, we are running the garbage collector.', 'start': 28446.06, 'duration': 7.545}, {'end': 28459.509, 'text': 'we are seeing what is the total memory before starting and the free memory available and after running what happens.', 'start': 28453.605, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 28461.33, 'text': "that's what we are kind of interested in.", 'start': 28459.509, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 28468.675, 'text': "alright, now let's run this program and see what happens.", 'start': 28464.434, 'duration': 4.241}], 'summary': 'Program runs loop 50,000 times, tracks memory usage', 'duration': 34.77, 'max_score': 28433.905, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc28433905.jpg'}, {'end': 28654.916, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28626.445, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 28634.908, 'text': "so at this point, the the value of integer array would be null, because I have just declared it and I haven't initialized it.", 'start': 28626.445, 'duration': 8.463}, {'end': 28641.811, 'text': "So at this time the value of integer array, since it's not been initialized, is null.", 'start': 28636.829, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 28643.952, 'text': "Now let's see how do we initialize that array.", 'start': 28642.391, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 28651.274, 'text': "So we'll say that int array is equals to new integer array.", 'start': 28644.772, 'duration': 6.502}, {'end': 28654.916, 'text': 'Let us say that the size of the array is three now.', 'start': 28652.735, 'duration': 2.181}], 'summary': 'Declared integer array is null, initialized to size 3.', 'duration': 28.471, 'max_score': 28626.445, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc28626445.jpg'}, {'end': 28807.558, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28702.612, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 28708.155, 'text': 'Now, let us just print and see what is the value that is coming inside this array.', 'start': 28702.612, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 28710.156, 'text': 'Let us iterate over this integer array.', 'start': 28708.155, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 28719.922, 'text': "So one of the ways of iteration over an array is, we'll say that for int i belonging to int array.", 'start': 28712.458, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 28731.049, 'text': "So what we are trying to see is using the enhanced for loop, we'll just print what is the value of this array variable.", 'start': 28720.543, 'duration': 10.506}, {'end': 28740.935, 'text': "Say value is plus i, okay? Let's run the program once.", 'start': 28733.671, 'duration': 7.264}, {'end': 28745.438, 'text': 'So you can see all the three values are coming as zero here.', 'start': 28742.935, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 28751.966, 'text': "It's because I mean it's an integer type of array and we haven't kind of assigned any values or default values coming up.", 'start': 28746.519, 'duration': 5.447}, {'end': 28755.69, 'text': 'Now, how do we kind of assign those values?', 'start': 28752.687, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 28765.888, 'text': 'So one of the options could have been that I kind of declare my array like this say Okay, so, in this way of initializing the array,', 'start': 28756.151, 'duration': 9.737}, {'end': 28771.714, 'text': "what is happening is I'm assigning an array of elements one, two and three to this int array.", 'start': 28765.888, 'duration': 5.826}, {'end': 28782.128, 'text': 'And if I now kind of run my program, So you can see the values of the array have kind of started coming as one, two, and three.', 'start': 28772.795, 'duration': 9.333}, {'end': 28787.456, 'text': 'So that is the way of declaring and initializing an array.', 'start': 28783.21, 'duration': 4.246}, {'end': 28790.7, 'text': 'You can do the declaration and initialization in the same step.', 'start': 28788.056, 'duration': 2.644}, {'end': 28796.388, 'text': 'That is, you can write it like this.', 'start': 28791.501, 'duration': 4.887}, {'end': 28799.571, 'text': 'so you are declaring as well as initializing in the same step.', 'start': 28796.388, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 28804.075, 'text': 'so again you run the program, you get the values as one, two and three.', 'start': 28799.571, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 28806.877, 'text': 'so that is the way of creating a array object.', 'start': 28804.075, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 28807.558, 'text': "now let's see that.", 'start': 28806.877, 'duration': 0.681}], 'summary': 'Iterating through an integer array using enhanced for loop to display values, then initializing array with elements 1, 2, and 3 to show updated values.', 'duration': 104.946, 'max_score': 28702.612, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc28702612.jpg'}, {'end': 28933.36, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 28850.032, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 28858.158, 'text': 'okay. So the reason is I mean it can be like the second dimension, could again be kind of consisting, could be kind of consists of an array.', 'start': 28850.032, 'duration': 8.126}, {'end': 28860.119, 'text': "Okay So it's like that.", 'start': 28858.898, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 28863.482, 'text': "I'll say that 2D array.", 'start': 28860.56, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 28865.904, 'text': 'So it is having two arrays as of now.', 'start': 28864.303, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 28869.947, 'text': "I'll say the zeroth is again an integer array.", 'start': 28866.464, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 28878.703, 'text': "Okay But let's say the elements are 1, 2, 3, 4.", 'start': 28871.168, 'duration': 7.535}, {'end': 28891.032, 'text': 'okay, I can say that again that 2d array, the second element, is again an integer array, but the values as 5 and 6, okay,', 'start': 28878.706, 'duration': 12.326}, {'end': 28894.133, 'text': "now let's see how we how this particular thing looks.", 'start': 28891.032, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 28896.975, 'text': "okay, so we'll write a follow for this.", 'start': 28894.133, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 28906.299, 'text': "we'll say that for, let's say, int I array that we get on 2d array.", 'start': 28896.975, 'duration': 9.324}, {'end': 28925.895, 'text': "okay, we'll again put up a for loop saying for int j belonging to the i array.", 'start': 28908.863, 'duration': 17.032}, {'end': 28933.36, 'text': 'let me print the values here.', 'start': 28925.895, 'duration': 7.465}], 'summary': 'Discussion on a 2d array with two arrays, one containing 1, 2, 3, 4 and the other containing 5, 6.', 'duration': 83.328, 'max_score': 28850.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc28850032.jpg'}], 'start': 26609.895, 'title': 'Java string and memory management', 'summary': "Covers java string pooling, immutability, and memory management, demonstrating the increase in used memory from 0 to 516 mb after creating 50,000 new strings. it also discusses string manipulation, stringbuilder methods, memory behavior, and java memory management, including arrays basics and methods like 'copyof' and 'copyofrange'.", 'chapters': [{'end': 27141.689, 'start': 26609.895, 'title': 'Java system class and string pooling', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of system class methods to measure execution time in nanoseconds and accessing system properties, followed by an explanation of the concept of string pooling in java and a demonstration of string immutability and thread safety.', 'duration': 531.794, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of system class methods to measure execution time in nanoseconds and accessing system properties', 'Explanation of the concept of string pooling in Java and a demonstration of string immutability and thread safety']}, {'end': 27618.797, 'start': 27142.85, 'title': 'String memory management', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of string immutability and memory management, demonstrating how repeatedly creating strings consumes memory, resulting in an increase in used memory from 0 to 516 mb after creating 50,000 new strings.', 'duration': 475.947, 'highlights': ['The used memory increases from 0 to 516 MB after creating 50,000 new strings', 'The total memory after finishing increases to 744 MB', 'The total memory before starting is 123 MB, with 122 MB free']}, {'end': 28087.375, 'start': 27618.797, 'title': 'String manipulation in java', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of string pooling, methods like length, substring, and split for string manipulation, and introduces the classes stringbuffer and stringbuilder for efficient string manipulation and performance improvement.', 'duration': 468.578, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the concept of string pooling, methods like length, substring, and split for string manipulation.', 'Introduces the classes StringBuffer and StringBuilder for efficient string manipulation and performance improvement.']}, {'end': 28479.359, 'start': 28087.375, 'title': 'String builder methods overview', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of string builder methods such as length, capacity, append, insert, and memory behavior in a string builder object, demonstrating practical examples and memory consumption data.', 'duration': 391.984, 'highlights': ['The capacity of the string builder object can store dynamically and is currently at 27, while the length of the string is 11, illustrating the dynamic nature of capacity and its difference from length.', "The append function successfully adds the string 'IndiaSgr' after 'hello world', expanding the original string.", "The insert function effectively adds two exclamation marks before 'hello world', demonstrating the functionality of the insert method.", 'The program demonstrates the memory behavior in a string builder object, running a loop around 50,000 times and analyzing the total and free memory before and after, providing insights into memory consumption.']}, {'end': 29319.121, 'start': 28479.359, 'title': 'Java memory management and arrays basics', 'summary': "Covers java memory management, highlighting the difference between string and stringbuilder classes, demonstrating the creation and initialization of arrays, including single and two-dimensional arrays, and discussing the methods in the arrays class, such as 'copyof' and 'copyofrange'. it also introduces boxing and unboxing in java.", 'duration': 839.762, 'highlights': ['Java memory management: String vs StringBuilder classes', 'Creating and initializing arrays', 'Methods in Arrays class: copyOf and copyOfRange', 'Introduction to boxing and unboxing']}], 'duration': 2709.226, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc26609895.jpg', 'highlights': ['The used memory increases from 0 to 516 MB after creating 50,000 new strings', 'The total memory after finishing increases to 744 MB', 'The total memory before starting is 123 MB, with 122 MB free', 'The chapter covers the usage of system class methods to measure execution time in nanoseconds and accessing system properties', 'Explanation of the concept of string pooling in Java and a demonstration of string immutability and thread safety', 'The chapter discusses the concept of string pooling, methods like length, substring, and split for string manipulation', 'Introduces the classes StringBuffer and StringBuilder for efficient string manipulation and performance improvement', 'The capacity of the string builder object can store dynamically and is currently at 27, while the length of the string is 11, illustrating the dynamic nature of capacity and its difference from length', "The append function successfully adds the string 'IndiaSgr' after 'hello world', expanding the original string", "The insert function effectively adds two exclamation marks before 'hello world', demonstrating the functionality of the insert method", 'The program demonstrates the memory behavior in a string builder object, running a loop around 50,000 times and analyzing the total and free memory before and after, providing insights into memory consumption', 'Java memory management: String vs StringBuilder classes', 'Creating and initializing arrays', 'Methods in Arrays class: copyOf and copyOfRange', 'Introduction to boxing and unboxing']}, {'end': 31682.173, 'segs': [{'end': 29865.603, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 29827.491, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 29832.494, 'text': "let's say checksum and pass one and two into it.", 'start': 29827.491, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 29844.402, 'text': "So okay, we're getting this error because the checksum method is not a static method as of now.", 'start': 29836.713, 'duration': 7.689}, {'end': 29848.606, 'text': 'So we cannot call this method until and unless we declare that as a static method.', 'start': 29844.802, 'duration': 3.804}, {'end': 29857.916, 'text': 'okay?. Okay, okay, so now the thing is okay.', 'start': 29848.606, 'duration': 9.31}, {'end': 29865.603, 'text': 'yeah, so you can see that what we are doing is we are just passing the value of, you know,', 'start': 29857.916, 'duration': 7.687}], 'summary': 'Error in calling non-static method. need to declare as static method.', 'duration': 38.112, 'max_score': 29827.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc29827491.jpg'}, {'end': 30369.339, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30345.011, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 30351.632, 'text': 'Okay Even if your program terminates, there are a couple of other programs that can run on, you know, this JVM.', 'start': 30345.011, 'duration': 6.621}, {'end': 30360.476, 'text': 'Uh, so what you can do? you can kind of, uh, handle that particular issue of you know. um, uh, saying that you know this particular file is not found.', 'start': 30352.814, 'duration': 7.662}, {'end': 30361.516, 'text': 'Can you please enter again?', 'start': 30360.496, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 30365.938, 'text': "So that is the scenario that we'll be, kind of you know, dealing with.", 'start': 30362.757, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 30369.339, 'text': 'in this particular module, that user gets an exception.', 'start': 30365.938, 'duration': 3.401}], 'summary': 'Even if the program terminates, other programs can run on the jvm. handling file not found issues is a scenario in this module.', 'duration': 24.328, 'max_score': 30345.011, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc30345011.jpg'}, {'end': 30445.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30411.641, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 30418.865, 'text': 'So let us kind of, you know, write one of our programs that would tell you that, you know, how these exceptions come.', 'start': 30411.641, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 30427.05, 'text': "So here, what I've done is I've created another class exception demo.", 'start': 30422.667, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 30429.411, 'text': 'Let me write a main method here.', 'start': 30427.59, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 30436.595, 'text': 'okay. so let us say that you know your pro.', 'start': 30433.874, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 30445.337, 'text': "what this program does is that you're having a specified number with you, okay, and you're trying to figure out.", 'start': 30436.595, 'duration': 8.742}, {'end': 30445.837, 'text': 'you know what.', 'start': 30445.337, 'duration': 0.5}], 'summary': 'Creating a program to handle exceptions in java.', 'duration': 34.196, 'max_score': 30411.641, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc30411641.jpg'}, {'end': 30595.499, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30567.44, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 30569.54, 'text': 'so that output is coming here.', 'start': 30567.44, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 30571.041, 'text': 'then 5 gets divided.', 'start': 30569.54, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 30572.221, 'text': 'you know, 5 divides 25.', 'start': 30571.041, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 30575.383, 'text': 'even that is true, 1 divides 25.', 'start': 30572.221, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 30578.344, 'text': 'so even that is the correct case.', 'start': 30575.383, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 30588.033, 'text': 'now what you are seeing here is we are getting an exception that says that exception in thread main java.lang.rhythmaticException, divided by 0.', 'start': 30578.344, 'duration': 9.689}, {'end': 30595.499, 'text': 'now you see what has happened here, that now we are trying to iterate from the values of i equal to 25 till i equal to 0.', 'start': 30588.033, 'duration': 7.466}], 'summary': 'Exception occurred due to division by 0 while iterating from 25 to 0.', 'duration': 28.059, 'max_score': 30567.44, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc30567440.jpg'}], 'start': 29320.702, 'title': 'Java exception handling', 'summary': 'Covers java wrapper classes, variable arguments, and exception handling, including the concept of auto boxing, unboxing, and the usage of variable arguments in methods. it also explains the benefits of variable arguments, the format and printf methods, handling exceptions, and the significance of try, catch, and finally blocks for graceful exception handling.', 'chapters': [{'end': 29674.249, 'start': 29320.702, 'title': 'Java wrapper classes & variable arguments', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of wrapper classes in java, including auto boxing and unboxing, and variable arguments, allowing the user to pass a variable number of parameters of the same type in a method.', 'duration': 353.547, 'highlights': ['The concept of auto boxing and unboxing', 'Variable Arguments (Varargs)', 'Wrapper classes for primitive data types in Java']}, {'end': 30296.345, 'start': 29674.249, 'title': 'Var args and exception handling', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of variable arguments in methods, where the checksum method expects an integer variable and returns the sum, illustrating its application and the benefits it offers, followed by an explanation of the format and printf methods, showcasing their usefulness in simplifying string concatenation, and concludes with an overview of exceptions and their handling in java, outlining the encapsulation of error conditions into java objects and the distinction between fatal errors and exceptions.', 'duration': 622.096, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the usage of variable arguments in methods, with the example of the checksum method, which expects integer variables and returns the sum, allowing for the passing of n number of integer values without the need to create and pass an array, offering flexibility and ease of use.', 'The demonstration of the format and printf methods showcases their ability to simplify string concatenation and printing by allowing the use of placeholders for values, eliminating the need for manual concatenation and making the code more concise and readable.', 'The chapter concludes with an overview of exceptions and their handling in Java, highlighting the encapsulation of error conditions into Java objects and the distinction between fatal errors, denoted by the error class, and exceptions, emphasizing the importance of exception handling for corrective actions.']}, {'end': 30588.033, 'start': 30296.345, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Introduces exception handling in java, detailing how to gracefully handle issues and providing an example of handling an exception when accessing a system file, emphasizing the importance of identifying and addressing errors in the code.', 'duration': 291.688, 'highlights': ['The program introduces exception handling in Java, emphasizing the importance of identifying and addressing errors in the code, and provides an example of handling an exception when accessing a system file.', 'The example demonstrates how to gracefully handle an issue when accessing a system file and how to provide alternatives to the user in case of incorrect input values, showcasing the practical application of exception handling in Java.', 'The program demonstrates the process of identifying the divisors of a specified number, illustrating the practical implementation of exception handling in Java and the importance of handling errors in the code.']}, {'end': 31120.78, 'start': 30588.033, 'title': 'Handling exceptions in java', 'summary': 'Discusses handling exceptions in java, emphasizing the use of try, catch, and finally blocks to gracefully handle exceptions, ensuring program cleanup and resource management, with an emphasis on avoiding arithmetic exceptions.', 'duration': 532.747, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses handling exceptions in Java, emphasizing the use of try, catch, and finally blocks', 'Emphasis on avoiding arithmetic exceptions', 'Importance of graceful handling of exceptions to prevent user-facing issues']}, {'end': 31682.173, 'start': 31121.741, 'title': 'Exception handling and multiple exceptions', 'summary': 'Explains exception handling in java, illustrating how the control shifts to the catch block when an exception occurs, the significance of the finally block, and demonstrates handling multiple exceptions using try-catch blocks with a detailed example.', 'duration': 560.432, 'highlights': ['The control shifts to the catch block when an exception occurs inside the try block, and the finally block is executed, emphasizing the importance of exception handling.', 'Demonstrates handling multiple exceptions using try-catch blocks with a detailed example involving user input, URL objects, and buffer readers.']}], 'duration': 2361.471, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc29320702.jpg', 'highlights': ['The demonstration of the format and printf methods showcases their ability to simplify string concatenation and printing by allowing the use of placeholders for values, eliminating the need for manual concatenation and making the code more concise and readable.', 'The chapter covers the usage of variable arguments in methods, with the example of the checksum method, which expects integer variables and returns the sum, allowing for the passing of n number of integer values without the need to create and pass an array, offering flexibility and ease of use.', 'The concept of auto boxing and unboxing', 'The chapter discusses handling exceptions in Java, emphasizing the use of try, catch, and finally blocks', 'The program introduces exception handling in Java, emphasizing the importance of identifying and addressing errors in the code, and provides an example of handling an exception when accessing a system file.']}, {'end': 32934.86, 'segs': [{'end': 31879.621, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 31854.921, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 31862.367, 'text': 'okay, the order of execution of you know, matching the, the exception is always in the order of the catch block occurrence.', 'start': 31854.921, 'duration': 7.446}, {'end': 31867.852, 'text': 'okay. so if we are getting the malformed URL, okay, the control would go here.', 'start': 31862.367, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 31870.694, 'text': 'if we are getting an IO exception, the control would go here.', 'start': 31867.852, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 31875.578, 'text': 'if none of the exceptions are kind of matching here, the, the control goes to the superclass.', 'start': 31870.694, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 31876.719, 'text': 'that is exception.', 'start': 31875.578, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 31879.621, 'text': 'now, what if you would have seen that you know?', 'start': 31876.719, 'duration': 2.902}], 'summary': 'Exceptions are handled in order of catch block occurrence, with control going to superclass if no match is found.', 'duration': 24.7, 'max_score': 31854.921, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc31854921.jpg'}, {'end': 32854.559, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32815.042, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 32822.625, 'text': 'would kind of, you know, help a programmer tell to the end user that you know this is the method that can throw this exception.', 'start': 32815.042, 'duration': 7.583}, {'end': 32825.368, 'text': 'so please handle that.', 'start': 32822.625, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 32830.631, 'text': "okay, so let's say that you know this particular piece of code is throws.", 'start': 32825.368, 'duration': 5.263}, {'end': 32835.093, 'text': "we'll say that it throws some, say, for example, it throws some i exception.", 'start': 32830.631, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 32844.25, 'text': "okay, Now, as soon as we have kind of written that you see that you're getting a compiler issue here saying that this is an unreported exception,", 'start': 32835.093, 'duration': 9.157}, {'end': 32847.494, 'text': 'IO exception, which is happening inside the print div block.', 'start': 32844.25, 'duration': 3.244}, {'end': 32848.195, 'text': 'better handle it.', 'start': 32847.494, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 32854.559, 'text': 'Okay So for doing that, what we need to do, we need to write this print div method inside a try and catch block.', 'start': 32848.754, 'duration': 5.805}], 'summary': 'Programmer needs to handle unreported io exception inside printdiv method by using try and catch block.', 'duration': 39.517, 'max_score': 32815.042, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc32815042.jpg'}, {'end': 32906.906, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 32882.242, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 32889.603, 'text': 'the other thing to note here is that because we are kind of doing here the integer dot percent of a string variable,', 'start': 32882.242, 'duration': 7.361}, {'end': 32892.123, 'text': 'it can also throw a number format exception.', 'start': 32889.603, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 32904.105, 'text': "so let's say that you know it also throws a number format exception and you can just, you know,", 'start': 32892.123, 'duration': 11.982}, {'end': 32906.906, 'text': 'comma separate the the exceptions that your method can throw.', 'start': 32904.105, 'duration': 2.801}], 'summary': 'Using integer dot percent of a string variable may throw a number format exception.', 'duration': 24.664, 'max_score': 32882.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc32882242.jpg'}], 'start': 31682.633, 'title': 'Java exception handling', 'summary': 'Covers exception handling basics, including types of exceptions, order of catch blocks, and the hierarchy of exception classes. it also discusses exception handling in java, multiple exceptions, subclass exceptions, and checked and unchecked exceptions, with examples and practical demonstrations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 31928.477, 'start': 31682.633, 'title': 'Exception handling basics', 'summary': 'Discusses exception handling basics, including the types of exceptions, the order of catch blocks, and the hierarchy of exception classes, emphasizing the importance of superclass placement. it also highlights the inheritance relationship between subclasses of exceptions and the implications of runtime polymorphism.', 'duration': 245.844, 'highlights': ['The control flow in the catch blocks is determined by the order of occurrence, with subclasses of exceptions placed above and the superclass (exception class) at the end, impacting the matching of exceptions and the flow of control through the catch blocks, illustrating the importance of catch block placement and order of execution.', 'The discussion emphasizes the significance of starting with subclasses of the exception class and progressively increasing the hierarchy, ultimately leading to the exception block, highlighting the importance of understanding and applying the inheritance relationship among exception classes for efficient exception handling.', 'The transcript elaborates on the inheritance relationship between the IO exception and malformed URL exception, emphasizing the latter as a subclass of the former and how runtime polymorphism affects the handling of malformed URL exceptions as instances of IO exceptions, providing insight into the implications of subclasses and superclass relationships in exception handling.', 'The speaker explains the scenario where a malformed URL exception is considered as an IO exception due to the inheritance relationship, highlighting the concept of runtime polymorphism and the implications of subclassing in exception handling, underlining the significance of understanding the inheritance hierarchy for effective exception management.']}, {'end': 32151.024, 'start': 31929.398, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': "Discusses exception handling in java, covering the handling of multiple exceptions, the importance of subclass exceptions, and the classification of exceptions, emphasizing the necessity of specific exception handling and the compiler's role in identifying potential runtime exceptions.", 'duration': 221.626, 'highlights': ['The control is going inside the reached inside malform exception block and then to the finally block. When user input lacks the necessary P in the HTTP protocol.', 'When an IO exception occurs, the control goes to the IO exception block, demonstrating the importance of handling specific exceptions.', 'The chapter emphasizes starting with subclasses of exceptions and adding the catch exception e block at the end to handle unknown exceptions at runtime.', 'The classification of exceptions is discussed, explaining how the compiler anticipates potential runtime exceptions and enforces the handling of these exceptions.']}, {'end': 32744.499, 'start': 32152.265, 'title': 'Java exceptions overview', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of checked and unchecked exceptions in java, covering examples such as io exception, file not found exception, and arithmetic exception. it also demonstrates handling these exceptions through code with examples of read data and print divisor methods.', 'duration': 592.234, 'highlights': ['Java exceptions are divided into checked exceptions (e.g., IO exception, file not found exception) and unchecked exceptions (e.g., arithmetic exception, array index out of bound exception).', 'The chapter provides practical examples of handling exceptions through code, demonstrating the use of try-catch blocks to handle checked exceptions like IO exception and showing the scenario where the programmer is not forced to handle runtime exceptions like arithmetic exception.', 'The transcript covers the creation of a new file named exceptions demo.java, the implementation of static methods for reading user input and printing divisors, and the demonstration of handling exceptions using try-catch blocks.', 'The examples illustrate how the compiler enforces handling of checked exceptions like IO exception, while the programmer has the flexibility to handle unchecked exceptions like arithmetic exception without being forced by the compiler.']}, {'end': 32934.86, 'start': 32745.319, 'title': 'Handling exceptions in java', 'summary': "Explains the concept of 'throws' in java, demonstrating how to declare and handle exceptions in methods, such as informing the user about potential exceptions and utilizing try-catch blocks to manage them, with examples of io exception and number format exception.", 'duration': 189.541, 'highlights': ["The concept of 'throws' in Java is used to inform the programmer and end user about potential exceptions that a method can throw, prompting them to handle it.", 'Utilizing try-catch blocks is necessary to handle exceptions thrown by methods, as shown with examples of handling IO exception and number format exception in the main method.', 'The read data method is also shown to have unreported exceptions, prompting the need for try-catch blocks in the main method to manage the exceptions effectively.']}], 'duration': 1252.227, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc31682633.jpg', 'highlights': ['The control flow in catch blocks is determined by the order of occurrence, impacting the matching of exceptions and the flow of control through the catch blocks.', 'Java exceptions are divided into checked exceptions (e.g., IO exception, file not found exception) and unchecked exceptions (e.g., arithmetic exception, array index out of bound exception).', "The concept of 'throws' in Java is used to inform the programmer and end user about potential exceptions that a method can throw, prompting them to handle it.", 'The discussion emphasizes the significance of starting with subclasses of the exception class and progressively increasing the hierarchy, ultimately leading to the exception block.']}, {'end': 34471.238, 'segs': [{'end': 33082.891, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33049.915, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 33054.038, 'text': 'one is the number format exception nfe and the other is the io exception.', 'start': 33049.915, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 33059.979, 'text': "it's always better, to you know, write another exception block just to handle any other form of exception which is no,", 'start': 33054.038, 'duration': 5.941}, {'end': 33063.08, 'text': 'not a sub class of io exception.', 'start': 33059.979, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 33068.922, 'text': "so it's always a good practice to write that.", 'start': 33063.08, 'duration': 5.842}, {'end': 33071.163, 'text': "so we'll just say that inside exception block.", 'start': 33068.922, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 33074.406, 'text': 'After that we have written a finally block.', 'start': 33072.785, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 33082.891, 'text': 'The print division method is kind of iterating and you know, it gives us all the divisions of the input data that we are sending.', 'start': 33075.006, 'duration': 7.885}], 'summary': 'Handling two types of exceptions, with a finally block and division method iteration.', 'duration': 32.976, 'max_score': 33049.915, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc33049915.jpg'}, {'end': 33186.176, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33157.708, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 33161.35, 'text': "Let's now define the user created exceptions and then see how do we make use of them.", 'start': 33157.708, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 33164.032, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 33163.351, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 33169.335, 'text': 'so the next topic that we have is how do you create your own exception class?', 'start': 33164.032, 'duration': 5.303}, {'end': 33179.37, 'text': 'So there are a couple of cases when programmers they just want to hide all the elaborate stack trace that comes along with the exception.', 'start': 33170.563, 'duration': 8.807}, {'end': 33186.176, 'text': 'All they want to tell the user is that, okay, this is the exception that has happened and please take this corrective action.', 'start': 33180.61, 'duration': 5.566}], 'summary': 'Creating user exceptions to simplify error messages.', 'duration': 28.468, 'max_score': 33157.708, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc33157708.jpg'}, {'end': 33733.06, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 33707.404, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 33718.111, 'text': "And as a trend, we are kind of, you know, always adding the exception E and we'll write some method and some body.", 'start': 33707.404, 'duration': 10.707}, {'end': 33719.612, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 33719.332, 'duration': 0.28}, {'end': 33722.534, 'text': "So let's see, I mean, what, what's, what's happening here.", 'start': 33719.932, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 33727.196, 'text': "So we will be iterating over the sugar data area and we'll be calling this, you know,", 'start': 33722.894, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 33733.06, 'text': "test sugar I method and we'll just print out the value saying the sugar is fine.", 'start': 33727.196, 'duration': 5.864}], 'summary': 'Iterating over the sugar data area and calling the test sugar method to print that the sugar is fine.', 'duration': 25.656, 'max_score': 33707.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc33707404.jpg'}], 'start': 32936.15, 'title': 'Exception handling and thread definition', 'summary': 'Covers exception handling in java, including try-catch blocks, finally block, user input validation, and creating user-defined exceptions. it also discusses the creation and use of custom exception classes, with a specific example of handling low and high blood sugar levels in a medical diagnostic center, resulting in 3 patients having normal sugar levels and 1 patient having high sugar level. additionally, it explains the importance and implementation of threads in a multi-threaded environment in java.', 'chapters': [{'end': 33179.37, 'start': 32936.15, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Covers exception handling in java, including try-catch blocks, finally block, user input validation, and creating user-defined exceptions, emphasizing the importance of handling exceptions and demonstrating the use of try-catch and finally blocks in a program.', 'duration': 243.22, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers exception handling in Java, including try-catch blocks, finally block, user input validation, and creating user-defined exceptions', 'emphasizing the importance of handling exceptions', 'demonstrating the use of try-catch and finally blocks in a program']}, {'end': 33426.936, 'start': 33180.61, 'title': 'Creating custom exception classes', 'summary': 'Discusses the creation of custom exception classes in java, enabling users to handle specific exceptions like low and high blood sugar levels in a medical diagnostic center, and how to use them for error handling.', 'duration': 246.326, 'highlights': ['Users can create their own exception classes to handle specific exceptions like low and high blood sugar levels in a medical diagnostic center.', 'The need to extend the exception class when developing custom exception classes.', 'Demonstration of creating a user-defined exception class and using it for handling specific exceptions.']}, {'end': 33884.253, 'start': 33427.357, 'title': 'Exception handling in java', 'summary': 'Explains how to create and use custom exception classes in java, and demonstrates how to handle low and high sugar exceptions in a test sugar method, resulting in 3 patients having normal sugar levels and 1 patient having high sugar level.', 'duration': 456.896, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses creating custom exception classes 'LowSugarException' and 'HighSugarException' in Java, with a detailed explanation on how to define constructors for these classes and utilize them for throwing exceptions.", "It explains the implementation of a 'testSugar' method to check sugar levels, throwing 'LowSugarException' if the sugar value is less than 70, and 'HighSugarException' if the value is greater than 130, with the method resulting in 3 patients having normal sugar levels and 1 patient having high sugar level.", "The transcript provides a detailed walkthrough of handling the exceptions using try-catch blocks, and printing specific messages for low and high sugar exceptions, while iterating over the sugar data and validating the test sugar method's behavior."]}, {'end': 34471.238, 'start': 33884.253, 'title': 'Exception handling and thread definition', 'summary': 'Covers user defined exceptions, grouping exceptions, and analyzing stack trace method for exception handling, and explains the importance and implementation of threads in a multi-threaded environment in java.', 'duration': 586.985, 'highlights': ['The print stack trace method gives information about the path leading to the method where the exception occurred, aiding in debugging.', 'User defined exceptions can be grouped and caught together if they are not related as superclass and subclass, streamlining exception handling.', 'Java allows the implementation of multi-threaded applications to utilize processor cycles and deliver a seamless user experience.']}], 'duration': 1535.088, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc32936150.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers exception handling in Java, including try-catch blocks, finally block, user input validation, and creating user-defined exceptions', "The chapter discusses creating custom exception classes 'LowSugarException' and 'HighSugarException' in Java, with a detailed explanation on how to define constructors for these classes and utilize them for throwing exceptions", 'The print stack trace method gives information about the path leading to the method where the exception occurred, aiding in debugging', 'Java allows the implementation of multi-threaded applications to utilize processor cycles and deliver a seamless user experience', 'Demonstration of creating a user-defined exception class and using it for handling specific exceptions', 'The need to extend the exception class when developing custom exception classes', 'Emphasizing the importance of handling exceptions', 'Users can create their own exception classes to handle specific exceptions like low and high blood sugar levels in a medical diagnostic center', "The chapter discusses creating custom exception classes 'LowSugarException' and 'HighSugarException' in Java, with a detailed explanation on how to define constructors for these classes and utilize them for throwing exceptions", "It explains the implementation of a 'testSugar' method to check sugar levels, throwing 'LowSugarException' if the sugar value is less than 70, and 'HighSugarException' if the value is greater than 130, with the method resulting in 3 patients having normal sugar levels and 1 patient having high sugar level"]}, {'end': 35993.045, 'segs': [{'end': 34752.689, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 34720.392, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 34722.973, 'text': 'so we are instantiating a thread demo object.', 'start': 34720.392, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 34727.235, 'text': 'okay, once we do that, we need to call the start method.', 'start': 34722.973, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 34732.377, 'text': 'so that start method is because i mean we are, we are extending from class thread.', 'start': 34727.235, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 34735.379, 'text': 'it is defined as one of the method in the thread class.', 'start': 34732.377, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 34739.821, 'text': 'so that would kind of execute the run method of your thread.', 'start': 34735.379, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 34752.689, 'text': "okay, now, as soon as you're, you know, kind of creating an instance of a thread demo class, you're not putting the thread into the running mode.", 'start': 34739.821, 'duration': 12.868}], 'summary': 'Instantiating a thread demo object and calling start method to execute run method.', 'duration': 32.297, 'max_score': 34720.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc34720392.jpg'}, {'end': 35215.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 35190.286, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 35201.168, 'text': 'so in this particular case, what can happen is you know my thread goes into a running state, okay, and then say it is waiting for some IO to happen,', 'start': 35190.286, 'duration': 10.882}, {'end': 35204.149, 'text': "or you know some other input it's waiting for.", 'start': 35201.168, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 35215.703, 'text': 'so in that particular case, you know what the scheduler does, is it puts the thread from the running state into the wait state.', 'start': 35205.518, 'duration': 10.185}], 'summary': 'Thread can transition from running to waiting state in the scheduler.', 'duration': 25.417, 'max_score': 35190.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc35190286.jpg'}], 'start': 34471.558, 'title': 'Java thread implementation and control', 'summary': 'Covers defining thread objects, implementing the runnable interface, creating and starting threads, discussing thread states and control, and exploring thread execution control scenarios in java.', 'chapters': [{'end': 34636.985, 'start': 34471.558, 'title': 'Defining thread objects and implementing runnable interface', 'summary': 'Discusses the two ways of defining thread objects and implementing the runnable interface in java, highlighting the differences and practical applications, as well as demonstrating the creation of thread classes through examples.', 'duration': 165.427, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the two ways of defining thread objects and implementing the runnable interface in Java', 'demonstrating the creation of thread classes through examples', 'highlighting the differences and practical applications']}, {'end': 35238.188, 'start': 34636.985, 'title': 'Creating and starting threads in java', 'summary': 'Explains how to create and start threads in java, including details about implementing the runnable interface and extending the thread class, emphasizing the importance of calling the start method to execute the run method and discussing different thread states.', 'duration': 601.203, 'highlights': ['Importance of calling the start method to execute the run method', 'Different thread states: new, runnable, running, wait block/sleep', 'Implementing the Runnable interface']}, {'end': 35691.749, 'start': 35240.029, 'title': 'Thread states and control', 'summary': "Discusses the various states of a thread, including live, sleeping, and dead states, and how to prevent the execution of threads. it also demonstrates the lack of control over thread execution and the processor's picking order.", 'duration': 451.72, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the various states of a thread, including live, sleeping, and dead states.', "It also demonstrates the lack of control over thread execution and the processor's picking order.", 'The chapter discusses how to prevent the execution of threads.']}, {'end': 35993.045, 'start': 35692.788, 'title': 'Thread execution control', 'summary': 'Discusses three scenarios for thread execution control: putting a thread to sleep, making a thread wait, and blocking a thread from accessing an object. it also explores methods like thread.sleep, thread.yield, and thread.join to manage thread states and execution.', 'duration': 300.257, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses three scenarios for thread execution control: putting a thread to sleep, making a thread wait, and blocking a thread from accessing an object.', 'It explores methods like thread.sleep, thread.yield, and thread.join to manage thread states and execution.', 'The thread.sleep method puts a thread into a sleep state for a specific amount of time, the thread.yield method asks the current thread to give up processor time for some time while keeping the thread in a runnable state, and the thread.join method makes the current thread wait for the end of the execution of another thread.']}], 'duration': 1521.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc34471558.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses three scenarios for thread execution control: putting a thread to sleep, making a thread wait, and blocking a thread from accessing an object.', 'The chapter discusses the various states of a thread, including live, sleeping, and dead states.', 'Importance of calling the start method to execute the run method', 'The chapter discusses the two ways of defining thread objects and implementing the runnable interface in Java']}, {'end': 38825.817, 'segs': [{'end': 36527.749, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 36504.54, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 36512.74, 'text': "okay, now, what we are doing is, for the first thread we are setting the priority as 10 and for the second set, let's set the priority as,", 'start': 36504.54, 'duration': 8.2}, {'end': 36513.741, 'text': "let's say 1.", 'start': 36512.74, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 36516.842, 'text': 'okay. so for doing that, let me just, you know,', 'start': 36513.741, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 36524.547, 'text': 'run the program again and you can see the first thread kind of completes the execution first of all because it is starting with the highest priority.', 'start': 36516.842, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 36527.749, 'text': 'okay again, you know, the order might different after every execution.', 'start': 36524.547, 'duration': 3.202}], 'summary': 'Setting thread priorities to 10 and 1, first thread executes faster due to higher priority.', 'duration': 23.209, 'max_score': 36504.54, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc36504540.jpg'}, {'end': 36944.067, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 36909.412, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 36914.116, 'text': 'so you would always use this operator and you would say that you know when i say t1.join.', 'start': 36909.412, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 36919.8, 'text': 'i want t1 to finish first and then the main method would kind of start execution of.', 'start': 36914.116, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 36928.588, 'text': 'you know its execution and then it would start the t2 thread and then eventually it will put into the runnable state and it would get completed.', 'start': 36919.8, 'duration': 8.788}, {'end': 36931.91, 'text': "okay, so let's run this program and see.", 'start': 36928.588, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 36933.792, 'text': 'you know what would happen now.', 'start': 36931.91, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 36944.067, 'text': "So you can see that now I'm seeing always the first thread is getting executed first.", 'start': 36939.244, 'duration': 4.823}], 'summary': 'Using t1.join ensures t1 finishes before main method starts execution, then t2 thread runs, leading to completion.', 'duration': 34.655, 'max_score': 36909.412, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc36909412.jpg'}, {'end': 37410.252, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 37382.426, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 37391.789, 'text': 'Okay Let me expose two methods here that would return me the balance and that would help me in the, uh, the, the withdraw method.', 'start': 37382.426, 'duration': 9.363}, {'end': 37395.53, 'text': "So let's say public int get balance.", 'start': 37393.67, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 37399.332, 'text': 'Just return this.balance.', 'start': 37398.111, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 37408.471, 'text': 'right, this is as far as the get balance method goes.', 'start': 37404.73, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 37410.252, 'text': "let's write a method for making the withdrawal.", 'start': 37408.471, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Two methods developed to return balance and enable withdrawal.', 'duration': 27.826, 'max_score': 37382.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc37382426.jpg'}, {'end': 38551.129, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 38522.66, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 38533.223, 'text': "So for this particular demo, let's think of a scenario that we have a shared queue between a producer and a consumer.", 'start': 38522.66, 'duration': 10.563}, {'end': 38539.464, 'text': 'Now a producer is something that adds an item into that shared queue.', 'start': 38534.263, 'duration': 5.201}, {'end': 38545.506, 'text': 'A consumer thread would be something that would try to get that object from the shared queue.', 'start': 38540.325, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 38551.129, 'text': 'now this shared queue would be kind of, you know, a common resource between the producer and the consumer.', 'start': 38546.548, 'duration': 4.581}], 'summary': 'Demo scenario: shared queue between producer and consumer for resource sharing.', 'duration': 28.469, 'max_score': 38522.66, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc38522660.jpg'}, {'end': 38672.807, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 38627.163, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 38630.525, 'text': "okay, and we'll create another class, consumer.", 'start': 38627.163, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 38647.474, 'text': "we'll say that you know, even that extends a thread now, for you know these producer and consumer, you know.", 'start': 38636.109, 'duration': 11.365}, {'end': 38655.497, 'text': "let's write a method here in the thread demo that calls it.", 'start': 38647.474, 'duration': 8.023}, {'end': 38672.807, 'text': "so let's say that this method, okay, let's create a linked list which is like a which would, you know, act as like a shared queue.", 'start': 38655.497, 'duration': 17.31}], 'summary': 'Creating a consumer class that extends a thread for producer and consumer, and a method to create a shared queue using a linked list.', 'duration': 45.644, 'max_score': 38627.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc38627163.jpg'}, {'end': 38825.817, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 38768.2, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 38770.883, 'text': 'so this is how we have created that a new producer.', 'start': 38768.2, 'duration': 2.683}, {'end': 38775.513, 'text': "let's pass the value into the new producer object.", 'start': 38772.412, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 38779.514, 'text': "okay. now, similarly, let's create a consumer.", 'start': 38775.513, 'duration': 4.001}, {'end': 38783.114, 'text': "let's say consumer c is a new consumer.", 'start': 38779.514, 'duration': 3.6}, {'end': 38792.856, 'text': "okay, we'll pass again the shared resource, in that the implementation has to be, you know, really similar here as well.", 'start': 38783.114, 'duration': 9.742}, {'end': 38798.617, 'text': 'for the consumer, it would be having a shared resource linked list.', 'start': 38792.856, 'duration': 5.761}, {'end': 38808.73, 'text': "the constructor would be somehow like this we'll pass the consumer into the super method and we'll pass the shared resource.", 'start': 38798.617, 'duration': 10.113}, {'end': 38812.392, 'text': 'so that is how we have kind of created two objects here.', 'start': 38808.73, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 38817.514, 'text': 'now these objects producer and consumer what they are trying to do?', 'start': 38812.392, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 38819.254, 'text': 'they are extending a thread.', 'start': 38817.514, 'duration': 1.74}, {'end': 38825.817, 'text': "so let's write the implementation of the run method here.", 'start': 38819.254, 'duration': 6.563}], 'summary': 'Creation of new producer and consumer objects, extending thread with shared resource.', 'duration': 57.617, 'max_score': 38768.2, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc38768200.jpg'}], 'start': 35993.045, 'title': 'Java multithreading and synchronization', 'summary': 'Covers java multithreading topics including thread sleep, yield, execution, join methods, synchronized methods, and blocks, with a focus on preventing race conditions, overdraft scenarios, and ensuring controlled thread interaction.', 'chapters': [{'end': 36722.401, 'start': 35993.045, 'title': 'Thread sleep and yield methods', 'summary': 'Explains the usage of thread.sleep method to put a thread into a sleeping status for a specified amount of time, resulting in a total runtime of 15 seconds for the program, and the concept of assigning priorities to threads using the setpriority method, followed by a demonstration of the yield method for giving up control of the processor execution.', 'duration': 729.356, 'highlights': ["The program's total runtime is 15 seconds, with each thread being executed five times and sleeping for three seconds each time.", 'The concept of assigning priorities to threads is demonstrated, with the highest priority thread getting executed before others.', 'The yield method is used to give up the control of execution, allowing the processor to pick up threads based on their priorities.']}, {'end': 37160.981, 'start': 36722.401, 'title': 'Thread execution and join method', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of the main thread, the join method, and its impact on controlling the execution of multiple threads, emphasizing that the join method stops the execution of the current thread until a specified thread completes, ensuring a specific order of thread execution.', 'duration': 438.58, 'highlights': ['The join method stops the execution of the current thread until a specified thread completes, ensuring a specific order of thread execution.', 'The main method acts as the main thread that controls the entire process, and the process stops after the main thread completes its execution.', 'The concept of the main thread and its role in controlling the entire process.']}, {'end': 37569.418, 'start': 37160.981, 'title': 'Synchronized methods in java', 'summary': 'Introduces synchronized methods in java to prevent multiple threads from accessing critical method code simultaneously, explaining its usage and benefits in resolving overdraft situations, demonstrated through a code example with two account holders attempting to withdraw funds.', 'duration': 408.437, 'highlights': ['Synchronized methods prevent more than one thread from accessing critical method code simultaneously, ensuring only a single thread can access the code, resolving overdraft situations.', 'Usage of synchronized keyword for creating synchronized methods or blocks, requiring the object as an argument to acquire locks, ensuring thread safety and preventing concurrent access to critical code.', 'Demonstration of synchronized method usage in a code example with two account holders attempting to withdraw funds, showcasing the prevention of concurrent access and resolution of overdraft situations.']}, {'end': 38107.094, 'start': 37569.418, 'title': 'Java multithreading and overdraft scenario', 'summary': 'Discusses implementing multithreading in java to simulate an overdraft scenario with a joint account service, including creating threads, defining withdrawal methods, and encountering overdraft situations, ultimately leading to a negative balance.', 'duration': 537.676, 'highlights': ["Creating threads 'Tom' and 'Harry' using joint account service and starting their execution", 'Implementing withdrawal method to check available balance and prevent overdraft situations', 'Encountering an overdraft situation with a negative balance during the simulation']}, {'end': 38825.817, 'start': 38107.094, 'title': 'Synchronized block and thread interaction', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of synchronized blocks to handle race conditions, ensuring only one thread accesses critical code at a time, and then delves into the methods for thread interaction such as wait, notify, and notify all, used to manage the interaction between producer and consumer threads sharing a common resource.', 'duration': 718.723, 'highlights': ['The importance of using the synchronized block to handle race conditions and allow only a single thread to access critical code at a time.', 'The discussion on using synchronized blocks and methods to protect specific critical sections of code rather than synchronizing the entire method.', 'Introduction to thread interaction methods including wait, notify, and notify all, used to coordinate and manage threads accessing a shared resource.']}], 'duration': 2832.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc35993045.jpg', 'highlights': ['Synchronized methods prevent concurrent access, resolving overdraft situations.', 'Demonstration of synchronized method usage in resolving overdraft situations.', 'Usage of synchronized keyword for creating synchronized methods or blocks.', 'Introduction to thread interaction methods: wait, notify, and notify all.', 'The yield method is used to give up control of execution based on thread priorities.', 'The join method ensures a specific order of thread execution.', 'The main method acts as the main thread controlling the entire process.', 'The importance of using synchronized blocks to handle race conditions.', "Threads 'Tom' and 'Harry' encounter an overdraft situation during execution.", "The program's total runtime is 15 seconds, with each thread sleeping for three seconds."]}, {'end': 42308.141, 'segs': [{'end': 39198.101, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 39172.051, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 39179.673, 'text': 'so what happens is, you know, as soon as the producer is adding an item, the this particular while loop should, you know,', 'start': 39172.051, 'duration': 7.622}, {'end': 39189.195, 'text': 'break the control goes into this line the consumer removes the item from shared resource and then this shared resource notifies the producer thread,', 'start': 39179.673, 'duration': 9.522}, {'end': 39194.236, 'text': 'because that goes into the waiting state as the queue.', 'start': 39189.195, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 39198.101, 'text': 'you know it basically acts on this shared resource.', 'start': 39194.236, 'duration': 3.865}], 'summary': 'Producer adds item, consumer removes from shared resource, and notifies producer thread.', 'duration': 26.05, 'max_score': 39172.051, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc39172051.jpg'}, {'end': 40981.587, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 40953.681, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 40957.368, 'text': 'It follows Runtime Polymorphism Here is an example.', 'start': 40953.681, 'duration': 3.687}, {'end': 40962.739, 'text': 'Here we have created a class called Dog and we have extended using that Hoon.', 'start': 40957.749, 'duration': 4.99}, {'end': 40965.672, 'text': 'and the program continues as follows.', 'start': 40963.53, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 40971.718, 'text': 'What happens in the above example is that the dog variable is declared to be dog.', 'start': 40966.173, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 40977.363, 'text': 'During compile time, the compiler checks if the dog class has the bark method.', 'start': 40972.358, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 40981.587, 'text': 'As long as the dog class has the bark method, the code compiles.', 'start': 40978.064, 'duration': 3.523}], 'summary': 'Example of runtime polymorphism in java with a dog class and a bark method.', 'duration': 27.906, 'max_score': 40953.681, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc40953681.jpg'}, {'end': 41090.699, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41064.759, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 41071.239, 'text': 'Here We can see the stack with a name called book that is string buffer name equal to book.', 'start': 41064.759, 'duration': 6.48}, {'end': 41078.548, 'text': 'Once the name value has been changed to pen then the book is erased in the stack.', 'start': 41072, 'duration': 6.548}, {'end': 41081.572, 'text': 'This is how the string buffer works.', 'start': 41079.349, 'duration': 2.223}, {'end': 41090.699, 'text': 'coming to the string builder, that is, this is same as string buffer, except for the string builder which is not threaded.', 'start': 41082.353, 'duration': 8.346}], 'summary': 'String buffer and builder manipulate strings efficiently, with buffer being thread-safe.', 'duration': 25.94, 'max_score': 41064.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41064759.jpg'}, {'end': 41146.514, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41119.319, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 41130.924, 'text': 'Here you can see the public members of class A is visible to class B, that is within the same package, as well as it is visible to the class C,', 'start': 41119.319, 'duration': 11.605}, {'end': 41132.345, 'text': 'which is in different package.', 'start': 41130.924, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 41136.387, 'text': 'Now we will see what exactly is private access specifier.', 'start': 41132.805, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 41146.514, 'text': 'Private members are visible in the same class only and not for the other classes in the same package as well as classes in the outside packages.', 'start': 41137.048, 'duration': 9.466}], 'summary': 'Public members of class a visible to class b and c. private members only visible in same class.', 'duration': 27.195, 'max_score': 41119.319, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41119319.jpg'}, {'end': 41204.235, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41173.893, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 41178.857, 'text': "Whereas interface doesn't have any constructor and it can't be instantiated.", 'start': 41173.893, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 41183.361, 'text': 'Abstract class consists of abstract methods as well as non-abstract methods.', 'start': 41179.217, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 41187.324, 'text': 'Whereas, in interface, abstract methods should alone be declared.', 'start': 41183.741, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 41195.089, 'text': "Coming to our next difference, that is, the class which extends the abstract class shouldn't require implementing all the methods.", 'start': 41187.784, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 41197.971, 'text': 'Only abstract methods need to be implemented.', 'start': 41195.509, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 41204.235, 'text': 'Whereas, classes which implement the interface should provide the implementation for all of the methods.', 'start': 41198.311, 'duration': 5.924}], 'summary': 'Abstract class vs. interface: differences in instantiation, method implementation, and requirements.', 'duration': 30.342, 'max_score': 41173.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41173893.jpg'}, {'end': 41267.792, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41223.428, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 41227.871, 'text': 'Collections are nothing but a group of objects is known as collections.', 'start': 41223.428, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 41234.836, 'text': 'Collection is a framework that is designed to store the objects and manipulate the design to store the objects.', 'start': 41228.291, 'duration': 6.545}, {'end': 41245.062, 'text': 'Collections are used to perform the following operations, such as searching, sorting, manipulation, insertion, deletion and many more.', 'start': 41235.076, 'duration': 9.986}, {'end': 41251.025, 'text': 'all the classes and interfaces for collecting are available in the java util package.', 'start': 41245.062, 'duration': 5.963}, {'end': 41255.987, 'text': 'coming to our next question, that is, what is the output of the following program?', 'start': 41251.025, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 41259.588, 'text': 'here? i have created a class name test.', 'start': 41255.987, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 41261.709, 'text': 'inside the main method.', 'start': 41259.588, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 41263.53, 'text': 'i have printed three statement.', 'start': 41261.709, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 41267.792, 'text': 'the first statement, that is, 10 plus 20, plus java t point.', 'start': 41263.53, 'duration': 4.262}], 'summary': 'Collections in java framework store and manipulate objects for various operations. java util package provides classes and interfaces. sample program prints three statements.', 'duration': 44.364, 'max_score': 41223.428, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41223428.jpg'}, {'end': 41365.325, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41310.299, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 41321.265, 'text': 'where the numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated as a string and concatenated with a string java t point,', 'start': 41310.299, 'duration': 10.966}, {'end': 41324.587, 'text': 'to produce the output 200 java t point.', 'start': 41321.265, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 41328.79, 'text': 'now our next question is What exactly is multithreading?', 'start': 41324.587, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 41332.713, 'text': 'What are the two ways of implementing multithreading in Java?', 'start': 41329.15, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 41338.577, 'text': 'Multithreading is a programming concept to run the multiple tasks in a concurrent manner.', 'start': 41333.093, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 41343.961, 'text': 'When in a single program threads share the same process stack and running in parallel.', 'start': 41338.817, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 41347.426, 'text': 'It helps in performance improvement of any program.', 'start': 41344.521, 'duration': 2.905}, {'end': 41353.114, 'text': 'Runnable interface is used in Java for implementing the multi-threaded applications.', 'start': 41347.706, 'duration': 5.408}, {'end': 41359.464, 'text': 'java.lang.runnable interface is implemented by a class to support the multi-threading.', 'start': 41353.495, 'duration': 5.969}, {'end': 41365.325, 'text': 'Multithreaded applications can be developed in Java in any of the two methodologies.', 'start': 41359.764, 'duration': 5.561}], 'summary': "Multiplying 10 and 20 gives 200, then concatenated with 'java t point'. multithreading in java enhances program performance.", 'duration': 55.026, 'max_score': 41310.299, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41310299.jpg'}, {'end': 41476.402, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41395.237, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 41400.502, 'text': 'A thread helps, facilitates multitasking and multiprocessing within a program.', 'start': 41395.237, 'duration': 5.265}, {'end': 41407.183, 'text': 'It utilizes CPU effectively and helps improve the performance of the application.', 'start': 41401.098, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 41411.626, 'text': 'Java enables the user to use the multiple threads at a time.', 'start': 41407.543, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 41416.61, 'text': 'It can be run in parallel with other programs without any interruptions.', 'start': 41411.926, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 41420.032, 'text': 'This helps in reducing a time for the process.', 'start': 41416.89, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 41430.129, 'text': 'For example, assume that if a program takes 60 seconds to execute, We can use 6 threads which will give us the result in 10 seconds.', 'start': 41420.512, 'duration': 9.617}, {'end': 41433.951, 'text': 'A thread in Java can be in either of the following state.', 'start': 41430.409, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 41437.573, 'text': 'Ready, running, waiting and then dead.', 'start': 41434.451, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 41443.096, 'text': 'First coming to the ready state, when a thread is created it is in ready state.', 'start': 41437.913, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 41447.559, 'text': 'Running, a thread currently being executed in the running state.', 'start': 41443.597, 'duration': 3.962}, {'end': 41453.823, 'text': 'A thread waiting for the another thread to free the certain resources is in waiting state.', 'start': 41447.958, 'duration': 5.865}, {'end': 41457.146, 'text': 'Last but not the least that is the dead state here.', 'start': 41454.383, 'duration': 2.763}, {'end': 41462.61, 'text': 'The thread which has gone dead after the execution is in the dead state.', 'start': 41457.486, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 41466.534, 'text': 'Java provides two ways to implement thread in a program.', 'start': 41462.971, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 41476.402, 'text': 'Interface java.lang.runnable has an instance java.lang, a thread which requires a task to execute through an instance.', 'start': 41467.114, 'duration': 9.288}], 'summary': 'Using multiple threads in java improves application performance, reducing execution time by utilizing cpu effectively.', 'duration': 81.165, 'max_score': 41395.237, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41395237.jpg'}, {'end': 41566.746, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41534.225, 'weight': 17, 'content': [{'end': 41539.349, 'text': 'So it increments first and then it returns the value as 5.', 'start': 41534.225, 'duration': 5.124}, {'end': 41546.094, 'text': 'What happens in the third print statement here minus minus represents the decrement operator.', 'start': 41539.349, 'duration': 6.745}, {'end': 41554.819, 'text': 'In the third case postfix that is minus minus operator is used in which it returns the value first and then decrements.', 'start': 41546.474, 'duration': 8.345}, {'end': 41558.681, 'text': 'Hence its output will be remain as for itself.', 'start': 41555.199, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 41566.746, 'text': "But in the last case What happens is that minus minus operator is in priority and it's a prefix.", 'start': 41559.001, 'duration': 7.745}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the use of increment and decrement operators, with a specific example resulting in a value of 4.', 'duration': 32.521, 'max_score': 41534.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41534225.jpg'}, {'end': 41629.847, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41604.006, 'weight': 18, 'content': [{'end': 41609.209, 'text': 'Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are mainly two types of constructors in Java.', 'start': 41604.006, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 41613.853, 'text': 'One is the default constructor and one more is the parameterized constructor.', 'start': 41609.79, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 41619.018, 'text': 'Coming to the default constructor, it is one which does not accept any value.', 'start': 41614.214, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 41624.963, 'text': 'The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the default values.', 'start': 41619.318, 'duration': 5.645}, {'end': 41629.847, 'text': 'It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation.', 'start': 41625.423, 'duration': 4.424}], 'summary': 'In java, there are two types of constructors: default and parameterized. default constructor initializes instance variables with default values.', 'duration': 25.841, 'max_score': 41604.006, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41604006.jpg'}, {'end': 41755.505, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41705.194, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 41711.896, 'text': 'Exception can arise from a different kind of situation, such as wrong data entered by the user, hardware failure,', 'start': 41705.194, 'duration': 6.702}, {'end': 41713.997, 'text': 'network connection failure and many more.', 'start': 41711.896, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 41720.379, 'text': 'Whenever any error occurs, Java Runtime Environment that is JRE tries to handle it.', 'start': 41714.357, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 41725.881, 'text': 'Java Exception Handling Framework is used to handle the runtime errors only.', 'start': 41720.799, 'duration': 5.082}, {'end': 41730.142, 'text': 'Compile time errors are not handled by Exception Handling Framework.', 'start': 41726.221, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 41734.737, 'text': 'Here there are mainly four keywords used in exception handling.', 'start': 41730.475, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 41736.217, 'text': 'They are Throws.', 'start': 41735.117, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 41745.661, 'text': 'Coming to the throw, sometimes we explicitly want to create the exception object and then throw it to alt the normal processing of the program.', 'start': 41736.717, 'duration': 8.944}, {'end': 41749.823, 'text': 'Throw keyword is used to throw the exception to the runtime to handle it.', 'start': 41745.881, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 41750.983, 'text': 'Next is throws.', 'start': 41750.163, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 41755.505, 'text': 'When we are throwing any checked exception in a method and not handling it,', 'start': 41751.343, 'duration': 4.162}], 'summary': 'Java exception handling: jre handles errors, 4 keywords used, throws and throw explained.', 'duration': 50.311, 'max_score': 41705.194, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41705194.jpg'}, {'end': 41859.191, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41828.565, 'weight': 21, 'content': [{'end': 41832.867, 'text': 'there are basically two types of exceptions that is checked and unchecked.', 'start': 41828.565, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 41836.754, 'text': 'Here an error is considered as an unchecked exception.', 'start': 41833.291, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 41841.297, 'text': 'But according to the oracle basically there are three types of exception.', 'start': 41837.234, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 41843.839, 'text': 'First one is the checked exception.', 'start': 41842.018, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 41847.602, 'text': 'Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile time.', 'start': 41844.22, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 41851.946, 'text': 'For example SQL exception, class not found exception etc.', 'start': 41847.882, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 41859.191, 'text': 'The classes that extend the throwable class except runtime exception and error are known as checked exception.', 'start': 41852.266, 'duration': 6.925}], 'summary': 'Two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. oracle defines three types including checked exceptions, checked at compile time.', 'duration': 30.626, 'max_score': 41828.565, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41828565.jpg'}, {'end': 41924.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41899.048, 'weight': 22, 'content': [{'end': 41909.275, 'text': 'Here, the first program is write a simple Java program to print the Fibonacci series using both the recursion and the iteration up to a given number.', 'start': 41899.048, 'duration': 10.227}, {'end': 41918.262, 'text': 'First of all, Fibonacci series is a series of natural number where the next number is equivalent to the sum of the previous two number.', 'start': 41909.576, 'duration': 8.686}, {'end': 41924.026, 'text': 'Example, fn will be equal to fn minus 1 plus fn minus 2.', 'start': 41918.822, 'duration': 5.204}], 'summary': 'Create java program to print fibonacci series using recursion and iteration.', 'duration': 24.978, 'max_score': 41899.048, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc41899048.jpg'}, {'end': 42070.326, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42043.553, 'weight': 24, 'content': [{'end': 42050.716, 'text': 'What happens in the above program is that for loop is used to determine if the given number is prime or not.', 'start': 42043.553, 'duration': 7.163}, {'end': 42057.8, 'text': 'We only have to loop through 2 to half of the number because no number is divisible by more than its half.', 'start': 42050.957, 'duration': 6.843}, {'end': 42065.724, 'text': 'Inside the for loop we check if the number is divisible by any number in the given range that is 2 to num by 2.', 'start': 42058.28, 'duration': 7.444}, {'end': 42070.326, 'text': 'If it is divisible then the flag is set to true and we break out of the loop.', 'start': 42065.724, 'duration': 4.602}], 'summary': 'A program uses a for loop to check if a given number is prime by looping through 2 to half of the number and checking for divisibility by numbers in that range.', 'duration': 26.773, 'max_score': 42043.553, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc42043553.jpg'}, {'end': 42116.641, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42092.204, 'weight': 25, 'content': [{'end': 42098.549, 'text': 'Now we use the for loops and the if-else conditions, along with the equals ignore case method,', 'start': 42092.204, 'duration': 6.345}, {'end': 42102.671, 'text': 'to conclude whether the enter string is a palindrome or not.', 'start': 42098.549, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 42108.695, 'text': 'Here is the source code for a Java program to check whether a string is palindrome or not.', 'start': 42102.992, 'duration': 5.703}, {'end': 42112.698, 'text': 'The Java program is successfully compiled and run on the system.', 'start': 42108.896, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 42116.641, 'text': 'Assume that we are entering the string input as mom.', 'start': 42112.998, 'duration': 3.643}], 'summary': "Java program checks if input 'mom' is a palindrome.", 'duration': 24.437, 'max_score': 42092.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc42092204.jpg'}, {'end': 42161.825, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42136.794, 'weight': 26, 'content': [{'end': 42146.461, 'text': 'Factorial of a number n is denoted as n factorial and the value of n factorial is 1 into 2 into 3 up to n minus 1 into n.', 'start': 42136.794, 'duration': 9.667}, {'end': 42148.922, 'text': 'so let us see the program here.', 'start': 42146.921, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 42153.223, 'text': 'what happens is that we will find the factorial of a number here.', 'start': 42148.922, 'duration': 4.301}, {'end': 42156.104, 'text': 'assume that you are giving the input of 4.', 'start': 42153.223, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 42158.184, 'text': 'it now checks for the 4 factorial.', 'start': 42156.104, 'duration': 2.08}, {'end': 42160.085, 'text': 'that is nothing but n factorial.', 'start': 42158.184, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 42161.825, 'text': 'here the n is 4.', 'start': 42160.085, 'duration': 1.74}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the concept of factorial and demonstrates finding the factorial of 4.', 'duration': 25.031, 'max_score': 42136.794, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc42136794.jpg'}, {'end': 42208.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42183.199, 'weight': 27, 'content': [{'end': 42190.241, 'text': 'The checked exceptions cannot be propagated with throw only whereas checked exception can be propagated with throws.', 'start': 42183.199, 'duration': 7.042}, {'end': 42196.064, 'text': 'The throw keyword is followed by an instance whereas throws keyword is followed by class.', 'start': 42190.702, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 42198.845, 'text': 'The throw keyword is used within the method.', 'start': 42196.364, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 42202.206, 'text': 'The throws keyword is used with the method signature.', 'start': 42199.205, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 42208.139, 'text': 'You cannot throw the multiple exceptions But in case of throws, you can declare multiple exceptions.', 'start': 42202.466, 'duration': 5.673}], 'summary': 'Differences between throw and throws: throw for instance, throws for class, throw within method, throws with method signature, and ability to declare multiple exceptions with throws.', 'duration': 24.94, 'max_score': 42183.199, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc42183199.jpg'}, {'end': 42308.141, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 42291.954, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 42298.376, 'text': "in core java we'll be covering all the concepts that we are covering here, along with a few additional concepts like java generics and java io,", 'start': 42291.954, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 42303.759, 'text': "Whereas in Java EE and SOA we'll be covering various frameworks of Java like Spring and Hibernate.", 'start': 42298.976, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 42308.141, 'text': 'So if you are interested, please check out the course details given in the description below.', 'start': 42304.379, 'duration': 3.762}], 'summary': 'Covers core java concepts with additional topics like java generics and java io, and includes java ee and soa frameworks like spring and hibernate.', 'duration': 16.187, 'max_score': 42291.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc42291954.jpg'}], 'start': 38825.817, 'title': 'Java programming concepts', 'summary': "Covers java programming concepts including multithreading, synchronization, platform independence, oop, jit compiler, exceptions, and common programming problems, with a focus on java's features, platform independence, and key concepts for java development.", 'chapters': [{'end': 39986.508, 'start': 38825.817, 'title': 'Java multithreading: producer and consumer implementation', 'summary': "Discusses the implementation of the producer-consumer problem in java, with a focus on multithreading and synchronization. it includes a detailed explanation of the wait, notify, and notifyall methods, as well as an overview of java's key features such as its object-oriented nature, open source availability, real-world applications, and rich apis.", 'duration': 1160.691, 'highlights': ['Multithreading and Synchronization Implementation', 'Explanation of wait, notify, and notifyAll methods', "Overview of Java's Key Features"]}, {'end': 40323.531, 'start': 39987.029, 'title': "Java's versatility and platform independence", 'summary': "Discusses java's omnipresence in various domains, its platform independence, support for dynamic coding, and the role of jdk, jre, and jvm in java development. it also explains the platform independence of java, the process of garbage collection, and its blend of object-oriented and high-performance features.", 'duration': 336.502, 'highlights': ["Java's omnipresence in various domains and its support for dynamic coding makes it highly versatile.", 'JDK, JRE, and JVM play crucial roles in Java development, with JDK providing development tools and JRE enabling Java program execution.', "Java's platform independence is enabled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the process of garbage collection.", "Java's blend of object-oriented and high-performance features contributes to its versatility and widespread use."]}, {'end': 41245.062, 'start': 40324.292, 'title': 'Java: oop, jit compiler, program structure', 'summary': "Discusses java's object-oriented nature, jit compiler for performance, program structure, advantages of packages, differences between equals and dot equals in java, oop concepts, method overloading and overriding, differences between string, string builder, and string buffer, public and private access specifiers, abstract class and interface differences, and collections operations.", 'duration': 920.77, 'highlights': ['Java is not considered as 100% object oriented due to the support for primitive data types such as long, byte, int, etc.', "JIT compiler enables Java's 'write once, run anywhere' nature by converting instructions into bytecode, which is platform-independent.", 'The basic structure of a Java program includes package details, class declaration, data members, user-defined methods, and the main method as the program driver.', 'Advantages of packages in Java include name class avoidance, easier access control, hidden classes within packages, and easy class location.', 'The chapter explains the differences between the equals and dot equals method in Java and provides an example using Eclipse IDE.', 'OOP concepts including inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism are discussed with examples.', 'Method overloading and overriding differences are explained with examples, showcasing compile-time and runtime polymorphism.', 'Differences between string, string builder, and string buffer, along with their respective examples, are detailed.', 'The public and private access specifiers in Java are explained, showcasing visibility within and outside packages.', 'The differences between abstract class and interface, including constructors, method implementation, and variables/constants, are outlined.', 'Collections in Java are defined as a framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects, with various operations such as searching, sorting, manipulation, insertion, and deletion.']}, {'end': 41558.681, 'start': 41245.062, 'title': 'Java util package and multithreading basics', 'summary': 'Discusses the java util package, the output of a program, and the basics of multithreading in java, including the implementation of multithreading and the states of a thread.', 'duration': 313.619, 'highlights': ['The output of the program is explained, showing the results of different operations and the concatenation of strings and numbers.', 'Multithreading in Java is defined as a programming concept to run multiple tasks concurrently, utilizing CPU effectively for performance improvement.', 'The states of a thread in Java are explained, including ready, running, waiting, and dead states, and the two ways of implementing thread in a program are described.', 'The increment and decrement operators in Java are demonstrated, showcasing the behavior of postfix and prefix operators.']}, {'end': 41873.569, 'start': 41559.001, 'title': 'Java constructors, methods, and exceptions', 'summary': 'Discusses java constructors, methods, and exceptions, covering topics such as types of constructors, differences between constructor and method, exception handling keywords, and types of exceptions in a java program.', 'duration': 314.568, 'highlights': ['There are two types of constructors in Java: default constructor and parameterized constructor.', 'Java Exception Handling Framework is used to handle the runtime errors only, and there are four keywords used in exception handling: Throws, throw, throws, try catch, and finally.', 'There are two types of exceptions in Java: checked and unchecked.']}, {'end': 42308.141, 'start': 41873.956, 'title': 'Java programming: fibonacci, prime number, palindrome, factorial', 'summary': "Covers java programming concepts such as fibonacci series using both recursion and iteration, prime number checking, palindrome string checking, finding the factorial of a number, and the differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords in java.", 'duration': 434.185, 'highlights': ["The chapter covers Java programming concepts such as Fibonacci series using both recursion and iteration, prime number checking, palindrome string checking, finding the factorial of a number, and the differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords in Java.", 'The first program demonstrates a Java program to print the Fibonacci series using both recursion and iteration.', 'The chapter also includes a program to check whether a given number is prime or not, along with a detailed explanation of the logic behind prime number checking.', 'The transcript further covers a Java program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not, along with an example and explanation.', 'Another program included is to find the factorial of a number, with a detailed explanation of the factorial concept and an example showcasing the calculation of a factorial.', "The differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords in Java are explained, highlighting their usage and differences."]}], 'duration': 3482.324, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/ZXsFEie9GMc/pics/ZXsFEie9GMc38825817.jpg', 'highlights': ['Multithreading and Synchronization Implementation', 'Explanation of wait, notify, and notifyAll methods', "Overview of Java's Key Features", "Java's platform independence enabled by JVM and garbage collection", 'JDK, JRE, and JVM crucial for Java development', "Java's versatility and widespread use due to OOP and high-performance features", "JIT compiler enables Java's 'write once, run anywhere' nature", 'Basic structure of a Java program: package details, class declaration, data members, user-defined methods, and main method', 'Advantages of packages in Java: name class avoidance, access control, hidden classes, and class location', 'OOP concepts: inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism', 'Method overloading and overriding differences explained with examples', 'Differences between string, string builder, and string buffer detailed with examples', 'Public and private access specifiers in Java explained', 'Differences between abstract class and interface outlined', 'Collections in Java defined as a framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects', 'Multithreading in Java: running multiple tasks concurrently for performance improvement', 'States of a thread in Java: ready, running, waiting, and dead states', 'Increment and decrement operators in Java demonstrated', 'Two types of constructors in Java: default and parameterized', 'Java Exception Handling Framework used to handle runtime errors only', 'Keywords used in exception handling: Throws, throw, throws, try catch, and finally', 'Two types of exceptions in Java: checked and unchecked', "Java programming concepts covered: Fibonacci series, prime number checking, palindrome string checking, factorial of a number, and differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords", 'Program to print the Fibonacci series using recursion and iteration', 'Program to check whether a given number is prime or not', 'Program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not', 'Program to find the factorial of a number', "Differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords in Java explained"]}], 'highlights': ['Java is among the top programming languages, known for diverse applications.', 'Java has around 10 million developers worldwide, used for various applications.', 'Java is platform independent, with bytecode running on any machine with a JVM.', "Java's latest release, Java SE 8, was released on March 18, 2014.", 'Java is object-oriented, simpler than C++ with a cleaner syntax.', 'JVM maintains memory integrity and prevents malicious attempts in Java applications.', 'Demonstration of the storage sizes and ranges of Java primitive data types such as byte, short, int, long, float, and double.', 'Demonstration of control statements in Java, including if-else, while, do-while, and for loops, with examples and explanations.', 'The chapter discusses the usage of various separators in Java, including periods, commas, semicolons, curly braces, parentheses, brackets, angle brackets, and colons.', 'The main method acts as the starting point in a Java program, with the execution beginning from this method.', 'The chapter covers the implementation of encapsulation in Java, including the creation and organization of packages.', 'The main method is declared as public static void because it serves as the starting point for JVM execution and needs to be accessible by any class outside the package.', 'Method overloading in Java allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different arguments, enabling flexibility and reusability of methods.', 'The JVM loads the binary representation of Java classes into memory and caches it for future use, throwing an error if the class is not available.', 'The Object class implements methods such as clone, which creates and returns a copy of the object, and equals, which is used for checking equality of objects.', 'The chapter covers defining constructors, handling float variables, extending abstract classes, and overriding abstract methods for regular and contractual employees.', 'The used memory increases from 0 to 516 MB after creating 50,000 new strings.', 'The chapter discusses handling exceptions in Java, emphasizing the use of try, catch, and finally blocks.', 'The chapter discusses the various states of a thread, including live, sleeping, and dead states.', 'Synchronized methods prevent concurrent access, resolving overdraft situations.', 'Multithreading and Synchronization Implementation', "Java's platform independence enabled by JVM and garbage collection", 'JDK, JRE, and JVM crucial for Java development', "Java's versatility and widespread use due to OOP and high-performance features", 'Basic structure of a Java program: package details, class declaration, data members, user-defined methods, and main method', 'OOP concepts: inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism', 'Method overloading and overriding differences explained with examples', 'Differences between string, string builder, and string buffer detailed with examples', 'Public and private access specifiers in Java explained', 'Differences between abstract class and interface outlined', 'Collections in Java defined as a framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects', 'Multithreading in Java: running multiple tasks concurrently for performance improvement', 'States of a thread in Java: ready, running, waiting, and dead states', 'Increment and decrement operators in Java demonstrated', 'Two types of constructors in Java: default and parameterized', 'Java Exception Handling Framework used to handle runtime errors only', 'Keywords used in exception handling: Throws, throw, throws, try catch, and finally', 'Two types of exceptions in Java: checked and unchecked', "Java programming concepts covered: Fibonacci series, prime number checking, palindrome string checking, factorial of a number, and differences between 'throw' and 'throws' keywords"]}