title
Neil Gershenfeld: Self-Replicating Robots and the Future of Fabrication | Lex Fridman Podcast #380

description
Neil Gershenfeld is the director of the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack - NetSuite: http://netsuite.com/lex to get free product tour - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off EPISODE LINKS: Neil's Website: http://ng.cba.mit.edu/ MIT Center for Bits and Atoms: https://cba.mit.edu/ Fab Foundation: https://fabfoundation.org/ Fab Lab community: https://fablabs.io/ Fab Academy: https://fabacademy.org/ Fab City: https://fab.city/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:29 - What Turing got wrong 6:53 - MIT Center for Bits and Atoms 20:00 - Digital logic 26:36 - Self-assembling robots 37:04 - Digital fabrication 47:59 - Self-reproducing machine 55:45 - Trash and fabrication 1:00:41 - Lab-made bioweapons 1:04:56 - Genome 1:16:48 - Quantum computing 1:21:19 - Microfluidic bubble computation 1:26:41 - Maxwell's demon 1:35:27 - Consciousness 1:42:27 - Cellular automata 1:46:59 - Universe is a computer 1:51:45 - Advice for young people 2:01:02 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Neil Gershenfeld: Self-Replicating Robots and the Future of Fabrication | Lex Fridman Podcast #380', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Discusses mit's center for bits and atoms, exploring self-assembly, digital manufacturing, and societal impacts, including personal fabrication, biotechnology risks, and the maker movement, featuring breakthroughs in robotics, digital fabrication, and molecular intelligence.", 'chapters': [{'end': 840.815, 'segs': [{'end': 125.085, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 96.192, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 104.58, 'text': 'What have you learned about engineering and about nature, reality, from working at this divide, trying to bridge this divide?', 'start': 96.192, 'duration': 8.388}, {'end': 110.627, 'text': 'I learned why von Neumann and Turing made fundamental mistakes.', 'start': 105.121, 'duration': 5.506}, {'end': 114.968, 'text': 'I learned the secret of life.', 'start': 112.784, 'duration': 2.184}, {'end': 123.262, 'text': "I learned how to solve many of the world's most important problems, which all sound presumptuous.", 'start': 114.988, 'duration': 8.274}, {'end': 125.085, 'text': 'but all of those are things I learned at that boundary.', 'start': 123.262, 'duration': 1.823}], 'summary': "Learned fundamental mistakes, secret of life, and solving world's important problems at engineering-nature boundary.", 'duration': 28.893, 'max_score': 96.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr496192.jpg'}, {'end': 175.214, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 148.47, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 153.532, 'text': 'And you might not have heard of Andy Gleason, but you might have heard of the Hilbert problems.', 'start': 148.47, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 155.453, 'text': 'And Andy Gleason solved the fifth one.', 'start': 153.992, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 158.394, 'text': 'So he was a really notable mathematician.', 'start': 155.473, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 161.074, 'text': "During the war, he was Turing's counterpart.", 'start': 159.474, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 164.696, 'text': 'Then von Neumann is credited with the modern architecture of computing.', 'start': 161.375, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 167.657, 'text': 'And one of his students was Marvin Minsky.', 'start': 165.536, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 172.018, 'text': 'So I could ask Marvin what Johnny was thinking, and I could ask Andy what Alan was thinking.', 'start': 167.837, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 175.214, 'text': 'And what came out from that?', 'start': 173.092, 'duration': 2.122}], 'summary': "Andy gleason solved the fifth hilbert problem, a notable mathematician who was turing's counterpart during the war.", 'duration': 26.744, 'max_score': 148.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr4148470.jpg'}, {'end': 428.836, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 379.782, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 385.904, 'text': 'Right I never understood the difference between computer science and physical science.', 'start': 379.782, 'duration': 6.122}, {'end': 392.705, 'text': 'Working at that boundary helped lead to things like my lab was part of doing with a number of interesting collaborators,', 'start': 386.884, 'duration': 5.821}, {'end': 395.806, 'text': 'the first faster than classical quantum computations.', 'start': 392.705, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 402.207, 'text': 'We were part of a collaboration creating the minimal synthetic organism where you design life in a computer.', 'start': 396.666, 'duration': 5.541}, {'end': 408.245, 'text': "Those both involve domains where you just can't separate hardware from software.", 'start': 402.708, 'duration': 5.537}, {'end': 412.434, 'text': 'The embodiment of computation is embodied in these really profound ways.', 'start': 408.365, 'duration': 4.069}, {'end': 418.405, 'text': 'So the first quantum computations, synthetic life.', 'start': 414.181, 'duration': 4.224}, {'end': 424.692, 'text': 'so in the space of biology, the space of physics at the lowest level and the space of biology at the lowest level.', 'start': 418.405, 'duration': 6.287}, {'end': 428.836, 'text': "So let's talk about CBA, Center of Bits and Atoms.", 'start': 425.753, 'duration': 3.083}], 'summary': 'Research at the boundary of computer science and physical science led to advancements in quantum computations and synthetic life.', 'duration': 49.054, 'max_score': 379.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr4379782.jpg'}, {'end': 507.978, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 478.155, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 481.758, 'text': 'So in the Renaissance, the liberal arts emerged.', 'start': 478.155, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 484.4, 'text': "And liberal doesn't mean politically liberal.", 'start': 482.038, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 486.943, 'text': 'This was the path to liberation, birth of humanism.', 'start': 484.44, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 492.388, 'text': 'And so the liberal arts were the trivium, quadrivium, roughly language, natural science.', 'start': 487.663, 'duration': 4.725}, {'end': 500.135, 'text': 'And At that moment, what emerged was this dreadful concept of the illiberal arts.', 'start': 493.149, 'duration': 6.986}, {'end': 507.978, 'text': "So anything that wasn't the liberal arts was for commercial gain and was just making stuff and wasn't valid for serious study.", 'start': 500.635, 'duration': 7.343}], 'summary': 'Renaissance saw emergence of liberal arts, birth of humanism, and illiberal arts dismissed commercial pursuits.', 'duration': 29.823, 'max_score': 478.155, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr4478155.jpg'}], 'start': 0.049, 'title': "Robotic self-assembly and mit's computational arts impact", 'summary': "Explores how robotic self-assembly can build structures and addresses computing mistakes, along with mit's origin story, its impact on computational arts, and unexpected applications of research in airbag safety technology.", 'chapters': [{'end': 428.836, 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Robotic self-assembly', 'summary': 'Discusses how robotic assembly, inspired by ribosomes and self-replicating automata, can build giant structures and solve important problems, while also highlighting the fundamental mistakes in modern computing made by turing and von neumann.', 'duration': 428.787, 'highlights': ['Robotic self-assembly can build giant structures and solve important problems The chapter emphasizes how robotic assembly, inspired by ribosomes, can create trillions of robots, analogous to making an elephant molecule by molecule, and solve important problems, such as achieving faster than classical quantum computations and creating the minimal synthetic organism.', "Fundamental mistakes in modern computing made by Turing and von Neumann The discussion highlights the fundamental mistakes made by Turing and von Neumann in modern computing, such as the simple physics mistake in the Turing machine's foundation, the separation of information persistence and interaction in computing, and the fiction of bits not being constrained by atoms, leading to scaling issues and opportunities in computing."]}, {'end': 840.815, 'start': 429.236, 'title': "Mit's origin story and impact on computational arts", 'summary': "Traces the origin story of mit and its impact on computational arts, highlighting the mistake dating back to the renaissance in undervaluing 'illiberal arts', the computational capacity of musical instruments, and the unexpected applications of research in airbag safety technology.", 'duration': 411.579, 'highlights': ["MIT's role in addressing the undervaluing of 'illiberal arts' since the Renaissance The chapter discusses the mistake dating back to the Renaissance in undervaluing 'illiberal arts', leading to the exclusion of subjects like vocational skills from serious study.", "Exploration of the computational capacity of musical instruments and collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma The discussion delves into the collaboration to instrument a cello to extract Yo-Yo Ma's data and explore the computational capacity of musical instruments, focusing on resolution, bandwidth, and control in generating sounds.", 'Unforeseen applications of research in airbag safety technology The chapter reveals the unexpected outcome of research involving sensing local electromagnetic fields, leading to a $100 million a year auto safety business to control airbags in cars and the need for 3D sensing to protect occupants.']}], 'duration': 840.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr449.jpg', 'highlights': ['Robotic self-assembly can build giant structures and solve important problems.', 'Fundamental mistakes in modern computing made by Turing and von Neumann.', "MIT's role in addressing the undervaluing of 'illiberal arts' since the Renaissance.", 'Exploration of the computational capacity of musical instruments and collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma.', 'Unforeseen applications of research in airbag safety technology.']}, {'end': 1121.855, 'segs': [{'end': 938.285, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 913.517, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 919.279, 'text': "So Jerry was MIT's president before that Kennedy's science advisor, grand old man of science.", 'start': 913.517, 'duration': 5.762}, {'end': 924.842, 'text': 'At the end of his life, he was frustrated by how knowledge was segregated.', 'start': 920.16, 'duration': 4.682}, {'end': 932.305, 'text': "And so he wanted to create a department of none of the above, a department for work that didn't fit in departments.", 'start': 925.962, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 938.285, 'text': 'And the Media Lab, in a sense, was a cover story for him to hide a department.', 'start': 933.724, 'duration': 4.561}], 'summary': "Mit's former president jerry created the media lab to house a", 'duration': 24.768, 'max_score': 913.517, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr4913517.jpg'}, {'end': 1109.966, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1080.703, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1084.887, 'text': 'how can we build tiny things and big things all in one place?', 'start': 1080.703, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 1092.292, 'text': "yeah, so a well-equipped research lab has the sort of tools we're talking about, but they're segregated in different places.", 'start': 1084.887, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 1099.578, 'text': "they're typically also run by technicians, where you then have an account and a project and you charge.", 'start': 1092.292, 'duration': 7.286}, {'end': 1105.122, 'text': "all of these tools are essentially when you don't know what you're doing, not when you do know what you're doing,", 'start': 1099.578, 'duration': 5.544}, {'end': 1109.966, 'text': "in that they're when you need to work across length scales, where we don't.", 'start': 1105.122, 'duration': 4.844}], 'summary': 'Challenges in integrating tools for working across length scales in research labs.', 'duration': 29.263, 'max_score': 1080.703, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41080703.jpg'}], 'start': 842.236, 'title': 'Innovative technology journeys', 'summary': "Explores the evolution of elysis, from a $100 million business derived from a magic trick to a leading auto safety sensor, and how jerry wiesner's vision led to the formation of the center for bits and atoms (cba) at mit, funded by the nsf, for research in nanoscale, microscale, and macrostructures.", 'chapters': [{'end': 884.704, 'start': 842.236, 'title': 'Elysis: from magic trick to leading auto safety sensor', 'summary': 'Discusses the journey of elysis, a $100 million a year business making sensors derived from a penn & teller magic trick, from a cello to becoming a leading auto safety sensor, all starting from the question of the computational capacity of a musical instrument.', 'duration': 42.468, 'highlights': ['Elysis became a $100 million a year business making sensors derived from a Penn & Teller magic trick.', 'The sensors became a leading auto safety sensor.', 'The journey started from the question of the computational capacity of a musical instrument.']}, {'end': 1121.855, 'start': 884.724, 'title': 'Jerry wiesner and the birth of cba at mit', 'summary': "Discusses how jerry wiesner's vision for a department of none of the above led to the creation of media arts and sciences at mit, which eventually formed the basis for the center for bits and atoms (cba), a facility funded by the nsf that houses a comprehensive set of tools for research in nanoscale, microscale, and macrostructures.", 'duration': 237.131, 'highlights': ["Jerry Wiesner's vision for a department of none of the above led to the creation of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT, which eventually formed the basis for the Center for Bits and Atoms (CBA) Jerry Wiesner's frustration with segregated knowledge led him to create a department for work that didn't fit in traditional departments, leading to the establishment of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT, which later became the foundation for CBA.", 'The NSF funded a facility of one of almost every tool to make anything, leading to the launch of CBA A proposal was submitted to the NSF for a facility that housed one of every tool to make anything of any size, and it was successfully funded, resulting in the launch of the Center for Bits and Atoms (CBA) at MIT.', 'CBA houses a comprehensive set of tools for research in nanoscale, microscale, and macrostructures CBA provides a well-equipped research facility that integrates tools for nanoscale, microscale, and macrostructures, offering the capability to build tiny and large structures in one place, bridging the gap between digital and physical realms.']}], 'duration': 279.619, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr4842236.jpg', 'highlights': ['Elysis became a $100 million a year business making sensors derived from a Penn & Teller magic trick.', 'The sensors became a leading auto safety sensor.', "Jerry Wiesner's vision for a department of none of the above led to the creation of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT, which eventually formed the basis for the Center for Bits and Atoms (CBA)", 'The NSF funded a facility of one of almost every tool to make anything, leading to the launch of CBA', 'CBA houses a comprehensive set of tools for research in nanoscale, microscale, and macrostructures']}, {'end': 1653.558, 'segs': [{'end': 1182.36, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1152.799, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1156.901, 'text': "Okay, can we, the three things you just mentioned, let's start with the biggest.", 'start': 1152.799, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 1161.102, 'text': 'What are some of the biggest stuff you attempted to explore?', 'start': 1157.901, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 1162.163, 'text': 'how to build in a lab?', 'start': 1161.102, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1172.073, 'text': "Sure, so, viewed from one direction, what we're talking about is a crazy random seeming of almost unrelated projects.", 'start': 1162.423, 'duration': 9.65}, {'end': 1182.36, 'text': "But if you rotate 90 degrees, it's really just a core thought, over and over again, just very literally, how bits and atoms relate,", 'start': 1172.673, 'duration': 9.687}], 'summary': 'Exploring core thought of how bits and atoms relate in lab projects.', 'duration': 29.561, 'max_score': 1152.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41152799.jpg'}, {'end': 1256.597, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1230.468, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1235.01, 'text': 'He created the post-war research establishment that led to the National Science Foundation.', 'start': 1230.468, 'duration': 4.542}, {'end': 1237.731, 'text': 'And he made an important mistake, which we can talk about.', 'start': 1235.51, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 1243.935, 'text': 'But he also made the differential analyzer, which was the last great analog computer.', 'start': 1238.612, 'duration': 5.323}, {'end': 1246.016, 'text': 'So it was a room full of gears and pulleys.', 'start': 1244.175, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1247.997, 'text': 'And the longer it ran, the worse the answer was.', 'start': 1246.196, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 1256.597, 'text': "And Shannon worked on it as a student and he got so annoyed in his master's thesis he invented digital logic.", 'start': 1249.131, 'duration': 7.466}], 'summary': 'Shannon created the differential analyzer, last analog computer, and invented digital logic.', 'duration': 26.129, 'max_score': 1230.468, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41230468.jpg'}, {'end': 1544.365, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1515.496, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1523.163, 'text': 'Now, compare a child playing with Lego and a state-of-the-art 3D printer or computerized milling machine.', 'start': 1515.496, 'duration': 7.667}, {'end': 1529.515, 'text': 'The tower made by a child is more accurate than their motor control,', 'start': 1524.912, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 1533.398, 'text': 'because the act of snapping the bricks together gives you a constraint on the joints.', 'start': 1529.515, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 1537.761, 'text': 'You can join bricks made out of dissimilar materials.', 'start': 1534.999, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 1544.365, 'text': "You don't need a ruler for Lego because the geometry locally gives you the global parts and there's no Lego trash.", 'start': 1538.461, 'duration': 5.904}], 'summary': "Child's lego tower is more accurate than 3d printer due to constraints on joints and geometry, no need for ruler and no waste.", 'duration': 28.869, 'max_score': 1515.496, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41515496.jpg'}], 'start': 1121.855, 'title': 'Interdisciplinary research and digital manufacturing evolution', 'summary': 'Explores interdisciplinary research in cba, from zeptojoule electronics to space robots, and the evolution of digital manufacturing from computer-controlled machining in 1952 to 3d printing, highlighting error detection, digital materials, and breakthroughs in material creation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1374.419, 'start': 1121.855, 'title': 'Interdisciplinary research in cba', 'summary': 'Discusses the interdisciplinary research in cba, spanning disciplines and length scales, from developing zeptojoule electronics to exploring robots for space structure construction, with a focus on the core idea of how bits and atoms relate, and the foundational work of claude shannon and van neumann in digital logic and computation.', 'duration': 252.564, 'highlights': ["Claude Shannon's invention of modern digital logic and threshold theorem for channel capacity, leading to the foundational work in digital communication and computation. Claude Shannon's master's thesis at MIT led to the invention of modern digital logic and the threshold theorem for channel capacity, which revolutionized digital communication and computation.", "Van Neumann's application of Shannon's work to computation, demonstrating how an unreliable computer can operate reliably by restoring state, contributing to the foundational principles of modern computation. Van Neumann applied Shannon's work to computation, showing how unreliable computers can operate reliably by restoring state, which laid the groundwork for modern computation principles.", 'The interdisciplinary research in CBA, ranging from developing Zeptojoule electronics to exploring robots for space structure construction, with a focus on the core idea of how bits and atoms relate in different domains. The interdisciplinary research in CBA covers a wide range of projects, including developing Zeptojoule electronics and exploring robots for space structure construction, all centered around the core idea of the relationship between bits and atoms in various domains.']}, {'end': 1653.558, 'start': 1375.9, 'title': 'Evolution of digital manufacturing', 'summary': 'Discusses the birth of computer-controlled machining in 1952, the development of 3d printing, and the evolution of digital manufacturing through the example of the ribosome, highlighting the error detection and correction capabilities and the concept of digital materials. it also showcases a breakthrough in creating ultralight, high modulus material using a technique inspired by lego.', 'duration': 277.658, 'highlights': ["The ribosome's ability to detect and correct errors in manufacturing, with error rates of 1 in 10 to the eight during DNA replication, showcases the evolutionary age of digital manufacturing, providing insights into the concept of reliable construction without the need for external measurements. The ribosome's error detection and correction capabilities, with error rates in DNA replication, demonstrate the digital properties of manufacturing and the concept of reliable construction without external measurements.", 'The development of digital materials, analogous to Lego bricks, involves a discrete set of parts with reversible joins and global geometry determined from local constraints, paving the way for digitizing materials and revolutionizing manufacturing techniques. The concept of digital materials, akin to Lego bricks, entails a discrete set of parts with reversible joins and global geometry derived from local constraints, offering a revolutionary approach to digitizing materials and transforming manufacturing processes.', 'The breakthrough in creating ultra-light, high modulus material by employing a technique inspired by Lego, where loops of carbon fiber are reversibly linked in joints with a special geometry, resulted in setting a world record for the highest modulus ultralight material, offering crucial advancements in energy efficiency. The innovative approach of using carbon fiber loops linked in joints with a specific geometry, inspired by Lego, led to achieving a world record for the highest modulus ultralight material, providing significant strides in energy efficiency.']}], 'duration': 531.703, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41121855.jpg', 'highlights': ['The interdisciplinary research in CBA covers a wide range of projects, including developing Zeptojoule electronics and exploring robots for space structure construction, all centered around the core idea of the relationship between bits and atoms in various domains.', "The ribosome's error detection and correction capabilities, with error rates in DNA replication, demonstrate the digital properties of manufacturing and the concept of reliable construction without external measurements.", 'The concept of digital materials, akin to Lego bricks, entails a discrete set of parts with reversible joins and global geometry derived from local constraints, offering a revolutionary approach to digitizing materials and transforming manufacturing processes.', 'The innovative approach of using carbon fiber loops linked in joints with a specific geometry, inspired by Lego, led to achieving a world record for the highest modulus ultralight material, providing significant strides in energy efficiency.', "Van Neumann applied Shannon's work to computation, showing how unreliable computers can operate reliably by restoring state, which laid the groundwork for modern computation principles.", "Claude Shannon's master's thesis at MIT led to the invention of modern digital logic and the threshold theorem for channel capacity, which revolutionized digital communication and computation."]}, {'end': 2393.748, 'segs': [{'end': 1789.54, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1761.715, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1770.081, 'text': 'So to explain that, in biology, primary structure is the code in the messenger RNA that says what the ribosome should build.', 'start': 1761.715, 'duration': 8.366}, {'end': 1775.907, 'text': 'um. secondary structure are geometrical motifs or things like helices or sheets.', 'start': 1770.982, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 1780.972, 'text': 'tertiary structures are functional elements like electron donors or acceptors.', 'start': 1775.907, 'duration': 5.065}, {'end': 1789.54, 'text': 'quaternary structure is things like molecular motors that are moving my mouth or making the synapses work in my brain.', 'start': 1780.972, 'duration': 8.568}], 'summary': 'Biology: primary structure is mrna code; secondary are geometrical motifs; tertiary are functional elements; quaternary are molecular motors.', 'duration': 27.825, 'max_score': 1761.715, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41761715.jpg'}, {'end': 2118.672, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2090.79, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2095.891, 'text': "That's how you can make an elephant from a ribosome, because the assemblers make assemblers.", 'start': 2090.79, 'duration': 5.101}, {'end': 2107.927, 'text': 'So simple building blocks that inside themselves contain the information how to build more building blocks and between each other construct arbitrarily complex objects.', 'start': 2096.342, 'duration': 11.585}, {'end': 2109.428, 'text': 'Right, now let me give you the numbers.', 'start': 2107.947, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 2114.91, 'text': "So let me relate this to, right now we're living in AI mania explosion time.", 'start': 2109.868, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 2118.672, 'text': "Let me relate that to what we're talking about.", 'start': 2115.891, 'duration': 2.781}], 'summary': 'Assemblers make assemblers, leading to arbitrarily complex objects, in the context of ai mania explosion.', 'duration': 27.882, 'max_score': 2090.79, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr42090790.jpg'}, {'end': 2229.976, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2199.13, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2201.551, 'text': "So in computational capacity, it's done, we've caught up.", 'start': 2199.13, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 2209.835, 'text': "But there's eight orders of magnitude difference in the rate at which biology can build versus state of the art manufacturing can build.", 'start': 2202.411, 'duration': 7.424}, {'end': 2212.876, 'text': "And that distinction is what we're talking about.", 'start': 2210.855, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 2221.034, 'text': 'That distinction is not analog, but this deep sense of digital fabrication, of embodying codes in construction.', 'start': 2212.936, 'duration': 8.098}, {'end': 2224.595, 'text': "So a description doesn't describe a thing, but the description becomes the thing.", 'start': 2221.114, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 2229.976, 'text': "So you're saying, I mean, this is one of the cases you're making in that this is this third revolution.", 'start': 2224.915, 'duration': 5.061}], 'summary': 'Biology can build 8 orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art manufacturing, marking a deep digital fabrication revolution.', 'duration': 30.846, 'max_score': 2199.13, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr42199130.jpg'}, {'end': 2393.748, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2353.282, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2360.885, 'text': 'And the students in the class, I would teach them all the skills to use all these tools, and then they would do projects integrating them.', 'start': 2353.282, 'duration': 7.603}, {'end': 2361.766, 'text': 'And they were amazing.', 'start': 2361.025, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 2364.787, 'text': 'So Kelly was a sculptor, no engineering background.', 'start': 2361.846, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 2369.81, 'text': "Her project was she made a device that saves up screams when you're mad and plays them back later.", 'start': 2365.568, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 2374.464, 'text': "Saves up screams when you're mad and plays them back later.", 'start': 2371.381, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 2380.249, 'text': "You scream into this device and it deadens the sound, records it, and then when it's convenient, releases your scream.", 'start': 2374.484, 'duration': 5.765}, {'end': 2389.265, 'text': "Can we just pause on the brilliance of that invention? creation, the art, I don't know, the brilliance.", 'start': 2380.269, 'duration': 8.996}, {'end': 2390.806, 'text': 'Who is this that created this? Kelly Dobson.', 'start': 2389.405, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 2391.807, 'text': 'Kelly Dobson.', 'start': 2391.106, 'duration': 0.701}, {'end': 2393.748, 'text': 'Gone on to do a number of interesting things.', 'start': 2392.147, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Students were taught to use tools to do projects; kelly dobson created a device to save and play screams.', 'duration': 40.466, 'max_score': 2353.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr42353282.jpg'}], 'start': 1654.018, 'title': 'Robotic self-replication and digital fabrication', 'summary': 'Discusses assembly robots creating complex structures and morphing airplanes, with applications in nasa and toyota projects, and the concept of self-replicating robots. it also explores digital fabrication, self-reproducing automata, the hierarchy of structures in biology, the potential of creating life in non-living materials, and the emergence of fab labs with exponential growth.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1760.934, 'start': 1654.018, 'title': 'Robotic self-replication and morphing structures', 'summary': "Discusses the capability of assembly robots to create complex structures and morphing airplanes, including their applications in nasa and toyota projects, and the concept of self-replicating robots, with a comparison to ribosomes' slow but effective assembly process.", 'duration': 106.916, 'highlights': ['The capability of assembly robots to create complex structures and morphing airplanes, including their applications in NASA and Toyota projects The speaker discusses the ability to create wild robots using just a few part types to build structures and mentions the creation of morphing airplanes and super efficiency race cars with NASA and Toyota, respectively.', "The concept of self-replicating robots, with a comparison to ribosomes' slow but effective assembly process The speaker explains the concept of self-replicating robots, highlighting how assembly robots can self-replicate and create giant structures, analogous to ribosomes making an elephant molecule by molecule, emphasizing the potential for robotic self-replication.", 'The potential of assembly robots to correct errors and navigate structures The chapter introduces the idea of assembly robots that can correct their position on structures and navigate along them, providing a new perspective on the capabilities of these robots in building complex structures with error correction and navigation functionalities.']}, {'end': 2393.748, 'start': 1761.715, 'title': 'Digital fabrication and self-reproducing automata', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of digital fabrication and self-reproducing automata, emphasizing the hierarchy of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures in biology, the potential of creating life in non-living materials, and the eight orders of magnitude difference in the rate of building between biology and digital fabrication. it also discusses the emergence of fab labs and their exponential growth, as well as the innovative projects resulting from the integration of digital fabrication tools.', 'duration': 632.033, 'highlights': ['The chapter emphasizes the hierarchy of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures in biology, highlighting the concept of creating life from a limited inventory of 20 parts of amino acids and the potential of digitization of materials to create technology from 20 parts. The hierarchy of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures in biology is explained, showcasing the ability to create all of life from a small inventory of 20 parts of amino acids and the potential of digitization of materials for engineering.', 'The potential of creating life in non-living materials is discussed, referencing the goal of creating self-reproducing automata and the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication. The discussion delves into the significance of creating life in non-living materials, aiming to achieve self-reproducing automata and exploring the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication.', "The eight orders of magnitude difference in the rate of building between biology and digital fabrication is highlighted, emphasizing the distinction in digital fabrication's deep sense of embodying codes in construction and the potential for a third revolution in digital fabrication. The significant difference in the rate of building between biology and digital fabrication is underscored, focusing on the deep sense of embodying codes in construction and the anticipation of a third revolution in digital fabrication.", 'The exponential growth of Fab Labs, with 2,500 digital fabrication community labs in 125 countries and doubling every year and a half, is mentioned, along with the origin of Fab Labs and their role in the digital fabrication community. The exponential growth and global presence of Fab Labs, along with their origin and impact on the digital fabrication community, are highlighted, illustrating their significant role in the field.', 'The innovative projects resulting from the integration of digital fabrication tools, such as creating a device that saves up screams when one is mad and plays them back later, are mentioned, showcasing the versatility and creativity enabled by digital fabrication. The mention of innovative projects, like the creation of a device that saves and plays back screams, demonstrates the diverse and creative applications facilitated by digital fabrication tools.']}], 'duration': 739.73, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr41654018.jpg', 'highlights': ['The exponential growth of Fab Labs, with 2,500 digital fabrication community labs in 125 countries and doubling every year and a half, is mentioned, along with the origin of Fab Labs and their role in the digital fabrication community.', 'The innovative projects resulting from the integration of digital fabrication tools, such as creating a device that saves up screams when one is mad and plays them back later, are mentioned, showcasing the versatility and creativity enabled by digital fabrication.', 'The potential of creating life in non-living materials is discussed, referencing the goal of creating self-reproducing automata and the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication.', 'The capability of assembly robots to create complex structures and morphing airplanes, including their applications in NASA and Toyota projects.', "The concept of self-replicating robots, with a comparison to ribosomes' slow but effective assembly process.", 'The potential of assembly robots to correct errors and navigate structures.', 'The chapter emphasizes the hierarchy of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures in biology, highlighting the concept of creating life from a limited inventory of 20 parts of amino acids and the potential of digitization of materials to create technology from 20 parts.', "The eight orders of magnitude difference in the rate of building between biology and digital fabrication is highlighted, emphasizing the distinction in digital fabrication's deep sense of embodying codes in construction and the potential for a third revolution in digital fabrication."]}, {'end': 3519.946, 'segs': [{'end': 2423.068, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2394.249, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2399.733, 'text': "Mijin, who's gone on to do a number of interesting things, made a dress instrumented with sensors and spines.", 'start': 2394.249, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 2402.715, 'text': 'And when somebody creepy comes close, it would defend your personal space.', 'start': 2399.853, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 2403.876, 'text': 'Also very useful.', 'start': 2403.015, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 2411.441, 'text': 'Another project early on was a web browser for parrots, which have the cognitive ability of a young child and lets parrots surf the internet.', 'start': 2405.037, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 2416.564, 'text': "Another was an alarm clock you wrestle with and prove you're awake.", 'start': 2412.882, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 2423.068, 'text': 'And what connects all of these is, so MIT made the first real-time computer, the Whirlwind.', 'start': 2417.385, 'duration': 5.683}], 'summary': "Mijin created sensor-equipped dress, web browser for parrots, and an alarm clock, all connected through mit's first real-time computer.", 'duration': 28.819, 'max_score': 2394.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr42394249.jpg'}, {'end': 3358.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3332.369, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3340.131, 'text': "And so in the end, the way this is gonna impact society isn't gonna be command and control, it's how the world uses it.", 'start': 3332.369, 'duration': 7.762}, {'end': 3345.373, 'text': "And it's been really gratifying for me to see just how it does.", 'start': 3341.111, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 3348.094, 'text': 'Yeah, but what are the different ways?', 'start': 3345.713, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 3352.676, 'text': 'the evolution of the exponential scaling of digital fabrication can evolve?', 'start': 3348.094, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 3356.618, 'text': 'So you said, yeah, self-replicating nanobots, right?', 'start': 3352.716, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 3358.039, 'text': 'This is the gray goo.', 'start': 3356.698, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'The impact of digital fabrication on society is seen in its exponential scaling and potential for self-replicating nanobots, known as the gray goo.', 'duration': 25.67, 'max_score': 3332.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr43332369.jpg'}], 'start': 2394.249, 'title': "Mit's impact on personal fabrication and self-replicating machines", 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of personal fabrication at mit, with a global impact through thousands of labs worldwide, and ongoing research in self-replicating machines. it also delves into the potential economic impact and societal implications, including concerns about weapon production and distribution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2600.473, 'start': 2394.249, 'title': 'Evolution of personal fabrication at mit', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of personal fabrication at mit, from the use of sensors and spines in a dress to the creation of educational programs for kids, and how the fab labs have become a means for individuals to create rather than just assemble and program.', 'duration': 206.224, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the evolution of personal fabrication at MIT, from the use of sensors and spines in a dress to the creation of educational programs for kids. Mijin created a dress instrumented with sensors and spines to defend personal space, and educational programs for kids were developed as part of the Fab Lab initiative at MIT.', 'The Fab Labs have become a means for individuals to create rather than just assemble and program. The goal of the Fab Labs was to give kids the tools to create, not just assemble and program things, but actually create, fulfilling the arc of kids learning by experimenting.', "MIT's involvement in the early computing industry and the failure to recognize the shift towards personal computing. MIT's creation of the first real-time computer, the Whirlwind, led to the development of mini computers and the internet, but the computing industry at MIT failed to recognize the shift towards personal computing."]}, {'end': 3126.88, 'start': 2600.973, 'title': "Mit's fab lab and self-replicating machines", 'summary': "Discusses mit's fab lab's global impact, with thousands of labs worldwide, and the concept of self-replicating machines, highlighting the scaling and transition of labs and the ongoing research in the lab.", 'duration': 525.907, 'highlights': ["MIT's Fab Lab has a global impact with thousands of labs worldwide The chapter emphasizes the global reach of MIT's Fab Lab, stating that there are thousands of fab labs worldwide.", 'Concept of self-replicating machines and its ongoing research in the lab The discussion of self-replicating machines and ongoing research in the lab, such as the creation of a network of machine builders and the development of super fab labs in different locations.', 'Scaling and transition of labs from buying machines to making machines The chapter outlines the transition of labs from buying machines to making machines, emphasizing the shift towards self-replicating machines and the scaling of the Fab Lab network.']}, {'end': 3311.065, 'start': 3129.889, 'title': 'Future of self-replicating machines', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of self-assembling, self-replicating machines at different scales, highlighting the economic impact and addressing concerns about weapon production and distribution.', 'duration': 181.176, 'highlights': ['Self-replicating machines at different scales are envisioned, with the potential for endless billions of robots, posing economic challenges and a shift towards distributed control. Endless billions of robots, economic impact, shift towards distributed control', 'The ability of machines to self-reproduce is not a significant concern for weapon production, as there is already a well-established supply chain, and hobbyists have been making guns for ages. Existence of well-established supply chain for weapons, lack of significant impact on weapon production', 'The technology of self-replicating machines is not new for biology, but it is new for non-biological systems, indicating a potential shift in economic dynamics. Comparison between biological and non-biological systems, potential shift in economic dynamics']}, {'end': 3519.946, 'start': 3311.565, 'title': 'Impact of digital fabrication on society', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of digital fabrication on society, including the reduction of technological waste, the evolution of fabrication methods, and the potential for malevolent use of the technology.', 'duration': 208.381, 'highlights': ['The real technological change in digital fabrication is the transition from printing and cutting to assembling and disassembling, which reduces inventories and global supply chains, leading to a significant reduction in technological waste.', 'The potential malevolent use of digital fabrication is a concern, similar to the scaling of communication and computation that brought about issues like spam, and there is a need to consider and address this aspect.', 'Digital fabrication has the potential to eliminate technical trash through the reuse of building blocks, which can be particularly advantageous for items at the end of long supply chains, such as satellites on orbit.', 'The chapter also touches upon the evolution of digital fabrication methods, including the shift from additive to subtractive processes and the implications of this transition on technological waste and supply chain management.', 'It highlights the abundance of bright and inventive people as the greatest natural resource, emphasizing the need to harness this potential through social engineering and lab work.']}], 'duration': 1125.697, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr42394249.jpg', 'highlights': ["MIT's Fab Labs have a global impact with thousands of labs worldwide.", 'The chapter discusses the evolution of personal fabrication at MIT, from the use of sensors and spines in a dress to the creation of educational programs for kids.', 'The potential malevolent use of digital fabrication is a concern, similar to the scaling of communication and computation that brought about issues like spam.', 'The real technological change in digital fabrication is the transition from printing and cutting to assembling and disassembling, which reduces inventories and global supply chains.']}, {'end': 3862.359, 'segs': [{'end': 3599.841, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3520.886, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3527.889, 'text': "We're just not gonna get to making everything in a cell phone on a single printer,", 'start': 3520.886, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 3530.93, 'text': 'but I do expect to make everything in a cell phone with an assembler.', 'start': 3527.889, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 3536.752, 'text': "And so instead of printing and cutting technologically, it's this transition to assembling and disassembling.", 'start': 3531.19, 'duration': 5.562}, {'end': 3542.537, 'text': 'Going back to Shannon and von Neumann, going back to the ribosome four billion years ago.', 'start': 3537.912, 'duration': 4.625}, {'end': 3545.72, 'text': 'Now, you come to malevolent.', 'start': 3543.498, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 3558.051, 'text': 'Let me tell you a story about, I was doing a briefing for the National Academy of Sciences group that advises the intelligence communities.', 'start': 3546.42, 'duration': 11.631}, {'end': 3560.963, 'text': 'And I talked about the kind of research we do.', 'start': 3559.102, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 3573.049, 'text': 'And at the very end, I showed a little video clip of Valentina in Ghana, a local girl making surface mount electronics in the Fab Lab.', 'start': 3561.803, 'duration': 11.246}, {'end': 3575.17, 'text': 'And I showed that to this room full of people.', 'start': 3573.429, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3586.995, 'text': 'One of the members of the intelligence community got up livid and said how dare you waste our time showing us a young girl in an African village making service mount electronics?', 'start': 3576.55, 'duration': 10.445}, {'end': 3592.458, 'text': "We're looking at, we need to know about disruptive threats to the future of the United States.", 'start': 3587.515, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 3599.841, 'text': "And somebody else got up in the room and yelled at him and you idiot, I can't think of anything more important than this.", 'start': 3593.958, 'duration': 5.883}], 'summary': 'Transitioning to assembler for making cell phones. impactful global tech progress.', 'duration': 78.955, 'max_score': 3520.886, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr43520886.jpg'}, {'end': 3833.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3776.898, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3782.621, 'text': 'There was a famous meeting at Asilomar in the early days of recombinant DNA,', 'start': 3776.898, 'duration': 5.723}, {'end': 3790.686, 'text': 'where that community recognized the dangers of what it was doing and put in place a regime to help manage it.', 'start': 3782.621, 'duration': 8.065}, {'end': 3799.512, 'text': 'And so that led to the kind of research management MIT has an office that supervises research and it works with the national office.', 'start': 3791.286, 'duration': 8.226}, {'end': 3802.434, 'text': "That works if you can identify who's doing it and where.", 'start': 3799.852, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 3805.376, 'text': "It doesn't work in this world we're describing.", 'start': 3803.494, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 3808.458, 'text': 'So anybody could do this anywhere.', 'start': 3806.436, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 3815.498, 'text': "And so what we found is you can't, contain this, it's already out.", 'start': 3808.878, 'duration': 6.62}, {'end': 3818.76, 'text': "You can't forbid because there isn't command and control.", 'start': 3815.938, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 3824.804, 'text': 'The most useful thing you can do is provide incentives for transparency.', 'start': 3819.261, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 3833.93, 'text': 'But really the heart of what we do is you could do this by yourself in a basement for nefarious reasons,', 'start': 3825.785, 'duration': 8.145}], 'summary': 'Recombinant dna research poses challenges due to decentralized access and lack of control, requiring incentives for transparency.', 'duration': 57.032, 'max_score': 3776.898, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr43776898.jpg'}], 'start': 3520.886, 'title': 'Technology shifts and biotechnology risks', 'summary': 'Discusses the transition to assembling and disassembling technology and the risks of biotechnology advancements, emphasizing the importance of addressing conflicts and potential threats, managing and regulating biotechnology activities, and the need for new approaches to manage risks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3625.145, 'start': 3520.886, 'title': 'Transition to assembling and disassembling', 'summary': 'Discusses the shift from printing and cutting to assembling and disassembling technology, illustrated by a story of a young girl in ghana mastering surface mount electronics, emphasizing its importance in addressing root causes of conflict and potential threats to informational superiority.', 'duration': 104.259, 'highlights': ['The shift to assembling and disassembling technology is emphasized, suggesting a transition from printing and cutting methods (quantifiable data: not specified).', 'The story of a young girl in Ghana mastering surface mount electronics is highlighted, portraying its significance in addressing root causes of conflict and potential threats to informational superiority (quantifiable data: not specified).', "The disagreement between members of the intelligence community regarding the importance of the girl's ability to master surface mount electronics is outlined, underscoring the differing perspectives on its significance in addressing future threats and conflicts (quantifiable data: not specified)."]}, {'end': 3862.359, 'start': 3625.145, 'title': 'Risks of biotechnology advancements', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential risks and implications of advancements in biotechnology, including the ease of creating biological threats and the challenges in managing and regulating such activities, emphasizing the need for incentives for transparency and openness. it also highlights the impact of economic migration and the existential threat posed for the future of the planet. the positive and negative possibilities of these advancements are explored, with a focus on the potential dangers of unregulated biotechnology. the chapter also emphasizes the limitations of traditional control measures and the need for new approaches to manage the risks.', 'duration': 237.214, 'highlights': ['Advancements in biotechnology present both positive and negative possibilities, with the ease of creating biological threats through skills learned in biotechnology, emphasizing the need for proactive management and regulation (e.g., providing incentives for transparency and openness).', 'The impact of economic migration and its fundamental changes in recruitment for terrorism and basic assumptions about the economy are highlighted, underscoring the significant implications for the future of the planet.', 'The limitations of traditional control measures, such as command and control strategies, in managing the risks associated with unregulated biotechnology and the challenges in identifying and containing potential threats are emphasized.', 'The potential risks and challenges in managing the advancements in biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the need for new approaches to incentivize transparency and openness, as well as the limitations of traditional regulatory measures in the context of unregulated biotechnology activities.']}], 'duration': 341.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr43520886.jpg', 'highlights': ['The shift to assembling and disassembling technology is emphasized, suggesting a transition from printing and cutting methods.', 'The story of a young girl in Ghana mastering surface mount electronics is highlighted, portraying its significance in addressing root causes of conflict and potential threats to informational superiority.', "The disagreement between members of the intelligence community regarding the importance of the girl's ability to master surface mount electronics is outlined, underscoring the differing perspectives on its significance in addressing future threats and conflicts.", 'Advancements in biotechnology present both positive and negative possibilities, emphasizing the need for proactive management and regulation.', 'The impact of economic migration and its fundamental changes in recruitment for terrorism and basic assumptions about the economy are highlighted, underscoring the significant implications for the future of the planet.', 'The limitations of traditional control measures, such as command and control strategies, in managing the risks associated with unregulated biotechnology and the challenges in identifying and containing potential threats are emphasized.', 'The potential risks and challenges in managing the advancements in biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the need for new approaches to incentivize transparency and openness, as well as the limitations of traditional regulatory measures in the context of unregulated biotechnology activities.']}, {'end': 4598.441, 'segs': [{'end': 4091.455, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4058.474, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4061.015, 'text': 'AI has found good representations.', 'start': 4058.474, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 4065.336, 'text': "It hasn't found new ways to search, but it's found good representations of search.", 'start': 4061.175, 'duration': 4.161}, {'end': 4072.538, 'text': "And you're saying, that's what biology, that's what evolution has done is created representations structures,", 'start': 4065.476, 'duration': 7.062}, {'end': 4075.619, 'text': 'biological structures through which search is effective.', 'start': 4072.538, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 4085.23, 'text': 'Correct And so the developmental programs in the genome beautifully encapsulate the lessons of AI.', 'start': 4075.639, 'duration': 9.591}, {'end': 4091.455, 'text': "And it's molecular intelligence, it's AI embodied in our genome.", 'start': 4085.47, 'duration': 5.985}], 'summary': "Ai has found good search representations, mirroring biological structures and genome's molecular intelligence.", 'duration': 32.981, 'max_score': 4058.474, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44058474.jpg'}, {'end': 4373.158, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4338.699, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4343.963, 'text': "that's using ISRU, that's using these 20 building blocks and does self-assembly?", 'start': 4338.699, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 4346.866, 'text': 'Yeah, go through primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.', 'start': 4344.143, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 4360.156, 'text': 'You extract properties like conducting, insulating, semiconducting, magnetic, dielectric, flexural.', 'start': 4348.467, 'duration': 11.689}, {'end': 4362.718, 'text': 'These are the kind of roughly 20 properties.', 'start': 4360.797, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 4373.158, 'text': "With those, Those are enough for us to assemble logic and they're enough for us to assemble actuation.", 'start': 4364.44, 'duration': 8.718}], 'summary': 'Isru uses 20 building blocks for self-assembly, enabling logic and actuation.', 'duration': 34.459, 'max_score': 4338.699, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44338699.jpg'}, {'end': 4598.441, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4502.676, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4515.082, 'text': 'In it he made again what I consider an important mistake, which is he described basic research leads to applied research leads to applications,', 'start': 4502.676, 'duration': 12.406}, {'end': 4517.743, 'text': 'leads to commercialization, leads to impact.', 'start': 4515.082, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 4521.665, 'text': 'And so we need to invest in that pipeline.', 'start': 4518.763, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 4536.238, 'text': "The reason I consider it a mistake is almost all of the examples we've been talking about in my lab went backwards that the basic research came from applications.", 'start': 4522.825, 'duration': 13.413}, {'end': 4545.904, 'text': "And further, almost all of the examples we've been talking about came fundamentally from mistakes.", 'start': 4537.599, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 4551.728, 'text': "So essentially everything I've ever worked on has failed.", 'start': 4546.325, 'duration': 5.403}, {'end': 4555.836, 'text': 'but in failing, something better happened.', 'start': 4553.835, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 4559.457, 'text': 'So the way I like to describe it is ready.', 'start': 4556.156, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 4568.081, 'text': 'aim fire is you do your homework, you aim carefully at a target you want to accomplish and if everything goes right,', 'start': 4559.457, 'duration': 8.624}, {'end': 4569.962, 'text': 'you then hit the target and succeed.', 'start': 4568.081, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 4574.764, 'text': 'What I do, you can think of as ready, fire, aim.', 'start': 4571.502, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 4577.085, 'text': 'So you do a lot of work to get ready.', 'start': 4575.184, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 4584.547, 'text': "Then you close your eyes and you don't really think about where you're aiming, but you look very carefully at where you did aim.", 'start': 4578.201, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 4587.911, 'text': 'You aim after you fire.', 'start': 4586.669, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 4598.441, 'text': "The reason that's so important is if you do ready, aim, fire, the best you can hope is hit what you aim at.", 'start': 4589.272, 'duration': 9.169}], 'summary': 'Invest in research pipeline for impactful outcomes, despite failures and mistakes.', 'duration': 95.765, 'max_score': 4502.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44502676.jpg'}], 'start': 3862.499, 'title': 'Future technologies and societal impact', 'summary': 'Delves into the potential of fab labs and creation tools to democratize social systems, modifying developmental programs in genomics, and the concept of basic building blocks for technological civilization, with a focus on societal democratization and technological innovation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3960.829, 'start': 3862.499, 'title': 'Fab labs and the future of creation', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of fab labs and the tools of creation to unlock capacity for good, manage risks, and democratize social systems, emphasizing the importance of designing future technologies and addressing the gap between chip fabrication and individuals.', 'duration': 98.33, 'highlights': ['The potential of Fab Labs and the tools of creation to unlock capacity for good and manage risks, empirically observed from community impact.', 'The importance of designing future technologies and addressing the gap between chip fabrication and individuals to create unimaginable complexity.', 'The discussion of transitioning to machines making machines and utilizing new social systems to manage and democratize them.']}, {'end': 4276.719, 'start': 3963.192, 'title': 'Genomic development and evolutionary design', 'summary': 'Explores how our genome stores developmental programs rather than body plans, the profound implications of modifying developmental programs, and the parallels between molecular intelligence in our genome and the lessons of ai, ultimately leading to the goal of creating life in non-living materials.', 'duration': 313.527, 'highlights': ['Our genome stores developmental programs rather than body plans, leading to the formation of biological structures such as fingers through a series of steps. None', 'Modifying developmental programs allows for significant transformations, such as transitioning from webs for swimming to fingers, and from walking to wings for flying. None', 'AI has found effective representations for search, similar to the representations structures created by evolution in the genome, reflecting the profound parallels between molecular intelligence and AI. None', 'The fundamental problem being addressed involves the transition from representing the design of complex systems to learning how to evolve and create life in non-living materials. None', 'The concept of evolutionary design goes beyond random mutation, embodying deep principles of AI and morphogenesis, ultimately leading to the goal of creating life in non-living materials. None']}, {'end': 4598.441, 'start': 4276.959, 'title': 'Basic building blocks for technological civilization', 'summary': "Discusses the idea of using 20 basic building blocks to create all technology, enabling self-replicating assemblers to bootstrap a civilization on mars and sustainably live on earth, with a focus on the importance of basic research and the concept of 'ready, fire, aim' approach to innovation.", 'duration': 321.482, 'highlights': ['The concept of using 20 basic building blocks to create all technology, enabling self-replicating assemblers to bootstrap a civilization on Mars and sustainably live on Earth. 20 basic building blocks for technology, self-replicating assemblers, civilization on Mars, sustainability on Earth', 'The importance of basic research and the idea that most examples discussed in the lab went backwards, with basic research stemming from applications and often emerging from mistakes. Importance of basic research, research stemming from applications, learning from mistakes', "The 'ready, fire, aim' approach to innovation, emphasizing the process of doing a lot of work to get ready, then aiming after firing, and the significance of aiming after firing. Ready, fire, aim approach, importance of aiming after firing, innovation process"]}], 'duration': 735.942, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr43862499.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential of Fab Labs and creation tools to unlock capacity for good and manage risks, observed from community impact.', 'Transitioning to machines making machines and utilizing new social systems to manage and democratize them.', 'Designing future technologies and addressing the gap between chip fabrication and individuals to create unimaginable complexity.', 'Modifying developmental programs allows for significant transformations, such as transitioning from webs for swimming to fingers, and from walking to wings for flying.', 'AI has found effective representations for search, reflecting the profound parallels between molecular intelligence and AI.', 'The concept of using 20 basic building blocks to create all technology, enabling self-replicating assemblers to bootstrap a civilization on Mars and sustainably live on Earth.', 'The importance of basic research and the idea that most examples discussed in the lab went backwards, with basic research stemming from applications and often emerging from mistakes.', "The 'ready, fire, aim' approach to innovation, emphasizing the process of doing a lot of work to get ready, then aiming after firing."]}, {'end': 5165.43, 'segs': [{'end': 4702.072, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4673.135, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4677.837, 'text': 'To do that, you need non-linearity so that the signal is modulated.', 'start': 4673.135, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 4690.102, 'text': 'And so I was looking for material sources of nonlinearity and that led me to look at how nuclear spins interact.', 'start': 4679.514, 'duration': 10.588}, {'end': 4696.727, 'text': 'Just for spin resonance, the sort of things you use when you like go in an MRI machine.', 'start': 4690.383, 'duration': 6.344}, {'end': 4699.349, 'text': 'And so I was studying how to use that.', 'start': 4697.608, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 4702.072, 'text': 'And it turns out that it was a bad idea.', 'start': 4699.73, 'duration': 2.342}], 'summary': 'Studied nuclear spins for non-linearity, but it was a bad idea.', 'duration': 28.937, 'max_score': 4673.135, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44673135.jpg'}, {'end': 4802.59, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4779.366, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4793.046, 'text': 'I mean just using nuclear spins to do computation in that like What gave you the guts to try to think through this from a digital fabrication perspective,', 'start': 4779.366, 'duration': 13.68}, {'end': 4794.747, 'text': 'actually how to leap from one to the other?', 'start': 4793.046, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 4797.008, 'text': "I wouldn't call it guts, I would call it collaboration.", 'start': 4795.007, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 4802.59, 'text': 'So, at IBM there was this amazing group of like.', 'start': 4797.128, 'duration': 5.462}], 'summary': 'Exploring nuclear spins for computation, emphasizing collaboration at ibm.', 'duration': 23.224, 'max_score': 4779.366, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44779366.jpg'}, {'end': 5029.229, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5003.319, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5011.537, 'text': "So the position of the bubble can switch, it's a switch, it can switch the fluid between two channels.", 'start': 5003.319, 'duration': 8.218}, {'end': 5018.202, 'text': "So now we have one element of switch and it's also a memory because you can detect whether or not a bubble is stored there.", 'start': 5011.997, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 5029.229, 'text': 'Then if two bubbles meet, if you have two channels crossing, a bubble can go through one way or a bubble can go through the other way.', 'start': 5019.182, 'duration': 10.047}], 'summary': 'Bubble switch can route fluid between channels and detect stored bubbles.', 'duration': 25.91, 'max_score': 5003.319, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45003319.jpg'}], 'start': 4598.541, 'title': 'Innovations from unlikely beginnings', 'summary': 'Covers the journey from studying shoplifting tags to contributing to early quantum computing algorithms and the innovation of microfluidic bubble logic, resulting in a 50 cent microscope and techniques for creating synthetic life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4878.424, 'start': 4598.541, 'title': 'From shoplifting tags to quantum computing', 'summary': 'Discusses the journey from studying shoplifting tags to inadvertently contributing to the development of early quantum computing algorithms, led by collaboration and fundamental science breakthroughs.', 'duration': 279.883, 'highlights': ['The journey from studying how to remotely sense materials for shoplifting tags to inadvertently contributing to early quantum computing algorithms.', 'Collaboration with a group of experts in physics and computing, including Charlie Bennett, David DiVincenzo, Ralph Landauer, and Nabeel Amir, led to fundamental breakthroughs.', "Realization that the failed approach for shoplifting tags could be repurposed to program nuclear spins for computing, resulting in the development of Grover's search algorithm and Shor's factoring algorithm."]}, {'end': 5165.43, 'start': 4878.765, 'title': 'Microfluidic bubble logic', 'summary': 'Discusses the innovation of microfluidic bubble logic, which led to the development of a 50 cent microscope and techniques for transplanting genomes to create synthetic life, all stemming from the failure of attempting to build a fluidic ribosome.', 'duration': 286.665, 'highlights': ['The development of microfluidic bubble logic led to the creation of a 50 cent microscope and techniques for transplanting genomes to create synthetic life. The innovation of microfluidic bubble logic resulted in the creation of a 50 cent microscope and the development of techniques for transplanting genomes to create synthetic life, stemming from the failure of attempting to build a fluidic ribosome.', 'The microfluidic bubble logic involved the use of bubbles as switches, memory elements, and logic gates, enabling the creation of a universal computer. The microfluidic bubble logic utilized bubbles as switches, memory elements, and logic gates, allowing the creation of a universal computer, demonstrating the innovation and versatility of this approach.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of embracing failure and learning from it, as it can lead to unexpected breakthroughs and innovations. The chapter highlights the significance of embracing failure and learning from it, as it can result in unexpected breakthroughs and innovations, challenging traditional research management approaches.', 'Geometry plays a crucial role in molecular biology, particularly in the construction and function of molecular machines. The importance of geometry in molecular biology, especially in the construction and function of molecular machines, is underscored, emphasizing the significance of understanding geometry in the field.']}], 'duration': 566.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr44598541.jpg', 'highlights': ["Realization of repurposing failed approach for shoplifting tags to program nuclear spins for computing, leading to the development of Grover's search algorithm and Shor's factoring algorithm.", 'Collaboration with experts in physics and computing, including Charlie Bennett, David DiVincenzo, Ralph Landauer, and Nabeel Amir, resulting in fundamental breakthroughs.', 'Development of microfluidic bubble logic leading to the creation of a 50 cent microscope and techniques for transplanting genomes to create synthetic life.', 'Emphasis on embracing failure and learning from it, leading to unexpected breakthroughs and innovations.', 'Importance of geometry in molecular biology, particularly in the construction and function of molecular machines.']}, {'end': 5887.917, 'segs': [{'end': 5252.983, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5220.812, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5237.955, 'text': 'So, studying thermodynamics, which is exactly the question of, you know that batteries run out and need recharging equipment.', 'start': 5220.812, 'duration': 17.143}, {'end': 5242.917, 'text': "cars get old and fail, yet life doesn't.", 'start': 5237.955, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 5249.821, 'text': "And that's why there's a sense in which life seems to violate thermodynamics, although of course it doesn't.", 'start': 5243.458, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 5252.983, 'text': 'It seems to resist the march towards entropy somehow.', 'start': 5249.841, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Life seems to defy thermodynamics, resisting the march towards entropy.', 'duration': 32.171, 'max_score': 5220.812, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45220812.jpg'}, {'end': 5426.822, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5397.167, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5410.068, 'text': "For many years people tried to explain Maxwell's demon by the energy in the demon looking at the molecule or the energy to open and close the door and nothing ever made sense.", 'start': 5397.167, 'duration': 12.901}, {'end': 5417.995, 'text': 'Finally, Rolf Landauer, one of the colleagues I mentioned at IBM, finally solved the problem.', 'start': 5411.149, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 5426.822, 'text': "He showed that you can explain Maxwell's demon by you need the mind of the demon.", 'start': 5419.356, 'duration': 7.466}], 'summary': "Rolf landauer solved maxwell's demon problem at ibm.", 'duration': 29.655, 'max_score': 5397.167, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45397167.jpg'}, {'end': 5618.044, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5589.976, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5593.858, 'text': 'There was then the first phase of the neural network systems.', 'start': 5589.976, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 5595.159, 'text': "There'd been about five of these.", 'start': 5593.898, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 5600.561, 'text': "In each case on the slope up, it's going to change everything.", 'start': 5595.179, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 5609.88, 'text': 'In each case, what happens is on the slope down, we sort of move the goalposts and it becomes sort of irrelevant.', 'start': 5600.581, 'duration': 9.299}, {'end': 5615.262, 'text': 'So a good example is going up, computer chess was gonna change everything.', 'start': 5609.9, 'duration': 5.362}, {'end': 5618.044, 'text': 'Once computers could play chess, that fundamentally changes the world.', 'start': 5615.362, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'Five phases of neural network systems, each changing the world, e.g., computer chess.', 'duration': 28.068, 'max_score': 5589.976, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45589976.jpg'}, {'end': 5758.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5727.398, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5731.123, 'text': "So we've been speaking about this boundary between bits and atoms.", 'start': 5727.398, 'duration': 3.725}, {'end': 5735.629, 'text': 'So let me ask you about one of the big mysteries of consciousness.', 'start': 5731.804, 'duration': 3.825}, {'end': 5747.225, 'text': "Do you think it comes from somewhere between that boundary? I won't name names, but if you know who I'm talking about, it's probably clear.", 'start': 5736.89, 'duration': 10.335}, {'end': 5758.109, 'text': 'I once did a drive, in fact up to the Mussolini era villa outside Torino, in the early days of what became quantum computing,', 'start': 5747.325, 'duration': 10.784}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the boundary between bits and atoms and the mystery of consciousness in relation to it.', 'duration': 30.711, 'max_score': 5727.398, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45727398.jpg'}, {'end': 5859.722, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5805.776, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5812.38, 'text': 'But the distinction is in quantum computing, quantum information, you need quantum coherence.', 'start': 5805.776, 'duration': 6.604}, {'end': 5824.429, 'text': "And there's a lot of muddled thinking about like collapse of the wave function and claims of quantum computing that garbles just quantum coherence.", 'start': 5813.181, 'duration': 11.248}, {'end': 5832.463, 'text': 'You can think of it as a wave that has very special properties, but these wave-like properties.', 'start': 5827.219, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 5840.328, 'text': "And so there's a small set of places where biology uses quantum mechanics in that deeper sense.", 'start': 5832.763, 'duration': 7.565}, {'end': 5846.012, 'text': 'One is how light is converted to energy in photo systems.', 'start': 5841.388, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 5851.455, 'text': 'It looks like one is olfaction, how your nose is able to tell different smells.', 'start': 5847.433, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 5856.919, 'text': 'Probably one has to do with how birds navigate.', 'start': 5853.376, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 5859.722, 'text': 'how they sense magnetic fields.', 'start': 5858.28, 'duration': 1.442}], 'summary': 'Quantum coherence is crucial in quantum computing and has applications in photo systems, olfaction, and bird navigation.', 'duration': 53.946, 'max_score': 5805.776, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45805776.jpg'}], 'start': 5165.95, 'title': 'Complexity and molecular intelligence', 'summary': "Delves into the intricate hierarchy of biological systems, marveling at the progression to the human brain. it also explores maxwell's demon, embodied ai, molecular intelligence, and the potential role of quantum mechanics in biological processes, and discusses breakthroughs by rolf landauer and charlie at ibm, and the limitations of current ai systems.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5219.691, 'start': 5165.95, 'title': 'Complexity of human biology', 'summary': 'Explores the intricate hierarchy and complexity of biological systems, highlighting the amazement at the progression from simple building blocks to the creation of the human brain.', 'duration': 53.741, 'highlights': ['The hierarchical stack of biological components, from organelles to cells to organs, showcases the complexity of biological systems.', 'The amazement at the ability to build complex structures like the human brain from simple building blocks such as amino acids and molecules.']}, {'end': 5887.917, 'start': 5220.812, 'title': "Maxwell's demon and molecular intelligence", 'summary': "Discusses maxwell's demon and its connection to violating thermodynamics, the concept of embodied ai and molecular intelligence, and the potential role of quantum mechanics in biological processes, while highlighting breakthroughs by rolf landauer and charlie at ibm, and the limitations of current ai systems.", 'duration': 667.105, 'highlights': ["Rolf Landauer's explanation of Maxwell's demon Rolf Landauer's solution to the problem of Maxwell's demon by showing that the demon's mind is essential for explaining the violation of thermodynamics, highlighting the role of memory in reversing the process and the dissipation of energy.", "Charlie's demonstration of computing with low energy Charlie's revelation that computing with low energy is possible by creating computers capable of backward computation, indicating the potential for orders of magnitude more efficient computing, with implications for superconducting computers developed by Cameron at Lincoln Labs.", 'The evolution of AI and its limitations The discussion of the history of AI boom and bust cycles, the current limitations of AI systems in embodying intelligence and the prediction of a future phase involving embodied AI and molecular intelligence surpassing the capabilities of current systems.', 'The role of quantum mechanics in biological processes The exploration of how biology utilizes quantum mechanics, particularly in processes such as light-to-energy conversion in photo systems, olfaction, and bird navigation, shedding light on the potential influence of quantum mechanics on biological functions.']}], 'duration': 721.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45165950.jpg', 'highlights': ['The hierarchical stack of biological components showcases the complexity of biological systems.', 'The amazement at the ability to build complex structures like the human brain from simple building blocks.', "Rolf Landauer's explanation of Maxwell's demon and the role of memory in reversing the process and the dissipation of energy.", "Charlie's revelation that computing with low energy is possible, indicating the potential for more efficient computing.", 'The discussion of the history of AI boom and bust cycles and the current limitations of AI systems in embodying intelligence.', 'The exploration of how biology utilizes quantum mechanics, shedding light on the potential influence of quantum mechanics on biological functions.']}, {'end': 7615.315, 'segs': [{'end': 5996.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5950.676, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5955.519, 'text': 'This may be too much of a technical detail, but it has to do with function approximation.', 'start': 5950.676, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 5966.268, 'text': 'We talked about exponentials, a deep network needs an exponentially larger shallow network to do the same function.', 'start': 5957.26, 'duration': 9.008}, {'end': 5970.711, 'text': 'And that exponential is what gives the power to deep networks.', 'start': 5967.309, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5982.199, 'text': "But what's interesting is the sort of lessons about building these deep architectures and how to train them have really interesting echoes to how brains work.", 'start': 5971.492, 'duration': 10.707}, {'end': 5985.132, 'text': "There's an interesting conversation.", 'start': 5983.471, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5991.454, 'text': "that's sort of coming back of neuroscientists looking over the shoulder of people training these deep networks,", 'start': 5985.132, 'duration': 6.322}, {'end': 5996.195, 'text': 'seeing interesting echoes for how the brain works, interesting parallels with it.', 'start': 5991.454, 'duration': 4.741}], 'summary': 'Deep networks require exponentially larger shallow networks for function approximation, echoing how brains work.', 'duration': 45.519, 'max_score': 5950.676, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45950676.jpg'}, {'end': 6100.113, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6075.714, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 6081.499, 'text': 'it makes you wonder what kind of beauty in the complexity created through digital fabrication.', 'start': 6075.714, 'duration': 5.785}, {'end': 6088.265, 'text': "There's an early peak at that, which is, there's a misleading term, which is generative design.", 'start': 6081.88, 'duration': 6.385}, {'end': 6095.49, 'text': "Generative design is where you don't tell a computer how to design something, you tell the computer what you want it to do.", 'start': 6089.325, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 6100.113, 'text': "That doesn't work, that only works in limited subdomains.", 'start': 6096.451, 'duration': 3.662}], 'summary': 'Generative design creates complexity through digital fabrication, working in limited subdomains.', 'duration': 24.399, 'max_score': 6075.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46075714.jpg'}, {'end': 6422.288, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6393.627, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6397.81, 'text': "And so that's the seat of our molecular intelligence.", 'start': 6393.627, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 6400.472, 'text': 'The maker revolution in biology.', 'start': 6398.831, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 6403.023, 'text': 'Yeah It really is.', 'start': 6401.133, 'duration': 1.89}, {'end': 6405.064, 'text': 'It really is.', 'start': 6403.043, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 6410.805, 'text': "And that's where you can't separate communication, computation, and fabrication.", 'start': 6405.324, 'duration': 5.481}, {'end': 6413.666, 'text': "You can't separate computer science and physical science.", 'start': 6410.965, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 6415.606, 'text': "You can't separate hardware and software.", 'start': 6413.726, 'duration': 1.88}, {'end': 6417.747, 'text': 'They all intersect right at that place.', 'start': 6415.986, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 6422.288, 'text': 'Do you think of our universe as just one giant computation?', 'start': 6419.647, 'duration': 2.641}], 'summary': 'Molecular intelligence is at the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication, revolutionizing biology.', 'duration': 28.661, 'max_score': 6393.627, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46393627.jpg'}, {'end': 6556.586, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6521.554, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6531.156, 'text': "which is if you make a dot on a piece of paper In traditional physics theory there's infinite information in that dot.", 'start': 6521.554, 'duration': 9.602}, {'end': 6534.982, 'text': 'A point has infinite information.', 'start': 6531.897, 'duration': 3.085}, {'end': 6545.84, 'text': "That can't be true because information is a fundamental resource that's connected to energy.", 'start': 6536.725, 'duration': 9.115}, {'end': 6556.586, 'text': 'And in fact one of my favorite questions you can ask a cosmologist to trip them up is ask is information a conserved quantity in the universe??', 'start': 6545.98, 'duration': 10.606}], 'summary': 'A point in traditional physics theory is believed to contain infinite information, but this is not true as information is linked to energy, challenging the idea of infinite information in a point.', 'duration': 35.032, 'max_score': 6521.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46521554.jpg'}, {'end': 6609.468, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6583.327, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6590.091, 'text': "You're taught about X, a variable, which can contain infinite information, but physically that's unrealistic.", 'start': 6583.327, 'duration': 6.764}, {'end': 6593.033, 'text': 'And so physics theories have to find ways to cut that off.', 'start': 6590.531, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 6596.375, 'text': 'So instead,', 'start': 6593.994, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 6609.468, 'text': 'there are a number of people who start with a theory of the universe should start with information and computation as the fundamental resources that explain nature.', 'start': 6596.375, 'duration': 13.093}], 'summary': 'Physics theories adapt to finite information by prioritizing computation and information as fundamental resources.', 'duration': 26.141, 'max_score': 6583.327, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46583327.jpg'}, {'end': 6684.448, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6653.815, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6658.7, 'text': 'Information propagates and interacts, and from there you erect the scaffolding of physics.', 'start': 6653.815, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 6663.866, 'text': 'Now it happens, the words I just said look a lot like quantum field theories.', 'start': 6658.78, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 6674.587, 'text': "but there's an interesting way where, instead of starting with differential equations to get to quantum field theories and quantum field theories,", 'start': 6665.745, 'duration': 8.842}, {'end': 6675.867, 'text': 'you get to quantization.', 'start': 6674.587, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 6684.448, 'text': 'If you start from computation information, you begin sort of quantized and you build up from there.', 'start': 6678.427, 'duration': 6.021}], 'summary': 'Information propagates to build quantum field theories, starting from computation information.', 'duration': 30.633, 'max_score': 6653.815, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46653815.jpg'}, {'end': 6735.885, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6705.963, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6710.068, 'text': 'Let me go a little bit to the personal and the center of bits and atoms.', 'start': 6705.963, 'duration': 4.105}, {'end': 6720.393, 'text': "you have worked with, the students you've worked with, have gone on to do some incredible things in this world,", 'start': 6711.627, 'duration': 8.766}, {'end': 6725.317, 'text': 'including build supercomputers that power Facebook and Twitter, and so on.', 'start': 6720.393, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 6728.439, 'text': 'What advice would you give to young people?', 'start': 6726.598, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 6731.181, 'text': 'What advice have you given them?', 'start': 6728.82, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 6735.885, 'text': 'how to have one heck of a great career, one heck of a great life?', 'start': 6731.181, 'duration': 4.704}], 'summary': "Advice for young people on building a successful career and life, with examples of former students' achievements.", 'duration': 29.922, 'max_score': 6705.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr46705963.jpg'}, {'end': 7225.874, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7198.326, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7215.739, 'text': "One way is this community making crosses many sensitive sectarian boundaries in many parts of the world where there's just implicit or explicit conflict.", 'start': 7198.326, 'duration': 17.413}, {'end': 7222.572, 'text': 'but sort of this act of making seems to transcend a lot of historical divisions.', 'start': 7215.739, 'duration': 6.833}, {'end': 7225.874, 'text': "I don't say that philosophically, I just say that as an observation.", 'start': 7222.732, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Community creates crosses to transcend historical divisions in conflict zones.', 'duration': 27.548, 'max_score': 7198.326, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr47198326.jpg'}, {'end': 7374.252, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7337.643, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7340.005, 'text': "I'm not sure if Ray Kurzweil is listening, if he is.", 'start': 7337.643, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 7340.625, 'text': 'Hi, Ray.', 'start': 7340.065, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 7347.51, 'text': 'But I have a complex relationship with Ray because a lot of the things he projects I find annoying.', 'start': 7340.645, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 7357.433, 'text': "But then he does his homework and then, somewhat annoyingly, he points out how almost everything I'm doing fits on his roadmaps.", 'start': 7348.703, 'duration': 8.73}, {'end': 7374.252, 'text': "And so the question is, are we heading towards a singularity? So I'd have to say I lean towards sigmoids rather than exponentials.", 'start': 7359.815, 'duration': 14.437}], 'summary': 'Complex relationship with ray kurzweil, leaning towards sigmoids over exponentials.', 'duration': 36.609, 'max_score': 7337.643, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr47337643.jpg'}, {'end': 7426.125, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7393.047, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7402.766, 'text': 'but you know, The selfish gene answer to the meaning of life is the meaning of life is the propagation of life.', 'start': 7393.047, 'duration': 9.719}, {'end': 7417.529, 'text': 'And so, it was a step for atoms to assemble into a molecule, for molecules to assemble into a protocell.', 'start': 7403.906, 'duration': 13.623}, {'end': 7426.125, 'text': 'for the protocell to form to then form organelles, for the organ cells to form organs, the organs to form an organism.', 'start': 7418.561, 'duration': 7.564}], 'summary': "Selfish gene theory: life's meaning is propagation through molecular assembly.", 'duration': 33.078, 'max_score': 7393.047, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr47393047.jpg'}], 'start': 5888.037, 'title': 'Quantum mechanics, molecular intelligence, and the maker movement', 'summary': "Examines the lack of evidence for quantum mechanics in cognition, molecular intelligence's role in complexity, and the evolution of the maker movement with emphasis on societal impact and challenges.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6338.893, 'start': 5888.037, 'title': 'Quantum mechanics in biology and digital fabrication', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of evidence for quantum mechanics in cognition and consciousness, the divergence of deep learning from understanding the brain, and the potential of digital fabrication to create complex designs. it also explores the computational universality and fabricational complexity.', 'duration': 450.856, 'highlights': ['The lack of evidence for quantum mechanics in cognition and consciousness is discussed, with no experimental evidence pointing to the need for quantum mechanics in neurobiology. Lack of evidence for quantum mechanics in cognition and consciousness, no experimental evidence in neurobiology.', 'The divergence of deep neural networks used in machine learning from understanding the brain is emphasized, with interesting parallels between building deep architectures and training them and how brains work. Divergence of deep learning from understanding the brain, interesting parallels between building deep architectures and how brains work.', 'The potential of digital fabrication to create complex designs is explored, highlighting generative design and topology optimization for structure, which results in organic-looking designs resembling natural forms. Potential of digital fabrication for complex designs, generative design and topology optimization for organic-looking designs.', 'The concept of computational universality and fabricational complexity is discussed, including the ability to grow, adapt, and evolve through connecting computational universality to fabricational universality. Discussion of computational universality and fabricational complexity, ability to grow, adapt, and evolve through connected universality.']}, {'end': 6884.877, 'start': 6340.575, 'title': 'Molecular intelligence and the universe as a computer', 'summary': 'Discusses how molecular intelligence gives rise to complexity, the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication in biology, the limited impact of quantum computing, and the fundamental role of information and computation in understanding the universe as a computer, and advises on pursuing a fulfilling career and tapping into the potential of bright, inventive individuals.', 'duration': 544.302, 'highlights': ['Molecular intelligence is the key to understanding the complexity arising from a relatively small amount of information in the genome, enabling existence, reproduction, growth, and evolution. Molecular intelligence and its role in enabling existence, reproduction, growth, and evolution.', 'The intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication in biology is pivotal, as computer science and physical science, hardware, and software all converge at this point. The pivotal role of the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication in biology.', "Quantum computing's impact is limited, primarily being effective in modeling other quantum systems and studying nanotechnology, rather than being a disruptive force in changing everything. The limited impact of quantum computing in changing everything.", "Information and computation are posited as the fundamental resources that explain nature, offering new ways to comprehend the universe's workings and its physical theories. The proposition of information and computation as fundamental resources to explain nature and comprehend the universe's workings.", 'The advice for pursuing a fulfilling career emphasizes the importance of loving what one does, believing in it, and being driven by passion rather than focusing solely on achieving tenure or success. The importance of passion and belief in pursuing a fulfilling career.', 'Tapping into the potential of bright, inventive individuals is seen as a valuable resource, with the need to create an environment where such individuals can flourish and contribute to society. The potential of bright, inventive individuals as a valuable resource for society.']}, {'end': 7615.315, 'start': 6884.977, 'title': 'The maker movement and the future of fab labs', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of the maker movement, the growth of fab labs from a thousand to a million, the concept of personal digital fabrication, and the potential societal impact and challenges of this movement, emphasizing the significance of community making, sustainability, and the meaning of life in the context of digital fabrication.', 'duration': 730.338, 'highlights': ['The growth of Fab Labs from a thousand to a million The chapter emphasizes the expansion of Fab Labs from a thousand to a million, indicating a significant growth in the maker movement.', 'The concept of personal digital fabrication It discusses the idea of personal digital fabrication and its potential impact, suggesting a shift towards individualized production processes.', 'The significance of community making and sustainability The discussion emphasizes the importance of community making and its potential to transcend historical divisions, as well as the potential to connect modern society to older notions of sustainability.', 'Challenges and societal impact of digital fabrication The chapter delves into the potential challenges and societal impact of digital fabrication, highlighting the need to rethink fundamental assumptions about society and the potential for deeper personal meaning through the maker movement.']}], 'duration': 1727.278, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/YDjOS0VHEr4/pics/YDjOS0VHEr45888037.jpg', 'highlights': ['Lack of evidence for quantum mechanics in cognition and consciousness, no experimental evidence in neurobiology.', 'Divergence of deep learning from understanding the brain, interesting parallels between building deep architectures and how brains work.', 'Potential of digital fabrication for complex designs, generative design and topology optimization for organic-looking designs.', 'Discussion of computational universality and fabricational complexity, ability to grow, adapt, and evolve through connected universality.', 'Molecular intelligence and its role in enabling existence, reproduction, growth, and evolution.', 'The pivotal role of the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication in biology.', 'The limited impact of quantum computing in changing everything.', "The proposition of information and computation as fundamental resources to explain nature and comprehend the universe's workings.", 'The importance of passion and belief in pursuing a fulfilling career.', 'The potential of bright, inventive individuals as a valuable resource for society.', 'The chapter emphasizes the expansion of Fab Labs from a thousand to a million, indicating a significant growth in the maker movement.', 'It discusses the idea of personal digital fabrication and its potential impact, suggesting a shift towards individualized production processes.', 'The discussion emphasizes the importance of community making and its potential to transcend historical divisions, as well as the potential to connect modern society to older notions of sustainability.', 'The chapter delves into the potential challenges and societal impact of digital fabrication, highlighting the need to rethink fundamental assumptions about society and the potential for deeper personal meaning through the maker movement.']}], 'highlights': ['Robotic self-assembly can build giant structures and solve important problems.', "MIT's role in addressing the undervaluing of 'illiberal arts' since the Renaissance.", 'Exploration of the computational capacity of musical instruments and collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma.', 'Unforeseen applications of research in airbag safety technology.', 'Elysis became a $100 million a year business making sensors derived from a Penn & Teller magic trick.', 'The NSF funded a facility of one of almost every tool to make anything, leading to the launch of CBA.', 'The interdisciplinary research in CBA covers a wide range of projects, including developing Zeptojoule electronics and exploring robots for space structure construction, all centered around the core idea of the relationship between bits and atoms in various domains.', 'The concept of digital materials, akin to Lego bricks, entails a discrete set of parts with reversible joins and global geometry derived from local constraints, offering a revolutionary approach to digitizing materials and transforming manufacturing processes.', 'The exponential growth of Fab Labs, with 2,500 digital fabrication community labs in 125 countries and doubling every year and a half, is mentioned, along with the origin of Fab Labs and their role in the digital fabrication community.', 'The potential of creating life in non-living materials is discussed, referencing the goal of creating self-reproducing automata and the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication.', 'The shift to assembling and disassembling technology is emphasized, suggesting a transition from printing and cutting methods.', 'The story of a young girl in Ghana mastering surface mount electronics is highlighted, portraying its significance in addressing root causes of conflict and potential threats to informational superiority.', 'The potential risks and challenges in managing the advancements in biotechnology are discussed, emphasizing the need for new approaches to incentivize transparency and openness, as well as the limitations of traditional regulatory measures in the context of unregulated biotechnology activities.', 'The potential of Fab Labs and creation tools to unlock capacity for good and manage risks, observed from community impact.', "Realization of repurposing failed approach for shoplifting tags to program nuclear spins for computing, leading to the development of Grover's search algorithm and Shor's factoring algorithm.", 'Emphasis on embracing failure and learning from it, leading to unexpected breakthroughs and innovations.', 'The hierarchical stack of biological components showcases the complexity of biological systems.', 'The amazement at the ability to build complex structures like the human brain from simple building blocks.', 'The discussion of the history of AI boom and bust cycles and the current limitations of AI systems in embodying intelligence.', 'The exploration of how biology utilizes quantum mechanics, shedding light on the potential influence of quantum mechanics on biological functions.', 'Potential of digital fabrication for complex designs, generative design and topology optimization for organic-looking designs.', 'The pivotal role of the intersection of communication, computation, and fabrication in biology.', "The proposition of information and computation as fundamental resources to explain nature and comprehend the universe's workings.", 'The importance of passion and belief in pursuing a fulfilling career.', 'The potential of bright, inventive individuals as a valuable resource for society.', 'The chapter emphasizes the expansion of Fab Labs from a thousand to a million, indicating a significant growth in the maker movement.', 'The discussion emphasizes the importance of community making and its potential to transcend historical divisions, as well as the potential to connect modern society to older notions of sustainability.', 'The chapter delves into the potential challenges and societal impact of digital fabrication, highlighting the need to rethink fundamental assumptions about society and the potential for deeper personal meaning through the maker movement.']}