title
Lee Smolin: Quantum Gravity and Einstein's Unfinished Revolution | Lex Fridman Podcast #79

description
Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity, and a contributor of many interesting ideas to cosmology, quantum field theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, theoretical biology, and the philosophy of science. He is the author of several books including one that critiques the state of physics and string theory called The Trouble with Physics, and his latest book, Einstein's Unfinished Revolution: The Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it & use code "LexPodcast": Cash App (App Store): https://apple.co/2sPrUHe Cash App (Google Play): https://bit.ly/2MlvP5w PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 EPISODE LINKS: Books mentioned: - Einstein's Unfinished Revolution by Lee Smolin: https://amzn.to/2TsF5c3 - The Trouble With Physics by Lee Smolin: https://amzn.to/2v1FMzy - Against Method by Paul Feyerabend: https://amzn.to/2VOPXCD OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 3:03 - What is real? 5:03 - Scientific method and scientific progress 24:57 - Eric Weinstein and radical ideas in science 29:32 - Quantum mechanics and general relativity 47:24 - Sean Carroll and many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics 55:33 - Principles in science 57:24 - String theory CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': "Lee Smolin: Quantum Gravity and Einstein's Unfinished Revolution | Lex Fridman Podcast #79", 'heatmap': [{'end': 211.712, 'start': 163.029, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 1216.073, 'start': 1172.118, 'weight': 0.758}, {'end': 1426.844, 'start': 1382.409, 'weight': 0.84}, {'end': 2516.182, 'start': 2470.385, 'weight': 0.761}], 'summary': "The podcast features theoretical physicist lee smolin discussing critiques of physics, string theory, insights into the universe, human mind, ai, history of money, cryptocurrency, reality, perception, scientific method, scientific progress, technological advancements, physics progress, realism vs anti-realism, einstein's unfinished revolution, locality in physics, many worlds interpretation, problems with born rule, and evolution of string theory and quantum gravity.", 'chapters': [{'end': 167.873, 'segs': [{'end': 29.311, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.049, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2.311, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Lee Smolin.', 'start': 0.049, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 11.377, 'text': "He's a theoretical physicist, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity and a contributor of many interesting ideas to cosmology, quantum field theory,", 'start': 2.931, 'duration': 8.446}, {'end': 15.52, 'text': 'the foundations of quantum mechanics, theoretical biology and the philosophy of science.', 'start': 11.377, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 24.167, 'text': "He's the author of several books, including one that critiques the state of physics and string theory, called The Trouble with Physics,", 'start': 16.441, 'duration': 7.726}, {'end': 29.311, 'text': "and his latest book, Einstein's Unfinished Revolution The Search for What Lies Beyond the Quantum.", 'start': 24.167, 'duration': 5.144}], 'summary': 'Lee smolin, a theoretical physicist, has contributed to various fields and authored books criticizing physics and string theory.', 'duration': 29.262, 'max_score': 0.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU49.jpg'}, {'end': 90.475, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 61.235, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 65.138, 'text': "You might be asking why talk to physicists if you're interested in AI?", 'start': 61.235, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 70.703, 'text': 'To me, creating artificial intelligence systems requires more than Python and deep learning.', 'start': 66.219, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 77.449, 'text': 'It requires that we return to exploring the fundamental nature of the universe and the human mind.', 'start': 71.484, 'duration': 5.965}, {'end': 81.972, 'text': 'Theoretical physicists venture out into the dark, mysterious,', 'start': 78.59, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 86.956, 'text': 'psychologically challenging place of first principles more than almost any other discipline.', 'start': 81.972, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 90.475, 'text': 'This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.', 'start': 88.174, 'duration': 2.301}], 'summary': 'Physicists provide insight into fundamental nature for ai development.', 'duration': 29.24, 'max_score': 61.235, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU61235.jpg'}, {'end': 178.202, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 142.75, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 146.552, 'text': 'The US dollar, of course, created over 200 years ago.', 'start': 142.75, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 152.375, 'text': 'And Bitcoin, the first decentralized cryptocurrency, was released just over 10 years ago.', 'start': 147.072, 'duration': 5.303}, {'end': 160.7, 'text': 'So, given that history, cryptocurrency is still very much in its early days of development, but it still is aiming to, and just might,', 'start': 152.915, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 162.281, 'text': 'redefine the nature of money.', 'start': 160.7, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 167.873, 'text': 'If you get Cash App from the App Store or Google Play and use the code LexPodcast,', 'start': 163.029, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 178.202, 'text': "you'll get $10 and Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST one of my favorite organizations that is helping to advance robotics and STEM education for young people around the world.", 'start': 167.873, 'duration': 10.329}], 'summary': 'Cryptocurrency, including bitcoin, is still in early development but aims to redefine money; cash app offers $10 with code lexpodcast.', 'duration': 35.452, 'max_score': 142.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU142750.jpg'}], 'start': 0.049, 'title': "Lee smolin's insights", 'summary': "Delves into theoretical physicist lee smolin's critiques of physics and string theory, his insights into the universe, human mind, and ai, and the history of money and cryptocurrency.", 'chapters': [{'end': 167.873, 'start': 0.049, 'title': 'Lee smolin: exploring the universe', 'summary': 'Explores the insights of theoretical physicist lee smolin, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity, who critiques the state of physics and string theory, and discusses the fundamental nature of the universe and the human mind, in the context of ai, while also delving into the history of money and cryptocurrency.', 'duration': 167.824, 'highlights': ['Lee Smolin is a theoretical physicist and co-inventor of loop quantum gravity, known for critiquing the state of physics and string theory, and author of books on these topics.', 'Theoretical physicists explore the fundamental nature of the universe and the human mind, making their insights relevant to the development of artificial intelligence systems.', 'The episode also delves into the history of money and cryptocurrency, discussing the Ascent of Money book and the evolution of currency from ledgers 30,000 years ago to the release of Bitcoin over a decade ago.']}], 'duration': 167.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU49.jpg', 'highlights': ['Lee Smolin critiques physics and string theory, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity', "Theoretical physicists' insights relevant to the development of AI systems", 'Discussion on the history of money and cryptocurrency, from ledgers to Bitcoin release']}, {'end': 680.245, 'segs': [{'end': 214.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 186.485, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 194.904, 'text': "Put another way, how do we know what is real and what is merely a creation of our human perception and imagination? We don't know.", 'start': 186.485, 'duration': 8.419}, {'end': 196.245, 'text': "We don't know.", 'start': 195.665, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 197.205, 'text': 'This is science.', 'start': 196.285, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 199.126, 'text': "I presume we're talking about science.", 'start': 197.325, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 211.712, 'text': 'And we believe, or I believe, that there is a world that is independent of my existence and my experience about it and my knowledge of it.', 'start': 200.227, 'duration': 11.485}, {'end': 214.573, 'text': 'And this I call the real world.', 'start': 212.792, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Science questions reality, affirms existence of independent real world.', 'duration': 28.088, 'max_score': 186.485, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU186485.jpg'}, {'end': 301.866, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 267.92, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 275.887, 'text': 'What we experience is constructed by our brains and by our brains in an active mode.', 'start': 267.92, 'duration': 7.967}, {'end': 281.928, 'text': "um so we don't see the raw world.", 'start': 277.524, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 283.85, 'text': 'we see a very processed world.', 'start': 281.928, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 290.176, 'text': 'we feel something was very processed through our brains and our brains are incredible.', 'start': 283.85, 'duration': 6.326}, {'end': 301.866, 'text': "but i still believe that behind that experience, that mirror veil, or whatever you want to call it, there is a real world, and i'm curious about it.", 'start': 290.176, 'duration': 11.69}], 'summary': 'Our brains construct our processed reality, but there is a real world beyond.', 'duration': 33.946, 'max_score': 267.92, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU267920.jpg'}, {'end': 492.816, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 447.535, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 453.037, 'text': 'A realist is somebody who believes in this real objective world, which is independent of our perception.', 'start': 447.535, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 460.144, 'text': "If I'm a realist, I think that to be right is to come closer.", 'start': 453.117, 'duration': 7.027}, {'end': 462.205, 'text': "I think, first of all, there's a relative scale.", 'start': 460.285, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 463.485, 'text': "There's not right and wrong.", 'start': 462.225, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 466.466, 'text': "There's right or more right and less right.", 'start': 463.505, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 473.028, 'text': "And you're more right if you come closer to an exact true description of that real world.", 'start': 467.006, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 475.129, 'text': 'Now, can we know that for sure? No.', 'start': 473.088, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 484.108, 'text': "And the scientific method is ultimately what allows us to get a sense of how close we're getting to that real world? No on two counts.", 'start': 476.109, 'duration': 7.999}, {'end': 486.353, 'text': 'First of all, I do not believe it is a scientific method.', 'start': 484.168, 'duration': 2.185}, {'end': 492.816, 'text': 'I was very influenced, when I was in graduate school, by the writings of Paul Feyerabend,', 'start': 488.315, 'duration': 4.501}], 'summary': 'Realists believe in an objective world, aiming for a more accurate description. the scientific method helps gauge proximity to truth.', 'duration': 45.281, 'max_score': 447.535, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU447535.jpg'}, {'end': 601.417, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 576.439, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 585.242, 'text': 'So in that community, a set of ideas they operate under, meaning ethically, of kind of the rules of the game they operate under.', 'start': 576.439, 'duration': 8.803}, {'end': 590.665, 'text': "Don't lie, report all your results, whether they agree or don't agree with your hypothesis.", 'start': 585.523, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 601.417, 'text': 'check the training of a scientist mostly consists of methods of checking because again, we make lots of mistakes.', 'start': 593.052, 'duration': 8.365}], 'summary': 'Community emphasizes ethical conduct: no lying, reporting all results, and rigorous training in scientific methods.', 'duration': 24.978, 'max_score': 576.439, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU576439.jpg'}, {'end': 680.245, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 653.871, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 660.954, 'text': 'And when you get to the point where you can produce that kind of defense and argument, then they give you a PhD.', 'start': 653.871, 'duration': 7.083}, {'end': 663.736, 'text': "And you're kind of licensed.", 'start': 662.275, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 670.699, 'text': "You're still going to be questioned and you still may propose or publish mistakes,", 'start': 663.956, 'duration': 6.743}, {'end': 675.562, 'text': 'but the community is going to have to waste less time fixing your mistakes.', 'start': 670.699, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 680.245, 'text': 'Yes, But if you can maybe linger on it a little longer,', 'start': 675.862, 'duration': 4.383}], 'summary': 'Phd defense produces licensed experts, saves community time.', 'duration': 26.374, 'max_score': 653.871, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU653871.jpg'}], 'start': 167.873, 'title': 'Reality, perception, and scientific method', 'summary': 'Explores reality, perception, and scientific method in science, including brain processing, tools of math and physics, community-bound ethical precepts, rigorous training for scientists, and the process for obtaining a phd.', 'chapters': [{'end': 473.028, 'start': 167.873, 'title': 'Reality and perception in science', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of reality and perception, discussing the belief in an independent real world, the processing of experiences by the brain, and the tools of math and physics as means of grasping the real world.', 'duration': 305.155, 'highlights': ['There is a world that is independent of my existence and my experience about it and my knowledge of it, which I call the real world. Lee Smolin believes in the existence of a world independent of human perception, experience, and knowledge, which he refers to as the real world.', 'What we experience is constructed by our brains and by our brains in an active mode. The human brain actively constructs the experiences we perceive, indicating that our perception of the world is processed and shaped by our brains.', "To be right is to come closer to an exact true description of that real world. According to Lee Smolin, being 'right' is relative and involves coming closer to an accurate description of the real world, emphasizing the belief in an independent, objective reality."]}, {'end': 680.245, 'start': 473.088, 'title': 'The scientific method and training of scientists', 'summary': 'Discusses the absence of a scientific method, emphasizing the community-bound ethical precepts and the rigorous training required for scientists, as well as the process for obtaining a phd.', 'duration': 207.157, 'highlights': ['The absence of a scientific method is emphasized, with the influence of philosopher Paul Feyerabend, who argued against the existence of a scientific method, backed by logic and historical examples.', 'The scientific community operates under ethical precepts, including the obligation to report all results and the necessity for rigorous checking and double-checking due to human error.', 'The rigorous training of scientists involves the ability to form a convincing defense for their work, with the goal of obtaining a PhD and being licensed by the community to minimize mistakes and wasted time.']}], 'duration': 512.372, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU167873.jpg', 'highlights': ['Lee Smolin believes in the existence of a world independent of human perception, experience, and knowledge, which he refers to as the real world.', 'The human brain actively constructs the experiences we perceive, indicating that our perception of the world is processed and shaped by our brains.', "According to Lee Smolin, being 'right' is relative and involves coming closer to an accurate description of the real world, emphasizing the belief in an independent, objective reality.", 'The scientific community operates under ethical precepts, including the obligation to report all results and the necessity for rigorous checking and double-checking due to human error.', 'The rigorous training of scientists involves the ability to form a convincing defense for their work, with the goal of obtaining a PhD and being licensed by the community to minimize mistakes and wasted time.', 'The absence of a scientific method is emphasized, with the influence of philosopher Paul Feyerabend, who argued against the existence of a scientific method, backed by logic and historical examples.']}, {'end': 958.985, 'segs': [{'end': 712.329, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 680.245, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 687.37, 'text': "what's the gap between the thing that that community does and the ideal of the scientific method?", 'start': 680.245, 'duration': 7.125}, {'end': 693.475, 'text': 'The scientific method is, you should be able to repeat and experiment.', 'start': 688.611, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 704.041, 'text': "there's a lot of elements to what construes the scientific method, but the final result, the hope of it,", 'start': 696.333, 'duration': 7.708}, {'end': 712.329, 'text': 'is that you should be able to say with some confidence that a particular thing is close to the truth.', 'start': 704.041, 'duration': 8.288}], 'summary': 'The gap between community practice and the scientific method is the ability to repeat experiments and confidently approach truth.', 'duration': 32.084, 'max_score': 680.245, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU680245.jpg'}, {'end': 811.96, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 759.645, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 769.136, 'text': "And so you've got to get an interconnected bunch of cases And work hard to line up and explain.", 'start': 759.645, 'duration': 9.491}, {'end': 775.862, 'text': 'It took centuries to make the transition from Aristotelian physics to the new physics.', 'start': 769.216, 'duration': 6.646}, {'end': 782.062, 'text': "It wasn't done until Newton in 1680-something, 1687.", 'start': 775.943, 'duration': 6.119}, {'end': 787.604, 'text': 'So what do you think is the nature of the process that seems to lead to progress?', 'start': 782.062, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 793.447, 'text': 'If we at least look at the long arc of science, of all the community of scientists,', 'start': 788.065, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 801.29, 'text': 'they seem to do a better job of coming up with ideas that engineers can then take on and build rockets with,', 'start': 793.447, 'duration': 7.843}, {'end': 805.672, 'text': 'or build computers with or build cool stuff with.', 'start': 801.29, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 807.012, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 806.492, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 811.96, 'text': 'A better job than what? than the previous century.', 'start': 807.313, 'duration': 4.647}], 'summary': 'Transition from aristotelian physics to new physics took centuries, completed by newton in 1687. scientists do a better job in generating ideas for engineers to build practical applications.', 'duration': 52.315, 'max_score': 759.645, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU759645.jpg'}, {'end': 958.985, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 832.15, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 841.216, 'text': 'But if you look through centuries, the century before Newton and the century after Newton,', 'start': 832.15, 'duration': 9.066}, {'end': 850.983, 'text': 'it seems like a lot of ideas came closer to the truth that then could be usable by our civilization to build the iPhone.', 'start': 841.216, 'duration': 9.767}, {'end': 855.427, 'text': 'Yeah to build cool things that improve our quality of life.', 'start': 851.083, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 859.692, 'text': "That's the progress I'm kind of referring to.", 'start': 855.928, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 861.654, 'text': 'Can I say that more precisely? Yes.', 'start': 860.012, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 863.496, 'text': "It's a low bar.", 'start': 863.036, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 868.602, 'text': "Because I think it's important to get the time places right.", 'start': 863.516, 'duration': 5.086}, {'end': 881.259, 'text': 'There was a scientific revolution that partly succeeded between about 1900 or late 1890s and into the 1930s,', 'start': 869.943, 'duration': 11.316}, {'end': 889.506, 'text': '1940s and maybe some if you stretched it into the 1970s.', 'start': 881.259, 'duration': 8.247}, {'end': 897.333, 'text': 'And the technology, this was the discovery of relativity, and that included a lot of developments of electromagnetism.', 'start': 890.487, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 905.658, 'text': "The confirmation, which wasn't really well confirmed into the 20th century, that matter was made of atoms.", 'start': 898.414, 'duration': 7.244}, {'end': 911.581, 'text': 'And the whole picture of nuclei with electrons going around, this is early 20th century.', 'start': 906.758, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 913.842, 'text': 'And then quantum mechanics.', 'start': 912.581, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 929.489, 'text': 'was from 1905, took a long time to develop to the late 1920s, and then it was basically in final form and the basis of this partial revolution.', 'start': 915.419, 'duration': 14.07}, {'end': 933.052, 'text': "we can come back to why it's only a partial revolution.", 'start': 929.489, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 935.974, 'text': 'um, is the basis of the technologies you mentioned?', 'start': 933.052, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 942.816, 'text': 'all of I mean electrical technology was being developed slowly with this.', 'start': 937.253, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 944.037, 'text': 'And in fact,', 'start': 942.896, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 956.744, 'text': "there's a close relation between the development of electricity and the electrification of cities in the United States and Europe and so forth,", 'start': 944.037, 'duration': 12.707}, {'end': 958.985, 'text': 'and the development of this science.', 'start': 956.744, 'duration': 2.241}], 'summary': 'Scientific revolution from 1890s to 1970s led to technological advancements like electricity and quantum mechanics, contributing to the development of the iphone and improving quality of life.', 'duration': 126.835, 'max_score': 832.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU832150.jpg'}], 'start': 680.245, 'title': 'Scientific progress and technological advancements', 'summary': "Discusses the gap between scientific method and community practices using the historical case of galileo's experiment, and examines the nature of progress in science, including the role of engineers and the long arc of scientific development. it also delves into the scientific progress from the 19th to the 20th century, leading to technological advancements like the development of electricity and the iphone.", 'chapters': [{'end': 811.96, 'start': 680.245, 'title': 'Scientific method and progress in science', 'summary': "Discusses the gap between the scientific method and community practices, exemplified by the historical case of galileo's experiment, and examines the nature of the process leading to progress in science, including the role of engineers and the long arc of scientific development.", 'duration': 131.715, 'highlights': ["The scientific method's ideal of repeatability and confidence in results is contrasted with community practices, as illustrated by the historical case of Galileo's experiment and the conflicting interpretations of the results by Galileo and the Aristotelians.", 'The chapter examines the nature of the process leading to progress in science, highlighting the role of the scientific community in generating ideas that engineers can use to develop advanced technologies, indicating a continuous improvement over time.', "The transition from Aristotelian physics to the new physics, exemplified by the long process from Galileo's time to Newton's contributions in 1687, demonstrates the interconnected and challenging nature of scientific progress over centuries."]}, {'end': 958.985, 'start': 812.58, 'title': 'Scientific progress and technological revolution', 'summary': 'Discusses the scientific progress from the 19th to the 20th century, leading to technological advancements, such as the development of electricity and the iphone.', 'duration': 146.405, 'highlights': ['The 19th to 20th century scientific progress led to technological advancements, including the development of electricity and the iPhone.', 'The discovery of relativity and electromagnetism in the 20th century contributed to technological developments.', 'The confirmation of matter being made of atoms and the development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century were key scientific advancements.', 'The close relationship between the development of electricity and the electrification of cities and the advancement of science is highlighted.']}], 'duration': 278.74, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU680245.jpg', 'highlights': ["The transition from Aristotelian physics to the new physics, exemplified by the long process from Galileo's time to Newton's contributions in 1687, demonstrates the interconnected and challenging nature of scientific progress over centuries.", "The scientific method's ideal of repeatability and confidence in results is contrasted with community practices, as illustrated by the historical case of Galileo's experiment and the conflicting interpretations of the results by Galileo and the Aristotelians.", 'The chapter examines the nature of the process leading to progress in science, highlighting the role of the scientific community in generating ideas that engineers can use to develop advanced technologies, indicating a continuous improvement over time.', 'The 19th to 20th century scientific progress led to technological advancements, including the development of electricity and the iPhone.', 'The confirmation of matter being made of atoms and the development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century were key scientific advancements.', 'The discovery of relativity and electromagnetism in the 20th century contributed to technological developments.', 'The close relationship between the development of electricity and the electrification of cities and the advancement of science is highlighted.']}, {'end': 1766.582, 'segs': [{'end': 1013.023, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 960.986, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 970.548, 'text': "The fundamental physics since the early 1970s doesn't have a story like that so far.", 'start': 960.986, 'duration': 9.562}, {'end': 979.502, 'text': "There's not a series of triumphs and progresses, and there's not any practical application.", 'start': 971.209, 'duration': 8.293}, {'end': 990.436, 'text': 'So just to linger briefly on the early 20th century and the revolutions in science that happened there.', 'start': 981.149, 'duration': 9.287}, {'end': 1000.123, 'text': 'what was the method by which the scientific community kept each other in check about when you get something right, when you get something wrong?', 'start': 990.436, 'duration': 9.687}, {'end': 1003.165, 'text': 'Is experimental validation ultimately the final test?', 'start': 1000.243, 'duration': 2.922}, {'end': 1005.494, 'text': "It's absolutely necessary,", 'start': 1003.732, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 1013.023, 'text': 'and the key things were all validated the key predictions of quantum mechanics and of the theory of electricity and magnetism.', 'start': 1005.494, 'duration': 7.529}], 'summary': 'Physics lacks practical applications since the 1970s, emphasizing the importance of experimental validation and the key predictions of quantum mechanics and the theory of electricity and magnetism.', 'duration': 52.037, 'max_score': 960.986, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU960986.jpg'}, {'end': 1072.08, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1037.265, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1050.09, 'text': 'Realism is the belief in an external world, independent of our existence, our perception, our belief, our knowledge.', 'start': 1037.265, 'duration': 12.825}, {'end': 1054.172, 'text': 'A realist, as a physicist,', 'start': 1050.831, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 1066.878, 'text': 'is somebody who believes that there should be possible some completely objective description of each and every process at the fundamental level,', 'start': 1054.172, 'duration': 12.706}, {'end': 1072.08, 'text': 'which describes and explains exactly what happens and why it happens.', 'start': 1066.878, 'duration': 5.202}], 'summary': 'Realism: belief in an external world, independent of our perception. physicist seeks completely objective descriptions.', 'duration': 34.815, 'max_score': 1037.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1037265.jpg'}, {'end': 1216.073, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1172.118, 'weight': 0.758, 'content': [{'end': 1183.361, 'text': "Does our conscious mind, do our perceptions play a role in making things become, in making things real or things becoming? That's question one.", 'start': 1172.118, 'duration': 11.243}, {'end': 1198.118, 'text': 'Question two is does this we can call it a naturalist view of the world that is based on realism allow a place to understand the existence of,', 'start': 1183.421, 'duration': 14.697}, {'end': 1201.26, 'text': 'and the nature of, perceptions and consciousness in mind?', 'start': 1198.118, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 1203.022, 'text': "And that's question two.", 'start': 1201.861, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 1206.545, 'text': 'Question two, I do think a lot about.', 'start': 1204.163, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1210.568, 'text': 'And my answer, which is not an answer, is I hope so.', 'start': 1206.785, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 1212.43, 'text': "But it certainly doesn't yet.", 'start': 1211.189, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 1216.073, 'text': "Question one, I don't think so.", 'start': 1214.411, 'duration': 1.662}], 'summary': 'Conscious mind and perceptions influence reality. naturalist view fails to address consciousness and perceptions.', 'duration': 43.955, 'max_score': 1172.118, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1172118.jpg'}, {'end': 1301.285, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1279.307, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1288.995, 'text': 'But in any case, they said things like The purpose of science is not to give an objective, realist description of nature,', 'start': 1279.307, 'duration': 9.688}, {'end': 1290.256, 'text': 'as it would be in our absence.', 'start': 1288.995, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 1292.638, 'text': 'This might be saying Niels Bohr.', 'start': 1290.757, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1301.285, 'text': 'The purpose of science is as an extension of our conversations with each other, to describe our interactions with nature.', 'start': 1293.119, 'duration': 8.166}], 'summary': 'Science is an extension of conversations; aims to describe interactions with nature.', 'duration': 21.978, 'max_score': 1279.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1279307.jpg'}, {'end': 1426.844, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1382.409, 'weight': 0.84, 'content': [{'end': 1386.073, 'text': "You mean, will we ever get there and know that we're there? Yeah, exactly.", 'start': 1382.409, 'duration': 3.664}, {'end': 1389.777, 'text': "That's for people 5,000 years in the future.", 'start': 1386.513, 'duration': 3.264}, {'end': 1391.398, 'text': "We're certainly nowhere near there yet.", 'start': 1389.837, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 1399.026, 'text': 'Do you think reality that exists outside of our mind?', 'start': 1394.301, 'duration': 4.725}, {'end': 1408.435, 'text': "Do you think there's a limit to our cognitive abilities, as again descendants of apes who are just biological systems?", 'start': 1400.788, 'duration': 7.647}, {'end': 1414.461, 'text': "Is there a limit to our mind's capability to actually understand reality?", 'start': 1408.916, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 1426.844, 'text': 'there comes a point, even with the help of the tools of physics, that we just cannot grasp some fundamental aspects of that reality.', 'start': 1416.842, 'duration': 10.002}], 'summary': 'Questioning limits of human understanding and cognitive abilities.', 'duration': 44.435, 'max_score': 1382.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1382409.jpg'}, {'end': 1426.844, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1394.301, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1399.026, 'text': 'Do you think reality that exists outside of our mind?', 'start': 1394.301, 'duration': 4.725}, {'end': 1408.435, 'text': "Do you think there's a limit to our cognitive abilities, as again descendants of apes who are just biological systems?", 'start': 1400.788, 'duration': 7.647}, {'end': 1414.461, 'text': "Is there a limit to our mind's capability to actually understand reality?", 'start': 1408.916, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 1426.844, 'text': 'there comes a point, even with the help of the tools of physics, that we just cannot grasp some fundamental aspects of that reality.', 'start': 1416.842, 'duration': 10.002}], 'summary': 'Exploring the limits of our cognitive understanding and the tools of physics in grasping reality.', 'duration': 32.543, 'max_score': 1394.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1394301.jpg'}], 'start': 960.986, 'title': 'Physics progress and realism vs anti-realism', 'summary': 'Delves into the lack of linear narrative in physics progress since the 1970s, emphasizing the need for practical applications and experimental validation. it also discusses contrasting views of realism and anti-realism in physics, contemplating the role of consciousness and the limits of human understanding.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1013.023, 'start': 960.986, 'title': 'Physics progress and validation', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of a linear narrative in physics progress since the 1970s, emphasizing the absence of practical applications and a series of triumphs. it also highlights the importance of experimental validation in scientific progress, particularly in validating the key predictions of quantum mechanics and the theory of electricity and magnetism.', 'duration': 52.037, 'highlights': ['The lack of a linear narrative in physics progress since the 1970s, with no practical applications and a series of triumphs.', 'The importance of experimental validation as the final test in scientific progress, particularly in validating the key predictions of quantum mechanics and the theory of electricity and magnetism.']}, {'end': 1766.582, 'start': 1014.386, 'title': 'Realism vs anti-realism in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the contrasting views of realism and anti-realism in physics, exploring the belief in an objective, deterministic world in realism and the idea of science as a tool for human understanding in anti-realism, while contemplating the role of consciousness and the potential limits of human understanding in grasping the fundamental aspects of reality.', 'duration': 752.196, 'highlights': ['Realism entails the belief in an external, objective, deterministic world, allowing for a completely objective description of every process at the fundamental level. Realism in physics is characterized by the belief in an external world independent of human existence, perception, and knowledge, and the possibility of an objective description of every process at the fundamental level.', "Anti-realism, as exemplified by Niels Bohr, views science as a means to describe our interactions with nature and provides freedom to invent terms like 'particle' or 'wave' without assuming their direct correspondence to nature in our absence. Anti-realism, exemplified by Niels Bohr, sees science as a tool to describe human interactions with nature, allowing the use of terms like 'particle' or 'wave' without assuming their direct correspondence to nature in the absence of humans.", 'The chapter also contemplates the significance of human consciousness and the limitations of human cognitive abilities in understanding reality, with the potential for fundamental aspects of reality to remain beyond human grasp. The chapter delves into the role of human consciousness and the potential limits of human cognitive abilities in comprehending fundamental aspects of reality, suggesting the possibility of certain aspects being beyond human grasp.']}], 'duration': 805.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU960986.jpg', 'highlights': ['The lack of a linear narrative in physics progress since the 1970s, with no practical applications and a series of triumphs.', 'The importance of experimental validation as the final test in scientific progress, particularly in validating the key predictions of quantum mechanics and the theory of electricity and magnetism.', 'Realism entails the belief in an external, objective, deterministic world, allowing for a completely objective description of every process at the fundamental level.', "Anti-realism, as exemplified by Niels Bohr, views science as a means to describe our interactions with nature and provides freedom to invent terms like 'particle' or 'wave' without assuming their direct correspondence to nature in our absence.", 'The chapter delves into the role of human consciousness and the potential limits of human cognitive abilities in comprehending fundamental aspects of reality, suggesting the possibility of certain aspects being beyond human grasp.']}, {'end': 2470.365, 'segs': [{'end': 1958.59, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1931.621, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1938.147, 'text': 'So, for the most part, general relativity describes big things, quantum theory describes little things,', 'start': 1931.621, 'duration': 6.526}, {'end': 1944.973, 'text': "and that's the revolution that we found really powerful tools to describe big things and little things, and it's unfinished,", 'start': 1938.147, 'duration': 6.826}, {'end': 1952.119, 'text': 'because we have two totally separate things and we need to figure out how to connect them so it can describe everything.', 'start': 1944.973, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 1954.021, 'text': 'Right. and we either do that.', 'start': 1952.479, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 1958.59, 'text': 'if we believe quantum mechanics, as understood now,', 'start': 1955.208, 'duration': 3.382}], 'summary': 'General relativity describes big things, quantum theory describes little things. the challenge is to connect them to describe everything.', 'duration': 26.969, 'max_score': 1931.621, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1931621.jpg'}, {'end': 2328.873, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2306.678, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2314.63, 'text': "So.. And there's certainly other people we've worked with, but those two people's thinking had a huge influence on my own thinking.", 'start': 2306.678, 'duration': 7.952}, {'end': 2321.531, 'text': "So in the way you describe causality, that's what you mean of time being fundamental, that causality is fundamental.", 'start': 2314.97, 'duration': 6.561}, {'end': 2328.873, 'text': "Yes And what does it mean for space to not be fundamental, to be emergent? That's very good.", 'start': 2321.551, 'duration': 7.322}], 'summary': 'Influential thinking on causality and emergence discussed.', 'duration': 22.195, 'max_score': 2306.678, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2306678.jpg'}, {'end': 2388.1, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2357.276, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2376.15, 'text': 'An emergent property is a property that arises at some level of complexity larger than and more complex than the fundamental level which requires some property to describe it.', 'start': 2357.276, 'duration': 18.874}, {'end': 2388.1, 'text': 'which is not directly explicable or derivable, is the word I want from the properties of the fundamental things.', 'start': 2376.15, 'duration': 11.95}], 'summary': 'Emergent property is complex, not directly explicable from fundamental properties.', 'duration': 30.824, 'max_score': 2357.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2357276.jpg'}, {'end': 2446.717, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2421.573, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2428.857, 'text': "Locality is a thing that you can affect things close to you and don't have an effect on things that are far away.", 'start': 2421.573, 'duration': 7.284}, {'end': 2434.34, 'text': "It's the thing that bothers me about gravity in general or action at a distance.", 'start': 2429.877, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2439.836, 'text': 'Same thing that probably bothered Newton, or at least he said a little bit about it.', 'start': 2435.181, 'duration': 4.655}, {'end': 2445.557, 'text': 'Okay, so what do you think about locality??', 'start': 2443.957, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 2446.717, 'text': 'Is it just a construct??', 'start': 2445.597, 'duration': 1.12}], 'summary': 'Local actions affect nearby objects, not distant ones, an issue in gravity.', 'duration': 25.144, 'max_score': 2421.573, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2421573.jpg'}], 'start': 1766.702, 'title': "Einstein's unfinished revolution", 'summary': 'Delves into the twin revolutions of relativity theory and quantum theory, emphasizing their incomplete connection and the need to address the connection between general relativity and quantum theory to complete the revolution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2470.365, 'start': 1766.702, 'title': "Einstein's unfinished revolution", 'summary': 'Delves into the unfinished revolution of einstein, focusing on the twin revolutions of relativity theory and quantum theory, their incomplete connection, the fundamental nature of time and causality, and the emergent nature of space, highlighting the need to finish the revolution by addressing the connection between general relativity and quantum theory.', 'duration': 703.663, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the twin revolutions of relativity theory and quantum theory, their incomplete connection, and the need to finish the revolution by addressing the connection between general relativity and quantum theory.', 'The fundamental nature of time and causality is explored, highlighting the concept of events causing other events and the assertion that time is fundamental while space is emergent.', 'The emergent nature of space is emphasized, explaining that space is an emergent property that arises at a level of complexity larger than the fundamental level and is not directly explicable or derivable from the properties of fundamental things.', 'The concept of locality is touched upon, with a discussion about whether it is fundamental or a construct, and the idea that locality is a fundamental aspect of reality is explored.']}], 'duration': 703.663, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU1766702.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the twin revolutions of relativity theory and quantum theory, their incomplete connection, and the need to finish the revolution by addressing the connection between general relativity and quantum theory.', 'The fundamental nature of time and causality is explored, highlighting the concept of events causing other events and the assertion that time is fundamental while space is emergent.', 'The emergent nature of space is emphasized, explaining that space is an emergent property that arises at a level of complexity larger than the fundamental level and is not directly explicable or derivable from the properties of fundamental things.', 'The concept of locality is touched upon, with a discussion about whether it is fundamental or a construct, and the idea that locality is a fundamental aspect of reality is explored.']}, {'end': 2958.95, 'segs': [{'end': 2500.805, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2470.385, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2479.313, 'text': 'Okay There are several different definitions of locality when you come to talk about locality in physics.', 'start': 2470.385, 'duration': 8.928}, {'end': 2492.38, 'text': 'In quantum field theory, which is a mixture of special relativity and quantum mechanics, there is a precise definition of locality.', 'start': 2480.894, 'duration': 11.486}, {'end': 2500.805, 'text': 'Field operators corresponding to events in space-time, which are space-like, separated, commute with each other as operators.', 'start': 2493.901, 'duration': 6.904}], 'summary': 'Locality in quantum field theory defined by space-like separated field operators.', 'duration': 30.42, 'max_score': 2470.385, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2470385.jpg'}, {'end': 2516.182, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2470.385, 'weight': 0.761, 'content': [{'end': 2479.313, 'text': 'Okay There are several different definitions of locality when you come to talk about locality in physics.', 'start': 2470.385, 'duration': 8.928}, {'end': 2492.38, 'text': 'In quantum field theory, which is a mixture of special relativity and quantum mechanics, there is a precise definition of locality.', 'start': 2480.894, 'duration': 11.486}, {'end': 2500.805, 'text': 'Field operators corresponding to events in space-time, which are space-like, separated, commute with each other as operators.', 'start': 2493.901, 'duration': 6.904}, {'end': 2505.251, 'text': 'So, in quantum mechanics, you think about the nature, realities,', 'start': 2501.485, 'duration': 3.766}, {'end': 2511.64, 'text': 'fields and things that are close in a field have an impact on each other more than farther away.', 'start': 2505.251, 'duration': 6.389}, {'end': 2515.081, 'text': "That's very comforting.", 'start': 2513.061, 'duration': 2.02}, {'end': 2516.182, 'text': 'That makes sense.', 'start': 2515.542, 'duration': 0.64}], 'summary': 'In quantum field theory, locality is defined by space-like separated field operators that commute, emphasizing the impact of close proximity on each other.', 'duration': 45.797, 'max_score': 2470.385, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2470385.jpg'}, {'end': 2545.956, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2520.463, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2531.125, 'text': "Unfortunately, there's another definition of local, which was expressed by Einstein and expressed more precisely by John Bell,", 'start': 2520.463, 'duration': 10.662}, {'end': 2534.786, 'text': 'which has been tested experimentally and found to fail.', 'start': 2531.125, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 2539.189, 'text': 'And this setup is you take two particles.', 'start': 2535.926, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 2545.956, 'text': "So one thing that's really weird about quantum mechanics is a property called entanglement.", 'start': 2539.65, 'duration': 6.306}], 'summary': 'Quantum entanglement, tested experimentally, challenges local definition.', 'duration': 25.493, 'max_score': 2520.463, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2520463.jpg'}, {'end': 2623.344, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2596.164, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2604.131, 'text': "and it's going to take a while for any information about the choice made by the people here at A to affect the reality at B.", 'start': 2596.164, 'duration': 7.967}, {'end': 2606.913, 'text': "But you make that assumption, that's called Bell locality.", 'start': 2604.131, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2615.099, 'text': 'And you derive a certain inequality that some correlations, functions of correlations have to satisfy.', 'start': 2607.654, 'duration': 7.445}, {'end': 2623.344, 'text': 'And then you can test that pretty directly in experiments which create pairs of photons or other particles.', 'start': 2616.08, 'duration': 7.264}], 'summary': 'Bell locality assumption tested through experiments with pairs of photons or particles.', 'duration': 27.18, 'max_score': 2596.164, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2596164.jpg'}, {'end': 2709.061, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2652.247, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2658.731, 'text': "no matter how long they've been propagating at almost the speed of light or the speed of light away from each other.", 'start': 2652.247, 'duration': 6.484}, {'end': 2663.246, 'text': "No matter, so like the distance between them Well, it's been tested.", 'start': 2658.771, 'duration': 4.475}, {'end': 2672.555, 'text': 'Of course, if you want to have hope for quantum mechanics being incomplete or wrong and corrected by something that changes this.', 'start': 2663.306, 'duration': 9.249}, {'end': 2675.838, 'text': "it's been tested over a number of kilometers.", 'start': 2672.555, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 2681.184, 'text': "I don't remember whether it's 25 kilometers or a hundred and something kilometers.", 'start': 2675.919, 'duration': 5.265}, {'end': 2690.276, 'text': 'In trying to solve the unsolved revolution, in trying to come up with a theory for everything,', 'start': 2684.534, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 2700.199, 'text': 'is causality fundamental and breaking away from locality a crucial step?', 'start': 2690.276, 'duration': 9.923}, {'end': 2709.061, 'text': 'So, in your book, essentially, those are the two things we really need to think about as a community, especially the physics community,', 'start': 2700.499, 'duration': 8.562}], 'summary': 'Quantum mechanics tested over 25-100 km, tackling causality and locality.', 'duration': 56.814, 'max_score': 2652.247, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2652247.jpg'}, {'end': 2837.406, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2802.784, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2810.573, 'text': 'We evolved into this unfortunate sociological situation in which there are communities around some of these approaches.', 'start': 2802.784, 'duration': 7.789}, {'end': 2819.558, 'text': 'And to borrow again a metaphor from Eric, They sit on top of hills in the landscape of theories and throw rocks at each other.', 'start': 2810.833, 'duration': 8.725}, {'end': 2822.84, 'text': 'And as Eric says, we need two things.', 'start': 2820.519, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 2837.406, 'text': 'We need people to get off their hills and come down into the valleys and party and talk and become friendly and learn to say, not no but, but yes and.', 'start': 2822.88, 'duration': 14.526}], 'summary': 'Communities around approaches sit on hills, need to come together and be friendly.', 'duration': 34.622, 'max_score': 2802.784, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2802784.jpg'}], 'start': 2470.385, 'title': 'Locality and unfinished revolution in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the different definitions of locality in quantum mechanics, including the concept of entanglement and the experimental failure of bell locality. it also explores the ongoing attempts to solve fundamental problems in physics, including the need for a new theory addressing causality and locality.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2652.247, 'start': 2470.385, 'title': 'Locality in quantum mechanics', 'summary': 'Discusses the different definitions of locality in quantum mechanics, including the precise definition in quantum field theory, the concept of entanglement, and the experimental failure of bell locality, as demonstrated by the violation of certain correlations in experiments.', 'duration': 181.862, 'highlights': ['The concept of locality in quantum field theory is defined by the commutation of field operators corresponding to space-like separated events in space-time, which has been well tested. Well tested in quantum field theory.', 'The property of entanglement in quantum mechanics allows two particles to share a property without it being a property of either one of the particles, leading to the violation of Bell locality in experiments. Violation of Bell locality in experiments.', 'Experimental tests have shown that the definition of locality expressed by Einstein and John Bell, which assumes that the reality of particle B is unaffected by the choice made at particle A, is false. Experimental failure of the definition of locality expressed by Einstein and John Bell.']}, {'end': 2958.95, 'start': 2652.247, 'title': 'Unfinished revolution in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the ongoing attempts to solve fundamental problems in physics, including tests over kilometers, the need for a new theory addressing causality and locality, and the sociological struggle among different scientific communities.', 'duration': 306.703, 'highlights': ['Tests over kilometers have been conducted to evaluate the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and locality. The distance over which tests on quantum mechanics and locality have been conducted, such as 25 kilometers or over a hundred kilometers, indicates the scale of the experiments and the significance of the results.', 'The need for a new theory addressing causality and locality is emphasized, as current theories have not completely solved the fundamental problems in physics. The chapter highlights the inadequacy of existing theories in addressing fundamental issues in physics, such as causality and locality, leading to the ongoing search for a new comprehensive theory.', 'Sociological struggle among different scientific communities is hindering progress, and the need for collaboration and open-mindedness is emphasized. The chapter discusses the challenges posed by the existence of separate scientific communities with conflicting theories, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, open-mindedness, and constructive dialogue to overcome these barriers and make progress in physics.']}], 'duration': 488.565, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2470385.jpg', 'highlights': ['Experimental failure of the definition of locality expressed by Einstein and John Bell', 'Violation of Bell locality in experiments', 'The concept of locality in quantum field theory is defined by the commutation of field operators corresponding to space-like separated events in space-time, which has been well tested', 'Tests over kilometers have been conducted to evaluate the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and locality', 'The need for a new theory addressing causality and locality is emphasized', 'Sociological struggle among different scientific communities is hindering progress']}, {'end': 3332.608, 'segs': [{'end': 3022.074, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2990.609, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2992.79, 'text': 'I think you called it magical realism.', 'start': 2990.609, 'duration': 2.181}, {'end': 2995.251, 'text': "It's just a beautiful line.", 'start': 2994.231, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 3001.373, 'text': "But at the same time, it's very difficult for our limited human minds to comprehend.", 'start': 2995.771, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 3011.989, 'text': 'So what are your thoughts about it? Let me start with the easy and obvious and then go to the scientific.', 'start': 3001.413, 'duration': 10.576}, {'end': 3013.45, 'text': "It doesn't appeal to me.", 'start': 3012.329, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 3016.811, 'text': "It doesn't answer the questions that I want answered.", 'start': 3013.53, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 3022.074, 'text': 'And it does so to such a strong case that when Roberto Mangeber,', 'start': 3017.832, 'duration': 4.242}], 'summary': 'Discussion on magical realism and its limitations.', 'duration': 31.465, 'max_score': 2990.609, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2990609.jpg'}, {'end': 3090.627, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3041.035, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3051.042, 'text': "So it's not helpful to my personal approach, to my personal agenda, but of course I'm part of a community.", 'start': 3041.035, 'duration': 10.007}, {'end': 3059.949, 'text': 'And my sense of the many worlds interpretation, I have thought a lot about it and struggled a lot with it.', 'start': 3052.703, 'duration': 7.246}, {'end': 3062.615, 'text': 'is the following.', 'start': 3061.034, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3069.178, 'text': "First of all, there's Everett himself, there's what's in Everett.", 'start': 3065.496, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 3080.064, 'text': 'And there are several issues there connected with the derivation of the Born Rule, which is the rule that gives probabilities to events.', 'start': 3070.799, 'duration': 9.265}, {'end': 3090.627, 'text': 'And the reasons why there is a problem with probability is that I mentioned the two ways that physical systems can evolve.', 'start': 3081.145, 'duration': 9.482}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the challenges with the born rule and the many-worlds interpretation.', 'duration': 49.592, 'max_score': 3041.035, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3041035.jpg'}, {'end': 3276.254, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3247.631, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3251.394, 'text': 'They have the flavor of there are really no probabilities.', 'start': 3247.631, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 3252.275, 'text': 'We admit that.', 'start': 3251.454, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 3258.099, 'text': 'But imagine if the Everett story was true and you were living in that multiverse.', 'start': 3252.755, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 3260.121, 'text': 'How would you make bets?', 'start': 3258.88, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 3276.254, 'text': 'And so they use decision theory from the theory of probability and gambling and so forth to shape a story of how you would bet if you were inside an Everett universe and you knew that.', 'start': 3261.082, 'duration': 15.172}], 'summary': 'Using decision theory to make bets in an everett multiverse.', 'duration': 28.623, 'max_score': 3247.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3247631.jpg'}], 'start': 2959.301, 'title': 'Many worlds interpretation debate and problems with derivation of born rule', 'summary': 'Explores the debate around many worlds interpretation, its limitations, and personal struggle, as well as the challenges in deriving the born rule, problems with probability, and attempts to address these issues using decision theory.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3069.178, 'start': 2959.301, 'title': 'Many worlds interpretation debate', 'summary': 'Discusses the debate around the many worlds interpretation, exploring its beauty and discomfort, its limitations in answering questions, and the personal struggle with accepting it, highlighting the preference for a single world and the struggle to comprehend it.', 'duration': 109.877, 'highlights': ['The preference for a single world principle, as it does not align with the personal agenda and does not answer the questions desired, leading to the struggle with the Many Worlds interpretation.', 'The discomfort and beauty of the Many Worlds interpretation, acknowledging its realist aspect and the challenge of comprehending it due to the limitations of human minds.', 'The exploration of the Many Worlds interpretation, discussing its appeal and the struggle to align with personal beliefs and the scientific perspective.']}, {'end': 3332.608, 'start': 3070.799, 'title': 'Problems with derivation of born rule', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in deriving the born rule, the problems with probability in the many worlds interpretation, and the attempts of experts to address these issues, including the use of decision theory from the theory of probability and gambling.', 'duration': 261.809, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the challenges in deriving the Born Rule, which gives probabilities to events in quantum mechanics.', 'The many worlds interpretation presents problems with probability, as it focuses on the smooth evolution of the quantum state but lacks a clear notion of probability, which is essential for experimental verification.', 'Attempts have been made by experts to address the issues in the many worlds interpretation, including the use of decision theory from the theory of probability and gambling to shape a story of how one would bet if living in the multiverse.', 'A debate exists among experts regarding the success of various attempts to address the probability issues in the many worlds interpretation, with uncertainty prevailing even among key figures in the field.']}], 'duration': 373.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU2959301.jpg', 'highlights': ['The discomfort and beauty of the Many Worlds interpretation, acknowledging its realist aspect and the challenge of comprehending it due to the limitations of human minds.', 'The exploration of the Many Worlds interpretation, discussing its appeal and the struggle to align with personal beliefs and the scientific perspective.', 'The preference for a single world principle, as it does not align with the personal agenda and does not answer the questions desired, leading to the struggle with the Many Worlds interpretation.', 'The chapter discusses the challenges in deriving the Born Rule, which gives probabilities to events in quantum mechanics.', 'Attempts have been made by experts to address the issues in the many worlds interpretation, including the use of decision theory from the theory of probability and gambling to shape a story of how one would bet if living in the multiverse.']}, {'end': 4182.118, 'segs': [{'end': 3390.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3360.964, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3370.18, 'text': "And it's very clear that Einstein thought that the first job, when you want to enter a new domain of theoretical physics,", 'start': 3360.964, 'duration': 9.216}, {'end': 3372.462, 'text': 'is to discover and invent principles.', 'start': 3370.18, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 3381.732, 'text': 'and then make models of how those principles might be applied in some experimental situation, which is where the mathematics comes in.', 'start': 3373.447, 'duration': 8.285}, {'end': 3387.335, 'text': 'So for Einstein, there was no unified space and time.', 'start': 3382.492, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 3390.337, 'text': 'Minkowski invented this idea of space-time.', 'start': 3387.595, 'duration': 2.742}], 'summary': "Einstein emphasized discovering principles and applying them through models, unlike minkowski's concept of space-time.", 'duration': 29.373, 'max_score': 3360.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3360964.jpg'}, {'end': 3468.196, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3412.7, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3427.185, 'text': 'But my belief now is that those partially successful approaches are all models which might describe indeed some quantum gravity physics in some domain,', 'start': 3412.7, 'duration': 14.485}, {'end': 3428.146, 'text': 'in some aspect.', 'start': 3427.185, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 3438.312, 'text': 'but ultimately would be important because they model the principles and the first job is to tie down those principles.', 'start': 3429.144, 'duration': 9.168}, {'end': 3441.054, 'text': "So that's the approach that I'm taking.", 'start': 3438.352, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 3448.86, 'text': 'So, speaking of principles, in your 2006 book, The Trouble with Physics,', 'start': 3441.474, 'duration': 7.386}, {'end': 3456.947, 'text': 'you criticized a bit string theory for taking us away from the rigors of the scientific method, or whatever you would call it.', 'start': 3448.86, 'duration': 8.087}, {'end': 3468.196, 'text': "What's the trouble with physics today and how do we fix it? Can I say how I read that book? Sure.", 'start': 3459.492, 'duration': 8.704}], 'summary': 'Various models describe quantum gravity, but principles need tying down. criticized string theory for deviating from scientific method.', 'duration': 55.496, 'max_score': 3412.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3412700.jpg'}, {'end': 3580.572, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3554.551, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3568.218, 'text': 'And we would discover a way to break the symmetries of one of those string theories and discover the standard model and predict all the properties of the standard model particles like their masses and charges,', 'start': 3554.551, 'duration': 13.667}, {'end': 3569.939, 'text': 'and so forth coupling constants.', 'start': 3568.218, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3580.572, 'text': 'And then there was a bunch of solutions to string theory found, which led each of them to a different version of particle physics,', 'start': 3571.719, 'duration': 8.853}], 'summary': 'String theory led to discovery of standard model particles and their properties.', 'duration': 26.021, 'max_score': 3554.551, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3554551.jpg'}, {'end': 3764.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3736.403, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3744.947, 'text': 'This idea would say that the laws of physics are changing in some way that echoes that of natural selection,', 'start': 3736.403, 'duration': 8.544}, {'end': 3748.429, 'text': 'or just it adjusts in some way towards some goal.', 'start': 3744.947, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 3752.251, 'text': 'Yes, and I published that.', 'start': 3748.929, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 3756.63, 'text': 'I wrote the paper in 88 or 89.', 'start': 3753.749, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 3759.151, 'text': 'The paper was published in 92.', 'start': 3756.63, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 3764.533, 'text': 'My first book in 1997, The Life of the Cosmos, was explicitly about that.', 'start': 3759.151, 'duration': 5.382}], 'summary': 'Physics laws changing like natural selection, 1992 paper, 1997 book on topic.', 'duration': 28.13, 'max_score': 3736.403, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3736403.jpg'}, {'end': 3867.359, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3843.189, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3852.594, 'text': 'I tried very hard to make string theory background independent and ended up developing a bunch of tools which then could apply directly to general relativity,', 'start': 3843.189, 'duration': 9.405}, {'end': 3854.255, 'text': 'and that became loop quantum gravity.', 'start': 3852.594, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 3859.653, 'text': 'So the things were very closely related and have always been very closely related in my mind.', 'start': 3855.089, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 3867.359, 'text': 'The idea that there were two communities, one devoted to strings and one devoted to loops is nuts and has always been nuts.', 'start': 3860.453, 'duration': 6.906}], 'summary': 'Developed tools for loop quantum gravity from string theory, closely related communities.', 'duration': 24.17, 'max_score': 3843.189, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3843189.jpg'}], 'start': 3334.408, 'title': 'Evolution of string theory and quantum gravity', 'summary': "Delves into einstein's principles in theoretical physics, critique of string theory, and need for principles in quantum gravity. it also discusses lee smolin's exploration of string theory's evolution, diverse solutions, cosmological natural selection, and the quest for a unified approach in theoretical physics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3523.465, 'start': 3334.408, 'title': "Einstein's principles and quantum gravity", 'summary': "Explores einstein's approach to theoretical physics, emphasizing the importance of discovering principles and inventing models, and discusses the need to establish principles for quantum gravity. it also delves into the critique of string theory and the need for balance in physics discourse.", 'duration': 189.057, 'highlights': ['Einstein emphasized the importance of discovering and inventing principles, and then creating models based on those principles, with the first task being to establish the principles for a new domain of theoretical physics. Einstein believed in the significance of uncovering principles and building models based on them, particularly in the context of entering a new domain of theoretical physics.', 'The chapter discusses the need to establish principles for quantum gravity and emphasizes the significance of tying down these principles before creating models, viewing existing approaches as partial models that need to be anchored in the underlying principles. The speaker advocates for the need to identify the principles of quantum gravity before developing models, suggesting that existing approaches represent partial models that should be grounded in these underlying principles.', "The chapter delves into the critique of string theory, highlighting the criticism of its deviation from the scientific method and the importance of balance in physics discourse, as evidenced by the response to the author's book, 'The Trouble with Physics.' The transcript touches on the critique of string theory for deviating from the scientific method and emphasizes the need for balance in physics discourse, illustrated through the response to the book 'The Trouble with Physics.'"]}, {'end': 4182.118, 'start': 3524.185, 'title': 'Lee smolin: evolution of string theory', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of string theory, the discovery of diverse solutions, the concept of cosmological natural selection, and the need for a unified approach in theoretical physics, hoping to solve einstein's unfinished problem.", 'duration': 657.933, 'highlights': ['Lee Smolin introduces the evolution of string theory, from the initial idea of unifying five string theories to the discovery of diverse solutions, leading to different versions of particle physics and a worrying inability to classify the diverse solutions.', "The concept of cosmological natural selection is presented, suggesting that the laws of physics are changing in a way that echoes natural selection, with the implication that the laws of physics are evolving towards some goal, leading to the publication of the paper 'The Life of the Cosmos' in 1997.", 'The need for a unified approach in theoretical physics, emphasizing the close relationship between string theory and loop quantum gravity, and the importance of different communities in theoretical physics coming together to share ideas and insights.', "The discussion of the book 'The Trouble with Physics,' critiquing string theory and its application to condensed matter, as well as the regret of not explicitly applying the same critique to other communities in science, including the quantum gravity community outside string theory."]}], 'duration': 847.71, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/WgLo4gmEraU/pics/WgLo4gmEraU3334408.jpg', 'highlights': ['Einstein emphasized the importance of discovering and inventing principles, and then creating models based on those principles, with the first task being to establish the principles for a new domain of theoretical physics.', "The chapter delves into the critique of string theory, highlighting the criticism of its deviation from the scientific method and the importance of balance in physics discourse, as evidenced by the response to the author's book, 'The Trouble with Physics.'", 'The need for a unified approach in theoretical physics, emphasizing the close relationship between string theory and loop quantum gravity, and the importance of different communities in theoretical physics coming together to share ideas and insights.', 'Lee Smolin introduces the evolution of string theory, from the initial idea of unifying five string theories to the discovery of diverse solutions, leading to different versions of particle physics and a worrying inability to classify the diverse solutions.', "The concept of cosmological natural selection is presented, suggesting that the laws of physics are changing in a way that echoes natural selection, with the implication that the laws of physics are evolving towards some goal, leading to the publication of the paper 'The Life of the Cosmos' in 1997.", 'The chapter discusses the need to establish principles for quantum gravity and emphasizes the significance of tying down these principles before creating models, viewing existing approaches as partial models that need to be anchored in the underlying principles.']}], 'highlights': ['Lee Smolin critiques physics and string theory, co-inventor of loop quantum gravity', "Theoretical physicists' insights relevant to the development of AI systems", 'Discussion on the history of money and cryptocurrency, from ledgers to Bitcoin release', "The transition from Aristotelian physics to the new physics, exemplified by the long process from Galileo's time to Newton's contributions in 1687, demonstrates the interconnected and challenging nature of scientific progress over centuries", "The scientific method's ideal of repeatability and confidence in results is contrasted with community practices, as illustrated by the historical case of Galileo's experiment and the conflicting interpretations of the results by Galileo and the Aristotelians", 'The lack of a linear narrative in physics progress since the 1970s, with no practical applications and a series of triumphs', 'The importance of experimental validation as the final test in scientific progress, particularly in validating the key predictions of quantum mechanics and the theory of electricity and magnetism', 'The discomfort and beauty of the Many Worlds interpretation, acknowledging its realist aspect and the challenge of comprehending it due to the limitations of human minds', 'Einstein emphasized the importance of discovering and inventing principles, and then creating models based on those principles, with the first task being to establish the principles for a new domain of theoretical physics', "The chapter delves into the critique of string theory, highlighting the criticism of its deviation from the scientific method and the importance of balance in physics discourse, as evidenced by the response to the author's book, 'The Trouble with Physics.'"]}