title
ARRAY - Making DATA STRUCTURES in C++
description
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detail
{'title': 'ARRAY - Making DATA STRUCTURES in C++', 'heatmap': [{'end': 563.455, 'start': 530.617, 'weight': 0.933}, {'end': 871.095, 'start': 849.734, 'weight': 0.751}, {'end': 1050.411, 'start': 1018.256, 'weight': 0.729}, {'end': 1218.459, 'start': 1173.915, 'weight': 0.753}], 'summary': 'Covers c++ data structures, including stack-allocated arrays, standard array class, and template classes for dynamic array size, focusing on efficiency optimization and compile-time evaluation, with an emphasis on benefits, usage, and debugging techniques, while highlighting the importance of understanding and implementing custom data structures efficiently. the content encourages viewer feedback and promotes learning on the skillshare platform.', 'chapters': [{'end': 200.18, 'segs': [{'end': 44.144, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16.448, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 20.813, 'text': "And the way that we'll be doing that is by learning about how to write our own data structures.", 'start': 16.448, 'duration': 4.365}, {'end': 27.896, 'text': "Now, just to be clear, by data structures, I'm talking about things like arrays, lists, sets, maps, trees, that kind of stuff.", 'start': 20.933, 'duration': 6.963}, {'end': 33.639, 'text': 'Whilst the C++ standard template library comes with most of these data structures already implemented.', 'start': 28.036, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 37.261, 'text': "for you, I think it's very valuable to try and write your own, because,", 'start': 33.639, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 44.144, 'text': 'apart from learning more deeply about how these data structures actually work and why they might be more useful than other data structures,', 'start': 37.261, 'duration': 6.883}], 'summary': 'Learn to write data structures like arrays, lists, and maps for deeper understanding.', 'duration': 27.696, 'max_score': 16.448, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM16448.jpg'}, {'end': 137.464, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 112.147, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 119.731, 'text': 'because in a lot of cases you could have gotten away with using a fixed size static array no problem and by doing so in the right places,', 'start': 112.147, 'duration': 7.584}, {'end': 123.254, 'text': 'you can greatly speed up the efficiency of your program.', 'start': 119.731, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 130.639, 'text': 'so i think this is definitely something that you should not underestimate, and later, when we get into algorithms and stuff like search algorithms,', 'start': 123.254, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 137.464, 'text': 'we can greatly improve the performance of our program by keeping our memory local on the stack instead of continually going to the heap,', 'start': 130.639, 'duration': 6.825}], 'summary': 'Using fixed size arrays can greatly improve program efficiency and performance.', 'duration': 25.317, 'max_score': 112.147, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM112147.jpg'}, {'end': 188.237, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 160.273, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 166.519, 'text': "They have courses on pretty much anything you can think of, and they're all really concise and well put together,", 'start': 160.273, 'duration': 6.246}, {'end': 167.92, 'text': "and they don't contain a lot of fluff.", 'start': 166.519, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 169.201, 'text': "They don't waste your time.", 'start': 167.94, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 174.165, 'text': "They just teach you what you need to know and usually they're extremely high quality.", 'start': 169.241, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 180.551, 'text': 'I love the fact that Skillshare has a lot of videos about things like productivity, things like marketing.', 'start': 174.265, 'duration': 6.286}, {'end': 188.237, 'text': 'I love their art related courses and especially this one about how you can relax and just 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chapter emphasizes the value of learning to write custom data structures in C++ to understand their inner workings and the efficiency of implementing them.', 'In many cases, using fixed size static arrays can greatly speed up the efficiency of programs compared to dynamic vectors, as they keep memory local on the stack instead of continually going to the heap.']}, {'end': 360, 'segs': [{'end': 265.761, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 238.928, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 242.65, 'text': "So just to be clear here, what we're trying to create is a stack allocated array.", 'start': 238.928, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 245.511, 'text': 'That means an array that exists on the stack, not the heap.', 'start': 242.69, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 251.533, 'text': "Let's start off with the most basic example of this where we don't have a class or any kind of helper functions whatsoever.", 'start': 245.951, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 253.214, 'text': "I'll create an integer array here.", 'start': 251.994, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 255.335, 'text': "I'll call it array and I'll give it the size of five.", 'start': 253.234, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 258.036, 'text': 'We now have a very simple stack allocated array.', 'start': 255.775, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 261.918, 'text': 'This is what forms the basis of this entire data structure.', 'start': 258.456, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 264.82, 'text': 'A heap allocated array would look something like this.', 'start': 262.398, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 265.761, 'text': "I'll call it heap array.", 'start': 264.9, 'duration': 0.861}], 'summary': 'Creating a stack-allocated array with size 5, forming the basis of the data structure.', 'duration': 26.833, 'max_score': 238.928, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM238928.jpg'}, {'end': 345.889, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 316.022, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 321.687, 'text': 'The other big difference, of course, is that with a heap allocated array like this, we need to make sure that we properly delete it.', 'start': 316.022, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 327.612, 'text': 'This is not the case for a stack allocated array, as it will simply get removed when the stack frame is popped,', 'start': 321.787, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 330.215, 'text': 'which in this case will happen at the end of this function here.', 'start': 327.612, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 336, 'text': "I'm not really going to talk about the benefits of a stack allocated array like this versus a heap allocated array, as well as all of the drawbacks.", 'start': 330.275, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 340.664, 'text': "The point is that in a lot of cases, if you're just allocating memory for a single scope,", 'start': 336.36, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 345.889, 'text': "it's a lot better to use a stack allocated array just simply because that memory will be right there on the stack.", 'start': 340.664, 'duration': 5.225}], 'summary': 'Stack allocated arrays get removed when stack frame is popped, while heap allocated arrays need proper deletion.', 'duration': 29.867, 'max_score': 316.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM316022.jpg'}], 'start': 200.22, 'title': 'C++ stack allocated array', 'summary': 'Explains creating a fixed size stack allocated array in c++, emphasizing the benefits over a heap allocated array, such as performance improvements and memory availability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 360, 'start': 200.22, 'title': 'Learn c++ stack allocated array', 'summary': 'Explains creating a fixed size stack allocated array in c++, highlighting the benefits of using a stack allocated array over a heap allocated array, including performance improvements and memory availability.', 'duration': 159.78, 'highlights': ['Creating a fixed size stack allocated array in C++ is demonstrated, emphasizing the benefits over heap allocated arrays including improved performance and memory availability.', 'Skillshare offers an annual subscription for less than $10 per month and provides two months of free premium access to the first 1000 sign-ups, promoting a diverse learning experience and access to valuable resources.', 'The differences between stack and heap allocated arrays are explained, outlining the need for specifying the size at compile time for stack allocated arrays, and the requirement to delete heap allocated arrays to prevent memory leaks.', 'The advantages of using a stack allocated array, such as eliminating the need for heap allocations and improving program performance, are emphasized, promoting its use for memory allocation within a single scope.']}], 'duration': 159.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM200220.jpg', 'highlights': ['Creating a fixed size stack allocated array in C++ is demonstrated, emphasizing the benefits over heap allocated arrays including improved performance and memory availability.', 'The advantages of using a stack allocated array, such as eliminating the need for heap allocations and improving program performance, are emphasized, promoting its use for memory allocation within a single scope.', 'The differences between stack and heap allocated arrays are explained, outlining the need for specifying the size at compile time for stack allocated arrays, and the requirement to delete heap allocated arrays to prevent memory leaks.']}, {'end': 586.068, 'segs': [{'end': 398.311, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 360, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 367.065, 'text': "let's take a look at what the C++ standard library provides for us, which is this standard array, which is available since C++ 11..", 'start': 360, 'duration': 7.065}, {'end': 372.929, 'text': "I'll create this standard array here with the name collection, and I will also add in the required include here, which is array.", 'start': 367.065, 'duration': 5.864}, {'end': 374.871, 'text': "That's where this class is actually contained.", 'start': 372.969, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 378.434, 'text': 'The way that we use this is primarily using template arguments.', 'start': 375.231, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 382.237, 'text': "Using templates, we're able to specify the type here as well as the size.", 'start': 378.534, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 386.821, 'text': "It's interesting to note here that the size is something that we specify as a template argument.", 'start': 383.058, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 393.347, 'text': 'Now, if we actually open this array file here, by just going to the document, You can see the entire implementation,', 'start': 387.281, 'duration': 6.066}, {'end': 395.288, 'text': 'because this is completely a template of class.', 'start': 393.347, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 398.311, 'text': 'The entire implementation has to be inside this header file.', 'start': 395.348, 'duration': 2.963}], 'summary': 'C++ standard library provides standard array since c++ 11, using template arguments to specify type and size.', 'duration': 38.311, 'max_score': 360, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM360000.jpg'}, {'end': 433.972, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 411.882, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 420.449, 'text': 'that is going to look a lot more simple than what we have here, because the C++ libraries are usually written in a not very readable way.', 'start': 411.882, 'duration': 8.567}, {'end': 425.57, 'text': "Once we've got that, the primary benefit here is that we can, in fact, easily check what the size is of the array.", 'start': 420.689, 'duration': 4.881}, {'end': 428.191, 'text': 'We can easily obtain an iterator to the arrays.', 'start': 425.61, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 433.972, 'text': 'And otherwise, if I wanted to iterate through every single integer inside this collection, I have a very easy way to do this.', 'start': 428.251, 'duration': 5.721}], 'summary': 'C++ libraries can be simplified for easy size checking and iteration.', 'duration': 22.09, 'max_score': 411.882, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM411882.jpg'}, {'end': 543.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 514.644, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 521.01, 'text': 'How can I, at the time of instantiating this class and using it, how can I tell it how big I want my static array to be?', 'start': 514.644, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 523.893, 'text': "That's why the standard array class uses a template.", 'start': 521.21, 'duration': 2.683}, {'end': 530.316, 'text': 'Now as a side note, I just want to mention that yes, I did say that technically you cannot have a stack allocated array with a dynamic size.', 'start': 523.993, 'duration': 6.323}, {'end': 535.059, 'text': "That's not strictly true because it is possible to allocate memory on the stack dynamically.", 'start': 530.617, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 543.404, 'text': 'We can do that by turning this into a pointer and then simply saying that mdata is equal to int pointer allocate size.', 'start': 535.479, 'duration': 7.925}], 'summary': 'Using template for dynamic array size allocation; stack allocated array can have dynamic size.', 'duration': 28.76, 'max_score': 514.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM514644.jpg'}, {'end': 563.455, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 530.617, 'weight': 0.933, 'content': [{'end': 535.059, 'text': "That's not strictly true because it is possible to allocate memory on the stack dynamically.", 'start': 530.617, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 543.404, 'text': 'We can do that by turning this into a pointer and then simply saying that mdata is equal to int pointer allocate size.', 'start': 535.479, 'duration': 7.925}, {'end': 547.066, 'text': 'Allocate is a function that lets us allocate memory on the stack.', 'start': 544.244, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 552.169, 'text': 'This would successfully allow us to instantiate our array here with an actual runtime value here.', 'start': 547.146, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 556.551, 'text': 'So this could be, of course, a variable that was set to something, and you can see that it works here fine,', 'start': 552.209, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 560.073, 'text': "because this just takes in an integer and we're allocating the right thing.", 'start': 556.551, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 563.455, 'text': 'Now there are certain caveats to using allocate.', 'start': 560.313, 'duration': 3.142}], 'summary': 'Allocating memory on the stack dynamically using a pointer and the allocate function allows instantiating an array with a runtime value.', 'duration': 32.838, 'max_score': 530.617, 'thumbnail': ''}, {'end': 595.816, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 568.558, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 571.96, 'text': 'That can lead to problems and also lack of compiler optimization.', 'start': 568.558, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 576.222, 'text': 'So technically speaking, you probably want to avoid allocate, especially in this instance.', 'start': 572, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 579.464, 'text': "I definitely won't tell you to avoid allocate in life in general,", 'start': 576.583, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 583.667, 'text': 'just because it is extremely useful and it can definitely benefit the performance of your program,', 'start': 579.464, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 586.068, 'text': "but it's totally outside of the scope of this tutorial.", 'start': 583.667, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 587.169, 'text': "So we're not going to talk about it here.", 'start': 586.108, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 587.97, 'text': 'at all.', 'start': 587.669, 'duration': 0.301}, {'end': 595.816, 'text': 'So going back to this, what are our options if we simply have a declaration like this? And the only thing we can really do is by using a template.', 'start': 588.01, 'duration': 7.806}], 'summary': 'Avoid using allocate for compiler optimization and performance benefits.', 'duration': 27.258, 'max_score': 568.558, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM568558.jpg'}], 'start': 360, 'title': 'C++ standard array class', 'summary': "Explores the usage of the c++ standard library's standard array, available since c++ 11, primarily used through template arguments, and discusses creating a standard array class in c++, highlighting benefits and addressing challenges.", 'chapters': [{'end': 411.882, 'start': 360, 'title': 'C++ standard library: standard array', 'summary': "Explores the usage of the c++ standard library's standard array, available since c++ 11, which is primarily used through template arguments including type and size, and its implementation being entirely within header files due to its template nature.", 'duration': 51.882, 'highlights': ['The C++ standard library provides the standard array, available since C++ 11, primarily used through template arguments for specifying type and size.', 'The size of the standard array is specified as a template argument.', 'The implementation of the standard array is entirely within header files due to its template nature.']}, {'end': 586.068, 'start': 411.882, 'title': 'Creating a standard array class', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of creating a standard array class in c++, highlighting the benefits of easily checking the size and obtaining an iterator, while addressing the challenges of dynamic sizing and memory allocation, including the use of templates and potential drawbacks of dynamic memory allocation at runtime.', 'duration': 174.186, 'highlights': ['The primary benefit lies in easily checking the size and obtaining an iterator to the arrays. The ability to easily check the size and obtain an iterator for the arrays provides a clear advantage in managing the data efficiently.', 'The challenge arises from the inability to specify the size of the stack-allocated array at runtime, which leads to the use of templates for dynamic sizing. The discussion delves into the challenges of specifying the size of a stack-allocated array at runtime, ultimately leading to the utilization of templates for dynamic sizing.', 'The use of allocate for dynamic memory allocation on the stack introduces potential issues and lack of compiler optimization. The potential issues and lack of compiler optimization associated with dynamic memory allocation using allocate on the stack are highlighted, emphasizing the need to consider potential drawbacks.']}], 'duration': 226.068, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM360000.jpg', 'highlights': ['The C++ standard library provides the standard array, available since C++ 11, primarily used through template arguments for specifying type and size.', 'The implementation of the standard array is entirely within header files due to its template nature.', 'The primary benefit lies in easily checking the size and obtaining an iterator to the arrays. The ability to easily check the size and obtain an iterator for the arrays provides a clear advantage in managing the data efficiently.', 'The challenge arises from the inability to specify the size of the stack-allocated array at runtime, which leads to the use of templates for dynamic sizing. The discussion delves into the challenges of specifying the size of a stack-allocated array at runtime, ultimately leading to the utilization of templates for dynamic sizing.', 'The use of allocate for dynamic memory allocation on the stack introduces potential issues and lack of compiler optimization. The potential issues and lack of compiler optimization associated with dynamic memory allocation using allocate on the stack are highlighted, emphasizing the need to consider potential drawbacks.']}, {'end': 729.967, 'segs': [{'end': 661.922, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 623.657, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 627.899, 'text': "that's certainly what the entire library uses for all of the like C++ internal stuff.", 'start': 623.657, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 631.221, 'text': "Okay, so now that we've got that, we can simply replace this 10 with the size.", 'start': 628.019, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 635.663, 'text': 'And now, if we work to create this array, instead of having to write this size here,', 'start': 631.621, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 639.926, 'text': 'what we need to do is specify a size like five as part of the type.', 'start': 635.663, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 641.627, 'text': 'So now we have a templated class,', 'start': 639.946, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 649.273, 'text': 'meaning a new version of this class will physically be created by the compiler with our argument every time we create a new array type.', 'start': 641.627, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 650.213, 'text': 'Okay, cool.', 'start': 649.573, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 655.137, 'text': "So now that we've got a dynamic-ish size going on here, it's not really dynamic.", 'start': 650.253, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 656.938, 'text': 'We still have to specify this at compile time.', 'start': 655.177, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 661.922, 'text': "There's no way for us to do something like this, at least unless it's a constant expression.", 'start': 657.198, 'duration': 4.724}], 'summary': 'Using templates in c++ to create a dynamically sized array with compiler-generated versions based on arguments.', 'duration': 38.265, 'max_score': 623.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM623657.jpg'}, {'end': 703.704, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 677.687, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 681.989, 'text': "That's what a fixed size stack allocated array is all about, which is what this data structure is.", 'start': 677.687, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 686.37, 'text': 'So now how do we make this not specific to integers? Well, we just need to add another template argument.', 'start': 682.149, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 689.192, 'text': "So I'll write in type name T at the front of this.", 'start': 686.75, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 694.877, 'text': 'So we have two arguments here, type name T, which is going to be the actual type of data that we store.', 'start': 689.232, 'duration': 5.645}, {'end': 700.421, 'text': 'And then the size T S, which is going to be the number of elements that we have here or the count.', 'start': 695.197, 'duration': 5.224}, {'end': 703.704, 'text': "So over here, instead of int, I'm going to replace this with T.", 'start': 700.541, 'duration': 3.163}], 'summary': 'A fixed size stack allocated array with template arguments for type and size.', 'duration': 26.017, 'max_score': 677.687, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM677687.jpg'}], 'start': 586.108, 'title': 'Creating a template class for dynamic array size', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a template class in c++ for dynamic array size and explains the process of using template arguments for the type and size of the array, along with introducing the concept of creating a new version of the class with specified arguments during compilation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 729.967, 'start': 586.108, 'title': 'Template class for dynamic array size', 'summary': 'Discusses creating a template class for dynamic array size in c++, explaining the process of using template arguments for the type and size of the array, and introduces the concept of creating a new version of the class with the specified arguments during compilation.', 'duration': 143.859, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the process of creating a template class for dynamic array size in C++ by using template arguments for the type and size of the array, with a focus on using template size T and template type name T for specifying the size and type of the array.', 'It explains the concept of creating a new version of the class with the specified arguments during compilation, allowing for a dynamic-ish size array creation, albeit still requiring specification at compile time.', 'Introduces the concept of using template arguments to make the class not specific to integers, allowing for the specification of the data type and size during array creation, leading to the creation of a new version of the class with the specified type and size during compilation.']}], 'duration': 143.859, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM586108.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the process of creating a template class for dynamic array size in C++ by using template arguments for the type and size of the array.', 'Introduces the concept of using template arguments to make the class not specific to integers, allowing for the specification of the data type and size during array creation.', 'It explains the concept of creating a new version of the class with the specified arguments during compilation, allowing for a dynamic-ish size array creation.']}, {'end': 930.239, 'segs': [{'end': 772.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 748.482, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 755.688, 'text': 'There is no additional variable here called size, which is like set to five or set to a value that we take in in the constructor during runtime.', 'start': 748.482, 'duration': 7.206}, {'end': 758.689, 'text': 'there is no storage for this whatsoever.', 'start': 756.108, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 767.073, 'text': 'What this actually is, is just this templated argument, meaning that when this template actually gets created, this S gets replaced with five.', 'start': 759.029, 'duration': 8.044}, {'end': 772.755, 'text': "So we literally have a function whose sole job is to return a constant value of five and that's it.", 'start': 767.113, 'duration': 5.642}], 'summary': 'Template function returns constant value of 5', 'duration': 24.273, 'max_score': 748.482, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM748482.jpg'}, {'end': 885.881, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 849.734, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 853.799, 'text': "And that's because this size function simply returns an integer.", 'start': 849.734, 'duration': 4.065}, {'end': 856.443, 'text': 'What it should return is a constant expression.', 'start': 853.979, 'duration': 2.464}, {'end': 862.671, 'text': "By adding the constexpr keyword here, we're specifying that this actual function can be evaluated at compile time.", 'start': 856.603, 'duration': 6.068}, {'end': 866.113, 'text': 'And since it can, you can see the assert here works fine.', 'start': 862.791, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 871.095, 'text': 'It also lets us create new arrays from the size of that first array.', 'start': 866.233, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 877.558, 'text': 'Because again, data.size is a function that can actually be evaluated completely during compile time.', 'start': 871.375, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 885.881, 'text': "And that's also the reason why inside the C++ array function, lots of their functions here, as you can see, actually returns a constant expression.", 'start': 877.998, 'duration': 7.883}], 'summary': 'Adding constexpr keyword allows evaluation at compile time, enabling creation of new arrays and returning constant expressions in c++ functions.', 'duration': 36.147, 'max_score': 849.734, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM849734.jpg'}, {'end': 918.336, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 893.225, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 899.909, 'text': "Because at the moment, even though I've got all of this stuff going on, there's no way for me to actually index this data.", 'start': 893.225, 'duration': 6.684}, {'end': 905.432, 'text': 'Now I could simply return a pointer to this data, but a better way to do this is to implement the index operator.', 'start': 900.229, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 912.374, 'text': 'And I can write a simple version of this by just writing T then operator, open and close square bracket, then int index.', 'start': 905.612, 'duration': 6.762}, {'end': 915.515, 'text': "And then I'll simply return mdata at that index.", 'start': 912.554, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 918.336, 'text': 'So this is kind of like the most simple, straightforward way.', 'start': 915.715, 'duration': 2.621}], 'summary': 'Implementing index operator to access data efficiently.', 'duration': 25.111, 'max_score': 893.225, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM893225.jpg'}], 'start': 730.467, 'title': 'Template function for array size and c++ array compile-time tasks', 'summary': 'Covers the use of template function for array size, eliminating the need for additional storage, enabling dynamic size checking, and discusses c++ arrays utilizing static assert and constexpr keyword for compile-time evaluation and creating an index operator for data retrieval.', 'chapters': [{'end': 801.455, 'start': 730.467, 'title': 'Template function for array size', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of a template function to return the size of an array, eliminating the need for additional storage and allowing for dynamic size checking, improving upon the limitations of stack allocated arrays.', 'duration': 70.988, 'highlights': ["The template function 'size' is used to return a constant value of five, eliminating the need for additional storage for size and allowing for dynamic size checking during runtime.", 'By using templates, the class is able to hard code the function to return a constant value of five, optimizing memory usage and enabling dynamic size checking.', 'The use of the template function allows for immediate and dynamic size checking of the array, providing a significant improvement over stack allocated arrays.']}, {'end': 930.239, 'start': 801.516, 'title': 'C++ array and compile time tasks', 'summary': 'Discusses using static assert and constexpr keyword in c++ arrays to ensure compile-time evaluation and creating an index operator for reading data.', 'duration': 128.723, 'highlights': ["Using static assert and constexpr to ensure compile-time evaluation The chapter discusses adding a static assert to check the size of an array at compile time, ensuring it's less than 10, and using the constexpr keyword to specify that a function can be evaluated at compile time.", 'Implementing an index operator for reading data from the array The chapter explains the implementation of an index operator in C++ arrays, allowing for the retrieval of values by specifying the index of the data.']}], 'duration': 199.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM730467.jpg', 'highlights': ["The template function 'size' eliminates the need for additional storage and enables dynamic size checking.", 'Using templates optimizes memory usage and enables dynamic size checking.', 'Static assert and constexpr ensure compile-time evaluation and size checking.', 'Implementing an index operator in C++ arrays allows for data retrieval by specifying the index.']}, {'end': 1181.016, 'segs': [{'end': 968.886, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 944.228, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 951.133, 'text': 'But what if we had a string? Would we really want to completely copy the string out every time we use this index operator? Probably not.', 'start': 944.228, 'duration': 6.905}, {'end': 953.315, 'text': 'We simply want a read only reference to it.', 'start': 951.193, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 960.361, 'text': "The other problem here is that since this does actually return by value and it makes a new copy, I can't do things like this,", 'start': 953.415, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 963.242, 'text': "because this isn't a modifiable L value.", 'start': 960.361, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 966.605, 'text': "We're simply returning a brand new copy of an integer here.", 'start': 963.323, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 968.886, 'text': "There's nothing to assign to, there's no storage.", 'start': 966.765, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': 'Avoiding unnecessary string copying and returning by value to improve efficiency and storage.', 'duration': 24.658, 'max_score': 944.228, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM944228.jpg'}, {'end': 1008.572, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 982.655, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 990.16, 'text': 'by returning a reference, it lets us actually assign into that index, which is something that we typically want to do with an array such as this.', 'start': 982.655, 'duration': 7.505}, {'end': 991.681, 'text': 'This poses another problem though.', 'start': 990.34, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 998.265, 'text': "If this array happens to be const for whatever reason, maybe we're assigning it to like a const reference or something like that.", 'start': 991.821, 'duration': 6.444}, {'end': 1001.728, 'text': "We have our array reference, maybe we're passing it into a function.", 'start': 998.325, 'duration': 3.403}, {'end': 1008.572, 'text': "And if we have this kind of const reference here for the array, We obviously can't do this and we wouldn't expect to be able to do this,", 'start': 1001.748, 'duration': 6.824}], 'summary': 'Returning reference allows assigning into index, but poses problem for const arrays.', 'duration': 25.917, 'max_score': 982.655, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM982655.jpg'}, {'end': 1050.411, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1018.256, 'weight': 0.729, 'content': [{'end': 1022.238, 'text': 'We should still be able to read the data, but not necessarily write the data.', 'start': 1018.256, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 1026.14, 'text': 'This we can easily fix by just adding another version of this function.', 'start': 1022.458, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 1031.241, 'text': 'which returns a const T reference and is also marked as const.', 'start': 1026.617, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 1039.365, 'text': 'This const over here means that we can actually call this function if the instance of array is constant, like it is for array reference.', 'start': 1031.621, 'duration': 7.744}, {'end': 1042.847, 'text': 'So this does not work, which is what we would expect, but this does.', 'start': 1039.545, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1047.549, 'text': 'And if we of course use the original data, which is not const, then everything works fine.', 'start': 1043.087, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 1050.411, 'text': "The final real problem here is that we're using int as the index.", 'start': 1047.689, 'duration': 2.722}], 'summary': 'Adding a const function version fixes the issue with writing data, ensuring data integrity.', 'duration': 32.155, 'max_score': 1018.256, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1018256.jpg'}, {'end': 1081.601, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1059.083, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1066.914, 'text': 'If you go into array and you take a look at their index operator, you can see that they also use size type here and size type is equal to size T.', 'start': 1059.083, 'duration': 7.831}, {'end': 1070.036, 'text': 'they have a lot of their own definitions for a lot of these things.', 'start': 1067.495, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 1076.959, 'text': "At least MSVC's STL, which is what we're looking at here, has all of these various definitions, which just add a little bit of noise, in my opinion,", 'start': 1070.116, 'duration': 6.843}, {'end': 1081.601, 'text': 'as to what is actually going on here, since you always have to look at what these are actually set to.', 'start': 1076.959, 'duration': 4.642}], 'summary': "Msvc's stl has its own definitions for array index operator and size type, adding noise to understanding.", 'duration': 22.518, 'max_score': 1059.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1059083.jpg'}, {'end': 1118.884, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1091.105, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1097.409, 'text': "I mean it's also marked with no accept, and there's a few other various flags going on here that we don't really care about,", 'start': 1091.105, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 1098.81, 'text': 'at least for our basic example.', 'start': 1097.409, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 1101.292, 'text': 'And then this is identical.', 'start': 1099.19, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 1106.635, 'text': 'However, we have this preprocessor statement here that checks to see if the container debug level is greater than zero.', 'start': 1101.352, 'duration': 5.283}, {'end': 1111.559, 'text': 'And if it is, it runs this STL verify thing that checks the position versus the size.', 'start': 1106.655, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 1118.884, 'text': 'So what this is, is essentially an assert that checks to see that this index is within the accepted range.', 'start': 1112.119, 'duration': 6.765}], 'summary': 'Code contains preprocessor statement to verify index range.', 'duration': 27.779, 'max_score': 1091.105, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1091105.jpg'}], 'start': 930.299, 'title': 'C++ array index operator and debugging', 'summary': 'Discusses the problems with returning by value, the need for read-only reference, handling const reference, using size t for array index, and the benefits of using a const t reference and the stl verify for debugging.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1181.016, 'start': 930.299, 'title': 'C++ array index operator and debugging', 'summary': 'Discusses the problems with returning by value, the need for read-only reference, handling const reference, and using size t for array index while highlighting the benefits of using a const t reference and the stl verify for debugging.', 'duration': 250.717, 'highlights': ['The problem of returning by value and the need for a read-only reference to prevent unnecessary copying is addressed. Returning by value may lead to unnecessary copying, especially for data types like string, hence the need for a read-only reference to prevent this.', 'The importance of returning a reference to enable assignment into the index and the consideration for const reference is discussed. Returning a reference allows assignment into the index, and the consideration for const reference is highlighted to handle read-only access.', 'Usage of size T for array index is emphasized due to platform consistency and compatibility. The C++ standard library prefers using size T for array index to ensure platform consistency and compatibility.', 'The STL verify is mentioned as a debugging tool, which includes an assert to check the index within the accepted range. The use of STL verify as a debugging tool, including an assert to check the index within the accepted range, is highlighted.']}], 'duration': 250.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM930299.jpg', 'highlights': ['Returning by value may lead to unnecessary copying, especially for data types like string, hence the need for a read-only reference to prevent this.', 'Returning a reference allows assignment into the index, and the consideration for const reference is highlighted to handle read-only access.', 'The C++ standard library prefers using size T for array index to ensure platform consistency and compatibility.', 'The use of STL verify as a debugging tool, including an assert to check the index within the accepted range, is highlighted.']}, {'end': 1375.095, 'segs': [{'end': 1218.459, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1181.076, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1183.737, 'text': "I'll get rid of this and I'll clean up our code a little bit more.", 'start': 1181.076, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 1188.02, 'text': 'One other thing that this class really needs is a way to actually access the data within it.', 'start': 1183.917, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 1191.903, 'text': 'So in other words, this will just return mdata, and it will just return a pointer to it.', 'start': 1188.14, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 1197.307, 'text': 'You could also add a const version of this that returns the data if you wanted to, and it would look something like that.', 'start': 1192.323, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 1203.431, 'text': 'What this enables you to do is quickly, for example, set the memory to be zero by just calling data.data,', 'start': 1197.427, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 1208.615, 'text': 'writing zero as your value and then the size of the array which is going to be data.size times mdata.', 'start': 1203.431, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 1212.137, 'text': "size of int because that's the data type that we've selected here.", 'start': 1208.855, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1218.459, 'text': 'This will set all of the integers inside our array to be zero by just simply setting all of their memory to zero.', 'start': 1212.177, 'duration': 6.282}], 'summary': 'The class needs a way to access data, enabling easy zeroing of array integers.', 'duration': 37.383, 'max_score': 1181.076, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1181076.jpg'}, {'end': 1359.963, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1289.431, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1292.471, 'text': 'There are still a lot of features that we would want to add to this.', 'start': 1289.431, 'duration': 3.04}, {'end': 1295.572, 'text': 'Namely the biggest feature I think is iterators.', 'start': 1292.911, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 1298.612, 'text': "So at the moment we're having to write a for loop like this,", 'start': 1296.092, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 1303.473, 'text': 'but it would be really nice if we could simply have a for loop that looks something like this,', 'start': 1298.612, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 1308.394, 'text': 'where we could get through our entire array just by using a range based for loop like this.', 'start': 1303.473, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 1312.675, 'text': 'And to make that happen, we actually need to write an iterator, which is a topic for another video.', 'start': 1308.454, 'duration': 4.221}, {'end': 1315.878, 'text': 'There are also some other utility functions, such as fill and swap,', 'start': 1312.875, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 1320.482, 'text': 'which we would probably want to implement just to make dealing with our array slightly easier.', 'start': 1315.878, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 1322.825, 'text': "But that's gonna be it for today's video.", 'start': 1320.582, 'duration': 2.243}, {'end': 1325.739, 'text': 'Okay, so I hope you guys enjoyed this video.', 'start': 1324.198, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 1328.221, 'text': "If you did, please don't forget to hit the like button below.", 'start': 1325.819, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 1334.805, 'text': "Obviously. there's a lot of other things we could add to this array class and we will probably end up extending it in some future videos,", 'start': 1328.801, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 1336.786, 'text': 'like the iterators and stuff like that.', 'start': 1334.805, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 1342.17, 'text': 'The core mechanics of a stack allocated array are quite simple as you can probably see.', 'start': 1337.387, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 1349.415, 'text': 'And this in and of itself is quite a powerful data structure that you can and should use frequently throughout your code.', 'start': 1342.33, 'duration': 7.085}, {'end': 1354.439, 'text': 'if you have any other suggestions for data structures for me to cover, obviously i have a long list of all of the popular ones,', 'start': 1349.415, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 1359.963, 'text': "but if there's something specific that you want me to cover or a different data structure that you want me to cover next, please let me know.", 'start': 1354.439, 'duration': 5.524}], 'summary': 'Plans to add iterators and utility functions to array class for easier manipulation, with further enhancements in future videos.', 'duration': 70.532, 'max_score': 1289.431, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1289431.jpg'}], 'start': 1181.076, 'title': 'Accessing and setting data in a class and stack-allocated array', 'summary': 'Discusses accessing and setting data within a class, including returning a pointer to the data, adding a const version, and quickly setting the memory to zero for all integers in an array. it also covers the implementation of a stack-allocated array in c++ and its usage with strings, the need for iterators, and the potential addition of utility functions. the content emphasizes simplicity, versatility, and encourages viewer feedback for future topics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1218.459, 'start': 1181.076, 'title': 'Accessing and setting data in a class', 'summary': 'Discusses accessing and setting data within a class, including returning a pointer to the data, adding a const version, and quickly setting the memory to zero for all integers in an array.', 'duration': 37.383, 'highlights': ['Enabling quick setting of memory to zero by calling data.data and writing the value zero, then the size of the array which is data.size times mdata.size of int, effectively setting all integers inside the array to zero.', 'Discussing the need to access the data within the class, returning mdata as a pointer and the possibility of adding a const version of the function to return the data.']}, {'end': 1375.095, 'start': 1218.619, 'title': 'Stack allocated array', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of a stack-allocated array in c++ and its usage with strings, the need for iterators, and the potential addition of utility functions. it emphasizes the simplicity and versatility of the data structure and encourages viewer feedback for future topics.', 'duration': 156.476, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the implementation of a stack-allocated array in C++ and its usage with strings, highlighting the versatility and simplicity of the data structure.', 'The need for iterators in the array class is emphasized, indicating a potential area for future development.', 'The potential addition of utility functions such as fill and swap to enhance the usability of the array class is mentioned, suggesting avenues for further improvement.', 'The chapter encourages viewer feedback for future topics, demonstrating a willingness to cover specific data structures based on audience suggestions.']}], 'duration': 194.019, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TzB5ZeKQIHM/pics/TzB5ZeKQIHM1181076.jpg', 'highlights': ['Enabling quick setting of memory to zero by calling data.data and writing the value zero, then the size of the array which is data.size times mdata.size of int, effectively setting all integers inside the array to zero.', 'Discussing the need to access the data within the class, returning mdata as a pointer and the possibility of adding a const version of the function to return the data.', 'The chapter explains the implementation of a stack-allocated array in C++ and its usage with strings, highlighting the versatility and simplicity of the data structure.', 'The potential addition of utility functions such as fill and swap to enhance the usability of the array class is mentioned, suggesting avenues for further improvement.', 'The need for iterators in the array class is emphasized, indicating a potential area for future development.', 'The chapter encourages viewer feedback for future topics, demonstrating a willingness to cover specific data structures based on audience suggestions.']}], 'highlights': ['The efficiency of programs can be greatly improved by using fixed size static arrays instead of dynamic vectors, reducing memory allocation on the heap, and speeding up the program significantly.', 'In many cases, using fixed size static arrays can greatly speed up the efficiency of programs compared to dynamic vectors, as they keep memory local on the stack instead of continually going to the heap.', 'Creating a fixed size stack allocated array in C++ is demonstrated, emphasizing the benefits over heap allocated arrays including improved performance and memory availability.', 'The advantages of using a stack allocated array, such as eliminating the need for heap allocations and improving program performance, are emphasized, promoting its use for memory allocation within a single scope.', 'The C++ standard library provides the standard array, available since C++ 11, primarily used through template arguments for specifying type and size.', 'The primary benefit lies in easily checking the size and obtaining an iterator to the arrays. The ability to easily check the size and obtain an iterator for the arrays provides a clear advantage in managing the data efficiently.', 'The chapter discusses the process of creating a template class for dynamic array size in C++ by using template arguments for the type and size of the array.', "The template function 'size' eliminates the need for additional storage and enables dynamic size checking.", 'Using templates optimizes memory usage and enables dynamic size checking.', 'Static assert and constexpr ensure compile-time evaluation and size checking.', 'Returning by value may lead to unnecessary copying, especially for data types like string, hence the need for a read-only reference to prevent this.', 'The C++ standard library prefers using size T for array index to ensure platform consistency and compatibility.', 'Enabling quick setting of memory to zero by calling data.data and writing the value zero, then the size of the array which is data.size times mdata.size of int, effectively setting all integers inside the array to zero.', 'The chapter explains the implementation of a stack-allocated array in C++ and its usage with strings, highlighting the versatility and simplicity of the data structure.', 'The chapter encourages viewer feedback for future topics, demonstrating a willingness to cover specific data structures based on audience suggestions.']}