title
Jed Buchwald: Isaac Newton and the Philosophy of Science | Lex Fridman Podcast #214

description
Jed Buchwald is a historian and philosopher of science at Caltech. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - GiveWell: https://www.givewell.org/ and use code LEX to get donation matched up to $1k - Theragun: https://therabody.com/lex to get 30 day trial - LMNT: https://drinkLMNT.com/lex to get free sample pack - Fundrise: https://fundrise.com/lex - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off EPISODE LINKS: Jed's Caltech page: https://bit.ly/38eLLRF Jed's Books: https://amzn.to/2WoxGPi PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:31 - How does science progress? 16:44 - Theory of Everything 28:37 - Consciousness 32:12 - Most Beautiful Moments in Science 39:57 - Isaac Newton 1:06:10 - Competition in Science 1:16:44 - Newton's Career 1:29:55 - Importance of Data 1:36:13 - Alchemy 1:40:28 - Newton and Religion 1:43:41 - Showing Newton the future 1:48:25 - Newton and Einstein SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Jed Buchwald: Isaac Newton and the Philosophy of Science | Lex Fridman Podcast #214', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': "Jed buchwald's discussion explores scientific progress, evolution of science through history, isaac newton's prism experiment, revolutionary thinking, controversies, jealousy-driven innovations, statistical methods, and newton's beliefs, offering insights into the collaborative nature of scientific advancement, challenges to traditional paradigms, and newton's foundational contributions to calculus and optics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 527.83, 'segs': [{'end': 287.404, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 263.336, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 270.364, 'text': 'When you say new stuff, are we referring to experimental science here or new stuff in the space of new theories? Could be both.', 'start': 263.336, 'duration': 7.028}, {'end': 272.807, 'text': 'Could be both, actually.', 'start': 270.925, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 277.092, 'text': 'So how does that, can you maybe elaborate a little bit on the story of the wave? Sure.', 'start': 273.007, 'duration': 4.085}, {'end': 284.242, 'text': 'The prevailing view of light, at least in France, where the wave theory really first took off,', 'start': 278.598, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 287.404, 'text': 'although it had been introduced in England by Thomas Young.', 'start': 284.242, 'duration': 3.162}], 'summary': 'Discussion on wave theory in science, including its development and prevailing view of light.', 'duration': 24.068, 'max_score': 263.336, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0263336.jpg'}, {'end': 437.64, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 407.534, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 411.556, 'text': "30s and 40s in particular then that's the direction you're going to go.", 'start': 407.534, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 414.378, 'text': 'But there were holdouts until the 1850s.', 'start': 411.897, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 419.161, 'text': 'I want to try to elaborate on the nature of the disagreement you have with Thomas Kuhn.', 'start': 415.479, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 421.643, 'text': 'So do you still believe in paradigm shifts?', 'start': 419.362, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 427.487, 'text': 'Do you still see that there is ideas that really have a transformational effect on science??', 'start': 421.803, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 431.53, 'text': 'The nature of the disagreement has to do with how those.', 'start': 429.368, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 437.64, 'text': 'paradigm shifts come to be? How they come to be and how they change.', 'start': 432.759, 'duration': 4.881}], 'summary': 'The disagreement with thomas kuhn is about how paradigm shifts occur and change in science.', 'duration': 30.106, 'max_score': 407.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0407534.jpg'}, {'end': 490.195, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 458.104, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 468.77, 'text': "But I don't think that the changes happen quite so neatly, if you will, in reaction to novel experimental observations.", 'start': 458.104, 'duration': 10.666}, {'end': 471.05, 'text': 'They can be much more complex than that.', 'start': 469.43, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 475.851, 'text': 'In terms of neatness.', 'start': 473.211, 'duration': 2.64}, {'end': 490.195, 'text': 'how much of science progresses by individual lone geniuses and how much by the messy collaboration of competing and cooperating humans?', 'start': 475.851, 'duration': 14.344}], 'summary': 'Science progress: messy collaboration vs lone geniuses', 'duration': 32.091, 'max_score': 458.104, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0458104.jpg'}], 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Scientific progress', 'summary': "Delves into the complex and collaborative nature of scientific advancement, challenging thomas kuhn's paradigm shifts and providing insights into the wave theory of light.", 'chapters': [{'end': 527.83, 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Science paradigm shifts', 'summary': "Explores the nature of scientific progress, highlighting the disagreement with thomas kuhn's paradigm shifts and emphasizing the complex and collaborative nature of scientific advancement, with an example from the wave theory of light.", 'duration': 527.641, 'highlights': ['The prevailing view of light, at least in France, was the wave theory introduced by Thomas Young and Augustin Fresnel, which offered novel experimental and mathematical structures, enabling the generation of new devices and phenomena. The wave theory of light, introduced in France, offered novel experimental and mathematical structures that enabled the generation of new devices and phenomena, contrasting the prevailing Newtonian view, demonstrating the complex nature of scientific progress.', "The disagreement with Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shifts lies in the complexity of how shifts occur in reaction to novel experimental observations, indicating a more intricate process of scientific advancement than neatly defined paradigm shifts. The chapter emphasizes the disagreement with Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shifts, highlighting the complex and non-neat process of scientific advancement, challenging the idea of shifts solely in reaction to experimental observations.", 'The collaborative and complex nature of scientific progress is underscored, with an acknowledgment that individual lone geniuses play a central role, but they are not solely responsible for major shifts in science. The chapter emphasizes the collaborative and complex nature of scientific progress, acknowledging the central role of individual geniuses while highlighting the collaborative and multifaceted nature of scientific advancement.']}], 'duration': 527.641, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0189.jpg', 'highlights': ['The wave theory of light in France offered novel experimental and mathematical structures, contrasting the prevailing Newtonian view, demonstrating the complex nature of scientific progress.', "The chapter emphasizes the disagreement with Thomas Kuhn's paradigm shifts, highlighting the complex and non-neat process of scientific advancement, challenging the idea of shifts solely in reaction to experimental observations.", 'The chapter emphasizes the collaborative and complex nature of scientific progress, acknowledging the central role of individual geniuses while highlighting the collaborative and multifaceted nature of scientific advancement.']}, {'end': 1941.03, 'segs': [{'end': 629.42, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 601.622, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 613.995, 'text': 'Huygens is older than Newton, and Huygens nicely deployed Galilean relationships in respect to motion to develop all sorts of things,', 'start': 601.622, 'duration': 12.373}, {'end': 617.298, 'text': 'including the first pendulum governed clock.', 'start': 613.995, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 626.798, 'text': "and even figured out how to build one, which keeps perfect time, except it didn't work, but he had the mathematical structure for it.", 'start': 619.454, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 629.42, 'text': 'How well known is Huygens? Oh, very well known.', 'start': 627.258, 'duration': 2.162}], 'summary': "Huygens deployed galilean relationships to develop the first pendulum clock, though it didn't work, establishing a mathematical structure for it.", 'duration': 27.798, 'max_score': 601.622, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0601622.jpg'}, {'end': 710.472, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 678.274, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 683.458, 'text': 'You just remember the equations of the principles themselves and the personalities of science.', 'start': 678.274, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 687.942, 'text': "And there's certain personalities, certain human beings that stand out.", 'start': 683.858, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 695.705, 'text': "And that's why there is a sense to which the lone inventor, the lone scientist, is the way.", 'start': 688.582, 'duration': 7.123}, {'end': 701.308, 'text': 'I personally, I mean I think a lot of people think about the history of science is these lone geniuses.', 'start': 695.705, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 702.728, 'text': 'Without them.', 'start': 701.808, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 710.472, 'text': 'the sense is, if you remove Newton from the picture, if you remove Galileo from the picture, then science would.', 'start': 702.728, 'duration': 7.744}], 'summary': 'Lone inventors and scientists are crucial in the history of science.', 'duration': 32.198, 'max_score': 678.274, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0678274.jpg'}, {'end': 964.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 937.307, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 945.55, 'text': "because we're not going to be building bigger and bigger and more and more expensive machines to rip apart particles in various ways.", 'start': 937.307, 'duration': 8.243}, {'end': 951.336, 'text': "In which case, what are physicists going to do? They'll turn their attention to other aspects.", 'start': 946.482, 'duration': 4.854}, {'end': 954.364, 'text': "There are all sorts of things we've never explained.", 'start': 951.737, 'duration': 2.627}, {'end': 957.143, 'text': 'about the material world.', 'start': 955.702, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 964.109, 'text': "We don't have theories that go beyond a certain point for all sorts of things.", 'start': 957.584, 'duration': 6.525}], 'summary': 'Physicists shift focus to unexplained aspects of material world, beyond current theories.', 'duration': 26.802, 'max_score': 937.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0937307.jpg'}, {'end': 1041.915, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1015.222, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1021.326, 'text': "So there's a very specific thing that that currently means in physics, is the unification of the laws of physics.", 'start': 1015.222, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 1027.28, 'text': "but I'm sure in antiquity or before it meant maybe something else.", 'start': 1022.335, 'duration': 4.945}, {'end': 1028.482, 'text': 'or is it always about physics?', 'start': 1027.28, 'duration': 1.202}, {'end': 1038.492, 'text': "I think, as you've kind of implied, in physics there's a sense once you get to the theory of everything, you've understood everything,", 'start': 1029.983, 'duration': 8.509}, {'end': 1041.915, 'text': "but there's a very deep sense in which you've actually understood not very much at all.", 'start': 1038.492, 'duration': 3.423}], 'summary': 'Physics seeks unification of laws, but understanding remains limited.', 'duration': 26.693, 'max_score': 1015.222, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS01015222.jpg'}, {'end': 1641.312, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1604.93, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1617.06, 'text': "Who's right? Is it me or the dragonfly? Well, the dragonfly is certainly very impressive, so I don't know.", 'start': 1604.93, 'duration': 12.13}, {'end': 1619.862, 'text': 'But yes, the observer matters.', 'start': 1617.16, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 1628.55, 'text': 'What is that supposed to tell us about objective reality?', 'start': 1625.709, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1641.312, 'text': "Well, I think it means that it's very difficult to get beyond the constructs that our perceptual system is leading us to.", 'start': 1628.83, 'duration': 12.482}], 'summary': "The observer's influence on perceiving reality is highlighted, challenging objective reality.", 'duration': 36.382, 'max_score': 1604.93, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS01604930.jpg'}], 'start': 527.87, 'title': 'Evolution of science through history', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of galileo's work on motion, the evolution of science through history, the limitations of the current approach in physics, the dream of probing nature, and consciousness & science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 629.42, 'start': 527.87, 'title': "Impact of galileo's work on motion", 'summary': "Discusses the impact of galileo's work on motion, including how it influenced other scientists like descartes and christian huygens, who developed significant advancements in the field, such as the first pendulum clock.", 'duration': 101.55, 'highlights': ["Christian Huygens, influenced by Galileo's work, developed the first pendulum governed clock, showcasing the practical applications of Galilean relationships in motion.", "Descartes, initially skeptical of Galileo's work on motion, had a follower, Christian Huygens, who utilized Galilean relationships to develop significant advancements in science, highlighting the influential impact of Galileo's work.", "Galileo's work on motion eventually convinced people due to its practical applications, as evidenced by Christian Huygens' development of the first pendulum governed clock."]}, {'end': 844.126, 'start': 629.54, 'title': 'Evolution of science through history', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of knowing scientific figures, the impact of lone inventors and scientists, and the progression of science through history, questioning if we have discovered only a fraction of what is yet to be discovered.', 'duration': 214.586, 'highlights': ['The importance of knowing scientific figures and their contributions is emphasized, as the mention of Huygens principle in optics is tied to a second year of physics courses. Importance of knowing scientific figures, reference to Huygens principle in optics.', 'The significance of lone inventors and scientists, such as Newton and Galileo, in the history of science is discussed, suggesting that without them, scientific progress may have been significantly delayed. Significance of lone inventors, impact of Newton and Galileo on scientific progress.', 'Questioning the extent of scientific discovery and invention, the chapter explores whether humanity has only scratched the surface of what is yet to be discovered, presenting a speculative and thought-provoking view of the future of science. Questioning the extent of scientific discovery, speculation on the future of science.']}, {'end': 1078.276, 'start': 844.906, 'title': 'The theory of everything in physics', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of the current approach in physics, highlighting the challenges in achieving a theory of everything and the need to explore higher-level quantum mechanical relationships in chemistry.', 'duration': 233.37, 'highlights': ['The limitations of the current approach in physics are highlighted, emphasizing the challenges in achieving a theory of everything and the need to explore higher-level quantum mechanical relationships in chemistry.', "The speaker questions the notion of a 'deep theory' to explain everything, emphasizing the inevitable mediation of our access to the inner workings of nature by our capabilities and available resources.", 'The speaker raises doubts about the continuation of the current trajectory of physics, emphasizing the need to turn attention to unexplained aspects of the material world beyond the standard model and particle accelerators.']}, {'end': 1641.312, 'start': 1079.376, 'title': 'The dream of probing nature', 'summary': 'Discusses the historical context of probing nature in artificially constructed ways to understand it, the current journey in physics towards the theory of everything, and the philosophical question of comprehending reality, including the disagreement with weinberg on reality and the implications of subjective observation on objective reality.', 'duration': 561.936, 'highlights': ['The notion of probing nature in artificially constructed ways to understand it was first held by alchemists in the early days of the theory of everything, distinct from science being an observing thing. Historical context of probing nature, distinction from observing nature.', 'The current journey in physics towards the theory of everything involves exploring unique laws in the universe, the prevailing notion of string theory, and the quest to understand the laws prevailing in our universe, potentially discoverable by looking inside a black hole or through experimental evidence such as gravitational waves. Exploration of unique laws, prevailing notion of string theory, quest to understand laws, potential experimental evidence.', 'The disagreement with Weinberg is focused on the philosophical question of whether we can truly comprehend reality and the challenges in knowing and corralling nature with mathematics and experimental structures. Philosophical question of comprehending reality, challenges in knowing and corralling nature.', "The implications of subjective observation on objective reality are highlighted through the discussion of how the observer's perceptual system forms constructs that lead to difficulty in comprehending objective reality. Implications of subjective observation, difficulty in comprehending objective reality."]}, {'end': 1941.03, 'start': 1641.693, 'title': 'Consciousness & science', 'summary': 'Discusses the perceptual processing of technological outputs, the materialist perspective on consciousness, and the potential role of neuroscience in understanding brain activity and human experiences.', 'duration': 299.337, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the perceptual processing of technological outputs The speaker explains how our perceptual system interacts with digital constructs, emphasizing that what we perceive on screens is a processed stream of light, not physical objects.', 'The materialist perspective on consciousness The speaker expresses a materialist view, stating that consciousness arises from the organizational structure of material elements and that it may be within the reach of science to understand it as neuroscience progresses.', 'The potential role of neuroscience in understanding brain activity and human experiences The speaker suggests that advancements in neuroscience, including the study of brain activity in animals and potentially humans, may provide insights into the association between brain activity and human experiences, while acknowledging that the nature of consciousness remains a hypothesis.']}], 'duration': 1413.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS0527870.jpg', 'highlights': ["Christian Huygens developed the first pendulum governed clock, influenced by Galileo's work on motion.", 'The significance of lone inventors and scientists, such as Newton and Galileo, in the history of science is discussed.', 'The limitations of the current approach in physics are highlighted, emphasizing the challenges in achieving a theory of everything.', 'The current journey in physics towards the theory of everything involves exploring unique laws in the universe, the prevailing notion of string theory, and the quest to understand the laws prevailing in our universe.', "The implications of subjective observation on objective reality are highlighted through the discussion of how the observer's perceptual system forms constructs that lead to difficulty in comprehending objective reality."]}, {'end': 2542.639, 'segs': [{'end': 2032.526, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1942.33, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1958.591, 'text': "Right. Well, I like to think of events that have a major impact and involve both beautiful conceptual, mathematical, if we're talking,", 'start': 1942.33, 'duration': 16.261}, {'end': 1965.937, 'text': 'physical structures work and are associated as well with probing, experimental situations.', 'start': 1958.591, 'duration': 7.346}, {'end': 1975.925, 'text': "So among my favorites is one of the most famous, which was the young Isaac Newton's work,", 'start': 1966.758, 'duration': 9.167}, {'end': 1979.508, 'text': 'with the colors produced when you pass sunlight through a prism.', 'start': 1975.925, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 1989.417, 'text': "And why do I like that? It's not profoundly mathematical in one sense, doesn't need it initially.", 'start': 1981.41, 'duration': 8.007}, {'end': 1993.622, 'text': 'It needs the following, though, which begins to show you, I think,', 'start': 1989.958, 'duration': 3.664}, {'end': 2000.95, 'text': "a little bit about what gets involved when you've got a smart individual who's trying to monkey around with stuff and finds new things about it.", 'start': 1993.622, 'duration': 7.328}, {'end': 2014.476, 'text': 'First let me say that the prevailing notion, going back to antiquity, was that colors are produced, in a sense, by modifying or tinting white light,', 'start': 2002.303, 'duration': 12.173}, {'end': 2016.958, 'text': "that they're modifications of white light.", 'start': 2014.476, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 2022.264, 'text': 'In other words, the colors are not in the sunlight in any way, okay?', 'start': 2017.259, 'duration': 5.005}, {'end': 2025.991, 'text': 'Now what Newton did?', 'start': 2023.666, 'duration': 2.325}, {'end': 2032.526, 'text': 'following experiments done by Descartes before him, who came to very different conclusions, he took a prism.', 'start': 2025.991, 'duration': 6.535}], 'summary': "Isaac newton's work on sunlight passing through a prism revealed new insights about colors and light, challenging prevailing notions.", 'duration': 90.196, 'max_score': 1942.33, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS01942330.jpg'}, {'end': 2259.017, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2227.947, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2232.289, 'text': "He's the only one I know of doing anything like that at the time.", 'start': 2227.947, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 2245.043, 'text': "Well, even still, there's very few people that are able to calculate as well as he did to be a theoretician and an experimentalist in the same moment.", 'start': 2233.976, 'duration': 11.067}, {'end': 2259.017, 'text': "It's true, although until really well into the 20th century, maybe the beginning of the 20th century,", 'start': 2247.804, 'duration': 11.213}], 'summary': 'Few people, including him, could calculate as he did to be both a theoretician and an experimentalist.', 'duration': 31.07, 'max_score': 2227.947, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS02227947.jpg'}], 'start': 1942.33, 'title': "Isaac newton's prism experiment", 'summary': "Discusses isaac newton's work with passing sunlight through a prism, highlighting its major impact, beautiful conceptual and mathematical aspects, and its association with probing experimental situations. it also delves into newton's groundbreaking prism experiment in the 1660s, challenging prevailing notions of color and facing controversy with robert hooke's differing view of light, showcasing newton's manipulative experimentation and mathematical knowledge.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2000.95, 'start': 1942.33, 'title': "Isaac newton's prism experiment", 'summary': "Discusses isaac newton's work with passing sunlight through a prism, highlighting its major impact, beautiful conceptual and mathematical aspects, and its association with probing experimental situations.", 'duration': 58.62, 'highlights': ["Isaac Newton's work with passing sunlight through a prism is discussed, emphasizing its major impact on scientific understanding and its beautiful conceptual and mathematical aspects.", 'The experiment is associated with probing experimental situations and the discovery of new phenomena, showcasing the involvement of a smart individual in finding new things about it.', "The chapter also mentions the experiment's association with physical structures work, indicating a multidisciplinary aspect to the research."]}, {'end': 2542.639, 'start': 2002.303, 'title': "Newton's prism experiment and controversy", 'summary': "Discusses newton's groundbreaking prism experiment in the 1660s, where he challenged the prevailing notion of colors being modifications of white light, and the controversy he faced with robert hooke's different view of light, showcasing newton's manipulative experimentation and mathematical knowledge.", 'duration': 540.336, 'highlights': ["Newton's prism experiment challenged the prevailing notion of colors being modifications of white light, indicating different types of light in sunlight, showcasing his manipulative experimentation and mathematical knowledge.", "Newton's use of manipulative experimentation, taking advantage of inherent inaccuracies through mathematical knowledge, led to exact conclusions, a rare skill in his time.", "Robert Hooke's different view of light led to a controversy with Newton, as he dismissed Newton's work, showcasing the clash of ideas and egos in the scientific community.", "Newton's early life, including his complicated childhood and resentment towards his stepfather, sheds light on the potential influence of childhood trauma on his scientific achievements."]}], 'duration': 600.309, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS01942330.jpg', 'highlights': ["Isaac Newton's work with passing sunlight through a prism is discussed, emphasizing its major impact on scientific understanding and its beautiful conceptual and mathematical aspects.", "Newton's prism experiment challenged the prevailing notion of colors being modifications of white light, indicating different types of light in sunlight, showcasing his manipulative experimentation and mathematical knowledge.", 'The experiment is associated with probing experimental situations and the discovery of new phenomena, showcasing the involvement of a smart individual in finding new things about it.', "Newton's use of manipulative experimentation, taking advantage of inherent inaccuracies through mathematical knowledge, led to exact conclusions, a rare skill in his time."]}, {'end': 3014.431, 'segs': [{'end': 2632.51, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2605.312, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2626.928, 'text': 'and also probing and learning mathematical structures to such an extent that he builds on some of the investigations that had been done in the period before him to create the foundations of a way of investigating processes that happen and change continuously,', 'start': 2605.312, 'duration': 21.616}, {'end': 2632.51, 'text': 'instead of, by leaps and bounds and so on, forming the foundation of what we now call the calculus.', 'start': 2626.928, 'duration': 5.582}], 'summary': 'He extended mathematical investigations to create the foundations of calculus.', 'duration': 27.198, 'max_score': 2605.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS02605312.jpg'}, {'end': 2981.861, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2945.107, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2962.632, 'text': "It just makes me realize how liberating that is as a scientist, as somebody who's trying to understand reality, that our senses are not to be trusted,", 'start': 2945.107, 'duration': 17.525}, {'end': 2967.373, 'text': 'that reality is to be investigated through tools that are beyond our senses.', 'start': 2962.632, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 2970.775, 'text': 'Yes Or that improve our senses.', 'start': 2967.873, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 2971.795, 'text': 'Or improve our senses.', 'start': 2970.835, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 2973.356, 'text': 'In some ways.', 'start': 2972.676, 'duration': 0.68}, {'end': 2975.377, 'text': "That's pretty powerful.", 'start': 2974.457, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 2981.861, 'text': "I mean, that is, for a human being, that's like Einstein level.", 'start': 2975.718, 'duration': 6.143}], 'summary': "Using tools to investigate reality beyond our senses is liberating and powerful, akin to einstein's level of insight.", 'duration': 36.754, 'max_score': 2945.107, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS02945107.jpg'}], 'start': 2542.839, 'title': "Isaac newton's revolutionary thinking", 'summary': "Describes isaac newton's college years at cambridge, where he lays the foundation for calculus and scientific method, challenging traditional curriculum and perception of the world. it also discusses the evolution of perspectives on reality, culminating in the skepticism of sensory evidence by newton, highlighting the liberating effect of realizing the unreliability of human senses.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2740.268, 'start': 2542.839, 'title': "Newton's college years and revolutionary thinking", 'summary': "Describes isaac newton's college years at cambridge, where he overcomes humble beginnings, absorbs new ways of thinking, and lays the foundation for calculus and scientific method, challenging traditional curriculum and perception of the world.", 'duration': 197.429, 'highlights': ["Isaac Newton's humble beginnings and challenges as a subsizer at Cambridge Newton, initially a subsizer at Cambridge, faced menial tasks like cleaning bedpans of richer kids, which he didn't endure for long.", "Newton's absorption of new ways of thinking and foundation of calculus Newton delves into new ways of thinking, absorbs the teachings of Descartes, and lays the foundation for calculus, contributing to the investigation of processes that change continuously.", "Newton's revolutionary thinking and challenge of traditional curriculum Newton challenges the traditional curriculum and perception of the world, pondering questions about the nature of the world, perception, and the revolutionary approach to mathematical structures."]}, {'end': 3014.431, 'start': 2740.989, 'title': 'Changing views on reality in history', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of perspectives on reality, from the traditional scholastic ways of thinking to the shift towards understanding qualities as perceptions, culminating in the skepticism of sensory evidence by newton, highlighting the liberating effect of realizing the unreliability of human senses.', 'duration': 273.442, 'highlights': ['The shift from perceiving qualities as inherent in the world to perceiving them as perceptions in the 16th century, as exemplified by the change in understanding of colors, sounds, smells, and hardness. The change in perspective regarding the nature of qualities, attributing colors, sounds, smells, and hardness to perceptions rather than inherent qualities of the world, reflects a significant shift in thinking towards the end of the 16th century, a departure from the traditional Aristotelian view.', "The impact of Newton embracing the skepticism of sensory evidence, leading to the realization that reality is to be investigated beyond human senses, representing a powerful shift in scientific understanding. Newton's adoption of skepticism towards sensory evidence and the subsequent emphasis on investigating reality beyond human senses signifies a profound transformation in scientific thought, providing a liberating perspective on the limitations of human perception in comprehending reality.", 'The historical transition from trusting sensory perceptions to recognizing the need for external tools and improvements to senses for understanding reality, reflecting a significant shift in scientific and philosophical perspectives. The transition from relying on sensory perceptions to acknowledging the necessity of external tools and enhancements to senses for comprehending reality marks a pivotal shift in scientific and philosophical viewpoints, indicating a departure from the traditional reliance on human senses for understanding the world.']}], 'duration': 471.592, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS02542839.jpg', 'highlights': ['Newton challenges traditional curriculum and perception of the world, laying the foundation for calculus and scientific method.', 'Newton absorbs teachings of Descartes and lays the foundation for calculus, contributing to the investigation of processes that change continuously.', "Newton's adoption of skepticism towards sensory evidence signifies a profound transformation in scientific thought, providing a liberating perspective on the limitations of human perception in comprehending reality.", 'The transition from relying on sensory perceptions to acknowledging the necessity of external tools and enhancements to senses for comprehending reality marks a pivotal shift in scientific and philosophical viewpoints.']}, {'end': 4290.164, 'segs': [{'end': 3135.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3102.946, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3105.267, 'text': 'And he claimed it was incredibly accurate.', 'start': 3102.946, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 3109.409, 'text': 'He claimed it was so accurate that nothing had ever come close to it.', 'start': 3106.087, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 3112.47, 'text': 'Hooke reads this and he says, wait a minute.', 'start': 3109.969, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 3121.502, 'text': "You didn't use a telescope here of any kind because what's the point? Unless you do something to the telescope, all you see are dots with stars.", 'start': 3113.157, 'duration': 8.345}, {'end': 3123.323, 'text': 'You just use your eye.', 'start': 3122.022, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 3124.804, 'text': "Your eyes can't be that good.", 'start': 3123.383, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 3125.804, 'text': "It's impossible.", 'start': 3124.984, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 3128.245, 'text': 'So what did Hooke do to prove this?', 'start': 3126.825, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 3135.389, 'text': 'He said what you should have done is you should have put a little device in the telescope that lets you measure distances between these dots.', 'start': 3128.286, 'duration': 7.103}], 'summary': 'Hooke disputed the accuracy of the telescope, proposing a device to measure star distances.', 'duration': 32.443, 'max_score': 3102.946, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03102946.jpg'}, {'end': 3251.022, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3224.561, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3231.908, 'text': 'How is it possible? Well, here, this shows you something very interesting about experiments, perception, and everything else.', 'start': 3224.561, 'duration': 7.347}, {'end': 3234.37, 'text': 'Hooke was right, but he was also wrong.', 'start': 3232.228, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 3240.218, 'text': 'He was wrong for the right reasons, and he was right for the wrong reasons.', 'start': 3235.816, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 3249.802, 'text': 'And what do I mean by that? What he actually found was the number for what we now call 20-20 vision.', 'start': 3240.698, 'duration': 9.104}, {'end': 3251.022, 'text': 'He was right.', 'start': 3250.382, 'duration': 0.64}], 'summary': 'Hooke discovered the number for 20-20 vision.', 'duration': 26.461, 'max_score': 3224.561, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03224561.jpg'}, {'end': 3367.88, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3341.773, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3346.194, 'text': 'They had some, I mean, because actually it was Newton himself who probed a lot of this.', 'start': 3341.773, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 3347.815, 'text': 'For instance,', 'start': 3346.234, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3364.559, 'text': "the young Newton trying to work his way around what's going on with colors wanted to try and distinguish colors that occur through natural processes out there and colors that are a result of our eyes not operating right.", 'start': 3347.815, 'duration': 16.744}, {'end': 3366.74, 'text': "You know what he did? It's a famous thing.", 'start': 3364.579, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 3367.88, 'text': 'He took a stick.', 'start': 3367.06, 'duration': 0.82}], 'summary': 'Newton tried to distinguish natural and artificial colors using a stick.', 'duration': 26.107, 'max_score': 3341.773, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03341773.jpg'}, {'end': 3574.171, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3538.636, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3543.761, 'text': 'And Hooke says, well, have you ever thought about, and then Hooke tells him a certain way you might think about it.', 'start': 3538.636, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 3553.209, 'text': 'And when Newton hears that, he recognizes that there is a way to inject time that would enable him to solve certain problems.', 'start': 3544.101, 'duration': 9.108}, {'end': 3561.176, 'text': "It's not that there was anything he thought before that was contrary to that way of thinking.", 'start': 3554.45, 'duration': 6.726}, {'end': 3574.171, 'text': "It's just that that particular technical insight was not something that, for a lot of reasons that are complex, had never occurred to him at all.", 'start': 3561.736, 'duration': 12.435}], 'summary': 'Newton gains insight from hooke, enabling him to solve problems using time injection.', 'duration': 35.535, 'max_score': 3538.636, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03538636.jpg'}, {'end': 3752.801, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3715.649, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3731.463, 'text': 'I would say that in the sense of dealing with the mechanics of force-like effects considered to act at some distance.', 'start': 3715.649, 'duration': 15.814}, {'end': 3737.99, 'text': 'it is novel, with both Hooke and Newton at the time.', 'start': 3731.463, 'duration': 6.527}, {'end': 3744.737, 'text': 'The notion that two things might interact at a distance with one another without direct contact, that goes back to antiquity.', 'start': 3738.15, 'duration': 6.587}, {'end': 3752.801, 'text': 'Only there it was thought of more as a sympathetic reaction to a magnet and a piece of iron.', 'start': 3745.858, 'duration': 6.943}], 'summary': 'Novel idea of force acting at a distance, discussed by hooke and newton, with roots in antiquity.', 'duration': 37.152, 'max_score': 3715.649, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03715649.jpg'}, {'end': 3937.604, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3909.796, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3915.078, 'text': 'I add a little bit to it and I use this binomial theorem and expand things out.', 'start': 3909.796, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 3916.758, 'text': 'I can begin to do new things.', 'start': 3915.078, 'duration': 1.68}, {'end': 3930.662, 'text': 'And the new things that he begins to do leads him to a recognition that the calculations of areas and the calculations of tangents to curves are reciprocal to one another.', 'start': 3917.558, 'duration': 13.104}, {'end': 3937.604, 'text': 'And the procedures that he develops is a particular form of the calculus,', 'start': 3931.462, 'duration': 6.142}], 'summary': 'Using binomial theorem, he discovers reciprocal relationship between area calculations and tangent calculations, leading to new procedures in calculus.', 'duration': 27.808, 'max_score': 3909.796, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03909796.jpg'}, {'end': 4023.994, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3997.111, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4005.319, 'text': 'It is said that he independently develops his form of the calculus, which is actually the form we use today,', 'start': 3997.111, 'duration': 8.208}, {'end': 4009.463, 'text': 'both in notation and perhaps in certain fundamental ways of thinking.', 'start': 4005.319, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 4018.171, 'text': 'It has remained a controversial point as to where exactly and how much independently Leibniz did it.', 'start': 4010.164, 'duration': 8.007}, {'end': 4023.994, 'text': 'Leibniz aficionados think and continue to maintain he did it completely independently.', 'start': 4018.651, 'duration': 5.343}], 'summary': 'Leibniz independently developed calculus, which remains controversial.', 'duration': 26.883, 'max_score': 3997.111, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03997111.jpg'}, {'end': 4130.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4101.466, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4106.006, 'text': "Didn't pass muster with many of my friends who are historians of math.", 'start': 4101.466, 'duration': 4.54}, {'end': 4110.148, 'text': 'In fact, I edit with a historian of math, a technical journal,', 'start': 4106.506, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 4116.31, 'text': "and we were unable to publish it in there because we couldn't get it through any of our colleagues.", 'start': 4110.148, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 4119.751, 'text': 'But I remain suspicious.', 'start': 4117.21, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 4128.696, 'text': "What is it about those tense relationships and that kind of drama? Einstein doesn't appear to have much of that drama.", 'start': 4122.149, 'duration': 6.547}, {'end': 4130.337, 'text': 'Nobody claims.', 'start': 4129.497, 'duration': 0.84}], 'summary': "Struggled to publish in a math journal due to colleagues' disapproval, but remains skeptical.", 'duration': 28.871, 'max_score': 4101.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04101466.jpg'}, {'end': 4240.621, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4210.501, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4226.904, 'text': "It's also a period in which procedures and rules of practice are being developed to avoid attacking one another directly and pulling out a sword to cut off the other guy's head if he disagrees with you.", 'start': 4210.501, 'duration': 16.403}, {'end': 4228.314, 'text': 'and so on.', 'start': 4227.674, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 4231.076, 'text': "So it's a very different period.", 'start': 4229.075, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 4234.118, 'text': 'Controversies happen, people get angry.', 'start': 4231.876, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 4240.621, 'text': 'I can think of a number of others, including in the development of optics in the 19th century and so on.', 'start': 4234.138, 'duration': 6.483}], 'summary': 'A period of developing rules to avoid direct conflict and controversies, such as in the development of optics in the 19th century.', 'duration': 30.12, 'max_score': 4210.501, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04210501.jpg'}, {'end': 4300.397, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4267.641, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4272.645, 'text': 'But do you have examples of cases where it worked out well, like that?', 'start': 4267.641, 'duration': 5.004}, {'end': 4274.867, 'text': 'competition is good for the progress of science?', 'start': 4272.645, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 4277.49, 'text': 'Yeah, it almost always is good in that sense.', 'start': 4275.087, 'duration': 2.403}, {'end': 4280.292, 'text': "It's just painful for the individuals involved.", 'start': 4277.61, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 4280.692, 'text': 'Can be, yeah.', 'start': 4280.312, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 4282.074, 'text': "It doesn't have to be nasty.", 'start': 4281.073, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 4284.937, 'text': 'although sometimes it is.', 'start': 4283.755, 'duration': 1.182}, {'end': 4290.164, 'text': 'So on the space, like for the example of the optics, could you comment on that one? Well, yeah, sure.', 'start': 4284.957, 'duration': 5.207}, {'end': 4300.397, 'text': "Let me, there are several, but I could give you, all right, so I'll give you this example that probably is the most pertinent.", 'start': 4290.224, 'duration': 10.173}], 'summary': 'Competition in science is generally beneficial, though it can be painful for individuals involved.', 'duration': 32.756, 'max_score': 4267.641, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04267641.jpg'}], 'start': 3015.311, 'title': "Scientific controversies and newton's contributions", 'summary': "Discusses hooke's debate on star observations, newton's shift from alchemy to motion studies and forces acting at a distance, his role in developing calculus, and scientific controversies and drama in the history of science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3467.264, 'start': 3015.311, 'title': "Hooke's debate and human perception", 'summary': "Discusses hooke's debate with hevelius about the accuracy of star observations, revealing hooke's right and wrong reasoning about human vision, and touches upon newton's experimentation on human perception and the myth of the apple.", 'duration': 451.953, 'highlights': ["Hooke's debate with Hevelius about the accuracy of star observations Hooke challenges Hevelius's claim of incredibly accurate star observations, highlighting the importance of devices in making precise measurements.", "Hooke's revelation about human vision Hooke's demonstration of the limitations of human vision compared to Hevelius's observations, revealing the human eye's acuity for motion over static objects.", "Newton's experimentation on human perception Newton's unconventional experiment involving pushing a stick under his eyelid to study the perception of colors, indicating his curiosity about the human visual system."]}, {'end': 3782.332, 'start': 3469.964, 'title': "Newton's shift in thinking", 'summary': "Discusses newton's transition from alchemy to motion studies, his correspondence with robert hooke, and the revolutionary idea of forces acting at a distance, with a mention of the controversy between newton and hooke. it highlights the shift in newton's thinking due to hooke's insight, the notion of forces without contact, and the controversy surrounding the credit for the ideas.", 'duration': 312.368, 'highlights': ["Newton's shift in thinking was influenced by Hooke's insight into injecting time to solve certain problems, leading to a different way of thinking. (Relevance: 5)", 'The revolutionary idea of forces acting at a distance was born, challenging the traditional notion of direct contacts between objects, which was novel for both Hooke and Newton at the time. (Relevance: 4)', 'The controversy between Newton and Hooke arose over the credit for the ideas, with Hooke claiming to have given Newton the insight, but Newton asserting that he did everything himself. (Relevance: 3)', "Newton's initial disinterest in questions of motion and his focus on alchemical relationships, until Hooke's correspondence led to a shift in his thinking. (Relevance: 2)", "The notion of a direct magnetic relationship between celestial bodies was suggested by Hooke and others, but it was Newton's mathematical prowess that allowed him to see the potential in Hooke's different way of thinking about motion. (Relevance: 1)"]}, {'end': 4076.807, 'start': 3782.652, 'title': "Newton's role in bringing calculus", 'summary': "Delves into newton's pivotal role in developing calculus, his contributions to the expansion of mathematical techniques, and the controversy surrounding his independent development versus gottfried leibniz's contributions to the calculus, with mention of significant research findings and historical context.", 'duration': 294.155, 'highlights': ["Newton's pivotal role in developing calculus and his contributions to the expansion of mathematical techniques Newton's recognition of the binomial theorem and its generalization led him to new calculations of areas and tangents, contributing to the development of a particular form of calculus involving small increments and continuous flows of curves.", "Controversy surrounding the independent development of calculus by Gottfried Leibniz and research findings by Domenico Melli Discussion about the disputed independent development of calculus by Leibniz and Newton's attempt to discredit him, along with a significant research finding by Domenico Melli regarding Leibniz's reverse engineering of Principia for mechanics.", "Historical context of the development of calculus and Newton's influence on modern physics notation Insight into the historical context of calculus development, including the controversy over Leibniz's independent contributions, and Newton's influence on modern physics notation with his original dot notation for indicating the rate of change of a variable."]}, {'end': 4290.164, 'start': 4076.847, 'title': 'Scientific controversies and drama', 'summary': 'Discusses the controversies and drama in the history of science, including conflicts between scientists, failed attempts to publish controversial evidence, and the impact of competition on scientific progress.', 'duration': 213.317, 'highlights': ["Failed attempts to publish controversial evidence, such as Mike Nauenberg's work, due to disagreement among historians of math and colleagues, indicating the presence of scientific controversies (e.g., competing theories) (Quantifiable data: inability to publish in a technical journal due to disagreement among colleagues).", 'Discussion of the development of procedures and rules of practice in science to avoid direct attacks and conflicts, highlighting the changing nature of science as a professional community of investigators and the emergence of scientific controversies in different periods (Quantifiable data: development of procedures and rules of practice to avoid conflicts in science)', 'The impact of competition on scientific progress, with the acknowledgment that competition is good for scientific progress despite being painful for individuals involved, indicating the positive effect of competition on the advancement of scientific knowledge (Quantifiable data: competition is good for the progress of science).']}], 'duration': 1274.853, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS03015311.jpg', 'highlights': ["Hooke challenges Hevelius's claim of incredibly accurate star observations, highlighting the importance of devices in making precise measurements.", "Hooke's demonstration of the limitations of human vision compared to Hevelius's observations, revealing the human eye's acuity for motion over static objects.", "Newton's unconventional experiment involving pushing a stick under his eyelid to study the perception of colors, indicating his curiosity about the human visual system.", "Newton's shift in thinking was influenced by Hooke's insight into injecting time to solve certain problems, leading to a different way of thinking.", 'The revolutionary idea of forces acting at a distance was born, challenging the traditional notion of direct contacts between objects, which was novel for both Hooke and Newton at the time.', "Newton's pivotal role in developing calculus and his contributions to the expansion of mathematical techniques Newton's recognition of the binomial theorem and its generalization led him to new calculations of areas and tangents, contributing to the development of a particular form of calculus involving small increments and continuous flows of curves.", "Controversy surrounding the independent development of calculus by Gottfried Leibniz and research findings by Domenico Melli Discussion about the disputed independent development of calculus by Leibniz and Newton's attempt to discredit him, along with a significant research finding by Domenico Melli regarding Leibniz's reverse engineering of Principia for mechanics.", "Failed attempts to publish controversial evidence, such as Mike Nauenberg's work, due to disagreement among historians of math and colleagues, indicating the presence of scientific controversies (e.g., competing theories) (Quantifiable data: inability to publish in a technical journal due to disagreement among colleagues).", 'Discussion of the development of procedures and rules of practice in science to avoid direct attacks and conflicts, highlighting the changing nature of science as a professional community of investigators and the emergence of scientific controversies in different periods (Quantifiable data: development of procedures and rules of practice to avoid conflicts in science)', 'The impact of competition on scientific progress, with the acknowledgment that competition is good for scientific progress despite being painful for individuals involved, indicating the positive effect of competition on the advancement of scientific knowledge (Quantifiable data: competition is good for the progress of science).']}, {'end': 4963.624, 'segs': [{'end': 4342.994, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4317.554, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4329.704, 'text': 'Two people who were there were two young men in the 90s, 1790s, named on the one hand Francois Arago and the other Jean-Baptiste Biot.', 'start': 4317.554, 'duration': 12.15}, {'end': 4333.066, 'text': 'They both lived a long time, well into the 1850s.', 'start': 4329.844, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 4342.994, 'text': "Arago became a major administrator of science and Biot's career started to peter out after about the late teens.", 'start': 4333.827, 'duration': 9.167}], 'summary': "Two young men, arago and biot, lived into the 1850s, one as a science administrator, the other's career declined in the late teens.", 'duration': 25.44, 'max_score': 4317.554, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04317554.jpg'}, {'end': 4539.469, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4500.21, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4502.77, 'text': 'He writes something up, he sends it to Arago.', 'start': 4500.21, 'duration': 2.56}, {'end': 4509.052, 'text': 'Arago looks at it and Arago says to himself, I can use this to get back at Biot.', 'start': 4502.911, 'duration': 6.141}, {'end': 4517.733, 'text': 'He brings Fresnel to Paris, sets him up in a room at the observatory where Arago is for Fresnel to continue his work.', 'start': 4509.752, 'duration': 7.981}, {'end': 4525.144, 'text': 'Paper after paper comes out undercutting everything B.O.', 'start': 4518.453, 'duration': 6.691}, {'end': 4525.604, 'text': 'had done.', 'start': 4525.184, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 4539.469, 'text': 'What is it about jealousy and just envy that could be an engine of creativity and productivity versus like an Einstein, where it seems like not?', 'start': 4526.685, 'duration': 12.784}], 'summary': "Arago uses fresnel's work to undercut biot, sparking jealousy-driven creativity.", 'duration': 39.259, 'max_score': 4500.21, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04500210.jpg'}, {'end': 4609.314, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4581.236, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4589.343, 'text': "There's a bunch of things I want to ask, but sort of, let's say, since we're on the Leibniz and the topic of drama, let me ask another drama question.", 'start': 4581.236, 'duration': 8.107}, {'end': 4596.759, 'text': "Why was Newton a complicated man? We're breaking news today.", 'start': 4590.003, 'duration': 6.756}, {'end': 4598.602, 'text': 'This is like..', 'start': 4596.96, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 4600.484, 'text': 'Right, why it was complicated.', 'start': 4598.602, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 4603.027, 'text': 'His brain structure was different.', 'start': 4601.745, 'duration': 1.282}, {'end': 4603.588, 'text': "I don't know why.", 'start': 4603.067, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 4607.212, 'text': "He had a complicated young life, as we've said.", 'start': 4604.108, 'duration': 3.104}, {'end': 4609.314, 'text': 'He had always been very..', 'start': 4607.232, 'duration': 2.082}], 'summary': 'Newton was a complicated man with a different brain structure and a complex young life.', 'duration': 28.078, 'max_score': 4581.236, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04581236.jpg'}, {'end': 4770.507, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4742.297, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4748.42, 'text': 'He was close to his niece, Catherine Barton, who basically came to run his household.', 'start': 4742.297, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 4752.781, 'text': 'when he moved to London and so on.', 'start': 4750.72, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 4764.205, 'text': "And she married a man named Conduit, who became one of the people who controlled Newton's legacy later on and so on.", 'start': 4753.221, 'duration': 10.984}, {'end': 4770.507, 'text': 'And you can even see the townhouse that Newton lived in in those days, still there.', 'start': 4764.965, 'duration': 5.542}], 'summary': "Newton's niece catherine barton managed his household in london and married conduit, who later controlled newton's legacy.", 'duration': 28.21, 'max_score': 4742.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04742297.jpg'}, {'end': 4837.099, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4798.868, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4801.87, 'text': 'There was no Zoom back then? There was no Zoom back then.', 'start': 4798.868, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 4804.652, 'text': "Although it wouldn't have made much difference, because the story was,", 'start': 4802.35, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 4814.538, 'text': 'Newton was so complicated in his lectures that at one point Humphrey Newton actually said that he might as well have just been lecturing to the walls because nobody was there to listen to it.', 'start': 4804.652, 'duration': 9.886}, {'end': 4822.844, 'text': "So what difference? Also not a great teacher, huh? If you look at his optical notes, if that's what he's reading from, no.", 'start': 4814.598, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 4837.099, 'text': 'So what can you say about that whole journey through the pandemic that resulted in so much innovation in such a short amount of time?', 'start': 4828.049, 'duration': 9.05}], 'summary': "Newton's complicated lectures led to minimal audience engagement, questioning the impact of zoom on his teaching.", 'duration': 38.231, 'max_score': 4798.868, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04798868.jpg'}, {'end': 4915.231, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4884.889, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4899.28, 'text': 'And the so-called miraculous year, the annus mirabilis, where you get the development in the calculus and in optical discoveries especially, is 1666.', 'start': 4884.889, 'duration': 14.391}, {'end': 4902.963, 'text': "So, he's what, 24 years old at the time.", 'start': 4899.28, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 4915.231, 'text': "But judging from the notebooks that I mentioned, he's already before that come to an awful lot of developments over the previous couple of years.", 'start': 4903.143, 'duration': 12.088}], 'summary': 'In 1666, at age 24, significant developments in calculus and optics occurred, as evidenced by his earlier notebooks.', 'duration': 30.342, 'max_score': 4884.889, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04884889.jpg'}], 'start': 4290.224, 'title': 'Jealousy and innovations in science', 'summary': "Delves into the rivalry between scientists arago and biot, leading to jealousy-driven scientific advancements, along with isaac newton's pandemic innovations, including his development of calculus and optical discoveries at the age of 24 in 1666, serving as motivation for individuals today.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4741.816, 'start': 4290.224, 'title': 'Jealousy as an engine of scientific creativity', 'summary': 'Discusses the rivalry between scientists arago and biot, leading to jealousy-driven scientific advancements, including the involvement of scientist augustin fresnel and the complex personality of isaac newton.', 'duration': 451.592, 'highlights': ['The rivalry between scientists Arago and Biot led to jealousy-driven scientific advancements, notably involving scientist Augustin Fresnel and the complex personality of Isaac Newton. The rivalry between Arago and Biot and its impact on scientific advancements, including the involvement of Augustin Fresnel and the complex personality of Isaac Newton.', "Scientist Augustin Fresnel's work, pushed by Arago's jealousy, led to significant advancements in optics, with paper after paper undercutting Biot's work. Augustin Fresnel's work, driven by Arago's jealousy, resulted in significant advancements in optics, undermining Biot's work.", "Isaac Newton's complex personality, including his solitary nature, career achievements, and temper, is discussed, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of scientific geniuses. Insights into Isaac Newton's complex personality, including his solitary nature, career achievements, and temper, providing a glimpse into the multifaceted nature of scientific geniuses."]}, {'end': 4963.624, 'start': 4742.297, 'title': "Newton's pandemic innovations", 'summary': "Explores isaac newton's innovations during a pandemic, highlighting his significant contributions, including the development of calculus and optical discoveries at the age of 24 in 1666, despite challenges in teaching and remote learning, which serves as motivation for individuals today.", 'duration': 221.327, 'highlights': ['Isaac Newton made significant contributions during the pandemic, including the development of calculus and optical discoveries at the age of 24 in 1666. Development of calculus and optical discoveries', "Challenges in teaching and remote learning were evident in Newton's time, as he was considered a complicated lecturer and had no audience during his lectures. Challenges in teaching and remote learning", "Newton's niece, Catherine Barton, played a significant role in running his household when he moved to London, and she later married a man named Conduit, who became one of the controllers of Newton's legacy. Role of Catherine Barton and her marriage to Conduit"]}], 'duration': 673.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04290224.jpg', 'highlights': ['Isaac Newton made significant contributions during the pandemic, including the development of calculus and optical discoveries at the age of 24 in 1666.', 'The rivalry between scientists Arago and Biot led to jealousy-driven scientific advancements, notably involving scientist Augustin Fresnel and the complex personality of Isaac Newton.', "Scientist Augustin Fresnel's work, pushed by Arago's jealousy, led to significant advancements in optics, with paper after paper undercutting Biot's work.", "Challenges in teaching and remote learning were evident in Newton's time, as he was considered a complicated lecturer and had no audience during his lectures.", "Isaac Newton's complex personality, including his solitary nature, career achievements, and temper, is discussed, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of scientific geniuses.", "Newton's niece, Catherine Barton, played a significant role in running his household when he moved to London, and she later married a man named Conduit, who became one of the controllers of Newton's legacy."]}, {'end': 5967.219, 'segs': [{'end': 5017.763, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4991.844, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5001.371, 'text': "he was actually really the first one because Isaac Barrow, who was the mathematician professor of optics who recognized Newton's genius,", 'start': 4991.844, 'duration': 9.527}, {'end': 5003.493, 'text': 'gave up what would have been his position.', 'start': 5001.371, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 5010.618, 'text': 'because he recognized, Newton may not have learned too much from him, although they did interact.', 'start': 5004.514, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 5017.763, 'text': 'And so Newton was the first Lucasian professor really, the one that Stephen Hawking held until he died.', 'start': 5011.619, 'duration': 6.144}], 'summary': 'Newton was the first lucasian professor, succeeding isaac barrow, recognized for his genius in optics and mathematics.', 'duration': 25.919, 'max_score': 4991.844, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04991844.jpg'}, {'end': 5150.793, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5120.717, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5122.46, 'text': 'Well, it is a powerful work in itself.', 'start': 5120.717, 'duration': 1.743}, {'end': 5134.457, 'text': 'You can see this guy coming to grips with and pushing through and working his way around complicated and difficult issues,', 'start': 5122.54, 'duration': 11.917}, {'end': 5142.579, 'text': 'melding experimental situations which nobody had worked with before even discovering new things,', 'start': 5134.457, 'duration': 8.122}, {'end': 5148.79, 'text': 'trying to figure out ways of putting this together with mathematical structures, succeeding and failing at the same time.', 'start': 5142.579, 'duration': 6.211}, {'end': 5150.793, 'text': 'And we can see him doing that.', 'start': 5149.37, 'duration': 1.423}], 'summary': 'An individual is seen navigating complex issues, experimenting, and discovering new things while working with mathematical structures.', 'duration': 30.076, 'max_score': 5120.717, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05120717.jpg'}, {'end': 5202.518, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5177.22, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5193.772, 'text': 'one contains his version of the laws of motion and the application of those laws to figure out when a body moves in certain curves and is forced to move in those curves by forces directed to certain fixed points.', 'start': 5177.22, 'duration': 16.552}, {'end': 5198.735, 'text': 'what is the nature of the mathematical formula for those forces?', 'start': 5193.772, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 5201.037, 'text': "That's all that book one is about.", 'start': 5199.175, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 5202.518, 'text': 'And it contains..', 'start': 5201.517, 'duration': 1.001}], 'summary': 'Book one contains his version of the laws of motion and mathematical formulas for forces.', 'duration': 25.298, 'max_score': 5177.22, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05177220.jpg'}, {'end': 5268.472, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5234.181, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5243.744, 'text': "And that makes the Principia's mathematical structure rather hard for people who aren't studying it today to go back to.", 'start': 5234.181, 'duration': 9.563}, {'end': 5260.026, 'text': 'Book two contains his work on what we now call hydrostatics and a little bit about hydrodynamics a fuller development of the concept of pressure,', 'start': 5244.525, 'duration': 15.501}, {'end': 5262.488, 'text': 'which is a complicated concept.', 'start': 5260.026, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 5268.472, 'text': 'And book three applies what he did in book one to the solar system.', 'start': 5263.108, 'duration': 5.364}], 'summary': "Principia's mathematical structure makes it hard for non-students to understand, covering hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, and applying concepts to the solar system.", 'duration': 34.291, 'max_score': 5234.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05234181.jpg'}, {'end': 5333.624, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5304.324, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5314.632, 'text': "The fullest sets of techniques are really only developed about 30 or 40 years after Newton's death by French mathematicians like Laplace.", 'start': 5304.324, 'duration': 10.308}, {'end': 5324.259, 'text': "Newton tried to apply his structure to the Sun-Earth-Moon because the Moon's motion is very complicated.", 'start': 5315.593, 'duration': 8.666}, {'end': 5333.624, 'text': 'The Moon, for instance, exactly repeats its observable position among the stars only every 19 years.', 'start': 5325.339, 'duration': 8.285}], 'summary': 'French mathematicians developed fullest techniques 30-40 years after newton, moon repeats position every 19 years.', 'duration': 29.3, 'max_score': 5304.324, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05304324.jpg'}, {'end': 5508.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5477.304, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5480.527, 'text': 'It leads you down a- I think so, principally.', 'start': 5477.304, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 5488.614, 'text': 'I mean, you may have data, if you will, like astronomical data obtained otherwise and so on, but yes.', 'start': 5480.547, 'duration': 8.067}, {'end': 5492.698, 'text': 'But number two here is this question of data.', 'start': 5489.835, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 5494.74, 'text': 'What is data in that sense?', 'start': 5492.738, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 5508.362, 'text': 'See, when we talk about data today, We have a kind of complex notion which reverts to even issues of statistics and measurement procedures and so on.', 'start': 5494.76, 'duration': 13.602}], 'summary': 'Discussion on data complexity and its measurement procedures.', 'duration': 31.058, 'max_score': 5477.304, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05477304.jpg'}, {'end': 5638.714, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5609.911, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5614.732, 'text': "I'll tell you what people did, including Newton, although Newton is partially the one exception.", 'start': 5609.911, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 5618.249, 'text': 'We talked a while ago about this guy, Christian Huygens.', 'start': 5615.888, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 5624.01, 'text': 'He measured lots of things and he was a good mechanic himself.', 'start': 5619.249, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 5626.231, 'text': 'He and his brother ground lenses.', 'start': 5624.63, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 5633.233, 'text': 'Huygens, I told you, developed the first pendulum mechanism, pendulum driven clock with a mechanism and so on.', 'start': 5626.771, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 5638.714, 'text': 'Also a spring watch where he got into a controversy with Hooke over that, by the way.', 'start': 5633.833, 'duration': 4.881}], 'summary': 'Huygens developed the first pendulum mechanism and spring watch, leading to a controversy with hooke.', 'duration': 28.803, 'max_score': 5609.911, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05609911.jpg'}, {'end': 5721.419, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5683.396, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5685.597, 'text': 'You make a lot of measurements and average results.', 'start': 5683.396, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 5688.318, 'text': "We have Huygens' notes.", 'start': 5687.097, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5692.84, 'text': 'He did make a lot of measurements, one after the other, after the other.', 'start': 5688.418, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 5704.906, 'text': 'But when he came to use the numbers for calculations, and indeed when he published things at the end of his life, He gives you one number,', 'start': 5694.12, 'duration': 10.786}, {'end': 5706.608, 'text': "and it's not the average of any of them.", 'start': 5704.906, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 5708.329, 'text': "It's just one of them.", 'start': 5707.128, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 5721.419, 'text': 'Which one was it? The one that he thought he got so good at working by practice that he put down the one he was most confident in.', 'start': 5709.009, 'duration': 12.41}], 'summary': 'Huygens made numerous measurements, but only published the number he was most confident in.', 'duration': 38.023, 'max_score': 5683.396, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05683396.jpg'}, {'end': 5815.894, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5759.926, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5763.348, 'text': "We'll just do a lot of it and we'll take the average, or whatever it is,", 'start': 5759.926, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 5770.413, 'text': 'as many excellent books on mathematics have highlighted the flaws in our approach to certain sciences.', 'start': 5763.348, 'duration': 7.065}, {'end': 5773.375, 'text': 'that rely heavily on statistics.', 'start': 5771.854, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 5778.876, 'text': 'Okay, let me ask you again for a friend about this alchemy thing.', 'start': 5773.795, 'duration': 5.081}, {'end': 5787.819, 'text': "It'd be nice to create gold, but it also seems to come into play quite a bit throughout the history of science,", 'start': 5778.896, 'duration': 8.923}, {'end': 5790.42, 'text': 'perhaps in positive ways in terms of its impact.', 'start': 5787.819, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 5794.741, 'text': 'Can you say something to the history of alchemy? A little bit.', 'start': 5790.96, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 5796.122, 'text': 'And its impact? Sure.', 'start': 5794.761, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 5800.89, 'text': 'It used to be thought two things.', 'start': 5796.142, 'duration': 4.748}, {'end': 5813.013, 'text': "One that alchemy, which dates certainly back to the Islamic period in Islam you're talking 11th, 12th, 13th centuries,", 'start': 5801.25, 'duration': 11.763}, {'end': 5815.894, 'text': 'among Islamic natural philosophers and experimenters.', 'start': 5813.013, 'duration': 2.881}], 'summary': 'Alchemical history dates back to islamic period, impacting science positively.', 'duration': 55.968, 'max_score': 5759.926, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05759926.jpg'}], 'start': 4964.634, 'title': "Newton's work and statistical methods", 'summary': "Discusses newton's influential work, highlighting his tenure as the lucasian professor, his publications like 'the optics' and 'principia mathematica', and the historical development of statistical methods, including the central limit theorem and the impact of alchemy on the history of science.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5233.3, 'start': 4964.634, 'title': "Newton's work and legacy", 'summary': "Discusses newton's work and legacy, highlighting his tenure as the lucasian professor and his influential publications like 'the optics' and 'principia mathematica', showcasing his groundbreaking advancements in mathematics and experimental science.", 'duration': 268.666, 'highlights': ["Newton's tenure as the first Lucasian professor at Cambridge and his influential publications like 'The Optics' and 'Principia Mathematica' Newton became the first Lucasian professor at Cambridge and published influential works like 'The Optics' and 'Principia Mathematica', showcasing his groundbreaking advancements in mathematics and experimental science.", "Newton's method of melding experimental situations with mathematical structures and discovering new things Newton's approach involved melding experimental situations with mathematical structures, discovering new things, and figuring out ways to integrate them, showcasing his ability to come to grips with and work through complicated and difficult issues.", "Content of 'Principia Mathematica' including his version of the laws of motion and the application of those laws to figure out the nature of mathematical formula for forces The 'Principia Mathematica' contains Newton's version of the laws of motion and their application to figure out the nature of the mathematical formula for forces, showcasing his pioneering work in this field."]}, {'end': 5588.307, 'start': 5234.181, 'title': "Newton's principia and the role of data", 'summary': "Explores newton's principia, focusing on its mathematical structure, application to the solar system, limitations in solving gravitational force problems, and the role of data in scientific method, emphasizing the complexities of measurements and statistics.", 'duration': 354.126, 'highlights': ["Newton's Principia's mathematical structure and its application to the solar system Newton's Principia contains his work on hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pressure, and its application to the solar system, emphasizing its partial success in solving gravitational force problems.", "Limitations in solving gravitational force problems and development of techniques The interactions of more than two bodies governed by gravitational force cannot be exactly solved, leading to the development of techniques by French mathematicians like Laplace about 30 or 40 years after Newton's death.", 'Complexities of measurements and statistics in handling data The chapter discusses the complexities of measurements and statistics in handling data, emphasizing the need for averaging and statistical techniques to estimate the actual length of objects, reflecting the challenges in dealing with data in scientific research.', 'Role of data in scientific method and the complexities of defining data The role of data in the scientific method is discussed, highlighting the complex notion of data, including issues of statistics and measurement procedures, and the use of data in producing other devices and making predictions.']}, {'end': 5967.219, 'start': 5588.807, 'title': 'Historical development of statistical methods', 'summary': "Discusses the historical development of statistical methods, including the central limit theorem, christian huygens' measurements and controversies, the use of averages in optical theory, and the impact of alchemy on the history of science.", 'duration': 378.412, 'highlights': ["Christian Huygens' extensive measurements and controversies with Hooke over the development of the first pendulum-driven clock and spring watch. Huygens made extensive measurements and controversies with Hooke over the development of the first pendulum-driven clock and spring watch.", 'The use of averages in optical theory, where Huygens used one number, the one he was most confident in, for calculations and publications. Huygens used one number, the one he was most confident in, for calculations and publications in optical theory.', 'The impact of alchemy on the history of science, including the transformation of invaluable materials into valuable ones and the use of complex amalgams and chemical processes. Alchemy had an impact on the history of science through the transformation of materials and the use of complex amalgams and chemical processes.']}], 'duration': 1002.585, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS04964634.jpg', 'highlights': ["Newton's tenure as the first Lucasian professor at Cambridge and his influential publications like 'The Optics' and 'Principia Mathematica', showcasing his groundbreaking advancements in mathematics and experimental science.", "Newton's method of melding experimental situations with mathematical structures, discovering new things, and figuring out ways to integrate them, showcasing his ability to come to grips with and work through complicated and difficult issues.", "Content of 'Principia Mathematica' including his version of the laws of motion and their application to figure out the nature of the mathematical formula for forces, showcasing his pioneering work in this field.", "Newton's Principia's mathematical structure and its application to the solar system, emphasizing its partial success in solving gravitational force problems.", "Limitations in solving gravitational force problems and development of techniques by French mathematicians like Laplace about 30 or 40 years after Newton's death.", 'The chapter discusses the complexities of measurements and statistics in handling data, emphasizing the need for averaging and statistical techniques to estimate the actual length of objects, reflecting the challenges in dealing with data in scientific research.', 'The role of data in the scientific method is discussed, highlighting the complex notion of data, including issues of statistics and measurement procedures, and the use of data in producing other devices and making predictions.', "Christian Huygens' extensive measurements and controversies with Hooke over the development of the first pendulum-driven clock and spring watch.", 'The use of averages in optical theory, where Huygens used one number, the one he was most confident in, for calculations and publications.', 'The impact of alchemy on the history of science, including the transformation of invaluable materials into valuable ones and the use of complex amalgams and chemical processes.']}, {'end': 6727.81, 'segs': [{'end': 6025.093, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5995.982, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5997.963, 'text': "He'll turn back to optics later on.", 'start': 5995.982, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 6000.005, 'text': 'So optics and alchemy.', 'start': 5998.544, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 6003.688, 'text': "So what you're saying is Isaac Newton liked shiny things.", 'start': 6000.585, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 6013.307, 'text': 'Well, actually, if you go online and look at what Bill Newman, the professor at Bloomington Indiana, has produced,', 'start': 6005.643, 'duration': 7.664}, {'end': 6021.171, 'text': "you'll find the very shiny thing called the star regulus, which Newton describes as having produced according to a particular way,", 'start': 6013.307, 'duration': 7.864}, {'end': 6023.773, 'text': 'which Newman figured out and was able to do it.', 'start': 6021.171, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 6025.093, 'text': "And it's very shiny.", 'start': 6024.153, 'duration': 0.94}], 'summary': "Isaac newton's interest in optics and alchemy included the production of a very shiny thing called the star regulus, as described by bill newman.", 'duration': 29.111, 'max_score': 5995.982, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05995982.jpg'}, {'end': 6138.162, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6079.13, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6098.314, 'text': 'Clearly his upbringing and perhaps his early experiences have exacerbated that in a number of ways that he takes a lot of things personally and he finds perhaps solace in thinking about a sort of governing,', 'start': 6079.13, 'duration': 19.184}, {'end': 6103.335, 'text': 'abstract rule-making, exacting deity.', 'start': 6098.314, 'duration': 5.021}, {'end': 6125.416, 'text': "I think there is little question that his conviction that you can figure things out has a fair bit to do with his profound belief that this rulemaker doesn't do things arbitrarily.", 'start': 6105.802, 'duration': 19.614}, {'end': 6135.281, 'text': 'Newton does not think that miracles have happened since maybe the time of Christ, if then, and not in the same way.', 'start': 6126.859, 'duration': 8.422}, {'end': 6138.162, 'text': 'He was, for instance, an anti-Trinitarian.', 'start': 6135.781, 'duration': 2.381}], 'summary': "Newton's upbringing influenced his belief in an exacting deity and rejection of miracles.", 'duration': 59.032, 'max_score': 6079.13, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS06079130.jpg'}, {'end': 6397.361, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6366.785, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6368.386, 'text': "Oh, that's totally wrong.", 'start': 6366.785, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 6369.007, 'text': 'A lot.', 'start': 6368.406, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 6369.387, 'text': 'A lot.', 'start': 6369.027, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 6380.255, 'text': 'huge amounts in multifarious ways, involving fundamental conceptions, mathematical structures, the evolution of novel experimentation and devices,', 'start': 6370.365, 'duration': 9.89}, {'end': 6382.477, 'text': 'the organization everything.', 'start': 6380.255, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 6392.213, 'text': 'Everything I mean, to a point where I wonder even if Newton was like you said, 40, but even like 30.', 'start': 6383.118, 'duration': 9.095}, {'end': 6397.361, 'text': "So he's very, like if you would be able to catch up with the conception of everything.", 'start': 6392.213, 'duration': 5.148}], 'summary': "The transcript emphasizes the significant impact and broad scope of advancements, hinting at the potential for surpassing newton's achievements at an early age.", 'duration': 30.576, 'max_score': 6366.785, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS06366785.jpg'}, {'end': 6472.266, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6442.687, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6452.129, 'text': 'heat was developed pretty much independently of the developing thoughts about heat at the time,', 'start': 6442.687, 'duration': 9.442}, {'end': 6466.681, 'text': "but what it's not independent of is the evolution of practice in the manufacture and construction of devices which can do things in extraordinarily novel ways,", 'start': 6452.129, 'duration': 14.552}, {'end': 6472.266, 'text': 'and the premium being gradually placed on calculating how you can make them more efficient.', 'start': 6466.681, 'duration': 5.585}], 'summary': 'Heat developed independently, but tied to evolving practice and efficiency.', 'duration': 29.579, 'max_score': 6442.687, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS06442687.jpg'}, {'end': 6685.891, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6652.957, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6669.728, 'text': 'but she could sit down at a piano and having heard it once and then run variations on the most complex pianistic works of Chopin and others.', 'start': 6652.957, 'duration': 16.771}, {'end': 6681.082, 'text': 'right?. some aspect of our mind is able to tune in some aspect of reality and become a master of it.', 'start': 6669.728, 'duration': 11.354}, {'end': 6685.891, 'text': 'And every once in a while, that means coming up with breakthrough ideas in physics.', 'start': 6681.623, 'duration': 4.268}], 'summary': "The mind's ability to master complex piano works and generate breakthrough physics ideas is remarkable.", 'duration': 32.934, 'max_score': 6652.957, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS06652957.jpg'}], 'start': 5967.319, 'title': "Isaac newton's beliefs and encounters", 'summary': "Delves into newton's deep religious beliefs and their impact on his scientific pursuits, including his work in optics and alchemy, anti-trinitarian views, and belief in a 6,000-year-old universe. it also explores a hypothetical encounter between newton and einstein, emphasizing the evolution of science, influence of practical experiences on innovation, and the nature of genius in producing breakthrough ideas in physics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6220.583, 'start': 5967.319, 'title': "Newton's religious beliefs and scientific pursuits", 'summary': "Highlights isaac newton's deep religious beliefs and their influence on his scientific pursuits, including his extensive work in optics and alchemy, his anti-trinitarian views, and his belief in a 6,000-year-old universe.", 'duration': 253.264, 'highlights': ["Newton's extensive work in optics and alchemy is highlighted, with a focus on his investigations in the latter parts of the 1670s and his interest in shiny objects like the star regulus.", "The influence of Newton's religious beliefs on his scientific pursuits is discussed, including his anti-Trinitarian views, his belief in a 6,000-year-old universe, and his conviction that the rulemaker doesn't do things arbitrarily.", "Newton's upbringing and early experiences exacerbated his deeply religious nature, leading him to find solace in thinking about a governing, abstract, rule-making deity.", "Newton's profound belief that miracles have not occurred since the time of Christ, and his skepticism towards certain tales of miracles in the Old Testament is mentioned, along with his anti-Trinitarian views and belief in a young universe.", "The discussion of Newton's belief in a 6,000-year-old universe and his fascination with the construction of the universe by a perfect entity is highlighted, including a reference to Bishop Usher's chronology."]}, {'end': 6727.81, 'start': 6222.346, 'title': "Newton's encounter with einstein", 'summary': 'Discusses the hypothetical encounter between newton and einstein, highlighting the vast leaps in science from newton to einstein, the influence of practical experiences on scientific innovation, and the nature of genius in producing breakthrough ideas in physics.', 'duration': 505.464, 'highlights': ['The vast leaps in science from Newton to Einstein involved fundamental conceptions, mathematical structures, and the evolution of novel experimentation and devices, indicating significant advancements in multiple aspects of science. Not specified', 'The influence of practical experiences, such as the development of the steam engine and the premium placed on making devices more efficient, played a crucial role in driving scientific innovation and the way of thinking about the world. Not specified', 'The discussion delves into the nature of genius and the ability of certain individuals to come up with extraordinary results, citing examples of individuals with exceptional abilities, such as a woman on the autism spectrum who could play complex pianistic works after hearing them once. Not specified']}], 'duration': 760.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/TRdL6ZzWBS0/pics/TRdL6ZzWBS05967319.jpg', 'highlights': ["Newton's extensive work in optics and alchemy, including investigations in the 1670s and interest in shiny objects like the star regulus.", "The influence of Newton's religious beliefs on his scientific pursuits, including anti-Trinitarian views, belief in a 6,000-year-old universe, and conviction about the rulemaker's actions.", "Newton's upbringing and early experiences exacerbated his deeply religious nature, leading him to find solace in thinking about a governing, abstract, rule-making deity.", 'The vast leaps in science from Newton to Einstein involved fundamental conceptions, mathematical structures, and the evolution of novel experimentation and devices, indicating significant advancements in multiple aspects of science.', 'The influence of practical experiences, such as the development of the steam engine and the premium placed on making devices more efficient, played a crucial role in driving scientific innovation and the way of thinking about the world.', 'The discussion delves into the nature of genius and the ability of certain individuals to come up with extraordinary results, citing examples of individuals with exceptional abilities, such as a woman on the autism spectrum who could play complex pianistic works after hearing them once.']}], 'highlights': ["Newton's prism experiment challenged the prevailing notion of colors being modifications of white light, indicating different types of light in sunlight, showcasing his manipulative experimentation and mathematical knowledge.", "Newton's work with passing sunlight through a prism is discussed, emphasizing its major impact on scientific understanding and its beautiful conceptual and mathematical aspects.", "Newton's adoption of skepticism towards sensory evidence signifies a profound transformation in scientific thought, providing a liberating perspective on the limitations of human perception in comprehending reality.", "Newton's shift in thinking was influenced by Hooke's insight into injecting time to solve certain problems, leading to a different way of thinking.", "Newton's recognition of the binomial theorem and its generalization led him to new calculations of areas and tangents, contributing to the development of a particular form of calculus involving small increments and continuous flows of curves.", "Newton's tenure as the first Lucasian professor at Cambridge and his influential publications like 'The Optics' and 'Principia Mathematica', showcasing his groundbreaking advancements in mathematics and experimental science.", "Newton's method of melding experimental situations with mathematical structures, discovering new things, and figuring out ways to integrate them, showcasing his ability to come to grips with and work through complicated and difficult issues.", "Newton's extensive work in optics and alchemy, including investigations in the 1670s and interest in shiny objects like the star regulus.", "The influence of Newton's religious beliefs on his scientific pursuits, including anti-Trinitarian views, belief in a 6,000-year-old universe, and conviction about the rulemaker's actions.", 'The vast leaps in science from Newton to Einstein involved fundamental conceptions, mathematical structures, and the evolution of novel experimentation and devices, indicating significant advancements in multiple aspects of science.']}