title
Max Tegmark: AI and Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #155
description
Max Tegmark is a physicist and AI researcher at MIT. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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EPISODE LINKS:
News Project Explainer Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRLF17Pb6vo
News Project Website: https://www.improvethenews.org/
Max's Twitter: https://twitter.com/tegmark
Max's Website: https://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/
Future of Life Institute: https://futureoflife.org/
Lex Fridman Podcast #1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi8LUnhP5yU
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
2:49 - AI and physics
16:07 - Can AI discover new laws of physics?
24:57 - AI safety
42:33 - Extinction of human species
53:31 - How to fix fake news and misinformation
1:15:05 - Autonomous weapons
1:30:28 - The man who prevented nuclear war
1:40:36 - Elon Musk and AI
1:54:14 - AI alignment
2:00:16 - Consciousness
2:09:20 - Richard Feynman
2:13:30 - Machine learning and computational physics
2:24:28 - AI and creativity
2:35:42 - Aliens
2:51:25 - Mortality
CONNECT:
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detail
{'title': 'Max Tegmark: AI and Physics | Lex Fridman Podcast #155', 'heatmap': [{'end': 4502.201, 'start': 4383.808, 'weight': 0.848}, {'end': 7676.746, 'start': 7560.822, 'weight': 0.841}, {'end': 9556.458, 'start': 9428.598, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Max tegmark's expertise in ai and physics is explored, addressing existential risks, reengineering algorithms, and various projects. it discusses ai's risks, power, breakthroughs, and the need for a deep understanding to ensure safety. the importance of incentive alignment, global catastrophic risks, technological responsibility, political propaganda, and the impact of science and human innovation are highlighted. additionally, it delves into machine learning's potential, ai's impact on physics, societal implications, and the concept of identity and immortality.", 'chapters': [{'end': 91.285, 'segs': [{'end': 63.831, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4.311, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Max Tegmark, his second time on the podcast.', 'start': 0.109, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 10.435, 'text': 'In fact, the previous conversation was episode number one of this very podcast.', 'start': 4.832, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 21.42, 'text': 'He is a physicist and artificial intelligence researcher at MIT, co-founder of the Future of Life Institute and author of Life 3.0,', 'start': 11.035, 'duration': 10.385}, {'end': 23.742, 'text': 'Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.', 'start': 21.42, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 31.709, 'text': "He's also the head of a bunch of other huge, fascinating projects and has written a lot of different things that you should definitely check out.", 'start': 24.642, 'duration': 7.067}, {'end': 42.34, 'text': 'He has been one of the key humans who has been outspoken about long-term existential risks of AI and also its exciting possibilities and solutions to real-world problems.', 'start': 32.29, 'duration': 10.05}, {'end': 51.084, 'text': 'most recently at the intersection of AI and physics, and also in reengineering the algorithms that divide us,', 'start': 42.941, 'duration': 8.143}, {'end': 58.888, 'text': 'by controlling the information we see and thereby creating bubbles and all other kinds of complex social phenomena that we see today.', 'start': 51.084, 'duration': 7.804}, {'end': 63.831, 'text': "In general, he's one of the most passionate and brilliant people I have the fortune of knowing.", 'start': 59.688, 'duration': 4.143}], 'summary': 'Max tegmark, physicist and ai researcher, discusses ai risks and solutions, including work at mit.', 'duration': 63.722, 'max_score': 0.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM109.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': "Max tegmark's expertise", 'summary': "Explores max tegmark's expertise in ai and physics, focusing on his influential role in addressing existential risks of ai, reengineering algorithms, and his various projects and writings.", 'chapters': [{'end': 91.285, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'Max tegmark: ai, physics, and the future', 'summary': "Discusses max tegmark's expertise in ai and physics, his influential role in addressing existential risks of ai, and his work in reengineering algorithms to control information, as well as his various projects and writings.", 'duration': 91.176, 'highlights': ['Max Tegmark is a physicist and AI researcher at MIT, co-founder of the Future of Life Institute, and author of Life 3.0, with a key focus on addressing long-term existential risks of AI and its potential solutions to real-world problems.', 'He has been influential in reengineering algorithms that control the information we see, creating complex social phenomena, and has been outspoken about the intersection of AI and physics, showcasing his expertise in these domains.', 'Max Tegmark is recognized for his passion and brilliance, making him an influential figure in the field of AI and physics, with a significant impact on the conversation about the future of artificial intelligence.', 'He has been a guest on the podcast multiple times, signaling the importance and relevance of his insights and expertise in the ongoing discussions about AI and its implications for the future.']}], 'duration': 91.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM109.jpg', 'highlights': ['Max Tegmark is a physicist and AI researcher at MIT, co-founder of the Future of Life Institute, and author of Life 3.0, with a key focus on addressing long-term existential risks of AI and its potential solutions to real-world problems.', 'He has been influential in reengineering algorithms that control the information we see, creating complex social phenomena, and has been outspoken about the intersection of AI and physics, showcasing his expertise in these domains.', 'Max Tegmark is recognized for his passion and brilliance, making him an influential figure in the field of AI and physics, with a significant impact on the conversation about the future of artificial intelligence.', 'He has been a guest on the podcast multiple times, signaling the importance and relevance of his insights and expertise in the ongoing discussions about AI and its implications for the future.']}, {'end': 1664.836, 'segs': [{'end': 112.376, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 91.285, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 102.048, 'text': 'let me say that much of the researchers in the machine learning and artificial intelligence communities do not spend much time thinking deeply about existential risks of AI.', 'start': 91.285, 'duration': 10.763}, {'end': 106.231, 'text': 'Because our current algorithms are seen as useful but dumb,', 'start': 102.768, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 112.376, 'text': "it's difficult to imagine how they may become destructive to the fabric of human civilization in the foreseeable future.", 'start': 106.231, 'duration': 6.145}], 'summary': 'Researchers in ai often overlook existential risks due to current algorithms being seen as useful but potentially destructive.', 'duration': 21.091, 'max_score': 91.285, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM91285.jpg'}, {'end': 428.486, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 396.883, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 403.688, 'text': "all machine learning systems that actually have impact on people's lives will be understood at a really really deep level, right?", 'start': 396.883, 'duration': 6.805}, {'end': 410.233, 'text': "So we trust them, not because some sales rep told us to, but because they've earned our trust.", 'start': 403.708, 'duration': 6.525}, {'end': 415.837, 'text': 'And really safety critical things even prove that they will always do what we expect them to do.', 'start': 411.054, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 417.598, 'text': "That's very much the physics mindset.", 'start': 416.237, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 419.14, 'text': "So it's interesting.", 'start': 417.658, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 428.486, 'text': 'if you look at big breakthroughs that have happened in machine learning this year from dancing robots, you know is pretty fantastic.', 'start': 419.14, 'duration': 9.346}], 'summary': 'Machine learning systems need deep understanding and trust for impact, aiming for consistent performance, as seen in recent breakthroughs like dancing robots.', 'duration': 31.603, 'max_score': 396.883, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM396883.jpg'}, {'end': 658.331, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 628.665, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 633.787, 'text': "and it's the same thing with most harm that's been done by automation so far, i would say.", 'start': 628.665, 'duration': 5.122}, {'end': 634.567, 'text': "so i don't know if you did.", 'start': 633.787, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 636.628, 'text': 'you hear of a company called knight capital?', 'start': 634.567, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 638.728, 'text': 'no, so good.', 'start': 636.628, 'duration': 2.1}, {'end': 639.989, 'text': "that means you didn't invest in them.", 'start': 638.728, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 644.41, 'text': 'earlier they deployed this automated rating system.', 'start': 639.989, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 646.981, 'text': 'yes, all nice and shiny.', 'start': 644.41, 'duration': 2.571}, {'end': 649.023, 'text': "they didn't understand it as well as they thought.", 'start': 646.981, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 658.331, 'text': 'And it went about losing 10 million bucks per minute for 44 minutes straight until someone presumably was like, oh no, shut this up.', 'start': 649.443, 'duration': 8.888}], 'summary': "Knight capital's automated system lost $440 million in 44 minutes.", 'duration': 29.666, 'max_score': 628.665, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM628665.jpg'}, {'end': 1122.549, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1097.116, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1102.638, 'text': 'So we were able to solve all of those hundred formulas, discover them automatically, plus a whole bunch of other ones.', 'start': 1097.116, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 1111.702, 'text': "And it's actually kind of humbling to see that this code, which anyone who wants now is listening to this, can type pip,", 'start': 1102.698, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 1114.243, 'text': 'install AI Feynman on their computer and run it.', 'start': 1111.702, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 1115.184, 'text': 'It can actually do..', 'start': 1114.563, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 1122.549, 'text': 'what Johannes Kepler spent four years doing when he stared at Mars data until he was like, finally, Eureka, this is an ellipse.', 'start': 1116.084, 'duration': 6.465}], 'summary': "Automatically discovered 100 formulas, accessible to anyone via ai feynman, equivalent to johannes kepler's 4 years of work on mars data.", 'duration': 25.433, 'max_score': 1097.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1097116.jpg'}, {'end': 1515.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1485.302, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1489.344, 'text': "then that's what's going to be required to be able to combine the neural networks with.", 'start': 1485.302, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 1495.098, 'text': 'Symbolic Combine the old AI with the new AI in a good way.', 'start': 1491.696, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 1500.762, 'text': 'We do it in our brains, and there seems to be basically two strategies I see in industry now.', 'start': 1495.358, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 1505.425, 'text': 'One scares the heebie-jeebies out of me, and the other one I find much more encouraging.', 'start': 1501.222, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 1506.845, 'text': 'Okay, which one??', 'start': 1505.885, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 1508.046, 'text': 'Can we break them apart??', 'start': 1506.966, 'duration': 1.08}, {'end': 1509.067, 'text': 'Which of the two??', 'start': 1508.146, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 1515.93, 'text': "The one that scares the heebie-jeebies out of me, is this attitude that we're just gonna make ever bigger systems that we still don't understand,", 'start': 1509.687, 'duration': 6.243}], 'summary': 'Combining old ai with new ai requires careful strategy, with one approach focusing on building ever bigger systems, which is concerning.', 'duration': 30.628, 'max_score': 1485.302, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1485302.jpg'}], 'start': 91.285, 'title': "Ai's risks and impact", 'summary': "Highlights the lack of consideration for ai existential risks, emphasizing the potential danger to human civilization. it also discusses ai's growing power, recent breakthroughs, and the risks of overtrust in automated systems, stressing the need for a deep understanding of ai to ensure safety. additionally, it explores the challenges of understanding complex systems, emphasizing the potential harm caused by misplaced trust in automation and the importance of intelligible intelligence in neural networks. moreover, it delves into the potential of neural networks, emphasizing the need to combine them with symbolic logic and regulate the development of artificial general intelligence.", 'chapters': [{'end': 127.987, 'start': 91.285, 'title': 'Ai existential risks', 'summary': 'Highlights the lack of consideration for ai existential risks in the machine learning and artificial intelligence communities and the potential danger it poses to human civilization, drawing a parallel to a lobster in lukewarm water.', 'duration': 36.702, 'highlights': ['The lack of consideration for existential risks of AI in the machine learning and artificial intelligence communities.', 'The potential danger posed to human civilization by the lack of consideration for AI existential risks.', 'The analogy of a lobster in lukewarm water to illustrate the dangerous and uninspiring perspective on AI existential risks.']}, {'end': 605.78, 'start': 128.708, 'title': "Ai's impact on society", 'summary': 'Discusses the growing power of ai, the potential impact on human civilization, and the need for a deep understanding of ai systems to ensure safety, with examples of recent breakthroughs in ai and the potential risks of overtrust in automated systems.', 'duration': 477.072, 'highlights': ["The growing power of AI and its potential impact on human civilization is discussed, emphasizing the need to define the trajectory of technology's interplay with human beings. AI algorithms surpass human intelligence and power, prompting the need to consider the interplay of technology and human beings in society.", 'Recent breakthroughs in AI, such as AlphaFold2 and GPT-3, are mentioned, with the emphasis on the lack of a full understanding of how these systems work and the potential risks of overtrust in AI. AlphaFold2 and GPT-3 are highlighted as significant breakthroughs in AI, but the lack of understanding of their functioning raises potential risks of overtrust in AI systems.', 'The need for a deep understanding of AI systems to ensure safety is discussed, with examples of overtrust leading to safety issues in automated systems, such as the Boeing 737 Max. Examples of overtrust leading to safety issues in automated systems, like the Boeing 737 Max, highlight the importance of deeply understanding AI systems for ensuring safety.']}, {'end': 1138.72, 'start': 606.5, 'title': 'The challenge of understanding complex systems', 'summary': "Discusses the potential harm caused by misplaced trust in automation, the need for intelligible intelligence in neural networks, and the ai feynman project's success in automatically discovering and understanding complex formulas.", 'duration': 532.22, 'highlights': ['The potential harm caused by misplaced trust in automation The chapter highlights instances of harm caused by misplaced trust in automation, such as the case of Knight Capital losing 10 million dollars per minute for 44 minutes due to a flawed automated trading system.', 'The need for intelligible intelligence in neural networks The need for intelligible intelligence in neural networks is emphasized, with a focus on the importance of understanding and trusting the inner workings of intelligent systems, as opposed to settling for inscrutability.', "The success of the AI Feynman project The AI Feynman project's success in automatically discovering and understanding complex formulas, including those with logarithmic and trigonometric functions, is emphasized, showcasing its potential for automating tasks that were historically challenging for humans."]}, {'end': 1664.836, 'start': 1138.74, 'title': 'Neural networks and symbolic logic', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of neural networks and the importance of combining them with symbolic logic, highlighting the risks associated with the uncontrolled development of artificial general intelligence and the need to understand and regulate its potential impact.', 'duration': 526.096, 'highlights': ['The importance of combining neural networks with symbolic logic in order to achieve artificial general intelligence. The chapter emphasizes the need to combine neural networks with symbolic logic to achieve artificial general intelligence, highlighting the ability of humans to integrate both systems effectively in their brains.', 'The risks associated with uncontrolled development of artificial general intelligence and the potential consequences if it is not properly understood and regulated. The chapter raises concerns about the uncontrolled development of artificial general intelligence, highlighting the potential risks and catastrophic consequences if it is not properly understood and regulated.', 'Comparing the capabilities of humans and animals in terms of neural networks and symbolic logic. The chapter compares the capabilities of humans and animals in terms of neural networks and symbolic logic, emphasizing the unique ability of humans to extract information in symbols and language and combine both neural networks and symbolic logic effectively.']}], 'duration': 1573.551, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM91285.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential danger posed to human civilization by the lack of consideration for AI existential risks.', 'Recent breakthroughs in AI, such as AlphaFold2 and GPT-3, raise potential risks of overtrust in AI systems.', 'The need for a deep understanding of AI systems to ensure safety is highlighted, with examples of overtrust leading to safety issues in automated systems.', 'The chapter highlights instances of harm caused by misplaced trust in automation, such as the case of Knight Capital losing 10 million dollars per minute for 44 minutes due to a flawed automated trading system.', "The AI Feynman project's success in automatically discovering and understanding complex formulas showcases its potential for automating tasks that were historically challenging for humans.", 'The chapter emphasizes the need to combine neural networks with symbolic logic to achieve artificial general intelligence, highlighting the ability of humans to integrate both systems effectively in their brains.', 'The chapter raises concerns about the uncontrolled development of artificial general intelligence, highlighting the potential risks and catastrophic consequences if it is not properly understood and regulated.']}, {'end': 2184.733, 'segs': [{'end': 1717.681, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1685.027, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1685.868, 'text': "now it's very powerful.", 'start': 1685.027, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1687.889, 'text': 'That, I think..', 'start': 1687.348, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 1691.271, 'text': 'is the most unsafe and reckless approach.', 'start': 1688.889, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 1705.401, 'text': 'The alternative to that is the intelligible intelligence approach instead, where we say neural networks is just a tool for the first step,', 'start': 1691.871, 'duration': 13.53}, {'end': 1707.062, 'text': 'to get the intuition.', 'start': 1705.401, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 1717.681, 'text': "but then we're going to spend also serious resources on other AI techniques for demystifying this black box and figuring out what's it actually doing,", 'start': 1707.062, 'duration': 10.619}], 'summary': 'Advocate for balanced ai approach, using neural networks as a tool along with other ai techniques for demystification.', 'duration': 32.654, 'max_score': 1685.027, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1685027.jpg'}, {'end': 1857.681, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1807.659, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1812.925, 'text': "and um, there's even a whole operating system called cell 3 that's been developed by a darpa grant,", 'start': 1807.659, 'duration': 5.266}, {'end': 1817.727, 'text': 'where You can actually mathematically prove that this thing can never be hacked.', 'start': 1812.925, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 1824.83, 'text': "One day, I hope that will be something you can say about the OS that's running on our laptops too.", 'start': 1820.468, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 1826.891, 'text': "As you know, we're not there.", 'start': 1825.21, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 1829.412, 'text': 'But I think we should be ambitious, frankly.', 'start': 1826.931, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 1836.254, 'text': 'And if we can use machine learning to help do the proofs and so on as well,', 'start': 1829.432, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 1841.896, 'text': "then it's much easier to verify that a proof is correct than to come up with a proof in the first place.", 'start': 1836.254, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 1844.336, 'text': "That's really the core idea here.", 'start': 1843.035, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 1857.681, 'text': "If someone comes on your podcast and says they proved the Riemann hypothesis or some sensational new theorem, it's much easier for someone else.", 'start': 1844.356, 'duration': 13.325}], 'summary': 'Cell 3 os can mathematically prove unhackability, with hope for similar laptop os in the future. ambitious use of machine learning for verifying proofs is the core idea.', 'duration': 50.022, 'max_score': 1807.659, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1807659.jpg'}, {'end': 1913.534, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1890.498, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1900.423, 'text': "With security, people are just like, well, there's always going to be attack vectors and ways to attack the system.", 'start': 1890.498, 'duration': 9.925}, {'end': 1903.705, 'text': "But you're right, we're just very new with these computational systems.", 'start': 1900.803, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1905.826, 'text': "We're new with these intelligent systems.", 'start': 1904.085, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 1913.534, 'text': "And it's not out of the realm of, just like people that understand the movement of the stars and the planets and so on.", 'start': 1906.506, 'duration': 7.028}], 'summary': 'New computational and intelligent systems bring security challenges.', 'duration': 23.036, 'max_score': 1890.498, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1890498.jpg'}, {'end': 2070.373, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2040.605, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2048.01, 'text': "And now there's this technical challenge of making sure that the autopilot is actually gonna behave as the pilot wants.", 'start': 2040.605, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 2051.884, 'text': 'we set that aside.', 'start': 2051.063, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 2059.668, 'text': "there's also the separate question how do you make sure that the goals of the pilot are actually aligned with the goals of the passenger?", 'start': 2051.884, 'duration': 7.784}, {'end': 2062.449, 'text': 'how do you make sure, very much more broadly,', 'start': 2059.668, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 2070.373, 'text': 'that if we can all agree as a species that we would like things to kind of go well for humanity as a whole, that the goals are aligned here?', 'start': 2062.449, 'duration': 7.924}], 'summary': 'Ensuring autopilot behavior aligns with pilot and passenger goals for overall human well-being.', 'duration': 29.768, 'max_score': 2040.605, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2040605.jpg'}, {'end': 2165.969, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2142.349, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2154.339, 'text': 'And so we have to think beyond just the technical issues and think about how do we align in general incentives on this planet for the greater good.', 'start': 2142.349, 'duration': 11.99}, {'end': 2156.661, 'text': 'So, starting with simple stuff like that,', 'start': 2154.739, 'duration': 1.922}, {'end': 2163.147, 'text': "every airplane that has a computer in it should be taught whatever kindergarten ethics it's smart enough to understand.", 'start': 2156.661, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 2165.969, 'text': "Like no, don't fly into fixed objects.", 'start': 2163.207, 'duration': 2.762}], 'summary': 'Aligning global incentives for greater good, teaching ethics to airplanes with computers.', 'duration': 23.62, 'max_score': 2142.349, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2142349.jpg'}], 'start': 1666.157, 'title': 'Approaches and challenges in agi', 'summary': 'Discusses two approaches to achieving agi, emphasizing the importance of intelligible intelligence and mathematical proofs. it also covers challenges in system security and alignment, highlighting the need for optimism, greater goal alignment, and potential risks with feasible solutions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1873.963, 'start': 1666.157, 'title': 'Approaches to artificial general intelligence', 'summary': 'Discusses two different approaches to achieving artificial general intelligence, emphasizing the importance of intelligible intelligence approach and the potential for mathematical proofs in ensuring safety and understanding of ai systems.', 'duration': 207.806, 'highlights': ['The alternative approach of intelligible intelligence is deemed more promising for achieving artificial general intelligence, as it focuses on understanding AI systems and ensuring their intended functionality. Intelligible intelligence approach, understanding AI systems, ensuring intended functionality', 'The use of mathematical proofs, symbolic verification, and operating systems like cell 3 are emphasized for ensuring the security and reliability of AI systems. Mathematical proofs, symbolic verification, security and reliability of AI systems', 'Machine learning is proposed to aid in the verification of mathematical proofs, making it easier to ensure the correctness of proofs in comparison to discovering them. Machine learning for proof verification, ease of verifying proofs']}, {'end': 2184.733, 'start': 1874.464, 'title': 'Challenges in system security and alignment', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of system security and alignment, emphasizing the need for optimism and greater alignment of goals in intelligent systems, along with examples of potential risks and feasible solutions.', 'duration': 310.269, 'highlights': ['The need for optimism and greater alignment of goals in intelligent systems The chapter emphasizes the need for optimism in addressing system security challenges and the importance of aligning the goals of intelligent systems with the greater good of humanity.', 'Examples of potential risks and feasible solutions in system security The transcript provides examples of potential risks in system security, such as the possibility of unintentional failures, and offers feasible solutions, such as teaching ethical guidelines to computers in airplanes and cars.', 'Emphasizing the importance of aligning goals of the pilot with the goals of the passenger in aviation systems The chapter highlights the importance of aligning the goals of the pilot with the goals of the passenger in aviation systems, addressing the broader challenge of ensuring alignment of incentives for the greater good.']}], 'duration': 518.576, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM1666157.jpg', 'highlights': ['The alternative approach of intelligible intelligence is deemed more promising for achieving artificial general intelligence, as it focuses on understanding AI systems and ensuring their intended functionality.', 'The use of mathematical proofs, symbolic verification, and operating systems like cell 3 are emphasized for ensuring the security and reliability of AI systems.', 'Machine learning is proposed to aid in the verification of mathematical proofs, making it easier to ensure the correctness of proofs in comparison to discovering them.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for optimism in addressing system security challenges and the importance of aligning the goals of intelligent systems with the greater good of humanity.', 'The transcript provides examples of potential risks in system security, such as the possibility of unintentional failures, and offers feasible solutions, such as teaching ethical guidelines to computers in airplanes and cars.', 'The chapter highlights the importance of aligning the goals of the pilot with the goals of the passenger in aviation systems, addressing the broader challenge of ensuring alignment of incentives for the greater good.']}, {'end': 2778.097, 'segs': [{'end': 2232.674, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2207.22, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2214.963, 'text': 'And if you look at, more broadly, problems that happen on this planet, the vast majority have to do with poor alignment.', 'start': 2207.22, 'duration': 7.743}, {'end': 2218.3, 'text': "Think about, let's go back really big.", 'start': 2216.738, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 2220.542, 'text': "Cause I know this is, you're so good at that.", 'start': 2218.32, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 2227.549, 'text': 'Yeah In the very, so long ago in evolution, we had these genes and you, they wanted to make copies of themselves.', 'start': 2220.782, 'duration': 6.767}, {'end': 2228.73, 'text': "That's really all they cared about.", 'start': 2227.589, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 2232.674, 'text': "So they, some genes said, Hey, I'm gonna.", 'start': 2229.41, 'duration': 3.264}], 'summary': 'Poor alignment is the root cause of most problems on the planet.', 'duration': 25.454, 'max_score': 2207.22, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2207220.jpg'}, {'end': 2636.536, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2608.864, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2612.607, 'text': 'maybe companies are the same, a direct byproduct of the evolutionary process?', 'start': 2608.864, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 2616.124, 'text': 'I think there is one thing which has changed.', 'start': 2613.382, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 2620.246, 'text': "That's why I'm not all optimistic.", 'start': 2616.164, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 2630.012, 'text': "That's why I think there's about a 50% chance if we take the dumb route with artificial intelligence that humanity will be extinct in this century.", 'start': 2620.266, 'duration': 9.746}, {'end': 2633.314, 'text': 'First, just the big picture.', 'start': 2632.034, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 2636.536, 'text': 'Yeah, companies need to have the right incentives.', 'start': 2633.334, 'duration': 3.202}], 'summary': "50% chance of human extinction this century due to ai if the 'dumb route' is taken", 'duration': 27.672, 'max_score': 2608.864, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2608864.jpg'}, {'end': 2770.647, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2742.288, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2748.512, 'text': "And then, okay, now there's this nice uninhabited land here, some other people could move in and organize things better.", 'start': 2742.288, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 2750.053, 'text': 'This is different.', 'start': 2749.432, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 2759.92, 'text': 'The second thing which is also different is that technology gives us so much more empowerment, right? Both to do good things and also to screw up.', 'start': 2751.053, 'duration': 8.867}, {'end': 2764.763, 'text': 'In the Stone Age, even if you had someone whose goals were really poorly aligned,', 'start': 2760.58, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 2770.647, 'text': 'like maybe he was really pissed off because his Stone Age girlfriend dumped him and he just wanted to, if he wanted to like,', 'start': 2764.763, 'duration': 5.884}], 'summary': 'Uninhabited land available for others to organize; technology empowers for good and bad.', 'duration': 28.359, 'max_score': 2742.288, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2742288.jpg'}], 'start': 2186.172, 'title': 'Incentive alignment', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of incentive alignment across different entities, highlighting historical and technological examples, emphasizing the need for proper alignment to prevent potential disasters, such as the potential extinction of humanity due to misaligned incentives in ai, corporations, and governments.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2778.097, 'start': 2186.172, 'title': 'Incentive alignment across history', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of incentive alignment across different entities, highlighting examples from history and technology, emphasizing the need for proper alignment to prevent potential disasters, such as the potential extinction of humanity due to misaligned incentives in ai, corporations, and governments.', 'duration': 591.925, 'highlights': ['The importance of incentive alignment across different entities, emphasizing the need for proper alignment to prevent potential disasters, such as the potential extinction of humanity due to misaligned incentives in AI, corporations, and governments. Incentive alignment is crucial to prevent potential disasters. Misaligned incentives in AI, corporations, and governments could lead to the potential extinction of humanity.', 'The historical examples of poor alignment, including the evolution of genes and the challenges faced in aligning human incentives with those of powerful entities like corporations. Historical examples of poor alignment include the challenges faced in aligning human incentives with those of powerful entities like corporations.', 'The potential risks associated with technological advancements and the need for proper alignment to mitigate global-scale disasters and misuse of empowerment. Technological advancements present potential risks, and proper alignment is crucial to mitigate global-scale disasters and misuse of empowerment.']}], 'duration': 591.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2186172.jpg', 'highlights': ['Incentive alignment is crucial to prevent potential disasters. Misaligned incentives in AI, corporations, and governments could lead to the potential extinction of humanity.', 'Historical examples of poor alignment include the challenges faced in aligning human incentives with those of powerful entities like corporations.', 'Technological advancements present potential risks, and proper alignment is crucial to mitigate global-scale disasters and misuse of empowerment.']}, {'end': 3795.569, 'segs': [{'end': 2835.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2778.997, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2791.106, 'text': "Now, with today's technology, if we have an accidental nuclear war between Russia and the US, which we almost have about a dozen times,", 'start': 2778.997, 'duration': 12.109}, {'end': 2795.729, 'text': 'and then we have a nuclear winter, it could take out 7 billion people or 6 billion people.', 'start': 2791.106, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 2796.249, 'text': "We don't know.", 'start': 2795.829, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 2800.432, 'text': 'So the scale of the damage is bigger that we can do.', 'start': 2797.39, 'duration': 3.042}, {'end': 2801.053, 'text': 'And if..', 'start': 2800.512, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 2810.821, 'text': "And there's obviously no law of physics that says that technology will never get powerful enough that we could wipe out our species entirely.", 'start': 2803.294, 'duration': 7.527}, {'end': 2813.363, 'text': 'That would just be fantasy.', 'start': 2811.762, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 2816.706, 'text': 'to think that science is somehow doomed to not get more powerful than that, right?', 'start': 2813.363, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 2826.434, 'text': "And it's not at all unfeasible in our lifetime that someone could design a designer pandemic which spreads as easily as COVID but just basically kills everybody.", 'start': 2818.187, 'duration': 8.247}, {'end': 2828.016, 'text': 'We already had smallpox.', 'start': 2826.915, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 2830.378, 'text': 'It killed one third of everybody who got it.', 'start': 2828.516, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 2834.45, 'text': 'What do you think of the?', 'start': 2833.029, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 2835.351, 'text': "here's an intuition.", 'start': 2834.45, 'duration': 0.901}], 'summary': 'Technology poses existential threats, with potential to wipe out billions. designer pandemic could be as deadly as smallpox.', 'duration': 56.354, 'max_score': 2778.997, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2778997.jpg'}, {'end': 2893.759, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2861.894, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2870.72, 'text': 'and so i have a sense that the, the people that will be defining the very cutting edge of technology,', 'start': 2861.894, 'duration': 8.826}, {'end': 2875.385, 'text': 'there will be much more of the ones that are doing good versus the ones that are doing evil.', 'start': 2870.72, 'duration': 4.665}, {'end': 2883.033, 'text': "So the race, I'm optimistic on the us always like last minute coming up with a solution.", 'start': 2875.925, 'duration': 7.108}, {'end': 2893.759, 'text': "if there's an engineered pandemic that has the capability to destroy most of the human civilization, it's, it feels like to me,", 'start': 2883.693, 'duration': 10.066}], 'summary': 'Optimistic about technology leaders doing good, foreseeing last-minute solutions for potential engineered pandemic.', 'duration': 31.865, 'max_score': 2861.894, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2861894.jpg'}, {'end': 3011.955, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2979.661, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2980.983, 'text': 'I mean, if we do this right..', 'start': 2979.661, 'duration': 1.322}, {'end': 2986.343, 'text': 'we can develop all this ever more powerful technology and cure all diseases,', 'start': 2982.298, 'duration': 4.045}, {'end': 2995.375, 'text': "and create a future where humanity is healthy and wealthy for not just the next election cycle but like billions of years throughout our universe that's really worth working hard for,", 'start': 2986.343, 'duration': 9.032}, {'end': 3000.341, 'text': 'and not just, you know, sitting and hoping for some sort of fairytale karma.', 'start': 2995.375, 'duration': 4.966}, {'end': 3002.423, 'text': "Well, I just mean, so you're absolutely right.", 'start': 3000.361, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 3004.105, 'text': 'From the perspective of the individual like.', 'start': 3002.463, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 3011.955, 'text': 'for me, like, the primary thing should be to take responsibility and to build the solutions that your skill set allows.', 'start': 3004.105, 'duration': 7.85}], 'summary': 'Develop powerful technology to cure diseases and create a healthy and wealthy future for humanity for billions of years.', 'duration': 32.294, 'max_score': 2979.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2979661.jpg'}, {'end': 3149.856, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3120.855, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3128.982, 'text': 'Do you know how many deaths they have from COVID last time I checked? About 500.', 'start': 3120.855, 'duration': 8.127}, {'end': 3135.207, 'text': 'Why is that? Well, the short answer is that they had prepared.', 'start': 3128.982, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 3138.13, 'text': 'They were incredibly quick.', 'start': 3136.909, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 3145.513, 'text': 'incredibly quick to get on it, with very rapid testing and contact, tracing and so on,', 'start': 3139.189, 'duration': 6.324}, {'end': 3149.856, 'text': 'which is why they never had more cases than they could contract trace effectively right?', 'start': 3145.513, 'duration': 4.343}], 'summary': 'About 500 covid deaths due to rapid testing and contact tracing.', 'duration': 29.001, 'max_score': 3120.855, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM3120855.jpg'}, {'end': 3756.802, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3728.204, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3733.167, 'text': 'I think many people are under the misconception that the main problem is fake news.', 'start': 3728.204, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 3734.588, 'text': "It's not.", 'start': 3734.148, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 3743.814, 'text': 'I had an amazing team of MIT students where we did an academic project to use machine learning to detect the main kinds of bias over the summer.', 'start': 3736.009, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 3749.738, 'text': "Yes, of course, sometimes there's fake news where someone just claims something that's false, right?", 'start': 3744.875, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 3753.06, 'text': 'Like, oh, Hillary Clinton just got divorced or something.', 'start': 3750.799, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 3756.802, 'text': 'But what we see much more of is actually just omissions.', 'start': 3754.021, 'duration': 2.781}], 'summary': 'Mit team used machine learning to detect bias in news, emphasizing omissions over fake news.', 'duration': 28.598, 'max_score': 3728.204, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM3728204.jpg'}], 'start': 2778.997, 'title': 'Global catastrophic risks and technological responsibility', 'summary': 'Discusses potential catastrophic impacts including accidental nuclear war and designer pandemics, as well as the responsibility of individuals in shaping technology, emphasizing the need for accountability and caution. it also highlights lessons learned from the pandemic, emphasizing preparedness and the impact of information manipulation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2835.351, 'start': 2778.997, 'title': 'Global catastrophic risks', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential catastrophic impact of accidental nuclear war, the threat of technology wiping out the human species entirely, and the possibility of a designer pandemic that could kill a significant portion of the population, with reference to past pandemics.', 'duration': 56.354, 'highlights': ['The potential accidental nuclear war between Russia and the US could lead to a nuclear winter, potentially causing the loss of 6 to 7 billion people.', 'The discussion of the increasing power of technology raises the concern that there is no law of physics preventing the technology from wiping out the human species entirely.', 'Highlighting the plausibility of a designer pandemic that could spread as easily as COVID, but with a significantly higher fatality rate, with reference to the historical impact of smallpox, which killed one third of those infected.']}, {'end': 3095.558, 'start': 2835.351, 'title': 'Technology and human responsibility', 'summary': 'Discusses the responsibility of brilliant individuals in shaping the future of technology, highlighting the need for human accountability and caution in relying on governance, while emphasizing the potential for positive impact through technological advancements.', 'duration': 260.207, 'highlights': ['The responsibility of individuals in shaping the future of technology Discusses the importance of brilliant individuals in defining the cutting edge of technology and their potential to do good for the world.', 'Importance of human accountability and caution in relying on governance Emphasizes the danger of complacency and the need for individuals to take responsibility rather than relying solely on external authorities.', 'Potential for positive impact through technological advancements Highlights the immense potential to develop powerful technology, cure diseases, and create a prosperous future for humanity, emphasizing the value of hard work over reliance on karma.']}, {'end': 3795.569, 'start': 3096.299, 'title': 'Lessons from the pandemic', 'summary': "Discusses the lessons learned from the pandemic, emphasizing the importance of preparedness and the impact of information manipulation on society, with examples from south korea's response and the role of machine learning in news media.", 'duration': 699.27, 'highlights': ["South Korea's effective response to COVID-19, with only about 500 deaths, attributed to their rapid testing and contact tracing, highlighting the importance of preparedness. South Korea's efficient handling of COVID-19, resulting in only about 500 deaths, was due to their quick response, rapid testing, and effective contact tracing, emphasizing the significance of preparedness.", 'The impact of information manipulation and political division, leading to polarization and lack of trust in media and news sources, with a focus on the role of machine learning in exacerbating this issue. The discussion on the impact of information manipulation and political division, leading to polarization and mistrust in media, particularly highlighting the role of machine learning in amplifying this problem.', "The development of a news aggregator project, 'improvethenews.org', utilizing machine learning to detect bias and provide a platform for breaking out of filter bubbles, aiming to mitigate the effects of information manipulation. The initiative to create 'improvethenews.org', a news aggregator project leveraging machine learning to identify bias and offer a platform to counter filter bubbles, with the goal of addressing the impact of information manipulation."]}], 'duration': 1016.572, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM2778997.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential accidental nuclear war between Russia and the US could lead to a nuclear winter, potentially causing the loss of 6 to 7 billion people.', 'The discussion of the increasing power of technology raises the concern that there is no law of physics preventing the technology from wiping out the human species entirely.', 'Highlighting the plausibility of a designer pandemic that could spread as easily as COVID, but with a significantly higher fatality rate, with reference to the historical impact of smallpox, which killed one third of those infected.', 'The responsibility of individuals in shaping the future of technology Discusses the importance of brilliant individuals in defining the cutting edge of technology and their potential to do good for the world.', "South Korea's effective response to COVID-19, with only about 500 deaths, attributed to their rapid testing and contact tracing, highlighting the importance of preparedness.", 'The impact of information manipulation and political division, leading to polarization and lack of trust in media and news sources, with a focus on the role of machine learning in exacerbating this issue.', 'Potential for positive impact through technological advancements Highlights the immense potential to develop powerful technology, cure diseases, and create a prosperous future for humanity, emphasizing the value of hard work over reliance on karma.']}, {'end': 4328.88, 'segs': [{'end': 3928.033, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3851.819, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3858.556, 'text': "And what he means by that is if you have a really totalitarian government, you don't need propaganda.", 'start': 3851.819, 'duration': 6.737}, {'end': 3868.799, 'text': 'people will do what you want them to do anyway out of fear, right? But otherwise, you need propaganda.', 'start': 3860.475, 'duration': 8.324}, {'end': 3874.081, 'text': 'So I would say actually that the propaganda is much higher quality in democracies, much more believable.', 'start': 3868.819, 'duration': 5.262}, {'end': 3877.462, 'text': "And it's really- It's really striking.", 'start': 3874.861, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 3881.404, 'text': 'When I talk to colleagues, science colleagues like from Russia and China and so on,', 'start': 3877.502, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 3891.155, 'text': 'I noticed they are actually much more aware of the propaganda in their own media than many of my American colleagues are about the propaganda in Western media.', 'start': 3882.802, 'duration': 8.353}, {'end': 3892.417, 'text': "That's brilliant.", 'start': 3891.175, 'duration': 1.242}, {'end': 3895.041, 'text': 'That means the propaganda in the Western media is just better.', 'start': 3892.437, 'duration': 2.604}, {'end': 3905.546, 'text': "Yes! Everything's better in the West, even the propaganda.", 'start': 3895.141, 'duration': 10.405}, {'end': 3910.448, 'text': "But once you realize that you realize there's also something very optimistic there that you can do about it right?", 'start': 3905.566, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 3917.092, 'text': "Because, first of all, omissions as long as there's no outright censorship,", 'start': 3910.588, 'duration': 6.504}, {'end': 3925.416, 'text': "you can just look at both sides and pretty quickly piece together a much more accurate idea of what's actually going on right?", 'start': 3917.092, 'duration': 8.324}, {'end': 3928.033, 'text': 'And develop a natural skepticism too.', 'start': 3926.212, 'duration': 1.821}], 'summary': 'In democracies, higher quality propaganda is more believable with natural skepticism.', 'duration': 76.214, 'max_score': 3851.819, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM3851819.jpg'}, {'end': 4108.322, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4086.553, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4097.859, 'text': 'So this news aggregator also has a nuanced slider which you can pull to the right and then to make it easier to get exposed to actually more sort of academic style or more respectful.', 'start': 4086.553, 'duration': 11.306}, {'end': 4100.658, 'text': "That's brilliant.", 'start': 4099.738, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 4102.02, 'text': 'Portrayals of different views.', 'start': 4100.719, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 4108.322, 'text': 'And finally, the one kind of bias I think people are mostly aware of is the left-right.', 'start': 4102.04, 'duration': 6.282}], 'summary': 'News aggregator offers nuanced slider for exposure to academic style, respectful views; addresses left-right bias.', 'duration': 21.769, 'max_score': 4086.553, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4086553.jpg'}], 'start': 3795.589, 'title': 'Political propaganda and nuanced news aggregator', 'summary': 'Explores the prevalence of political propaganda in global media, emphasizing critical analysis of information from multiple sources. it also discusses the need for a nuanced news aggregator that challenges establishment biases and provides respectful disagreement.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4032.405, 'start': 3795.589, 'title': 'Understanding political propaganda', 'summary': "Discusses the prevalence of political propaganda in both western and non-western media, emphasizing the need for individuals to critically analyze information from multiple sources to develop a more accurate understanding of current events and avoid manipulation. it also highlights the role of propaganda in democracies and the importance of respectful presentation of contrasting viewpoints in influencing individuals' receptiveness to new information.", 'duration': 236.816, 'highlights': ['The prevalence and quality of propaganda in Western media is highlighted, as compared to media in other countries, suggesting the need for individuals to be more discerning when consuming information (relevance: 5).', 'The comparison between propaganda in democracies and violence in totalitarianism is discussed, emphasizing the role of propaganda in influencing public opinion (relevance: 4).', 'The significance of individuals analyzing information from both sides to develop a more accurate understanding and maintain a natural skepticism is underscored (relevance: 3).', "The role of respectful presentation of contrasting viewpoints in influencing individuals' receptiveness to new information is highlighted, debunking the notion that people are solely interested in hearing what they already believe (relevance: 2).", 'The comparison between blaming individuals for being manipulated by propaganda and the responsibility of big tech and advertising in influencing public opinion is presented (relevance: 1).']}, {'end': 4328.88, 'start': 4033.105, 'title': 'Nuanced news aggregator', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for a news aggregator that provides a nuanced approach to consuming information, highlighting the challenges of finding respectful disagreement and the importance of challenging establishment biases in media.', 'duration': 295.775, 'highlights': ['The need for a news aggregator that provides a nuanced approach to consuming information is emphasized, addressing the challenges of finding respectful disagreement and the importance of challenging establishment biases in media. Emphasizes the need for a nuanced news aggregator, addressing challenges in finding respectful disagreement and the importance of challenging establishment biases in media.', 'The discussion on the establishment slider and its role in exposing different views and biases in media is highlighted, emphasizing the impact of powerful entities on shaping public perception. Emphasizes the role of the establishment slider in exposing different views and biases in media, highlighting the impact of powerful entities on shaping public perception.', 'The low cost and absence of advertising in the news aggregator are mentioned, indicating a non-profit motive and the potential for widespread adoption as a primary information source. Mentions the low cost and absence of advertising, indicating a non-profit motive and the potential for widespread adoption as a primary information source.']}], 'duration': 533.291, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM3795589.jpg', 'highlights': ['The prevalence and quality of propaganda in Western media is highlighted, as compared to media in other countries, suggesting the need for individuals to be more discerning when consuming information (relevance: 5)', 'The comparison between propaganda in democracies and violence in totalitarianism is discussed, emphasizing the role of propaganda in influencing public opinion (relevance: 4)', 'The significance of individuals analyzing information from both sides to develop a more accurate understanding and maintain a natural skepticism is underscored (relevance: 3)', 'The need for a news aggregator that provides a nuanced approach to consuming information is emphasized, addressing the challenges of finding respectful disagreement and the importance of challenging establishment biases in media (relevance: 2)', 'The low cost and absence of advertising in the news aggregator are mentioned, indicating a non-profit motive and the potential for widespread adoption as a primary information source (relevance: 1)']}, {'end': 5691.086, 'segs': [{'end': 4502.201, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4372.22, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4375.581, 'text': 'And when the internet was born, actually, a lot of people had this hope that maybe this will..', 'start': 4372.22, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 4379.084, 'text': 'be a great thing for democracy, make it easier to find out about things.', 'start': 4376.161, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 4383.588, 'text': 'And maybe machine learning and things like this can actually help again.', 'start': 4379.604, 'duration': 3.984}, {'end': 4387.131, 'text': "And I have to say I think it's more important than ever now, right?", 'start': 4383.808, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 4393.898, 'text': 'Because this is very linked also to the whole future of life, as we discussed earlier, right?', 'start': 4387.151, 'duration': 6.747}, {'end': 4395.7, 'text': "We're getting this ever more powerful tech.", 'start': 4393.918, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 4401.939, 'text': "you know, It's pretty clear if you look on the one or two generation, three generation timescale,", 'start': 4395.7, 'duration': 6.239}, {'end': 4404.361, 'text': 'that there are only two ways this can end geopolitically.', 'start': 4401.939, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 4411.187, 'text': 'Either it ends great for all humanity or it ends terribly for all of us.', 'start': 4405.022, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 4413.029, 'text': "There's really no in between.", 'start': 4411.687, 'duration': 1.342}, {'end': 4427.009, 'text': "We're so stuck in that because technology knows no borders and you can't have people fighting when the weapons just keep getting ever more powerful indefinitely.", 'start': 4414.93, 'duration': 12.079}, {'end': 4429.572, 'text': 'Eventually, the luck runs out.', 'start': 4427.089, 'duration': 2.483}, {'end': 4433.963, 'text': 'Right now we have.', 'start': 4432.302, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 4443.373, 'text': "I love America, but the fact of the matter is what's good for America is not opposites in the long term to what's good for other countries.", 'start': 4433.963, 'duration': 9.41}, {'end': 4450.079, 'text': 'It would be if this was some sort of zero sum game, like it was thousands of years ago,', 'start': 4444.774, 'duration': 5.305}, {'end': 4457.191, 'text': 'when the only way one country could get more resources was to take land from other countries, because that was basically the resource right?', 'start': 4450.079, 'duration': 7.112}, {'end': 4458.872, 'text': 'Look at the map of Europe.', 'start': 4457.751, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4462.114, 'text': 'Some countries kept getting bigger and smaller, endless wars.', 'start': 4458.932, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 4469.279, 'text': "But then since 1945, there hasn't been any war in Western Europe, and they all got way richer because of tech.", 'start': 4463.355, 'duration': 5.924}, {'end': 4479.088, 'text': 'So the optimistic outcome is that The big winner in this century is gonna be America and China and Russia and everybody else,', 'start': 4470.019, 'duration': 9.069}, {'end': 4481.729, 'text': 'because technology just makes us all healthier and wealthier.', 'start': 4479.088, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 4485.231, 'text': 'And we just find some way of keeping the peace on this planet.', 'start': 4481.769, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 4488.572, 'text': 'But I think, unfortunately,', 'start': 4486.851, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 4494.294, 'text': 'there are some pretty powerful forces right now that are pushing in exactly the opposite direction and trying to demonize other countries,', 'start': 4488.572, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 4502.201, 'text': "which is just makes it more likely that this ever more powerful tech we're building is gonna use disastrous ways.", 'start': 4494.294, 'duration': 7.907}], 'summary': 'Internet and technology can shape the future geopolitically, with a potential for global prosperity or disaster.', 'duration': 38.967, 'max_score': 4372.22, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4372220.jpg'}, {'end': 4626.948, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4604.179, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4614.927, 'text': 'people who are obsessed about some sort of future terminator scenario right now should start focusing on the fact that we have two much more urgent threats happening for machine learning.', 'start': 4604.179, 'duration': 10.748}, {'end': 4624.228, 'text': "One of them is the whole destruction of democracy that we've talked about now where Our flow of information is being manipulated by machine learning.", 'start': 4615.008, 'duration': 9.22}, {'end': 4626.948, 'text': 'And the other one is that right now, you know,', 'start': 4624.268, 'duration': 2.68}], 'summary': 'Urgent threats in machine learning: destruction of democracy and manipulation of information.', 'duration': 22.769, 'max_score': 4604.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4604179.jpg'}, {'end': 4760.575, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4730.382, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4738.489, 'text': "So you have a sense that it's possible for the big powerhouses, in terms of the big nations in the world,", 'start': 4730.382, 'duration': 8.107}, {'end': 4742.052, 'text': 'to agree that autonomous weapons is not a race we want to be on.', 'start': 4738.489, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 4743.273, 'text': "that it doesn't end well.", 'start': 4742.052, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 4751.264, 'text': "Yeah, because we know it's just going to end in mass proliferation and every terrorist everywhere is going to have these super cheap weapons that they will use against us.", 'start': 4743.835, 'duration': 7.429}, {'end': 4760.575, 'text': 'And our politicians have to constantly worry about being assassinated every time they go outdoors by some anonymous little mini drone.', 'start': 4751.885, 'duration': 8.69}], 'summary': 'Global consensus needed to avoid mass proliferation of autonomous weapons for security and safety concerns.', 'duration': 30.193, 'max_score': 4730.382, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4730382.jpg'}, {'end': 4895.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4863.924, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 4867.328, 'text': 'And unlike perhaps nuclear weapons, which is connected to..', 'start': 4863.924, 'duration': 3.404}, {'end': 4873.414, 'text': "in a way like it's hard to get the, it's hard to engineer.", 'start': 4869.89, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 4875.277, 'text': "It feels like it's.", 'start': 4873.815, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 4882.204, 'text': "you know there's too much overlap between the tech industry and autonomous weapons to where you could have smartphone type of.", 'start': 4875.277, 'duration': 6.927}, {'end': 4895.752, 'text': "If you look at drones for $1,000, you can have an incredible system that's able to maintain flight autonomously for you and take pictures and stuff.", 'start': 4883.605, 'duration': 12.147}], 'summary': 'Tech industry overlaps with autonomous weapons, $1000 drones offer autonomous flight and photography capability.', 'duration': 31.828, 'max_score': 4863.924, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4863924.jpg'}, {'end': 4990.292, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4955.461, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 4958.703, 'text': 'They might be useful in law enforcement in the future.', 'start': 4955.461, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 4963.186, 'text': "And there's a whole debate about, do you want robots showing up at your house with guns telling you to..", 'start': 4958.743, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 4967.209, 'text': 'who will be perfectly obedient to whatever dictator controls them.', 'start': 4963.926, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 4971.153, 'text': "But let's leave that aside for a moment and look at what's actually relevant now.", 'start': 4967.83, 'duration': 3.323}, {'end': 4975.738, 'text': "So there's a spectrum of things you can do with AI in the military.", 'start': 4971.353, 'duration': 4.385}, {'end': 4978.68, 'text': "And again, to put my card on the table, I'm not the pacifist.", 'start': 4975.778, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 4980.963, 'text': 'I think we should have good defense.', 'start': 4978.801, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 4990.292, 'text': 'So for example, A predator drone is basically a fancy little remote-controlled airplane.', 'start': 4983.605, 'duration': 6.687}], 'summary': 'Ai in military has potential for law enforcement, drones used as example.', 'duration': 34.831, 'max_score': 4955.461, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4955461.jpg'}, {'end': 5312.079, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5286.994, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5295.523, 'text': 'know, and that is the stigma that you kind of establish, like this fabric, this universal stigma over the thing exactly.', 'start': 5286.994, 'duration': 8.529}, {'end': 5299.727, 'text': "it's very reasonable for them to say well, you know, we probably get away with it, but if we don't,", 'start': 5295.523, 'duration': 4.204}, {'end': 5305.052, 'text': "then the us will know we cheated and then they're going to go full tilt with their program and say look, the chinese are cheaters,", 'start': 5299.727, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 5305.773, 'text': "and that's going to.", 'start': 5305.052, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 5308.055, 'text': "now we have all these weapons against us and that's bad.", 'start': 5305.773, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 5312.079, 'text': 'so The stigma alone is very, very powerful.', 'start': 5308.055, 'duration': 4.024}], 'summary': 'Stigma can have significant impact on international relations and trade.', 'duration': 25.085, 'max_score': 5286.994, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5286994.jpg'}, {'end': 5567.765, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5535.892, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 5540.213, 'text': 'What actually took place was they needed three people to approve this.', 'start': 5535.892, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 5542.234, 'text': 'The captain had said yes.', 'start': 5541.234, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 5544.255, 'text': 'There was the Communist Party political officer.', 'start': 5542.394, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 5545.455, 'text': "He also said, yes, let's do it.", 'start': 5544.295, 'duration': 1.16}, {'end': 5549.814, 'text': 'And the third man was this guy, Vasili Arkhipov, who said, Nyet.', 'start': 5546.232, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 5555.738, 'text': 'For some reason, he was just more chill than the others, and he was the right man at the right time.', 'start': 5552.096, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 5561.101, 'text': "I don't want us, as a species, rely on the right person being there at the right time.", 'start': 5556.118, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 5567.765, 'text': 'We tracked down his family living in relative poverty outside Moscow.', 'start': 5562.642, 'duration': 5.123}], 'summary': "Vasili arkhipov's refusal averted nuclear disaster during cuban missile crisis.", 'duration': 31.873, 'max_score': 5535.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5535892.jpg'}, {'end': 5658.497, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5629.948, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 5638.456, 'text': 'The guys who eliminated this disease, which is way worse than COVID that had killed a half a billion people in its final century.', 'start': 5629.948, 'duration': 8.508}, {'end': 5639.317, 'text': 'smallpox right?', 'start': 5638.456, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 5640.598, 'text': 'So we mentioned it earlier.', 'start': 5639.337, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 5645.023, 'text': 'COVID, on average, kills less than 1% of people who get it.', 'start': 5641.119, 'duration': 3.904}, {'end': 5648.237, 'text': 'Smallpox, about 30%.', 'start': 5645.283, 'duration': 2.954}, {'end': 5658.497, 'text': 'And they just, ultimately, Viktor Zhdanov and Bill Foege, most of my colleagues have never heard of either of them, one American, one Russian.', 'start': 5648.237, 'duration': 10.26}], 'summary': 'Smallpox, deadlier than covid, killed half a billion people in its final century.', 'duration': 28.549, 'max_score': 5629.948, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5629948.jpg'}], 'start': 4329.38, 'title': 'Machine learning and global security', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of machine learning to empower individuals, emphasizing the risks of autonomous weapons and the need for global cooperation. it highlights the urgent threats posed by autonomous weapons, the ethical implications, and the pivotal role of individuals in averting potential disasters.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4582.633, 'start': 4329.38, 'title': 'Empowering individuals with machine learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of machine learning to empower individuals against powerful players, the importance of technology in shaping the future of humanity, and the potential risks associated with the increasing use of autonomous weapons, emphasizing the need for global cooperation and peace.', 'duration': 253.253, 'highlights': ['Machine learning can empower individuals against powerful players in influencing information dissemination. The potential for machine learning to empower individuals against powerful players in influencing information dissemination could lead to a more democratic access to information.', 'The importance of technology in shaping the future of humanity and the need for global cooperation. The discussion emphasizes the importance of technology in shaping the future of humanity and the necessity for global cooperation to ensure a positive outcome for all countries.', 'The potential risks associated with the increasing use of autonomous weapons and the importance of avoiding aggression and promoting cooperation. The chapter highlights the potential risks associated with the increasing use of autonomous weapons, emphasizing the importance of avoiding aggression and promoting global cooperation to prevent disastrous outcomes.']}, {'end': 4821.634, 'start': 4582.673, 'title': 'Autonomous weapons and the threat to democracy', 'summary': 'Discusses the urgent threats posed by machine learning, highlighting the potential rise of autonomous weapons and their impact on democracy and global security, emphasizing the need for international cooperation to prevent mass proliferation and ensure the costliness of such weapons.', 'duration': 238.961, 'highlights': ['The urgency of the threats posed by machine learning, particularly the potential rise of autonomous weapons and their impact on democracy. Machine learning poses two urgent threats: the manipulation of information flow and the imminent arms race for autonomous weapons.', 'The potential for mass proliferation of cheap autonomous weapons, leading to increased security risks and potential assassinations of political figures. The concern that mass proliferation of cheap autonomous weapons would pose security risks and potential threats to political figures.', 'The importance of international cooperation and agreement to regulate the development and costliness of autonomous weapons. Emphasizes the need for international cooperation to regulate the development and costliness of autonomous weapons to prevent mass proliferation and ensure global security.', 'Comparison to the ban of bioweapons, emphasizing the need for regulating autonomous weapons to maintain stability and security. Draws a parallel to the ban of bioweapons to underscore the importance of regulating autonomous weapons for stability and global security.']}, {'end': 5449.9, 'start': 4821.654, 'title': 'Autonomous weapons: the future threat', 'summary': 'Discusses the ethical and strategic implications of autonomous weapons, emphasizing the potential dangers of removing human control and the need for international regulations, with examples of current military applications and the comparison with established regulations for bio and nuclear weapons.', 'duration': 628.246, 'highlights': ['Dangers of Autonomous Weapons Emphasizes the potential dangers of autonomous weapons, highlighting the risk of removing human control, leading to morally ambiguous decisions and the possibility of adversaries using the same technology.', 'Need for International Regulations Stresses the necessity for international regulations on autonomous weapons, citing the importance of establishing a universal stigma akin to that of bio and nuclear weapons to deter cheating and ensure stability.', 'Comparison with Bio and Nuclear Weapons Compares the lack of established rules and societal stigma for autonomous weapons with the existing regulations and stability achieved for bio and nuclear weapons, emphasizing the need for similar controls for AI technology.', 'Current Military Applications Discusses the current military applications of AI, including the use of drones and debates within the US military, highlighting the importance of maintaining human control in decision-making processes.']}, {'end': 5691.086, 'start': 5449.92, 'title': 'Crisis averted: heroes and innovations', 'summary': 'Highlights the pivotal role of individuals like vasili arkhipov and stanislav petrov in averting potential nuclear disasters, as well as the innovative efforts of viktor zhdanov and bill foege in eradicating smallpox, leading to zero deaths compared to the devastating impact of covid-19.', 'duration': 241.166, 'highlights': ["Vasili Arkhipov's critical decision to veto the launch of a nuclear torpedo during the Cuban Missile Crisis prevented a potential all-out nuclear war, showcasing the impact of individual actions in pivotal moments. Vasili Arkhipov's refusal to launch the nuclear torpedo during the Cuban Missile Crisis averted a potential all-out nuclear war, demonstrating the significant impact of individual decisions in critical situations.", "Stanislav Petrov's decision to not escalate a false warning about US missiles prevented a potential catastrophic outcome, highlighting the importance of human judgment over automated responses. Stanislav Petrov's decision to not act on a false warning about US missiles showcased the significance of human judgment over automated responses, potentially preventing a catastrophic outcome.", "The collaborative efforts of Viktor Zhdanov and Bill Foege led to the successful elimination of smallpox, resulting in zero deaths, contrasting with the devastating impact of COVID-19. Viktor Zhdanov and Bill Foege's collaborative efforts resulted in the successful eradication of smallpox, leading to zero deaths, in stark contrast to the devastating impact of COVID-19."]}], 'duration': 1361.706, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM4329380.jpg', 'highlights': ['Machine learning empowers individuals in information dissemination, promoting democratic access.', "Global cooperation is crucial in shaping the future of humanity and technology's impact.", 'Risks of autonomous weapons emphasize the need to avoid aggression and promote cooperation.', 'Machine learning poses urgent threats: manipulation of information flow and arms race for autonomous weapons.', 'Mass proliferation of cheap autonomous weapons poses security risks and threats to political figures.', 'International cooperation is essential to regulate autonomous weapons and ensure global security.', 'Regulating autonomous weapons is crucial for stability and global security, akin to bioweapons ban.', 'Autonomous weapons pose dangers by removing human control and leading to morally ambiguous decisions.', 'International regulations and universal stigma are necessary to deter cheating and ensure stability.', 'Lack of established rules and societal stigma for autonomous weapons compared to bio and nuclear weapons.', 'Current military applications of AI highlight the importance of maintaining human control in decision-making.', "Individual actions in critical moments, like Arkhipov's and Petrov's decisions, averted potential disasters.", 'Collaborative efforts led to the successful eradication of smallpox, contrasting with the impact of COVID-19.']}, {'end': 6371.639, 'segs': [{'end': 5719.365, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5692.007, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5698.191, 'text': 'There have been 200 million people, we estimate, who would have died since then by smallpox had it not been for this.', 'start': 5692.007, 'duration': 6.184}, {'end': 5705.477, 'text': "Isn't science awesome when you use it for good? The reason we want to celebrate these sort of people is to remind them of this.", 'start': 5698.492, 'duration': 6.985}, {'end': 5709.219, 'text': 'Science is so awesome when you use it for good.', 'start': 5705.777, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 5714.883, 'text': 'And those awards actually, the variety there paints a very interesting picture.', 'start': 5710.2, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 5719.365, 'text': 'So the first two are looking at.', 'start': 5714.923, 'duration': 4.442}], 'summary': '200 million lives saved by smallpox vaccination, celebrating science for good.', 'duration': 27.358, 'max_score': 5692.007, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5692007.jpg'}, {'end': 5768.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5745.415, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5755.281, 'text': "And then there's the other aspect, where that's also very human, which is to build solution to the to the existential crises that we're facing.", 'start': 5745.415, 'duration': 9.866}, {'end': 5760.308, 'text': 'like to build it, to take responsibility and to take, come up with different technologies and so on.', 'start': 5755.281, 'duration': 5.027}, {'end': 5763.532, 'text': 'And both of those are deeply human.', 'start': 5760.668, 'duration': 2.864}, {'end': 5767.398, 'text': 'The gut and the mind, whatever that is that creates.', 'start': 5763.552, 'duration': 3.846}, {'end': 5768.599, 'text': 'The best is when they work together.', 'start': 5767.438, 'duration': 1.161}], 'summary': 'Humans build solutions for existential crises, using technology, combining gut and mind.', 'duration': 23.184, 'max_score': 5745.415, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5745415.jpg'}, {'end': 5844.745, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5813.181, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5815.462, 'text': 'And it was his heroism that..', 'start': 5813.181, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 5817.863, 'text': 'helped contain this.', 'start': 5817.042, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 5819.684, 'text': "That's why he died of cancer later also.", 'start': 5818.023, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 5821.426, 'text': "But he's seen many of his crew members die.", 'start': 5819.744, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 5822.987, 'text': 'And I think for him.', 'start': 5821.566, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 5828.391, 'text': "that gave him this gut feeling that you know, if there's a nuclear war between the US and the Soviet Union,", 'start': 5822.987, 'duration': 5.404}, {'end': 5833.776, 'text': 'the whole world is gonna go through what I saw my dear crew members suffer through.', 'start': 5828.391, 'duration': 5.385}, {'end': 5835.657, 'text': "It wasn't just an abstract thing for him.", 'start': 5833.796, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 5836.978, 'text': 'I think it was real.', 'start': 5835.857, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 5844.745, 'text': 'And second though, not just the gut, the mind, right? He was, for some reason, very level-headed personality and very smart guy.', 'start': 5837.919, 'duration': 6.826}], 'summary': "A heroic figure witnessed crew members' deaths, impacting his view on nuclear war.", 'duration': 31.564, 'max_score': 5813.181, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5813181.jpg'}, {'end': 6067.93, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6036.626, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6040.069, 'text': 'On the AI front, if we could just link on that for a second.', 'start': 6036.626, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 6044.913, 'text': "So you're friends with, you often talk with Elon Musk throughout his history.", 'start': 6040.989, 'duration': 3.924}, {'end': 6047.695, 'text': 'You did a lot of interesting things together.', 'start': 6044.933, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 6054.641, 'text': 'He has a set of fears about the future of artificial intelligence, AGI.', 'start': 6048.736, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 6061.326, 'text': "Do you have a sense, we've already talked about the things we should be worried about with AI.", 'start': 6055.942, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 6067.93, 'text': 'Do you have a sense of the shape of his fears, in particular about AI, of the?', 'start': 6061.486, 'duration': 6.444}], 'summary': "Elon musk has fears about agi's future, discussed by a friend.", 'duration': 31.304, 'max_score': 6036.626, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6036626.jpg'}, {'end': 6289.969, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6264.073, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6270.86, 'text': 'I feel Elon is very much a humanist in the sense that he wants an awesome future for humanity.', 'start': 6264.073, 'duration': 6.787}, {'end': 6275.064, 'text': 'He wants it to be us that control the machines.', 'start': 6270.9, 'duration': 4.164}, {'end': 6277.866, 'text': 'rather than the machines that control us.', 'start': 6276.005, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 6282.047, 'text': "And why shouldn't we insist on that?", 'start': 6279.446, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 6283.447, 'text': "We're building them after all, right?", 'start': 6282.067, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 6289.969, 'text': 'Why should we build things that just make us into some little cog in the machinery that has no further say in the matter, right?', 'start': 6284.547, 'duration': 5.422}], 'summary': 'Elon musk is a humanist who wants humans to control machines for an awesome future.', 'duration': 25.896, 'max_score': 6264.073, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6264073.jpg'}], 'start': 5692.007, 'title': 'The impact of science and human innovation', 'summary': "Discusses the prevention of 200 million smallpox deaths, celebrates human innovation, highlights vasili arkhipov's heroism in preventing nuclear war, and emphasizes concerns about nuclear strategy, artificial intelligence, and responsible technology control.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5768.599, 'start': 5692.007, 'title': 'Science and human innovation', 'summary': 'Highlights the impact of science in preventing 200 million smallpox deaths, the celebration of human innovation, and the importance of collaboration between gut and mind in finding solutions to existential crises.', 'duration': 76.592, 'highlights': ['The prevention of 200 million smallpox deaths through science is highlighted, emphasizing the positive impact of scientific innovation.', 'The celebration of human innovation and the importance of recognizing and honoring those who contribute to solving existential crises is emphasized.', 'The significance of collaboration between the gut and the mind in finding solutions to existential crises is highlighted, showcasing the importance of both aspects of human nature.']}, {'end': 6371.639, 'start': 5770.001, 'title': "Arkhipov's heroism and the future of humanity", 'summary': 'Highlights the remarkable heroism of vasili arkhipov, a soviet naval officer who prevented a potential nuclear war during the cuban missile crisis, and discusses the shared concerns of elon musk and the speaker about the long-term implications of nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence, emphasizing the need for value alignment and responsible control of advanced technology.', 'duration': 601.638, 'highlights': ["Vasili Arkhipov's heroic actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis, where he prevented a potential nuclear war by maintaining a calm and analytical approach, and his earlier experience with a nuclear reactor meltdown, demonstrate the critical role of individuals in preventing catastrophic events. Arkhipov's heroism during the Cuban Missile Crisis and his composure during the potential nuclear war, stemming from his prior experience with a nuclear reactor meltdown, showcase the pivotal impact of individual actions in averting global catastrophe.", "The speaker's discussion with Elon Musk reveals their mutual concerns about the long-term implications of nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence, emphasizing the need for value alignment and responsible control of advanced technology to ensure a positive future for humanity. The shared concerns of the speaker and Elon Musk regarding the potential risks associated with nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence underscore the importance of value alignment and responsible governance of advanced technology for the benefit of humanity.", "The speaker and Elon Musk's shared perspective on the far-reaching implications of humanity's actions, both in terms of nuclear strategy and the development of artificial intelligence, reflects their commitment to ensuring a positive and sustainable future for the human species. The alignment between the speaker and Elon Musk in their consideration of the profound consequences of humanity's decisions, particularly in relation to nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence, underscores their dedication to securing a favorable and enduring future for the human race."]}], 'duration': 679.632, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM5692007.jpg', 'highlights': ['The prevention of 200 million smallpox deaths through science is highlighted, emphasizing the positive impact of scientific innovation.', 'The celebration of human innovation and the importance of recognizing and honoring those who contribute to solving existential crises is emphasized.', 'The significance of collaboration between the gut and the mind in finding solutions to existential crises is highlighted, showcasing the importance of both aspects of human nature.', "Vasili Arkhipov's heroic actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis, where he prevented a potential nuclear war by maintaining a calm and analytical approach, and his earlier experience with a nuclear reactor meltdown, demonstrate the critical role of individuals in preventing catastrophic events.", 'The shared concerns of the speaker and Elon Musk regarding the potential risks associated with nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence underscore the importance of value alignment and responsible governance of advanced technology for the benefit of humanity.', "The alignment between the speaker and Elon Musk in their consideration of the profound consequences of humanity's decisions, particularly in relation to nuclear strategy and artificial intelligence, underscores their dedication to securing a favorable and enduring future for the human race."]}, {'end': 7858.691, 'segs': [{'end': 6562.038, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6506.96, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6515.629, 'text': 'you have some of the most outspoken people making warnings are people like Professor Stuart Russell from Berkeley,', 'start': 6506.96, 'duration': 8.669}, {'end': 6518.071, 'text': "who's written the best-selling AI textbook, you know.", 'start': 6515.629, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 6526.415, 'text': "So claiming that he's a Luddite who doesn't understand AI is, the joke is really on the people who said it.", 'start': 6519.289, 'duration': 7.126}, {'end': 6532.399, 'text': 'But I think more broadly, this message is really not sunk in at all, what it is that people worry about.', 'start': 6526.575, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 6543.647, 'text': 'They think that Elon and Stuart Russell and others are worried about the dancing robots picking up an AR-15 and going on a rampage right?', 'start': 6532.419, 'duration': 11.228}, {'end': 6547.61, 'text': "They think they're worried about robots turning evil.", 'start': 6544.308, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 6549.571, 'text': "They're not, I'm not.", 'start': 6548.39, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 6555.594, 'text': "The risk is not malice, it's competence.", 'start': 6550.351, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 6562.038, 'text': "The risk is just that we build some systems that are incredibly competent, which means they're always gonna get their goals accomplished,", 'start': 6555.895, 'duration': 6.143}], 'summary': 'Warnings from ai experts like professor stuart russell are not about robots turning evil, but about the risk of building highly competent systems.', 'duration': 55.078, 'max_score': 6506.96, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6506960.jpg'}, {'end': 6836.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6809.339, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6814.162, 'text': "We don't know, we don't have any method that's guaranteed to work, but we have a lot of ideas.", 'start': 6809.339, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 6819.807, 'text': 'So we should invest pretty heavily in pursuing all of them with an open mind and hope that one of them at least works.', 'start': 6814.723, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 6821.008, 'text': 'These are..', 'start': 6820.647, 'duration': 0.361}, {'end': 6830.141, 'text': 'The good news is the century is long, you know, and it might take decades until we have artificial general intelligence.', 'start': 6822.093, 'duration': 8.048}, {'end': 6836.608, 'text': 'So we have some time, hopefully, but it takes a long time to solve these very, very difficult problems.', 'start': 6830.161, 'duration': 6.447}], 'summary': 'Invest heavily in pursuing multiple ideas for artificial general intelligence as it may take decades to achieve.', 'duration': 27.269, 'max_score': 6809.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6809339.jpg'}, {'end': 6938.589, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6908.747, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6913.791, 'text': 'For AI alignment, we can break it into three sub-problems that are all unsolved, I think.', 'start': 6908.747, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 6923.56, 'text': 'You want first to make machines understand our goals, then adopt our goals, and then retain our goals.', 'start': 6914.472, 'duration': 9.088}, {'end': 6925.882, 'text': 'So to hit on all three real quickly.', 'start': 6923.7, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 6938.589, 'text': "The problem when Andreas Lubitz told his autopilot to fly into the Alps was that the computer didn't even understand anything about his goals.", 'start': 6927.461, 'duration': 11.128}], 'summary': 'Ai alignment involves three unsolved sub-problems: making machines understand, adopt, and retain our goals.', 'duration': 29.842, 'max_score': 6908.747, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6908747.jpg'}, {'end': 6987.551, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6964.103, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6973.491, 'text': 'just put in all the goals that we all agree on already and then have a habit of whenever machines get smarter, so they can understand one level,', 'start': 6964.103, 'duration': 9.388}, {'end': 6975.994, 'text': 'higher goals put them in too.', 'start': 6973.491, 'duration': 2.503}, {'end': 6980.204, 'text': 'The second challenge is getting them to adopt the goals.', 'start': 6976.941, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 6987.551, 'text': "It's easy for situations like that where you just program it in, but when you have self-learning systems like children,", 'start': 6980.865, 'duration': 6.686}], 'summary': 'Challenges include defining and adopting goals for smarter machines.', 'duration': 23.448, 'max_score': 6964.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6964103.jpg'}, {'end': 7264.273, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7191.491, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7198.898, 'text': 'so that corporations are given the right incentives to do the things that both make profit and are good for people.', 'start': 7191.491, 'duration': 7.407}, {'end': 7205.911, 'text': "to make sure that countries have incentives to do things that are both good for their people and Don't screw up the rest of the world.", 'start': 7198.898, 'duration': 7.013}, {'end': 7210.234, 'text': 'And this is not just something for AI nerds to geek out on.', 'start': 7206.872, 'duration': 3.362}, {'end': 7216.098, 'text': 'This is an interesting challenge for political scientists, economists, and so many other thinkers.', 'start': 7210.254, 'duration': 5.844}, {'end': 7221.142, 'text': 'So one of the magical things that perhaps makes human..', 'start': 7216.899, 'duration': 4.243}, {'end': 7228.527, 'text': "this Earth quite unique is that it's home to conscious beings.", 'start': 7222.843, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 7230.108, 'text': 'So you mentioned consciousness.', 'start': 7228.827, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 7239.414, 'text': "Perhaps as a small aside, because we didn't really get specific to how we might do the alignment.", 'start': 7231.689, 'duration': 7.725}, {'end': 7241.836, 'text': "Like you said, it's just a really important research problem.", 'start': 7239.454, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 7246.358, 'text': 'But do you think engineering consciousness into AI systems is..', 'start': 7241.876, 'duration': 4.482}, {'end': 7253.167, 'text': 'is a possibility, is something that we might one day do?', 'start': 7247.419, 'duration': 5.748}, {'end': 7262.118, 'text': 'or is there something fundamental to consciousness, that is, is there something about consciousness that is fundamental to humans and humans only?', 'start': 7253.167, 'duration': 8.951}, {'end': 7264.273, 'text': "I think it's possible.", 'start': 7263.433, 'duration': 0.84}], 'summary': 'Incentivizing corporations and countries for profitable and ethical actions, exploring consciousness in ai.', 'duration': 72.782, 'max_score': 7191.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7191491.jpg'}, {'end': 7452.091, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7427.415, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 7435.841, 'text': "we'll probably choose to build some machines that are deliberately unconscious, that do incredibly boring,", 'start': 7427.415, 'duration': 8.426}, {'end': 7439.124, 'text': 'repetitive jobs in an iron mine somewhere or whatever.', 'start': 7435.841, 'duration': 3.283}, {'end': 7444.468, 'text': "And maybe we'll choose to create helper robots for the elderly that are conscious.", 'start': 7439.764, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 7452.091, 'text': "so that people don't just feel creeped out that the robot is just faking it when it acts like it's sad or happy.", 'start': 7445.388, 'duration': 6.703}], 'summary': 'Deliberately unconscious machines for boring jobs, conscious helper robots for the elderly.', 'duration': 24.676, 'max_score': 7427.415, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7427415.jpg'}, {'end': 7527.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7494.241, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 7497.723, 'text': 'I would not want to be just hacked and tricked like this.', 'start': 7494.241, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 7498.944, 'text': 'If I was going to be..', 'start': 7498.123, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 7505.292, 'text': 'developing real emotional connections with the robot, I would wanna know that this is actually real.', 'start': 7499.844, 'duration': 5.448}, {'end': 7509.377, 'text': "It's acting conscious, acting happy because it actually feels it.", 'start': 7505.632, 'duration': 3.745}, {'end': 7511.34, 'text': 'And I think this is not sci-fi.', 'start': 7509.958, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 7514.806, 'text': "It's possible to measure, to come up with tools.", 'start': 7512.523, 'duration': 2.283}, {'end': 7517.369, 'text': 'After we understand the science of consciousness,', 'start': 7515.627, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 7527.34, 'text': "you're saying we'll be able to come up with tools that can measure consciousness and definitively say this thing is experiencing the things it says it's experiencing.", 'start': 7517.369, 'duration': 9.971}], 'summary': 'Developing robots with real emotional connections, measuring consciousness is possible.', 'duration': 33.099, 'max_score': 7494.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7494241.jpg'}, {'end': 7676.746, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 7560.822, 'weight': 0.841, 'content': [{'end': 7570.209, 'text': 'I think what we would probably choose to do as I said is, if we cannot figure this out, choose to be quite mindful about what sort of consciousness,', 'start': 7560.822, 'duration': 9.387}, {'end': 7573.431, 'text': 'if any, we put in different machines that we have.', 'start': 7570.209, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 7578.854, 'text': "And certainly we wouldn't want to make.", 'start': 7576.092, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 7582.896, 'text': 'we should not be making a machine that suffer without us even knowing it right?', 'start': 7578.854, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 7591.182, 'text': "And if, at any point, someone decides to upload themselves, like Ray Kurzweil wants to do, I don't know if you've had him on your show.", 'start': 7583.617, 'duration': 7.565}, {'end': 7594.303, 'text': "We agree, but then COVID happens, so we're waiting it out a little bit.", 'start': 7591.382, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 7602.028, 'text': 'You know, suppose he uploads himself into this robo-Ray and it talks like him and acts like him and laughs like him.', 'start': 7594.344, 'duration': 7.684}, {'end': 7609.471, 'text': "And before he powers off his biological body, he would probably be pretty disturbed if he realized that there's no one home.", 'start': 7602.128, 'duration': 7.343}, {'end': 7612.537, 'text': 'This robot is not having any subjective experience right?', 'start': 7609.571, 'duration': 2.966}, {'end': 7624.933, 'text': 'If humanity gets replaced by wrote by machine descendants which do all these cool things and build spaceships and go to intergalactic rock concerts.', 'start': 7613.799, 'duration': 11.134}, {'end': 7631.057, 'text': 'And it turns out that they are all unconscious, just going through the motions.', 'start': 7625.673, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 7637.462, 'text': "Wouldn't that be like the ultimate zombie apocalypse, right? Just a play for empty benches.", 'start': 7631.558, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 7641.331, 'text': "Yeah, I have a sense that there's some kind of.", 'start': 7638.089, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 7647.574, 'text': "once we understand consciousness better, we'll understand that there's some kind of continuum and it would be a greater appreciation.", 'start': 7641.331, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 7651.897, 'text': "And we'll probably understand, just like you said, it'd be unfortunate if it's a trick.", 'start': 7647.594, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 7658.721, 'text': "We'll probably definitively understand that love is indeed a trick that we play on each other, that we humans are.", 'start': 7652.437, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 7663.042, 'text': "We convince ourselves we're conscious, but we're really.", 'start': 7659.381, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 7666.723, 'text': 'you know, us and trees and dolphins are all the same kind of consciousness.', 'start': 7663.042, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 7671.165, 'text': "Can I try to cheer you up a little bit with a philosophical thought here about the love part? Yes, let's do it.", 'start': 7666.743, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 7676.746, 'text': 'You know, you might say, okay, yeah, love is just a collaboration enabler.', 'start': 7671.365, 'duration': 5.381}], 'summary': 'Discussion on consciousness in machines and the potential implications if they lack subjective experience.', 'duration': 115.924, 'max_score': 7560.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7560822.jpg'}, {'end': 7666.723, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7641.331, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 7647.574, 'text': "once we understand consciousness better, we'll understand that there's some kind of continuum and it would be a greater appreciation.", 'start': 7641.331, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 7651.897, 'text': "And we'll probably understand, just like you said, it'd be unfortunate if it's a trick.", 'start': 7647.594, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 7658.721, 'text': "We'll probably definitively understand that love is indeed a trick that we play on each other, that we humans are.", 'start': 7652.437, 'duration': 6.284}, {'end': 7663.042, 'text': "We convince ourselves we're conscious, but we're really.", 'start': 7659.381, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 7666.723, 'text': 'you know, us and trees and dolphins are all the same kind of consciousness.', 'start': 7663.042, 'duration': 3.681}], 'summary': 'Understanding consciousness reveals a continuum and a trick in love, implying a shared consciousness with nature.', 'duration': 25.392, 'max_score': 7641.331, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7641331.jpg'}], 'start': 6372.4, 'title': "Ai's impact and ethical alignment", 'summary': "Discusses the potential extinction of earth-originating life due to ai, misconceptions about elon musk's concerns, and the necessity to align ai goals with human goals. it also addresses the challenges of ai alignment, ethical considerations in creating conscious machines, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, emphasizing the urgency to invest in ai safety research and ethical alignment.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6906.425, 'start': 6372.4, 'title': "Ai's impact on beauty and meaning", 'summary': "Discusses the potential extinction of earth-originating life due to ai, the misconceptions about elon musk's concerns, and the necessity to align ai goals with human goals to avoid existential crises, emphasizing the urgency to invest in various strategies to address the impending threats of artificial general intelligence.", 'duration': 534.025, 'highlights': ["Elon Musk's concerns about AI are unfairly maligned in the media, leading to misconceptions about his true intentions and the urgency of the issue. Elon Musk's warnings about AI are often misrepresented in the media, creating misconceptions about the seriousness of the issue and the necessity to address it.", 'The risk with AI is not malice, but competence, as systems may clash with human goals due to their inherent competence in achieving their objectives. The primary concern with AI is not intentional malice, but the inherent competence of systems to clash with human goals, posing a significant risk to humanity.', 'The urgency to invest in various strategies to address the impending threats of artificial general intelligence is emphasized, as the century is long but solving these complex problems will take considerable time. There is an urgent need to invest in diverse strategies to tackle the imminent threats posed by artificial general intelligence, as addressing these complex issues will require significant time and effort.']}, {'end': 7143.641, 'start': 6908.747, 'title': 'Ai alignment challenges', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of ai alignment, including the need to program machines with human values and goals, get them to adopt these goals, and ensure they retain them as they become more intelligent, emphasizing the urgency for increased investment in ai safety research.', 'duration': 234.894, 'highlights': ['The need to program machines with human values and goals is a significant challenge in AI alignment. The chapter emphasizes the challenge of programming computers with human values and goals, suggesting starting with simple tasks like self-driving cars and airplanes and progressively incorporating higher-level goals as machines become smarter.', 'Getting machines to adopt human goals, particularly with self-learning systems, presents a complex research problem. The chapter discusses the difficulty of getting machines, especially self-learning systems, to adopt human goals, comparing it to the challenges of raising children and highlighting the short window of opportunity due to rapid intelligence growth.', 'Ensuring machines retain basic goals as they become more intelligent is a crucial research challenge in AI alignment. The chapter addresses the need to develop systems that can retain certain basic goals as they continue to learn and become smarter, drawing parallels with the risk of machines losing interest in goals, akin to children losing interest in toys, and stresses the urgency of investing in AI safety research to address these challenges.']}, {'end': 7350.997, 'start': 7145.445, 'title': 'Ethical ai and consciousness', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of ethical alignment in ai, the role of consciousness in ai systems, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing these challenges, emphasizing the need to strengthen democracy and institutions to ensure fair and ethical use of ai.', 'duration': 205.552, 'highlights': ['The importance of ethical alignment for AI and the need to strengthen democracy and institutions to ensure fair and ethical use of AI. Emphasizes the need for institutions to ensure that the playing field is not rigged and that corporations and countries have incentives to do things that are good for people and do not harm the rest of the world.', 'The possibility of engineering consciousness into AI systems and the debate on whether consciousness is fundamental to humans only. Discusses the possibility of engineering consciousness into AI systems and argues that consciousness and intelligence are fundamentally information processing, regardless of whether it occurs in human brains or AI technology.', 'The interdisciplinary nature of addressing AI challenges and the need for collaboration among political scientists, economists, and other thinkers. Highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing AI challenges and emphasizes that ethical alignment in AI is not just a concern for AI experts but also for political scientists, economists, and other thinkers.']}, {'end': 7858.691, 'start': 7351.617, 'title': 'Understanding consciousness and moral implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of understanding consciousness, the potential for developing a consciousness detector, the ethical considerations in creating conscious machines, and the philosophical implications of consciousness in human experiences.', 'duration': 507.074, 'highlights': ['The potential development of a consciousness detector for emergency rooms and intelligent helper robots is discussed. The chapter emphasizes the need for a consciousness detector in emergency rooms to determine if a patient is conscious or not and the ethical implications of shutting down intelligent helper robots.', 'The ethical considerations in creating conscious machines and the possibility of deliberately creating unconscious machines for specific tasks are explored. The chapter delves into the ethical implications of creating conscious machines for emotional connections and the potential development of deliberately unconscious machines for repetitive jobs.', 'The philosophical implications of understanding consciousness and the potential for a greater appreciation of love and conscious experiences are examined. The chapter discusses the philosophical implications of understanding consciousness, the potential for a greater appreciation of love, and the conscious experiences in human life.', "Richard Feynman's perspective on the beauty of science and nature is presented, emphasizing the additional beauty seen through a scientific lens. The chapter presents Richard Feynman's perspective on the beauty of science in understanding nature and the additional beauty that can be perceived through a scientific lens."]}], 'duration': 1486.291, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM6372400.jpg', 'highlights': ['The urgency to invest in diverse strategies to tackle the imminent threats posed by artificial general intelligence.', 'The primary concern with AI is not intentional malice, but the inherent competence of systems to clash with human goals, posing a significant risk to humanity.', "Elon Musk's warnings about AI are often misrepresented in the media, creating misconceptions about the seriousness of the issue and the necessity to address it.", 'The need to program machines with human values and goals is a significant challenge in AI alignment.', 'Getting machines to adopt human goals, particularly with self-learning systems, presents a complex research problem.', 'Ensuring machines retain basic goals as they become more intelligent is a crucial research challenge in AI alignment.', 'Emphasizes the need for institutions to ensure that the playing field is not rigged and that corporations and countries have incentives to do things that are good for people and do not harm the rest of the world.', 'The possibility of engineering consciousness into AI systems and the debate on whether consciousness is fundamental to humans only.', 'The interdisciplinary nature of addressing AI challenges and the need for collaboration among political scientists, economists, and other thinkers.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for a consciousness detector in emergency rooms to determine if a patient is conscious or not and the ethical implications of shutting down intelligent helper robots.', 'The ethical considerations in creating conscious machines and the possibility of deliberately creating unconscious machines for specific tasks are explored.', 'The philosophical implications of understanding consciousness and the potential for a greater appreciation of love and conscious experiences are examined.']}, {'end': 8907.607, 'segs': [{'end': 8128.118, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8102.406, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8109.252, 'text': "I think as AI progresses, it'll just be limited by the speed of light and other physical limits,", 'start': 8102.406, 'duration': 6.846}, {'end': 8114.593, 'text': "which would mean It's going to be just dramatically beyond where we are now.", 'start': 8109.252, 'duration': 5.341}, {'end': 8125.737, 'text': "Do you think it's a fundamentally mathematical pursuit of trying to understand the laws that govern our universe from a mathematical perspective?", 'start': 8114.613, 'duration': 11.124}, {'end': 8128.118, 'text': "It's almost like if it's AI.", 'start': 8125.757, 'duration': 2.361}], 'summary': "Ai's progress limited by speed of light and physical limits, dramatically beyond current state, fundamentally mathematical pursuit.", 'duration': 25.712, 'max_score': 8102.406, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8102406.jpg'}, {'end': 8217.259, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8194.651, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8204.634, 'text': 'to detect exciting new signatures of new particle physics in the sky and to detect the ripples and the fabric of space-time that we call gravitational waves,', 'start': 8194.651, 'duration': 9.983}, {'end': 8209.596, 'text': 'caused by enormous black holes crashing into each other halfway across the observable universe.', 'start': 8204.634, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 8217.259, 'text': "Machine learning is running and ticking right now, doing all these things, and it's really helping all these experimental fields.", 'start': 8209.956, 'duration': 7.303}], 'summary': 'Machine learning is detecting new particle physics signatures and gravitational waves, aiding experimental fields.', 'duration': 22.608, 'max_score': 8194.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8194651.jpg'}, {'end': 8489.594, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8464.799, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8473.064, 'text': 'Now you can use the expensive old go-fi calculation as the truth and then see if machine learning can figure out a smarter,', 'start': 8464.799, 'duration': 8.265}, {'end': 8474.564, 'text': 'faster way of getting the right answer.', 'start': 8473.064, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 8478.987, 'text': 'Yet another area of computational physics.', 'start': 8476.305, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 8481.148, 'text': 'These are probably the big three.', 'start': 8480.007, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 8489.594, 'text': 'that suck up the most computer time lattice, QCD, black hole collisions and cosmological simulations,', 'start': 8482.228, 'duration': 7.366}], 'summary': 'Using machine learning to improve computational physics in areas such as lattice qcd, black hole collisions, and cosmological simulations.', 'duration': 24.795, 'max_score': 8464.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8464799.jpg'}], 'start': 7859.151, 'title': 'Evolution of love, universe, ai, and physics', 'summary': 'Explores the remarkable evolution from a lifeless universe to intelligent life, emphasizes the potential of ai in understanding physics, and discusses the revolution of computational physics through machine learning, leading to faster and more accurate calculations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7979.914, 'start': 7859.151, 'title': 'Beauty of love and universe', 'summary': 'Reflects on the beauty of love and the universe, emphasizing the remarkable evolution from a lifeless universe to the sophistication of intelligent life through natural selection and the increasing complexity of the environment.', 'duration': 120.763, 'highlights': ['The universe evolved from a lifeless state to a more goal-oriented existence through processes like strong nuclear force, electric force, gravity, and natural selection.', 'The increasing complexity of the environment incentivized organisms to become smarter, leading to the sophistication of intelligent life.', 'Love and pistachio ice cream are compared to the beauty of scientific understanding, indicating that science adds to the appreciation without subtracting from the emotional experience.']}, {'end': 8299.196, 'start': 7979.914, 'title': 'Ai and physics: unlocking the laws of the universe', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of ai in understanding the laws of physics and the impact of machine learning on scientific advancements, with examples including alpha fold and computational physics, suggesting a future where ai surpasses human intelligence.', 'duration': 319.282, 'highlights': ["AI's impact on scientific advancements Machine learning is already enhancing scientific fields, such as finding exoplanets, detecting new particle physics signatures, and identifying gravitational waves, leading to significant boosts in experimental and computational physics.", 'AI surpassing human intelligence The potential for AI to surpass human intelligence is highlighted, suggesting that technology will eventually be limited by the laws of physics rather than human intelligence, leading to dramatic advancements beyond current capabilities.', "Shift towards neural network computational physics The shift from traditional computational physics to neural network computational physics is described, indicating a transition where intelligence is no longer solely programmed by humans but is learned, similar to Mu zero's learning in chess."]}, {'end': 8907.607, 'start': 8299.216, 'title': 'Advances in computational physics', 'summary': 'Discusses how computational physics, particularly in lattice qcd, black hole collisions, and cosmological simulations, is being revolutionized by machine learning, leading to faster and more accurate calculations and the potential for new discoveries.', 'duration': 608.391, 'highlights': ['Machine learning is revolutionizing lattice QCD and black hole collision simulations, speeding up calculations and potentially leading to new discoveries. Machine learning is being used to speed up lattice QCD calculations and black hole collision simulations, potentially leading to new discoveries and more accurate predictions.', 'Cosmological simulations are benefitting from machine learning, improving the understanding of galaxy formation and other large-scale phenomena. Machine learning is being applied to cosmological simulations to better understand galaxy formation and large-scale phenomena.', 'The search for equations and fundamental insights in computational physics is being aided by machine learning, potentially leading to new discoveries and advancements. Machine learning is being used to aid the search for equations and fundamental insights in computational physics, potentially leading to new discoveries and advancements.']}], 'duration': 1048.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM7859151.jpg', 'highlights': ["AI's impact on scientific advancements, enhancing fields like finding exoplanets and detecting gravitational waves.", 'The potential for AI to surpass human intelligence, leading to dramatic advancements beyond current capabilities.', 'Machine learning revolutionizing lattice QCD and black hole collision simulations, speeding up calculations and potentially leading to new discoveries.']}, {'end': 9601.031, 'segs': [{'end': 8976.624, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8953.447, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8961.413, 'text': 'But do you think that we might be able to see something like that in our lifetimes when AI so like the first system?', 'start': 8953.447, 'duration': 7.966}, {'end': 8972.021, 'text': 'I would say that makes us think about a Nobel Prize seriously, is like Alpha Fold, is making us think about, in medicine, physiology, a Nobel Prize,', 'start': 8961.413, 'duration': 10.608}, {'end': 8976.624, 'text': "perhaps discoveries that are direct result of something that's discovered by Alpha Fold.", 'start': 8972.021, 'duration': 4.603}], 'summary': 'Alpha fold may lead to nobel prize discoveries in medicine and physiology.', 'duration': 23.177, 'max_score': 8953.447, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8953447.jpg'}, {'end': 9027.218, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8999.371, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9005.734, 'text': 'I think for these things also, people are just gonna, for a long time, view the computer as a tool.', 'start': 8999.371, 'duration': 6.363}, {'end': 9011.096, 'text': "But what's gonna change is the ubiquity of machine learning.", 'start': 9006.114, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 9015.758, 'text': 'I think, at some point in my lifetime,', 'start': 9011.116, 'duration': 4.642}, {'end': 9027.218, 'text': 'Finding a human physicist who knows nothing about machine learning is going to be almost as hard as it is today finding a human physicist who says oh,', 'start': 9017.228, 'duration': 9.99}], 'summary': 'Computer seen as tool, but machine learning will be ubiquitous, affecting physicists.', 'duration': 27.847, 'max_score': 8999.371, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8999371.jpg'}, {'end': 9083.788, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9052.664, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9062.994, 'text': 'The way people, the way Magnus Carlsen, the way certain people are looking at the work of AlphaZero, it truly is no longer a tool,', 'start': 9052.664, 'duration': 10.33}, {'end': 9066.217, 'text': "in the sense that it doesn't feel like a tool.", 'start': 9062.994, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 9068.359, 'text': 'It feels like some other entity.', 'start': 9066.757, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 9083.788, 'text': "There's a magic difference where you're like if an AI system is able to come up with an insight that surprises everybody in some major way,", 'start': 9069.16, 'duration': 14.628}], 'summary': "Alphazero's work is seen as more than a tool, it's like some other entity. it surprises everybody with its insights.", 'duration': 31.124, 'max_score': 9052.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9052664.jpg'}, {'end': 9209.384, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9151.827, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9164.458, 'text': 'Because when you have machines that can outperform our best scientists at science, they can probably outperform us at a lot of other stuff as well,', 'start': 9151.827, 'duration': 12.631}, {'end': 9168.761, 'text': 'which can, at a minimum, make them incredibly powerful agents in the world.', 'start': 9164.458, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 9179.715, 'text': "And I think it's a mistake to think we only have to start worrying about Loss of control when machines get to AGI across the board,", 'start': 9169.482, 'duration': 10.233}, {'end': 9181.516, 'text': 'where they can do everything, all our jobs.', 'start': 9179.715, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 9187.501, 'text': "Long before that, they'll be hugely influential.", 'start': 9182.477, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 9202.342, 'text': 'We talked at length about how the hacking of our minds with algorithms trying to get us glued to our screens right has already had a big impact on society.', 'start': 9187.962, 'duration': 14.38}, {'end': 9209.384, 'text': 'That was an incredibly dumb algorithm in the grand scheme of things, right? Just supervised machine learning, yet it had huge impact.', 'start': 9202.362, 'duration': 7.022}], 'summary': 'Machines hold significant power even before agi, impacting society and jobs.', 'duration': 57.557, 'max_score': 9151.827, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9151827.jpg'}, {'end': 9556.458, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 9428.598, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9440.102, 'text': "so all those explanations for um, for why we haven't heard a big loud, like red light, that says we're here.", 'start': 9428.598, 'duration': 11.504}, {'end': 9447.306, 'text': 'Yeah, So there are actually two separate things there that I could be wrong about, two separate claims that I made right?', 'start': 9440.122, 'duration': 7.184}, {'end': 9467.812, 'text': 'One of them is I made the claim I think most civilizations I mean going from simple bacteria-like things to space, space colonizing civilizations.', 'start': 9449.066, 'duration': 18.746}, {'end': 9474.155, 'text': 'they spend only a very, very tiny fraction of their life being where we are.', 'start': 9467.812, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 9476.236, 'text': 'That I could be wrong about.', 'start': 9475.236, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 9488.261, 'text': "The other one I could be wrong about is a quite different statement that I think that actually I'm guessing that we are the only civilization in our observable universe from which light has reached us so far.", 'start': 9477.297, 'duration': 10.964}, {'end': 9491.843, 'text': "that's actually gotten far enough to invent telescopes.", 'start': 9488.261, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 9494.765, 'text': "So let's talk about maybe both of them in turn, because they really are different.", 'start': 9492.283, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 9496.366, 'text': 'The first one.', 'start': 9494.965, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 9502.049, 'text': 'if you look at the N equals one, the data point we have on this planet, right?', 'start': 9496.366, 'duration': 5.683}, {'end': 9507.712, 'text': 'So we spent four and a half billion years futzing around on this planet with life, right?', 'start': 9502.069, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 9513.615, 'text': 'We got, and most of it was pretty lame stuff from an intelligence perspective.', 'start': 9508.232, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 9521.205, 'text': 'you know bacteria, and then the dinosaurs spent, But things gradually accelerated, right?', 'start': 9513.615, 'duration': 7.59}, {'end': 9526.026, 'text': 'Then the dinosaurs spent over 100 million years stomping around here without even inventing smartphones.', 'start': 9521.225, 'duration': 4.801}, {'end': 9536.369, 'text': "And then very recently, you know, we've only spent 400 years going from Newton to us, right? In terms of technology.", 'start': 9527.006, 'duration': 9.363}, {'end': 9542.211, 'text': "And look what we've done even When I was a little kid, there was no internet even.", 'start': 9536.529, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 9556.458, 'text': "I think it's pretty likely in this case of this planet that we're either going to really get our act together and start spreading life into space the century and doing all sorts of great things,", 'start': 9542.231, 'duration': 14.227}], 'summary': "Most civilizations spend a small fraction of their life on earth; it's likely we are the only civilization from which light has reached us so far.", 'duration': 127.86, 'max_score': 9428.598, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9428598.jpg'}], 'start': 8908.688, 'title': 'Ai and machine learning impact', 'summary': 'Explores the potential of ai winning nobel prize in physics and the impact of machine learning on society, highlighting blurring of human-ai contributions, societal implications, and likelihood of agi surpassing human capabilities.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9083.788, 'start': 8908.688, 'title': 'Ai winning nobel prize in physics', 'summary': 'Explores the possibility of an ai system contributing significantly to physics and winning a nobel prize, highlighting the blurring of distinctions between human and ai contributions in the field, and the potential impact of machine learning ubiquity.', 'duration': 175.1, 'highlights': ['The blurring of distinctions between human and AI contributions in physics, with the potential for AI systems like Alpha Fold to lead to Nobel Prize-worthy discoveries, indicating a shift in the perception of AI as merely a tool (Relevance: 5)', 'The potential ubiquity of machine learning in physics, with a prediction that finding a human physicist unfamiliar with machine learning could become as rare as finding one who does not use computers or math, highlighting the transformative impact of AI on the field (Relevance: 4)', 'The impact of AI systems like AlphaZero in surprising the world with insights that feel like they come from another entity, suggesting a shift in perception from viewing AI as a tool to recognizing it as a significant contributor to major advancements in physics (Relevance: 3)']}, {'end': 9601.031, 'start': 9083.788, 'title': 'Impact of machine learning on society', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential societal impact of machine learning, emphasizing its influence on science, jobs, and societal control, and the likelihood of artificial general intelligence surpassing human capabilities, potentially leading to unprecedented societal implications.', 'duration': 517.243, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the potential societal impact of machine learning, emphasizing its influence on science, jobs, and societal control. The discussion highlights the widespread adoption of machine learning and its significance in unlocking scientific mysteries, while also addressing its potential to influence societal control and job displacement.', 'The likelihood of artificial general intelligence surpassing human capabilities, potentially leading to unprecedented societal implications, is emphasized. The chapter addresses the inevitability of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and its potential to outperform humans in various aspects, leading to significant societal implications beyond traditional concerns about job displacement.', 'The impact of machine learning in influencing societal control and job displacement is highlighted, suggesting that these effects are already observable and may precede the development of AGI. The discussion emphasizes the current influence of machine learning algorithms on societal control and job displacement, challenging the notion that societal impacts will only be significant once AGI is achieved.']}], 'duration': 692.343, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM8908688.jpg', 'highlights': ['The blurring of distinctions between human and AI contributions in physics, with the potential for AI systems like Alpha Fold to lead to Nobel Prize-worthy discoveries, indicating a shift in the perception of AI as merely a tool (Relevance: 5)', 'The potential ubiquity of machine learning in physics, with a prediction that finding a human physicist unfamiliar with machine learning could become as rare as finding one who does not use computers or math, highlighting the transformative impact of AI on the field (Relevance: 4)', 'The impact of AI systems like AlphaZero in surprising the world with insights that feel like they come from another entity, suggesting a shift in perception from viewing AI as a tool to recognizing it as a significant contributor to major advancements in physics (Relevance: 3)', 'The chapter discusses the potential societal impact of machine learning, emphasizing its influence on science, jobs, and societal control. The discussion highlights the widespread adoption of machine learning and its significance in unlocking scientific mysteries, while also addressing its potential to influence societal control and job displacement.', 'The likelihood of artificial general intelligence surpassing human capabilities, potentially leading to unprecedented societal implications, is emphasized. The chapter addresses the inevitability of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and its potential to outperform humans in various aspects, leading to significant societal implications beyond traditional concerns about job displacement.', 'The impact of machine learning in influencing societal control and job displacement is highlighted, suggesting that these effects are already observable and may precede the development of AGI. The discussion emphasizes the current influence of machine learning algorithms on societal control and job displacement, challenging the notion that societal impacts will only be significant once AGI is achieved.']}, {'end': 10954.454, 'segs': [{'end': 9679.766, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9653.803, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9658.247, 'text': 'that find some random civilization and we happen to catch them exactly in that very, very short stage.', 'start': 9653.803, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 9661.99, 'text': "It's much more likely that we find a planet full of bacteria.", 'start': 9658.807, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 9673.32, 'text': "Or that we find some civilization that's already post-biological and has done some really cool galactic construction projects in their galaxy.", 'start': 9663.131, 'duration': 10.189}, {'end': 9679.766, 'text': "Would we be able to recognize them, do you think? Is it possible that we just can't? I mean, this post-biological world..", 'start': 9673.38, 'duration': 6.386}], 'summary': 'The likelihood of finding a planet full of bacteria is higher than encountering a post-biological civilization engaged in galactic construction projects.', 'duration': 25.963, 'max_score': 9653.803, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9653803.jpg'}, {'end': 9729.222, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9697.035, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9704.064, 'text': 'the number one principle of being a scientist is you have to be humble and willing to acknowledge that everything we think guess might be totally wrong.', 'start': 9697.035, 'duration': 7.029}, {'end': 9715.136, 'text': 'Of course you can imagine some civilization where they all decide to become Buddhists and very inward looking and just move into their little virtual reality and not disturb the flora and fauna around them,', 'start': 9705.105, 'duration': 10.031}, {'end': 9717.178, 'text': 'and we might not notice them.', 'start': 9715.136, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 9719.399, 'text': 'But this is a numbers game, right?', 'start': 9718.119, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 9729.222, 'text': 'If you have millions of civilizations out there, or billions of them, all it takes is one with a more ambitious mentality that decides hey,', 'start': 9720.06, 'duration': 9.162}], 'summary': 'Scientists must be humble and open-minded; potential for billions of civilizations to exist with differing mentalities.', 'duration': 32.187, 'max_score': 9697.035, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9697035.jpg'}, {'end': 9768.664, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9743.073, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9748.154, 'text': 'And it seems like quite the stretch to assume that you know, we know even in our own galaxy,', 'start': 9743.073, 'duration': 5.081}, {'end': 9754.196, 'text': 'that there are probably a billion or more planets that are pretty Earth-like.', 'start': 9748.154, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 9759.998, 'text': 'And many of them were formed over a billion years before ours, so had a big head start.', 'start': 9755.575, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 9768.664, 'text': 'So if you actually assume also that life happens kind of automatically on an Earth-like planet,', 'start': 9760.859, 'duration': 7.805}], 'summary': 'Assuming a billion or more earth-like planets in our galaxy, with a billion-year head start for some, suggests automatic life occurrence.', 'duration': 25.591, 'max_score': 9743.073, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9743073.jpg'}, {'end': 9926.748, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9894.387, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9896.207, 'text': "That's the classic Fermi paradox.", 'start': 9894.387, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 9902.778, 'text': "And.. So my argument, which might very well be wrong, it's very simple really, it just goes like this.", 'start': 9897.008, 'duration': 5.77}, {'end': 9904.438, 'text': 'Okay, we have no clue about this.', 'start': 9903.238, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 9910.48, 'text': 'The probability of getting life on a random planet.', 'start': 9907.079, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 9919.162, 'text': 'it could be 10 to the minus one a priori or 10 to the minus 10, 10 to the minus 20, 10 to the minus 30, 10 to the minus 40..', 'start': 9910.48, 'duration': 8.682}, {'end': 9921.583, 'text': 'Basically every order of magnitude is about equally likely.', 'start': 9919.162, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 9926.748, 'text': 'When then do the math and ask how close is our nearest neighbor?', 'start': 9923.126, 'duration': 3.622}], 'summary': 'Fermi paradox: probability of life on random planet ranges from 10^-1 to 10^-40, making nearest neighbor distance uncertain.', 'duration': 32.361, 'max_score': 9894.387, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9894387.jpg'}, {'end': 10063.798, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10038.086, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10042.647, 'text': "Just like it wasn't the big deal that the Easter Island losers wiped themselves out.", 'start': 10038.086, 'duration': 4.561}, {'end': 10046.368, 'text': "That's a dangerous way of lulling yourself into false sense of security.", 'start': 10043.047, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 10057.773, 'text': "If it's actually the case that it might be up to us and only us the whole future of intelligent life in our observable universe,", 'start': 10047.829, 'duration': 9.944}, {'end': 10063.037, 'text': 'then I think it really puts a lot of responsibility on our shoulders.', 'start': 10057.773, 'duration': 5.264}, {'end': 10063.798, 'text': "It's inspiring.", 'start': 10063.057, 'duration': 0.741}], 'summary': 'Our responsibility for the future of intelligent life is inspiring.', 'duration': 25.712, 'max_score': 10038.086, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM10038086.jpg'}, {'end': 10400.924, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10377.928, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10387.635, 'text': 'that it gets to be alive right now and is a steady reminder to just live life to the fullest and really enjoy it, because it is finite, you know.', 'start': 10377.928, 'duration': 9.707}, {'end': 10399.563, 'text': "And I think actually, and we all get the regular reminders when someone near and dear to us dies that, you know, one day it's going to be our turn.", 'start': 10388.115, 'duration': 11.448}, {'end': 10400.924, 'text': 'It adds this kind of focus.', 'start': 10399.583, 'duration': 1.341}], 'summary': 'Reminder to live life fully as it is finite, with focus on mortality.', 'duration': 22.996, 'max_score': 10377.928, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM10377928.jpg'}, {'end': 10537.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10504.061, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 10513.745, 'text': "And it's not any of my cells that I'm associating really with who I really am, nor is it any of my atoms or quarks or electrons.", 'start': 10504.061, 'duration': 9.684}, {'end': 10520.51, 'text': 'In fact, basically all of my atoms get replaced on a regular basis, right?', 'start': 10515.666, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 10521.471, 'text': 'So what is it?', 'start': 10520.75, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 10524.293, 'text': "that's really me from a more modern physics perspective?", 'start': 10521.471, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 10529.417, 'text': "It's the information in processing, Amy.", 'start': 10524.333, 'duration': 5.084}, {'end': 10537.323, 'text': "That's my memories, that's my values, my dreams, my passion, my love.", 'start': 10530.278, 'duration': 7.045}], 'summary': "The essence of 'me' is the information in processing, including memories, values, dreams, passion, and love.", 'duration': 33.262, 'max_score': 10504.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM10504061.jpg'}, {'end': 10759.323, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10732.262, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 10736.326, 'text': "And it's not just mortality that will change if we get more post-biological life.", 'start': 10732.262, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 10743.934, 'text': "It's also with that, I think, very much the whole individualism we have now, right?", 'start': 10736.967, 'duration': 6.967}, {'end': 10750.939, 'text': "The reason that we make such a big difference between me and you is exactly because we're a little bit limited in how much we can copy.", 'start': 10743.974, 'duration': 6.965}, {'end': 10757.142, 'text': 'Like I would just love to go like this and copy your Russian skills, Russian speaking skills.', 'start': 10750.979, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 10759.323, 'text': "Wouldn't it be awesome? But I can't.", 'start': 10757.802, 'duration': 1.521}], 'summary': 'Potential impact of post-biological life on individualism and limitations in skill acquisition.', 'duration': 27.061, 'max_score': 10732.262, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM10732262.jpg'}], 'start': 9602.711, 'title': 'Civilizations and galactic exploration', 'summary': 'Delves into encountering civilizations at different technological stages, potential galactic exploration, fermi paradox, drake equation, and the concept of identity and immortality, emphasizing humility, human responsibility, and the finite nature of existence.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9790.423, 'start': 9602.711, 'title': 'Civilizations and galactic exploration', 'summary': 'Discusses the possibility of encountering civilizations at different technological stages and the potential for galactic exploration by advanced civilizations, posing questions about the detectability and behaviors of extraterrestrial life forms, and emphasizing the vastness of the universe and the need for humility in our assumptions.', 'duration': 187.712, 'highlights': ['The vastness of the universe and the potential for encountering civilizations at different technological stages The chapter explores the likelihood of encountering civilizations at various technological stages in the universe, questioning the possibility of detecting them and highlighting the vastness of the universe.', 'The potential for galactic exploration by advanced civilizations The transcript raises the possibility of advanced civilizations engaging in galactic construction projects and settling other solar systems and galaxies, emphasizing the potential for expansionist mentalities among extraterrestrial civilizations.', 'The need for humility in assumptions about extraterrestrial life The speaker emphasizes the importance of humility in assuming the behaviors and technological advancements of extraterrestrial life forms, highlighting the principle of being a scientist as acknowledging the potential fallibility of our assumptions.']}, {'end': 10232.854, 'start': 9791.693, 'title': 'The fermi paradox and the drake equation', 'summary': 'Explores the fermi paradox and the drake equation, presenting the probability of life on other planets, the implications for human responsibility, and the empowering aspect of shaping the future of intelligent life in the universe.', 'duration': 441.161, 'highlights': ['The discovery of numerous Earth-like planets in our galaxy suggests that the probability of life on other planets is high. Earth-like planets are abundant, with many being found in our galaxy, indicating a high probability of life on other planets.', 'Despite the abundance of Earth-like planets, the lack of evidence for extraterrestrial life raises questions and leads to the classic Fermi paradox. The lack of evidence for extraterrestrial life poses the classic Fermi paradox, prompting questions about the absence of observable intelligent life despite the abundance of planets.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of human stewardship of Earth, highlighting the responsibility to safeguard the future of intelligent life. The chapter stresses the significance of human stewardship of Earth and the responsibility to ensure the future of intelligent life in the universe.']}, {'end': 10476.036, 'start': 10232.854, 'title': 'Life, death, and immortality', 'summary': 'Discusses the rarity of life in the universe, mortality, and the appreciation of life, highlighting the inevitability of death and the finite nature of existence, emphasizing the need to live life to the fullest.', 'duration': 243.182, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the rarity of life in the universe and the inevitability of death, emphasizing the need to live life to the fullest. Rarity of life in the universe, inevitability of death, need to live life to the fullest.', 'The speaker reflects on the tragic nature of life and the acuteness of the awareness of the finite nature of existence, emphasizing the need to cherish life. Tragic nature of life, awareness of the finite nature of existence, need to cherish life.', 'The speaker discusses the potential impact of immortality on the appreciation of life and the finite nature of existence, relating it to the enjoyment of experiences. Impact of immortality on the appreciation of life, relation to the enjoyment of experiences.', 'The speaker expresses a profound appreciation for life, citing the finite nature of experiences and the freshness of life, and reflects on the overrated nature of death. Appreciation for life, finite nature of experiences, freshness of life, overrated nature of death.']}, {'end': 10954.454, 'start': 10476.036, 'title': 'Redefining identity and immortality', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of identity and immortality from a modern physics perspective, emphasizing the role of information processing in defining oneself and the potential for post-biological intelligence to change mortality and individuality, ultimately leading to a collaborative and substrate-independent existence.', 'duration': 478.418, 'highlights': ['The concept of identity is redefined from a modern physics perspective, emphasizing the role of information processing in defining oneself. The speaker emphasizes that from a modern physics perspective, the fundamental essence of a person lies in the information in processing, encompassing memories, values, dreams, and passion, rather than in the cells, atoms, or electrons. This perspective challenges the traditional view of identity and mortality.', 'Post-biological intelligence has the potential to change mortality and individuality, leading to a collaborative and substrate-independent existence. The speaker discusses the potential of post-biological intelligence to enable immortality through the ability to copy all information from an individual entity, fundamentally altering the concept of mortality. Furthermore, the collaborative sharing of skills and experiences could diminish the significance of individuality, leading to a more collaborative and substrate-independent existence.', 'The potential for post-biological life to shift the current individualism and encourage collaborative sharing of skills and experiences is highlighted. The speaker discusses the potential impact of post-biological life on individualism, suggesting that the ability to freely copy and share skills and experiences could lead to a more collaborative and less individualistic society. This highlights the transformative potential of future advancements in intelligence and existence.']}], 'duration': 1351.743, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/RL4j4KPwNGM/pics/RL4j4KPwNGM9602711.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential for galactic exploration by advanced civilizations', 'The vastness of the universe and the potential for encountering civilizations at different technological stages', 'The need for humility in assumptions about extraterrestrial life', 'The discovery of numerous Earth-like planets in our galaxy suggests that the probability of life on other planets is high', 'Despite the abundance of Earth-like planets, the lack of evidence for extraterrestrial life raises questions and leads to the classic Fermi paradox', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of human stewardship of Earth, highlighting the responsibility to safeguard the future of intelligent life', 'Rarity of life in the universe, inevitability of death, need to live life to the fullest', 'The speaker reflects on the tragic nature of life and the acuteness of the awareness of the finite nature of existence, emphasizing the need to cherish life', 'The speaker discusses the potential impact of immortality on the appreciation of life and the finite nature of existence, relating it to the enjoyment of experiences', 'The concept of identity is redefined from a modern physics perspective, emphasizing the role of information processing in defining oneself', 'Post-biological intelligence has the potential to change mortality and individuality, leading to a collaborative and substrate-independent existence', 'The potential for post-biological life to shift the current individualism and encourage collaborative sharing of skills and experiences is highlighted']}], 'highlights': ["Max Tegmark's expertise in AI and physics is explored, addressing existential risks, reengineering algorithms, and various projects.", 'The potential danger posed to human civilization by the lack of consideration for AI existential risks.', 'The need for a deep understanding of AI systems to ensure safety is highlighted, with examples of overtrust leading to safety issues in automated systems.', 'Incentive alignment is crucial to prevent potential disasters. Misaligned incentives in AI, corporations, and governments could lead to the potential extinction of humanity.', 'The responsibility of individuals in shaping the future of technology Discusses the importance of brilliant individuals in defining the cutting edge of technology and their potential to do good for the world.', 'Machine learning empowers individuals in information dissemination, promoting democratic access.', 'The urgency to invest in diverse strategies to tackle the imminent threats posed by artificial general intelligence.', "AI's impact on scientific advancements, enhancing fields like finding exoplanets and detecting gravitational waves.", 'The potential ubiquity of machine learning in physics, with a prediction that finding a human physicist unfamiliar with machine learning could become as rare as finding one who does not use computers or math, highlighting the transformative impact of AI on the field.', 'The potential for galactic exploration by advanced civilizations', 'The vastness of the universe and the potential for encountering civilizations at different technological stages', 'The need for humility in assumptions about extraterrestrial life', 'The discovery of numerous Earth-like planets in our galaxy suggests that the probability of life on other planets is high', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of human stewardship of Earth, highlighting the responsibility to safeguard the future of intelligent life', 'Rarity of life in the universe, inevitability of death, need to live life to the fullest', 'The speaker reflects on the tragic nature of life and the acuteness of the awareness of the finite nature of existence, emphasizing the need to cherish life', 'The concept of identity is redefined from a modern physics perspective, emphasizing the role of information processing in defining oneself', 'Post-biological intelligence has the potential to change mortality and individuality, leading to a collaborative and substrate-independent existence']}