title
Python Tutorial: Itertools Module - Iterator Functions for Efficient Looping

description
In this Python Programming Tutorial, we will be learning about the itertools module. The itertools module is a collection of functions that allows us to work with iterators in an efficient way. Depending on your problem, this can save you a lot of memory and also a lot of work. Let's get started... Functions Covered in This Video: count - 1:19 zip_longest - 6:48 cycle - 9:17 repeat - 11:09 starmap - 14:06 combinations - 15:34 permutations - 15:34 product - 19:45 chain - 21:40 islice - 23:37 compress - 28:50 filterfalse - 31:49 dropwhile - 32:24 takewhile - 32:24 accumulate - 34:54 groupby - 37:04 tee - 43:28 The code from this video can be found at: https://github.com/CoreyMSchafer/code_snippets/tree/master/Python/Itertools Iterators Tutorial: https://youtu.be/jTYiNjvnHZY Sorting Tutorial: https://youtu.be/D3JvDWO-BY4 ✅ Support My Channel Through Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/coreyms ✅ Become a Channel Member: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCezIgC97PvUuR4_gbFUs5g/join ✅ One-Time Contribution Through PayPal: https://goo.gl/649HFY ✅ Cryptocurrency Donations: Bitcoin Wallet - 3MPH8oY2EAgbLVy7RBMinwcBntggi7qeG3 Ethereum Wallet - 0x151649418616068fB46C3598083817101d3bCD33 Litecoin Wallet - MPvEBY5fxGkmPQgocfJbxP6EmTo5UUXMot ✅ Corey's Public Amazon Wishlist http://a.co/inIyro1 ✅ Equipment I Use and Books I Recommend: https://www.amazon.com/shop/coreyschafer ▶️ You Can Find Me On: My Website - http://coreyms.com/ My Second Channel - https://www.youtube.com/c/coreymschafer Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/CoreyMSchafer Twitter - https://twitter.com/CoreyMSchafer Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/coreymschafer/ #Python #Itertools

detail
{'title': 'Python Tutorial: Itertools Module - Iterator Functions for Efficient Looping', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1265.564, 'start': 1205.157, 'weight': 0.812}, {'end': 1484.506, 'start': 1452.424, 'weight': 0.823}, {'end': 1925.093, 'start': 1867.12, 'weight': 0.803}, {'end': 2422.724, 'start': 2331.925, 'weight': 0.98}], 'summary': 'This tutorial on the itertools module in python covers the importance of understanding iterators and generators, the usage of functions like count, zip, combinations, permutations, and various other itertools functions, with practical examples showcasing efficient and memory-friendly looping techniques.', 'chapters': [{'end': 30.741, 'segs': [{'end': 26.98, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.229, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4.251, 'text': "Hey there, how's it going everybody? In this video we're going to be taking a look at the IterTools module.", 'start': 0.229, 'duration': 4.022}, {'end': 10.554, 'text': 'So IterTools is a collection of tools that allows us to work with iterators in a fast and memory efficient way.', 'start': 4.631, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 16.117, 'text': "Now if you don't know what an iterator is, it's basically sequential data that we can iterate or loop over.", 'start': 10.914, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 21.758, 'text': 'now, i would recommend being familiar with the concept of iterators and generators before watching this video.', 'start': 16.497, 'duration': 5.261}, {'end': 26.98, 'text': "i do have a video that i released a little over a week ago that i'll leave in the description section below.", 'start': 21.758, 'duration': 5.222}], 'summary': 'Itertools module provides efficient tools for working with iterators.', 'duration': 26.751, 'max_score': 0.229, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ229.jpg'}], 'start': 0.229, 'title': 'Introduction to itertools module', 'summary': 'Introduces the itertools module, emphasizing the importance of understanding iterators and generators before watching the video. it provides tools for working with iterators in a fast and memory efficient way.', 'chapters': [{'end': 30.741, 'start': 0.229, 'title': 'Introduction to itertools module', 'summary': 'Introduces the itertools module, a collection of tools for working with iterators in a fast and memory efficient way, emphasizing the importance of understanding iterators and generators before watching the video.', 'duration': 30.512, 'highlights': ['IterTools module provides tools for working with iterators in a fast and memory efficient way, enhancing performance in data processing.', 'Understanding iterators and generators is recommended before watching the video, ensuring better comprehension of the content.', 'A previously released video on iterators and generators is referenced, offering additional resources for viewers to enhance their understanding.']}], 'duration': 30.512, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ229.jpg', 'highlights': ['Understanding iterators and generators is recommended before watching the video, ensuring better comprehension of the content.', 'IterTools module provides tools for working with iterators in a fast and memory efficient way, enhancing performance in data processing.', 'A previously released video on iterators and generators is referenced, offering additional resources for viewers to enhance their understanding.']}, {'end': 316.884, 'segs': [{'end': 82.765, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 30.741, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 39.823, 'text': 'but understanding how an iterator is exhausted or how some only hold one object in memory at a time is going to help with understanding how iter tools is working as well.', 'start': 30.741, 'duration': 9.082}, {'end': 46.745, 'text': 'So the iter tools module contains a number of commonly used iterators, as well as functions for combining several iterators.', 'start': 40.263, 'duration': 6.482}, {'end': 53.027, 'text': "Now this iter tools module is available in the Python standard library, so there's nothing that you need to install in order to use this.", 'start': 47.065, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 55.988, 'text': "Now, if you're looking for a specific iter tools function,", 'start': 53.427, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 62.351, 'text': "then I'm going to try to put a timestamp in the description section below to each of the functions that we go over in this video.", 'start': 56.348, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 66.513, 'text': "So you can look there for a timestamp to whichever function that you're looking for.", 'start': 62.671, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 71.496, 'text': "So first off, let's go ahead and import this so that we can see what we can do with this.", 'start': 67.294, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 74.798, 'text': "So first, I'll just say import iter tools.", 'start': 71.856, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 79.301, 'text': 'Okay, so right off the bat, let me show you one of the most simple iter tools functions.', 'start': 75.718, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 82.765, 'text': "So the first function that we're going to look at is called count.", 'start': 79.622, 'duration': 3.143}], 'summary': 'The iter tools module in python standard library contains commonly used iterators and functions for combining several iterators.', 'duration': 52.024, 'max_score': 30.741, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ30741.jpg'}, {'end': 131.57, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 103.505, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 109.051, 'text': 'so right now, if we were to loop over this, it would just start counting up from zero by one and never stop.', 'start': 103.505, 'duration': 5.546}, {'end': 111.654, 'text': "so if you're not careful, then you can get stuck in an infinite loop.", 'start': 109.051, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 115.378, 'text': "now I'm going to show you what this looks like, but I wouldn't recommend you do this on your machine,", 'start': 111.654, 'duration': 3.724}, {'end': 120.782, 'text': "because sometimes it's hard to stop from executing and can freeze up your computer or program.", 'start': 115.858, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 123.264, 'text': "but I'm going to try to run this and just stop it quickly.", 'start': 120.782, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 131.57, 'text': "so I'm just going to say for num in counter and we will just print out num.", 'start': 123.264, 'duration': 8.306}], 'summary': 'Looping over the program can cause infinite count, leading to potential system freeze.', 'duration': 28.065, 'max_score': 103.505, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ103505.jpg'}, {'end': 219.247, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 187.632, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 192.475, 'text': 'Some of them can go on forever, but even if they do, we can still just get one item at a time.', 'start': 187.632, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 197.277, 'text': "Okay, so why is this useful? Well, there's a lot of different scenarios that this might be useful.", 'start': 192.975, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 199.238, 'text': "But let's just look at one example.", 'start': 197.777, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 204.38, 'text': "So it's very common to have a list of values and want to have some kind of index assigned to them.", 'start': 199.478, 'duration': 4.902}, {'end': 207.962, 'text': 'So to show an example, let me create a quick list here.', 'start': 204.76, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 211.043, 'text': "So I'm going to comment out these print statements.", 'start': 208.322, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 219.247, 'text': "And I'm just going to make a quick list of data here and say that I want 100 200 300 and 400.", 'start': 211.504, 'duration': 7.743}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating the usefulness of indexing in scenarios with a quick list of values 100, 200, 300, and 400.', 'duration': 31.615, 'max_score': 187.632, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ187632.jpg'}], 'start': 30.741, 'title': 'Python itertools and data pairing with index values', 'summary': "Explains the python iter tools module, focusing on the count function's ability to create an infinite loop and retrieve values, and discusses pairing data with index values using the zip function, with a practical example of pairing daily data for graphing.", 'chapters': [{'end': 187.172, 'start': 30.741, 'title': 'Understanding python itertools', 'summary': 'Explains the iter tools module in python standard library, highlighting the count function that returns an iterator, demonstrating its potential to create an infinite loop and showcasing how to retrieve the next value using the next function.', 'duration': 156.431, 'highlights': ['The iter tools module in Python standard library contains commonly used iterators and functions for combining several iterators.', 'The count function from iter tools returns an iterator that counts, starting at zero and counting up by one each iteration, potentially leading to an infinite loop.', 'Demonstrated the potential risk of creating an infinite loop by looping over the count function and showed how to retrieve the next value using the next function without a for loop.']}, {'end': 316.884, 'start': 187.632, 'title': 'Pairing data with index values', 'summary': 'Discusses how to pair data with index values using the zip function and itertools.count to handle scenarios where the amount of data is unknown, with a practical example of pairing daily data with index values for graphing purposes.', 'duration': 129.252, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses how to pair data with index values using the zip function and itertools.count to handle scenarios where the amount of data is unknown. It demonstrates the use of zip and itertools.count to pair data and index values, providing flexibility for handling unknown amounts of data.', 'Practical example of pairing daily data with index values for graphing purposes. Illustrates a practical scenario of pairing daily data with index values for graphing purposes, showcasing the utility of the discussed approach.', 'Explanation of the zip function and its role in pairing values from two intervals. Provides an explanation of the zip function, detailing its role in pairing values from two intervals and its functionality in combining and iterating over the paired values.']}], 'duration': 286.143, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ30741.jpg', 'highlights': ['The count function from iter tools returns an iterator that counts, starting at zero and counting up by one each iteration, potentially leading to an infinite loop.', 'Demonstrated the potential risk of creating an infinite loop by looping over the count function and showed how to retrieve the next value using the next function without a for loop.', 'The chapter discusses how to pair data with index values using the zip function and itertools.count to handle scenarios where the amount of data is unknown. It demonstrates the use of zip and itertools.count to pair data and index values, providing flexibility for handling unknown amounts of data.', 'Practical example of pairing daily data with index values for graphing purposes. Illustrates a practical scenario of pairing daily data with index values for graphing purposes, showcasing the utility of the discussed approach.', 'Explanation of the zip function and its role in pairing values from two intervals. Provides an explanation of the zip function, detailing its role in pairing values from two intervals and its functionality in combining and iterating over the paired values.', 'The iter tools module in Python standard library contains commonly used iterators and functions for combining several iterators.']}, {'end': 921.049, 'segs': [{'end': 361.812, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 317.385, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 323.689, 'text': 'And since we use iterTools.count, it just kept grabbing the next value until our data list had gone through all of its values.', 'start': 317.385, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 326.691, 'text': 'So that count function will work with any size of data.', 'start': 324.029, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 332.475, 'text': 'Okay, so we can also pass some arguments into our count function in order to start at a different place.', 'start': 327.432, 'duration': 5.043}, {'end': 335.337, 'text': 'And we can also step by a different amount as well.', 'start': 332.776, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 340.541, 'text': 'So let me uncomment out these print statements here.', 'start': 336.198, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 350.327, 'text': "And for now, I'm just going to comment out our data example here, and let me actually grab these print statements and put these up here.", 'start': 340.921, 'duration': 9.406}, {'end': 354.048, 'text': "Okay, so now let's look at passing some arguments into our count function.", 'start': 350.887, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 361.812, 'text': 'So if I wanted to start from something other than zero, then I could simply pass in a value of start equals five, for example.', 'start': 354.409, 'duration': 7.403}], 'summary': 'The itertools.count function can be used with any size of data, and arguments can be passed to start at a different place and step by a different amount.', 'duration': 44.427, 'max_score': 317.385, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ317385.jpg'}, {'end': 406.327, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 379.039, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 384.721, 'text': "If I save that and run it, then we can see it now starts at five and now it's counting up by five each time.", 'start': 379.039, 'duration': 5.682}, {'end': 386.799, 'text': 'So five, 10, 15, 20.', 'start': 384.801, 'duration': 1.998}, {'end': 388.262, 'text': 'Now the counter is pretty versatile.', 'start': 386.801, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 392.743, 'text': 'It can also count backwards and can also count by decimal numbers as well.', 'start': 388.502, 'duration': 4.241}, {'end': 400.425, 'text': 'So if I was to instead say that our step is negative 2.5,, for example, and then run that,', 'start': 393.103, 'duration': 7.322}, {'end': 406.327, 'text': 'then we can see that it starts at 5 and subtracts 2.5 from each step and then even goes into the negatives.', 'start': 400.425, 'duration': 5.902}], 'summary': 'The counter starts at 5, increments by 5, versatile for counting backward and by decimals.', 'duration': 27.288, 'max_score': 379.039, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ379039.jpg'}, {'end': 469.275, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 445.137, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 452.205, 'text': 'So let me comment out these lines up here and uncomment out this example where we used this zip function here.', 'start': 445.137, 'duration': 7.068}, {'end': 460.55, 'text': "Now this worked before, because zip ends after our shortest iterable is exhausted and we're not going to be able to use the iter tools.", 'start': 452.765, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 469.275, 'text': "count function with the zip longest the way that we have it right here, because we're converting it into a list and since count goes on forever,", 'start': 460.55, 'duration': 8.725}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating the use of zip function and count function limitations.', 'duration': 24.138, 'max_score': 445.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ445137.jpg'}, {'end': 645.807, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 620.895, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 626.358, 'text': 'So, for example, if you wanted to simulate a switch of something getting turned on or off, or something like that,', 'start': 620.895, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 630.26, 'text': 'then you could simply create a cycle with two values.', 'start': 626.778, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 638.103, 'text': 'So that could either be a one and a negative one or a one and a zero, or you could even pass in a list of strings of on and off.', 'start': 630.68, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 645.807, 'text': "So for example, if I came up here, instead of a list, I'll actually use a tuple just to show a different data structure here.", 'start': 638.464, 'duration': 7.343}], 'summary': "Simulation of switch with two values: 1 and -1, 1 and 0, or 'on' and 'off'.", 'duration': 24.912, 'max_score': 620.895, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ620895.jpg'}, {'end': 693.18, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 661.176, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 662.738, 'text': "So that's a look at the cycle function.", 'start': 661.176, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 666.561, 'text': "It's super simple, but there's a lot of different ways that we could use it.", 'start': 663.138, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 672.806, 'text': "Okay, so now let's look at the last infinite iterator in iterTools, and that's going to be the repeat function.", 'start': 667.302, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 674.648, 'text': 'And this one is also super simple.', 'start': 673.027, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 677.971, 'text': 'It just takes some input and repeats it indefinitely.', 'start': 675.248, 'duration': 2.723}, {'end': 688.958, 'text': 'So, for example, if I was to come up here and say iterTools.repeat, and then just passed in a value of 2, for example, if I save that and run it,', 'start': 678.331, 'duration': 10.627}, {'end': 693.18, 'text': 'then we can see that it simply repeats the same value over and over each time.', 'start': 688.958, 'duration': 4.222}], 'summary': 'Itertools has a repeat function that repeats input indefinitely, e.g., itertools.repeat(2).', 'duration': 32.004, 'max_score': 661.176, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ661176.jpg'}, {'end': 741.207, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 713.009, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 719.053, 'text': "Now, if we had run that through a for loop, then it would have just looped through that three times and we wouldn't have seen that exception,", 'start': 713.009, 'duration': 6.044}, {'end': 722.435, 'text': 'since the for loop handles those stop iteration exceptions for us.', 'start': 719.053, 'duration': 3.382}, {'end': 725.297, 'text': 'Now, on the surface this might not seem very useful,', 'start': 722.815, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 733.142, 'text': "but it's usually used for passing in a stream of constant values to functions like map or zip that also operate on intervals.", 'start': 725.297, 'duration': 7.845}, {'end': 741.207, 'text': 'So, for example, if you wanted to get the square of the values 1 through 10, then you could do something like this for example.', 'start': 733.462, 'duration': 7.745}], 'summary': 'For loop handled 3 iterations, useful for passing constant values to functions like map or zip.', 'duration': 28.198, 'max_score': 713.009, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ713009.jpg'}], 'start': 317.385, 'title': 'Itertools functions', 'summary': 'Introduces itertools count and zip longest functions, explaining their functionality and practical applications, emphasizing their relevance in handling iterators and generating constant value streams. it also demonstrates the usage of other itertools functions such as cycle, repeat, map, and star map with examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 492.83, 'start': 317.385, 'title': 'Itertools count and zip longest', 'summary': 'Introduces the itertools.count function, which can start at a specified value and step by a specified amount, and the itertools.zip_longest function, which pairs iterables together and continues until the longest iterable is exhausted.', 'duration': 175.445, 'highlights': ['The count function can start at a different place and step by a different amount, making it versatile for various counting needs. The count function allows starting at a specified value (e.g., 5) and stepping by a specified amount (e.g., 5), providing flexibility for different counting scenarios.', "The zip_longest function pairs iterables together and continues until the longest iterable is exhausted, using placeholders for shorter iterables. The zip_longest function pairs iterables and continues until the longest iterable is exhausted, using placeholders (defaulting to 'none') for shorter iterables, making it suitable for handling uneven iterable lengths.", 'The count function can also count backwards and by decimal numbers, offering additional versatility. The count function can count backwards and by decimal numbers, expanding its utility for various counting requirements.']}, {'end': 921.049, 'start': 493.17, 'title': 'Itertools functions explained', 'summary': 'Explains the functionality of itertools functions such as zip longest, cycle, repeat, map, and star map, demonstrating their usage and practical applications with examples, and emphasizing their relevance in handling iterators and generating constant value streams.', 'duration': 427.879, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the functionality of itertools functions such as zip longest, cycle, and repeat, demonstrating their usage and practical applications with examples. The transcript covers the functionality of itertools functions such as zip longest, cycle, and repeat, showcasing practical applications and examples.', 'Demonstrates the usage of itertools cycle function, cycling through values of an iterable indefinitely, with an example of cycling through a list of values. The explanation and example of itertools cycle function demonstrate how it cycles through values of an iterable indefinitely, exemplifying cycling through a list of values.', 'Illustrates the itertools repeat function, showcasing how it repeats a specified value indefinitely and its practical application in functions like map or zip. The transcript illustrates the itertools repeat function, highlighting its ability to repeat a specified value indefinitely and its practical application in functions like map or zip.', 'Explains the practical use of itertools map function in combination with repeat to calculate the squares of values, providing a practical example. The practical use of itertools map function in combination with repeat to calculate the squares of values is explained, emphasizing its practical application with a demonstration.', 'Introduces itertools star map, comparing it to map and demonstrating its usage with pre-paired arguments as tuples, providing an example of calculating powers. The introduction of itertools star map, comparison to map, and its usage with pre-paired arguments as tuples, along with an example of calculating powers, is provided.']}], 'duration': 603.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ317385.jpg', 'highlights': ['The count function can start at a different place and step by a different amount, making it versatile for various counting needs.', 'The zip_longest function pairs iterables together and continues until the longest iterable is exhausted, using placeholders for shorter iterables.', 'The count function can also count backwards and by decimal numbers, offering additional versatility.', 'The chapter explains the functionality of itertools functions such as zip longest, cycle, and repeat, demonstrating their usage and practical applications with examples.', 'Demonstrates the usage of itertools cycle function, cycling through values of an iterable indefinitely, with an example of cycling through a list of values.', 'Illustrates the itertools repeat function, showcasing how it repeats a specified value indefinitely and its practical application in functions like map or zip.', 'Explains the practical use of itertools map function in combination with repeat to calculate the squares of values, providing a practical example.', 'Introduces itertools star map, comparing it to map and demonstrating its usage with pre-paired arguments as tuples, providing an example of calculating powers.']}, {'end': 1714.944, 'segs': [{'end': 951.916, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 921.389, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 924.852, 'text': "So depending on the problem that you're trying to solve, that might be more useful for you.", 'start': 921.389, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 930.256, 'text': "Okay, so so far we've gone over iter tools functions that produce iterators that can go on forever.", 'start': 925.232, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 934.339, 'text': "But now let's look at some useful functions that will eventually terminate.", 'start': 930.636, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 941.084, 'text': "So first, let's go over two of the most popular iter tools functions, and those are combinations and permutations.", 'start': 934.939, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 947.651, 'text': 'So these allow us to take an iterable and return all of the combinations or permutations from that interval.', 'start': 941.424, 'duration': 6.227}, {'end': 951.916, 'text': "and if you don't know the difference between combinations and permutations, basically,", 'start': 947.651, 'duration': 4.265}], 'summary': 'Itertools offers functions like combinations and permutations for generating combinations and permutations from iterables.', 'duration': 30.527, 'max_score': 921.389, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ921389.jpg'}, {'end': 1115.104, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1084.509, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1089.771, 'text': "So I'm going to just replace combinations here with our permutations function and rerun this.", 'start': 1084.509, 'duration': 5.262}, {'end': 1094.814, 'text': 'So instead of combinations, I will say permutations, save that and run it.', 'start': 1090.092, 'duration': 4.722}, {'end': 1098.756, 'text': 'And now if I scroll up here, we can see that we got more values there.', 'start': 1095.254, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 1106.2, 'text': "and that's because we're going to get all the different ways that we can arrange two values from our original iterable where the order does matter.", 'start': 1099.116, 'duration': 7.084}, {'end': 1115.104, 'text': 'so we can see that we have a value for a b here at the top, but if we scroll down a little bit, then we also have a permutation for b a as well.', 'start': 1106.2, 'duration': 8.904}], 'summary': 'Replacing combinations with permutations resulted in more values being arranged in different ways.', 'duration': 30.595, 'max_score': 1084.509, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1084509.jpg'}, {'end': 1174.054, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1146.849, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1150.752, 'text': "So for example, it doesn't give us AA as one of the permutations.", 'start': 1146.849, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 1154.035, 'text': "And that's because there's only one A in our original list.", 'start': 1151.152, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 1159.379, 'text': "But what if we wanted to allow repeats? So for example, let's use our numbers list.", 'start': 1154.455, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 1163.542, 'text': 'So you can see I have a numbers list here of 0, 1, 2, and 3.', 'start': 1159.739, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 1169.569, 'text': "So let's pretend that we wanted to see all the different ways that we could create a four digit code using these values.", 'start': 1163.542, 'duration': 6.027}, {'end': 1171.511, 'text': 'And that would include repeats.', 'start': 1170.05, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 1174.054, 'text': "So we could have a code that's 000 or 0101 or anything like that.", 'start': 1171.832, 'duration': 2.222}], 'summary': 'Discusses permutations with repeats using a numbers list.', 'duration': 27.205, 'max_score': 1146.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1146849.jpg'}, {'end': 1265.564, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1205.157, 'weight': 0.812, 'content': [{'end': 1210.762, 'text': "So I'm going to say iterTools.product, and we're going to use our numbers here.", 'start': 1205.157, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 1215.206, 'text': "And let's say that we want to set repeat equal to 4.", 'start': 1211.263, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 1221.151, 'text': "So what this is going to do is it's going to give us all the different ways that we could arrange these numbers where repeats are allowed.", 'start': 1215.206, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 1225.914, 'text': 'So if I save this and run it and scroll up here to the top,', 'start': 1221.491, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 1232.479, 'text': 'then we can see that this gives us what we were looking for in terms of going through all the different ways that we could arrange these numbers in groups of four.', 'start': 1225.914, 'duration': 6.565}, {'end': 1235.962, 'text': 'Now this is also a way that you could build some kind of password cracker.', 'start': 1232.94, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 1243.608, 'text': 'So, for example, you could create a loop where you go through all the different ways to arrange alphanumeric characters in.', 'start': 1236.302, 'duration': 7.306}, {'end': 1246.01, 'text': 'you know a pattern of six or something like that.', 'start': 1243.608, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 1250.714, 'text': "Now I should also mention that there's a way to get combinations with repeated values as well.", 'start': 1246.431, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 1254.597, 'text': 'And we do that with a function called combinations with replacement.', 'start': 1251.195, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 1265.564, 'text': 'So if I just go up here and replace product with combinations, whoops, be sure I spell this right combinations underscore with underscore replacement.', 'start': 1254.958, 'duration': 10.606}], 'summary': 'Using itertools.product and combinations to arrange and repeat numbers, useful for password cracking.', 'duration': 60.407, 'max_score': 1205.157, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1205157.jpg'}, {'end': 1243.608, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1215.206, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1221.151, 'text': "So what this is going to do is it's going to give us all the different ways that we could arrange these numbers where repeats are allowed.", 'start': 1215.206, 'duration': 5.945}, {'end': 1225.914, 'text': 'So if I save this and run it and scroll up here to the top,', 'start': 1221.491, 'duration': 4.423}, {'end': 1232.479, 'text': 'then we can see that this gives us what we were looking for in terms of going through all the different ways that we could arrange these numbers in groups of four.', 'start': 1225.914, 'duration': 6.565}, {'end': 1235.962, 'text': 'Now this is also a way that you could build some kind of password cracker.', 'start': 1232.94, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 1243.608, 'text': 'So, for example, you could create a loop where you go through all the different ways to arrange alphanumeric characters in.', 'start': 1236.302, 'duration': 7.306}], 'summary': 'A script generates all possible arrangements of numbers, useful for password cracking.', 'duration': 28.402, 'max_score': 1215.206, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1215206.jpg'}, {'end': 1384.612, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1356.654, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1358.956, 'text': 'But what if these lists contain millions of items?', 'start': 1356.654, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 1364.941, 'text': 'It would be majorly inefficient for us to make copies of all of those and put them into another variable.', 'start': 1359.377, 'duration': 5.564}, {'end': 1370.306, 'text': "Or what if those weren't even lists? Let's say that they were generators or something like that instead.", 'start': 1365.462, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 1373.828, 'text': 'then how would we loop over all of those at once?', 'start': 1370.926, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1376.049, 'text': 'well, to do this we can use chain.', 'start': 1373.828, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 1384.612, 'text': "so instead of doing it the way we have here, let's instead say combined is equal to iter tools dot chain,", 'start': 1376.049, 'duration': 8.563}], 'summary': 'Using itertools.chain for efficient iteration over large or diverse collections.', 'duration': 27.958, 'max_score': 1356.654, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1356654.jpg'}, {'end': 1484.506, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1452.424, 'weight': 0.823, 'content': [{'end': 1461.656, 'text': 'So to do that, I could just come up here and say iter tools dot I slice and we will slice a range of 10 values.', 'start': 1452.424, 'duration': 9.232}, {'end': 1466.038, 'text': 'and I will pass in a stopping value of five.', 'start': 1462.757, 'duration': 3.281}, {'end': 1470.901, 'text': "Now, instead of combined here, I'm just going to change that to result so that that variable makes more sense.", 'start': 1466.439, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 1473.222, 'text': 'I also have to change it in the for loop here as well.', 'start': 1470.921, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 1479.104, 'text': 'So if I save that and run it, then we can see that it gives us the first five items of that iterable.', 'start': 1473.602, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 1484.506, 'text': "Now, if you're thinking to yourself, you know, why is this useful? Because I can already do that with list slicing.", 'start': 1479.584, 'duration': 4.922}], 'summary': 'Using iter tools to slice a range of 10 values, stopping at 5, demonstrates obtaining the first 5 items of an iterable.', 'duration': 32.082, 'max_score': 1452.424, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1452424.jpg'}], 'start': 921.389, 'title': 'Iter tools functions and efficient iteration', 'summary': 'Introduces the iter tools functions combinations and permutations, showcasing examples and explanations of their usage with letters and numbers. it also demonstrates the use of product, chain, and combinations with replacement function from the iter tools module for solving different types of problems. additionally, it shows how to efficiently loop over multiple lists, use islice to get a slice of an iterator, and applies it to efficiently read the header of a large log file.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1310.944, 'start': 921.389, 'title': 'Iter tools functions', 'summary': 'Introduces the iter tools functions combinations and permutations, showcasing examples and explanations of their usage with letters and numbers and also demonstrates the use of product, chain, and combinations with replacement function from the iter tools module for solving different types of problems.', 'duration': 389.555, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the iter tools functions combinations and permutations, showcasing examples and explanations of their usage with letters and numbers The chapter focuses on introducing the iter tools functions combinations and permutations, providing examples and explanations of their usage with letters and numbers.', 'Demonstrates the use of product, chain, and combinations with replacement function from the iter tools module for solving different types of problems The transcript demonstrates the use of product, chain, and combinations with replacement function from the iter tools module for solving different types of problems.', 'Explains the concepts of combinations and permutations and their distinctions in terms of order and relevance The transcript explains the concepts of combinations and permutations, highlighting their distinctions in terms of order and relevance.']}, {'end': 1714.944, 'start': 1310.944, 'title': 'Efficient iteration with itertools', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the use of itertools to efficiently loop over multiple lists, use islice to get a slice of an iterator, and applies it to efficiently read the header of a large log file.', 'duration': 404, 'highlights': ['The use of itertools.chain to efficiently loop over multiple lists and avoid creating a new list with all values in memory, which could be majorly inefficient for large lists or non-list iterables. Demonstrates the use of itertools.chain to efficiently loop over multiple lists and avoid creating a new list with all values in memory, which could be majorly inefficient for large lists or non-list iterables.', 'The explanation of the function islice, including how it can be used to specify stopping, starting, and stepping points when slicing an iterator, providing a useful alternative to list slicing for large iterators. Explains the function islice and how it can be used to specify stopping, starting, and stepping points when slicing an iterator, providing a useful alternative to list slicing for large iterators.', 'The practical example of using islice to efficiently read the header of a large log file, demonstrating its usefulness when dealing with large files without casting them into memory as a list. Provides a practical example of using islice to efficiently read the header of a large log file, demonstrating its usefulness when dealing with large files without casting them into memory as a list.']}], 'duration': 793.555, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ921389.jpg', 'highlights': ['Introduces iter tools functions combinations and permutations with examples and explanations', 'Demonstrates use of product, chain, and combinations with replacement function from iter tools module', 'Explains concepts of combinations and permutations, highlighting their distinctions', 'Demonstrates use of itertools.chain to efficiently loop over multiple lists', 'Explains function islice and its use for slicing an iterator', 'Provides practical example of using islice to efficiently read the header of a large log file']}, {'end': 2206.968, 'segs': [{'end': 1756.913, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1714.944, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1720.929, 'text': 'then doing it this way will allow us to get those values without loading the entire contents of that file into memory.', 'start': 1714.944, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 1729.796, 'text': "Okay so now that we've seen that now let's look at a few functions in iter tools that allow us to select certain elements from an iterable.", 'start': 1721.95, 'duration': 7.846}, {'end': 1732.778, 'text': "First, let's look at the compress function.", 'start': 1730.536, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 1738.142, 'text': 'So compress is a function that I could see being used in data science style problems,', 'start': 1733.198, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 1742.826, 'text': 'where you have some data and some selectors that you can use to filter down that data.', 'start': 1738.142, 'duration': 4.684}, {'end': 1749.211, 'text': "So let's say that we have a list of true false values that correspond to my letters list here.", 'start': 1743.486, 'duration': 5.725}, {'end': 1756.913, 'text': 'so first let me just get rid of this file example here and scroll back up and now, like I was saying,', 'start': 1749.511, 'duration': 7.402}], 'summary': 'Iter tools functions like compress can filter data efficiently.', 'duration': 41.969, 'max_score': 1714.944, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1714944.jpg'}, {'end': 1841.753, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1817.504, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1827.15, 'text': 'Now, like I said, this compress function should return an iterable that has all of our corresponding letters that had true values in our selectors.', 'start': 1817.504, 'duration': 9.646}, {'end': 1833.091, 'text': 'So if I save that and run it, then we can see that it gives us the values of a, b, and d.', 'start': 1827.45, 'duration': 5.641}, {'end': 1837.452, 'text': "So c wasn't included because its corresponding selector was false.", 'start': 1833.091, 'duration': 4.361}, {'end': 1841.753, 'text': 'Now you might notice that this is kind of similar to the built-in filter function.', 'start': 1837.892, 'duration': 3.861}], 'summary': 'The compress function returns an iterable with true values from selectors, giving values a, b, and d.', 'duration': 24.249, 'max_score': 1817.504, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1817504.jpg'}, {'end': 1925.093, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1867.12, 'weight': 0.803, 'content': [{'end': 1873.081, 'text': "And I'm just going to say, I'm going to call this LT2 for values less than 2.", 'start': 1867.12, 'duration': 5.961}, {'end': 1874.962, 'text': "And we'll take in a value of n there.", 'start': 1873.081, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1880.843, 'text': "And so I'll just say if n is less than 2, then we want to return true.", 'start': 1875.462, 'duration': 5.381}, {'end': 1883.644, 'text': "Otherwise, we'll just return false.", 'start': 1881.663, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 1889.488, 'text': 'And now, if we run an interval through that built in filter function using this function that we just created,', 'start': 1884.105, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 1892.629, 'text': 'then it will give us all of the values that are less than two.', 'start': 1889.488, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 1898.293, 'text': "So for our result here, I'll just say filter and I will use that.", 'start': 1893.13, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 1904.377, 'text': "function that we just created, which was LT2, and I'll pass in our numbers list here.", 'start': 1899.173, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 1909.942, 'text': 'so let me save that and run it, and we can see that when we run that, we get the numbers that are less than two.', 'start': 1904.377, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 1914.085, 'text': 'now there are some functions in iter tools that complement these built-in functions.', 'start': 1909.942, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 1919.929, 'text': "so there is one in iter tools called filter false, and it's just like this built-in filter function,", 'start': 1914.085, 'duration': 5.844}, {'end': 1925.093, 'text': 'except instead it gives you the values that returned false instead of true.', 'start': 1919.929, 'duration': 5.164}], 'summary': 'Created a function to filter values less than 2, resulting in numbers less than two using the built-in filter function.', 'duration': 57.973, 'max_score': 1867.12, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1867120.jpg'}, {'end': 1936.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1904.377, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1909.942, 'text': 'so let me save that and run it, and we can see that when we run that, we get the numbers that are less than two.', 'start': 1904.377, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 1914.085, 'text': 'now there are some functions in iter tools that complement these built-in functions.', 'start': 1909.942, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 1919.929, 'text': "so there is one in iter tools called filter false, and it's just like this built-in filter function,", 'start': 1914.085, 'duration': 5.844}, {'end': 1925.093, 'text': 'except instead it gives you the values that returned false instead of true.', 'start': 1919.929, 'duration': 5.164}, {'end': 1936.645, 'text': 'so instead of using this built-in filter function here, If I instead said iterTools.filterFalse, if I save that and run it,', 'start': 1925.093, 'duration': 11.552}], 'summary': 'Using iter tools, filter false gives values that return false instead of true.', 'duration': 32.268, 'max_score': 1904.377, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1904377.jpg'}], 'start': 1714.944, 'title': 'Itertools functions in python', 'summary': 'Introduces and demonstrates the usage of various itertools functions in python, including filter, filterfalse, dropwhile, takewhile, and accumulate, through code examples, providing practical insights into their application.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1860.778, 'start': 1714.944, 'title': 'Using compress function in python', 'summary': 'Introduces the compress function in iter tools, which allows filtering elements from an iterable based on a list of true/false values, and demonstrates its application by filtering a list of letters using selectors, resulting in the values a, b, and d.', 'duration': 145.834, 'highlights': ['The compress function in iter tools is used for filtering elements from an iterable based on a list of true/false values, returning a new iterable with only the items that had a corresponding true value, as demonstrated by filtering a list of letters using selectors, resulting in the values a, b, and d.', 'The compress function allows efficient selection of elements from an iterable based on a list of true/false values, avoiding the need to load the entire contents of a file into memory, and can be particularly useful in data science style problems.', 'The difference between the compress function and the built-in filter function is that filter uses a function to determine whether something is true or false, while with compress, the values are just passed in as an iterable, providing flexibility in choosing the appropriate method based on the specific problem being solved.']}, {'end': 2206.968, 'start': 1861.438, 'title': 'Itertools functions in python', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of itertools functions in python, including filter, filterfalse, dropwhile, takewhile, and accumulate, demonstrating their application and differences through code examples.', 'duration': 345.53, 'highlights': ['The accumulate function in itertools returns accumulated sums of each item in an iterable, using addition by default but allowing other functions like multiplication as well, resulting in a total sum of 9 at the end of the provided list.', 'The dropwhile function in itertools drops values from an iterable until a condition returns true, then returns the rest of the iterable, exemplified by dropping the initial values less than 2 from the list.', 'The takewhile function in itertools grabs values that return true until it encounters a value that returns false, returning the values it has at that point, illustrated by taking values less than 2 until it encounters a value greater than or equal to 2.', 'The filterFalse function in itertools complements the built-in filter function by providing values that return false instead of true, demonstrating its use to obtain values greater than or equal to 2 from the list.', 'The LT2 function is used with the built-in filter function to retrieve all values less than 2 from a provided list, showcasing its application to filter out specific values based on a given condition.']}], 'duration': 492.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ1714944.jpg', 'highlights': ['The compress function in iter tools efficiently filters elements from an iterable based on true/false values, avoiding the need to load the entire contents of a file into memory.', 'The accumulate function in itertools returns accumulated sums of each item in an iterable, using addition by default but allowing other functions like multiplication as well.', 'The dropwhile function in itertools drops values from an iterable until a condition returns true, then returns the rest of the iterable.', 'The takewhile function in itertools grabs values that return true until it encounters a value that returns false, returning the values it has at that point.', 'The filterFalse function in itertools complements the built-in filter function by providing values that return false instead of true, demonstrating its use to obtain values greater than or equal to 2 from the list.']}, {'end': 2736.072, 'segs': [{'end': 2373.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2346.195, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2350.336, 'text': "person and we're going to access that state value.", 'start': 2346.195, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 2356.337, 'text': 'so that is going to tell group by that for every item in our iterable we want to group by the state.', 'start': 2350.336, 'duration': 6.001}, {'end': 2357.978, 'text': "so now let's actually run this.", 'start': 2356.337, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 2364.059, 'text': 'so down here at the bottom and you can see that this list we have several people here in our list.', 'start': 2357.978, 'duration': 6.081}, {'end': 2373.241, 'text': "now, down here at the bottom, I'm going to say person underscore, group and I'm going to set this equal to, and we will say iter tools, iter tools,", 'start': 2364.059, 'duration': 9.182}], 'summary': 'Using itertools to group items by state in a list.', 'duration': 27.046, 'max_score': 2346.195, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ2346195.jpg'}, {'end': 2441.419, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2331.925, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2336.688, 'text': "And this is going to take in a person, because that's what a single item from our iterable is going to be.", 'start': 2331.925, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 2339.43, 'text': "is it's going to be a dictionary that represents a person?", 'start': 2336.688, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 2343.233, 'text': 'And now we just want to return what we want our key to be.', 'start': 2340.131, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 2344.995, 'text': "So I'm just going to say return.", 'start': 2343.614, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 2350.336, 'text': "person and we're going to access that state value.", 'start': 2346.195, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 2356.337, 'text': 'so that is going to tell group by that for every item in our iterable we want to group by the state.', 'start': 2350.336, 'duration': 6.001}, {'end': 2357.978, 'text': "so now let's actually run this.", 'start': 2356.337, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 2364.059, 'text': 'so down here at the bottom and you can see that this list we have several people here in our list.', 'start': 2357.978, 'duration': 6.081}, {'end': 2373.241, 'text': "now, down here at the bottom, I'm going to say person underscore, group and I'm going to set this equal to, and we will say iter tools, iter tools,", 'start': 2364.059, 'duration': 9.182}, {'end': 2380.123, 'text': 'dot, group by and we want to group this list and this list is called people.', 'start': 2373.241, 'duration': 6.882}, {'end': 2381.404, 'text': 'so I scroll back down here.', 'start': 2380.123, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2385.865, 'text': 'so this is called people and we want the key to be equal to that.', 'start': 2381.404, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 2390.007, 'text': "get state function that we created and now let's loop over this.", 'start': 2385.865, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 2395.349, 'text': 'so each item in this person group is going to be a tuple of two things.', 'start': 2390.007, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 2400.771, 'text': 'so the first thing is going to be our key And the key that we used was the state.', 'start': 2395.349, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 2405.374, 'text': 'And the second is going to be an iterable of all the items in that group.', 'start': 2401.252, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 2408.956, 'text': 'So it should be an iterable of each person in that state.', 'start': 2405.834, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 2412.217, 'text': "So let's print both of these out just so we can see what this looks like.", 'start': 2409.296, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 2417.74, 'text': "So I'm going to say for key and group in our person group.", 'start': 2412.577, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 2422.724, 'text': "And for now, let's just print out both the key and the group.", 'start': 2418.34, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 2427.627, 'text': 'So if I save this and run it, then we can see, let me make this a little larger here.', 'start': 2423.044, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 2434.533, 'text': 'We can see that we have four different groups, one for each state that was present in our list of people.', 'start': 2428.108, 'duration': 6.425}, {'end': 2441.419, 'text': 'And our group variable here is an iterable that should contain all of the people from that state.', 'start': 2435.073, 'duration': 6.346}], 'summary': 'Grouping people by state and printing the groups', 'duration': 109.494, 'max_score': 2331.925, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ2331925.jpg'}, {'end': 2484.421, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2456.093, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2464.915, 'text': "group and we just want to print out that person, and I'm also going to put a print statement here at the end,", 'start': 2456.093, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 2468.276, 'text': "and that's just going to be to spread out our output a little bit.", 'start': 2464.915, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 2476.438, 'text': 'so now let me save this and run it and scroll up here to the top, and again let me make this just a little larger.', 'start': 2468.276, 'duration': 8.162}, {'end': 2484.421, 'text': "Okay so, in our output here we can see that we are first printing out our key, and that's what we printed out right here, which is the state.", 'start': 2476.878, 'duration': 7.543}], 'summary': "Printing person's state as part of output.", 'duration': 28.328, 'max_score': 2456.093, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ2456093.jpg'}, {'end': 2736.072, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2728.747, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2733.07, 'text': "And if you have the means, you can contribute through Patreon and there's a link to that page in the description section below.", 'start': 2728.747, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 2736.072, 'text': 'Be sure to subscribe for future videos and thank you all for watching.', 'start': 2733.51, 'duration': 2.562}], 'summary': 'Viewers can support through patreon, link in description. subscribe for future videos.', 'duration': 7.325, 'max_score': 2728.747, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ2728747.jpg'}], 'start': 2206.968, 'title': 'Itertools functions and replicating iterators', 'summary': 'Covers the accumulate function for demonstrating a running product, groupby function for grouping items based on a key and replicating iterators using the iter tools module to create multiple individual iterables while emphasizing the need to avoid using the original iterator after making copies.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2608.114, 'start': 2206.968, 'title': 'Itertools functions: accumulate and groupby', 'summary': 'Covers the accumulate function, demonstrating a running product, and the groupby function, showcasing how to group items based on a key and return a stream of tuples, such as grouping people by state and counting the number of people in each state.', 'duration': 401.146, 'highlights': ['The accumulate function shows a running product of an iterable, such as 1*2=2, 2*3=6, and 6*2=12. The accumulate function demonstrates a running product of an iterable, for example, 1*2=2, 2*3=6, and 6*2=12.', 'The groupBy function groups items based on a key and returns a stream of tuples, for instance, grouping people by state and iterating over each group. The groupBy function groups items based on a key and returns a stream of tuples, such as grouping people by state and iterating over each group.', 'Grouping people by state using groupBy and iterating over each group to print the people in each state. Grouping people by state using groupBy and iterating over each group to print the people in each state.', 'Using groupBy to count the number of people in each state and demonstrating the need for the initial iterable to be sorted for proper grouping. Using groupBy to count the number of people in each state and demonstrating the need for the initial iterable to be sorted for proper grouping.', 'Explaining the need for the initial iterable to be sorted for proper grouping in groupBy and mentioning a separate video on sorting. Explaining the need for the initial iterable to be sorted for proper grouping in groupBy and mentioning a separate video on sorting.']}, {'end': 2736.072, 'start': 2608.694, 'title': 'Replicating iterators with iter tools', 'summary': 'Explains how to use the iter tools module to easily replicate iterators using the t function, allowing for the creation of multiple individual iterables, and emphasizes the need to avoid using the original iterator after making copies.', 'duration': 127.378, 'highlights': ['The iter tools module provides a simple function, T, for replicating iterators easily. The T function from the iter tools module allows for easy replication of iterators.', 'Using the T function, it is possible to replicate the person group and create multiple individual iterables. The T function enables the creation of multiple individual iterables from the original iterator.', "It is emphasized to no longer use the original iterator after making copies to avoid unintended consequences of exhausting the items and the replicates. After making copies using the T function, it's important to avoid using the original iterator to prevent unintended exhaustion of items and replicates."]}], 'duration': 529.104, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/Qu3dThVy6KQ/pics/Qu3dThVy6KQ2206968.jpg', 'highlights': ['The accumulate function demonstrates a running product of an iterable, e.g., 1*2=2, 2*3=6, and 6*2=12.', 'The groupBy function groups items based on a key and returns a stream of tuples, e.g., grouping people by state and iterating over each group.', 'Using groupBy to count the number of people in each state and demonstrating the need for the initial iterable to be sorted for proper grouping.', 'The iter tools module provides a simple function, T, for replicating iterators easily.', 'Using the T function, it is possible to replicate the person group and create multiple individual iterables.', 'It is emphasized to no longer use the original iterator after making copies to avoid unintended consequences of exhausting the items and the replicates.']}], 'highlights': ['The itertools module in python covers iterators, generators, and various functions.', 'Understanding iterators and generators is recommended for better comprehension.', 'IterTools module enhances performance in data processing.', 'The count function potentially leads to an infinite loop.', 'The zip function pairs data with index values, providing flexibility.', 'The zip_longest function pairs iterables and handles varying lengths.', 'The cycle function cycles through values of an iterable indefinitely.', 'The repeat function repeats a specified value indefinitely.', 'The map function in combination with repeat provides practical examples.', 'Introduces iter tools functions combinations and permutations with examples.', 'Explains concepts of combinations and permutations, highlighting their distinctions.', 'The compress function efficiently filters elements from an iterable.', 'The accumulate function returns accumulated sums of each item in an iterable.', 'The dropwhile function drops values from an iterable until a condition returns true.', 'The takewhile function grabs values until it encounters a value that returns false.', 'The groupBy function groups items based on a key and returns a stream of tuples.', 'Using groupBy to count the number of people in each state.', 'The iter tools module provides a simple function, T, for replicating iterators easily.']}