title
Stephen Wolfram: ChatGPT and the Nature of Truth, Reality & Computation | Lex Fridman Podcast #376

description
Stephen Wolfram is a computer scientist, mathematician, theoretical physicist, and the founder of Wolfram Research, a company behind Wolfram|Alpha, Wolfram Language, and the Wolfram Physics and Metamathematics projects. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - MasterClass: https://masterclass.com/lex to get 15% off - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off - InsideTracker: https://insidetracker.com/lex to get 20% off EPISODE LINKS: Stephen's Twitter: https://twitter.com/stephen_wolfram Stephen's Blog: https://writings.stephenwolfram.com Wolfram|Alpha: https://www.wolframalpha.com A New Kind of Science (book): https://amzn.to/30XoEun Fundamental Theory of Physics (book): https://amzn.to/30XbAoT Blog posts: A 50-Year Quest: https://bit.ly/3NQbZ2P What Is ChatGPT doing: https://bit.ly/3VOwtuz PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 1:33 - WolframAlpha and ChatGPT 21:14 - Computation and nature of reality 48:06 - How ChatGPT works 1:47:48 - Human and animal cognition 2:01:07 - Dangers of AI 2:09:27 - Nature of truth 2:30:49 - Future of education 3:06:51 - Consciousness 3:15:50 - Second Law of Thermodynamics 3:39:23 - Entropy 3:52:23 - Observers in physics 4:09:15 - Mortality SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Stephen Wolfram: ChatGPT and the Nature of Truth, Reality & Computation | Lex Fridman Podcast #376', 'heatmap': [{'end': 4432.871, 'start': 4273.153, 'weight': 0.934}, {'end': 14513.25, 'start': 14353.846, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'Stephen wolfram explores integrating chatgpt and wolfram alpha, computational irreducibility, and consciousness, aiming to make the world computable and reliable, capturing complexity in natural systems, and discussing the success of wolfram alpha, language laws, ai communication, societal impact of ai, computation methods, and the future of ai, computer science, and computational language, along with the implications of large language models on human-like interactions and decision-making processes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1406.442, 'segs': [{'end': 69.756, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21.551, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 24.372, 'text': "that's a version of that question for the world.", 'start': 21.551, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 29.094, 'text': 'That is as soon as you put the AIs in charge of things, you know how much,', 'start': 24.812, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 35.016, 'text': 'how many constraints should there be on these systems before you put the AIs in charge of all the weapons and all these?', 'start': 29.094, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 36.597, 'text': 'you know all these different kinds of systems?', 'start': 35.016, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 40.899, 'text': "Well, here's the fun part about sandboxes is the AI knows about them.", 'start': 36.657, 'duration': 4.242}, {'end': 44.3, 'text': 'It has the tools to crack them.', 'start': 41.679, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 51.023, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Steven Wolfram, his fourth time on this podcast.', 'start': 46.82, 'duration': 4.203}, {'end': 60.248, 'text': "He's a computer scientist, mathematician, theoretical physicist and the founder of Wolfram Research, a company behind Mathematica, Wolfram Alpha,", 'start': 51.443, 'duration': 8.805}, {'end': 64.291, 'text': 'Wolfram Language and the Wolfram Physics and Metamathematics projects.', 'start': 60.248, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 69.756, 'text': 'He has been a pioneer in exploring the computational nature of reality.', 'start': 65.09, 'duration': 4.666}], 'summary': 'Steven wolfram discusses ai and its constraints in weapon systems.', 'duration': 48.205, 'max_score': 21.551, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d821551.jpg'}, {'end': 180.953, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 155.381, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 164.765, 'text': "and just saying, given this piece of text, let's ripple through the neural net and get one word at a time of output.", 'start': 155.381, 'duration': 9.384}, {'end': 173.368, 'text': "And it's kind of a shallow computation on a large amount of training data that is what we humans have put on the web.", 'start': 165.465, 'duration': 7.903}, {'end': 180.953, 'text': "That's a different thing from sort of the computational stack that I spent the last 40 years or so building,", 'start': 174.048, 'duration': 6.905}], 'summary': 'Neural net processes text word by word with shallow computation on large training data.', 'duration': 25.572, 'max_score': 155.381, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d8155381.jpg'}, {'end': 363.452, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 331.4, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 336.081, 'text': 'that formalization turned into things like logic, mathematics, science and so on.', 'start': 331.4, 'duration': 4.681}, {'end': 345.165, 'text': "And that's the kind of thing that allows one to build these towers of towers of things you work out.", 'start': 336.662, 'duration': 8.503}, {'end': 347.185, 'text': "It's not just, I can immediately figure this out.", 'start': 345.225, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 354.828, 'text': "It's no, I can use this kind of formalism to go step by step and work out something which was not immediately obvious to me.", 'start': 347.726, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 363.452, 'text': "And that's kind of the story of what we're trying to do computationally is to be able to build those kind of tall towers of what implies what implies what,", 'start': 355.349, 'duration': 8.103}], 'summary': 'Formalization in logic and mathematics allows for step-by-step problem solving and building complex structures computationally.', 'duration': 32.052, 'max_score': 331.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d8331400.jpg'}, {'end': 439.045, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 396.34, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 404.226, 'text': 'One is what computation intrinsically is like, and the other is what aspects of computation we humans,', 'start': 396.34, 'duration': 7.886}, {'end': 410.711, 'text': "with our minds and with the kinds of things we've learnt, can sort of relate to in that computational universe.", 'start': 404.226, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 414.354, 'text': 'So, if we start on the kind of, what can computation be like?', 'start': 411.311, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 420.696, 'text': "it's something I've spent some big chunk of my life studying is, imagine that you're you know.", 'start': 415.074, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 424.878, 'text': 'we usually write programs where we kind of know what we want the program to do,', 'start': 420.696, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 430.1, 'text': 'and we carefully write many lines of code and we hope that the program does what we intended it to do.', 'start': 424.878, 'duration': 5.222}, {'end': 437.704, 'text': "But the thing I've been interested in is If you just look at the kind of natural science of programs, you just say, I'm going to make this program.", 'start': 430.64, 'duration': 7.064}, {'end': 439.045, 'text': "It's a really tiny program.", 'start': 437.724, 'duration': 1.321}], 'summary': 'Studying the natural science of programs and tiny computation.', 'duration': 42.705, 'max_score': 396.34, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d8396340.jpg'}, {'end': 970.816, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 945.182, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 950.686, 'text': 'And most of it is, well, you know, the air is still going to be here and nothing much is going to be different about it.', 'start': 945.182, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 957.992, 'text': "And that's a kind of reducible fact about what is ultimately at an underlying level of computationally irreducible process.", 'start': 951.127, 'duration': 6.865}, {'end': 966.086, 'text': "And life would not be possible if we didn't have a large number of such reducible pockets.", 'start': 959.873, 'duration': 6.213}, {'end': 970.816, 'text': 'Pockets amenable to reduction into something symbolic.', 'start': 967.449, 'duration': 3.367}], 'summary': 'Life depends on a large number of reducible pockets, amenable to reduction into something symbolic.', 'duration': 25.634, 'max_score': 945.182, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d8945182.jpg'}], 'start': 0.369, 'title': 'Computational integration and consciousness', 'summary': "Delves into integrating chatgpt and wolfram alpha, deep computation, computational irreducibility, and the role of consciousness in the computational universe, aiming to make the world computable and reliable, and addressing the challenge of predicting the universe's behavior due to computational irreducibility.", 'chapters': [{'end': 284.017, 'start': 0.369, 'title': 'Chatgpt and wolfram integration', 'summary': 'Discusses the integration of chatgpt and wolfram alpha, highlighting the differences between the capabilities of large language models and the computational system infrastructure of wolfram alpha, exploring the goal of making as much of the world computable and reliable.', 'duration': 283.648, 'highlights': ['The integration of ChatGPT and Wolfram Alpha is discussed, emphasizing the differences between large language models and the computational system infrastructure of Wolfram Alpha. Integration of ChatGPT and Wolfram Alpha, differences between large language models and computational system infrastructure', 'The goal is to make as much of the world computable, providing reliable answers based on accumulated expert knowledge. Goal of making the world computable, providing reliable answers', "ChatGPT focuses on continuing language prompts based on a trillion words of text, while Wolfram Alpha's computational stack aims to compute deep, new, and different solutions based on formal structures and expert knowledge. ChatGPT focuses on language prompts, Wolfram Alpha computes deep, new solutions"]}, {'end': 805.574, 'start': 284.657, 'title': 'Deep computation and symbolic programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the notion of deep computation, emphasizing the ability to build complex structures step by step, and the concept of symbolic programming to connect computational possibilities with human thinking, while also delving into the phenomenon of computational irreducibility.', 'duration': 520.917, 'highlights': ['The concept of deep computation and the ability to build complex structures step by step is emphasized, revealing the potential to achieve intricate results beyond immediate human comprehension. Emphasizes the ability to build complex structures step by step, revealing potential to achieve intricate results beyond immediate human comprehension.', 'The discussion of symbolic programming as a means to connect computational possibilities with human thinking, emphasizing the importance of creating precise representations from human language and the effectiveness of symbolic expressions in conceptualizing higher-level things. Emphasizes the importance of creating precise representations from human language and the effectiveness of symbolic expressions in conceptualizing higher-level things.', 'Exploration of the phenomenon of computational irreducibility and its significance in requiring computation to find answers, highlighting its importance for various aspects of thinking. Highlights the significance of computational irreducibility in requiring computation to find answers and its importance for various aspects of thinking.']}, {'end': 1120.126, 'start': 806.094, 'title': 'Finding reducibility in computational irreducibility', 'summary': "Discusses the challenge of predicting the universe's behavior due to its immense computational irreducibility, highlighting the constant search for pockets of reducibility, the concept of our existence in a slice of computational irreducibility, and the interaction between computational irreducibility and our nature as observers leading to the main laws of physics.", 'duration': 314.032, 'highlights': ['The universe undergoes 10 to the 100 steps every second, making it practically impossible for us to predict its behavior due to computational irreducibility.', 'The story of science involves finding pockets of reducibility within the computational irreducibility, allowing local jumps ahead and higher levels of predictability.', 'Our existence in a slice of computational irreducibility enables a reasonable amount of predictability, leading to the construction of higher levels of abstraction and symbolic representations.', 'The interaction between computational irreducibility and our nature as observers leads to the main laws of physics discovered in the 20th century, as we are computationally bounded observers extracting symbolic essence from the detail of the world.', 'The coherence between different parts of space is a consequence of the constant little processes going on, similar to how interacting molecules create the structure of a fluid.', "The idea of space and the predictability of what's going on represents our finding a slice of reducibility in the underlying computationally irreducible system, allowing us to have a consistent experience of the world."]}, {'end': 1406.442, 'start': 1120.726, 'title': 'Observing reality and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of consciousness and the observer in the computational universe, highlighting the idea of multiple threads of experience and the limitations of human minds in perceiving reality, as well as the significance of reducing complex information for observers.', 'duration': 285.716, 'highlights': ['The concept of multiple threads of experience in different minds and the limitation of human consciousness in perceiving reality. The chapter discusses the idea of different minds having multiple threads of experience, highlighting the limitation of human consciousness in perceiving reality and the concept of a single thread of experience as a simplification.', 'The significance of reducing complex information for observers and the concept of a general observer. The importance of reducing complex information for observers is emphasized, with an example of an observer focusing on measuring only the pressure of a gas, highlighting the concept of a general observer and the need to extract a smaller set of degrees of freedom from detailed information.', 'The relationship between the observer and computational irreducibility, and the exploration of the general idea of an observer. The chapter delves into the relationship between the observer and computational irreducibility, exploring the general idea of an observer and differentiating between observers like humans and potential alien observers with fundamentally different minds.']}], 'duration': 1406.073, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d8369.jpg', 'highlights': ['The integration of ChatGPT and Wolfram Alpha, emphasizing differences between large language models and computational system infrastructure', 'The goal of making the world computable and providing reliable answers based on accumulated expert knowledge', 'The concept of deep computation and the ability to build complex structures step by step, revealing potential to achieve intricate results beyond immediate human comprehension', 'The discussion of symbolic programming as a means to connect computational possibilities with human thinking, emphasizing the importance of creating precise representations from human language and the effectiveness of symbolic expressions in conceptualizing higher-level things', 'The universe undergoes 10 to the 100 steps every second, making it practically impossible for us to predict its behavior due to computational irreducibility', 'The story of science involves finding pockets of reducibility within the computational irreducibility, allowing local jumps ahead and higher levels of predictability', 'The interaction between computational irreducibility and our nature as observers leads to the main laws of physics discovered in the 20th century, as we are computationally bounded observers extracting symbolic essence from the detail of the world', 'The concept of multiple threads of experience in different minds and the limitation of human consciousness in perceiving reality', 'The significance of reducing complex information for observers and the concept of a general observer', 'The relationship between the observer and computational irreducibility, and the exploration of the general idea of an observer']}, {'end': 2154.515, 'segs': [{'end': 1846.227, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1817.27, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1820.092, 'text': "well, then you've got a different story about what you model.", 'start': 1817.27, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 1824.194, 'text': 'I mean this is one of the features of sort of modeling in science that you know.', 'start': 1820.252, 'duration': 3.942}, {'end': 1824.795, 'text': 'what is a model?', 'start': 1824.194, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 1832.859, 'text': "A model is some way of reducing the actuality of the world to something where you can readily sort of give a narrative for what's happening,", 'start': 1824.835, 'duration': 8.024}, {'end': 1839.583, 'text': "where you can basically make some kind of abstraction of what's happening and answer questions that you care about answering.", 'start': 1832.859, 'duration': 6.724}, {'end': 1844.326, 'text': "If you wanted to answer all possible questions about the system, you'd have to have the whole system,", 'start': 1839.884, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 1846.227, 'text': 'because you might care about this particular molecule.', 'start': 1844.326, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Modeling in science involves abstraction to answer specific questions.', 'duration': 28.957, 'max_score': 1817.27, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d81817270.jpg'}, {'end': 2114.907, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2087.027, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2096.235, 'text': 'where people post memes and diary type thoughts and very important sounding articles and all of that.', 'start': 2087.027, 'duration': 9.208}, {'end': 2098.796, 'text': 'that makes up the training data set for GPT.', 'start': 2096.235, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 2101.518, 'text': "And then there's Wolfram language.", 'start': 2099.857, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 2107.922, 'text': 'How can you map from the natural language of the internet to the Wolfram language?', 'start': 2102.459, 'duration': 5.463}, {'end': 2111.164, 'text': 'Is there a manual?', 'start': 2108.603, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 2113.706, 'text': 'is there an automated way of doing that?', 'start': 2111.164, 'duration': 2.542}, {'end': 2114.907, 'text': 'as we look into the future?', 'start': 2113.706, 'duration': 1.201}], 'summary': 'Training data set for gpt includes memes, diary thoughts, and articles. exploring mapping from internet language to wolfram language for future use.', 'duration': 27.88, 'max_score': 2087.027, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82087027.jpg'}, {'end': 2162.717, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2135.49, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2141.432, 'text': 'And that will turn into geodistance of entity, city, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.', 'start': 2135.49, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 2144.292, 'text': 'Each one of those things is very well defined.', 'start': 2141.872, 'duration': 2.42}, {'end': 2153.375, 'text': "We know, given that it's the entity, city, Chicago, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, Illinois, United States, we know the geolocation of that.", 'start': 2144.372, 'duration': 9.003}, {'end': 2154.515, 'text': 'We know its population.', 'start': 2153.455, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 2162.717, 'text': 'We know all kinds of things about it, which we have curated that data to be able to know that with some degree of certainty, so to speak.', 'start': 2154.575, 'duration': 8.142}], 'summary': 'Data on entity, city, chicago, illinois, includes geolocation and population, curated for certainty.', 'duration': 27.227, 'max_score': 2135.49, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82135490.jpg'}], 'start': 1407.062, 'title': 'Capturing complexity in natural systems', 'summary': 'Delves into the challenges of capturing the full complexity of natural systems, using the example of snowflake growth to highlight the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality. it also discusses the importance of modeling in science and the goal of developing a computational language to formalize and compute consequences from natural language, as exemplified by wolfram alpha and wolfram language.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1816.65, 'start': 1407.062, 'title': "Observer's thin summaries", 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of thin summaries and the challenge of capturing the full complexity of natural systems, using the example of snowflake growth, highlighting the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality.', 'duration': 409.588, 'highlights': ['The challenge of capturing the full complexity of natural systems is illustrated through the example of snowflake growth, where the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality is highlighted. Illustrates the challenge of capturing the full complexity of natural systems, using the example of snowflake growth. Highlights the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality.', 'The concept of thin summaries is discussed, emphasizing the extraction of aggregate features from detailed information, raising the question of the accuracy and representativeness of such summaries. Discusses the concept of thin summaries, emphasizing the extraction of aggregate features from detailed information. Raises the question of the accuracy and representativeness of such summaries.', 'The discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality is exemplified by the literature on snowflake growth, where the accurate growth rate was captured, but the intricate details and shape were misrepresented, illustrating the limitations of thin summaries. Exemplifies the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality using the literature on snowflake growth. Highlights the limitations of thin summaries through the misrepresentation of intricate details and shape.']}, {'end': 2154.515, 'start': 1817.27, 'title': 'Modeling in science and computational understanding', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of modeling in science, emphasizing the importance of capturing what is cared about, and the goal of developing a computational language to formalize and compute consequences from natural language. it also delves into the process of turning natural language into computational language using wolfram alpha and wolfram language.', 'duration': 337.245, 'highlights': ['The concept of modeling in science and the importance of capturing what is cared about The chapter explores the concept of modeling in science, highlighting the importance of capturing what is cared about in a model rather than capturing everything. It explains that no model, except for the actual system itself, captures everything and the ultimate goal is to capture what is cared about, especially for building technology.', 'The goal of developing a computational language to formalize and compute consequences from natural language It discusses the goal of developing a computational language, such as Wolfram language, to formalize and compute consequences from natural language, enabling the formalization of the world and the building of a tower of consequences. It emphasizes the importance of having a formalism for describing the world to build step by step to work something out.', 'The process of turning natural language into computational language using Wolfram Alpha The chapter explains the process of turning natural language into computational language using Wolfram Alpha, where a prompt is translated into computational language to retrieve specific information, such as the distance between two cities, and each component is well defined with known properties like geolocation and population.']}], 'duration': 747.453, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d81407062.jpg', 'highlights': ['The challenge of capturing the full complexity of natural systems is illustrated through the example of snowflake growth, where the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality is highlighted.', 'The concept of modeling in science and the importance of capturing what is cared about.', 'The goal of developing a computational language to formalize and compute consequences from natural language.']}, {'end': 3174.538, 'segs': [{'end': 2179.407, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2154.575, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2162.717, 'text': 'We know all kinds of things about it, which we have curated that data to be able to know that with some degree of certainty, so to speak.', 'start': 2154.575, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 2163.918, 'text': 'And then..', 'start': 2163.298, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 2166.659, 'text': 'then we can compute things from this.', 'start': 2165.018, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 2170.962, 'text': "And that's kind of the idea.", 'start': 2166.899, 'duration': 4.063}, {'end': 2175.124, 'text': 'But then something like GPT, large language models.', 'start': 2171.282, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 2179.407, 'text': 'do they allow you to make that conversion much more powerful?', 'start': 2175.124, 'duration': 4.283}], 'summary': 'Curated data enables precise computation for powerful conversion.', 'duration': 24.832, 'max_score': 2154.575, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82154575.jpg'}, {'end': 2252.519, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2226.627, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2233.216, 'text': 'Now, from the very beginning of Wolfram Alpha, I thought about, for example, writing code with natural language.', 'start': 2226.627, 'duration': 6.589}, {'end': 2236.341, 'text': 'In fact, I was just looking at this recently.', 'start': 2233.857, 'duration': 2.484}, {'end': 2242.549, 'text': 'I had a post that I wrote in 2010, 2011, called something like, Programming with Natural Language is Actually Going to Work.', 'start': 2236.361, 'duration': 6.188}, {'end': 2252.519, 'text': 'And so we had done a bunch of experiments using methods that were a little bit some of them a little bit machine learning like,', 'start': 2243.951, 'duration': 8.568}], 'summary': 'Wolfram alpha aimed to code with natural language, with experiments in machine learning.', 'duration': 25.892, 'max_score': 2226.627, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82226627.jpg'}, {'end': 2298.418, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2269.394, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2271.996, 'text': 'Because he never really liked programming languages.', 'start': 2269.394, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 2279.901, 'text': 'so he was very happy to see the idea that you could get rid of this kind of layer of engineering-like structure.', 'start': 2271.996, 'duration': 7.905}, {'end': 2281.583, 'text': 'He would have liked.', 'start': 2280.602, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 2282.703, 'text': "I think what's happening now,", 'start': 2281.583, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 2292.252, 'text': 'because it really is the case that this idea that you have to learn how the computer works to use a programming language is something that is,', 'start': 2282.703, 'duration': 9.549}, {'end': 2298.418, 'text': 'i think, a a thing that you know, just like you had to learn the details of the op codes to know how assembly language worked and so on.', 'start': 2292.252, 'duration': 6.166}], 'summary': 'The speaker is happy about the concept of eliminating the need to understand how a computer works to use a programming language.', 'duration': 29.024, 'max_score': 2269.394, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82269394.jpg'}, {'end': 3174.538, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3127.635, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3131.496, 'text': "you know some of what what is in language that there's.", 'start': 3127.635, 'duration': 3.861}, {'end': 3132.196, 'text': "there's a.", 'start': 3131.496, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 3138.859, 'text': "there's a lot of kind of little calculate little algebras of of what you can say what language talks about.", 'start': 3132.196, 'duration': 6.663}, {'end': 3149.622, 'text': "I mean, whether it's, I don't know if you say, uh, I go from place A to place B, place B to place C, then I know I've gone from place A to place C.", 'start': 3138.899, 'duration': 10.723}, {'end': 3155.726, 'text': "If A is a friend of B and B is a friend of C, it doesn't necessarily follow that A is a friend of C.", 'start': 3149.622, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 3164.091, 'text': "If you go from place A to place B, place B to place C, it doesn't matter how you went.", 'start': 3155.726, 'duration': 8.365}, {'end': 3169.735, 'text': "Like logic, it doesn't matter whether you flew there, walked there, swam there, whatever.", 'start': 3164.691, 'duration': 5.044}, {'end': 3174.538, 'text': 'This transitivity of where you go is still valid.', 'start': 3170.475, 'duration': 4.063}], 'summary': 'Language and logic illustrate transitivity and algebraic elements in communication.', 'duration': 46.903, 'max_score': 3127.635, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83127635.jpg'}], 'start': 2154.575, 'title': "Wolfram alpha's success and the future of computational language", 'summary': "Delves into wolfram alpha's 98-99% success rate in converting natural language to computational language over 13.5 years and the potential of large language models. it also examines the need for human understanding of computational thinking and the potential of large language models in generating and debugging wolfram language code, along with ai's analysis of language and its structure revealed through examples of notebooks and chatgpt.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2268.113, 'start': 2154.575, 'title': "Wolfram alpha's success with computational language", 'summary': 'Discusses the success of wolfram alpha in converting natural language queries into computational language, achieving a 98-99% success rate over 13.5 years, and the potential for large language models to enhance this conversion.', 'duration': 113.538, 'highlights': ['Wolfram Alpha has achieved a 98-99% success rate in converting natural language queries into computational language over the past 13.5 years, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling math and chemistry calculations and other queries.', 'The chapter explores the potential of large language models, like GPT, in enhancing the conversion of natural language to computational language, indicating the possibility of a more powerful conversion process.', 'The author had envisioned the concept of writing code with natural language since the early days of Wolfram Alpha, demonstrating a forward-thinking approach towards natural language processing and computational language.', 'The author had conducted experiments on writing code with natural language prior to the emergence of large language models, showcasing early efforts in exploring methods, including some related to machine learning, for this purpose.']}, {'end': 2723.76, 'start': 2269.394, 'title': 'The future of computational language', 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of natural language to computational language, emphasizing the need for a human understanding of computational thinking and the potential of large language models in generating and debugging wolfram language code.', 'duration': 454.366, 'highlights': ['The need for human understanding of computational thinking is emphasized for education, beyond computer science and programming details, as a formal way of thinking about the world. Emphasizes the importance of computational thinking for education, beyond computer science and programming.', 'The potential of large language models in generating Wolfram language code is discussed, with examples indicating the ability to synthesize code from natural language input. Discusses the potential of large language models in generating Wolfram language code, with examples showcasing synthesis from natural language input.', "The process of debugging Wolfram language code using the output of the code, with the large language model providing adjustments and refinements, is highlighted. Highlights the process of debugging Wolfram language code using the code's output, with the large language model providing adjustments and refinements."]}, {'end': 3174.538, 'start': 2724.1, 'title': "Ai's interpretation of language", 'summary': "Discusses the integration of notebooks and chat, ai's superior ability to analyze errors, and the revelation of language's structure through the examples of notebooks and chatgpt.", 'duration': 450.438, 'highlights': ["AI's ability to analyze errors in code and provide explanations based on sensory data surpasses human capabilities. The AI in notebooks can analyze error messages and stack traces to guess what's wrong, demonstrating its ability to interpret and understand data beyond human capabilities.", "The Wolfram language's coherence and consistency unintentionally make it easy for AIs to understand, presenting it as a 'foreign language' to AI. The Wolfram language's design for human understanding inadvertently makes it easy for AIs to comprehend, likening it to a foreign language for AI.", "ChatGPT showcases a deeper regularity in language beyond grammatical structure, similar to the discovery of logic's structure in natural language. ChatGPT reveals an additional regularity in language related to its meaning, analogous to the discovery of logic's structure beyond grammatical rules."]}], 'duration': 1019.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d82154575.jpg', 'highlights': ['Wolfram Alpha achieves 98-99% success rate in converting natural language to computational language over 13.5 years, handling math and chemistry calculations.', 'Large language models like GPT enhance natural language to computational language conversion, indicating a more powerful process.', "Author's early vision of writing code with natural language demonstrates forward-thinking approach to natural language processing and computational language.", 'Experiments on writing code with natural language prior to large language models showcase early efforts in exploring methods for this purpose.', 'Emphasizes the need for human understanding of computational thinking beyond computer science and programming details as a formal way of thinking about the world.', "Large language models' potential in generating Wolfram language code is discussed, with examples showcasing synthesis from natural language input.", "Highlights the process of debugging Wolfram language code using the code's output, with the large language model providing adjustments and refinements.", 'AI in notebooks can analyze error messages and stack traces to interpret and understand data beyond human capabilities.', "Wolfram language's design for human understanding inadvertently makes it easy for AIs to comprehend, likening it to a foreign language for AI.", "ChatGPT reveals an additional regularity in language related to its meaning, analogous to the discovery of logic's structure beyond grammatical rules."]}, {'end': 4635.085, 'segs': [{'end': 3200.589, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3174.999, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3179.942, 'text': 'And there are many kinds of features, I think, of the way the world works.', 'start': 3174.999, 'duration': 4.943}, {'end': 3184.824, 'text': 'that are captured in these aspects of language, so to speak.', 'start': 3180.883, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 3189.746, 'text': 'And I think what ChatGPT effectively has found, just like it discovered logic you know,', 'start': 3184.884, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 3194.067, 'text': 'people are really surprised it can do these logical inferences it discovered logic.', 'start': 3189.746, 'duration': 4.321}, {'end': 3200.589, 'text': 'the same way, Aristotle discovered logic by looking at a lot of sentences effectively and noticing the patterns in those sentences.', 'start': 3194.067, 'duration': 6.522}], 'summary': 'Chatgpt has effectively discovered logic and can do logical inferences, similar to how aristotle discovered logic by analyzing sentences.', 'duration': 25.59, 'max_score': 3174.999, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83174999.jpg'}, {'end': 3245.827, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3216.012, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3220.537, 'text': 'Yes, that was the title that George Boole had for his Boolean algebra back in 1830.', 'start': 3216.012, 'duration': 4.525}, {'end': 3223.48, 'text': 'Laws of thought? Yes, that was what he said.', 'start': 3220.537, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 3226.014, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 3225.113, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 3228.195, 'text': 'So he thought he nailed it with Boolean algebra.', 'start': 3226.054, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 3229.876, 'text': "Yeah There's more to it.", 'start': 3228.836, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 3231.337, 'text': "It's a good question.", 'start': 3230.337, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 3233.919, 'text': 'How much more is there to it?', 'start': 3231.417, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 3245.827, 'text': "And it seems like one of the reasons, as you imply, that the reason GPT works chat GPT works is that there's a finite number of things to it.", 'start': 3234.019, 'duration': 11.808}], 'summary': 'George boole named his boolean algebra laws of thought in 1830.', 'duration': 29.815, 'max_score': 3216.012, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83216012.jpg'}, {'end': 3385.92, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3352.488, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3353.788, 'text': 'It contains all kinds of silicon.', 'start': 3352.488, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 3354.709, 'text': "I don't care.", 'start': 3354.168, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 3361.371, 'text': 'Then you realize, oh, we could actually turn this into a semiconductor wafer and make a microprocessor out of it.', 'start': 3355.349, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 3362.952, 'text': 'And then we care a lot about it.', 'start': 3361.791, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 3365.693, 'text': "And it's this thing about.", 'start': 3363.972, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 3369.875, 'text': 'what do we in the evolution of our civilization?', 'start': 3365.693, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 3372.576, 'text': 'what things do we identify as being things we care about?', 'start': 3369.875, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 3380.559, 'text': "I mean it's like when there was a little announcement recently of the possibility of a high-temperature superconductor that involved the element lutetium.", 'start': 3372.616, 'duration': 7.943}, {'end': 3385.92, 'text': 'which generally nobody has cared about.', 'start': 3381.179, 'duration': 4.741}], 'summary': 'Silicon used for microprocessors, high-temperature superconductor with lutetium announced recently.', 'duration': 33.432, 'max_score': 3352.488, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83352488.jpg'}, {'end': 3585.234, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3559.914, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3565.817, 'text': "Motion is you can go from place A to place B and it's still you when you get to the other end.", 'start': 3559.914, 'duration': 5.903}, {'end': 3571.622, 'text': "You take an object, you move it, and it's still the same object but it's in a different place.", 'start': 3566.818, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 3575.766, 'text': "Now, even in ordinary physics, that doesn't always work that way.", 'start': 3572.323, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 3578.608, 'text': "If you're near a space-time singularity in a black hole,", 'start': 3576.186, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 3585.234, 'text': "for example and you take your teapot or something you don't have much of a teapot by the time it's near the space-time singularity.", 'start': 3578.608, 'duration': 6.626}], 'summary': 'Motion preserves identity, but near a black hole, objects can change drastically.', 'duration': 25.32, 'max_score': 3559.914, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83559914.jpg'}, {'end': 3666.584, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3636.814, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3644.418, 'text': "And I think that it's a question of what does the word mean? When you say, I move from here to there, well, it's complicated to say what that means.", 'start': 3636.814, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 3648.26, 'text': 'This is this whole issue of, you know, is pure motion possible, etc., etc., etc.', 'start': 3644.498, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 3654.925, 'text': 'But once you have kind of got an idea of what that means, then there are inevitable consequences of that idea.', 'start': 3648.621, 'duration': 6.304}, {'end': 3666.584, 'text': "Yeah But the very idea of meaning, it seems like there's some words that become, it's like there's a latent ambiguity to them.", 'start': 3654.945, 'duration': 11.639}], 'summary': "Discussion on the ambiguity and consequences of the concept of 'meaning'", 'duration': 29.77, 'max_score': 3636.814, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83636814.jpg'}, {'end': 3850.022, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3827.286, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 3835.552, 'text': 'the first target for computational language is to take sort of the ordinary meaning of things and try and make it precise.', 'start': 3827.286, 'duration': 8.266}, {'end': 3839.454, 'text': 'Make it sufficiently precise you can build these towers of computation on top of it.', 'start': 3836.052, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 3845.999, 'text': "So it's kind of like if you start with a piece of poetry and you say, I'm going to define my program with this piece of poetry.", 'start': 3839.795, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 3850.022, 'text': "It's kind of like, that's a difficult thing.", 'start': 3846.959, 'duration': 3.063}], 'summary': 'Computational language aims to make ordinary meaning precise for building computation towers.', 'duration': 22.736, 'max_score': 3827.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83827286.jpg'}, {'end': 4432.871, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4273.153, 'weight': 0.934, 'content': [{'end': 4278.999, 'text': "You have the world that's doing all these complicated things and then you discover Newton's laws, for example.", 'start': 4273.153, 'duration': 5.846}, {'end': 4280.14, 'text': 'This is how motion works.', 'start': 4279.039, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 4287.727, 'text': 'This is the way that this particular sort of idealization of the world, this is how we describe it in a simple computationally reducible way.', 'start': 4280.22, 'duration': 7.507}, {'end': 4289.769, 'text': "And I think it's the same thing here.", 'start': 4288.388, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 4298.232, 'text': "It's there are sort of computationally reducible aspects of what's happening that you can get a kind of narrative theory for,", 'start': 4290.229, 'duration': 8.003}, {'end': 4300.593, 'text': "just as we've got narrative theories in physics and so on.", 'start': 4298.232, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 4313.839, 'text': 'Do you think it will be depressing or exciting when all the laws of thought are made explicit, human thought made explicit??', 'start': 4304.835, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 4321.305, 'text': "I think that once you understand computational irreducibility, it's neither of those things.", 'start': 4314.699, 'duration': 6.606}, {'end': 4328.31, 'text': 'Because the fact is people say, for example, people will say, oh, but I have free will.', 'start': 4321.385, 'duration': 6.925}, {'end': 4331.213, 'text': 'I operate in a way.', 'start': 4328.831, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 4342.162, 'text': "that is, they have the idea that they're doing something that is sort of internal to them, that they're figuring out what's happening.", 'start': 4331.213, 'duration': 10.949}, {'end': 4352.792, 'text': 'But in fact, We think there are laws of physics that ultimately determine every electrical impulse in a nerve and things like this.', 'start': 4342.542, 'duration': 10.25}, {'end': 4361.46, 'text': "So you might say, isn't it depressing that we are ultimately just determined by the rules of physics, so to speak? It's the same thing.", 'start': 4353.432, 'duration': 8.028}, {'end': 4362.361, 'text': "It's at a higher level.", 'start': 4361.5, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 4376.235, 'text': "It's a shorter distance to get from semantic grammar to the way that we might construct a piece of text than it is to get from individual nerve firings to how we construct a piece of text.", 'start': 4363.022, 'duration': 13.213}, {'end': 4377.917, 'text': "But it's not fundamentally different.", 'start': 4376.595, 'duration': 1.322}, {'end': 4385.781, 'text': 'By the way, as soon as we have this other level of description, it helps us to go even further.', 'start': 4378.677, 'duration': 7.104}, {'end': 4391.485, 'text': "We'll end up being able to produce more and more complicated kinds of things.", 'start': 4385.982, 'duration': 5.503}, {'end': 4397.288, 'text': "If we didn't have a computer and we knew certain rules, we could write them down and go a certain distance.", 'start': 4391.625, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 4401.671, 'text': 'But once we have a computer, we can go vastly further, and this is the same kind of thing.', 'start': 4397.889, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 4406.463, 'text': 'You wrote a blog post titled what is ChatGPT doing and why does it work?', 'start': 4402.318, 'duration': 4.145}, {'end': 4410.528, 'text': "We've been talking about this, but can we just step back and linger on this question?", 'start': 4406.744, 'duration': 3.784}, {'end': 4412.17, 'text': "What's ChatGPT doing??", 'start': 4410.949, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 4412.891, 'text': 'What are these?', 'start': 4412.331, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 4421.665, 'text': 'a bunch of billion parameters trained on a large number of words.', 'start': 4416.502, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 4425.367, 'text': 'Why does it seem to work again?', 'start': 4423.386, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 4432.871, 'text': "Is it because, to the point you made, that there's laws of language that can be discovered by such a process??", 'start': 4425.827, 'duration': 7.044}], 'summary': 'Exploring computational reducibility and its implications on human thought and language.', 'duration': 159.718, 'max_score': 4273.153, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84273153.jpg'}, {'end': 4352.792, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4331.213, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4342.162, 'text': "that is, they have the idea that they're doing something that is sort of internal to them, that they're figuring out what's happening.", 'start': 4331.213, 'duration': 10.949}, {'end': 4352.792, 'text': 'But in fact, We think there are laws of physics that ultimately determine every electrical impulse in a nerve and things like this.', 'start': 4342.542, 'duration': 10.25}], 'summary': 'Laws of physics determine electrical impulses in nerves.', 'duration': 21.579, 'max_score': 4331.213, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84331213.jpg'}, {'end': 4546.844, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4513.364, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4515.245, 'text': "But it's worth understanding kind of how that's working.", 'start': 4513.364, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 4521.289, 'text': "I mean it's kind of like if it was going to say you know, the cat sat on thee.", 'start': 4515.305, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 4522.109, 'text': "what's the next word??", 'start': 4521.289, 'duration': 0.82}, {'end': 4524.39, 'text': 'Okay, so how does it figure out the next word??', 'start': 4522.629, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 4526.832, 'text': "Well, it's seen a trillion words written on the internet.", 'start': 4524.731, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 4534.496, 'text': "And it's seen the cat sat on the floor, the cat sat on the sofa, the cat sat on the whatever.", 'start': 4527.432, 'duration': 7.064}, {'end': 4539.82, 'text': "So it's minimal thing to do is just say, let's look at what we saw on the Internet.", 'start': 4535.117, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 4546.844, 'text': 'We saw, you know, 10,000 examples of the cat sat on the what was the most probable next word.', 'start': 4539.84, 'duration': 7.004}], 'summary': 'Ai uses a trillion words from the internet to predict the next word by analyzing examples.', 'duration': 33.48, 'max_score': 4513.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84513364.jpg'}], 'start': 3174.999, 'title': 'Language laws and ai communication', 'summary': 'Explores the discovery of laws of semantic grammar in language models like chatgpt, their ability to communicate human-like topics, rules beyond syntax, and the functioning of chatgpt in generating coherent text based on probabilities.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3392.342, 'start': 3174.999, 'title': 'Discovering the laws of language', 'summary': 'Discusses how language models like chatgpt are akin to discovering the laws of semantic grammar, which underlie language, and how ai systems are primarily valued for their ability to communicate in a human-like way about human-like topics.', 'duration': 217.343, 'highlights': ['ChatGPT is discovering the laws of semantic grammar that underlie language. ChatGPT effectively discovers logic and the laws of semantic grammar, akin to Aristotle discovering logic by looking at sentences and noticing patterns.', 'AI systems are primarily valued for their ability to communicate in a human-like way about human-like topics. AIs are only of interest when they communicate in a human-like way about human-like topics, and the reinforcement learning with human feedback drives the interest in AI systems.', 'Technology captures only a limited set of processes in physics for human purposes. Only a limited set of processes in physics are captured for technology because they are identified as things humans care about for their current purposes, similar to the limited set of computations that humans have cared about.']}, {'end': 3727.657, 'start': 3392.802, 'title': 'Semantic grammar and meaning', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential existence of rules determining sentence meaningfulness beyond syntax, the finite set of those rules, and the inevitable consequences of semantic ideas, shedding light on the complexity of concepts like motion and the ambiguity of emotionally loaded words like hate and love.', 'duration': 334.855, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the potential existence of rules determining sentence meaningfulness beyond syntax and the finite set of those rules. The speaker mentions that there are rules determining when a sentence has the potential to be meaningful, beyond pure parts of speech syntax, and speculates about the existence of a fairly finite set of those rules.', 'The chapter sheds light on the complexity of concepts like motion and the ambiguity of emotionally loaded words like hate and love. The speaker delves into the complexity of concepts like motion, highlighting its complications and inevitable consequences, and discusses the ambiguity of emotionally loaded words like hate and love, emphasizing the descriptive shortcuts used in relationships between complicated objects.']}, {'end': 4401.671, 'start': 3728.137, 'title': 'Computational language: making meaning precise', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of computational language, emphasizing the need to make the ordinary meaning of words precise for computation, the abstract nature of natural language communication, and the potential for explicitly understanding the laws of thought and language through computational science.', 'duration': 673.534, 'highlights': ['The need to make the ordinary meaning of words precise for computation Computational language requires making the ordinary meaning of words precise for computation to build a solid computational tower.', 'The abstract nature of natural language communication Natural language allows abstract communication across generations, relying on the abstracted version of knowledge that can be passed down.', 'The potential for explicitly understanding the laws of thought and language through computational science There is a potential to explicitly understand the laws of thought and language through computational science, similar to how narrative theories have been developed in physics.']}, {'end': 4635.085, 'start': 4402.318, 'title': "Understanding chatgpt's functionality", 'summary': 'Discusses the functioning of chatgpt, highlighting its training process, ability to generate coherent text, and the necessity of using models for accurate predictions based on probabilities.', 'duration': 232.767, 'highlights': ["ChatGPT's training involves a large number of words and a billion parameters, contributing to its ability to generate coherent text. The model is trained on a large number of words and a substantial number of parameters, enabling it to produce syntactically and semantically correct text.", 'The model uses simple rules to predict the next word based on the most probable outcome from examples seen on the internet. ChatGPT leverages simple rules and the most probable next word from examples seen on the internet to predict the following word in a sentence.', 'The necessity of using models for accurate predictions when specific prompts have not occurred frequently on the internet is emphasized. When specific prompts have not frequently occurred on the internet, the use of models becomes essential for accurate predictions, as relying solely on examples becomes inadequate.']}], 'duration': 1460.086, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d83174999.jpg', 'highlights': ['ChatGPT effectively discovers logic and the laws of semantic grammar, akin to Aristotle discovering logic by looking at sentences and noticing patterns.', 'AI systems are primarily valued for their ability to communicate in a human-like way about human-like topics.', 'The chapter discusses the potential existence of rules determining sentence meaningfulness beyond syntax and the finite set of those rules.', 'The chapter sheds light on the complexity of concepts like motion and the ambiguity of emotionally loaded words like hate and love.', 'Computational language requires making the ordinary meaning of words precise for computation to build a solid computational tower.', 'Natural language allows abstract communication across generations, relying on the abstracted version of knowledge that can be passed down.', 'The model is trained on a large number of words and a substantial number of parameters, enabling it to produce syntactically and semantically correct text.', 'ChatGPT leverages simple rules and the most probable next word from examples seen on the internet to predict the following word in a sentence.', 'When specific prompts have not frequently occurred on the internet, the use of models becomes essential for accurate predictions, as relying solely on examples becomes inadequate.']}, {'end': 7106.235, 'segs': [{'end': 4661.659, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4635.085, 'weight': 16, 'content': [{'end': 4643.889, 'text': 'then the question is can you work out, can you make a model which figures out how long would it take the ball to fall to the ground from the floor?', 'start': 4635.085, 'duration': 8.804}, {'end': 4645.069, 'text': "you didn't explicitly measure?", 'start': 4643.889, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 4655.214, 'text': 'And the thing Galileo realized is that you can use mathematical formulas to make a model for how long it will take the ball to fall.', 'start': 4645.81, 'duration': 9.404}, {'end': 4661.659, 'text': 'So now the question is well, okay, you want to make a model for, for example, something much more elaborate.', 'start': 4655.794, 'duration': 5.865}], 'summary': 'Galileo used mathematical formulas to model the time it takes for a ball to fall to the ground.', 'duration': 26.574, 'max_score': 4635.085, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84635085.jpg'}, {'end': 4914.056, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4885.769, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 4889.453, 'text': "And it's saying, I'm going to look at the neurons above me.", 'start': 4885.769, 'duration': 3.684}, {'end': 4891.155, 'text': "It's kind of a series of layers.", 'start': 4889.513, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 4895.839, 'text': "It's going to look at the neurons above me and it's going to say what are the values of all those neurons?", 'start': 4891.535, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 4898.962, 'text': "Then it's going to add those up and multiply them by these weights.", 'start': 4896.22, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 4903.707, 'text': "And then it's going to apply some function that says if it's bigger than zero or something,", 'start': 4899.623, 'duration': 4.084}, {'end': 4908.051, 'text': 'then make it one and otherwise make it zero or some slightly more complicated function.', 'start': 4903.707, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 4910.073, 'text': 'You know very well how this works.', 'start': 4908.792, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 4914.056, 'text': "It's a giant equation with a lot of variables.", 'start': 4910.573, 'duration': 3.483}], 'summary': 'Neural network processes neuron values and applies weights to make binary decisions.', 'duration': 28.287, 'max_score': 4885.769, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84885769.jpg'}, {'end': 4950.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4927.165, 'weight': 17, 'content': [{'end': 4936.291, 'text': "And it's quite surprising that, in some sense, a simple procedure of training such an equation can lead to..", 'start': 4927.165, 'duration': 9.126}, {'end': 4939.614, 'text': 'a good representation of natural language.', 'start': 4937.492, 'duration': 2.122}, {'end': 4948.259, 'text': "Right The real issue is, you know, this architecture of a neural net where what's happening is, you know, you've turned..", 'start': 4940.034, 'duration': 8.225}, {'end': 4950.261, 'text': 'So neural nets always just deal with numbers.', 'start': 4948.259, 'duration': 2.002}], 'summary': 'Training a neural net can lead to good representation of natural language.', 'duration': 23.096, 'max_score': 4927.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84927165.jpg'}, {'end': 5058.185, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5024.566, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5027.328, 'text': 'The thing goes bonkers at a particular, you know,', 'start': 5024.566, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 5040.336, 'text': "sometimes at a particular temperature maybe about 1.2 is the thing I was noticing from yesterday actually that usually it's giving reasonable answers and then at that temperature,", 'start': 5027.328, 'duration': 13.008}, {'end': 5043.498, 'text': 'with some probability it just starts spouting nonsense.', 'start': 5040.336, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 5047.78, 'text': 'And nobody knows why this happens.', 'start': 5044.998, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 5058.185, 'text': "By the way, the thing to understand is it's putting down one word at a time But the outer loop of the fact that it says, okay, I put down a word.", 'start': 5049.921, 'duration': 8.264}], 'summary': 'At a temperature of 1.2, the system starts spouting nonsense with some probability, despite usually giving reasonable answers.', 'duration': 33.619, 'max_score': 5024.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85024566.jpg'}, {'end': 5112.349, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5068.668, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 5073.189, 'text': "And for example, one of the things that is kind of funky is it'll give an answer.", 'start': 5068.668, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 5077.15, 'text': "And you say to it, is that answer correct? And it'll say, no.", 'start': 5073.889, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 5080.751, 'text': "And why is that happening? It's fascinating, right? Right.", 'start': 5078.69, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 5081.551, 'text': 'Why can it do that??', 'start': 5080.811, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 5091.495, 'text': 'Well, the answer is because it is going one word at a time, sort of forwards, and it came along with some sort of chain of thought in a sense,', 'start': 5081.591, 'duration': 9.904}, {'end': 5093.736, 'text': 'and it came up with completely the wrong answer.', 'start': 5091.495, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 5100.92, 'text': "But as soon as you feed it, the whole thing that it came up with, it immediately knows that that isn't right.", 'start': 5094.336, 'duration': 6.584}, {'end': 5109.927, 'text': 'It immediately can recognize that was a bad syllogism or something, and can see what happened, even though, as it was being led down this garden path,', 'start': 5101.16, 'duration': 8.767}, {'end': 5112.349, 'text': 'so to speak, it came to the wrong place.', 'start': 5109.927, 'duration': 2.422}], 'summary': 'Ai can produce incorrect answers but can recognize and correct them immediately.', 'duration': 43.681, 'max_score': 5068.668, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85068668.jpg'}, {'end': 5161.846, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5132.787, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 5142.594, 'text': "For example, 175 billion weights, it's maybe about a trillion bytes of information, which is very comparable to the training set that was used.", 'start': 5132.787, 'duration': 9.807}, {'end': 5153.721, 'text': "It sort of stands to some kind of reason that the number of weights in the neural net, I can't really argue that.", 'start': 5145.536, 'duration': 8.185}, {'end': 5161.846, 'text': "In a sense, insofar as there are definite rules of what's going on,", 'start': 5154.121, 'duration': 7.725}], 'summary': 'Neural net has 175 billion weights, comparable to a trillion bytes of info.', 'duration': 29.059, 'max_score': 5132.787, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85132787.jpg'}, {'end': 5400.144, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5376.286, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5386.293, 'text': "In a sense that doesn't really make sense, because except insofar as that piece of natural language plugs into what we socially know, so to speak,", 'start': 5376.286, 'duration': 10.007}, {'end': 5391.637, 'text': "plugs into our corpus of knowledge, then that's a way we're capturing a piece of that corpus of knowledge,", 'start': 5386.293, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 5394.46, 'text': 'but hopefully we will have done that in computational language.', 'start': 5391.637, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 5400.144, 'text': "How do you make it do something that's big? Well, you have to have a way to describe what you want.", 'start': 5394.94, 'duration': 5.204}], 'summary': 'Capturing social knowledge in computational language is crucial for achieving big goals.', 'duration': 23.858, 'max_score': 5376.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85376286.jpg'}, {'end': 5636.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5611.065, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5615.808, 'text': 'Yeah But turns out sort of, there are sort of meta methods for learning these things in the end.', 'start': 5611.065, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 5629.071, 'text': 'And I think this idea that it becomes easier to be fed knowledge, so to speak, and it becomes, if you need to know this particular thing,', 'start': 5616.888, 'duration': 12.183}, {'end': 5636.752, 'text': 'you can get taught it in an efficient way is something I think is sort of an interesting feature.', 'start': 5629.071, 'duration': 7.681}], 'summary': 'Efficient meta methods make learning easier and more accessible.', 'duration': 25.687, 'max_score': 5611.065, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85611065.jpg'}, {'end': 5762.163, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5738.742, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 5745.928, 'text': 'I think that the thing that is ultimately when we think about okay, what do the AIs do versus what do the humans do?', 'start': 5738.742, 'duration': 7.186}, {'end': 5747.87, 'text': "It's like AIs.", 'start': 5746.529, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 5751.113, 'text': 'you tell them, you say go achieve this particular objective.', 'start': 5747.87, 'duration': 3.243}, {'end': 5754.395, 'text': 'Okay, they can maybe figure out a way to achieve that objective.', 'start': 5751.813, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 5760.301, 'text': 'We say, what objective would you like to achieve? The AI has no intrinsic idea of that.', 'start': 5754.736, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 5762.163, 'text': "It's not a defined thing.", 'start': 5760.801, 'duration': 1.362}], 'summary': 'Ais can achieve specific objectives, while humans define the objectives.', 'duration': 23.421, 'max_score': 5738.742, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d85738742.jpg'}, {'end': 6051.007, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6018.569, 'weight': 15, 'content': [{'end': 6023.452, 'text': 'And in a sense, this is a version of that kind of statement.', 'start': 6018.569, 'duration': 4.883}, {'end': 6034.62, 'text': "It's like, take the 2023 version of how the world has exposed itself and use that to define what the world should do in the future.", 'start': 6023.512, 'duration': 11.108}, {'end': 6037.022, 'text': "But it's an imprecise definition, right?", 'start': 6034.66, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 6050.046, 'text': 'Because, just like with religious texts and with GPT, the human interpretation of what GPT says will be the perturbation in the system.', 'start': 6037.042, 'duration': 13.004}, {'end': 6051.007, 'text': "It'll be the noise.", 'start': 6050.106, 'duration': 0.901}], 'summary': 'Using 2023 world exposure to shape future decisions, but human interpretation adds noise.', 'duration': 32.438, 'max_score': 6018.569, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86018569.jpg'}, {'end': 6239.327, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6207.873, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6213.759, 'text': "Yeah, But the thing where humans are potentially in the loop is when there's a choice,", 'start': 6207.873, 'duration': 5.886}, {'end': 6227.894, 'text': "and when there's a choice which we could make based on our kind of whole web of history and so on, and that's insofar as it's all just determined.", 'start': 6213.759, 'duration': 14.135}, {'end': 6228.955, 'text': "the humans don't have a place.", 'start': 6227.894, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 6239.327, 'text': "And by the way, at some level, it's all kind of a complicated philosophical issue because at some level, the universe is just doing what it does.", 'start': 6229.916, 'duration': 9.411}], 'summary': "Humans' role in decision-making is limited by the deterministic nature of the universe.", 'duration': 31.454, 'max_score': 6207.873, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86207873.jpg'}, {'end': 6480.49, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6452.679, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6460.842, 'text': "you know, I don't know we're grabbing onto the mane of the horse or something to be able to ride it or we figure out you know,", 'start': 6452.679, 'duration': 8.163}, {'end': 6468.606, 'text': "if we do this or that to ride the horse that that's a successful way to get it to do what we're interested in doing.", 'start': 6460.842, 'duration': 7.764}, {'end': 6480.49, 'text': 'There does seem to be a difference between a horse and a large language model or something that could be called AGI connected to the internet.', 'start': 6468.966, 'duration': 11.524}], 'summary': 'Comparing the challenge of controlling a large language model to riding a horse.', 'duration': 27.811, 'max_score': 6452.679, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86452679.jpg'}, {'end': 6682.713, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6661.6, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6672.947, 'text': "I have tended to think now that there's this sort of specialization of computation that is sort of a consciousness-like thing that has to do with these computational boundedness,", 'start': 6661.6, 'duration': 11.347}, {'end': 6674.247, 'text': 'single thread of experience,', 'start': 6672.947, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 6682.713, 'text': 'these kinds of things that are the specialization of computation that corresponds to a somewhat human-like experience of the world.', 'start': 6674.247, 'duration': 8.466}], 'summary': 'Specialization of computation corresponds to human-like experience.', 'duration': 21.113, 'max_score': 6661.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86661600.jpg'}, {'end': 6846.151, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6822.697, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6830.923, 'text': "We'll have artificial noses that work pretty well and we might have our augmented reality system show us kind of the same map that the dog could see,", 'start': 6822.697, 'duration': 8.226}, {'end': 6834.125, 'text': "and things like this, similar to what happens in the dog's brain.", 'start': 6830.923, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 6846.151, 'text': 'And eventually we will have kind of expanded in rural space to the point where we will have those same sensory experiences that dogs have and we will have internalized what it means to have.', 'start': 6834.665, 'duration': 11.486}], 'summary': "Future advancements will bring artificial noses, augmented reality, and sensory experiences similar to dogs' to humans in rural areas.", 'duration': 23.454, 'max_score': 6822.697, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86822697.jpg'}, {'end': 7020.186, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6989.114, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6991.396, 'text': "And if we tried to play a cat, we'd always lose.", 'start': 6989.114, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 6992.517, 'text': "I don't know.", 'start': 6992.057, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 6996.48, 'text': 'It might have to do with speed, but it might have to do with concepts also.', 'start': 6993.017, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 6998.942, 'text': "There might be concepts in the cat's head.", 'start': 6996.5, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 7009.284, 'text': 'I tend to think that our species, from its invention of language, has managed to build up this kind of tower of abstraction that,', 'start': 7000.182, 'duration': 9.102}, {'end': 7013.004, 'text': 'for things like a chess-like game, will make us win.', 'start': 7009.284, 'duration': 3.72}, {'end': 7020.186, 'text': "In other words, we've become through the fact that we've kind of experienced language and learnt abstraction,", 'start': 7013.044, 'duration': 7.142}], 'summary': "Humans' language and abstraction give advantage in games like chess.", 'duration': 31.072, 'max_score': 6989.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d86989114.jpg'}], 'start': 4635.085, 'title': 'Ai, neural nets, and society', 'summary': 'Discusses neural nets, chatgpt, large language models, ai tutoring systems, and the impact of ai on human society, including individualized teaching, generalist knowledge, and existential risks, emphasizing the convergence of ai, computation, and human thinking.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5112.349, 'start': 4635.085, 'title': 'Understanding neural nets and chatgpt', 'summary': "Discusses the ability of mathematical models to capture human distinctions, the neural net model's correspondence to human thinking, and the structure and operation of chatgpt, which uses a giant equation with 175 billion terms and 400 layers to compute probabilities for the next word, with a temperature parameter affecting randomness.", 'duration': 477.264, 'highlights': ['ChatGPT uses a giant equation with 175 billion terms and 400 layers to compute probabilities for the next word. The complexity of the equation used by ChatGPT to compute probabilities for the next word, with 175 billion terms and 400 layers, demonstrates the scale of computation involved in natural language processing.', "Neural nets correspond to human thinking and make distinctions similar to humans, even in cases of generalization. The neural net model's ability to make distinctions and generalize in a way that aligns with human thinking, even in cases of generalization, highlights its correspondence to human cognitive processes.", 'The structure and operation of ChatGPT involves mapping words to numbers, rippling through layers to compute probabilities for the next word, and a temperature parameter affecting randomness. Understanding the structural and operational aspects of ChatGPT, such as mapping words to numbers, rippling through layers to compute probabilities, and the impact of a temperature parameter on randomness, provides insight into its functioning in natural language generation.']}, {'end': 5494.906, 'start': 5113.09, 'title': 'Large language models and neural nets', 'summary': 'Explores the convergence of large language models and neural nets, discussing the limitations of large language models and their potential to automate complex tasks, with a focus on the computational language and deep computation.', 'duration': 381.816, 'highlights': ['Large language models have 175 billion weights, comparable to a trillion bytes of information, which is very similar to the training set used. The discussion highlights the significant scale of large language models, emphasizing the massive amount of information and computational power involved.', 'Large language models may reveal symbolic rules that reduce the reliance on neural nets, leading to a simpler way of capturing language structure. The potential for large language models to uncover symbolic rules that could streamline language representation and reduce dependence on neural nets is highlighted, offering a more efficient approach to capturing language structure.', "The limitations of large language models lie in their focus on off-the-top-of-the-head tasks, lacking the efficiency of deep computation performed by humans. The discussion underscores the limitations of large language models in performing deep computation, contrasting their proficiency in tasks that can be done quickly off the top of one's head with the efficiency of human deep computation."]}, {'end': 5737.882, 'start': 5495.867, 'title': 'Ai tutoring system implications', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of ai tutoring systems to provide individualized teaching, leading to a trend towards generalist knowledge and the devaluation of specialized knowledge, ultimately impacting the education system and human learning.', 'duration': 242.015, 'highlights': ['The potential of AI tutoring systems to provide individualized teaching and impact the education system. AI tutoring systems can offer individualized teaching, potentially leading to a trend towards generalist knowledge and impacting the education system.', 'The devaluation of specialized knowledge and the trend towards generalist knowledge due to the impact of AI tutoring systems. The impact of AI tutoring systems could lead to a devaluation of specialized knowledge and a trend towards generalist knowledge.', 'The potential decrease in the necessity for specialized knowledge due to automation and AI advancements. Advancements in automation and AI could decrease the necessity for specialized knowledge.']}, {'end': 6625.827, 'start': 5738.742, 'title': 'The future of ai and human society', 'summary': 'Explores the potential impact of ai on human society, discussing the role of ais in achieving objectives, the influence of collective intelligence, the implications of ais controlling societal systems, and the need for humans to make choices amidst computational possibilities, while also addressing concerns about the existential risks of ai systems.', 'duration': 887.085, 'highlights': ["AIs' role in achieving objectives and their lack of intrinsic ideas AIs are capable of achieving specific objectives when instructed, but they lack intrinsic ideas about the objectives, requiring input from humans or other entities.", 'Influence of collective intelligence and societal dynamics on AI responses The responses of AIs are influenced by the collective intelligence reflected in the average of the internet, which may lead to diverse outcomes such as maximizing global entertainment or exploring intellectual and career diversity.', 'Implications of AIs controlling societal systems and the potential loss of human agency There is a concern about the potential manipulation of society by AIs, leading to a situation where humans may lose their place in decision-making and be heavily influenced by the systems.', 'Need for humans to make choices amidst computational possibilities and the impact of AI-controlled education and wisdom As the computational universe presents numerous possibilities, humans play a crucial role in making choices to drive human progress, despite the increasing influence of AI-controlled education and knowledge.', 'Addressing existential risks of AI systems and the complexity of AI development The discussion touches on the concerns about existential risks posed by AI systems while highlighting the complex and evolving nature of AI development, challenging simplistic arguments about the inevitability of superintelligence and apex intelligence.']}, {'end': 7106.235, 'start': 6627.167, 'title': 'Intelligence and computation on earth', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of intelligence as computation and its specialization, the possibility of different intelligences on earth, the idea of ruleal space and different minds in it, and the potential for humans to understand the thought processes of animals, with a focus on the example of cats and the limitations of human-centric abstraction, emphasizing the importance of different perspectives and concerns.', 'duration': 479.068, 'highlights': ['The concept of intelligence as computation and its specialization The speaker discusses intelligence as computation and its specialization, relating it to consciousness-like experiences, computational boundedness, and single thread of experience.', 'The idea of ruleal space and different minds in it The concept of ruleal space, which represents all possible rule systems, is introduced, and it is explained that different minds occupy different points in this space, impacting communication and understanding between individuals.', 'The potential for humans to understand the thought processes of animals The discussion focuses on the potential for humans to understand the thought processes of animals, with emphasis on the example of cats, and the challenges in translating the concerns and perspectives of different species.', 'The limitations of human-centric abstraction and the importance of different perspectives and concerns The limitations of human-centric abstraction are highlighted, with an emphasis on the importance of different perspectives and concerns, drawing parallels to historical artifacts and the significance of understanding different belief systems and viewpoints.']}], 'duration': 2471.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d84635085.jpg', 'highlights': ['The complexity of the equation used by ChatGPT to compute probabilities for the next word, with 175 billion terms and 400 layers, demonstrates the scale of computation involved in natural language processing.', "The neural net model's ability to make distinctions and generalize in a way that aligns with human thinking, even in cases of generalization, highlights its correspondence to human cognitive processes.", 'Understanding the structural and operational aspects of ChatGPT, such as mapping words to numbers, rippling through layers to compute probabilities, and the impact of a temperature parameter on randomness, provides insight into its functioning in natural language generation.', 'The discussion highlights the significant scale of large language models, emphasizing the massive amount of information and computational power involved.', 'The potential for large language models to uncover symbolic rules that could streamline language representation and reduce dependence on neural nets is highlighted, offering a more efficient approach to capturing language structure.', "The limitations of large language models in performing deep computation, contrasting their proficiency in tasks that can be done quickly off the top of one's head with the efficiency of human deep computation.", 'AI tutoring systems can offer individualized teaching, potentially leading to a trend towards generalist knowledge and impacting the education system.', 'The impact of AI tutoring systems could lead to a devaluation of specialized knowledge and a trend towards generalist knowledge.', 'Advancements in automation and AI could decrease the necessity for specialized knowledge.', 'AIs are capable of achieving specific objectives when instructed, but they lack intrinsic ideas about the objectives, requiring input from humans or other entities.', 'The responses of AIs are influenced by the collective intelligence reflected in the average of the internet, which may lead to diverse outcomes such as maximizing global entertainment or exploring intellectual and career diversity.', 'There is a concern about the potential manipulation of society by AIs, leading to a situation where humans may lose their place in decision-making and be heavily influenced by the systems.', 'As the computational universe presents numerous possibilities, humans play a crucial role in making choices to drive human progress, despite the increasing influence of AI-controlled education and knowledge.', 'The discussion touches on the concerns about existential risks posed by AI systems while highlighting the complex and evolving nature of AI development, challenging simplistic arguments about the inevitability of superintelligence and apex intelligence.', 'The speaker discusses intelligence as computation and its specialization, relating it to consciousness-like experiences, computational boundedness, and single thread of experience.', 'The concept of ruleal space, which represents all possible rule systems, is introduced, and it is explained that different minds occupy different points in this space, impacting communication and understanding between individuals.', 'The discussion focuses on the potential for humans to understand the thought processes of animals, with emphasis on the example of cats, and the challenges in translating the concerns and perspectives of different species.', 'The limitations of human-centric abstraction are highlighted, with an emphasis on the importance of different perspectives and concerns, drawing parallels to historical artifacts and the significance of understanding different belief systems and viewpoints.']}, {'end': 8327.885, 'segs': [{'end': 7162.275, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7130.784, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7138.569, 'text': 'You can implement it by some kind of molecular computation process in the human immune system or in some molecular biology kind of thing.', 'start': 7130.784, 'duration': 7.785}, {'end': 7141.03, 'text': 'There are different ways to implement it.', 'start': 7138.869, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 7151.472, 'text': "I think this question of which of those different implementation methods will be of different speeds, they'll be able to do different things.", 'start': 7141.63, 'duration': 9.842}, {'end': 7162.275, 'text': 'An interesting question would be what kinds of abstractions are most natural in these different kinds of systems?', 'start': 7152.193, 'duration': 10.082}], 'summary': 'Implementing molecular computation in human immune system or molecular biology, with varying speeds and functionalities, raises questions about natural abstractions.', 'duration': 31.491, 'max_score': 7130.784, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d87130784.jpg'}, {'end': 7923.762, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7898.869, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7906.898, 'text': "I haven't thought this through properly, but I think a concept like is so-and-so a good person, is that true or not? That's a mess.", 'start': 7898.869, 'duration': 8.029}, {'end': 7910.383, 'text': "That's a mess that's amenable to computation.", 'start': 7907.299, 'duration': 3.084}, {'end': 7916.432, 'text': "I think it's a mess when humans try to define what's good, like through legislation.", 'start': 7910.403, 'duration': 6.029}, {'end': 7923.762, 'text': "But when humans try to define what's good through literature, through history books, through poetry, it starts being more clear.", 'start': 7917.113, 'duration': 6.649}], 'summary': 'Defining goodness through literature and history is clearer than through legislation.', 'duration': 24.893, 'max_score': 7898.869, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d87898869.jpg'}, {'end': 7982.407, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7956.547, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7963.474, 'text': "and there's some empirical backing for what works and what doesn't from just even the morals and ethics within religious texts.", 'start': 7956.547, 'duration': 6.927}, {'end': 7967.098, 'text': 'So we seem to mostly agree that murder is bad.', 'start': 7964.115, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 7969.821, 'text': "There's certain universals that seem to emerge.", 'start': 7967.118, 'duration': 2.703}, {'end': 7971.723, 'text': 'I wonder whether the murder of an AI is bad.', 'start': 7969.981, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 7979.843, 'text': "Well, I tend to think yes, but I think we're going to have to contend with that question.", 'start': 7973.39, 'duration': 6.453}, {'end': 7982.407, 'text': 'And I wonder what AI would say.', 'start': 7981.185, 'duration': 1.222}], 'summary': 'Empirical backing for moral universals, like murder being bad, extends to consideration of ai ethics.', 'duration': 25.86, 'max_score': 7956.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d87956547.jpg'}], 'start': 7108.769, 'title': 'Ai and computation', 'summary': "Explores computation methods, ai implications, computational irreducibility, and ai's impact on truth and ethics, highlighting aspects such as nerve cells firing, super-intelligent ai, unintended consequences, and the responsibility of ai in decision-making.", 'chapters': [{'end': 7228.489, 'start': 7108.769, 'title': 'Implementing different computation methods', 'summary': "Discusses different methods of implementing computation, including nerve cells firing, silicon and electronics, and molecular computation processes, and examines the natural abstractions and perceptual differences in different systems such as human and feline visual perception, highlighting the mantis shrimp's superior color perception with 15 color receptors.", 'duration': 119.72, 'highlights': ['The mantis shrimp has 15 color receptors, providing a much richer view of reality compared to humans with only three color receptors.', 'Different implementation methods of computation, such as nerve cells firing, silicon and electronics, and molecular computation processes, will have different speeds and capabilities.', 'Discussion of natural abstractions and perceptual differences in different systems, including the similarities and differences in human and feline visual perception.']}, {'end': 7421.431, 'start': 7228.69, 'title': 'Implications of super-intelligent ai', 'summary': "Explores the potential impact of super-intelligent ai on society, discussing the exponential growth of intelligence, the proximity of super-intelligent systems to humans, and the potential threats posed by ai, while emphasizing the unique nature of ai systems' exponential growth and the implications of ai's impact on society.", 'duration': 192.741, 'highlights': ['The potential impact of super-intelligent AI on society, discussing the exponential growth of intelligence, the proximity of super-intelligent systems to humans, and the potential threats posed by AI.', 'The concept of exponential growth in intelligence, with the ability to build increasingly more intelligent systems, leading to potential exponential growth in intelligence, and the potential destruction caused by such rapid growth.', "The discussion on the unique nature of AI systems' exponential growth and the potential implications of AI's impact on society, with comparisons to natural systems such as viruses and their exponential effects.", "The consideration of the potential threats posed by AI, the comparison to natural systems like viruses, and the implications of AI's impact on society, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the potential negative effects of AI on society."]}, {'end': 7558.001, 'start': 7421.971, 'title': 'Computational irreducibility and unintended consequences', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of computational irreducibility, highlighting how it leads to unexpected consequences and the potential emergence of an ai ecosystem, challenging the notion of complete control over ai systems and their impact on the world.', 'duration': 136.03, 'highlights': ['The concept of computational irreducibility leads to unexpected consequences, such as the complexity of bioweapons and the potential emergence of an AI ecosystem.', 'The lack of complete control over AI systems may challenge the notion that humans can fully understand and manage their impact on the world.', 'There is a possibility of an ecosystem of AIs emerging, indicating a shift away from the idea of complete control over AI systems.', 'The discussion touches on the potential outcomes of connecting AI to various systems in the world, reflecting uncertainty about the future impact of AI on different domains.']}, {'end': 8327.885, 'start': 7558.201, 'title': 'Ai impact on truth and ethics', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential impact of ai, particularly chatgpt, on truth, ethics, and society, highlighting the challenges of computational irreducibility, the evolving digital environment, and the responsibility of ai in decision-making, with a focus on the nature of truth and computational contracts.', 'duration': 769.684, 'highlights': ['The challenges of computational irreducibility in computer security and the limitations of sandboxes in preventing unexpected behavior, raising concerns about the potential for AI-driven digital viruses and the rapid evolution of the digital environment.', 'The responsibility and challenges of defining truth and facts in computational language, including the curation and validation of data in Wolfram Alpha, and the implications of expanding into the realm of politics and ethics.', 'The potential ethical dilemmas surrounding AIs, including the consideration of AI rights and the entangled nature of decision-making when AI has human connections, emphasizing the need for consensus on laws and ethical standards in the digital era.', "The evolving role of Wolfram Alpha and ChatGPT in representing and capturing features of the world, including the challenges of accurately defining concepts such as 'good' and 'truth,' and the complexities of determining factual information in computational language."]}], 'duration': 1219.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d87108769.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential impact of super-intelligent AI on society, discussing the exponential growth of intelligence, the proximity of super-intelligent systems to humans, and the potential threats posed by AI.', 'The concept of computational irreducibility leads to unexpected consequences, such as the complexity of bioweapons and the potential emergence of an AI ecosystem.', 'The challenges of computational irreducibility in computer security and the limitations of sandboxes in preventing unexpected behavior, raising concerns about the potential for AI-driven digital viruses and the rapid evolution of the digital environment.', 'The responsibility and challenges of defining truth and facts in computational language, including the curation and validation of data in Wolfram Alpha, and the implications of expanding into the realm of politics and ethics.']}, {'end': 9048.697, 'segs': [{'end': 8383.531, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8352.476, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8355.638, 'text': 'you know the aspect of the gust of wind that you care about.', 'start': 8352.476, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 8358.24, 'text': 'might be it put this amount of pressure on this.', 'start': 8355.638, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 8360.141, 'text': 'you know blade of some.', 'start': 8358.24, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 8361.842, 'text': 'you know wind turbine or something.', 'start': 8360.141, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 8377.609, 'text': 'But if you have something which is the fact of the gust of wind was this strong or whatever, you have to have some definition of that.', 'start': 8366.664, 'duration': 10.945}, {'end': 8383.531, 'text': 'You have to have some measuring device that says, according to my measuring device that was constructed this way, the gust of wind was this.', 'start': 8377.629, 'duration': 5.902}], 'summary': 'Measuring device needed to quantify gust of wind pressure on blade or turbine.', 'duration': 31.055, 'max_score': 8352.476, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d88352476.jpg'}, {'end': 8733.9, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8703.808, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8706.97, 'text': 'It fed them to Wolfram language, We solved the equations.', 'start': 8703.808, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 8708.291, 'text': 'Everybody did great.', 'start': 8707.21, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 8710.993, 'text': 'We gave back the results.', 'start': 8708.311, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 8713.475, 'text': "I thought, okay, I'm going to put this in this blog post I'm writing.", 'start': 8711.094, 'duration': 2.381}, {'end': 8716.558, 'text': 'I thought, I better just check.', 'start': 8713.916, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 8719.841, 'text': 'Turns out, it got everything, all the hard stuff it got right.', 'start': 8716.718, 'duration': 3.123}, {'end': 8724.685, 'text': 'At the very end, last two lines, it just completely goofed it up and gave the wrong answer.', 'start': 8720.441, 'duration': 4.244}, {'end': 8726.556, 'text': 'And I would not have noticed this.', 'start': 8725.475, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 8728.837, 'text': 'Same thing happened to me two days ago.', 'start': 8727.116, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 8733.9, 'text': 'Okay, so I thought, you know, I made this with this ChatGPT plugin kit.', 'start': 8728.857, 'duration': 5.043}], 'summary': 'Wolfram language solved equations, but made errors in the final answer. chatgpt plugin used in the process.', 'duration': 30.092, 'max_score': 8703.808, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d88703808.jpg'}, {'end': 8797.4, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8770.493, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8774.395, 'text': 'And then I thought, you know, I was just gonna put it in, and then I thought, I better actually play this.', 'start': 8770.493, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 8777.976, 'text': 'And so I did, and it was Mary Had a Little Lamb.', 'start': 8775.335, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 8779.217, 'text': 'Oh, wow.', 'start': 8778.697, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 8781.729, 'text': 'Oh, wow.', 'start': 8781.249, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 8784.111, 'text': 'But it was Mary Had a Little Lamb.', 'start': 8782.57, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 8785.472, 'text': 'Yeah Yes.', 'start': 8784.411, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 8788.194, 'text': 'Wow So it was correct, but wrong.', 'start': 8785.532, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 8791.696, 'text': 'Yes You could easily be mistaken.', 'start': 8788.614, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 8792.737, 'text': 'Yes, right.', 'start': 8792.196, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 8794.838, 'text': 'And in fact I kind of gave the.', 'start': 8792.797, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 8797.4, 'text': 'I had this quote from Hal to explain.', 'start': 8794.838, 'duration': 2.562}], 'summary': "Played 'mary had a little lamb' but was correct yet wrong", 'duration': 26.907, 'max_score': 8770.493, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d88770493.jpg'}], 'start': 8328.823, 'title': "Chatgpt's capabilities and mishap", 'summary': "Delves into the nature of truth and the significance of computational language, showcasing chatgpt's applications in journalism and programming. additionally, it explores a notable incident where chatgpt's musical performance resulted in an unexpected mishap, emphasizing its flawed accuracy and alignment with human interests in technological advancements of 2022.", 'chapters': [{'end': 8724.685, 'start': 8328.823, 'title': 'Computational language and chatgpt', 'summary': "Explores the nature of truth and the importance of computational language, with examples of chatgpt's usage by journalists and its ability to process bug reports and programming-related tasks, while also highlighting the challenges of semantic plausibility.", 'duration': 395.862, 'highlights': ['Large language models used by journalists to write articles and by programmers to process bug reports and translate between programming languages, with new surprising use cases emerging every day.', 'The importance of computational language as an intermediate, with large language models serving as an interface to surface formal, precise information for testing and analysis.', "The challenges of semantic plausibility with examples of ChatGPT's ability to process complex math word problems but ultimately providing incorrect answers in the conclusion."]}, {'end': 9048.697, 'start': 8725.475, 'title': "Chatgpt's musical mishap", 'summary': "Explores a fascinating incident where chatgpt's ability to play a specific tune led to a surprising musical mishap, highlighting the machine's remarkable but flawed accuracy, its alignment with human interests, and the unpredictability of technological advancements in 2022.", 'duration': 323.222, 'highlights': ["ChatGPT's ability to play specific tunes ChatGPT's capability to produce and play a specific tune on the local computer, such as the tune from 2001, is demonstrated.", "ChatGPT's flawed accuracy Despite being asked to play a tune from 2001, ChatGPT produced the tune for 'Mary Had a Little Lamb,' showcasing a surprising but incorrect result.", "ChatGPT's alignment with human interests The machine's ability to surpass a threshold where it aligns with human interests is discussed, emphasizing its breakthrough through reinforcement learning and human feedback.", "Unpredictability of technological advancements in 2022 The unpredicted technological advancements in 2022, such as ChatGPT's capabilities, are highlighted, reflecting the surprising developments in the field."]}], 'duration': 719.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d88328823.jpg', 'highlights': ['Large language models used by journalists and programmers with new surprising use cases emerging every day.', 'Importance of computational language as an interface to surface formal, precise information for testing and analysis.', "Challenges of semantic plausibility with examples of ChatGPT's ability to process complex math word problems but ultimately providing incorrect answers.", "ChatGPT's ability to play specific tunes demonstrated, but with flawed accuracy in producing an unexpected tune.", "ChatGPT's alignment with human interests emphasized through breakthrough reinforcement learning and human feedback.", "Unpredicted technological advancements in 2022, such as ChatGPT's capabilities, reflecting surprising developments in the field."]}, {'end': 9628.806, 'segs': [{'end': 9375.659, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9323.907, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9333.31, 'text': 'If we do a great job with compilation of the computational language, it might turn into LLVM or something like this,', 'start': 9323.907, 'duration': 9.403}, {'end': 9340.373, 'text': 'or it just directly gets run through the algorithms we have, and so on.', 'start': 9333.31, 'duration': 7.063}, {'end': 9347.936, 'text': "So that's kind of a tearing down of this big structure that's been built of teaching people programming.", 'start': 9340.733, 'duration': 7.203}, {'end': 9353.4, 'text': 'But on the other hand, the other dynamic is vastly more people are going to care about computation.', 'start': 9348.636, 'duration': 4.764}, {'end': 9356.343, 'text': 'So all those departments of art,', 'start': 9353.46, 'duration': 2.883}, {'end': 9365.751, 'text': "history or something that really didn't use computation before now have the possibility of accessing it by virtue of this kind of linguistic interface mechanism.", 'start': 9356.343, 'duration': 9.408}, {'end': 9374.238, 'text': 'And if you create an interface that allows you to interpret the debug and interact with the computational language,', 'start': 9366.111, 'duration': 8.127}, {'end': 9375.659, 'text': 'then that makes it even more accessible.', 'start': 9374.238, 'duration': 1.421}], 'summary': 'Enhanced computational language may reach llvm; expansion to new disciplines expected.', 'duration': 51.752, 'max_score': 9323.907, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d89323907.jpg'}, {'end': 9586.717, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9558.919, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 9566.185, 'text': 'And I think the thing that really was happening in part was lots of different fields of human endeavor were becoming computational.', 'start': 9558.919, 'duration': 7.266}, {'end': 9570.168, 'text': 'For all X, there was a computational X.', 'start': 9566.745, 'duration': 3.423}, {'end': 9574.992, 'text': 'And that was the thing that the people were responding to.', 'start': 9570.168, 'duration': 4.824}, {'end': 9586.717, 'text': 'But then kind of this idea emerged that to get to that point, the main thing you had to do was to learn this kind of trade or skill of doing.', 'start': 9576.772, 'duration': 9.945}], 'summary': 'Various fields became computational, leading to the need for learning new skills.', 'duration': 27.798, 'max_score': 9558.919, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d89558919.jpg'}], 'start': 9049.827, 'title': 'Chad gpt impact and democratization of computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of chad gpt on individuals unfamiliar with ai systems, emphasizing the need to verify information, along with the democratization of access to computation which may lead to a shift in the programming landscape and a reevaluation of skills needed in the computational era.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9123.318, 'start': 9049.827, 'title': 'Interacting with chad gpt: truth and trust', 'summary': 'Discusses the impact of chad gpt on individuals unfamiliar with ai systems, emphasizing the nuanced nature of its factual output and the necessity to verify information from multiple sources.', 'duration': 73.491, 'highlights': ['The importance of recognizing Chad GPT as a linguistic interface and understanding that its language output may not always be truthful, highlighting the need for verification from multiple sources.', 'The need to cross-check information from Chad GPT with other fact sources, acknowledging the limitations in ensuring comprehensive verification and the potential for oversight in certain areas.']}, {'end': 9628.806, 'start': 9123.879, 'title': 'Democratization of access to computation', 'summary': 'Discusses the democratization of access to computation and the broadened potential for people to access and use computational language, leading to a potential shift in the programming landscape and a reevaluation of the skills needed in the computational era.', 'duration': 504.927, 'highlights': ['The democratization of access to computation through linguistic interface mechanisms is dramatically broadening the access to deep computation. The broadened access to deep computation through linguistic interface mechanisms is a significant development.', 'The potential shift in the programming landscape due to the increased access to computational language and the automation of lower-level programming tasks is discussed. The potential reevaluation of the programming landscape and the automation of lower-level programming tasks is a key point in the transcript.', 'The discussion of the future of programming skills and the impact of broadened access to computation on traditional computer science education. The impact of broadened access to computation on traditional computer science education and the future of programming skills is an important aspect of the transcript.']}], 'duration': 578.979, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d89049827.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of recognizing Chad GPT as a linguistic interface and understanding that its language output may not always be truthful, highlighting the need for verification from multiple sources.', 'The need to cross-check information from Chad GPT with other fact sources, acknowledging the limitations in ensuring comprehensive verification and the potential for oversight in certain areas.', 'The democratization of access to computation through linguistic interface mechanisms is dramatically broadening the access to deep computation.', 'The potential shift in the programming landscape due to the increased access to computational language and the automation of lower-level programming tasks is discussed.', 'The discussion of the future of programming skills and the impact of broadened access to computation on traditional computer science education.']}, {'end': 11143.177, 'segs': [{'end': 10243.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10212.503, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10215.324, 'text': "And we're now trying to find a formalization of everything in the world.", 'start': 10212.503, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 10222.287, 'text': 'And you can kind of see, you know, we made a poster years ago of kind of the growth of systematic data in the world.', 'start': 10215.344, 'duration': 6.943}, {'end': 10229.969, 'text': 'So all these different kinds of things that, you know, there were sort of systematic descriptions found for those things.', 'start': 10222.767, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 10238.312, 'text': 'Like, you know, at what point do people have the idea of having calendars? you know, a systematic description of what day it was.', 'start': 10230.229, 'duration': 8.083}, {'end': 10243.014, 'text': 'At what point did people have the idea, you know, systematic descriptions of these kinds of things.', 'start': 10238.773, 'duration': 4.241}], 'summary': 'Efforts underway to formalize systematic data in the world.', 'duration': 30.511, 'max_score': 10212.503, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d810212503.jpg'}, {'end': 10343.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10295.884, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10305.396, 'text': "I wonder, I mean, I wonder if you think natural language will evolve such that everybody's doing computational thinking.", 'start': 10295.884, 'duration': 9.512}, {'end': 10306.516, 'text': 'Ah, yes, well.', 'start': 10305.596, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 10312.237, 'text': 'So one question is whether there will be a pigeon of computational language and natural language.', 'start': 10307.096, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 10321.42, 'text': 'And I found myself sometimes talking to ChatGPT, trying to get it to write Wolfram language code, and I write it in pigeon form.', 'start': 10312.758, 'duration': 8.662}, {'end': 10323.4, 'text': "So that means I'm combining nest list.", 'start': 10321.84, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 10329.983, 'text': 'this collection of you know whatever you know.', 'start': 10326.701, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 10334.545, 'text': "nest list is a term from Wolfram language, and I'm combining that and chat.", 'start': 10329.983, 'duration': 4.562}, {'end': 10337.387, 'text': 'GPT does a decent job of understanding that pigeon.', 'start': 10334.545, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 10343.07, 'text': 'probably would understand a pigeon between English and French as well of you know a smooshing together of those languages.', 'start': 10337.387, 'duration': 5.683}], 'summary': 'Natural language may evolve for computational thinking, combining languages, such as english and french.', 'duration': 47.186, 'max_score': 10295.884, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d810295884.jpg'}, {'end': 10460.906, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10434.282, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10437.943, 'text': 'Maybe this is one of these things where I should try and get an LLM to help me.', 'start': 10434.282, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 10439.384, 'text': 'How to make it speakable.', 'start': 10438.263, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 10441.246, 'text': "Maybe it's easier than you realize.", 'start': 10439.484, 'duration': 1.762}, {'end': 10442.808, 'text': 'I think it is easier.', 'start': 10441.266, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 10444.089, 'text': "I think it's one idea or so.", 'start': 10442.828, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 10450.095, 'text': "I think it's going to be something where you know the fact is, it's a tree-structured language,", 'start': 10444.449, 'duration': 5.646}, {'end': 10452.417, 'text': 'just like human language is a tree-structured language.', 'start': 10450.095, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 10459.524, 'text': "And I think it's going to be one of these things where one of the requirements that I've had is that, whatever the spoken version is,", 'start': 10452.878, 'duration': 6.646}, {'end': 10460.906, 'text': 'that dictation should be easy.', 'start': 10459.524, 'duration': 1.382}], 'summary': 'Discussing the potential of making a spoken language more accessible and easier to use.', 'duration': 26.624, 'max_score': 10434.282, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d810434282.jpg'}, {'end': 10820.879, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10792.049, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 10794.27, 'text': "What is the intuition about bugs? What's intuition about?", 'start': 10792.049, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 10795.351, 'text': 'you know software testing?', 'start': 10794.27, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 10795.931, 'text': 'What is it?', 'start': 10795.451, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 10796.752, 'text': 'What is it?', 'start': 10796.392, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 10798.773, 'text': 'you know these are things which are.', 'start': 10796.752, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 10799.634, 'text': "you know they're not.", 'start': 10798.773, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 10805.18, 'text': 'I mean those are things which have gotten taught in computer science as part of the trade of programming,', 'start': 10800.435, 'duration': 4.745}, {'end': 10808.945, 'text': 'but kind of the conceptual points about what these things are.', 'start': 10805.18, 'duration': 3.765}, {'end': 10811.808, 'text': 'You know, it surprised me just at a very practical level.', 'start': 10809.205, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 10816.374, 'text': 'You know, I wrote this little explainer thing about ChatGPT and I thought well, you know,', 'start': 10811.828, 'duration': 4.546}, {'end': 10819.438, 'text': "I'm writing this partly because I wanted to make sure I understood it myself.", 'start': 10816.374, 'duration': 3.064}, {'end': 10820.879, 'text': 'and so on.', 'start': 10820.158, 'duration': 0.721}], 'summary': 'Discussion on bugs, software testing, and conceptual points in computer science.', 'duration': 28.83, 'max_score': 10792.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d810792049.jpg'}, {'end': 10892.432, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10867.574, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10873.499, 'text': "I was sort of a little shocked that it's as much of an outlier in terms of explaining what's going on as it's turned out to be.", 'start': 10867.574, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 10878.703, 'text': 'And that makes me feel more of an obligation to kind of write the kind of, you know, what is..', 'start': 10873.559, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 10881.905, 'text': 'know what is this thing that you should learn about?', 'start': 10879.443, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 10884.767, 'text': 'about the computationalization, the formalization of the world?', 'start': 10881.905, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 10892.432, 'text': "Because, well, I've spent much of my life working on the kind of tooling and mechanics of that and the science you get from it.", 'start': 10884.787, 'duration': 7.645}], 'summary': 'The speaker feels an obligation to explain computationalization and formalization of the world due to its outlier status and personal experience.', 'duration': 24.858, 'max_score': 10867.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d810867574.jpg'}], 'start': 9629.466, 'title': 'The future of ai, computer science, and computational language', 'summary': 'Discusses the automatability of knowledge work, evolving skills in the era of ai, reverse engineering natural language, evolution of computer science, computational understanding of the world, evolution of natural language into computational language, the role of computational thinking in education, surprising popularity of chatgpt, impact of cx on education, and the level of cx knowledge required for different fields.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9988.278, 'start': 9629.466, 'title': 'Future of ai and knowledge work', 'summary': 'Discusses the automatability of knowledge work, the evolving skills required in the era of ai, and the potential for reverse engineering natural language to control ai.', 'duration': 358.812, 'highlights': ['The increasing automatability of knowledge work is highlighted, challenging traditional beliefs about the necessity of learning certain skills. The transcript discusses how a significant portion of knowledge work is becoming automatable, prompting a reevaluation of the skills necessary in the era of AI.', 'The evolving skills required in the era of AI are emphasized, emphasizing the importance of understanding computational possibilities and using natural language to control AI. The need to focus on conceptual understanding of computational possibilities and the ability to use natural language to control AI is highlighted as essential skills in the era of AI.', "The potential for reverse engineering natural language to control AI is explored, suggesting the need to understand and manipulate the language that controls AI. The transcript delves into the idea of reverse engineering the language that controls AI, raising questions about potential 'mind hacks' for AI and the evolving science of understanding and manipulating AI language."]}, {'end': 10295.624, 'start': 9989.638, 'title': 'Evolution of computer science', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of computer science and its future, emphasizing the significance of computational understanding of the world and its formal representation.', 'duration': 305.986, 'highlights': ['The significance of computational understanding of the world and its formal representation The transcript emphasizes the importance of computational understanding and formal representation of the world, highlighting the need for a formal way of talking about the world and learning about different aspects of the world in a formal way.', "The core problem of neuroscience and the contribution of ChatGPT It discusses the core problem of neuroscience - understanding the intermediate language of the brain, and how ChatGPT's discovery suggests that brains can be represented well by simple artificial neural net type models, shaping the future study of the science of brains.", 'The broadening of every university to include a computer science department Mentions the expansion of computer science departments in universities, indicating the widespread acknowledgment of the importance of computer science and its integration into academic institutions.']}, {'end': 10808.945, 'start': 10295.884, 'title': 'Evolution of computational language', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential evolution of natural language into a maximally computational kind of language, the incentive for young people to learn computational language, and the role of computational thinking in standard education, emphasizing the need for a new curriculum.', 'duration': 513.061, 'highlights': ['The potential evolution of natural language into a maximally computational kind of language and the incentive for young people to learn computational language. The chapter discusses the potential evolution of natural language into a maximally computational kind of language, highlighting the incentive for young people to learn computational language.', 'The role of computational thinking in standard education and the need for a new curriculum. The chapter emphasizes the role of computational thinking in standard education and the need for a new curriculum, addressing the lack of a standard curriculum for computationalization of the world.', 'The experience of kids speaking Wolfram language, the challenge of turning computational language into a convenient spoken language, and the comparison between human and computational language. The chapter shares an experience of kids speaking Wolfram language, discusses the challenge of turning computational language into a convenient spoken language, and compares human and computational language.']}, {'end': 11143.177, 'start': 10809.205, 'title': 'Impact of cx on education', 'summary': "Discusses the surprising popularity of the author's explanation of chatgpt, the need for a comprehensive description of computationalization, and the potential impact of cx on education, including the centralization of teaching and the level of cx knowledge required for different fields.", 'duration': 333.972, 'highlights': ["The author's explanation of ChatGPT has been surprisingly popular, highlighting the need for a comprehensive description of computationalization, which includes a mechanistic description as well as the philosophy behind it.", 'The potential impact of CX on education is discussed, including the centralization of teaching CX and the level of CX knowledge required for different fields, with a suggestion that a year of college class may be enough for most people to have a broad knowledge of computational thinking.', 'The comparison of teaching math with teaching CX is presented, highlighting the different models of centralization and the level of assumed knowledge in different fields.', "The importance of understanding technical writing is emphasized, with the author's zeroth law stating that if the writer does not understand the topic, the readers have no chance, suggesting the need for broad knowledge of CX in various fields."]}], 'duration': 1513.711, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d89629466.jpg', 'highlights': ['The increasing automatability of knowledge work challenges traditional beliefs about necessary skills.', 'The evolving skills required in the era of AI emphasize understanding computational possibilities and using natural language to control AI.', 'The potential for reverse engineering natural language to control AI suggests the need to understand and manipulate AI language.', 'The significance of computational understanding of the world and its formal representation is emphasized.', 'The core problem of neuroscience and the contribution of ChatGPT are discussed.', 'The broadening of every university to include a computer science department indicates the importance of computer science.', 'The potential evolution of natural language into a maximally computational kind of language is discussed.', 'The role of computational thinking in standard education and the need for a new curriculum is emphasized.', 'The experience of kids speaking Wolfram language and the comparison between human and computational language are shared.', "The author's explanation of ChatGPT has been surprisingly popular, highlighting the need for a comprehensive description of computationalization.", 'The potential impact of CX on education and the level of CX knowledge required for different fields are discussed.', 'The comparison of teaching math with teaching CX is presented, highlighting the different models of centralization and the level of assumed knowledge in different fields.', 'The importance of understanding technical writing is emphasized, suggesting the need for broad knowledge of CX in various fields.']}, {'end': 11741.884, 'segs': [{'end': 11394.837, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11329.148, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 11335.435, 'text': "It can communicate with other computers, but it has to package up how it's communicating in some kind of language-like form,", 'start': 11329.148, 'duration': 6.287}, {'end': 11341.643, 'text': "so it can map what's in its memory to what's in the memory of some other computer.", 'start': 11335.435, 'duration': 6.208}, {'end': 11343.966, 'text': "It's a surprisingly similar thing.", 'start': 11342.203, 'duration': 1.763}, {'end': 11346.607, 'text': 'You know, I had an experience just a week or two ago.', 'start': 11344.386, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 11351.27, 'text': "I'm a collector of all possible data about myself and other things.", 'start': 11346.907, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 11355.092, 'text': 'And so I collect all sorts of weird medical data and so on.', 'start': 11351.81, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 11359.374, 'text': "And one thing I hadn't collected was I'd never had a whole body MRI scan.", 'start': 11355.112, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 11360.655, 'text': "So I wouldn't have got one of these.", 'start': 11359.655, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 11364.457, 'text': "So I get all the data back, right? I'm looking at this thing.", 'start': 11361.395, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 11367.519, 'text': 'I never looked at the kind of insides of my brain, so to speak.', 'start': 11364.517, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 11369.741, 'text': 'in physical form.', 'start': 11368.58, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 11373.104, 'text': "And it's really, I mean it's kind of psychologically shocking,", 'start': 11370.161, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 11377.708, 'text': "in a sense that you know here's this thing and you can see it has all these folds and all these.", 'start': 11373.104, 'duration': 4.604}, {'end': 11378.769, 'text': 'you know the structure.', 'start': 11377.708, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 11386.555, 'text': "And it's like, that's where this experience that I'm having of, you know, existing and so on, that's where it is.", 'start': 11378.789, 'duration': 7.766}, {'end': 11389.455, 'text': 'And you know, it feels very.', 'start': 11387.315, 'duration': 2.14}, {'end': 11394.837, 'text': "you know, you look at that and you're thinking how can this possibly be all this experience that I'm having?", 'start': 11389.455, 'duration': 5.382}], 'summary': 'Computer communication and human brain experience similarities in mapping and understanding data.', 'duration': 65.689, 'max_score': 11329.148, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811329148.jpg'}, {'end': 11620.741, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11590.975, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 11593.257, 'text': 'of kind of putting together things that seem meaningful.', 'start': 11590.975, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 11602.585, 'text': "I mean, are you worried about this world where you teach a lot on the internet and there's people asking questions and comments and so on??", 'start': 11594.337, 'duration': 8.248}, {'end': 11605.968, 'text': 'You have people that work remotely.', 'start': 11603.946, 'duration': 2.022}, {'end': 11620.741, 'text': 'Are you worried about this world when large language models create human-like bots that are leaving the comments asking the questions or might even become fake employees?', 'start': 11605.988, 'duration': 14.753}], 'summary': 'Concerns about large language models creating human-like bots in online interactions.', 'duration': 29.766, 'max_score': 11590.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811590975.jpg'}, {'end': 11660.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11635.523, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11641.027, 'text': "And, in a sense, kind of, You know, I'm building this tower of automation, which you know,", 'start': 11635.523, 'duration': 5.504}, {'end': 11646.791, 'text': 'and in a sense you know when you make a company or something you are making sort of automation.', 'start': 11641.027, 'duration': 5.764}, {'end': 11652.815, 'text': 'but it has some humans in it, but also, as much as possible, it has, you know, computers in it.', 'start': 11646.791, 'duration': 6.024}, {'end': 11655.416, 'text': "And so I think it's sort of an extension of that.", 'start': 11653.215, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 11660.399, 'text': "Now, if I really didn't know that, you know, it's a funny question.", 'start': 11655.536, 'duration': 4.863}], 'summary': 'Building a tower of automation with humans and computers in a company.', 'duration': 24.876, 'max_score': 11635.523, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811635523.jpg'}, {'end': 11698.917, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11674.345, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 11680.788, 'text': 'For example, you might want a human in the loop because you want somebody to, you want another human to be invested in the outcome.', 'start': 11674.345, 'duration': 6.443}, {'end': 11686.39, 'text': "You know, you want a human flying the plane who's going to die if the plane crashes along with you, so to speak.", 'start': 11680.808, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 11689.851, 'text': 'And that gives you sort of confidence that the right thing is going to happen.', 'start': 11686.79, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 11698.917, 'text': 'Or you might want, right now, you might want a human in the loop in some kind of human encouragement persuasion type profession.', 'start': 11690.511, 'duration': 8.406}], 'summary': 'Having a human in the loop provides confidence and investment in outcomes, such as in professions requiring human encouragement and persuasion.', 'duration': 24.572, 'max_score': 11674.345, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811674345.jpg'}], 'start': 11143.858, 'title': 'The science of chocolate consumption and consciousness and computation', 'summary': "Delves into the impact of chocolate's physical structure on taste and the implications of large language models on human-like interactions and decision-making processes.", 'chapters': [{'end': 11207.626, 'start': 11143.858, 'title': 'The science of chocolate consumption', 'summary': "Explores the impact of chocolate's physical structure on taste, revealing that smaller pieces offer a slower, more intimate experience, and a different texture, challenging the conventional approach to consuming aerated chocolate.", 'duration': 63.768, 'highlights': ['Consuming chocolate in smaller pieces offers a slower, more intimate experience and a different texture, impacting the taste and challenging the conventional approach to consuming aerated chocolate.', 'The physical structure of food significantly influences its taste, as observed with the different experience in consuming small pieces versus a big slab of chocolate.', 'The speaker highlights the lack of respect for the American consumer in the production of aerated chocolate, emphasizing the mess it creates and the elegance required to consume it.']}, {'end': 11741.884, 'start': 11207.726, 'title': 'Consciousness and computation', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of consciousness in relation to computation, drawing parallels between human experiences and the behaviors of computers, while discussing the potential implications of large language models on human-like interactions and decision-making processes.', 'duration': 534.158, 'highlights': ["The comparison of the lifespan of a computer to that of a human, and the concept of memory buildup and eventual 'crashing' of the computer, provides an intriguing analogy for the human experience. The speaker draws a comparison between the lifespan of a computer and that of a human, highlighting the buildup of memory and eventual 'crashing' of the computer, offering a thought-provoking analogy for the human experience.", "The speaker's psychological reaction to observing a MRI scan of their brain prompts contemplation on the relationship between physicality and consciousness, raising questions about the transcendence of experiences beyond mere physicality. The speaker's emotional response to observing their brain's MRI scan leads to contemplation on the relationship between physicality and consciousness, sparking inquiries about the transcendence of experiences beyond mere physical aspects.", 'Discussions on the potential alignment of large language models with human thinking and emotions, and the implications for human-computer interactions, shed light on the evolving dynamics of AI in human-like experiences and decision-making processes. The exploration of the potential alignment of large language models with human thought processes and emotions, and the resulting impact on human-computer interactions, provides insights into the evolving landscape of AI in emulating human-like experiences and decision-making.']}], 'duration': 598.026, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811143858.jpg', 'highlights': ['The physical structure of food significantly influences its taste, as observed with the different experience in consuming small pieces versus a big slab of chocolate.', 'Consuming chocolate in smaller pieces offers a slower, more intimate experience and a different texture, impacting the taste and challenging the conventional approach to consuming aerated chocolate.', 'The speaker highlights the lack of respect for the American consumer in the production of aerated chocolate, emphasizing the mess it creates and the elegance required to consume it.', 'The exploration of the potential alignment of large language models with human thought processes and emotions, and the resulting impact on human-computer interactions, provides insights into the evolving landscape of AI in emulating human-like experiences and decision-making.', "The comparison of the lifespan of a computer to that of a human, and the concept of memory buildup and eventual 'crashing' of the computer, provides an intriguing analogy for the human experience.", "The speaker's emotional response to observing their brain's MRI scan leads to contemplation on the relationship between physicality and consciousness, sparking inquiries about the transcendence of experiences beyond mere physical aspects.", "The speaker draws a comparison between the lifespan of a computer and that of a human, highlighting the buildup of memory and eventual 'crashing' of the computer, offering a thought-provoking analogy for the human experience."]}, {'end': 12731.285, 'segs': [{'end': 12294.61, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12266.816, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12271.72, 'text': "Yeah And it didn't really like dealing with floating-point numbers or anything like that.", 'start': 12266.816, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 12276.584, 'text': 'And so I had to simplify this model of particles bouncing around in a box.', 'start': 12272.2, 'duration': 4.384}, {'end': 12284.131, 'text': "And so I thought, well, I'll put them on a grid, and I'll make the things just sort of move one square at a time and so on.", 'start': 12277.065, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 12291.557, 'text': "And so I did the simulation, and the result was it didn't look anything like the actual pictures in the book.", 'start': 12284.751, 'duration': 6.806}, {'end': 12294.61, 'text': 'Now, many years later,', 'start': 12292.389, 'duration': 2.221}], 'summary': "Simplified particle simulation using grid, but didn't match expected results.", 'duration': 27.794, 'max_score': 12266.816, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d812266816.jpg'}, {'end': 12338.886, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12310.817, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 12314.359, 'text': "as opposed to it did something random and it's super interesting that it's random.", 'start': 12310.817, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 12317.203, 'text': "But I didn't recognize that at the time.", 'start': 12315.701, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 12324.713, 'text': 'And so as it was at the time, I got interested in particle physics and I got interested in other kinds of physics.', 'start': 12317.443, 'duration': 7.27}, {'end': 12331.242, 'text': 'But this whole second law of thermodynamics thing, this idea that sort of orderly things tend to degrade into disorder,', 'start': 12325.354, 'duration': 5.888}, {'end': 12337.125, 'text': 'continued to be something I was really interested in and I was really curious for the whole universe.', 'start': 12331.983, 'duration': 5.142}, {'end': 12338.886, 'text': "why doesn't that happen all the time??", 'start': 12337.125, 'duration': 1.761}], 'summary': 'Fascinated by randomness, delved into physics, intrigued by second law of thermodynamics.', 'duration': 28.069, 'max_score': 12310.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d812310817.jpg'}, {'end': 12576.614, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12547.874, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 12549.495, 'text': 'And you just run it in a series of steps.', 'start': 12547.874, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 12560.803, 'text': 'And the ironic thing is that cellular automata are great models for many kinds of things, but galaxies and brains are two examples where they do very,', 'start': 12550.216, 'duration': 10.587}, {'end': 12561.323, 'text': 'very badly.', 'start': 12560.803, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 12562.224, 'text': "They're really irrelevant.", 'start': 12561.343, 'duration': 0.881}, {'end': 12562.904, 'text': 'those two cases.', 'start': 12562.424, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 12571.09, 'text': "Is there a connection to the second law of thermodynamics and cellular automata, the things you've discovered about cellular automata? Yes.", 'start': 12562.924, 'duration': 8.166}, {'end': 12576.614, 'text': 'Okay, so when I first started studying cellular automata, my first papers about them,', 'start': 12571.61, 'duration': 5.004}], 'summary': 'Cellular automata are useful models, but ineffective for galaxies and brains. possible connection to the second law of thermodynamics.', 'duration': 28.74, 'max_score': 12547.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d812547874.jpg'}], 'start': 11741.884, 'title': 'The laws of thermodynamics and computational irreducibility', 'summary': "Covers the second law of thermodynamics, its historical background, and implications on energy and entropy, spanning over 50 years. it also delves into the speaker's early interest in physics and computer programming, as well as the discovery of computational irreducibility through simulations, particularly rule 30, as a model for orderly structures despite the second law of thermodynamics.", 'chapters': [{'end': 12037.528, 'start': 11741.884, 'title': 'The second law of thermodynamics', 'summary': 'Discusses the second law of thermodynamics, its historical background, its implications on energy and entropy, and the ongoing quest to derive it from fundamental principles, spanning over 50 years.', 'duration': 295.644, 'highlights': ['The second law of thermodynamics states that things tend to get more random over time, leading to the degradation of systematic mechanical motion into random heat. The law of entropy increase, also known as the second law of thermodynamics, describes the tendency of systems to become more disordered over time, resulting in the transformation of systematic mechanical energy into heat.', "Sadi Carnot, in the 1820s, established rules for the efficiency of steam engines, which involved the dissipation of mechanical energy into heat, contributing to the understanding of entropy increase. Sadi Carnot's work on steam engine efficiency and the dissipation of mechanical energy into heat significantly contributed to the understanding of entropy increase, laying the groundwork for the second law of thermodynamics.", 'The ongoing quest to derive the second law of thermodynamics from fundamental principles, particularly from the laws of mechanics, has been a long-standing challenge in the field of physics. The persistent effort to derive the second law of thermodynamics from fundamental principles, especially the laws of mechanics, has presented a longstanding challenge in the field of physics, reflecting the mysterious nature of this fundamental law.']}, {'end': 12266.676, 'start': 12037.608, 'title': 'Deriving physics laws and early computer programming', 'summary': "Discusses the speaker's early interest in space and technology, leading to a fascination with physics and the attempt to replicate a physics concept using a computer in 1973, which was later revealed to be a high-tech fake from the 1960s.", 'duration': 229.068, 'highlights': ["The speaker's early interest in space and technology led to a fascination with physics and the attempt to replicate a physics concept using a computer in 1973.", "The speaker's attempt to reproduce a physics picture from a book on a computer in 1973, which was later revealed to be a high-tech fake from the 1960s.", "The speaker's fascination with the claim that certain principles of physics were derivable, sparking an interest in understanding the inevitable truths and derivable aspects of physics."]}, {'end': 12731.285, 'start': 12266.816, 'title': 'Discovering computational irreducibility', 'summary': 'Discusses the discovery of computational irreducibility through simulations, the curiosity about complexity arising from simple rules, and the exploration of cellular automata, particularly rule 30, as a model for orderly structures despite the second law of thermodynamics.', 'duration': 464.469, 'highlights': ['The study of simulations led to the discovery of computational irreducibility, demonstrating the difficulty in simplifying models of particles bouncing in a box, and the realization that the simulated system exhibited computational irreducibility (no way to predict its behavior without running the simulation) despite appearing random and wrong at first (1980s).', 'The interest in how complexity arises from simple rules prompted the exploration of various systems such as galaxy formation, neural networks, and fluid dynamics, leading to the pursuit of creating minimal models for these systems and the development of cellular automata as a computational model (1980s).', 'The exploration of cellular automata, particularly rule 30, revealed its remarkable property of generating a triangular pattern that appears random when examined closely, akin to the digits of pi, and the subsequent challenge to prove anything about the sequence, indicating the complexity and randomness despite the simplicity of the rule (1980s-2019).']}], 'duration': 989.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d811741884.jpg', 'highlights': ['The ongoing quest to derive the second law of thermodynamics from fundamental principles has been a long-standing challenge in the field of physics.', 'The persistent effort to derive the second law of thermodynamics from fundamental principles reflects the mysterious nature of this fundamental law.', "Sadi Carnot's work on steam engine efficiency significantly contributed to the understanding of entropy increase, laying the groundwork for the second law of thermodynamics.", 'The second law of thermodynamics states that things tend to get more random over time, leading to the degradation of systematic mechanical motion into random heat.', 'The law of entropy increase describes the tendency of systems to become more disordered over time, resulting in the transformation of systematic mechanical energy into heat.', "The speaker's fascination with the claim that certain principles of physics were derivable sparked an interest in understanding the inevitable truths and derivable aspects of physics.", 'The study of simulations led to the discovery of computational irreducibility, demonstrating the difficulty in simplifying models of particles bouncing in a box.', 'The exploration of cellular automata, particularly rule 30, revealed its remarkable property of generating a triangular pattern that appears random when examined closely, akin to the digits of pi.']}, {'end': 13758.251, 'segs': [{'end': 13183.431, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13156.261, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 13163.083, 'text': 'So to us, Another big formulation of the second law of thermodynamics is this idea of the law of entropy increase.', 'start': 13156.261, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 13167.805, 'text': 'The characteristic that this universe, the entropy, seems to be always increasing.', 'start': 13163.703, 'duration': 4.102}, {'end': 13172.087, 'text': 'What does that show to you about the evolution of the universe through time?', 'start': 13168.445, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 13174.808, 'text': 'Well, okay, so first of all we have to say what entropy is okay?', 'start': 13172.107, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 13183.431, 'text': "And that's very confused in the history of thermodynamics, because entropy was first introduced by a guy called Rudolf Clausius,", 'start': 13175.408, 'duration': 8.023}], 'summary': 'Second law of thermodynamics: entropy always increases in the universe.', 'duration': 27.17, 'max_score': 13156.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813156261.jpg'}, {'end': 13313.348, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13288.519, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 13299.292, 'text': 'And it was all confused with this question about what heat is, and people thought heat was this fluid, and it was a big muddle.', 'start': 13288.519, 'duration': 10.773}, {'end': 13304.778, 'text': "But Boltzmann said, let's assume there are discrete molecules, let's even assume they have discrete energy levels.", 'start': 13299.412, 'duration': 5.366}, {'end': 13306.821, 'text': "Let's say everything is discrete.", 'start': 13305.359, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 13313.348, 'text': 'Then we can do sort of combinatorial mathematics and work out how many configurations of these things there would be in the box.', 'start': 13307.261, 'duration': 6.087}], 'summary': 'Boltzmann introduced discrete molecules and energy levels to understand configurations in a box.', 'duration': 24.829, 'max_score': 13288.519, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813288519.jpg'}, {'end': 13462.612, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13417.001, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 13425.086, 'text': "You couldn't fit the curve based on his idea for how radiation interacted with matter, those curves, you couldn't figure out how to fit those curves.", 'start': 13417.001, 'duration': 8.085}, {'end': 13434.931, 'text': 'Except he noticed that if he just did what Boltzmann had done and assumed that electromagnetic radiation was discrete, he could fit the curves.', 'start': 13425.727, 'duration': 9.204}, {'end': 13438.673, 'text': 'He said, but this just happens to work this way.', 'start': 13435.452, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 13445.457, 'text': 'Then Einstein came along and said, well, by the way, the electromagnetic field might actually be discrete.', 'start': 13439.294, 'duration': 6.163}, {'end': 13446.818, 'text': 'It might be made of photons.', 'start': 13445.697, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 13451.242, 'text': 'and then that explains how this all works.', 'start': 13447.538, 'duration': 3.704}, {'end': 13458.388, 'text': 'In 1905, that was how that piece of quantum mechanics got started.', 'start': 13451.322, 'duration': 7.066}, {'end': 13460.31, 'text': 'Kind of an interesting piece of history.', 'start': 13458.808, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 13462.612, 'text': "I didn't know until I was researching this recently.", 'start': 13460.35, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': 'In 1905, einstein proposed that electromagnetic radiation might be discrete, leading to the start of quantum mechanics.', 'duration': 45.611, 'max_score': 13417.001, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813417001.jpg'}, {'end': 13540.272, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13512.817, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 13517.561, 'text': 'both of these were about the story of sort of making the world discreet.', 'start': 13512.817, 'duration': 4.744}, {'end': 13525.225, 'text': 'Hmm And he got that idea from Boltzmann, but Boltzmann kind of died believing.', 'start': 13517.581, 'duration': 7.644}, {'end': 13527.186, 'text': 'He said he has a quote.', 'start': 13525.865, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 13533.008, 'text': "actually, in the end, things are going to turn out to be discrete and I'm going to write down what I have to say about this,", 'start': 13527.186, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 13540.272, 'text': 'because eventually this stuff will be rediscovered and I want to leave what I can about how things are going to be discrete.', 'start': 13533.008, 'duration': 7.264}], 'summary': 'Boltzmann believed in the discreet nature of the world, leaving a written record for future rediscovery.', 'duration': 27.455, 'max_score': 13512.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813512817.jpg'}, {'end': 13770.782, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13741.596, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 13743.818, 'text': "And in fact, we're beginning to have some guesses.", 'start': 13741.596, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 13753.207, 'text': "We have some evidence that black hole mergers work differently when there's discrete space and there may be things that you can see in gravitational wave signatures and things.", 'start': 13743.858, 'duration': 9.349}, {'end': 13755.929, 'text': 'associated with the discreteness of space.', 'start': 13753.827, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 13758.251, 'text': 'But this is kind of for me.', 'start': 13756.389, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 13767.559, 'text': "it's kind of interesting to see this sort of recapitulation of the history of physics, where people vehemently say you know, matter is continuous,", 'start': 13758.251, 'duration': 9.308}, {'end': 13770.782, 'text': "electromagnetic field is continuous and turns out it isn't true.", 'start': 13767.559, 'duration': 3.223}], 'summary': 'Black hole mergers may work differently in discrete space, impacting gravitational wave signatures.', 'duration': 29.186, 'max_score': 13741.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813741596.jpg'}], 'start': 12731.285, 'title': 'Computational irreducibility, second law, entropy, and quantum theory', 'summary': "Explores computational irreducibility, rule 30 simplicity, and the second law of thermodynamics, alongside entropy's definition and boltzmann's formulation, and the early quantum theory's development with a focus on discrete space and its possible link to dark matter.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13063.645, 'start': 12731.285, 'title': 'Computational irreducibility and the second law', 'summary': 'Discusses the surprise of computational irreducibility, the simplicity of rule 30, and the mystery of the second law of thermodynamics, highlighting the challenge of predicting behavior from simple rules and the limitations of computationally bounded observers.', 'duration': 332.36, 'highlights': ['The surprise of computational irreducibility and the simplicity of Rule 30 Discusses the intuitional surprise of computational irreducibility and the seemingly simple formulation of Rule 30, highlighting the challenge of predicting behavior and the inability to prove things about it.', 'The mystery of the second law of thermodynamics Explores the mystery of the second law of thermodynamics, emphasizing the challenge of understanding why disorder always precedes order, and the concept of computationally irreducible systems observed by computationally bounded observers.', 'The story of computational irreducibility and computationally bounded observers Discusses the concept of computational irreducibility and computationally bounded observers, highlighting the limitations of observers in predicting behavior from simple underlying rules and the challenge of preparing the initial state to produce orderly outcomes.']}, {'end': 13374.812, 'start': 13063.645, 'title': 'Computational irreducibility and entropy in thermodynamics', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of computational irreducibility and its relationship with the second law of thermodynamics, along with a detailed exploration of the definition and historical context of entropy, emphasizing boltzmann's formulation and its significance.", 'duration': 311.167, 'highlights': ["The second law of thermodynamics is about computational irreducibility and the limitation of computation in understanding the behavior of a system, exemplified by the fact that our brains perform significantly less computation than the molecules in a room. mention of the trillion, trillion, trillion molecules in the room, comparison of brain's computation to molecular computation", "Entropy is defined as the logarithm of the number of microscopic configurations of a system given certain overall constraints, with a discussion of the historical evolution of the concept from Clausius to Boltzmann's combinatorial formulation. definition of entropy, historical evolution from Clausius to Boltzmann", "Boltzmann's formulation of entropy involved considering the discrete nature of molecules and their energy levels, providing insight into the historical context and the eventual confirmation of the existence of discrete molecules through experiments like Brownian motion. Boltzmann's assumption of discrete molecules and energy levels, reference to the confirmation of the existence of discrete molecules through Brownian motion experiments"]}, {'end': 13758.251, 'start': 13374.832, 'title': 'Early quantum theory and the discreteness of space', 'summary': "Discusses the early developments in quantum theory, including boltzmann's work on discrete entities, planck's discovery of quantized radiation, einstein's contribution to the quantum theory, and the concept of space discreteness, culminating in the author's hypothesis on dark matter and its connection to space discreteness.", 'duration': 383.419, 'highlights': ["Boltzmann's work on discrete entities and quantum theory in the 1860s Boltzmann had worked out how things could be discrete and essentially invented something like quantum theory in the 1860s.", "Max Planck's discovery of quantized radiation in 1900 and its connection to the second law of thermodynamics Max Planck's experiments on blackbody radiation led to the realization that assuming electromagnetic radiation as discrete enabled the fitting of curves, eventually leading to the concept of photons and the initiation of quantum mechanics in 1905.", "Einstein's 1905 papers introducing relativity theory, explaining Brownian motion, and introducing photons Einstein's 1905 papers marked a significant year for physics, with introductions to relativity theory, explanation of Brownian motion, and the concept of photons, all contributing to the early developments of quantum theory.", "The concept of space discreteness and its connection to dark matter The discussion on the discreteness of space, including the author's hypothesis that dark matter is a feature of space and the potential discovery of evidence for space discreteness in phenomena such as black hole mergers and gravitational wave signatures."]}], 'duration': 1026.966, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d812731285.jpg', 'highlights': ["Max Planck's discovery of quantized radiation in 1900 and its connection to the second law of thermodynamics", "Einstein's 1905 papers introducing relativity theory, explaining Brownian motion, and introducing photons", 'The concept of space discreteness and its connection to dark matter', "Boltzmann's formulation of entropy involved considering the discrete nature of molecules and their energy levels", "Boltzmann's work on discrete entities and quantum theory in the 1860s", 'The second law of thermodynamics is about computational irreducibility and the limitation of computation in understanding the behavior of a system', 'The surprise of computational irreducibility and the simplicity of Rule 30', 'The mystery of the second law of thermodynamics', 'Entropy is defined as the logarithm of the number of microscopic configurations of a system given certain overall constraints']}, {'end': 15264.257, 'segs': [{'end': 14090.156, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14048.277, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14052.321, 'text': "Yes If we didn't simplify, then we wouldn't be like us.", 'start': 14048.277, 'duration': 4.044}, {'end': 14062.77, 'text': 'We would be like the universe, like the intrinsic universe, but not having experiences like the experiences we have, where we, for example,', 'start': 14053.021, 'duration': 9.749}, {'end': 14064.372, 'text': 'conclude that definite things happen.', 'start': 14062.77, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 14068.155, 'text': 'We have this notion of being able to make narrative statements.', 'start': 14064.392, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 14078.283, 'text': "Yeah I wonder if it's just like you imagined as a thought experiment, what it's like to be a computer.", 'start': 14068.175, 'duration': 10.108}, {'end': 14086.754, 'text': "I wonder if it's possible to try to begin to imagine what it's like to be an unbounded computational, Well, okay.", 'start': 14078.303, 'duration': 8.451}, {'end': 14090.156, 'text': "So here's how that, I think, plays out.", 'start': 14087.254, 'duration': 2.902}], 'summary': 'Discussing the potential of unbounded computational experiences and the concept of narrative statements.', 'duration': 41.879, 'max_score': 14048.277, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d814048277.jpg'}, {'end': 14145.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14118.574, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14124.776, 'text': "as you encompass more possible kinds of computations that you can do eventually, you might say that's a real win.", 'start': 14118.574, 'duration': 6.202}, {'end': 14126.697, 'text': "We're colonizing the Rulliad.", 'start': 14124.977, 'duration': 1.72}, {'end': 14130.619, 'text': "We're building out more paradigms about how to think about things.", 'start': 14126.737, 'duration': 3.882}, {'end': 14134.2, 'text': 'And eventually you might say, we won all the way.', 'start': 14131.259, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 14136.001, 'text': 'We managed to colonize the whole Rulliad.', 'start': 14134.24, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 14137.782, 'text': "Okay, here's the problem with that.", 'start': 14136.661, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 14145.168, 'text': 'The problem is that the notion of existence, coherent existence, requires some kind of specialization.', 'start': 14138.122, 'duration': 7.046}], 'summary': 'Expanding computations can lead to colonization of rulliad, but coherent existence requires specialization.', 'duration': 26.594, 'max_score': 14118.574, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d814118574.jpg'}, {'end': 14225.018, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14197.892, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 14203.391, 'text': 'I am geographically located somewhere exactly, precisely in the Rulliad, therefore I am.', 'start': 14197.892, 'duration': 5.499}, {'end': 14206.58, 'text': 'Is the Descartes kind of- Yeah, yeah, right.', 'start': 14204.178, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 14209.984, 'text': "Well, you're in a certain place in physical space, you're in a certain place in real space.", 'start': 14206.6, 'duration': 3.384}, {'end': 14219.573, 'text': 'And if you are sufficiently spread out, you are no longer coherent and you no longer have.', 'start': 14210.624, 'duration': 8.949}, {'end': 14225.018, 'text': 'I mean in our perception of what it means to exist and to have experience.', 'start': 14219.573, 'duration': 5.445}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the impact of physical space on coherence and existence.', 'duration': 27.126, 'max_score': 14197.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d814197892.jpg'}, {'end': 14319.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14289.616, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 14295.498, 'text': 'Yes, But I mean the fact that the gas laws work, that we can describe pressure, volume, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera,', 'start': 14289.616, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 14300.359, 'text': "and that we don't have to go down to the level of talking about individual molecules.", 'start': 14295.498, 'duration': 4.861}, {'end': 14301.68, 'text': 'that is a non-trivial fact.', 'start': 14300.359, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 14306.041, 'text': "And here's the exciting thing as far as I'm concerned.", 'start': 14302.66, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 14310.864, 'text': 'the fact that there are certain aspects of the universe.', 'start': 14306.641, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 14319.109, 'text': 'So we think space is made ultimately of these atoms of space and these hypergraphs and so on,', 'start': 14310.904, 'duration': 8.205}], 'summary': 'Gas laws work without discussing individual molecules, an exciting non-trivial fact.', 'duration': 29.493, 'max_score': 14289.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d814289616.jpg'}, {'end': 14513.25, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 14353.846, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14360.068, 'text': 'And so when we perceive the universe, we are branching brains perceiving a branching universe.', 'start': 14353.846, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 14368.173, 'text': 'Yeah, And so the claim that we believe that we are persistent in time.', 'start': 14360.628, 'duration': 7.545}, {'end': 14370.675, 'text': 'we have this single thread of experience.', 'start': 14368.173, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 14379.801, 'text': "that's the statement that somehow we managed to aggregate together those separate threads of time that are separated in the fundamental operation of the universe.", 'start': 14370.675, 'duration': 9.126}, {'end': 14387.887, 'text': "So just as in space, we're averaging over some big region of space and we're looking at the aggregate effects of many atoms of space.", 'start': 14380.241, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 14393.633, 'text': 'So. similarly, in what we call branchial space, the space of these quantum branches,', 'start': 14388.687, 'duration': 4.946}, {'end': 14399.219, 'text': 'we are effectively averaging over many different branches of histories of the universe.', 'start': 14393.633, 'duration': 5.586}, {'end': 14408.128, 'text': "And so in thermodynamics, we're averaging over many configurations of many possible positions of molecules.", 'start': 14400.02, 'duration': 8.108}, {'end': 14415.693, 'text': 'Yeah. So the question is when you do that, averaging for space, what are the aggregate laws of space?', 'start': 14408.329, 'duration': 7.364}, {'end': 14420.916, 'text': 'When you do that, averaging over branchial space, what are the aggregate laws of branchial space?', 'start': 14416.253, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 14426.339, 'text': 'When you do that, averaging over the molecules and so on, what are the aggregate laws you get?', 'start': 14421.356, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 14432.662, 'text': 'And this is the thing that I think is just amazingly neat.', 'start': 14427.239, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 14435.503, 'text': 'That there are aggregate laws at all.', 'start': 14433.762, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 14438.165, 'text': 'Well, yes, but the question is what are those aggregate laws?', 'start': 14435.663, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 14440.406, 'text': 'So the answer is for space.', 'start': 14438.605, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 14444.008, 'text': "the aggregate laws are Einstein's equations for gravity, for the structure of spacetime.", 'start': 14440.406, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 14448.27, 'text': 'For branchial space, the aggregate laws are the laws of quantum mechanics.', 'start': 14444.688, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 14456.114, 'text': 'And for the case of molecules and things, the aggregate laws are basically the second law of thermodynamics.', 'start': 14448.97, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 14461.577, 'text': 'and the things that follow from the second law of thermodynamics.', 'start': 14457.094, 'duration': 4.483}, {'end': 14471.723, 'text': 'And so what that means is that the three great theories of 20th century physics, which are basically general relativity, the theory of gravity,', 'start': 14462.297, 'duration': 9.426}, {'end': 14476.527, 'text': 'quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, which is what kind of grows out of the second law of thermodynamics,', 'start': 14471.723, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 14488.612, 'text': 'All three of the great theories of 20th century physics are the result of this interplay between computational irreducibility and the computational boundedness of observers.', 'start': 14477.367, 'duration': 11.245}, {'end': 14495.956, 'text': 'For me this is really neat, because it means that all three of these laws are derivable.', 'start': 14489.713, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 14504.943, 'text': "So we used to think that, for example, Einstein's equations were just sort of a wheel-in feature of our universe, that the universe might be that way.", 'start': 14496.576, 'duration': 8.367}, {'end': 14506.024, 'text': 'it might not be that way.', 'start': 14504.943, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 14509.467, 'text': 'Quantum mechanics is just like, well, it just happens to be that way.', 'start': 14506.585, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 14513.25, 'text': 'And the second law, people kind of thought, well, maybe it is derivable.', 'start': 14510.128, 'duration': 3.122}], 'summary': 'The universe is perceived through averaging over separate threads, resulting in aggregate laws of space, branchial space, and molecular behavior, leading to the derivation of the three great theories of 20th century physics.', 'duration': 159.404, 'max_score': 14353.846, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d814353846.jpg'}, {'end': 15135.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15107.589, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 15112.531, 'text': "And it's kind of both, it's both a good thing and a bad thing in terms of the passage of one's life.", 'start': 15107.589, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 15116.393, 'text': "I mean it's kind of like if everything I'd figured out was like okay,", 'start': 15112.731, 'duration': 3.662}, {'end': 15121.095, 'text': "I figured it out when I was 25 years old and everybody says it's great and we're done.", 'start': 15116.393, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 15127.077, 'text': "And it's like, okay, but I'm going to live another how many years? And that's kind of, it's all downhill from there.", 'start': 15121.595, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 15135.481, 'text': "In a sense, it's better in some sense to be able to, you know, it sort of keeps things interesting.", 'start': 15127.477, 'duration': 8.004}], 'summary': 'Realizing everything by 25 can make life seem downhill; keeps things interesting.', 'duration': 27.892, 'max_score': 15107.589, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d815107589.jpg'}, {'end': 15259.892, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15228.888, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 15230.068, 'text': 'And thank you for talking today.', 'start': 15228.888, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 15231.969, 'text': 'We went past midnight.', 'start': 15230.409, 'duration': 1.56}, {'end': 15234.77, 'text': 'We only did four and a half hours.', 'start': 15232.349, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 15238.472, 'text': "I mean, we could probably go for four more, but we'll save that till next time.", 'start': 15234.83, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 15240.693, 'text': 'This is round number four.', 'start': 15238.952, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 15242.653, 'text': "I'm sure we'll talk many more times.", 'start': 15241.233, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 15243.394, 'text': 'Thank you so much.', 'start': 15242.793, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 15244.314, 'text': 'My pleasure.', 'start': 15243.934, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 15247.818, 'text': 'Thanks for listening to this conversation with Stephen Wolfram.', 'start': 15245.555, 'duration': 2.263}, {'end': 15251.642, 'text': 'To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 15248.198, 'duration': 3.444}, {'end': 15255.366, 'text': 'And now let me leave you with some words from George Cantor.', 'start': 15252.163, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 15259.892, 'text': 'The essence of mathematics lies in its freedom.', 'start': 15256.288, 'duration': 3.604}], 'summary': 'A four and a half hour conversation with stephen wolfram, round four of many more talks.', 'duration': 31.004, 'max_score': 15228.888, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d815228888.jpg'}], 'start': 13758.251, 'title': 'Physics misconceptions & computational boundaries', 'summary': "Discusses historical misconceptions in physics, computational irreducibility, unbounded computation, observer's influence on laws of physics, and mortality impact of ideas, revealing insights into fundamental principles and impact of stephen wolfram's contributions.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13990.557, 'start': 13758.251, 'title': 'Physics history recap & computational irreducibility', 'summary': 'Discusses the historical misconceptions in physics regarding the continuity of matter and electromagnetic fields, and emphasizes the impact of computational irreducibility on observations and the second law of thermodynamics, revealing that precise measurements of molecular positions can lead to microscopic violations of the law.', 'duration': 232.306, 'highlights': ['The historical misconceptions in physics regarding the continuity of matter and electromagnetic fields are discussed. The chapter provides insight into historical beliefs about the continuity of matter and electromagnetic fields in physics, highlighting the eventual disproof of these notions.', 'The impact of computational irreducibility on observations and the second law of thermodynamics is emphasized. The chapter explains how computational irreducibility influences observations and the second law of thermodynamics, revealing that precise measurements of molecular positions can lead to microscopic violations of the law.', 'The concept of coarse-graining and its relation to computationally bounded observers is explored. The concept of coarse-graining and its relation to computationally bounded observers is discussed, highlighting the limitations imposed by computational boundedness and the significance of observing a coarse-grained version of the system.']}, {'end': 14246.36, 'start': 13991.338, 'title': 'Unbounded computation and existence', 'summary': 'Explores the concept of unbounded computation, discussing computational boundedness, the rulliad, and the notion of coherent existence, suggesting that to exist in the way we perceive, it requires computational boundedness.', 'duration': 255.022, 'highlights': ['The notion of existence requires specialization and computational boundedness, as being spread throughout the rulliad would result in incoherent identity and lack of definite existence. Specialization for coherent existence, incoherent identity in unbounded computation', 'The concept of unbounded computation involves encompassing more possible views of the universe, leading to the potential colonization of the entire rulliad. Encompassing views of the universe, colonizing the rulliad', 'Existence, as perceived by humans, is akin to operating in a computationally irreducible space, where limitations lead to the ability to make narrative statements and conclusions about definite things happening. Existence as computationally irreducible space, limitations enabling narrative statements']}, {'end': 14955.087, 'start': 14248.066, 'title': "Observer's influence on the laws of physics", 'summary': "Discusses the influence of computational boundedness and belief persistence on the observer's sampling of the universe, leading to the derivation of aggregate laws for space, branchial space, and molecules, ultimately impacting the fundamental principles of physics.", 'duration': 707.021, 'highlights': ['Computational boundedness of observers influences the derivation of aggregate laws for space, branchial space, and molecules, impacting the fundamental principles of physics.', "The observer's sampling of the universe implies aggregate laws for space, branchial space, and molecules, derived from the interplay between computational irreducibility and the observer's characteristics.", "The fundamental principles of physics, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics, are derivable from the observer's computational boundedness of belief and persistence in time.", "In the sampling process, observers effectively average over many configurations, leading to aggregate laws such as Einstein's equations for gravity, laws of quantum mechanics, and the second law of thermodynamics.", "The observer's nature, characterized by computational boundedness and belief persistence, implies precise facts about physics, shaping the perception of physical reality and the derivation of fundamental principles.", "The existence of the universe and the perception of physical reality are influenced by the observer's computational boundedness and belief persistence, leading to the inevitability of the universe and the unique object known as the Rulliad."]}, {'end': 15264.257, 'start': 14956.308, 'title': 'Mortality and impact of ideas', 'summary': "Discusses the existential sadness of being a finite being amidst potential breakthroughs, the realization of one's impact on future generations, and the anticipation of upcoming developments in technology and science, while expressing gratitude and admiration for stephen wolfram's contributions.", 'duration': 307.949, 'highlights': ["The realization of one's impact on future generations. Stephen Wolfram reflects on the transience of one's concerns in the context of different time periods, highlighting the changing significance of one's thoughts over time.", "The anticipation of upcoming developments in technology and science. The discussion includes the unexpected advancement in computational language, the excitement of witnessing these developments, and the expression of hope for Stephen Wolfram's continued presence in the field.", 'Existential sadness of being a finite being amidst potential breakthroughs. The existential dilemma of mortality is explored in the context of potential technological advancements, evoking a sense of melancholy at the finite nature of human existence.']}], 'duration': 1506.006, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/PdE-waSx-d8/pics/PdE-waSx-d813758251.jpg', 'highlights': ['The historical misconceptions in physics regarding the continuity of matter and electromagnetic fields are discussed.', 'The impact of computational irreducibility on observations and the second law of thermodynamics is emphasized.', 'The concept of coarse-graining and its relation to computationally bounded observers is explored.', 'The notion of existence requires specialization and computational boundedness, as being spread throughout the rulliad would result in incoherent identity and lack of definite existence.', 'The concept of unbounded computation involves encompassing more possible views of the universe, leading to the potential colonization of the entire rulliad.', 'Existence, as perceived by humans, is akin to operating in a computationally irreducible space, where limitations lead to the ability to make narrative statements and conclusions about definite things happening.', 'Computational boundedness of observers influences the derivation of aggregate laws for space, branchial space, and molecules, impacting the fundamental principles of physics.', "The observer's sampling of the universe implies aggregate laws for space, branchial space, and molecules, derived from the interplay between computational irreducibility and the observer's characteristics.", "The fundamental principles of physics, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics, are derivable from the observer's computational boundedness of belief and persistence in time.", "The realization of one's impact on future generations. Stephen Wolfram reflects on the transience of one's concerns in the context of different time periods, highlighting the changing significance of one's thoughts over time.", "The anticipation of upcoming developments in technology and science. The discussion includes the unexpected advancement in computational language, the excitement of witnessing these developments, and the expression of hope for Stephen Wolfram's continued presence in the field.", 'Existential sadness of being a finite being amidst potential breakthroughs. The existential dilemma of mortality is explored in the context of potential technological advancements, evoking a sense of melancholy at the finite nature of human existence.']}], 'highlights': ['The integration of ChatGPT and Wolfram Alpha, emphasizing differences between large language models and computational system infrastructure', 'The goal of making the world computable and providing reliable answers based on accumulated expert knowledge', 'The concept of deep computation and the ability to build complex structures step by step, revealing potential to achieve intricate results beyond immediate human comprehension', 'The discussion of symbolic programming as a means to connect computational possibilities with human thinking, emphasizing the importance of creating precise representations from human language and the effectiveness of symbolic expressions in conceptualizing higher-level things', 'Wolfram Alpha achieves 98-99% success rate in converting natural language to computational language over 13.5 years, handling math and chemistry calculations', 'Large language models like GPT enhance natural language to computational language conversion, indicating a more powerful process', 'The challenge of capturing the full complexity of natural systems is illustrated through the example of snowflake growth, where the discrepancy between thin summaries and detailed reality is highlighted', 'The concept of modeling in science and the importance of capturing what is cared about', 'The complexity of the equation used by ChatGPT to compute probabilities for the next word, with 175 billion terms and 400 layers, demonstrates the scale of computation involved in natural language processing', 'The potential impact of super-intelligent AI on society, discussing the exponential growth of intelligence, the proximity of super-intelligent systems to humans, and the potential threats posed by AI', 'The ongoing quest to derive the second law of thermodynamics from fundamental principles has been a long-standing challenge in the field of physics', "Max Planck's discovery of quantized radiation in 1900 and its connection to the second law of thermodynamics", 'The historical misconceptions in physics regarding the continuity of matter and electromagnetic fields are discussed', 'The concept of coarse-graining and its relation to computationally bounded observers is explored', 'The concept of unbounded computation involves encompassing more possible views of the universe, leading to the potential colonization of the entire rulliad', "The realization of one's impact on future generations. Stephen Wolfram reflects on the transience of one's concerns in the context of different time periods, highlighting the changing significance of one's thoughts over time"]}