title
JavaScript Tic Tac Toe Project Tutorial - Unbeatable AI w/ Minimax Algorithm

description
A full web development tutorial for beginners that demonstrates how to create an unbeatable tic tac toe game using vanilla JavaScript, HTML, and CSS. Learn the Minimax algorithm! ⌨ Part 1: Introduction (0:00) Code: none ⌨ Part 2: HTML (2:58) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/2 ⌨ Part 3: CSS (4:23) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/3 ⌨ Part 4: JavaScript: Basic Setup (10:28) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/4 ⌨ Part 5: JavaScript: Determine Winner (20:32) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/5 ⌨ Part 6: JavaScript: Basic AI & Winner Box (30:45) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/6 ⌨ Part 7: JavaScript: Minimax Algorithm (39:25) Code: https://github.com/beaucarnes/fcc-project-tutorials/tree/master/tictactoe/7 --- Special thanks to David Daly and myloginistaken who found a mistake where the game sometimes incorrectly shows a tie game. The 'Part 7' GitHub code now contains this fix. 🔗Minimax article: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/how-to-make-your-tic-tac-toe-game-unbeatable-by-using-the-minimax-algorithm-9d690bad4b37 🐦 Beau Carnes on Twitter: https://twitter.com/carnesbeau --- Learn to code for free and get a developer job: https://www.freecodecamp.com Read hundreds of articles on technology: https://medium.freecodecamp.com And subscribe for new programming videos every day: https://youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=freecodecamp

detail
{'title': 'JavaScript Tic Tac Toe Project Tutorial - Unbeatable AI w/ Minimax Algorithm', 'heatmap': [{'end': 778.844, 'start': 746.072, 'weight': 0.749}, {'end': 873.119, 'start': 805.383, 'weight': 0.71}, {'end': 994.111, 'start': 960.446, 'weight': 0.769}, {'end': 1210.255, 'start': 1176.924, 'weight': 0.728}, {'end': 1403.74, 'start': 1363.15, 'weight': 0.735}, {'end': 2544.65, 'start': 2444.083, 'weight': 0.841}], 'summary': 'This tutorial series on creating a javascript tic-tac-toe game covers setting up the development environment, event handling, creating an unbeatable ai using the minimax algorithm, and implementing the algorithm for an unbeatable ai, providing insightful guidance for html, css, and javascript enthusiasts.', 'chapters': [{'end': 44.338, 'segs': [{'end': 44.338, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4.56, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11.887, 'text': 'In this video, I will be showing you how to create a tic-tac-toe game from start to finish using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.', 'start': 4.56, 'duration': 7.327}, {'end': 16.17, 'text': 'I will also show you how to create the AI using the minimax algorithm.', 'start': 12.527, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 23.297, 'text': "I expect you to have basic knowledge about HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, but you don't have to know anything too advanced.", 'start': 16.731, 'duration': 6.566}, {'end': 28.422, 'text': 'However, it may take a few rewatches to completely understand the minimax algorithm.', 'start': 23.877, 'duration': 4.545}, {'end': 38.091, 'text': 'If all you are interested in is the minimax algorithm, feel free to skip to that section by clicking the link in the description for section seven.', 'start': 29.062, 'duration': 9.029}, {'end': 44.338, 'text': 'To get the most out of this video, you should create the tic tac toe game along with me on your own computer.', 'start': 38.672, 'duration': 5.666}], 'summary': 'Learn to create a tic-tac-toe game using javascript, html, and css, including ai with the minimax algorithm.', 'duration': 39.778, 'max_score': 4.56, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ4560.jpg'}], 'start': 4.56, 'title': 'Creating a tic-tac-toe game', 'summary': 'Demonstrates creating a tic-tac-toe game using javascript, html, and css, implementing the minimax algorithm for ai, and recommends basic knowledge of html, css, and javascript along with active participation for optimal learning.', 'chapters': [{'end': 44.338, 'start': 4.56, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe game creation', 'summary': 'Demonstrates creating a tic-tac-toe game using javascript, html, and css, including implementation of the minimax algorithm for ai, while recommending basic knowledge of html, css, and javascript, and active participation for optimal learning.', 'duration': 39.778, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers creating a tic-tac-toe game using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, and implementing the minimax algorithm for the AI.', 'Basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is recommended for viewers.', 'Active participation by creating the tic-tac-toe game along with the demonstration is encouraged for optimal learning.', 'Viewers are advised that understanding the minimax algorithm may require multiple rewatches.']}], 'duration': 39.778, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ4560.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers creating a tic-tac-toe game using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, and implementing the minimax algorithm for the AI.', 'Active participation by creating the tic-tac-toe game along with the demonstration is encouraged for optimal learning.', 'Basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is recommended for viewers.', 'Viewers are advised that understanding the minimax algorithm may require multiple rewatches.']}, {'end': 933.595, 'segs': [{'end': 139.599, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 44.958, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 50.063, 'text': 'If you get lost while writing the code, you can check out the GitHub repository that goes along with this video.', 'start': 44.958, 'duration': 5.105}, {'end': 55.928, 'text': 'This video has many sections, and there is a folder in the GitHub repo for every section in the video.', 'start': 50.543, 'duration': 5.385}, {'end': 60.553, 'text': 'The folder has what your code should look like at the end of each section.', 'start': 56.188, 'duration': 4.365}, {'end': 68.019, 'text': "Check out this video's description for links to the code for each section, as well as links to skip ahead to that part of the video.", 'start': 61.053, 'duration': 6.966}, {'end': 73.064, 'text': "Before we start creating anything, let's make sure your development environment is set up.", 'start': 68.78, 'duration': 4.284}, {'end': 77.087, 'text': 'An easy way to create this project is to use code pin.io.', 'start': 73.524, 'duration': 3.563}, {'end': 79.969, 'text': 'Just go to the site and then create a new pin.', 'start': 77.487, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 86.515, 'text': 'There is a section to put your HTML, your CSS and your JavaScript.', 'start': 81.951, 'duration': 4.564}, {'end': 89.277, 'text': 'And then everything you create will show up right over here.', 'start': 87.135, 'duration': 2.142}, {'end': 92.76, 'text': "Also, don't forget to give your pin a name and save it.", 'start': 89.837, 'duration': 2.923}, {'end': 98.801, 'text': "However, I'm actually going to create the project locally on my machine instead.", 'start': 94.96, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 101.102, 'text': 'You can do that with any text editor.', 'start': 99.341, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 102.822, 'text': "I'm using Sublime Text.", 'start': 101.622, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 106.703, 'text': "I'm going to open Sublime Text and then go to File, Open.", 'start': 103.162, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 110.984, 'text': "Now I'm selecting a folder I already created for this project.", 'start': 107.363, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 113.985, 'text': 'Inside this project, create three files.', 'start': 111.725, 'duration': 2.26}, {'end': 119.127, 'text': 'I use the sidebar enhancement package add-on so I get more options when I right-click here.', 'start': 114.525, 'duration': 4.602}, {'end': 121.727, 'text': "So we're going to create the three files.", 'start': 119.807, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 123.608, 'text': "We're going to create tic-tac-toe.html.", 'start': 121.747, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 129.387, 'text': 'Now style dot CSS.', 'start': 127.642, 'duration': 1.745}, {'end': 135.145, 'text': 'And then the last one is going to be script dot j s.', 'start': 131.113, 'duration': 4.032}, {'end': 139.599, 'text': 'In tic tac toe dot HTML.', 'start': 137.458, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Tutorial on setting up development environment and creating project files.', 'duration': 94.641, 'max_score': 44.958, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ44958.jpg'}, {'end': 254.951, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 222.757, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 224.457, 'text': 'And then Command Shift D two more times.', 'start': 222.757, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 232.778, 'text': 'Three, four, five, six, seven, eight.', 'start': 227.998, 'duration': 4.78}, {'end': 236.859, 'text': "We're also going to need to display who is the winner of the game.", 'start': 233.739, 'duration': 3.12}, {'end': 240.82, 'text': "So at the bottom, we'll add a div with the class of endgame.", 'start': 237.279, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 246.761, 'text': "Also, we'll add a button that will allow the player to reset the game after it ends.", 'start': 241.795, 'duration': 4.966}, {'end': 254.951, 'text': "While we are putting this at the bottom, later we'll add some CSS to position the in-game message on the top of the tic tac toe board.", 'start': 247.742, 'duration': 7.209}], 'summary': 'Adding game winner display and reset button with css positioning.', 'duration': 32.194, 'max_score': 222.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ222757.jpg'}, {'end': 387.799, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 357.013, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 359.434, 'text': "So it looks like you can click each square when you're on it.", 'start': 357.013, 'duration': 2.421}, {'end': 364.035, 'text': "And you can see it still doesn't look like a tic tac toe board exactly.", 'start': 360.594, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 366.596, 'text': 'So again, a few more things for the styling.', 'start': 364.055, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 369.397, 'text': "Now I'm going to add some styles to the table element.", 'start': 366.956, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 377.96, 'text': "So that's going to style the whole table element that includes everything else here.", 'start': 373.098, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 387.799, 'text': "So border claps collapse, that's what is going to make it look more like this.", 'start': 382.972, 'duration': 4.827}], 'summary': 'Styling applied to table for tic tac toe board.', 'duration': 30.786, 'max_score': 357.013, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ357013.jpg'}, {'end': 664.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 634.985, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 638.685, 'text': 'The JavaScript part of this video is broken up into four sections.', 'start': 634.985, 'duration': 3.7}, {'end': 644.567, 'text': "First, we're going to set up some variables and add the ability to click a square and show a mark.", 'start': 639.206, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 650.008, 'text': 'Second, we are going to add logic to determine the winner and show the winning combination.', 'start': 645.187, 'duration': 4.821}, {'end': 655.769, 'text': "Third, we'll create a very basic AI and add the code to notify who the winner is.", 'start': 650.688, 'duration': 5.081}, {'end': 664.555, 'text': "And finally, and this is the most complicated section, we'll create the logic for an unbeatable AI using the minimax algorithm.", 'start': 656.169, 'duration': 8.386}], 'summary': 'Javascript video covers setting up variables, logic for winner, basic ai, and unbeatable ai using minimax algorithm.', 'duration': 29.57, 'max_score': 634.985, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ634985.jpg'}, {'end': 778.844, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 746.072, 'weight': 0.749, 'content': [{'end': 748.534, 'text': 'And now I just put the other winning combinations in there.', 'start': 746.072, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 754.518, 'text': 'So cells equals document that query selector all and dot cell.', 'start': 749.615, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 757.18, 'text': "And let's zoom out a little bit.", 'start': 755.459, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 770.83, 'text': 'So that means the cells variable is going to store a reference to each cell here document that query selector all is going to select each element on the page that has the class of cell,', 'start': 757.521, 'duration': 13.309}, {'end': 772.512, 'text': 'which are all these TD elements.', 'start': 770.83, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 778.844, 'text': "And then we're going to have to call a function to start the game, which is just going to be the start game function.", 'start': 773.539, 'duration': 5.305}], 'summary': "Selects all td elements with the class 'cell' to store a reference to each cell and starts the game with the 'start game' function.", 'duration': 32.772, 'max_score': 746.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ746072.jpg'}, {'end': 877.64, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 782.767, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 785.589, 'text': 'So this is what will happen when the game starts.', 'start': 782.767, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 793.936, 'text': "Also, one thing to point out is that remember, when you click replay, it's also going to run the start game function.", 'start': 787.951, 'duration': 5.985}, {'end': 801.323, 'text': 'So this start game function will run at the beginning, but also whenever you click replay, it will run the start game function.', 'start': 794.457, 'duration': 6.866}, {'end': 804.562, 'text': 'we have the document dot query selector.', 'start': 802.281, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 807.384, 'text': "And we're going to select the in game element.", 'start': 805.383, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 810.466, 'text': "And we're going to set the style.", 'start': 808.204, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 818.29, 'text': "So we're going to modify the CSS style, specifically the display property, we're going to set the display property to none.", 'start': 810.766, 'duration': 7.524}, {'end': 823.753, 'text': 'Now if we go back into the style, you can see that this the display property is already set to none.', 'start': 818.75, 'duration': 5.003}, {'end': 828.816, 'text': 'But remember, this will also happen when you hit the replay button that will run the start game function.', 'start': 824.293, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 834.186, 'text': 'And at the end of the game, the in game element is not going to be set to display none is actually showing up.', 'start': 829.144, 'duration': 5.042}, {'end': 837.467, 'text': 'So when you click replay, it will be set to none again.', 'start': 834.486, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 845.25, 'text': "And now we're going to finally load something into the original board variable that we have up here.", 'start': 839.008, 'duration': 6.242}, {'end': 849.171, 'text': "we're going to set to array dot from array nine dot keys.", 'start': 845.25, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 855.974, 'text': 'This is just a fancy way right here to make the array be every number from zero to nine.', 'start': 849.732, 'duration': 6.242}, {'end': 860.015, 'text': "So it's going to create an array of nine elements.", 'start': 856.574, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 868.677, 'text': "And it's going to be get just the keys for that element, which is zero through nine, and it's going to create an array from that other array.", 'start': 860.535, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 873.119, 'text': "So just to show you what I'm talking about, I'm just going to console that log that here.", 'start': 869.038, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 877.64, 'text': "So if I save that, I'm going to run this.", 'start': 875.339, 'duration': 2.301}], 'summary': 'The start game function sets the display property to none for in-game element and loads an array of nine elements.', 'duration': 94.873, 'max_score': 782.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ782767.jpg'}, {'end': 905.48, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 875.339, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 877.64, 'text': "So if I save that, I'm going to run this.", 'start': 875.339, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 884.882, 'text': "Now I'll open up the JavaScript console, you'll see we have an array of elements zero through eight here.", 'start': 878.66, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 888.272, 'text': "But let's remove this for now.", 'start': 886.991, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 895.915, 'text': "Now throughout the course of the game, we'll actually be adding X and X's and O's to this.", 'start': 889.772, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 902.058, 'text': "So whenever we restart the game, we want to remove all the X's and O's from the board.", 'start': 896.396, 'duration': 5.662}, {'end': 905.48, 'text': "So we're going to do that with a for loop.", 'start': 902.078, 'duration': 3.402}], 'summary': "Using javascript, an array of elements is manipulated, adding and removing x's and o's during a game.", 'duration': 30.141, 'max_score': 875.339, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ875339.jpg'}], 'start': 44.958, 'title': 'Setting up development environment, creating tic-tac-toe game files, and javascript tic tac toe game', 'summary': 'Provides guidance on setting up a development environment, creating files for a tic-tac-toe game using html, css, and javascript, and implementing game functionalities, along with basic and unbeatable ai using the minimax algorithm, demonstrated with diagrams.', 'chapters': [{'end': 110.984, 'start': 44.958, 'title': 'Setting up development environment', 'summary': 'Provides guidance on setting up a development environment for the project, including using github repository, codepen.io, and local machine with a text editor.', 'duration': 66.026, 'highlights': ['The video has sections with a corresponding folder in the GitHub repo for each section. The GitHub repository contains folders for each section of the video which showcase the code at the end of each section.', 'Instructions for creating the project using codepen.io and locally on a machine with a text editor are provided. The chapter explains how to create the project using codepen.io and locally on a machine with a text editor such as Sublime Text.', 'The process of setting up the project locally on a machine is demonstrated using Sublime Text. The process of setting up the project locally on a machine is demonstrated using Sublime Text as the text editor.']}, {'end': 634.605, 'start': 111.725, 'title': 'Creating tic-tac-toe game files', 'summary': 'Covers creating three files for a tic-tac-toe game, using html and css to design the game board and in-game elements, and introducing basic javascript code for the game functionalities.', 'duration': 522.88, 'highlights': ['Using HTML to create tic-tac-toe game files The chapter discusses creating tic-tac-toe.html, style.css, and script.js files, forming the foundation of the game.', 'Styling the game board using CSS The chapter explains how to use CSS to style the game board, including creating a 9x9 grid using a table and adding CSS properties to enhance the visual appearance.', 'Introducing in-game elements and JavaScript functionalities The chapter introduces in-game elements like the endgame div and reset button, along with a brief overview of adding JavaScript code for game functionality.']}, {'end': 933.595, 'start': 634.985, 'title': 'Javascript tic tac toe game', 'summary': 'Covers the setup of variables, logic to determine the winner, creation of basic ai, and the implementation of an unbeatable ai using the minimax algorithm, along with the demonstration of how it works with diagrams.', 'duration': 298.61, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the setup of variables, including the initialization of the board, designation of players (human and AI), and the creation of an array to store winning combinations for the tic tac toe board. The chapter begins with setting up variables such as the board initialization, designation of players (human and AI), and the creation of an array to store winning combinations for the tic tac toe board.', 'Explanation of the function to start the game and how it will run at the beginning as well as when the replay button is clicked. The function to start the game is explained, clarifying that it will run at the beginning and whenever the replay button is clicked.', "Demonstration of creating an array of nine elements and removing X's and O's from the board using a for loop. The process of creating an array of nine elements and removing X's and O's from the board using a for loop is demonstrated."]}], 'duration': 888.637, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ44958.jpg', 'highlights': ['The GitHub repository contains folders for each section of the video which showcase the code at the end of each section.', 'Instructions for creating the project using codepen.io and locally on a machine with a text editor are provided.', 'The process of setting up the project locally on a machine is demonstrated using Sublime Text as the text editor.', 'Using HTML to create tic-tac-toe game files forming the foundation of the game.', 'Styling the game board using CSS, including creating a 9x9 grid using a table and adding CSS properties.', 'Introducing in-game elements like the endgame div and reset button, along with a brief overview of adding JavaScript code for game functionality.', 'The chapter begins with setting up variables such as the board initialization, designation of players (human and AI), and the creation of an array to store winning combinations for the tic tac toe board.', 'Explanation of the function to start the game and how it will run at the beginning as well as when the replay button is clicked.', "Demonstration of creating an array of nine elements and removing X's and O's from the board using a for loop."]}, {'end': 1809.701, 'segs': [{'end': 994.111, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 960.446, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 962.907, 'text': "So we're back to having no background color.", 'start': 960.446, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 970.791, 'text': "And then one final thing we're going to add an event listener on the click event.", 'start': 963.847, 'duration': 6.944}, {'end': 974.554, 'text': "And we're going to call the turn click function.", 'start': 971.452, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 980.738, 'text': "So now every time anybody clicks one of these things, we're going to call the turn click function.", 'start': 975.655, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 985.801, 'text': "And the turn click function is the next thing we're going to define in our program.", 'start': 981.638, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 994.111, 'text': "for now, just so you can see what's going to happen, we're going to do console dot log.", 'start': 990.168, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Adding event listener for click event to call turn click function.', 'duration': 33.665, 'max_score': 960.446, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ960446.jpg'}, {'end': 994.111, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 960.446, 'weight': 0.769, 'content': [{'end': 962.907, 'text': "So we're back to having no background color.", 'start': 960.446, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 970.791, 'text': "And then one final thing we're going to add an event listener on the click event.", 'start': 963.847, 'duration': 6.944}, {'end': 974.554, 'text': "And we're going to call the turn click function.", 'start': 971.452, 'duration': 3.102}, {'end': 980.738, 'text': "So now every time anybody clicks one of these things, we're going to call the turn click function.", 'start': 975.655, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 985.801, 'text': "And the turn click function is the next thing we're going to define in our program.", 'start': 981.638, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 994.111, 'text': "for now, just so you can see what's going to happen, we're going to do console dot log.", 'start': 990.168, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Adding event listener to call turn click function on click event.', 'duration': 33.665, 'max_score': 960.446, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ960446.jpg'}, {'end': 1073.839, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1044.577, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1046.058, 'text': 'It looks like I spelled this wrong.', 'start': 1044.577, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1047.819, 'text': 'This would be style.', 'start': 1046.459, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 1051.562, 'text': 'So maybe you already noticed while I was typing it in earlier.', 'start': 1048.26, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 1053.944, 'text': 'But this is a good way to troubleshoot your code.', 'start': 1051.962, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 1057.426, 'text': "Just look in the JavaScript console and they'll give you an idea of what you did wrong.", 'start': 1054.204, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 1059.307, 'text': "So now let's refresh this.", 'start': 1057.786, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1065.452, 'text': "That's why it's good to try things out periodically while you're programming so you can catch things quickly.", 'start': 1059.808, 'duration': 5.644}, {'end': 1070.175, 'text': "I'm actually going to clear the console and then refresh so you can see that there's no errors.", 'start': 1065.872, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 1071.676, 'text': 'now if I click it.', 'start': 1070.775, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 1073.839, 'text': "Oh, six, because that's the zero.", 'start': 1071.676, 'duration': 2.163}], 'summary': 'Use javascript console to troubleshoot code errors', 'duration': 29.262, 'max_score': 1044.577, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1044577.jpg'}, {'end': 1160.23, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1134.435, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1140.66, 'text': "So if a human is clicking, we're going to call the turn function with the human player and not the AI player.", 'start': 1134.435, 'duration': 6.225}, {'end': 1144.122, 'text': "So now let's define the turn function.", 'start': 1141.3, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 1153.443, 'text': "This time, I'll remember to put the word function the term function is going to take two parameters, the square ID and the player.", 'start': 1145.303, 'duration': 8.14}, {'end': 1160.23, 'text': "And you can see that's what we pass up here, the square ID and the player, this is the human player.", 'start': 1154.344, 'duration': 5.886}], 'summary': 'Defining the turn function for human player with square id and player as parameters.', 'duration': 25.795, 'max_score': 1134.435, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1134435.jpg'}, {'end': 1210.255, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1176.924, 'weight': 0.728, 'content': [{'end': 1183.049, 'text': "But we don't actually see that array, we're also going to have to update the display so we can see where you just clicked.", 'start': 1176.924, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 1190.145, 'text': "Okay, document dot get element by ID, that's going to select an element with ID and the square ID.", 'start': 1183.902, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 1193.847, 'text': 'If you remember from the HTML, we have the square IDs here.', 'start': 1190.205, 'duration': 3.642}, {'end': 1203.972, 'text': "So we're going to select the element that was just clicked and set the inner text to equal player.", 'start': 1193.907, 'duration': 10.065}, {'end': 1210.255, 'text': 'So if I save that and refresh, I click here.', 'start': 1205.632, 'duration': 4.623}], 'summary': 'Updating display to show clicked element and setting inner text to player.', 'duration': 33.331, 'max_score': 1176.924, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1176924.jpg'}, {'end': 1403.74, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1363.15, 'weight': 0.735, 'content': [{'end': 1367.735, 'text': "Let's bring this down to this line here.", 'start': 1363.15, 'duration': 4.585}, {'end': 1378.147, 'text': "So we're going to use the reduce method, the reduce method is going through going to go through every element of the board array and do something.", 'start': 1370.825, 'duration': 7.322}, {'end': 1385.57, 'text': "And it's going to give back one single value, the accumulator is the value that is going to give back at the end.", 'start': 1378.527, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 1395.813, 'text': "And we're going to initialize the accumulator to an empty array, the E is the element in the board array that we're going through and the eyes index.", 'start': 1385.99, 'duration': 9.823}, {'end': 1402.099, 'text': 'So if the element equals the player, then this is a ternary operator.', 'start': 1396.313, 'duration': 5.786}, {'end': 1403.74, 'text': "So then we're going to do this.", 'start': 1402.119, 'duration': 1.621}], 'summary': 'Using reduce method to iterate through board array and accumulate single value.', 'duration': 40.59, 'max_score': 1363.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1363150.jpg'}, {'end': 1687.833, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1662.887, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1668.231, 'text': 'First of all, we want to highlight all the squares that are part of the winning combination.', 'start': 1662.887, 'duration': 5.344}, {'end': 1673.995, 'text': 'And then we want to make it so the user cannot click any more squares because the game is over.', 'start': 1668.851, 'duration': 5.144}, {'end': 1682.171, 'text': "let index of wing combos, and we're going to pass in game one dot index.", 'start': 1676.829, 'duration': 5.342}, {'end': 1687.833, 'text': 'So that was the index of the wing combo that was the winner for this game.', 'start': 1682.591, 'duration': 5.242}], 'summary': 'Highlight winning squares, disable further clicks, and identify winning index.', 'duration': 24.946, 'max_score': 1662.887, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1662887.jpg'}], 'start': 935.436, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe game development', 'summary': 'Covers event handling and debugging for a tic-tac-toe game, including setting inner text, adding event listeners, debugging with javascript console, implementing game functionality for human player, and beginning logic for determining the winner.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1014.06, 'start': 935.436, 'title': 'Tic-tac-toe event handling', 'summary': 'Explains the process of setting inner text to nothing, removing the background color, adding an event listener, and defining the turn click function in a tic-tac-toe game, with emphasis on the click event triggering the turn click function and logging the id of the clicked square.', 'duration': 78.624, 'highlights': ['The process of setting inner text to nothing and removing the background color is explained. Describes the initial steps of setting inner text to nothing and removing the background color.', 'The addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function is detailed. Explains the addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function.', 'The description of the turn click function and its initial implementation using console.log to log the ID of the clicked square. Introduces the turn click function and its initial implementation to log the ID of the clicked square.']}, {'end': 1809.701, 'start': 1014.42, 'title': 'Debugging and adding game functionality', 'summary': 'Covers the process of debugging the code and adding functionality to the game, such as troubleshooting errors using javascript console, implementing the turn function for human player and updating the display, and beginning the logic for determining the winner and showing the winning combination.', 'duration': 795.281, 'highlights': ['The process of debugging and troubleshooting errors using the JavaScript console is emphasized, aiding in catching errors quickly while programming.', 'The turn function is implemented to allow the human player to make a move, updating the board array and the display of the game.', 'The logic for determining the winner and highlighting the winning combination is initiated through the check win function, enabling the identification of the winning player and highlighting the winning squares.']}], 'duration': 874.265, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ935436.jpg', 'highlights': ['The logic for determining the winner and highlighting the winning combination is initiated through the check win function, enabling the identification of the winning player and highlighting the winning squares.', 'The process of debugging and troubleshooting errors using the JavaScript console is emphasized, aiding in catching errors quickly while programming.', 'The turn function is implemented to allow the human player to make a move, updating the board array and the display of the game.', 'The addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function is detailed. Explains the addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function.']}, {'end': 2273.264, 'segs': [{'end': 1886.873, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1837.012, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1838.453, 'text': 'So that works.', 'start': 1837.012, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 1840.954, 'text': 'We can now determine a winner.', 'start': 1839.734, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 1844.657, 'text': "Next up, we're going to create a basic AI and show the winner box.", 'start': 1841.455, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 1854.438, 'text': "Well, I hope you're still following along and creating your own program along with my program.", 'start': 1849.696, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 1856.959, 'text': 'We just started section six.', 'start': 1855.078, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 1865.202, 'text': "So if you get the code from the GitHub repository, that shows the end of section five, you should be caught up with where I'm at now.", 'start': 1857.339, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 1868.103, 'text': 'Again, just check the link in the description for that code.', 'start': 1865.702, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 1870.064, 'text': "Right now there's no AI.", 'start': 1868.503, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 1875.186, 'text': "So the computer doesn't even do anything when you play, you're just only putting O's in there.", 'start': 1870.204, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 1877.447, 'text': "So we're going to change that in this section.", 'start': 1875.646, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 1882.55, 'text': 'This will just be a basic AI without the minimax algorithm.', 'start': 1878.107, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 1886.873, 'text': "In the next section, we're going to implement the minimax algorithm.", 'start': 1882.93, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Creating basic ai, implementing minimax algorithm in next section.', 'duration': 49.861, 'max_score': 1837.012, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1837012.jpg'}, {'end': 2063.083, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2031.195, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2034.657, 'text': "Now this is how we're going to find the spot for the AI player to play.", 'start': 2031.195, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 2040.4, 'text': "Remember, I said that eventually we'll make it more complicated, but this time, we're just going to make something really simple.", 'start': 2035.057, 'duration': 5.343}, {'end': 2048.69, 'text': 'So the best spot function is just going to run a different function we still have to create.', 'start': 2043.467, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 2053.675, 'text': "that's going to find all the empty squares and just get the first element from the empty square.", 'start': 2048.69, 'duration': 4.985}, {'end': 2057.277, 'text': "So it's just always going to play in the first empty squares.", 'start': 2053.735, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 2063.083, 'text': "So before we create the check tie function, let's finish creating the empty squares function, I'll put it right up here.", 'start': 2057.639, 'duration': 5.444}], 'summary': 'Creating a simple ai player to play in the first empty square.', 'duration': 31.888, 'max_score': 2031.195, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2031195.jpg'}, {'end': 2149.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2114.838, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2116.198, 'text': "And nobody's one yet.", 'start': 2114.838, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 2121.16, 'text': 'Because normally, every time someone plays a turn, it checks to see if someone is one.', 'start': 2116.278, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 2129.164, 'text': "So if every square is filled up, and nobody is one, that means there's a tie, we're gonna do a few things inside a for loop.", 'start': 2121.441, 'duration': 7.723}, {'end': 2134.476, 'text': "because we're going to do something to every single cell in the tic tac toe board.", 'start': 2130.373, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 2149.806, 'text': "So we're going to set the background color of every cell to green.", 'start': 2146.264, 'duration': 3.542}], 'summary': "No winner yet. in a filled board, it's a tie. set all cells' background to green.", 'duration': 34.968, 'max_score': 2114.838, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2114838.jpg'}, {'end': 2212.094, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2181.307, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2188.548, 'text': "Or if this if statement is false, we're going to return false.", 'start': 2181.307, 'duration': 7.241}, {'end': 2191.723, 'text': 'Okay, we just create a new function.', 'start': 2190.202, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 2195.505, 'text': 'So now we have to define that function declare winner.', 'start': 2191.823, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 2197.926, 'text': "Let's put that one right up here.", 'start': 2196.586, 'duration': 1.34}, {'end': 2202.729, 'text': 'Declare winner.', 'start': 2199.867, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 2212.094, 'text': "Oh, and we've passed in who? Right down here, we passed in tie game.", 'start': 2205.19, 'duration': 6.904}], 'summary': 'Creating a new function to declare the winner.', 'duration': 30.787, 'max_score': 2181.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2181307.jpg'}], 'start': 1810.281, 'title': 'Creating ai for tic-tac-toe', 'summary': 'Covers creating a basic ai for tic-tac-toe, implementing turn click function, checking for a tie game, ensuring a spot cannot be clicked if taken, and explaining game logic and functions to find the best spot for ai player, check for a tie, and declare a winner.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2001.852, 'start': 1810.281, 'title': 'Creating basic ai for tic-tac-toe', 'summary': "Covers creating a basic ai for tic-tac-toe, implementing the turn click function, checking for a tie game, and ensuring a spot cannot be clicked if it's already taken.", 'duration': 191.571, 'highlights': ['Creating a basic AI without the minimax algorithm and implementing the turn click function.', 'Checking for a tie game before the AI player takes a turn and preventing clicking on an already taken spot.', 'Encouraging the audience to follow along and catch up by obtaining the code from the GitHub repository.']}, {'end': 2273.264, 'start': 2002.532, 'title': 'Tic tac toe game logic', 'summary': 'Explains the logic behind the tic tac toe game, including the creation of functions to find the best spot for the ai player, check for a tie, and declare a winner.', 'duration': 270.732, 'highlights': ['The best spot function is created to find the spot for the AI player to play, always selecting the first empty square. The best spot function always selects the first empty square for the AI player to play, simplifying the AI logic for the game.', 'The check tie function checks if the game is tied by using the empty squares function, setting the background color of every cell to green, removing the event listener, and declaring a winner if there is a tie. The check tie function uses the empty squares function to determine if the game is tied, and if so, it sets the background color of every cell to green, removes the event listener, and declares a tie game, preventing further user interaction.', 'The declare winner function is created to display the in-game section and show the result of the game (tie, win, or lose) based on the input passed in. The declare winner function displays the in-game section and the result of the game (tie, win, or lose) based on the input passed in, updating the game interface accordingly.']}], 'duration': 462.983, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ1810281.jpg', 'highlights': ['Creating a basic AI without the minimax algorithm and implementing the turn click function.', 'The best spot function is created to find the spot for the AI player to play, always selecting the first empty square.', 'The check tie function checks if the game is tied by using the empty squares function, setting the background color of every cell to green, removing the event listener, and declaring a winner if there is a tie.', 'Encouraging the audience to follow along and catch up by obtaining the code from the GitHub repository.', 'The declare winner function is created to display the in-game section and show the result of the game (tie, win, or lose) based on the input passed in.']}, {'end': 2677.823, 'segs': [{'end': 2415.27, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2340.3, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2340.981, 'text': 'Tie game.', 'start': 2340.3, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 2343.664, 'text': 'So we just saw every end state.', 'start': 2341.662, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 2345.807, 'text': 'You win, you lose, and tie game.', 'start': 2343.724, 'duration': 2.083}, {'end': 2350.177, 'text': 'At this point, you have a fully functional tic tac toe game.', 'start': 2347.395, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 2352.839, 'text': "However, as you can see, it's pretty easy to beat.", 'start': 2350.957, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 2358.182, 'text': 'Now we will create an unbeatable AI using the minimax algorithm.', 'start': 2353.719, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2364.046, 'text': 'After we implement the minimax algorithm, you will never see the message you win on the screen.', 'start': 2358.802, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 2375.965, 'text': 'Much of this section on the minimax algorithm is taken by a great article by Ahmed Abdul-Saheb on the topic.', 'start': 2369.221, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 2379.147, 'text': 'I have linked to the article in the description of this video.', 'start': 2376.485, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 2381.528, 'text': 'I definitely recommend you check it out.', 'start': 2379.627, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 2388.012, 'text': 'A minimax algorithm can best be defined as a recursive function that does the following things.', 'start': 2382.328, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 2391.534, 'text': 'one returns a value if a terminal state is found.', 'start': 2388.812, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 2398.219, 'text': 'In this case, positive 10, zero and negative 10 to go through available spots on the board.', 'start': 2391.975, 'duration': 6.244}, {'end': 2408.867, 'text': 'Three, call the minimax function on each available spot recursion for evaluate returning values from function calls in five, return the best value.', 'start': 2398.84, 'duration': 10.027}, {'end': 2412.049, 'text': "I'm going to go through the code for the minimax function.", 'start': 2409.688, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 2415.27, 'text': "Don't worry if you don't completely understand it at first.", 'start': 2412.589, 'duration': 2.681}], 'summary': 'Creating an unbeatable ai using the minimax algorithm for tic tac toe game.', 'duration': 74.97, 'max_score': 2340.3, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2340300.jpg'}, {'end': 2544.65, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2444.083, 'weight': 0.841, 'content': [{'end': 2455.411, 'text': "because it's the AI player playing and it's going to get dot index because the result of the minimax function is an object and dot index will be the index that the computer should play in.", 'start': 2444.083, 'duration': 11.328}, {'end': 2463.957, 'text': "So we'll define the minimax function with two arguments, new board and player.", 'start': 2459.173, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 2474.443, 'text': 'Then we need to find the indexes of the available spots in the board using the empty squares function and set them to a square called avail spots.', 'start': 2464.938, 'duration': 9.505}, {'end': 2482.187, 'text': "We'll check for terminal states from meaning someone winning and return a value accordingly.", 'start': 2476.204, 'duration': 5.983}, {'end': 2485.629, 'text': 'If zero wins, you should return negative 10.', 'start': 2482.767, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 2494.386, 'text': 'If x wins, you should return positive 10.', 'start': 2485.629, 'duration': 8.757}, {'end': 2500.608, 'text': 'In addition, if the length of the available spots array is zero, that means there is no more room to play.', 'start': 2494.386, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 2504.59, 'text': 'The game is resulted in a tie and you should return zero.', 'start': 2501.089, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 2511.392, 'text': 'Next, you need to collect the scores from each of the empty spots to evaluate later.', 'start': 2505.81, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 2520.716, 'text': 'Therefore, make an array called moves and loop through empty spots while collecting each moves index and score in an object called move.', 'start': 2512.133, 'duration': 8.583}, {'end': 2532.064, 'text': 'Then set the index number of the empty spot that was stored as a number in the Ridge board to the index property of the move object.', 'start': 2523.72, 'duration': 8.344}, {'end': 2544.65, 'text': 'Then set the empty spot on the new board to the current player and call the minimax function with the other player and the newly changed new board.', 'start': 2534.985, 'duration': 9.665}], 'summary': 'The ai player uses the minimax function to determine the best move, considering terminal states and scoring, resulting in either a -10 for a zero win, +10 for an x win, or 0 for a tie.', 'duration': 100.567, 'max_score': 2444.083, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2444083.jpg'}, {'end': 2520.716, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2494.386, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2500.608, 'text': 'In addition, if the length of the available spots array is zero, that means there is no more room to play.', 'start': 2494.386, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 2504.59, 'text': 'The game is resulted in a tie and you should return zero.', 'start': 2501.089, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 2511.392, 'text': 'Next, you need to collect the scores from each of the empty spots to evaluate later.', 'start': 2505.81, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 2520.716, 'text': 'Therefore, make an array called moves and loop through empty spots while collecting each moves index and score in an object called move.', 'start': 2512.133, 'duration': 8.583}], 'summary': 'If available spots = 0, game ties, return 0. collect scores from empty spots in moves array.', 'duration': 26.33, 'max_score': 2494.386, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2494386.jpg'}, {'end': 2606.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2576.46, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2583.929, 'text': 'Finally, minimax resets new board to what it was before and pushes the move object to the moves array.', 'start': 2576.46, 'duration': 7.469}, {'end': 2590.717, 'text': 'Then the minimax algorithm needs to evaluate the best move in the moves array.', 'start': 2585.976, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 2598.419, 'text': 'It should choose the move with the highest score when AI is playing and the move with the lowest score when the human is playing.', 'start': 2591.417, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 2606.362, 'text': 'Therefore, if the player is AI player, it sets a variable called best score to a very low number and loops through the moves array.', 'start': 2599.3, 'duration': 7.062}], 'summary': 'Minimax algorithm evaluates best move based on highest or lowest score for ai or human player respectively.', 'duration': 29.902, 'max_score': 2576.46, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2576460.jpg'}], 'start': 2274.064, 'title': 'Implementing minimax algorithm in tic-tac-toe', 'summary': 'Covers the implementation of a basic ai for tic-tac-toe, introducing the minimax algorithm to create an unbeatable ai, and explaining its functionality and iterative process for determining the best move.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2463.957, 'start': 2274.064, 'title': 'Tic tac toe game and minimax algorithm', 'summary': 'Details the implementation of a basic ai for a tic tac toe game, allowing for human vs. computer matches resulting in wins, losses, and tie games, before introducing the minimax algorithm to create an unbeatable ai, as well as explaining the key points of the algorithm and its functionality.', 'duration': 189.893, 'highlights': ['The chapter details the implementation of a basic AI for a tic tac toe game. It explains the process of implementing a basic AI for a tic tac toe game, allowing for human vs. computer matches.', "The minimax algorithm is introduced to create an unbeatable AI. The chapter introduces the minimax algorithm to create an unbeatable AI for the tic tac toe game, ensuring that the message 'you win' is never displayed on the screen.", "Explanation of the key points and functionality of the minimax algorithm is provided. The chapter explains the key points and functionality of the minimax algorithm, including its recursive nature, evaluation of terminal states, and the determination of the best value for the AI's moves."]}, {'end': 2677.823, 'start': 2464.938, 'title': 'Minimax algorithm in tic-tac-toe', 'summary': 'Discusses the implementation of the minimax algorithm for evaluating and selecting the best move in a game of tic-tac-toe, including scoring for win, tie, and available moves, and the iterative process to determine the best move for the ai or human player.', 'duration': 212.885, 'highlights': ["The minimax function returns a positive 10 if 'x' wins and a negative 10 if 'o' wins, helping to evaluate the terminal states of the game. The chapter outlines that the minimax function returns a positive 10 if 'x' wins and a negative 10 if 'o' wins, providing quantifiable data for the evaluation of terminal states.", 'The algorithm identifies a tie when the available spots array is empty and returns a score of zero, contributing to the assessment of game outcomes. It mentions that the algorithm identifies a tie when the available spots array is empty and returns a score of zero, providing quantifiable data for the assessment of game outcomes.', 'The minimax algorithm iteratively evaluates each possible move and selects the one with the highest score for the AI player and the lowest score for the human player, optimizing decision-making for both. The chapter explains that the minimax algorithm iteratively evaluates each possible move and selects the one with the highest score for the AI player and the lowest score for the human player, providing insights into the decision-making process for both players.']}], 'duration': 403.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2274064.jpg', 'highlights': ['The minimax algorithm iteratively evaluates each possible move and selects the one with the highest score for the AI player and the lowest score for the human player, optimizing decision-making for both.', "The minimax function returns a positive 10 if 'x' wins and a negative 10 if 'o' wins, helping to evaluate the terminal states of the game.", 'The algorithm identifies a tie when the available spots array is empty and returns a score of zero, contributing to the assessment of game outcomes.', 'The chapter details the implementation of a basic AI for a tic tac toe game, allowing for human vs. computer matches.', 'Explanation of the key points and functionality of the minimax algorithm is provided.']}, {'end': 3101.925, 'segs': [{'end': 2746.733, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2706.805, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2715.569, 'text': "Assume the AI is x and the human players Oh, I'm going to use this figure right here to follow the algorithm's function calls one by one.", 'start': 2706.805, 'duration': 8.764}, {'end': 2721.133, 'text': "Remember in this example, we're pretending we're at the end of a tic-tac-toe game, so there's just one more move left.", 'start': 2715.95, 'duration': 5.183}, {'end': 2722.934, 'text': 'So the board looks like this.', 'start': 2721.393, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 2729.539, 'text': "So we're going to go through the code to figure out the exact logic that the program takes to figure out where to play.", 'start': 2723.655, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 2738.445, 'text': "So in figure one, we're at the very beginning of the minimax algorithm, and the origboard and the AI player is fed into the algorithm.", 'start': 2730.139, 'duration': 8.306}, {'end': 2743.509, 'text': 'And the algorithm is going to make a list of the three empty spots that it finds.', 'start': 2739.145, 'duration': 4.364}, {'end': 2746.733, 'text': 'So if you see, right here we have the spot here.', 'start': 2744.05, 'duration': 2.683}], 'summary': "Analyzing the algorithm's function calls to determine the ai's final move in a tic-tac-toe game.", 'duration': 39.928, 'max_score': 2706.805, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2706805.jpg'}, {'end': 3022.709, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3000.183, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3009.485, 'text': 'But because AI players turn resulted in those values, the algorithm returns an object containing the highest score, which is the plus 10,', 'start': 3000.183, 'duration': 9.302}, {'end': 3011.246, 'text': 'at index four, which is the middle index.', 'start': 3009.485, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 3018.768, 'text': 'So in this scenario, the minimax concludes that moving the x to the middle of the board results in the best outcome.', 'start': 3012.026, 'duration': 6.742}, {'end': 3022.709, 'text': "Now to speed things along, I didn't explain every single function call.", 'start': 3019.168, 'duration': 3.541}], 'summary': "The algorithm returns the highest score of plus 10 at index four, concluding that moving 'x' to the middle of the board results in the best outcome.", 'duration': 22.526, 'max_score': 3000.183, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ3000183.jpg'}], 'start': 2677.943, 'title': 'Minimax algorithm in tic-tac-toe', 'summary': 'Delves into the implementation and explanation of the minimax algorithm in tic-tac-toe, detailing its functionality, recursive nature, and decision-making process, aiming for the best move resulting in the highest score of +10 at index four.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2794.063, 'start': 2677.943, 'title': 'Minimax algorithm in tic-tac-toe', 'summary': "Discusses the implementation of the minimax algorithm in a tic-tac-toe game, detailing the logic and function calls, with a focus on determining the next move. it demonstrates the algorithm's process in the context of a specific board configuration and analyzes the ai's decision-making.", 'duration': 116.12, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the minimax algorithm's process in the context of a specific board configuration and analyzes the AI's decision-making.", 'It details the logic and function calls of the minimax algorithm, specifically focusing on how it determines the next move.', "The transcript provides an example of the AI as 'x' and human player as 'o' in a tic-tac-toe game, with the algorithm simulating the end of the game to determine the next move.", "It describes the algorithm's steps, such as making a list of empty spots, checking for terminal states, and looping through the empty spots to determine the next move."]}, {'end': 3101.925, 'start': 2794.063, 'title': 'Minimax algorithm explained', 'summary': 'Explains the functioning of the minimax algorithm in a tic-tac-toe game, detailing the recursive nature and decision-making process, ultimately leading to the best move resulting in the highest score of +10 at index four.', 'duration': 307.862, 'highlights': ['The algorithm makes a list of empty spots and finds a win for the human player, resulting in a return value of negative 10. The algorithm identifies a win for the human player, returning a score of negative 10.', 'The algorithm evaluates the three branches of the first function call, resulting in a return object containing the highest score of +10 at index four, indicating the best move. After evaluating the three branches, the algorithm returns the highest score of +10 at index four, signifying the best move.', 'The replay button is moved to a pop-up box in the HTML file, ensuring it only appears after the game is over. The replay button is relocated to a pop-up box in the HTML file, allowing it to appear only after the game is completed.']}], 'duration': 423.982, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/P2TcQ3h0ipQ/pics/P2TcQ3h0ipQ2677943.jpg', 'highlights': ['The algorithm evaluates the three branches of the first function call, resulting in a return object containing the highest score of +10 at index four, indicating the best move.', "The chapter explains the minimax algorithm's process in the context of a specific board configuration and analyzes the AI's decision-making.", 'It details the logic and function calls of the minimax algorithm, specifically focusing on how it determines the next move.', "The transcript provides an example of the AI as 'x' and human player as 'o' in a tic-tac-toe game, with the algorithm simulating the end of the game to determine the next move."]}], 'highlights': ['The minimax algorithm iteratively evaluates each possible move and selects the one with the highest score for the AI player and the lowest score for the human player, optimizing decision-making for both.', 'The algorithm evaluates the three branches of the first function call, resulting in a return object containing the highest score of +10 at index four, indicating the best move.', 'The logic for determining the winner and highlighting the winning combination is initiated through the check win function, enabling the identification of the winning player and highlighting the winning squares.', 'The process of setting up the project locally on a machine is demonstrated using Sublime Text as the text editor.', 'The GitHub repository contains folders for each section of the video which showcase the code at the end of each section.', 'The chapter covers creating a tic-tac-toe game using JavaScript, HTML, and CSS, and implementing the minimax algorithm for the AI.', 'The addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function is detailed. Explains the addition of an event listener on the click event and calling the turn click function.', "The minimax function returns a positive 10 if 'x' wins and a negative 10 if 'o' wins, helping to evaluate the terminal states of the game.", 'The process of debugging and troubleshooting errors using the JavaScript console is emphasized, aiding in catching errors quickly while programming.', 'The best spot function is created to find the spot for the AI player to play, always selecting the first empty square.']}