title
Karl Deisseroth: Depression, Schizophrenia, and Psychiatry | Lex Fridman Podcast #274

description
Karl Deisseroth is a professor of bioengineering, psychiatry, and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - BiOptimizers: http://www.magbreakthrough.com/lex to get 10% off - BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/lex to get 10% off - Notion: https://notion.com/startups to get up to $1000 off team plan - Blinkist: https://blinkist.com/lex and use code LEX to get 25% off premium - Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex and use code LEX to get $5 off EPISODE LINKS: Karl's Twitter: https://twitter.com/karldeisseroth Karl's Website: https://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab Projections (book): https://amzn.to/3NKmdiJ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 0:48 - Mental disorders 9:21 - Intelligence 11:59 - James Joyce 20:36 - Writing 24:00 - Projections 27:35 - Translation 30:06 - Poetry 38:49 - Love 44:23 - Psychiatry 47:35 - Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung 56:19 - Data in cells 1:00:23 - Optogenetics 1:15:50 - Neuralink 1:28:39 - Psychedelics 1:35:02 - Depression 1:50:28 - Talk therapy and psychoanalysis 1:54:09 - Good Will Hunting 2:04:44 - Darkest moments 2:06:15 - Suicide 2:23:21 - Autism 2:42:58 - Schizophrenia 2:54:07 - Why we cry 3:01:19 - Consciousness 3:15:50 - Mortality 3:17:30 - Meaning of life SOCIAL: - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Karl Deisseroth: Depression, Schizophrenia, and Psychiatry | Lex Fridman Podcast #274', 'heatmap': [], 'summary': 'The podcast delves into human emotions, mental health disorders, and the spectrum of schizophrenia, discusses neural projections and cultural exchange, the evolution of psychiatry, and optogenetics, and explores post-covid recovery, depression therapy, emotional depth in psychiatry, personal growth, autism spectrum challenges, and the significance of crying as a social signal and its impact on triggering reactions.', 'chapters': [{'end': 979.468, 'segs': [{'end': 47.005, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1.101, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.902, 'text': "Where are the darkest places you've ever gone in your life?", 'start': 1.101, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 15.047, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Karl Deisseroth, professor of bioengineering, psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University.', 'start': 7.364, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 19.849, 'text': "He's one of the greatest living psychiatrists and neuroscientists in the world.", 'start': 15.627, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 23.05, 'text': "He's also just a fascinating human being.", 'start': 20.489, 'duration': 2.561}, {'end': 28.032, 'text': 'We discuss both the darkest and the most beautiful places that the human mind can take us.', 'start': 23.57, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 33.295, 'text': 'He explores this in his book called Projections, A Story of Human Emotions.', 'start': 28.672, 'duration': 4.623}, {'end': 35.317, 'text': 'I highly recommend it.', 'start': 34.076, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 37.378, 'text': "It's written masterfully.", 'start': 35.877, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 40.14, 'text': 'This is the Lex Friedman Podcast.', 'start': 38.439, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 42.922, 'text': 'To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description.', 'start': 40.3, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 47.005, 'text': "And now, dear friends, here's Carl Deisseroth.", 'start': 43.442, 'duration': 3.563}], 'summary': "Karl deisseroth, a renowned psychiatrist and neuroscientist, explores the darkest and most beautiful places of the human mind in his book 'projections, a story of human emotions'.", 'duration': 45.904, 'max_score': 1.101, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01101.jpg'}, {'end': 186.058, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 161.229, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 170.472, 'text': 'And one thing we learn as biologists is that when something breaks, you see what the original unbroken part was for.', 'start': 161.229, 'duration': 9.243}, {'end': 172.013, 'text': 'And we see this in genetics.', 'start': 170.812, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 173.333, 'text': 'We see this in biochemistry.', 'start': 172.133, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 180.896, 'text': "It's known that when you have a mutated gene, sometimes the gene is turned up in strength or turned down in strength.", 'start': 174.094, 'duration': 6.802}, {'end': 183.117, 'text': 'And that lets you see what it was originally for.', 'start': 181.356, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 186.058, 'text': 'You can infer true function from dysfunction.', 'start': 183.297, 'duration': 2.761}], 'summary': 'Biologists study dysfunctional genes to infer their true function.', 'duration': 24.829, 'max_score': 161.229, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0161229.jpg'}, {'end': 305.627, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 277.9, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 285.283, 'text': "In psychiatry, we're careful to say we don't call it a disease or a disorder unless there's a disruption in social or occupational functioning.", 'start': 277.9, 'duration': 7.383}, {'end': 291.742, 'text': 'But of course, psychiatry has a long way to go in terms of developing quantitative tests.', 'start': 286.36, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 294.583, 'text': "We don't have blood draws.", 'start': 291.802, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 297.004, 'text': "We don't have imaging studies that we can use to diagnose.", 'start': 294.703, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 305.627, 'text': "And so that line ultimately that you're asking about between order and disorder, function and dysfunction, it's operational at the moment.", 'start': 297.824, 'duration': 7.803}], 'summary': 'Psychiatry lacks quantitative tests for diagnosing disorders, relying on social and occupational disruptions for classification.', 'duration': 27.727, 'max_score': 277.9, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0277900.jpg'}, {'end': 421.959, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 383.089, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 385.671, 'text': 'You know if you look at the numbers there are.', 'start': 383.089, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 390.876, 'text': 'you know if you look at how our mental health disorders are currently defined.', 'start': 385.671, 'duration': 5.205}, {'end': 405.809, 'text': 'you can look at population prevalence values for all these disorders and you can come up with estimates that somebody will have a lifetime prevalence of having a psychiatric disorder that approaches 25% or so.', 'start': 390.876, 'duration': 14.933}, {'end': 411.193, 'text': "And so that's And in some studies it could be more, some studies it could be less.", 'start': 405.829, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 413.134, 'text': 'Now, what do we do with that number??', 'start': 411.533, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 413.954, 'text': 'What does that mean?', 'start': 413.314, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 421.959, 'text': "And in some ways, that's the essence of what I was hoping to approach with the book is to reflect on this spectrum that exists for all the disorders.", 'start': 414.114, 'duration': 7.845}], 'summary': 'Approximately 25% of people may have a lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders.', 'duration': 38.87, 'max_score': 383.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0383089.jpg'}, {'end': 658.098, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 626.616, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 631.031, 'text': 'and yet They are positively correlated at the population level with positive things.', 'start': 626.616, 'duration': 4.415}, {'end': 633.334, 'text': 'Can you say the three again? Autism.', 'start': 631.232, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 636.897, 'text': 'Autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder.', 'start': 633.694, 'duration': 3.203}, {'end': 638.138, 'text': 'Bipolar, right.', 'start': 637.377, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 640.32, 'text': "What's that book? I forgot the book name.", 'start': 638.459, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 649.409, 'text': "But is intelligence a burden? Well, you know, people can get into trouble when they think they're smarter than they are.", 'start': 640.36, 'duration': 9.049}, {'end': 650.27, 'text': 'I will say that.', 'start': 649.429, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 658.098, 'text': "I don't know, sometimes in the deepest meaning of that statement, I think ignorance is bliss.", 'start': 651.451, 'duration': 6.647}], 'summary': 'Positive correlation between autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder at the population level.', 'duration': 31.482, 'max_score': 626.616, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0626616.jpg'}, {'end': 713.688, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 680.661, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 683.283, 'text': "And it seems like that's one of the paths to happiness.", 'start': 680.661, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 684.684, 'text': 'There is.', 'start': 684.264, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 688.647, 'text': 'How much you think versus how much you feel, this comes up all the time in medicine.', 'start': 684.864, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 690.669, 'text': 'We encounter this all the time.', 'start': 689.528, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 696.594, 'text': 'Day after day, you encounter the abyss of suffering from patients.', 'start': 691.71, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 698.096, 'text': 'How much do you let yourself feel?', 'start': 696.614, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 705.663, 'text': 'Or how much do you make it abstract and objective and try to make it clinical?', 'start': 698.116, 'duration': 7.547}, {'end': 713.688, 'text': "And that range, how you're able to move yourself on that spectrum, is very important for survival as a physician.", 'start': 706.623, 'duration': 7.065}], 'summary': 'Balancing thinking and feeling is crucial for physicians surviving patient suffering.', 'duration': 33.027, 'max_score': 680.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0680661.jpg'}, {'end': 965.117, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 939.16, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 948.586, 'text': 'embracing the madness of this idea and making it a life pursuit somehow morphs reality around for some tiny fraction of the population.', 'start': 939.16, 'duration': 9.426}, {'end': 959.853, 'text': 'For everybody else, you descend into all the beautiful ways that failure materializes in our lifetime.', 'start': 948.626, 'duration': 11.227}, {'end': 960.874, 'text': 'You mentioned love earlier.', 'start': 959.953, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 965.117, 'text': "I mean that's a great example of how belief in something makes it real, right?", 'start': 960.894, 'duration': 4.223}], 'summary': 'Belief shapes reality, impacting a small fraction; others face diverse failures.', 'duration': 25.957, 'max_score': 939.16, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0939160.jpg'}], 'start': 1.101, 'title': 'Human emotions and mental health', 'summary': 'Delves into the exploration of human emotions through modern psychiatry and neuroscience, while discussing the spectrum of mental health disorders, prevalence estimates, and the importance of balancing thinking and feeling in medicine, with references to james joyce and steve jobs.', 'chapters': [{'end': 186.058, 'start': 1.101, 'title': 'Exploring human emotions with karl deisseroth', 'summary': 'Delves into the exploration of human emotions through the tapestry of the human story, drawing insights about the human mind from modern psychiatry and neuroscience, as karl deisseroth discusses the opening of his book projections and the significance of understanding dysfunction to infer true function in genetics and biochemistry.', 'duration': 184.957, 'highlights': ['Karl Deisseroth discusses the opening of his book Projections, drawing insights about the human mind from modern psychiatry and neuroscience.', 'The significance of understanding dysfunction to infer true function in genetics and biochemistry is highlighted by Karl Deisseroth.', 'The exploration of human emotions through the tapestry of the human story is a key theme discussed by Karl Deisseroth.']}, {'end': 680.101, 'start': 187.058, 'title': 'Understanding mental health spectrum', 'summary': 'Discusses the spectrum of mental health disorders, prevalence estimates, and the correlation of disorders with intelligence and positive outcomes.', 'duration': 493.043, 'highlights': ['The prevalence of psychiatric disorders approaches 25% or more, existing on a spectrum of severity from functional to life-threatening. The transcript highlights the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, with estimates approaching 25%, and emphasizes the spectrum of severity from functional to life-threatening.', 'Autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder are positively correlated at the population level with measures of intelligence, educational attainment, and income, despite causing immense morbidity and mortality. The correlation between autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder with positive measures such as intelligence, educational attainment, and income is highlighted, challenging the traditional view of disorders as solely negative.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for a broader understanding of disorders and the human mind, anchored in the experiences of patients and the spectrum of severity. The transcript emphasizes the broader understanding of disorders and the human mind, centered around the experiences of patients and the spectrum of severity, urging for a more inclusive perspective.', 'The limitations of diagnosing psychiatric disorders due to the lack of quantitative tests and the operational nature of defining dysfunction and disease are discussed. The transcript discusses the challenges in diagnosing psychiatric disorders due to the absence of quantitative tests and the operational nature of defining dysfunction and disease, highlighting the limitations in current diagnostic methods.']}, {'end': 979.468, 'start': 680.661, 'title': 'The power of belief and embracing madness', 'summary': 'Explores the importance of balancing thinking and feeling in medicine, the impact of belief on reality, and the ability to embrace madness in pursuing ideas, with references to james joyce and steve jobs.', 'duration': 298.807, 'highlights': ['The importance of balancing thinking and feeling in medicine is emphasized, as the ability to move on the spectrum of emotional involvement is crucial for survival as a physician. N/A', 'The impact of belief on reality is discussed, citing examples such as Steve Jobs and love, where belief in something makes it real and reasonable, shaping reality for a fraction of the population. N/A', "Embracing madness in pursuing ideas is highlighted, drawing parallels to James Joyce's work and the story of his belief in becoming a great writer, emphasizing the importance of capturing opportunities and the motivation to do something good. N/A"]}], 'duration': 978.367, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01101.jpg', 'highlights': ['Karl Deisseroth discusses insights about the human mind from modern psychiatry and neuroscience.', 'Understanding dysfunction to infer true function in genetics and biochemistry is highlighted by Karl Deisseroth.', 'The exploration of human emotions through the tapestry of the human story is a key theme discussed by Karl Deisseroth.', 'The prevalence of psychiatric disorders approaches 25% or more, existing on a spectrum of severity from functional to life-threatening.', 'Autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder are positively correlated at the population level with measures of intelligence, educational attainment, and income.', 'The chapter emphasizes the need for a broader understanding of disorders and the human mind, anchored in the experiences of patients and the spectrum of severity.', 'The limitations of diagnosing psychiatric disorders due to the lack of quantitative tests and the operational nature of defining dysfunction and disease are discussed.', 'The importance of balancing thinking and feeling in medicine is emphasized, as the ability to move on the spectrum of emotional involvement is crucial for survival as a physician.', 'The impact of belief on reality is discussed, citing examples such as Steve Jobs and love, where belief in something makes it real and reasonable, shaping reality for a fraction of the population.', "Embracing madness in pursuing ideas is highlighted, drawing parallels to James Joyce's work and the story of his belief in becoming a great writer, emphasizing the importance of capturing opportunities and the motivation to do something good."]}, {'end': 1442.958, 'segs': [{'end': 1005.416, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 979.488, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 984.291, 'text': "That's.. Something that doesn't come up in too many realms of human existence, but love is one of them.", 'start': 979.488, 'duration': 4.803}, {'end': 991.217, 'text': "And the ability to have a fixed idea and to say it's true and that it is true.", 'start': 984.552, 'duration': 6.665}, {'end': 998.23, 'text': 'A bridge is a kind of manifestation of love, so maybe it does work a little bit, but it can break down like Chernobyl did.', 'start': 992.406, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 999.792, 'text': "You can't just say it's safe.", 'start': 998.35, 'duration': 1.442}, {'end': 1002.073, 'text': "You have to also prove it's safe.", 'start': 1000.172, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1005.416, 'text': "But on Finnegan's Wake,", 'start': 1003.314, 'duration': 2.102}], 'summary': 'Love requires proof, like the safety of a bridge.', 'duration': 25.928, 'max_score': 979.488, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0979488.jpg'}, {'end': 1126.645, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1079.956, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1082.317, 'text': "and of course finnegan's wake is full of that.", 'start': 1079.956, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 1090.902, 'text': "and then, uh, we we also in schizophrenia there's what we call loose associations, or tangential thought processes, of course full of that,", 'start': 1082.317, 'duration': 8.585}, {'end': 1094.623, 'text': 'where things just go off in directions that are not linear or logical.', 'start': 1090.902, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 1103.425, 'text': "And you can't read Finnegan's Wake, I think, without, certainly as a psychiatrist, you can't read it without thinking about schizophrenia.", 'start': 1095.484, 'duration': 7.941}, {'end': 1113.728, 'text': 'And then when we look at the families of people with schizophrenia and Joyce was no exception there very often are people within the family who are on the spectrum.', 'start': 1104.205, 'duration': 9.523}, {'end': 1119.979, 'text': 'Some have it, some are able to see it from a distance, from a safe distance.', 'start': 1113.948, 'duration': 6.031}, {'end': 1126.645, 'text': "There's an association between schizophrenia and what we call schizotypal personality disorder,", 'start': 1120.86, 'duration': 5.785}], 'summary': "Finnegan's wake reflects schizophrenia with loose associations and schizotypal personality disorder.", 'duration': 46.689, 'max_score': 1079.956, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01079956.jpg'}, {'end': 1202.566, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1172.007, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1177.13, 'text': "there's just random paragraphs and writing all over the page with stuff crossed out,", 'start': 1172.007, 'duration': 5.123}, {'end': 1184.774, 'text': "and It's great to see that Joyce himself was thinking in this kind of way as you're putting it together.", 'start': 1177.13, 'duration': 7.644}, {'end': 1188.957, 'text': 'How much do you think he was thinking about the schizophrenic mind? I think a lot.', 'start': 1184.834, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 1192.82, 'text': "I think it's known that his daughter suffered from schizophrenia.", 'start': 1189.177, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 1202.566, 'text': "And what's depicted here on the page is something that I'm sure he either felt himself in some level,", 'start': 1193.04, 'duration': 9.526}], 'summary': "Joyce's writing reflects schizophrenic themes, possibly influenced by his daughter's condition.", 'duration': 30.559, 'max_score': 1172.007, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01172007.jpg'}, {'end': 1320.845, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1290.353, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1293.153, 'text': 'i was, you know which was their particular altered state.', 'start': 1290.353, 'duration': 2.8}, {'end': 1302.717, 'text': 'that would help me to be most creative and and i I actually did the best, while sober, but slightly disinhibited,', 'start': 1293.153, 'duration': 9.564}, {'end': 1305.498, 'text': 'in the late hours of the night or early morning.', 'start': 1302.717, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 1307.939, 'text': 'Particularly late hours of the night there.', 'start': 1306.659, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 1320.845, 'text': 'I have a friend who would tell me that she thought that very early in the morning her inner critic was still asleep and she could write more effectively before her inner critic woke up.', 'start': 1307.959, 'duration': 12.886}], 'summary': 'Creativity peaks in late night or early morning when slightly disinhibited.', 'duration': 30.492, 'max_score': 1290.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01290353.jpg'}, {'end': 1354.258, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1329.393, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1338.461, 'text': "But the other interesting thing is each chapter, each story, it's about a different human being with a different class of psychiatric disorder.", 'start': 1329.393, 'duration': 9.068}, {'end': 1341.984, 'text': "That's what each story, each chapter is anchored in.", 'start': 1338.501, 'duration': 3.483}, {'end': 1352.877, 'text': "But I'm trying to use words and style of writing and, you know, diction that captures the feeling of the disorder.", 'start': 1342.905, 'duration': 9.972}, {'end': 1354.258, 'text': "And so it's different in each story.", 'start': 1352.997, 'duration': 1.261}], 'summary': 'Each chapter features a different human with a unique psychiatric disorder, capturing the feeling of the disorder in each story.', 'duration': 24.865, 'max_score': 1329.393, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01329393.jpg'}, {'end': 1411.317, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1381.871, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1383.373, 'text': 'I tried to capture that in the writing too.', 'start': 1381.871, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 1388.26, 'text': "So for each, it wasn't as if there was a single mode I could be in for the whole book.", 'start': 1383.873, 'duration': 4.387}, {'end': 1394.188, 'text': 'For each chapter I had to put myself into a different mode to capture that inner feeling of the disorder.', 'start': 1388.32, 'duration': 5.868}, {'end': 1399.83, 'text': "When you put yourself in that mode, does that change you? Yeah, I couldn't turn it on and off right away.", 'start': 1394.348, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 1409.196, 'text': 'I had to, first I would start by thinking about the person or the people, one or two people based on real patients and the stories that are put forth.', 'start': 1399.89, 'duration': 9.306}, {'end': 1411.317, 'text': 'The symptom descriptions are real.', 'start': 1409.956, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': "Author adopts different modes for each chapter to capture inner feeling of disorder, based on real patients' stories and symptom descriptions.", 'duration': 29.446, 'max_score': 1381.871, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01381871.jpg'}, {'end': 1442.958, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1418.061, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1425.065, 'text': 'And I would sit with them and really try to inhabit the space of the mind of that person that I knew.', 'start': 1418.061, 'duration': 7.004}, {'end': 1427.43, 'text': "And that's not instantaneous.", 'start': 1425.769, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 1428.751, 'text': 'It would take some time.', 'start': 1427.47, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 1429.431, 'text': 'I needed quiet.', 'start': 1428.791, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 1430.712, 'text': 'I needed to be still.', 'start': 1429.611, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 1433.013, 'text': "That's another reason late at night is good.", 'start': 1431.192, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 1438.016, 'text': 'Sergey posted that drowsiness gives creativity boosts according to Andrew Huberman.', 'start': 1433.753, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 1439.476, 'text': 'Thank you, Andrew.', 'start': 1438.816, 'duration': 0.66}, {'end': 1442.038, 'text': "He's not wrong.", 'start': 1441.317, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 1442.958, 'text': "He's not wrong.", 'start': 1442.058, 'duration': 0.9}], 'summary': 'Late night solitude aids creative thinking and boosts productivity, according to andrew huberman.', 'duration': 24.897, 'max_score': 1418.061, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01418061.jpg'}], 'start': 979.488, 'title': 'Love, madness, and schizophrenia', 'summary': "Explores the manifestation of love as a bridge, communication challenges related to schizophrenia using finnegan's wake as an example, and discusses the familial association and spectrum of schizophrenia and related disorders. it also delves into the creative process and writing style for portraying different mental disorders, incorporating real patient experiences and the author's personal writing process.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1151.004, 'start': 979.488, 'title': 'Love, madness, and schizophrenia', 'summary': "Explores the manifestation of love through the analogy of a bridge, delves into the communication challenges associated with schizophrenia using finnegan's wake as an example, and discusses the familial association and spectrum of schizophrenia and related disorders.", 'duration': 171.516, 'highlights': ["Finnegan's Wake is laden with linguistic features resembling symptoms of schizophrenia, such as clang associations, neologisms, loose associations, and tangential thought processes.", 'There is an association between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder within families, indicating a spectrum of related disorders among different family members.', 'The ability to have a fixed idea and prove its truth is compared to the manifestation of love through a bridge, with a reference to the breakdown of safety measures at Chernobyl.']}, {'end': 1442.958, 'start': 1151.556, 'title': 'The creative process in writing about human disorders', 'summary': "Discusses the creative process and writing style for portraying different mental disorders in the book, incorporating real patient experiences and the author's personal writing process, influenced by late-night creativity and the depiction of various psychiatric conditions in each chapter.", 'duration': 291.402, 'highlights': ['The author discusses the unique writing style for each chapter in the book, capturing the feeling of different psychiatric disorders through varying words and diction, such as complex and pressured language for mania and fragmented, separated writing for schizophrenia, enhancing the authenticity of the portrayal.', 'The author explains his writing process, influenced by late-night creativity and the need for stillness and quiet to inhabit the minds of the characters, drawing from real patient experiences and symptom descriptions to authentically depict the inner experiences of individuals with psychiatric disorders.', 'The conversation delves into the impact of altered states of consciousness on creativity, with the author mentioning the use of sobriety and slight disinhibition during late-night hours for optimal creative output, drawing parallels to the advice of writing effectively before the inner critic wakes up and exploring the influence of altered states on creativity.', "The discussion touches on the portrayal of the schizophrenic mind in James Joyce's work, influenced by his daughter's schizophrenia, and the intentional representation of altered human thought processes and thought disorders, emphasizing the authenticity and depth of Joyce's writing.", 'The chapter also explores the creative process of putting oneself into a different mode for each chapter to authentically capture the inner feeling of the disorder, emphasizing the need for time and stillness to inhabit the minds of the characters and the impact of late-night creativity on the writing process.']}], 'duration': 463.47, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in0979488.jpg', 'highlights': ["Finnegan's Wake is laden with linguistic features resembling symptoms of schizophrenia, such as clang associations, neologisms, loose associations, and tangential thought processes.", 'The ability to have a fixed idea and prove its truth is compared to the manifestation of love through a bridge, with a reference to the breakdown of safety measures at Chernobyl.', 'There is an association between schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder within families, indicating a spectrum of related disorders among different family members.', 'The author discusses the unique writing style for each chapter in the book, capturing the feeling of different psychiatric disorders through varying words and diction, such as complex and pressured language for mania and fragmented, separated writing for schizophrenia, enhancing the authenticity of the portrayal.', 'The author explains his writing process, influenced by late-night creativity and the need for stillness and quiet to inhabit the minds of the characters, drawing from real patient experiences and symptom descriptions to authentically depict the inner experiences of individuals with psychiatric disorders.', 'The chapter also explores the creative process of putting oneself into a different mode for each chapter to authentically capture the inner feeling of the disorder, emphasizing the need for time and stillness to inhabit the minds of the characters and the impact of late-night creativity on the writing process.', "The discussion touches on the portrayal of the schizophrenic mind in James Joyce's work, influenced by his daughter's schizophrenia, and the intentional representation of altered human thought processes and thought disorders, emphasizing the authenticity and depth of Joyce's writing.", 'The conversation delves into the impact of altered states of consciousness on creativity, with the author mentioning the use of sobriety and slight disinhibition during late-night hours for optimal creative output, drawing parallels to the advice of writing effectively before the inner critic wakes up and exploring the influence of altered states on creativity.']}, {'end': 2640.235, 'segs': [{'end': 1582.497, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1558.718, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1567.305, 'text': 'They define how effectively two parts of the brain can engage with each other and join together to form a joint representation of something.', 'start': 1558.718, 'duration': 8.587}, {'end': 1570.868, 'text': "So that's one meaning it's pure neuroscience, the word projection is used all the time.", 'start': 1567.725, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 1577.173, 'text': "And it happens to be something that optogenetics a technique that we maybe we'll talk about a little later works particularly well with.", 'start': 1571.528, 'duration': 5.645}, {'end': 1582.497, 'text': 'we can use light to turn on or off the activity along these projections from one spot of the brain to another.', 'start': 1577.173, 'duration': 5.324}], 'summary': 'Neuroscience studies brain engagement and optogenetics uses light to control brain activity.', 'duration': 23.779, 'max_score': 1558.718, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01558718.jpg'}, {'end': 1636.113, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1610.209, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1620.523, 'text': "which is we very often will look at our internal states and to understand somebody else, we'll project them onto somebody else.", 'start': 1610.209, 'duration': 10.314}, {'end': 1626.487, 'text': "we'll try to understand someone else's behavior and make sense of it by projecting our own inner feelings,", 'start': 1620.523, 'duration': 5.964}, {'end': 1634.472, 'text': 'our own sort of narrative onto them and use that as a way to help us understand them better.', 'start': 1626.487, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 1636.113, 'text': "And we'll do the reverse too.", 'start': 1635.073, 'duration': 1.04}], 'summary': 'People often project their own feelings onto others to understand them better.', 'duration': 25.904, 'max_score': 1610.209, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01610209.jpg'}, {'end': 1815.45, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1768.836, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1776.701, 'text': 'Both China and U.S. will have very important roles in the scientific development and we should actually bridge the gap through language.', 'start': 1768.836, 'duration': 7.865}, {'end': 1780.183, 'text': "And that doesn't just mean convincing Chinese to speak English.", 'start': 1776.901, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 1782.824, 'text': 'That means also learning Chinese.', 'start': 1780.683, 'duration': 2.141}, {'end': 1785.306, 'text': 'Well, we need these bridge people who can do both.', 'start': 1783.224, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 1790.751, 'text': 'You know, Nabokov, for example, writing in English beautifully.', 'start': 1787.227, 'duration': 3.524}, {'end': 1797.638, 'text': 'You know, one of my favorite poets, Borges, who, you know, mentioned earlier, he wrote both in English and in Spanish.', 'start': 1791.672, 'duration': 5.966}, {'end': 1800.201, 'text': 'I think, you know, beautifully in both.', 'start': 1797.918, 'duration': 2.283}, {'end': 1804.385, 'text': 'We need those people who can serve as bridges across cultures.', 'start': 1800.801, 'duration': 3.584}, {'end': 1805.286, 'text': 'He really can do both.', 'start': 1804.445, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1808.347, 'text': 'You mentioned Borges.', 'start': 1807.347, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 1815.45, 'text': 'So you open your book with a few lines from a poem by Jorge Luis Borges, a love poem.', 'start': 1808.507, 'duration': 6.943}], 'summary': 'Bridging cultural divides through language is vital for scientific development, requiring individuals proficient in both english and chinese.', 'duration': 46.614, 'max_score': 1768.836, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01768836.jpg'}, {'end': 1869.716, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1840.207, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1843.391, 'text': 'offering yourself to the task of understanding another human being.', 'start': 1840.207, 'duration': 3.184}, {'end': 1846.013, 'text': 'But if you look at the full context of the poem,', 'start': 1843.971, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 1858.726, 'text': "it's also a damn good description of being hit by love and overtaking by it and sort of and trying to figure out how to make sense of the world now that you've been stricken by it.", 'start': 1846.013, 'duration': 12.713}, {'end': 1869.716, 'text': 'It says a bunch of things about and significantly with friends and all those kinds of things, and then the poem reads, the big wave brought you.', 'start': 1859.447, 'duration': 10.269}], 'summary': 'Poem describes being overtaken by love and struggling to make sense of the world after, emphasizing the impact of friends and the metaphor of a big wave.', 'duration': 29.509, 'max_score': 1840.207, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01840207.jpg'}, {'end': 2092.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2064.975, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2072.3, 'text': "And of course, maybe that's what love is because maybe that's the whole pursuit, like a lifelong pursuit of getting at that person.", 'start': 2064.975, 'duration': 7.325}, {'end': 2073.239, 'text': "Maybe that's what that is.", 'start': 2072.34, 'duration': 0.899}, {'end': 2080.105, 'text': "And like that insatiable sort of curiosity to keep getting like well, who's that person in your own private life?", 'start': 2073.661, 'duration': 6.444}, {'end': 2082.085, 'text': 'yeah, so that absolutely.', 'start': 2080.344, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 2084.866, 'text': 'i think that it was a beautiful description of what you just said.', 'start': 2082.085, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 2092.168, 'text': "when there's that first moment and then you want to dive deeper, you want to know what, the, what the hidden mysteries are.", 'start': 2084.866, 'duration': 7.302}], 'summary': "Love is a lifelong pursuit of understanding a person's hidden mysteries.", 'duration': 27.193, 'max_score': 2064.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02064975.jpg'}, {'end': 2147.318, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2113.428, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2116.031, 'text': 'And that was one reason it spoke to me also.', 'start': 2113.428, 'duration': 2.603}, {'end': 2122.658, 'text': 'Again, thinking about the broader sweep of where the human mind came from, the steps it took.', 'start': 2116.631, 'duration': 6.027}, {'end': 2128.07, 'text': 'to get where it is today, what was given up along the way, what compromises were made.', 'start': 2123.567, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 2130.993, 'text': "And here's where the darkness of the poem starts to come in a little bit too.", 'start': 2128.19, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 2137.998, 'text': "It doesn't shy away from the negativity, from the confusion, from the danger.", 'start': 2131.553, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 2147.318, 'text': 'And then at the very end, the border face is offering up scenes from his life, parts of himself.', 'start': 2138.018, 'duration': 9.3}], 'summary': 'Reflecting on the evolution of the human mind, acknowledging compromises and embracing darkness.', 'duration': 33.89, 'max_score': 2113.428, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02113428.jpg'}, {'end': 2187.823, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2160.409, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 2163.051, 'text': "The yellow rose is nice, but he's offering up the bad stuff too.", 'start': 2160.409, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 2169.316, 'text': "And that to me was important for the book because I'm offering up hard stuff too.", 'start': 2163.712, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 2170.756, 'text': 'In fact, a lot of it.', 'start': 2170.016, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 2175.038, 'text': 'And also hard stuff from within me, from my own personal side too.', 'start': 2171.237, 'duration': 3.801}, {'end': 2181.041, 'text': "And that was, there's a lot of vulnerability that comes with that, but that comes with love, that comes with writing.", 'start': 2175.098, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 2183.302, 'text': 'You have to be open, you have to be vulnerable.', 'start': 2181.301, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2187.823, 'text': 'And so I thought that reflected what I was trying to do.', 'start': 2183.762, 'duration': 4.061}], 'summary': "The book offers a lot of hard stuff and vulnerability, reflecting the author's openness and love for writing.", 'duration': 27.414, 'max_score': 2160.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02160409.jpg'}, {'end': 2360.643, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2332.644, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 2338.278, 'text': "what do you think about love? Carl, what's the role of love in the human condition?", 'start': 2332.644, 'duration': 5.634}, {'end': 2342.739, 'text': "We'll talk about the dark stuff, but maybe love is the dark stuff too.", 'start': 2338.618, 'duration': 4.121}, {'end': 2351.201, 'text': "I mean, it's the most powerful connection we can form, and that's what makes it so important to us.", 'start': 2342.959, 'duration': 8.242}, {'end': 2359.043, 'text': "It's the strongest and most stable connection that we can form with another person, and that matters immensely.", 'start': 2351.281, 'duration': 7.762}, {'end': 2360.643, 'text': 'It matters for..', 'start': 2360.023, 'duration': 0.62}], 'summary': 'Love is a powerful and stable connection, immensely important in human relationships.', 'duration': 27.999, 'max_score': 2332.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02332644.jpg'}, {'end': 2496.047, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2466.739, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 2475.001, 'text': "And that's why I love sort of just the honesty and the intensity of the way penguins just in the middle of like the cold do this.", 'start': 2466.739, 'duration': 8.262}, {'end': 2479.122, 'text': 'And then this video I saw a lonely.', 'start': 2475.361, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 2480.942, 'text': 'this is, this is misinformation.', 'start': 2479.122, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 2483.983, 'text': 'so the name of the video is lonely, deranged penguin.', 'start': 2480.942, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 2487.825, 'text': "i don't know if he's deranged, so if you play it.", 'start': 2483.983, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 2496.047, 'text': "so he left his pack and uh, and there's a nice like voiceover and you don't need to play it.", 'start': 2487.825, 'duration': 8.222}], 'summary': "The speaker appreciates the honesty and intensity of penguins' behavior in the cold. they mention a video titled 'lonely, deranged penguin,' questioning its accuracy.", 'duration': 29.308, 'max_score': 2466.739, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02466739.jpg'}, {'end': 2640.235, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2614.75, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 2622.131, 'text': 'They go through these phases of foraging and rest, and different individuals have different propensity to forage or to rest and stay in one place.', 'start': 2614.75, 'duration': 7.381}, {'end': 2631.033, 'text': "At the level of the species, that's really good that there's that diversity in their willingness to forage.", 'start': 2622.952, 'duration': 8.081}, {'end': 2632.774, 'text': 'Some stay where they are.', 'start': 2631.093, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 2640.235, 'text': 'The species is somewhat on a firm footing then, but some carry a burden, a risk for themselves.', 'start': 2632.994, 'duration': 7.241}], 'summary': 'Individuals show varied foraging behavior, contributing to species diversity and stability.', 'duration': 25.485, 'max_score': 2614.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02614750.jpg'}], 'start': 1443.219, 'title': 'Neural projections and cultural exchange', 'summary': 'Discusses the diverse meanings of neural projections and their impact on neuroscience, optogenetics, and cultural exchange, emphasizing the significance of understanding complex systems. it also explores bridging cultural gaps through language, aiming for a deeper understanding of human connection and love, and delves into the vulnerability and universal aspects of love, drawing parallels with penguin behavior to depict its intensity and complexity.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1763.173, 'start': 1443.219, 'title': 'Neural projections and their multi-faceted meanings', 'summary': 'Discusses the diverse meanings of projections, including its role in neural networks, neuroscience, optogenetics, and language translation, emphasizing its significance and impact on understanding complex systems and cultural exchange.', 'duration': 319.954, 'highlights': ["The word 'projection' encompasses various meanings, such as its role in neural networks, neuroscience, optogenetics, and language translation, illustrating its diverse and impactful significance.", 'Projections are essential in neuroscience as they define the connectivity between different parts of the brain, influencing factors such as enjoyment of music and joint representation of stimuli.', "The term 'projections' also involves understanding others by projecting our internal states onto them and vice versa, known as introjection, demonstrating the psychological significance of the concept.", 'The significance of language and cultural exchange is highlighted through the discussion on language translations and the potential loss of scientific and cultural knowledge, emphasizing the impact of projections beyond scientific contexts.']}, {'end': 2064.635, 'start': 1768.836, 'title': 'Bridging cultures through language', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the importance of bridging the cultural gap through language, highlighting the need for individuals who can proficiently communicate in both english and chinese, exemplified through references to nabokov and borges, ultimately aiming for a deeper understanding of human connection and love.', 'duration': 295.799, 'highlights': ['The importance of bridging the cultural gap through language The transcript emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between cultures through language, promoting proficiency in both English and Chinese to facilitate better understanding.', 'Reference to Nabokov and Borges as examples of bridge people The mention of Nabokov and Borges as examples of individuals proficient in both English and Chinese serves as a compelling argument for the importance of being able to communicate across cultures.', 'Emphasis on the deeper understanding of human connection and love The chapter delves into the concept of delving deep into understanding another human being and being overtaken by love, emphasizing the need for a profound understanding of human connection and emotions.']}, {'end': 2332.644, 'start': 2064.975, 'title': 'Exploring love and vulnerability', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of love as a lifelong pursuit of understanding another person and the vulnerability and openness required in both love and writing, reflecting on the offering of oneself and the exploration of human connection through a poem, while also contemplating the dark and universal aspects of love and the vulnerability it entails.', 'duration': 267.669, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses love as a lifelong pursuit of understanding another person, reflecting on the insatiable curiosity and the desire to dive deeper into the mysteries, serving as a beautiful description of the pursuit of love and the scientist's love for science.", "The exploration of the human mind, its evolution, and the compromises made along the way is highlighted, emphasizing the darkness and vulnerability in the poem and the broader contemplation of the human mind's journey.", 'The importance of vulnerability and openness in both love and writing is emphasized, as the chapter reflects on the offering of oneself and the inclusion of both the good and bad aspects, portraying the vulnerability and openness required in both love and writing.', "The poem's depiction of offering parts of oneself and the vulnerability it entails is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of offering up both the good and the bad, reflecting on the vulnerability and openness in both love and writing.", 'The chapter also contemplates the universal nature of offering oneself for understanding or connection, reflecting on the desperation, curiosity, and love intertwined in the poem, while also acknowledging the dark and universal aspects of love and the vulnerability it entails.']}, {'end': 2640.235, 'start': 2332.644, 'title': 'Love in the human condition', 'summary': "Explores the significance of love as the strongest and most stable connection, vital for the human family's survival, and draws parallels with penguin behavior to depict the intensity and complexity of love.", 'duration': 307.591, 'highlights': ["The significance of love as the strongest and most stable connection for the human family's survival.", 'The parallel drawn with penguin behavior to depict the intensity and complexity of love.', "The exploration of periods of foraging and rest in individuals, highlighting diversity in willingness to forage and its impact on the species' footing."]}], 'duration': 1197.016, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in01443219.jpg', 'highlights': ["The word 'projection' encompasses various meanings, such as its role in neural networks, neuroscience, optogenetics, and language translation, illustrating its diverse and impactful significance.", 'Projections are essential in neuroscience as they define the connectivity between different parts of the brain, influencing factors such as enjoyment of music and joint representation of stimuli.', "The term 'projections' also involves understanding others by projecting our internal states onto them and vice versa, known as introjection, demonstrating the psychological significance of the concept.", 'The significance of language and cultural exchange is highlighted through the discussion on language translations and the potential loss of scientific and cultural knowledge, emphasizing the impact of projections beyond scientific contexts.', 'The importance of bridging the cultural gap through language The transcript emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between cultures through language, promoting proficiency in both English and Chinese to facilitate better understanding.', 'Reference to Nabokov and Borges as examples of bridge people The mention of Nabokov and Borges as examples of individuals proficient in both English and Chinese serves as a compelling argument for the importance of being able to communicate across cultures.', 'Emphasis on the deeper understanding of human connection and love The chapter delves into the concept of delving deep into understanding another human being and being overtaken by love, emphasizing the need for a profound understanding of human connection and emotions.', "The chapter discusses love as a lifelong pursuit of understanding another person, reflecting on the insatiable curiosity and the desire to dive deeper into the mysteries, serving as a beautiful description of the pursuit of love and the scientist's love for science.", "The exploration of the human mind, its evolution, and the compromises made along the way is highlighted, emphasizing the darkness and vulnerability in the poem and the broader contemplation of the human mind's journey.", 'The importance of vulnerability and openness in both love and writing is emphasized, as the chapter reflects on the offering of oneself and the inclusion of both the good and bad aspects, portraying the vulnerability and openness required in both love and writing.', "The poem's depiction of offering parts of oneself and the vulnerability it entails is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of offering up both the good and the bad, reflecting on the vulnerability and openness in both love and writing.", 'The chapter also contemplates the universal nature of offering oneself for understanding or connection, reflecting on the desperation, curiosity, and love intertwined in the poem, while also acknowledging the dark and universal aspects of love and the vulnerability it entails.', "The significance of love as the strongest and most stable connection for the human family's survival.", 'The parallel drawn with penguin behavior to depict the intensity and complexity of love.', "The exploration of periods of foraging and rest in individuals, highlighting diversity in willingness to forage and its impact on the species' footing."]}, {'end': 4012.985, 'segs': [{'end': 2821.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2797.284, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2814.051, 'text': 'I would say one of the interesting things that came from the early decades of psychiatry really was this distinction between the conscious and the unconscious mind and paying particular attention to the unconscious mind as something that was worthy of consideration,', 'start': 2797.284, 'duration': 16.767}, {'end': 2821.675, 'text': "that might be important in explaining people's actions and that perhaps even insight into that was valuable in its own right.", 'start': 2814.051, 'duration': 7.624}], 'summary': 'Early psychiatry emphasized distinction between conscious and unconscious mind for understanding human behavior.', 'duration': 24.391, 'max_score': 2797.284, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02797284.jpg'}, {'end': 3048.908, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3015.854, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3022.22, 'text': "But, second, there's been a huge influence on literature, on philosophy, on art,", 'start': 3015.854, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 3037.115, 'text': 'and the opening up of discussion about what was below our conscious mind was so fertile in the implications that it sort of reverberated and still does throughout all these different realms of human endeavor,', 'start': 3022.22, 'duration': 14.895}, {'end': 3048.908, 'text': 'from different artistic experiences that people have can be colored by this concept of the unconscious.', 'start': 3037.115, 'duration': 11.793}], 'summary': 'The concept of the unconscious has had a huge influence on literature, philosophy, and art, impacting various realms of human endeavor.', 'duration': 33.054, 'max_score': 3015.854, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in03015854.jpg'}, {'end': 3618.729, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3586.4, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3589.641, 'text': 'These causal perturbations have turned out to be very valuable.', 'start': 3586.4, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 3599.545, 'text': "We're just now getting to the point where we can apply these in very wide areas swaths of the brain at cellular resolution.", 'start': 3590.482, 'duration': 9.063}, {'end': 3604.806, 'text': "And so we're going to be able, hopefully, to make some headway on this question with causality.", 'start': 3599.585, 'duration': 5.221}, {'end': 3611.568, 'text': "And that's the one thing that optogenetics provides us, this way of using light that we develop to control cells.", 'start': 3605.086, 'duration': 6.482}, {'end': 3618.729, 'text': 'This is relatively untapped at this broad brain-wide scale, and hopefully we can get there in the near future.', 'start': 3612.188, 'duration': 6.541}], 'summary': 'Optogenetics allows broad brain-wide cell control for causality research.', 'duration': 32.329, 'max_score': 3586.4, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in03586400.jpg'}, {'end': 3983.855, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3961.297, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3969.123, 'text': 'And only the cells that have the gene and that are expressing the gene will be the initial direct cells that are activated by the light.', 'start': 3961.297, 'duration': 7.826}, {'end': 3972.166, 'text': "And so that's the essence of optogenetics is the ability to do that.", 'start': 3969.223, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 3975.549, 'text': 'We get that initial specificity that you could never get with an electrode.', 'start': 3972.606, 'duration': 2.943}, {'end': 3981.714, 'text': 'So let me say that this is, they recently got the Alaska Prize for this.', 'start': 3975.969, 'duration': 5.745}, {'end': 3983.855, 'text': "It's a brilliant idea.", 'start': 3981.734, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': 'Optogenetics enables specific activation of gene-expressing cells using light, earning the alaska prize.', 'duration': 22.558, 'max_score': 3961.297, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in03961297.jpg'}], 'start': 2640.375, 'title': 'Evolution of psychiatry and modern neuroscience', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of psychiatry, emphasizing the shift from neurology to verbal communication, the influence of the unconscious mind on human endeavor, challenges of understanding brain activity, and the potential of optogenetics in providing insights into free will, with a focus on insights from sigmund freud and carl jung and the implications of optogenetics.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3014.973, 'start': 2640.375, 'title': 'Evolution of psychiatry', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of psychiatry, emphasizing the shift from neurology to verbal communication and the distinction between conscious and unconscious minds, with a focus on insight rather than treatment, and the differing perspectives of sigmund freud and carl jung on the unconscious mind.', 'duration': 374.598, 'highlights': ['The shift from neurology to verbal communication was an important step for the field of psychiatry. The founders of psychiatry discovered that working with the human mind and verbal communication was more interesting and mysterious than working at the cellular level.', "The distinction between conscious and unconscious minds led to the focus on insight rather than treatment in psychiatry. The early decades of psychiatry emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and psychoanalysis, focusing on providing insight into people's actions and thoughts.", "The differing perspectives of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung on the unconscious mind led to the development of psychoanalysis as a philosophical exploration of human mind and motivations. Freud's focus on the libidinous aspects of the unconscious mind differed from Carl Jung's belief in a more complete representation of the conscious self, leading to the development of psychoanalysis as a philosophical method."]}, {'end': 3421.657, 'start': 3015.854, 'title': 'Unconscious mind and modern neuroscience', 'summary': 'Discusses the influence of the concept of the unconscious mind on different realms of human endeavor, the subdivisions of the unconscious according to freud, and the challenges of understanding the origins of human choices and actions in the brain from a modern neuroscience perspective.', 'duration': 405.803, 'highlights': ['The influence of the concept of the unconscious mind on different realms of human endeavor is discussed, including literature, philosophy, and art. The concept of the unconscious mind has had a significant influence on literature, philosophy, and art, shaping different artistic experiences and discussions about what lies below our conscious mind.', "The subdivisions of the unconscious according to Freud, including the id, ego, and superego, are explained, along with their primal drives and moralistic codes of conduct. Freud's subdivisions of the unconscious, such as the id, ego, and superego, are detailed, including their respective primal drives, moralistic codes of conduct, and the mediating role of the ego.", 'The challenges of understanding the origins of human choices and actions in the brain from a modern neuroscience perspective are explored, highlighting the difficulty in pinpointing the specific spot where choices or actions originate. The chapter delves into the challenges of identifying the origins of human choices and actions in the brain from a modern neuroscience perspective, emphasizing the complexity of pinpointing a specific spot where choices or actions originate.']}, {'end': 3661.642, 'start': 3422.452, 'title': 'Understanding brain activity and free will', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges in understanding brain activity despite having immense data sets, the potential of causal testing, and the untapped potential of optogenetics in providing insights into the origin of free will in the human mind.', 'duration': 239.19, 'highlights': ['The challenge of understanding brain activity despite having immense data sets Despite having immense data sets of activity patterns across the brain at the level of cells, the understanding of where actions initiate in terms of regions or locations remains elusive.', 'The potential of causal testing in understanding brain activity and free will Causal perturbations by turning up or down the activity of certain types of cells have been valuable and can potentially provide insights into the origin of free will in the human mind.', 'The untapped potential of optogenetics in studying brain activity Optogenetics, a way of causing things to happen in the brain, is relatively untapped at a broad brain-wide scale and holds the potential to provide valuable insights into brain activity and free will.']}, {'end': 4012.985, 'start': 3661.762, 'title': 'Optogenetics: controlling neuronal activity with light', 'summary': 'Discusses the development and implications of optogenetics, a method to control and monitor neuronal activity using light, addressing the challenges of specificity and providing insights into brain function and behavior, with the potential for nobel recognition.', 'duration': 351.223, 'highlights': ['Optogenetics allows for the specific activation of neurons using light-sensitive proteins from algae, providing a level of specificity that cannot be achieved with traditional electrodes. The method of optogenetics involves introducing genes from algae into neurons, which allows for the selective activation of neurons using light, providing a higher level of specificity compared to traditional electrode methods.', 'The technique has potential implications for understanding brain function, behavior, and complex neural processes, with the ability to control and monitor neuronal activity at the natural rate and rhythm of the brain. Optogenetics has the potential to provide insights into brain function, behavior, and complex neural processes by allowing the control and monitoring of neuronal activity at the natural rate and rhythm of the brain, enabling a deeper understanding of the origins of different brain functions and behaviors.', "Francis Crick proposed the idea of controlling individual neuron activity with light, highlighting the significance of optogenetics in fulfilling this vision and addressing long-standing challenges in neuroscience. The significance of optogenetics is underscored by Francis Crick's proposal regarding the need to control individual neuron activity with light, which emphasizes the method's role in addressing long-standing challenges in neuroscience and fulfilling a visionary idea."]}], 'duration': 1372.61, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in02640375.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential of optogenetics in providing insights into free will.', 'The founders of psychiatry discovered that working with the human mind and verbal communication was more interesting and mysterious than working at the cellular level.', 'The concept of the unconscious mind has had a significant influence on literature, philosophy, and art.', 'The method of optogenetics involves introducing genes from algae into neurons, allowing for the selective activation of neurons using light.', "The significance of optogenetics is underscored by Francis Crick's proposal regarding the need to control individual neuron activity with light."]}, {'end': 4849.1, 'segs': [{'end': 4060.78, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4012.985, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4017.367, 'text': 'the origins of it you might be interested in are even are very deep.', 'start': 4012.985, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 4021.789, 'text': 'uh, there was a botanist in saint petersburg named andre faminson.', 'start': 4017.367, 'duration': 4.422}, {'end': 4032.135, 'text': 'in 1866 he published a paper on the single-celled green algae and he was the botanist who first noticed that they moved in response to light.', 'start': 4021.789, 'duration': 10.346}, {'end': 4039.259, 'text': 'these are tiny single-celled algae that have flagella, so they swim through the water and he noticed this.', 'start': 4032.135, 'duration': 7.124}, {'end': 4041.501, 'text': 'he was a botanist and he published this.', 'start': 4039.259, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 4049.669, 'text': 'It was a paper you know he wrote in German, but he published it in a French journal and he was doing it from St. Petersburg,', 'start': 4041.561, 'duration': 8.108}, {'end': 4051.571, 'text': 'so it was a very international effort.', 'start': 4049.669, 'duration': 1.902}, {'end': 4060.78, 'text': 'But you have to go back to 1866, and that, I just, I like to highlight how far back that discovery goes, is back to André Fimmensen.', 'start': 4052.432, 'duration': 8.348}], 'summary': "In 1866, botanist andre faminson discovered single-celled algae's light response.", 'duration': 47.795, 'max_score': 4012.985, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04012985.jpg'}, {'end': 4117.75, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4084.598, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4085.459, 'text': 'Other groups have as well.', 'start': 4084.598, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 4087.22, 'text': "We've dived deep into their structure.", 'start': 4085.499, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 4094.846, 'text': 'Just like the double helix structure of DNA was uncovered with X-ray crystallography, we used the same method, X-ray crystallography,', 'start': 4087.68, 'duration': 7.166}, {'end': 4097.508, 'text': 'to see how these beautiful little proteins work.', 'start': 4094.846, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 4100.051, 'text': 'We re-engineered them for all kinds of function.', 'start': 4098.089, 'duration': 1.962}, {'end': 4103.774, 'text': 'We can make them, instead of responding to blue light, we can make them respond to red light.', 'start': 4100.091, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 4106.298, 'text': 'We can speed them up, slow them down.', 'start': 4104.555, 'duration': 1.743}, {'end': 4111.625, 'text': 'We can make them, with genetic engineering, we can make them have different ions flow through them.', 'start': 4106.419, 'duration': 5.206}, {'end': 4117.75, 'text': "And so it's this convergence, as you said, like the botanist in 1866 couldn't have predicted what we could do with this.", 'start': 4112.365, 'duration': 5.385}], 'summary': 'Using x-ray crystallography, proteins were re-engineered to respond to red light and have different ions flow through them, achieving convergence and unpredictable potential.', 'duration': 33.152, 'max_score': 4084.598, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04084598.jpg'}, {'end': 4226.997, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4169.288, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4175.654, 'text': 'We used light guidance strategies to target individual cells in the brain of a living mouse.', 'start': 4169.288, 'duration': 6.366}, {'end': 4177.194, 'text': 'By 2019,', 'start': 4176.595, 'duration': 0.599}, {'end': 4191.407, 'text': 'we were able to control up to 20 to 50 individually specified single cells in the brain of a mouse and in ways that specifically changed its behavior that could bias its decisions one way or the other.', 'start': 4177.194, 'duration': 14.213}, {'end': 4199.055, 'text': 'In fact, We could take a mouse and, without any visual stimulus at all,', 'start': 4191.687, 'duration': 7.368}, {'end': 4207.705, 'text': 'we could make it act as if it had seen a particular visual stimulus by playing in using the single cell resolution optogenetics,', 'start': 4199.055, 'duration': 8.65}, {'end': 4210.549, 'text': 'a specific pattern of activity into 20 or 25 individually specified cells.', 'start': 4207.705, 'duration': 2.844}, {'end': 4213.551, 'text': "That's 2019.", 'start': 4212.931, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 4223.976, 'text': "To your question of scale now, in 2022, we're controlling hundreds of individually specified single cells over all the visual cortex of a mouse,", 'start': 4213.551, 'duration': 10.425}, {'end': 4226.997, 'text': 'all the part of the brain.', 'start': 4223.976, 'duration': 3.021}], 'summary': "In 2019, up to 20-50 cells controlled a mouse's behavior. by 2022, hundreds of cells controlled the visual cortex.", 'duration': 57.709, 'max_score': 4169.288, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04169287.jpg'}, {'end': 4279.478, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4249.066, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4258.649, 'text': 'And so now to your question of scale, how far can we go? Well, things are moving quickly.', 'start': 4249.066, 'duration': 9.583}, {'end': 4259.549, 'text': "It's hard to say.", 'start': 4258.709, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 4263.431, 'text': 'We can access individual cells across the entire brain now.', 'start': 4259.569, 'duration': 3.862}, {'end': 4271.894, 'text': "If you look 10, 20 years in the future, You know, I think we'll surprise ourselves,", 'start': 4264.571, 'duration': 7.323}, {'end': 4279.478, 'text': "but the fact that we're already able to cause specific perceptions to happen and specific actions means we're essentially where we wanna be.", 'start': 4271.894, 'duration': 7.584}], 'summary': 'Advancements enable accessing individual brain cells, with potential for surprising progress in 10-20 years.', 'duration': 30.412, 'max_score': 4249.066, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04249066.jpg'}, {'end': 4342.846, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4309.757, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4315.361, 'text': "And those are two things that you can do in human beings, but you'd wanna do in a very careful way.", 'start': 4309.757, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 4326.63, 'text': 'Now, that said, there is actually just less than a year ago, my friend, Botond Rosca in Switzerland, he did the first human optogenetics therapy.', 'start': 4315.841, 'duration': 10.789}, {'end': 4329.913, 'text': 'And he published this in the journal Nature Medicine.', 'start': 4328.111, 'duration': 1.802}, {'end': 4342.846, 'text': 'So, about 10, 12 years ago, he and I published a paper together where we gave him one of our optogenetic tools, one of these light-activated tools,', 'start': 4330.053, 'duration': 12.793}], 'summary': 'First human optogenetics therapy done in switzerland, published in nature medicine.', 'duration': 33.089, 'max_score': 4309.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04309757.jpg'}], 'start': 4012.985, 'title': 'Light-responsive algae and optogenetics', 'summary': 'Covers the historical origins of light-responsive single-celled green algae dating back to 1866 and the progress of optogenetics from its discovery in 2005 to potential therapeutic applications, including the first successful human optogenetics therapy.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4060.78, 'start': 4012.985, 'title': 'Origins of light-responsive algae', 'summary': "Delves into the historical origins of the discovery of light-responsive single-celled green algae, dating back to 1866 with andre faminson's observation of their movement in response to light, published in a french journal from st. petersburg.", 'duration': 47.795, 'highlights': ['Andre Faminson, a botanist in Saint Petersburg, published a paper in 1866 on single-celled green algae and was the first to observe their movement in response to light.', 'The algae have flagella, enabling them to swim through water, and this observation was made by Faminson, marking a significant historical discovery.', "Faminson's international effort in publishing his findings in a French journal from St. Petersburg highlights the global impact of his work."]}, {'end': 4849.1, 'start': 4061.02, 'title': 'Optogenetics: from basic discovery to therapeutic potential', 'summary': 'Highlights the progress of optogenetics, from its discovery in 2005 to controlling hundreds of individual cells in the brain of a mouse in 2022, leading to potential therapeutic applications, including the first successful human optogenetics therapy.', 'duration': 788.08, 'highlights': ['Controlling hundreds of individually specified single cells over all the visual cortex of a mouse in 2022, leading to potential therapeutic applications. By 2022, the ability to control hundreds of individually specified single cells in the brain of a mouse implies significant progress and potential therapeutic applications, demonstrating the precision and scale achieved in optogenetics.', 'Successful human optogenetics therapy conducted by Botond Rosca in Switzerland, leading to partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient. The successful application of optogenetics in a blind patient, resulting in partial recovery of visual function, signifies a significant milestone in the therapeutic potential of optogenetics, showcasing its impact on human subjects.', 'Progress from discovering proteins to re-engineering them for various functions, such as responding to different light wavelengths and altering ion flow. The progression from discovering proteins to re-engineering them for various functions demonstrates the versatility and adaptability of optogenetics, enabling responses to different light wavelengths and ion flow alterations, which are crucial for its applications.', 'Application of optogenetics to specific perceptions and actions in mice, including biasing decisions and inducing visual stimuli without actual visual input. The ability to apply optogenetics to induce specific perceptions and actions in mice, including biasing decisions and simulating visual stimuli without actual input, showcases the potential of optogenetics in controlling neural activity and behavior.', 'Development of methods to access individual cells across the entire brain, with potential for future advancements and surprises in precision and therapeutic applications. The development of methods to access individual cells across the entire brain, coupled with the anticipation of future advancements and surprises, reflects the potential for further precision and therapeutic applications of optogenetics.']}], 'duration': 836.115, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04012985.jpg', 'highlights': ['Faminson observed single-celled green algae movement in response to light in 1866.', 'The algae have flagella, enabling them to swim through water, marking a significant historical discovery.', "Faminson's international effort in publishing his findings highlights the global impact of his work.", 'Controlling hundreds of individually specified single cells over all the visual cortex of a mouse in 2022, leading to potential therapeutic applications.', 'Successful human optogenetics therapy conducted by Botond Rosca in Switzerland, leading to partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient.', 'Progress from discovering proteins to re-engineering them for various functions, such as responding to different light wavelengths and altering ion flow.', 'Application of optogenetics to specific perceptions and actions in mice, including biasing decisions and inducing visual stimuli without actual visual input.', 'Development of methods to access individual cells across the entire brain, with potential for future advancements and surprises in precision and therapeutic applications.']}, {'end': 5696.518, 'segs': [{'end': 5014.922, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4983.3, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4984.58, 'text': 'You killed off your critic.', 'start': 4983.3, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 4989.723, 'text': "Well, you know, there are mechanisms, potential mechanisms for what you're talking about.", 'start': 4985.101, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 4998.088, 'text': "There's actually been a fair bit of research on post-COVID neurological function.", 'start': 4990.484, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 5001.99, 'text': "Actually, my wife, Michelle Monge, who's at Stanford, she's done a lot of this work.", 'start': 4998.829, 'duration': 3.161}, {'end': 5004.492, 'text': 'Akiko Iwasaki at Yale has done a lot of this.', 'start': 5002.171, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 5010.036, 'text': "But what they found is that There's a loss of myelin.", 'start': 5005.552, 'duration': 4.484}, {'end': 5014.922, 'text': 'This is the coating of those long range projections that go from one part of the brain to another.', 'start': 5010.316, 'duration': 4.606}], 'summary': 'Research on post-covid neurological function reveals loss of myelin.', 'duration': 31.622, 'max_score': 4983.3, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04983300.jpg'}, {'end': 5161.618, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5084.631, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5099.752, 'text': 'All right, if we can actually go back to this idea of trying, through optogenetics, to find origins of when the wave first starts,', 'start': 5084.631, 'duration': 15.121}, {'end': 5114.198, 'text': 'origins of a decision, origin of idea, origin of maybe consciousness or the subjective experience, the origin of things in the mind.', 'start': 5099.752, 'duration': 14.446}, {'end': 5120.181, 'text': 'So one thing, Carl Jung is there a God neuron??', 'start': 5115.159, 'duration': 5.022}, {'end': 5123.452, 'text': 'Is there a belief neuron??', 'start': 5122.051, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5124.513, 'text': 'Is there?', 'start': 5124.093, 'duration': 0.42}, {'end': 5136.323, 'text': 'so, through this methodology of optogenetics, can you start getting to like where a belief begins or an idea begins?', 'start': 5124.513, 'duration': 11.81}, {'end': 5143.288, 'text': 'And especially, looking at the strongest of our beliefs maybe beliefs of love and hate,', 'start': 5137.464, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 5152.634, 'text': 'but religious belief into something like really grand on the grandest of scale.', 'start': 5143.288, 'duration': 9.346}, {'end': 5159.937, 'text': 'Neuroscience and neurology point us a little bit.', 'start': 5154.315, 'duration': 5.622}, {'end': 5161.618, 'text': "We don't have an answer to that.", 'start': 5160.557, 'duration': 1.061}], 'summary': 'Exploring origins of beliefs and ideas through optogenetics and neuroscience.', 'duration': 76.987, 'max_score': 5084.631, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05084631.jpg'}, {'end': 5570.753, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5542.033, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5546.936, 'text': "We don't know what's safe in human beings, but we definitely not yet.", 'start': 5542.033, 'duration': 4.903}, {'end': 5553.68, 'text': 'but we definitely can do these experiments in mice and that was already very productive in understanding dissociation.', 'start': 5546.936, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 5556.542, 'text': 'So we can already imagine making headway on these methods.', 'start': 5553.72, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 5562.767, 'text': 'And then, you know, I had a, and this does map onto the non, psychedelic human experience.', 'start': 5557.403, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 5567.07, 'text': "I had a patient who's actually described in the book, Projections.", 'start': 5563.047, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 5570.753, 'text': "This was the patient that's in the mania chapter, the bipolar chapter.", 'start': 5567.29, 'duration': 3.463}], 'summary': 'Experiments in mice have been productive in understanding dissociation, potentially paving the way for advancements in methods and application to human experiences.', 'duration': 28.72, 'max_score': 5542.033, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05542033.jpg'}, {'end': 5665.761, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5640.799, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5645.94, 'text': 'how did the, the manic state, unleash this religiosity?', 'start': 5640.799, 'duration': 5.141}, {'end': 5651.462, 'text': 'but you see that in other realms of of psychiatry too, ocd can manifest as religiosity.', 'start': 5645.94, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 5658.836, 'text': 'also, you can take people who never really had a Religion, never played a powerful role in their life, but then,', 'start': 5651.462, 'duration': 7.374}, {'end': 5662.919, 'text': 'when their obsessive compulsive symptoms become severe, they can manifest in this.', 'start': 5658.836, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 5665.761, 'text': "I think I'm in that group, so I'm a bit OCD.", 'start': 5663.179, 'duration': 2.582}], 'summary': 'Manic and ocd states can trigger religiosity in individuals.', 'duration': 24.962, 'max_score': 5640.799, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05640799.jpg'}], 'start': 4849.701, 'title': 'Neuroscience and post-covid recovery', 'summary': "Discusses holographic methods in neuroscience, the impact of covid on cognitive function, potential benefits of post-disease recovery, insights into post-covid neurological function, and the loss of myelin. it also explores optogenetics' potential in studying the origins of consciousness and religious experiences, highlighting the accessibility of understanding and stimulating beliefs and experiences through experiments in mice and the relationship between mental disorders and religiosity.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5056.32, 'start': 4849.701, 'title': 'Holographic neuroscience and post-covid recovery', 'summary': 'Discusses the use of holographic methods in neuroscience, the impact of covid on cognitive function, and the potential benefits of post-disease recovery, including insights into post-covid neurological function and the loss of myelin.', 'duration': 206.619, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the use of holographic methods in neuroscience, including playing in hundreds of individual cell-sized spots of light and the convergence of optics engineering with neuroscience. Use of holographic methods in neuroscience, playing in cell-sized spots of light, convergence of optics engineering with neuroscience.', 'Insights into post-COVID neurological function, including the loss of myelin and altered myelin-producing cells in both mouse and human brains. Impact of COVID on neurological function, loss of myelin, altered myelin-producing cells.', 'Exploration of potential benefits of post-disease recovery, including the question of whether recovery may lead to greater clarity and the possibility of eliminating unnecessary neurons. Exploration of potential benefits of disease recovery, greater clarity post-recovery, elimination of unnecessary neurons.']}, {'end': 5696.518, 'start': 5057.141, 'title': 'Neuroscience of belief and consciousness', 'summary': "Explores optogenetics' potential in studying the origins of consciousness and religious experiences, highlighting the accessibility of understanding and stimulating beliefs and experiences through experiments in mice, while also delving into the relationship between mental disorders and religiosity.", 'duration': 639.377, 'highlights': ["Optogenetics' potential in studying the origins of consciousness and religious experiences, allowing for the precise exploration of where beliefs and experiences originate in the brain, their propagation, and the possibility of stimulating them.", 'Experiments in mice providing insights into dissociating the experience from its impact, contributing to the understanding of religious experiences and beliefs, and potentially offering hope for finding answers to profound questions about consciousness and religiosity.', 'Case study of a retirement age gentleman revealing bipolar disorder and profound religiosity, highlighting the potential for mental disorders to manifest as religiosity even in individuals with no prior predisposition.', 'Exploration of the relationship between mental disorders such as OCD and religiosity, with examples of how OCD symptoms can lead to experiences akin to religious ones, offering insights into the interplay between mental health and religious experiences.']}], 'duration': 846.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in04849701.jpg', 'highlights': ["Optogenetics' potential in studying the origins of consciousness and religious experiences, allowing for precise exploration of beliefs and experiences in the brain.", 'Insights into post-COVID neurological function, including the loss of myelin and altered myelin-producing cells in both mouse and human brains.', 'Exploration of the relationship between mental disorders such as OCD and religiosity, offering insights into the interplay between mental health and religious experiences.', 'Exploration of potential benefits of post-disease recovery, including the question of whether recovery may lead to greater clarity and the possibility of eliminating unnecessary neurons.', 'Experiments in mice providing insights into dissociating the experience from its impact, contributing to the understanding of religious experiences and beliefs.']}, {'end': 7068.899, 'segs': [{'end': 5890.309, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5859.158, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5861.118, 'text': 'Genetics are a strong contributor.', 'start': 5859.158, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 5874.123, 'text': 'And although you can have depression without anything terrible going on in your life, the symptoms can be made worse by stressors, by trauma.', 'start': 5862.859, 'duration': 11.264}, {'end': 5876.844, 'text': 'But at a very deep level.', 'start': 5875.843, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 5881.986, 'text': "There's nothing we can measure in a person objectively, so we don't have.", 'start': 5878.584, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 5890.309, 'text': "there's not a known chemical, not a known structure that's different, not a known brain activity pattern that we can pick up with EEG.", 'start': 5881.986, 'duration': 8.323}], 'summary': 'Genetics strongly contribute to depression. symptoms can be worsened by stressors and trauma. no measurable objective differences found in brain activity patterns.', 'duration': 31.151, 'max_score': 5859.158, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05859158.jpg'}, {'end': 5962.189, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5932.171, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5933.572, 'text': "they don't do everything we'd like.", 'start': 5932.171, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 5936.894, 'text': "but here's the problem is at a very deep level.", 'start': 5933.572, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 5939.516, 'text': "we don't understand really what's going on in the brain.", 'start': 5936.894, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 5941.858, 'text': "We don't have a physical interpretation of the problem.", 'start': 5939.536, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 5952.064, 'text': "We have all these symptoms, but we can't yet point to a set of cells or a set of circuits or an activity pattern that is causing major depression.", 'start': 5943.158, 'duration': 8.906}, {'end': 5954.366, 'text': 'this disease state per se in human beings.', 'start': 5952.064, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 5957.387, 'text': "Why do you think you can't?", 'start': 5955.706, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 5959.288, 'text': 'yet, from an optogenetics perspective?', 'start': 5957.387, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 5962.189, 'text': "Is it because there's so many possible causes??", 'start': 5959.328, 'duration': 2.861}], 'summary': 'Challenges in understanding and treating major depression due to lack of physical interpretation and identifiable causes.', 'duration': 30.018, 'max_score': 5932.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05932171.jpg'}, {'end': 6030.456, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6010.261, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6020.229, 'text': 'All these individual features of depression, individual symptoms, we now can point to exact projections and cells that are causal in mediating these.', 'start': 6010.261, 'duration': 9.968}, {'end': 6028.895, 'text': "What we don't know is why all these different symptoms show up together in major depression, in the human disease syndrome.", 'start': 6020.749, 'duration': 8.146}, {'end': 6030.456, 'text': "And that's the mystery.", 'start': 6029.095, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Research identifies causal cells for depression symptoms, but mystery remains about their collective manifestation in major depression.', 'duration': 20.195, 'max_score': 6010.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06010261.jpg'}, {'end': 6083.912, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6052.817, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6062.21, 'text': 'okay, and and now, thankfully, in cardiology We understand these disparate symptoms that seem totally unrelated,', 'start': 6052.817, 'duration': 9.393}, {'end': 6066.012, 'text': "can be completely understood because there's an altered pump action of the heart.", 'start': 6062.21, 'duration': 3.802}, {'end': 6072.775, 'text': "That's what we are hoping for in psychiatry and in the study of depression or any disease.", 'start': 6066.492, 'duration': 6.283}, {'end': 6074.595, 'text': 'These different symptoms?', 'start': 6073.655, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 6078.437, 'text': 'the inability to enjoy things, the hopelessness.', 'start': 6074.595, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 6083.912, 'text': "What's the unifying principle??", 'start': 6080.71, 'duration': 3.202}], 'summary': 'Understanding altered pump action of the heart in cardiology can help unify seemingly unrelated symptoms; similar unifying principle sought in psychiatry and depression.', 'duration': 31.095, 'max_score': 6052.817, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06052817.jpg'}, {'end': 6241.26, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6208.487, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6213.01, 'text': 'because it works so well together with these other modalities.', 'start': 6208.487, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 6219.053, 'text': 'Even alone, it can help people with moderate or mild depression by itself.', 'start': 6213.39, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 6227.774, 'text': "People with severe depression, people with other psychiatric illnesses that are severe, you don't want to do talk therapy alone.", 'start': 6220.031, 'duration': 7.743}, {'end': 6228.594, 'text': "It's not going to do it.", 'start': 6227.854, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 6232.036, 'text': 'But it still is crucial to do together with the others.', 'start': 6228.895, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 6241.26, 'text': "And it's critical because it's part of how you reshape cognitions, you know, complex activity patterns.", 'start': 6232.376, 'duration': 8.884}], 'summary': 'Combining talk therapy with other modalities is crucial for treating severe depression and psychiatric illnesses, while it can help those with moderate or mild depression on its own.', 'duration': 32.773, 'max_score': 6208.487, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06208487.jpg'}, {'end': 6287.471, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6263.68, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6269.943, 'text': 'One of the incredibly frustrating things about depression is the very nature of it.', 'start': 6263.68, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 6277.006, 'text': "makes it hard for the people who suffer to get treatment because they're hopeless, so they don't think treatment will help.", 'start': 6269.943, 'duration': 7.063}, {'end': 6282.249, 'text': "They have low energy, so they're not motivated to participate in treatment in many cases.", 'start': 6277.506, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 6286.21, 'text': "Sometimes they're actively suicidal.", 'start': 6284.129, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 6287.471, 'text': "That certainly doesn't help.", 'start': 6286.57, 'duration': 0.901}], 'summary': 'Depression makes treatment challenging due to hopelessness, low energy, and suicidal tendencies.', 'duration': 23.791, 'max_score': 6263.68, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06263680.jpg'}, {'end': 6413.882, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6376.344, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 6379.645, 'text': 'It requires insight and motivation, and you have to be motivated.', 'start': 6376.344, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 6386.567, 'text': 'But if you are, then you can identify these triggers that send you down particular pathways and work to intercept them.', 'start': 6380.405, 'duration': 6.162}, {'end': 6387.667, 'text': 'And that is..', 'start': 6387.147, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 6391.949, 'text': 'amazingly very effective in mild to moderate cases.', 'start': 6388.547, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 6399.093, 'text': 'So you basically have to train yourself to see the world as a collection of triggers.', 'start': 6392.349, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 6413.882, 'text': 'And you have to first understand, like collect the data, like basically see every experience as a thing that creates a follow-on emotion, a feeling.', 'start': 6400.374, 'duration': 13.508}], 'summary': 'Identify triggers, intercept pathways; effective in mild to moderate cases. train to see world as collection of triggers.', 'duration': 37.538, 'max_score': 6376.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06376344.jpg'}, {'end': 6599.7, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6572.272, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 6579.495, 'text': 'But then if you stimulate a couple of very specific brain regions in particular ways, you can motivate them to overcome the challenge.', 'start': 6572.272, 'duration': 7.223}, {'end': 6584.097, 'text': 'And if you inhibit those regions, they give up much more easily than they would otherwise.', 'start': 6580.495, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 6586.518, 'text': 'You can do this in mice, you can do this in rats.', 'start': 6584.657, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 6593.741, 'text': 'So this is an ancestral conserved pattern to detect that things are pretty bad out there.', 'start': 6587.258, 'duration': 6.483}, {'end': 6599.7, 'text': 'and to conserve energy, to hunker down, to wait out the storm.', 'start': 6595.177, 'duration': 4.523}], 'summary': 'Stimulating specific brain regions motivates overcoming challenges, as seen in mice and rats.', 'duration': 27.428, 'max_score': 6572.272, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06572272.jpg'}, {'end': 6683.124, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6656.555, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 6665.618, 'text': "The psychoanalysis is a little more niche now, and partly because it's not, data isn't.", 'start': 6656.555, 'duration': 9.063}, {'end': 6672.08, 'text': 'in terms of actual treatment of actual therapeutic effects, data not as supportive as for cognitive behavioral therapy.', 'start': 6665.618, 'duration': 6.462}, {'end': 6676.322, 'text': "But it's still interesting for insight.", 'start': 6673.101, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 6678.803, 'text': 'A lot of people still do it to gain insight into themselves.', 'start': 6676.342, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 6683.124, 'text': "And in general, it's a good sort of conversation starter.", 'start': 6679.803, 'duration': 3.321}], 'summary': 'Psychoanalysis is niche; data less supportive than cbt for therapy, but still offers insight.', 'duration': 26.569, 'max_score': 6656.555, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06656555.jpg'}, {'end': 6837.743, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6793.491, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6798.495, 'text': "There's a befriending therapy, there's interpersonal therapy.", 'start': 6793.491, 'duration': 5.004}, {'end': 6806.761, 'text': "These are approaches that are purely talk therapy, but they're not as structured as cognitive behavioral therapy.", 'start': 6798.535, 'duration': 8.226}, {'end': 6810.984, 'text': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy, there are manuals, there are guidelines.', 'start': 6806.801, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 6813.645, 'text': 'You can almost go through it in a very cookbook-y way.', 'start': 6811.024, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 6815.166, 'text': "There's homework that you get done.", 'start': 6813.705, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 6821.691, 'text': "So in its fullest form, it's very different from these more conversational strategies.", 'start': 6815.787, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 6826.834, 'text': "But what's interesting is sometimes people compare them, and so you'll see almost like randomized,", 'start': 6822.171, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 6832.959, 'text': 'controlled studies comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with interpersonal therapy, for example.', 'start': 6826.834, 'duration': 6.125}, {'end': 6837.743, 'text': 'And they both can work, and actually in some studies they look comparable.', 'start': 6833.599, 'duration': 4.144}], 'summary': 'Cognitive behavioral therapy is structured with manuals and guidelines and includes homework, while interpersonal therapy is more conversational, but both can be effective according to some studies.', 'duration': 44.252, 'max_score': 6793.491, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06793491.jpg'}, {'end': 6914.117, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6859.477, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 6865.62, 'text': 'So, as a psychiatrist yourself, can you do a deep analysis of this other famous psychiatrist,', 'start': 6859.477, 'duration': 6.143}, {'end': 6869.983, 'text': 'which is the movie character played by Robin Williams in Good Will Hunting?', 'start': 6865.62, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 6874.467, 'text': 'Is it just a caricature between a psychiatrist and patient relationship?', 'start': 6870.823, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 6884.016, 'text': 'Or is there something to you that was moving about his ability to connect to this obviously struggling young kid?', 'start': 6875.428, 'duration': 8.588}, {'end': 6888.56, 'text': "I think you've hit on the key thing there, which is the depth of the connection.", 'start': 6884.036, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 6901.012, 'text': "If there's too powerful a connection, that can impair therapy because it could impair open communication.", 'start': 6890.788, 'duration': 10.224}, {'end': 6909.755, 'text': 'If someone, if a patient, has a, sees the role, sees the relationship in a particular way, like in a friendly way, maybe,', 'start': 6901.212, 'duration': 8.543}, {'end': 6914.117, 'text': 'or like a parental child type way.', 'start': 6909.755, 'duration': 4.362}], 'summary': 'Analyzing the psychiatrist in good will hunting, the depth of connection may impair therapy due to powerful connection.', 'duration': 54.64, 'max_score': 6859.477, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06859477.jpg'}, {'end': 7019.014, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6992.373, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 7006.57, 'text': 'The best way to notice what those are and to identify them and to work with them is if you can elicit some of those problems in the office in the therapeutic interaction.', 'start': 6992.373, 'duration': 14.197}, {'end': 7009.931, 'text': 'And this is really powerful.', 'start': 7007.81, 'duration': 2.121}, {'end': 7016.993, 'text': "As long as you're alert to it, aware of it and you don't let it go out of hand.", 'start': 7009.991, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 7019.014, 'text': 'this transference, we call it,', 'start': 7016.993, 'duration': 2.021}], 'summary': 'Identifying and working with transference in the office is powerful and must be managed carefully.', 'duration': 26.641, 'max_score': 6992.373, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in06992373.jpg'}], 'start': 5697.058, 'title': 'Understanding depression and therapy', 'summary': 'Covers the challenges of treating treatment-resistant depression, genetic links, and the limitations in understanding its biological basis. it also delves into the complexity of depression, the effectiveness of talk therapy, and the difference between psychoanalysis and talk therapy. additionally, it explores the therapeutic relationship depicted in the movie good will hunting.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6009.08, 'start': 5697.058, 'title': 'Understanding treatment-resistant depression', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges of treating severe, treatment-resistant depression, the lack of objective measures for diagnosis, genetic links to depression, and the limitations in understanding the biological basis of the condition. it highlights the difficulties in finding effective treatments and the complexity of the brain's involvement in depression.", 'duration': 312.022, 'highlights': ['There is a focus on treating severe, treatment-resistant depression, where medications have not been effective, indicating the challenges in addressing this condition.', 'The lack of objective measures such as known chemical differences, brain activity patterns, or structural variations in the brain complicates the diagnosis and treatment of depression.', 'Genetic links to depression are highlighted, with a strong contribution from genetics, although it does not explain all aspects of the condition.', 'The chapter emphasizes the limitations in understanding the biological basis of depression, particularly the lack of a physical interpretation of the problem at a deep level in the brain.', 'The complexity of depression is underscored, pointing out the myriad of factors and symptoms involved, making it challenging to pinpoint a specific cause or activity pattern in the brain.']}, {'end': 6627.516, 'start': 6010.261, 'title': 'Understanding depression and treatment options', 'summary': 'Explores the complexity of depression, the importance of understanding unifying principles, the effectiveness of talk therapy, and the significance of identifying triggers for mild to moderate cases.', 'duration': 617.255, 'highlights': ['The importance of understanding unifying principles in psychiatry and the study of depression. The speaker emphasizes the need for unifying principles in understanding the different symptoms of major depression and the human disease syndrome.', 'The effectiveness of talk therapy in conjunction with other modalities for treating depression. Emphasizes the critical role of talk therapy in reshaping cognitions and its effectiveness in treating moderate or mild depression in conjunction with other treatments.', 'The significance of identifying triggers and utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy for mild to moderate cases of depression. Explains the structured and organized nature of cognitive behavioral therapy, its effectiveness in identifying triggers and intercepting negative pathways, and the requirement of insight and motivation for its success.', 'The ancestral conserved pattern of detecting adverse forces and conserving energy in challenging situations. Discusses the ancestral conserved pattern of detecting adverse forces, conserving energy, and hunkering down to wait out the storm, highlighting the useful roots of depression in contributing to survival.']}, {'end': 6837.743, 'start': 6628.097, 'title': 'Difference between psychoanalysis and talk therapy', 'summary': 'Discusses the difference between psychoanalysis and talk therapy, highlighting the decline of psychoanalysis in favor of more data-supported cognitive behavioral therapy and the varying approaches of conversational therapies. it emphasizes that modern talk therapy focuses on treatment and getting people to feel better.', 'duration': 209.646, 'highlights': ['Modern talk therapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy, is more prevalent and supported by data for actual therapeutic effects compared to psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is considered more niche now, with data not as supportive as for cognitive behavioral therapy. It is still used for gaining insight into oneself and as a conversation starter.', "Conversational therapies, such as befriending therapy and interpersonal therapy, are less structured compared to cognitive behavioral therapy, allowing for more raw conversation and exploration of each other's minds. Befriending therapy and interpersonal therapy are conversational approaches that are not as structured as cognitive behavioral therapy, which involves manuals, guidelines, and homework.", 'Comparison studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy and conversational therapies like interpersonal therapy can be comparable in effectiveness, as both can work for individuals. Randomized, controlled studies have compared cognitive behavioral therapy with interpersonal therapy, indicating that both can be effective, with some studies showing comparable outcomes.']}, {'end': 7068.899, 'start': 6839.224, 'title': 'Therapeutic relationship in good will hunting', 'summary': 'Discusses the therapeutic relationship portrayed in the movie good will hunting, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balance between connection and maintaining a therapeutic alliance, as well as the concept of transference in therapy.', 'duration': 229.675, 'highlights': ["The importance of maintaining a balance between connection and maintaining a therapeutic alliance The therapist emphasizes the need to strike a balance between forming a deep connection with the patient and maintaining an arm's length approach to ensure the patient feels free to share without constraints.", "The concept of transference in therapy The discussion delves into the concept of transference, where the therapist may experience emotions such as anger or frustration that are likely stirred by the patient's external relationships, emphasizing the need to recognize and utilize these feelings to help the patient.", "The portrayal of therapeutic relationship in Good Will Hunting The chapter reflects on the portrayal of the therapeutic relationship in the movie Good Will Hunting, acknowledging its powerful depiction while noting the need for a more arm's length approach in reality."]}], 'duration': 1371.841, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in05697058.jpg', 'highlights': ['Treating severe, treatment-resistant depression is a major challenge.', 'Lack of objective measures complicates diagnosis and treatment of depression.', 'Genetic links contribute to depression but do not explain all aspects.', 'Emphasizes limitations in understanding the biological basis of depression.', "Depression's complexity makes it challenging to pinpoint a specific cause.", 'Understanding unifying principles in psychiatry and depression is crucial.', 'Talk therapy is effective in reshaping cognitions and treating depression.', 'Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in identifying triggers and intercepting negative pathways.', 'Ancestral conserved pattern contributes to survival by detecting adverse forces.', 'Modern talk therapy like cognitive behavioral therapy is more prevalent and supported by data.', 'Conversational therapies like befriending therapy and interpersonal therapy are less structured.', 'Cognitive behavioral therapy and conversational therapies can be comparable in effectiveness.', 'Maintaining a balance between connection and therapeutic alliance is crucial.', 'The concept of transference in therapy is important to recognize and utilize.', 'The portrayal of the therapeutic relationship in Good Will Hunting is powerful.']}, {'end': 7782.596, 'segs': [{'end': 7400.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7317.545, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7322.287, 'text': "It's interesting, right? So some of that conversation is at some intellectual level, too.", 'start': 7317.545, 'duration': 4.742}, {'end': 7333.292, 'text': "It's not just emotional, it's something, it's like, the reason I kinda connect with that is that's a lot of work for a therapist.", 'start': 7323.167, 'duration': 10.125}, {'end': 7342.797, 'text': "Like to really understand another, because he's, I mean, from, okay, I know this is fictional, but just there's calculation happening.", 'start': 7334.332, 'duration': 8.465}, {'end': 7352.622, 'text': 'He deeply cares to say the words that the other person needs to hear, but also a little bit loses himself in the pride,', 'start': 7342.937, 'duration': 9.685}, {'end': 7358.225, 'text': 'but then catches himself again, switches from anger to connection.', 'start': 7352.622, 'duration': 5.603}, {'end': 7360.566, 'text': 'A lot is brought up there.', 'start': 7359.626, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 7370.711, 'text': "You're right, there has to be some emotion in the therapist to care enough to keep going, to keep probing to open up, as he's doing so right?", 'start': 7360.947, 'duration': 9.764}, {'end': 7375.993, 'text': 'He revealed a lot about himself, his own vulnerabilities, but that gave him authenticity.', 'start': 7371.611, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 7383.496, 'text': 'He had to open himself up so that the kid would see the authenticity and open himself up in return.', 'start': 7376.813, 'duration': 6.683}, {'end': 7390.682, 'text': 'So how do you do that as a psychiatrist, as a therapist? You have to be careful.', 'start': 7385.16, 'duration': 5.522}, {'end': 7397.285, 'text': "You don't wanna do too much, but opening up a little bit does help.", 'start': 7390.923, 'duration': 6.362}, {'end': 7400.026, 'text': 'It does create a chance.', 'start': 7397.605, 'duration': 2.421}], 'summary': 'Therapist shows emotion, vulnerability, and authenticity to connect with the patient, creating a chance for progress.', 'duration': 82.481, 'max_score': 7317.545, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in07317545.jpg'}, {'end': 7455.42, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7424.017, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7427.218, 'text': 'Well, this was one of the terrifying things about writing the book was.', 'start': 7424.017, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 7433.743, 'text': 'I do open up in a little bit about my own personal life, my own personal challenges.', 'start': 7428.639, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 7435.525, 'text': 'And that was a considered decision,', 'start': 7433.783, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 7446.194, 'text': 'because I could have done the patient work and the science work and the history of the human family work and tied it all together.', 'start': 7435.525, 'duration': 10.669}, {'end': 7448.996, 'text': "But it wasn't..", 'start': 7447.855, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 7455.42, 'text': "In an early draft, it was like that, but it wasn't real yet.", 'start': 7450.237, 'duration': 5.183}], 'summary': 'The author discusses the difficulty in opening up about personal challenges in the book.', 'duration': 31.403, 'max_score': 7424.017, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in07424017.jpg'}], 'start': 7069.019, 'title': 'Emotional depth and psychiatry', 'summary': 'Explores emotional depth and intelligence, emphasizing the limitations of knowledge without experience, and delves into the challenges of self-revelation in psychiatry, discussing the impact of personal experiences on empathy and understanding patients, and questioning the role of personal struggles in shaping effective psychiatrists.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7292.841, 'start': 7069.019, 'title': 'Understanding emotional depth', 'summary': "Explores the contrast between intelligence and emotional wisdom through a poignant dialogue, emphasizing the limitations of knowledge without experience, as demonstrated by the protagonist's critical analysis of the therapist's painting and the therapist's response.", 'duration': 223.822, 'highlights': ["The therapist challenges the protagonist's intellectual knowledge by highlighting the limitations of understanding without firsthand experience, emphasizing the importance of emotional depth and wisdom over raw intelligence.", "The protagonist's critical analysis of the therapist's painting serves as a metaphor for his attempt to comprehend human emotions purely through intellectual dissection, showcasing the inadequacy of knowledge without lived experience.", "The therapist's speech vividly illustrates the essence of true understanding, emphasizing the significance of emotional vulnerability and firsthand experience in comprehending complex aspects of life, such as love, loss, and personal connection."]}, {'end': 7782.596, 'start': 7293.982, 'title': 'Psychiatry and self-revelation', 'summary': 'Delves into the challenges of self-revelation in psychiatry, exploring the balance between openness and professional boundaries, as well as the impact of personal experiences on empathy and understanding patients, discussing moments of vulnerability and the insights gained from them, and questioning the role of personal struggles in shaping effective psychiatrists.', 'duration': 488.614, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the challenges of self-revelation in psychiatry, exploring the balance between openness and professional boundaries. The speaker shares the challenges of deciding whether to reveal personal experiences in the psychiatric field and the potential impact on patient care and professional boundaries.', 'The speaker reflects on moments of vulnerability and the insights gained from them, emphasizing the impact of personal experiences on empathy and understanding patients. The speaker shares personal experiences of vulnerability, such as being a single dad and connecting deeply with patients, highlighting the profound impact on empathy and understanding in psychiatry.', "The chapter questions the role of personal struggles in shaping effective psychiatrists, pondering the necessity of having personal demons to understand patients' struggles. The discussion revolves around the idea of whether personal struggles are necessary for psychiatrists to truly understand and empathize with patients, exploring the balance between personal experiences and professional effectiveness."]}], 'duration': 713.577, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in07069019.jpg', 'highlights': ['The therapist emphasizes emotional depth and wisdom over raw intelligence, highlighting the limitations of understanding without firsthand experience.', "The protagonist's attempt to comprehend human emotions through intellectual dissection showcases the inadequacy of knowledge without lived experience.", "The therapist's speech vividly illustrates the essence of true understanding, emphasizing the significance of emotional vulnerability and firsthand experience in comprehending complex aspects of life.", 'The chapter explores the balance between openness and professional boundaries in psychiatry, reflecting on the potential impact of revealing personal experiences on patient care and professional boundaries.', 'The speaker shares personal experiences of vulnerability, such as being a single dad, highlighting the profound impact on empathy and understanding in psychiatry.', 'The chapter questions the necessity of personal struggles for psychiatrists to truly understand and empathize with patients, exploring the balance between personal experiences and professional effectiveness.']}, {'end': 9247, 'segs': [{'end': 7915.546, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7880.103, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7882.165, 'text': 'how can even Robin Williams take his own life?', 'start': 7880.103, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 7887.488, 'text': "So I don't know if there's something to be said about the nature of depression from just looking at his case.", 'start': 7882.285, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 7892.409, 'text': 'I think the action of suicide is not well understood.', 'start': 7889.167, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 7897.413, 'text': "It doesn't always, although often is, correlated with depression.", 'start': 7892.429, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 7901.095, 'text': 'There are cases of suicide where there is not clear depression.', 'start': 7897.673, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 7902.616, 'text': "That's in the minority.", 'start': 7901.356, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 7907.26, 'text': "By the way, if I just because you said it's so interesting action of suicide,", 'start': 7902.897, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 7915.546, 'text': "because there's also thoughts of suicide and probably those they're probably somewhat understood, but it's an interesting.", 'start': 7907.26, 'duration': 8.286}], 'summary': "Suicide is not always correlated with depression, but it's the minority; thoughts of suicide are somewhat understood.", 'duration': 35.443, 'max_score': 7880.103, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in07880103.jpg'}, {'end': 8155.996, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8132.409, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8140.737, 'text': "and yet we're very bad at understanding it, and we're relatively poor at predicting it, and our tools are not very powerful.", 'start': 8132.409, 'duration': 8.328}, {'end': 8144.521, 'text': 'We can put people in a locked unit, we can give them care, therapy for a while.', 'start': 8140.777, 'duration': 3.744}, {'end': 8148.405, 'text': "At some point, we release them, and there's only so much we can do.", 'start': 8144.942, 'duration': 3.463}, {'end': 8153.15, 'text': "It's one of the most frustrating things, the suffering that is linked to suicidality.", 'start': 8148.705, 'duration': 4.445}, {'end': 8155.996, 'text': 'but it is a decision and it is an action.', 'start': 8153.615, 'duration': 2.381}], 'summary': 'Challenges in understanding and predicting suicide, with limited tools and frustrating outcomes.', 'duration': 23.587, 'max_score': 8132.409, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in08132409.jpg'}, {'end': 8291.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8258.245, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8263.41, 'text': "And I wonder if it's like, because you can also learn to channel these things right?", 'start': 8258.245, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 8276.44, 'text': "Some of the things we suffer from I mean there's degrees of suffering can be a source of progress and personal growth and development and all those kinds of things.", 'start': 8263.549, 'duration': 12.891}, {'end': 8291.324, 'text': "I mean, I, what is it? Nietzsche suffered from stomach issues I wonder if he's written some of those things, if his stomach was all great.", 'start': 8276.52, 'duration': 14.804}], 'summary': "Suffering can lead to personal growth and progress, as seen in nietzsche's writings on stomach issues.", 'duration': 33.079, 'max_score': 8258.245, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in08258245.jpg'}, {'end': 9152.451, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9124.532, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9130.475, 'text': 'so you have to kind of be aware of that, that element of it.', 'start': 9124.532, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 9132.136, 'text': "So yeah, I mean, but it's fascinating.", 'start': 9130.615, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 9136.239, 'text': 'You should be aware of your own self and those little characteristics,', 'start': 9132.156, 'duration': 4.083}, {'end': 9146.226, 'text': "whether it's classified on some aspect of the autism spectrum or just in general, whether it's eating, whether it's depression,", 'start': 9136.239, 'duration': 9.987}, {'end': 9152.451, 'text': "whether it's even like schizophrenia, that I hope we get a chance to talk to a little bit.", 'start': 9146.226, 'duration': 6.225}], 'summary': 'Be aware of personal characteristics, including aspects of autism spectrum and mental health conditions.', 'duration': 27.919, 'max_score': 9124.532, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09124532.jpg'}], 'start': 7783.036, 'title': 'Understanding mental health and personal growth', 'summary': 'Delves into the nature of depression, suicide, and personal suffering through case studies of robin williams and anthony bourdain, highlighting challenges and hope in understanding and addressing these issues. it also explores the impact of suffering on personal growth and the challenges in understanding brain states and characteristics, offering insights into addressing mental health issues.', 'chapters': [{'end': 8002.486, 'start': 7783.036, 'title': 'Understanding depression and suicide', 'summary': 'Explores the nature of depression and suicide, delving into the cases of robin williams and anthony bourdain, and discusses the complexities of suicidal thoughts and actions.', 'duration': 219.45, 'highlights': ['The complexity of depression and suicide is exemplified through the cases of public figures like Robin Williams and Anthony Bourdain, raising questions about the nature of depression and the correlation with suicidal actions.', 'Suicidal ideation may serve a purpose in imagination only and is unlikely to lead to action, akin to other types of thoughts such as sexual fantasies, illustrating the multifaceted nature of suicidal thoughts.', 'The philosophical question of why live is discussed, reflecting on the profound and existential aspects of contemplating existence and the complexities of human thought processes.', 'The difficulty in understanding the action of suicide is highlighted, emphasizing that suicide is not always correlated with depression and can stem from more amorphous thoughts, shedding light on the complexities of suicidal actions.', 'The contrast between external success and internal struggles is illustrated through the cases of Robin Williams and Anthony Bourdain, prompting contemplation on the factors contributing to suicidal actions and the need for deeper understanding of mental health issues.']}, {'end': 8257.243, 'start': 8002.946, 'title': 'Understanding suicide: challenges and hope', 'summary': 'Explores the challenges in understanding and predicting suicide, highlighting the lack of biological understanding and tools, while also presenting hope through optogenetics and targeting brain structures to address individual causes and symptoms.', 'duration': 254.297, 'highlights': ['The lack of understanding and tools for predicting suicide is a frustrating challenge, despite its common occurrence in various demographics.', 'The act of ending the self is poorly understood, and there is no real way to study it in animals.', 'The habenula and linked structures are active in generating negative internal states, offering hope for targeting this brain structure to reduce psychic pain and internal negativity.', 'Addressing individual causes and symptoms of suicide through optogenetics and targeting brain structures offers hope for understanding and addressing the dynamics of weighty decisions and internal negative states.', 'The absence of joy and active psychic pain are key reasons for suicidal thoughts, and addressing these through optogenetics is a concrete hope.']}, {'end': 8951.362, 'start': 8258.245, 'title': 'Impact of suffering on personal growth', 'summary': "Discusses how suffering can lead to personal growth and development, illustrated through the example of managing negativity for productivity and the neurological implications of robin williams' suffering from lewy body dementia.", 'duration': 693.117, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses how suffering can lead to personal growth and development, illustrated through the example of managing negativity for productivity. The speaker reflects on using personal suffering as a source of progress and personal growth, highlighting the potential positive impact of channeling difficulties into productivity.', "The neurological implications of Robin Williams' suffering from Lewy Body Dementia are examined, emphasizing the progressive loss of dopamine neurons and the disruption of the balance between negativity and positivity. The discussion delves into the specific neurological implications of Lewy Body Dementia, highlighting the progressive loss of dopamine neurons and its potential impact on the balance between negativity and positivity.", "Autism is explained as a spectrum involving challenges with unpredictable information, not limited to social interaction, and the potential value of the brain's ability to handle static, predictable situations. The concept of autism as a spectrum is explored, emphasizing the challenges with unpredictable information beyond social interaction and highlighting the potential value of the brain's ability to handle static, predictable situations."]}, {'end': 9247, 'start': 8951.502, 'title': 'Understanding brain states and characteristics', 'summary': "Discusses the challenges of acknowledging and categorizing one's characteristics, particularly related to disorders, and the potential convergence of theoretical neuroscience and experimental data to understand brain states for dealing with predictable and unpredictable information.", 'duration': 295.498, 'highlights': ["The challenges of acknowledging and categorizing one's characteristics, particularly related to disorders, are discussed. The speaker expresses reluctance to think about disorders and categories, likening it to their dislike for economics or game theory.", 'The potential convergence of theoretical neuroscience and experimental data to understand brain states for dealing with predictable and unpredictable information is highlighted. There is potential for theoretical neuroscience and experimental data to converge in understanding brain states for dealing with predictable and unpredictable information, including the prediction of circuitry governing brain states and the need to detect and switch between different states.', "The speaker's experience with making eye contact is discussed in relation to feeling overwhelmed by visual information and the desire to focus on other dimensions. The speaker describes feeling overwhelmed by visual information and the desire to focus on other dimensions rather than keeping up with eye contact, articulating a desire to avoid errors of understanding and trust."]}], 'duration': 1463.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in07783036.jpg', 'highlights': ['The complexity of depression and suicide is exemplified through the cases of public figures like Robin Williams and Anthony Bourdain, raising questions about the nature of depression and the correlation with suicidal actions.', 'The lack of understanding and tools for predicting suicide is a frustrating challenge, despite its common occurrence in various demographics.', 'The chapter discusses how suffering can lead to personal growth and development, illustrated through the example of managing negativity for productivity.', "The challenges of acknowledging and categorizing one's characteristics, particularly related to disorders, are discussed."]}, {'end': 10424.997, 'segs': [{'end': 9336.965, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9295.942, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 9302.606, 'text': 'train them to deal with these things that otherwise would be aversive to them, teach them how to predict things and interact.', 'start': 9295.942, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 9306.389, 'text': "And that has a big effect, but it's behavioral therapy.", 'start': 9302.666, 'duration': 3.723}, {'end': 9307.99, 'text': "There's no medicine that works.", 'start': 9306.829, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 9315.554, 'text': 'There are ways of reducing individual symptoms though, that sometimes come along with autism and those do respond to medications.', 'start': 9308.81, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 9316.675, 'text': 'So you can.', 'start': 9315.795, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 9326.48, 'text': "you know one thing very often my patients with autism are very anxious because they live in a world that they have a really hard time predicting what's going to happen.", 'start': 9316.675, 'duration': 9.805}, {'end': 9329.182, 'text': 'And so they find, and some of these are high functioning.', 'start': 9326.501, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 9336.965, 'text': "you know Silicon Valley types who you know they may make, you know great livings, but they're very unhappy because they're on the spectrum.", 'start': 9329.182, 'duration': 7.783}], 'summary': 'Behavioral therapy can help individuals with autism predict and interact, while medications can reduce specific symptoms.', 'duration': 41.023, 'max_score': 9295.942, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09295942.jpg'}, {'end': 9714.11, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9687.086, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 9691.35, 'text': 'To celebrate the weirdness of people.', 'start': 9687.086, 'duration': 4.264}, {'end': 9700.698, 'text': "It's the Robin Williams, people call these imperfections, but they're not, that's the good stuff.", 'start': 9691.57, 'duration': 9.128}, {'end': 9710.506, 'text': 'For any one individual person find the weird stuff and celebrate it, as opposed to what the internet often does,', 'start': 9700.938, 'duration': 9.568}, {'end': 9714.11, 'text': 'which is find the weird stuff and criticize it.', 'start': 9710.506, 'duration': 3.604}], 'summary': 'Celebrating individual weirdness, not criticizing, as robin williams suggested.', 'duration': 27.024, 'max_score': 9687.086, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09687086.jpg'}, {'end': 9813.726, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9782.833, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 9787.659, 'text': 'What is schizophrenia from your research and from your general understanding?', 'start': 9782.833, 'duration': 4.826}, {'end': 9794.649, 'text': 'and what is the full landscape of suffering and wisdom that schizophrenia explores?', 'start': 9787.659, 'duration': 6.99}, {'end': 9806.761, 'text': 'Schizophrenia is a state where there is a break from reality, and so this can show up, as we call them, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.', 'start': 9795.874, 'duration': 10.887}, {'end': 9813.726, 'text': "These include hallucinations, hearing something or seeing something that's not there, usually auditory hallucinations.", 'start': 9807.662, 'duration': 6.064}], 'summary': 'Schizophrenia involves a break from reality, with positive symptoms like auditory hallucinations.', 'duration': 30.893, 'max_score': 9782.833, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09782833.jpg'}, {'end': 9887.948, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9858.112, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 9866.636, 'text': "So you can't make plans, you'd have poor working memory, you can't keep track of where you were in a conversation, in a sequence of actions.", 'start': 9858.112, 'duration': 8.524}, {'end': 9877.941, 'text': 'So poor and impaired working with the thoughts of oneself, and then these positive symptoms of break from reality.', 'start': 9867.897, 'duration': 10.044}, {'end': 9884.906, 'text': "Okay, now why do these come together? What's the neurobiology of it? Again, we don't know.", 'start': 9878.021, 'duration': 6.885}, {'end': 9887.948, 'text': 'Schizophrenia, extremely genetically determined.', 'start': 9885.446, 'duration': 2.502}], 'summary': 'Schizophrenia impairs memory, planning, and conversation tracking. it is highly genetically determined.', 'duration': 29.836, 'max_score': 9858.112, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09858112.jpg'}, {'end': 10016.38, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9986.396, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 9995.183, 'text': 'And then eventually, it can be fatal, it can lead to suicide, it can lead to erratic behavior that leads to accidents.', 'start': 9986.396, 'duration': 8.787}, {'end': 9998.546, 'text': 'Now, it can be treated.', 'start': 9996.805, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 10001.788, 'text': 'There are medications that help, fortunately.', 'start': 9998.566, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 10003.99, 'text': "They have side effects, so they're not perfect.", 'start': 10002.269, 'duration': 1.721}, {'end': 10015.619, 'text': 'and actually a whole host of different side effects that come from the medications, but we can help people now with schizophrenia very,', 'start': 10006.452, 'duration': 9.167}, {'end': 10016.38, 'text': 'very significantly.', 'start': 10015.619, 'duration': 0.761}], 'summary': 'Schizophrenia can be fatal, but treatable with medications, despite side effects. help is available.', 'duration': 29.984, 'max_score': 9986.396, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09986396.jpg'}, {'end': 10077.222, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10042.425, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10046.811, 'text': 'So, when you have a break with reality, is there a way to kind of stitch it together??', 'start': 10042.425, 'duration': 4.386}, {'end': 10049.214, 'text': 'Yeah, so some people, that works.', 'start': 10046.831, 'duration': 2.383}, {'end': 10052.216, 'text': "but we don't really know how.", 'start': 10050.936, 'duration': 1.28}, {'end': 10056.137, 'text': 'So medications, antipsychotic medications, we call them.', 'start': 10052.416, 'duration': 3.721}, {'end': 10068.02, 'text': 'they block a particular neurotransmitter receptor called the serotonin 2A receptor and they modulate dopamine as well and other neurotransmitters.', 'start': 10056.137, 'duration': 11.883}, {'end': 10077.222, 'text': "These can take someone who's actively hallucinating, actively paranoid, put them back in a completely normal state,", 'start': 10069.66, 'duration': 7.562}], 'summary': 'Antipsychotic medications can restore a person from active hallucinations and paranoia to a normal state by blocking serotonin 2a receptor and modulating dopamine and other neurotransmitters.', 'duration': 34.797, 'max_score': 10042.425, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010042425.jpg'}, {'end': 10272.193, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10245.151, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10258.071, 'text': 'I guess my only sort of anecdotal observation is people who suffer from schizophrenia seem to be very interesting and very thoughtful in a nonlinear way about the world.', 'start': 10245.151, 'duration': 12.92}, {'end': 10266.236, 'text': "I've noticed that it's not always positive, the unusual ways they view the world.", 'start': 10260.113, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 10269.552, 'text': "but it's always interesting.", 'start': 10268.151, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 10272.193, 'text': 'That could be conspiratorial thinking too.', 'start': 10269.672, 'duration': 2.521}], 'summary': 'Schizophrenia sufferers have intriguing, nonlinear views of the world, but not always positive; sometimes it involves conspiratorial thinking.', 'duration': 27.042, 'max_score': 10245.151, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010245151.jpg'}], 'start': 9248.36, 'title': 'Autism spectrum and schizophrenia', 'summary': 'Discusses challenges of autism spectrum, effectiveness of early behavioral treatments, lack of medical treatments, anxiety management, and sensory experiences, as well as the importance of celebrating individuality, neurobiological aspects, prevalence, symptoms, manifestation, impact, treatment options, and the need for further research and support.', 'chapters': [{'end': 9477.756, 'start': 9248.36, 'title': 'Autism spectrum: treatment and insights', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of individuals on the autism spectrum, highlighting the effectiveness of early behavioral treatments and the lack of medical treatments, while also addressing anxiety management and sensory experiences.', 'duration': 229.396, 'highlights': ['Early behavioral treatments are most effective for individuals on the autism spectrum, helping them to interact socially and prevent falling behind, with no real medical treatment available.', 'Anxiety management is important for high-functioning individuals on the autism spectrum, who may struggle with social interactions and unpredictability, impacting their overall well-being and happiness.', 'Sensory experiences for individuals on the autism spectrum are overwhelming and can be both amazing and overwhelming due to the unlimited possibilities and beautiful things happening around them.']}, {'end': 9914.953, 'start': 9478.276, 'title': 'Understanding schizophrenia and celebrating individuality', 'summary': 'Discusses the spectrum concept, the importance of celebrating individuality and the neurobiological aspects of schizophrenia, including its prevalence and symptoms.', 'duration': 436.677, 'highlights': ['Schizophrenia is a state where there is a break from reality, with positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like flattening of emotion and thought disorder. Schizophrenia involves a break from reality with positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like flattening of emotion and thought disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the human population globally.', "The concept of the spectrum is an unfair categorization of someone who's socially and occupationally healthy, and the diagnosis of a disorder depends on social or occupational dysfunction, rather than just symptoms. The spectrum concept can lead to unfair categorization of socially and occupationally healthy individuals, and the diagnosis of a disorder depends on the presence of social or occupational dysfunction, not solely on symptoms.", "The internet should celebrate the weirdness of people instead of criticizing it, as it adds variety to human life and is the foundation of humor, fun, and ways to deal with suffering and injustices. Celebrating the 'weirdness' of people, as opposed to criticizing it, adds variety to human life, serves as the foundation of humor, fun, and ways to deal with suffering and injustices, and contributes to the richness of human experience."]}, {'end': 10424.997, 'start': 9915.053, 'title': 'Schizophrenia: understanding and treatment', 'summary': 'Explores the manifestation of schizophrenia, its impact on individuals, the treatment options available, and the complexities of understanding and addressing the condition, highlighting the need for further research and support.', 'duration': 509.944, 'highlights': ['Schizophrenia can lead to devastating symptoms such as paranoia, auditory hallucinations, and negative effects on functioning, especially if left untreated, potentially leading to fatal outcomes. The chapter emphasizes the severe impact of schizophrenia, including symptoms like paranoia and auditory hallucinations, and its potential to lead to fatal outcomes if not treated.', 'Antipsychotic medications, which block serotonin 2A receptor and modulate dopamine, have shown significant efficacy in treating schizophrenia, helping some individuals return to a normal state. The use of antipsychotic medications in treating schizophrenia, blocking specific neurotransmitter receptors, and their potential to help individuals return to a normal state is highlighted.', 'Schizophrenia may lead to a breakdown in communication within the brain, causing individuals to perceive their own thoughts as external, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of the biological and neurological mechanisms involved. The breakdown in communication within the brain in individuals with schizophrenia, leading to the perception of their own thoughts as external, underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the biological and neurological aspects of the condition.', 'Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit a depth of consideration and concern about the complexity of the world, often manifesting in unusual but interesting and thoughtful perspectives, reflecting the multifaceted impact of the condition on cognition and perception. The chapter highlights the unique perspectives and depth of consideration exhibited by individuals with schizophrenia, reflecting the multifaceted impact of the condition on cognition and perception.']}], 'duration': 1176.637, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in09248360.jpg', 'highlights': ['Early behavioral treatments are most effective for individuals on the autism spectrum, helping them to interact socially and prevent falling behind, with no real medical treatment available.', 'Anxiety management is important for high-functioning individuals on the autism spectrum, who may struggle with social interactions and unpredictability, impacting their overall well-being and happiness.', 'Sensory experiences for individuals on the autism spectrum are overwhelming and can be both amazing and overwhelming due to the unlimited possibilities and beautiful things happening around them.', 'Schizophrenia involves a break from reality with positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like flattening of emotion and thought disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the human population globally.', 'The internet should celebrate the weirdness of people instead of criticizing it, as it adds variety to human life, serves as the foundation of humor, fun, and ways to deal with suffering and injustices, and contributes to the richness of human experience.', 'Antipsychotic medications, which block serotonin 2A receptor and modulate dopamine, have shown significant efficacy in treating schizophrenia, helping some individuals return to a normal state.', 'Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit a depth of consideration and concern about the complexity of the world, often manifesting in unusual but interesting and thoughtful perspectives, reflecting the multifaceted impact of the condition on cognition and perception.', 'The breakdown in communication within the brain in individuals with schizophrenia, leading to the perception of their own thoughts as external, underscores the necessity for a deeper understanding of the biological and neurological aspects of the condition.', 'The chapter emphasizes the severe impact of schizophrenia, including symptoms like paranoia and auditory hallucinations, and its potential to lead to fatal outcomes if not treated.']}, {'end': 12080.147, 'segs': [{'end': 10576.724, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10549.552, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10560.216, 'text': 'And tears are much more powerful at stirring the desire to help in viewers than any other facial feature.', 'start': 10549.552, 'duration': 10.664}, {'end': 10564.054, 'text': "which is pretty interesting, that it's the honest one.", 'start': 10561.172, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 10565.495, 'text': "that's also the most powerful, right?", 'start': 10564.054, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 10573.522, 'text': "It kind of indicates there's a certain logic to our design as social beings that we have an honest report.", 'start': 10565.936, 'duration': 7.586}, {'end': 10576.724, 'text': "That's hard to control.", 'start': 10574.603, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': 'Tears are the most powerful facial feature for stirring the desire to help in viewers, indicating a certain logic to our design as social beings.', 'duration': 27.172, 'max_score': 10549.552, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010549552.jpg'}, {'end': 10770.566, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10742.444, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10744.705, 'text': 'Is there other stuff like that? I mean, do you..', 'start': 10742.444, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 10753.368, 'text': 'Yeah, I mean, the human face is fascinating as a display of emotion, as a display of truth and lying and all those kinds of things.', 'start': 10744.705, 'duration': 8.663}, {'end': 10754.629, 'text': 'I personally..', 'start': 10753.989, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 10765.764, 'text': "I mean we're all, I suppose, have different sensors that are sensitive to certain aspects of the human face,", 'start': 10756.44, 'duration': 9.324}, {'end': 10770.566, 'text': 'but to me it seems like the eyes are really important communication or something.', 'start': 10765.764, 'duration': 4.802}], 'summary': 'The human face is fascinating for displaying emotions and truth, with the eyes being particularly important for communication.', 'duration': 28.122, 'max_score': 10742.444, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010742444.jpg'}, {'end': 10877.821, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10850.448, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 10859.713, 'text': 'And because it was coming from the fear and anxiety circuits that regulate that necessary involuntary change in heart rate and respiratory rate,', 'start': 10850.448, 'duration': 9.265}, {'end': 10860.954, 'text': 'it also was involuntary.', 'start': 10859.713, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 10865.216, 'text': 'And that became valuable as a truth signal as social beings.', 'start': 10861.514, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 10869.618, 'text': 'Very interesting when you think about the origins of the human family,', 'start': 10867.017, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 10877.821, 'text': "the origins of social structures and our ability and need to call for help when there's hope but need at the same time.", 'start': 10869.618, 'duration': 8.203}], 'summary': 'Fear and anxiety circuits regulate involuntary heart and respiratory rate change, serving as a truth signal for social beings and highlighting the origins of human social structures and our need to call for help.', 'duration': 27.373, 'max_score': 10850.448, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010850448.jpg'}, {'end': 10974.096, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10946.426, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 10949.687, 'text': 'All neuroscientists think about this and a lot of non neuroscientists too.', 'start': 10946.426, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 10958.391, 'text': "It's such a, it's the reason a lot of people came to the study of the brain is to think about consciousness and not just being awake or alert,", 'start': 10949.947, 'duration': 8.444}, {'end': 10967.336, 'text': "but really what's sometimes called the hard problem of consciousness, which is what is that nature of that inner subjective sense?", 'start': 10958.391, 'duration': 8.945}, {'end': 10974.096, 'text': 'we have not just information processing but feeling something about the information.', 'start': 10967.336, 'duration': 6.76}], 'summary': 'Neuroscientists and non-neuroscientists ponder the hard problem of consciousness, delving into the inner subjective sense and information processing.', 'duration': 27.67, 'max_score': 10946.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010946426.jpg'}, {'end': 11515.362, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11465.388, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11473.814, 'text': 'unanswered question in the field is what is it that binds the activity of neurons together so they can form a joint representation?', 'start': 11465.388, 'duration': 8.426}, {'end': 11480.698, 'text': 'And actually, this comes back to the dissociation experiment we talked about before, where your sense of self becomes separated from your body.', 'start': 11474.494, 'duration': 6.204}, {'end': 11489.653, 'text': 'Those things that were fused in a joint representation, the same concept, unitary, are now separate.', 'start': 11483.749, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 11496.337, 'text': 'And in late 2020, we published a paper in Nature showing how this could be.', 'start': 11491.514, 'duration': 4.823}, {'end': 11503.967, 'text': 'We used optogenetics to drive this rhythm that ketamine and PCP cause in retrosplenial cortex,', 'start': 11497.158, 'duration': 6.809}, {'end': 11511.737, 'text': 'and we got different parts of the brain to be out of sync when they were active, never able to be active at the same time,', 'start': 11503.967, 'duration': 7.77}, {'end': 11515.362, 'text': 'never able to form a joint representation at the same time.', 'start': 11511.737, 'duration': 3.625}], 'summary': "Neurons' joint representation disrupted by optogenetic manipulation, preventing synchronous activity, published in nature in late 2020.", 'duration': 49.974, 'max_score': 11465.388, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in011465388.jpg'}, {'end': 11738.959, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11707.822, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 11711.745, 'text': 'which is the functioning of the entire mind.', 'start': 11707.822, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 11712.386, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 11711.765, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 11719.691, 'text': 'And I think keeping a toehold in both at the cellular level of resolution and the brain-wide resolution will be critical.', 'start': 11712.866, 'duration': 6.825}, {'end': 11723.394, 'text': "If you lose touch with either, I think you'll miss the big insight.", 'start': 11719.731, 'duration': 3.663}, {'end': 11729.238, 'text': "So that's what we're trying to do keeping grounded in the cellular resolution,", 'start': 11723.634, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 11732.881, 'text': 'trying to keep the broadest brain-wide perspective and meet in the middle.', 'start': 11729.238, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 11738.959, 'text': "Do you think you'll see it in your lifetime? A major breakthrough in that dimension.", 'start': 11734.977, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'Balancing cellular and brain-wide perspectives for a major breakthrough in understanding the mind.', 'duration': 31.137, 'max_score': 11707.822, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in011707822.jpg'}, {'end': 11875.148, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11838.707, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11841.45, 'text': 'But biology gives us other rewards.', 'start': 11838.707, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 11844.714, 'text': 'Children and family, community.', 'start': 11842.151, 'duration': 2.563}, {'end': 11848.258, 'text': 'And one can feel good about those things.', 'start': 11846.536, 'duration': 1.722}, {'end': 11851.681, 'text': 'Biology is full of rewards.', 'start': 11850.38, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 11852.562, 'text': 'But do you think..', 'start': 11851.781, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 11854.743, 'text': 'about those rewards.', 'start': 11853.863, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 11856.984, 'text': 'What do you think is the why of those rewards??', 'start': 11854.763, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 11859.464, 'text': "What's the meaning of life and this existence??", 'start': 11857.024, 'duration': 2.44}, {'end': 11863.745, 'text': "What's the why of biology??", 'start': 11860.204, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 11865.386, 'text': 'What does it want from us??', 'start': 11864.525, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 11875.148, 'text': 'Why are all these cells very busy putting together an organism that seems to want to just be in a hurry to do stuff and survive?', 'start': 11865.486, 'duration': 9.662}], 'summary': 'Biology provides rewards like family and community. it raises questions about the meaning and purpose of life.', 'duration': 36.441, 'max_score': 11838.707, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in011838707.jpg'}, {'end': 11978.696, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11950.468, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11952.268, 'text': 'How far can I go that way? Exactly.', 'start': 11950.468, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 11958.771, 'text': 'And then I dissociate myself completely from having any way that I know that person.', 'start': 11952.909, 'duration': 5.862}, {'end': 11959.592, 'text': "That's good.", 'start': 11959.032, 'duration': 0.56}, {'end': 11964.933, 'text': "I mean, I suppose you could do that in a single person's body by dissociation.", 'start': 11959.992, 'duration': 4.941}, {'end': 11970.234, 'text': 'But I do wonder what.', 'start': 11967.554, 'duration': 2.68}, {'end': 11978.696, 'text': "if you look at Earth as a collection of humans, as a collection of biological organisms, it seems that we're busy doing something.", 'start': 11970.234, 'duration': 8.462}], 'summary': 'Discussion on dissociation and its effects on understanding human behavior.', 'duration': 28.228, 'max_score': 11950.468, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in011950468.jpg'}], 'start': 10425.037, 'title': 'Crying, emotion, and consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the significance of crying as a social signal, its impact on triggering reactions, and the neural basis of consciousness, including brain regions for social communication, the hard problem of consciousness, and breakthroughs in understanding consciousness at a cellular level and brain-wide resolution.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10824.831, 'start': 10425.037, 'title': 'The power of crying and human emotion', 'summary': 'Delves into the significance of crying as an authentic and involuntary display of inner state, revealing its value as a social signal and the strong impact of tears on triggering reactions in onlookers, while also exploring the evolutionary and neurological origins of crying.', 'duration': 399.794, 'highlights': ["Crying serves as an honest report of an individual's need, hope, and frailty, triggering strong reactions in onlookers, making it a powerful social signal. Crying as an honest report of an individual's need, hope, and frailty; strong impact on triggering reactions in onlookers.", 'The evolutionary and neurological origins of crying are traced, revealing how fear and anxiety-induced crying arose from a misdirected long-range projection designed to regulate breathing. Evolutionary and neurological origins of crying; fear and anxiety-induced crying arising from a misdirected long-range projection.', 'The human face, particularly the eyes, is highlighted as a crucial communication tool, with wrinkles and eye movements conveying authenticity and truth. Significance of the human face, especially the eyes, as a crucial communication tool; wrinkles and eye movements conveying authenticity and truth.']}, {'end': 11311.672, 'start': 10824.831, 'title': 'Neural basis of consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the neural basis of consciousness, discussing the importance of specific brain regions for social communication, the involuntary nature of truth signals, the hard problem of consciousness, and a thought experiment on the potential dissociation of consciousness from physical location.', 'duration': 486.841, 'highlights': ['The importance of specific brain regions for social communication The chapter discusses the significance of specific brain regions, such as around the eye, for effective social communication.', 'The involuntary nature of truth signals and their value as social beings The involuntary nature of truth signals originating from fear and anxiety circuits is highlighted, emphasizing their value in social interactions.', "The hard problem of consciousness and its fundamental nature The chapter delves into the 'hard problem' of consciousness, exploring the inner subjective sense and the challenges of defining its nature.", 'A thought experiment on the dissociation of consciousness from physical location A thought experiment is presented, discussing the potential dissociation of consciousness from physical location, raising philosophical and practical implications.', 'The use of optogenetics to control neuronal activity and behavior The discussion involves the use of optogenetics to stimulate neuronal activity, exemplifying the potential for controlling behavior through precise manipulation of neural circuits.']}, {'end': 12080.147, 'start': 11312.833, 'title': 'Neuroscience and the mystery of consciousness', 'summary': 'Explores the mystery of consciousness, addressing the paradox of the internal subjective state and the challenges in explaining it, touching upon the need to understand the coordination of neurons in forming joint representations, and the potential for breakthroughs in understanding consciousness at a cellular level and brain-wide resolution.', 'duration': 767.314, 'highlights': ['The challenge of explaining the internal subjective state reveals the need to understand coordination of neurons in forming joint representations, a fundamental question in neuroscience.', 'The experiment on ketamine and PCP effects shows a toehold into understanding the coordination of neurons, potentially leading to breakthroughs in understanding consciousness at a cellular level.', 'The discussion about the meaning of life and existence delves into the curiosity and purpose of biological organisms, questioning the design and the forces of nature beyond current understanding.', 'The conversation highlights the need to maintain a toehold in understanding consciousness at both cellular and brain-wide resolutions, emphasizing the potential for major breakthroughs in the field.', 'The dialogue reflects on mortality and the pursuit of fulfillment, expressing hope for significant breakthroughs in understanding consciousness.']}], 'duration': 1655.11, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OaeYUm06in0/pics/OaeYUm06in010425037.jpg', 'highlights': ["Crying serves as an honest report of an individual's need, hope, and frailty; strong impact on triggering reactions in onlookers.", 'The human face, especially the eyes, is a crucial communication tool; wrinkles and eye movements convey authenticity and truth.', 'The importance of specific brain regions for social communication, such as around the eye, is discussed.', 'The involuntary nature of truth signals originating from fear and anxiety circuits is highlighted, emphasizing their value in social interactions.', 'The hard problem of consciousness is explored, delving into the inner subjective sense and the challenges of defining its nature.', 'A thought experiment on the dissociation of consciousness from physical location is presented, raising philosophical and practical implications.', 'The challenge of explaining the internal subjective state reveals the need to understand coordination of neurons in forming joint representations, a fundamental question in neuroscience.', 'The experiment on ketamine and PCP effects shows a toehold into understanding the coordination of neurons, potentially leading to breakthroughs in understanding consciousness at a cellular level.', 'The discussion about the meaning of life and existence delves into the curiosity and purpose of biological organisms, questioning the design and the forces of nature beyond current understanding.', 'The conversation highlights the need to maintain a toehold in understanding consciousness at both cellular and brain-wide resolutions, emphasizing the potential for major breakthroughs in the field.']}], 'highlights': ['The prevalence of psychiatric disorders approaches 25% or more, existing on a spectrum of severity from functional to life-threatening.', 'Autism, anorexia, and bipolar disorder are positively correlated at the population level with measures of intelligence, educational attainment, and income.', 'The exploration of human emotions through the tapestry of the human story is a key theme discussed by Karl Deisseroth.', 'Understanding dysfunction to infer true function in genetics and biochemistry is highlighted by Karl Deisseroth.', 'The limitations of diagnosing psychiatric disorders due to the lack of quantitative tests and the operational nature of defining dysfunction and disease are discussed.', 'The importance of balancing thinking and feeling in medicine is emphasized, as the ability to move on the spectrum of emotional involvement is crucial for survival as a physician.', 'The potential of optogenetics in providing insights into free will.', 'The founders of psychiatry discovered that working with the human mind and verbal communication was more interesting and mysterious than working at the cellular level.', 'The concept of the unconscious mind has had a significant influence on literature, philosophy, and art.', 'The therapist emphasizes emotional depth and wisdom over raw intelligence, highlighting the limitations of understanding without firsthand experience.', 'The exploration of the relationship between mental disorders such as OCD and religiosity, offering insights into the interplay between mental health and religious experiences.', 'The complexity of depression and suicide is exemplified through the cases of public figures like Robin Williams and Anthony Bourdain, raising questions about the nature of depression and the correlation with suicidal actions.', 'Early behavioral treatments are most effective for individuals on the autism spectrum, helping them to interact socially and prevent falling behind, with no real medical treatment available.', 'Schizophrenia involves a break from reality with positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like flattening of emotion and thought disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the human population globally.', "Crying serves as an honest report of an individual's need, hope, and frailty; strong impact on triggering reactions in onlookers.", 'The human face, especially the eyes, is a crucial communication tool; wrinkles and eye movements convey authenticity and truth.', 'The importance of specific brain regions for social communication, such as around the eye, is discussed.']}