title
Kotlin Full Course - Learn Kotlin in 4 Hours | Kotlin Tutorial | Kotlin Android Tutorial | Edureka

description
** Edureka Online Courses: https://www.edureka.co ** This Edureka Kotlin Full Course video will help you understand and learn Kotlin programming language from scratch. This Kotlin Tutorial is ideal for both beginners as well as professionals. Below are the topics covered in this Kotlin Android Tutorial : 2:16 History of Kotlin 5:53 What is Kotlin? 6:21 Features of Kotlin 15:10 How to setup Kotlin? 23:04 How to run a Kotlin program? 25:23 Class & Objects 35:13 Data Types 35:33 Numbers 40:28 Characters 42:13 Boolean 44:18 Arrays 46:28 Type Conversion 48:17 Operators 1:03:14 Kotlin I/O 1:06:50 Comments in Kotlin 1:10:45 Arrays & Strings 1:32:15 Control Flow Statements 1:32:55 If Statement 1:38:20 For Loop 1:41:05 While Loop 1:43:30 Do-While Loop 1:46:25 When Case 2:00:25 Jump Statements 2:00:30 Break 2:06:35 Continue 2:09:20 Return 2:09:51 Functions 2:32:54 Generic Functions 2:36:09 Lambda Functions 2:51:49 Data Classes 3:02:04 Kotlin Annotations 3:06:04 Collections 3:06:15 Lists 3:13:19 Sets 3:15:39 Maps 3:22:04 Inheritance 3:29:39 Range 3:35:34 Regular Expression 3:43:49 Null Safety 3:49:59 Exception Handling 3:56:09 Kotlin & Java 4:02:29 Kotlin vs Java 4:06:44 Advantages of Kotlin 4:07:39 Disadvantages of Kotlin ----------------------------------------------------------------- Subscribe to our Edureka YouTube channel to get video updates everyday: http://bit.ly/2CUKdiI Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka Telegram: https://t.me/edurekaupdates #edureka #KotlinFullCourse #KotlinEdureka #KotlinTutorial #KotlinTutorialForBeginners #KotlinTraining ----------------------------------------------------------------- For Online Training and Certification, Please write back to us at sales@edureka.in or call us at IND: 9606058406 / US: 18338555775 (toll free) for more information.

detail
{'title': 'Kotlin Full Course - Learn Kotlin in 4 Hours | Kotlin Tutorial | Kotlin Android Tutorial | Edureka', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1800.923, 'start': 1048.822, 'weight': 1}, {'end': 4506.813, 'start': 4351.8, 'weight': 0.817}, {'end': 4956.358, 'start': 4794.887, 'weight': 0.759}, {'end': 8556.285, 'start': 8402.102, 'weight': 0.89}], 'summary': "A comprehensive 4-hour kotlin tutorial by edureka, covering kotlin's rise in android development, its advantages, major features, programming fundamentals, input/output, arrays, control flow, loops, functions, generics, lambda functions, data classes, annotations, collections, inheritance, and features, emphasizing kotlin's benefits and practical applications.", 'chapters': [{'end': 419.816, 'segs': [{'end': 35.505, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7.165, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10.348, 'text': 'Kotlin is the new bloom in the field of Android development.', 'start': 7.165, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 16.152, 'text': "You wouldn't be surprised to know that Kotlin might replace Java in the near future of Android development.", 'start': 10.668, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 24.339, 'text': 'This is because ever since Google has announced Kotlin as its official programming language, Kotlin has gained a lot of popularity ever since then.', 'start': 16.693, 'duration': 7.646}, {'end': 28.801, 'text': 'Hi all, I welcome you all to this Kotlin full course session by Edureka.', 'start': 24.899, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 35.505, 'text': 'This video aims to give you a clear cut idea about this training programming language where you learn everything from scratch.', 'start': 29.301, 'duration': 6.204}], 'summary': 'Kotlin gaining popularity as potential replacement for java in android development.', 'duration': 28.34, 'max_score': 7.165, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7165.jpg'}, {'end': 114.967, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 87.499, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 92.82, 'text': "in this module, you'll be learning everything about what are functions, what are the different types of functions,", 'start': 87.499, 'duration': 5.321}, {'end': 96.381, 'text': "and you'll also be learning about the control flow statements as well.", 'start': 92.82, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 104.103, 'text': "moving ahead to the next module, you'll be learning advanced concepts like data classes, collections, annotations, ranges,", 'start': 96.381, 'duration': 7.722}, {'end': 106.084, 'text': 'regular expressions and exceptions.', 'start': 104.103, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 114.967, 'text': "The last module covers all important questions related to Kotlin, where you'll understand how to convert a Kotlin code to Java and vice versa.", 'start': 106.604, 'duration': 8.363}], 'summary': 'Learn functions, control flow, advanced concepts, and kotlin-java conversion.', 'duration': 27.468, 'max_score': 87.499, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ87499.jpg'}, {'end': 386.038, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 357.411, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 360.192, 'text': 'It is widely used to develop Android applications.', 'start': 357.411, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 365.255, 'text': 'If you have the basic knowledge of Java, you will be able to learn Kotlin in no time.', 'start': 360.572, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 374.34, 'text': 'So this Kotlin full course video is designed for beginners as well as the developers out there to understand Kotlin programming language in depth.', 'start': 365.695, 'duration': 8.645}, {'end': 378.813, 'text': 'As Kotlin is still a growing programming language.', 'start': 375.291, 'duration': 3.522}, {'end': 386.038, 'text': 'the advantages of it makes it way too popular guys answering the most frequently asked questions of all times.', 'start': 378.813, 'duration': 7.225}], 'summary': 'Kotlin, a popular language for android apps, is advantageous and growing in popularity, suitable for beginners and java developers.', 'duration': 28.627, 'max_score': 357.411, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ357411.jpg'}], 'start': 7.165, 'title': "Kotlin's rise in android development", 'summary': "Explores kotlin as a potential java replacement in android development, emphasizing its popularity, google's support, and comprehensive course by edureka. it also covers kotlin's history, features, advantages, google's support, version releases, and reduced boilerplate code, making it a popular choice for developers.", 'chapters': [{'end': 106.084, 'start': 7.165, 'title': 'Kotlin: the future of android development', 'summary': "Explores the rise of kotlin as a potential replacement for java in android development, emphasizing its popularity and google's endorsement, and outlines the comprehensive agenda for a kotlin full course session by edureka.", 'duration': 98.919, 'highlights': ['Kotlin has gained popularity since Google announced it as its official programming language, hinting at its potential to replace Java in Android development.', 'The video offers a comprehensive agenda, divided into modules covering basic concepts, installation process, fundamental concepts, functions and control flow statements, and advanced concepts.', 'The first module covers basic concepts such as the history and major features of Kotlin, while the subsequent modules delve into installation, fundamental concepts, functions, control flow statements, and advanced concepts.']}, {'end': 419.816, 'start': 106.604, 'title': 'Kotlin: a new programming hope', 'summary': 'Covers the history, features, and advantages of kotlin, including its support by google for android development, the release of different versions, and the reduction of boilerplate code, making it a popular choice for developers.', 'duration': 313.212, 'highlights': ['Kotlin is officially supported by Google for Android development, and the release of Android Studio 3.0 included Kotlin as an alternative to the standard Java compiler. Since the release of Android Studio 3.0, Kotlin is included as an alternative to the standard Java compiler, officially supported by Google for Android development.', 'The current version of Kotlin being used is 1.3, which is the latest version, and Google announced Kotlin as its preferred language for Android development on May 7th. The current version of Kotlin being used is 1.3, and on May 7th, Google announced Kotlin as its preferred language for Android development.', 'Kotlin is widely used to develop Android applications and is considered concise, reducing the amount of boilerplate codes in the program. Kotlin is widely used to develop Android applications and is considered concise, reducing the amount of boilerplate codes in the program.', 'In October 2018, Kotlin released version 1.3, which included coroutines and asynchronous programming features, enhancing its capabilities. In October 2018, Kotlin released version 1.3, which included coroutines and asynchronous programming features, enhancing its capabilities.', 'Kotlin was released in 2016, with the first stable release, and in 2017, Google announced its first-class support for Kotlin on Android development. Kotlin was released in 2016, with the first stable release, and in 2017, Google announced its first-class support for Kotlin on Android development.']}], 'duration': 412.651, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7165.jpg', 'highlights': ['Kotlin is officially supported by Google for Android development, and the release of Android Studio 3.0 included Kotlin as an alternative to the standard Java compiler.', 'Kotlin has gained popularity since Google announced it as its official programming language, hinting at its potential to replace Java in Android development.', 'In October 2018, Kotlin released version 1.3, which included coroutines and asynchronous programming features, enhancing its capabilities.', 'The current version of Kotlin being used is 1.3, and on May 7th, Google announced Kotlin as its preferred language for Android development.', 'Kotlin is widely used to develop Android applications and is considered concise, reducing the amount of boilerplate codes in the program.', 'The video offers a comprehensive agenda, divided into modules covering basic concepts, installation process, fundamental concepts, functions and control flow statements, and advanced concepts.', 'Kotlin was released in 2016, with the first stable release, and in 2017, Google announced its first-class support for Kotlin on Android development.']}, {'end': 1299.699, 'segs': [{'end': 485.471, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 460.407, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 467.633, 'text': 'It is also interoperable which means that it leverages the existing libraries for the JVM Android and the browser.', 'start': 460.407, 'duration': 7.226}, {'end': 475.139, 'text': 'You can also use the existing libraries on the JVM as there is hundred percent compatibility including the SAM support.', 'start': 468.233, 'duration': 6.906}, {'end': 480.727, 'text': 'Okay, and you can either Target the JVM or the JavaScript in order to write your code,', 'start': 475.743, 'duration': 4.984}, {'end': 485.471, 'text': 'and you can also write the code in Kotlin and decide where you want to deploy to.', 'start': 480.727, 'duration': 4.744}], 'summary': 'Kotlin is 100% compatible with jvm, android, and browser, allowing deployment choice.', 'duration': 25.064, 'max_score': 460.407, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ460407.jpg'}, {'end': 996.023, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 972.424, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 980.332, 'text': 'One is the ultimate version, which is used for web and Enterprise development, and you also have another version called Community,', 'start': 972.424, 'duration': 7.908}, {'end': 986.478, 'text': 'which is for JVM and Android development, as we all are interested to learn how Kotlin works for Android development.', 'start': 980.332, 'duration': 6.146}, {'end': 988.279, 'text': 'and is also freely available.', 'start': 986.978, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 990.74, 'text': 'I would consider using the Community Edition.', 'start': 988.779, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 994.202, 'text': 'You can see that the ultimate version also provides a free trial.', 'start': 991, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 996.023, 'text': "So let's not get there.", 'start': 994.522, 'duration': 1.501}], 'summary': 'Kotlin has two versions: ultimate for web and enterprise, and community for jvm and android development. the ultimate version offers a free trial.', 'duration': 23.599, 'max_score': 972.424, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ972424.jpg'}, {'end': 1280.313, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1253.661, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1257.243, 'text': "So in this case, I'm going to be using the code style in the form of the project.", 'start': 1253.661, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 1265.468, 'text': "So I'll be selecting the project for now and then we have key map which helps in providing all the information's if you're working on Visual Studio,", 'start': 1257.363, 'duration': 8.105}, {'end': 1271.471, 'text': "if you're working on Eclipse, if you're working on Mac OS, any other ID or so on.", 'start': 1265.468, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 1274.553, 'text': 'So this helps in switching from one default section to another.', 'start': 1271.751, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1276.592, 'text': "So it's already in default.", 'start': 1275.111, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1279.133, 'text': "So I'll be keeping it as it is next up.", 'start': 1276.612, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1280.313, 'text': 'We have the view mode.', 'start': 1279.193, 'duration': 1.12}], 'summary': 'Using code style in project, key map for different ides, and default view mode.', 'duration': 26.652, 'max_score': 1253.661, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1253661.jpg'}], 'start': 420.256, 'title': 'Advantages of kotlin and kotlin 1.3 major features', 'summary': 'Explores the benefits of using kotlin, such as reduced boilerplate code, safety in avoiding null pointer exceptions, interoperability with existing libraries, and tool-friendly nature. it also unveils the major features of kotlin version 1.3, including coroutines for asynchronous programming, multi-platform programming support, and setting up kotlin on intellij, emphasizing its benefits and ease of use.', 'chapters': [{'end': 609.772, 'start': 420.256, 'title': 'Advantages of kotlin', 'summary': 'Explores the benefits of using kotlin, including reduced boilerplate code, safety in avoiding null pointer exceptions, interoperability with existing libraries, tool-friendly nature, and the introduction of kotlin native technology in version 1.3, allowing for compilation of kotlin code to native binaries for platforms where virtual machines are not desirable or possible.', 'duration': 189.516, 'highlights': ['The introduction of Kotlin native technology in version 1.3 allows for compilation of Kotlin code to native binaries for platforms where virtual machines are not desirable or possible. Kotlin native is a technology for compiling Kotlin code to native binaries, available in Kotlin version 1.3, designed for platforms where virtual machines are not desirable or possible.', 'Kotlin is safe to use, helping developers avoid null pointer exceptions. Kotlin provides safety in avoiding null pointer exceptions, reducing the risk of runtime errors.', 'Kotlin is interoperable with existing libraries for the JVM, Android, and the browser, ensuring 100% compatibility. Kotlin is interoperable with existing libraries for the JVM, Android, and the browser, with 100% compatibility and support for SAM.', 'Kotlin reduces boilerplate code, offering a more concise and efficient coding experience. Using Kotlin reduces the amount of boilerplate code, leading to a more concise and efficient coding experience.', 'Kotlin native technology provides a low-level virtual machine based back-end for the Kotlin compiler and the native implementation of Kotlin. Kotlin native technology includes a low-level virtual machine based back-end for the Kotlin compiler and the native implementation of Kotlin.']}, {'end': 1299.699, 'start': 609.772, 'title': 'Kotlin 1.3 major features', 'summary': 'Unveils the major features of kotlin version 1.3, including coroutines for asynchronous programming, multi-platform programming support, and setting up kotlin on intellij, emphasizing its benefits and ease of use.', 'duration': 689.927, 'highlights': ['Coroutines are introduced in Kotlin 1.3, providing support for asynchronous programming and allowing the execution to be suspended or resumed, offering a flexible method for coroutine support at the language level. Coroutines support asynchronous programming, execution suspension, and resumption, providing language-level support with flexibility.', 'Kotlin 1.3 introduces multi-platform programming support, allowing code sharing and reuse across different platforms such as IOX, Linux, Windows, and embedded systems, addressing the challenge of compatibility and code reuse. Multi-platform support enables code sharing across different platforms, addressing compatibility challenges and promoting code reuse.', 'The chapter illustrates the process of setting up Kotlin on IntelliJ, highlighting its user-friendly nature, integration with Java, and provision of tips and shortcuts for efficient development, emphasizing its ease of use and benefits for beginners. Setting up Kotlin on IntelliJ is user-friendly, integrated with Java, provides tips and shortcuts for efficient development, and is beneficial for beginners.']}], 'duration': 879.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ420256.jpg', 'highlights': ['Kotlin native technology in version 1.3 compiles Kotlin code to native binaries for platforms without virtual machines.', 'Kotlin provides safety in avoiding null pointer exceptions, reducing the risk of runtime errors.', 'Kotlin is interoperable with existing libraries for the JVM, Android, and the browser, ensuring 100% compatibility.', 'Using Kotlin reduces the amount of boilerplate code, leading to a more concise and efficient coding experience.', 'Coroutines in Kotlin 1.3 support asynchronous programming and provide language-level support with flexibility.', 'Kotlin 1.3 introduces multi-platform programming support, enabling code sharing across different platforms.', 'Setting up Kotlin on IntelliJ is user-friendly, integrated with Java, and beneficial for beginners.']}, {'end': 3471.356, 'segs': [{'end': 1446.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1418.549, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1421.271, 'text': "Yeah, so this is where I'll be writing my piece of code.", 'start': 1418.549, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 1428.509, 'text': 'So in Java, all you need to do is just create a main function and specify the variables or the arguments under it.', 'start': 1422.145, 'duration': 6.364}, {'end': 1432.311, 'text': "So I'm going to create a main function here call it function.", 'start': 1429.069, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 1440.936, 'text': 'Yeah mean and pass the arguments which is of the form a string.', 'start': 1432.751, 'duration': 8.185}, {'end': 1446.039, 'text': 'There you find a string.', 'start': 1443.397, 'duration': 2.642}], 'summary': "In java, creating a main function with specified arguments is all that's needed to write code.", 'duration': 27.49, 'max_score': 1418.549, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1418549.jpg'}, {'end': 1500.198, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1471.71, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1474.151, 'text': "But in Kotlin you don't need to use semicolons.", 'start': 1471.71, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1477.112, 'text': "It saves up a lot of time when you're developing an application.", 'start': 1474.211, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 1482.113, 'text': "So I'm going to print my first string that will be hello world.", 'start': 1478.032, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 1487.614, 'text': "So this is a standard program which anybody would prefer running if you're working on it for the first time.", 'start': 1482.613, 'duration': 5.001}, {'end': 1490.615, 'text': "So let's run this code first.", 'start': 1488.455, 'duration': 2.16}, {'end': 1495.977, 'text': "It takes a lot of time in the beginning because it's the first project.", 'start': 1492.916, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 1497.697, 'text': 'So excited, guys.', 'start': 1496.477, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 1500.198, 'text': 'You can see that it is still loading.', 'start': 1497.717, 'duration': 2.481}], 'summary': 'Kotlin eliminates the need for semicolons, saving time in development. running a standard program takes a lot of time in the beginning.', 'duration': 28.488, 'max_score': 1471.71, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1471710.jpg'}, {'end': 1559.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1537.712, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1548.743, 'text': 'a class is an extensible program code template which is basically used for creating objects providing initial values for state and implementations of various behaviors,', 'start': 1537.712, 'duration': 11.031}, {'end': 1550.524, 'text': 'like the member functions or methods.', 'start': 1548.743, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 1559.975, 'text': 'Okay, A class is an extensible program code template for creating objects, helps in providing initial values for a state, that is,', 'start': 1550.945, 'duration': 9.03}], 'summary': 'A class is an extensible program code template for creating objects and providing initial values for state and behaviors.', 'duration': 22.263, 'max_score': 1537.712, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1537712.jpg'}, {'end': 1609.915, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1580.572, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1588.858, 'text': 'So in Kotlin class declaration consists of a class header and a class body which is surrounded by curly braces, which is way too similar to Java.', 'start': 1580.572, 'duration': 8.286}, {'end': 1595.243, 'text': 'I think most of you out there would have worked on Java for any sort of application development or web development, right?', 'start': 1589.238, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 1597.851, 'text': 'So the same goes with Kotlin as well.', 'start': 1595.664, 'duration': 2.187}, {'end': 1601.944, 'text': 'The Kotlin class creation and object creation is similar to what it was in Java.', 'start': 1597.911, 'duration': 4.033}, {'end': 1609.915, 'text': "Now, let's try running a simple program in order to make you guys understand how exactly classes and objects are created in Kotlin.", 'start': 1602.552, 'duration': 7.363}], 'summary': 'Kotlin class declaration is similar to java, making it familiar for java developers. object creation is comparable to java.', 'duration': 29.343, 'max_score': 1580.572, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1580572.jpg'}, {'end': 1879.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1850.777, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 1853.618, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is printing the same value here.', 'start': 1850.777, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1855.739, 'text': 'Okay, it says Edureka Kotlin.', 'start': 1853.898, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 1859.023, 'text': 'So this is about the classes and objects in Kotlin.', 'start': 1856.502, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1863.866, 'text': 'This is an easy way in order to create a class when it is compared to Java.', 'start': 1859.343, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 1869.328, 'text': 'in Java you need to follow a different syntax, and in Kotlin you follow a much easier syntax, right?', 'start': 1863.866, 'duration': 5.462}, {'end': 1874.11, 'text': 'So this is a very basic way to create a new class and object in Kotlin.', 'start': 1869.708, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 1879.573, 'text': "Now, let's move ahead and understand how variables and values are used in Kotlin.", 'start': 1874.511, 'duration': 5.062}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses creating classes and objects in kotlin, highlighting its easier syntax compared to java.', 'duration': 28.796, 'max_score': 1850.777, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1850777.jpg'}, {'end': 3172.633, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3149.802, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3157.849, 'text': 'So for the values which are represented as primitive data types at the runtime for a particular program, that is, for example,', 'start': 3149.802, 'duration': 8.047}, {'end': 3161.251, 'text': 'you can consider taking it as an end float, and so on.', 'start': 3157.849, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 3167.937, 'text': 'the equality check, that is the three equals sign, is equivalent to the equals check, that is, double equals to.', 'start': 3161.251, 'duration': 6.686}, {'end': 3172.633, 'text': 'Now, the most commonly used operator is a comparison operator.', 'start': 3168.664, 'duration': 3.969}], 'summary': 'Runtime values as primitive data types, using comparison operators like equals and double equals.', 'duration': 22.831, 'max_score': 3149.802, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3149802.jpg'}, {'end': 3311.495, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3261.872, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3271.801, 'text': 'Okay, so this non-null assertion operator helps in converting any value to a non-null type and throws an exception if the value is null.', 'start': 3261.872, 'duration': 9.929}, {'end': 3279.316, 'text': "Okay, So this basically doesn't want the entire variable or anything that you declare to be initialized to null,", 'start': 3271.881, 'duration': 7.435}, {'end': 3284.16, 'text': 'so we can write it in the form any variable followed by this operator.', 'start': 3279.316, 'duration': 4.844}, {'end': 3287.943, 'text': 'So and it will return the non null value of the variable.', 'start': 3284.18, 'duration': 3.763}, {'end': 3296.048, 'text': "Okay, say for example, if you want to declare a value you're going to provide a name and you will also provide a value associated with it.", 'start': 3288.365, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 3300.07, 'text': 'So this checks if the string or the value is null or not.', 'start': 3296.368, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 3302.671, 'text': 'If it is null, it will throw an exception.', 'start': 3300.47, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 3307.153, 'text': 'If it does not it will just convert any value to a non-null type.', 'start': 3302.751, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 3311.495, 'text': 'Okay So this is about the non-null assertion operator in Kotlin.', 'start': 3307.513, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'The non-null assertion operator in kotlin converts any value to a non-null type and throws an exception if the value is null.', 'duration': 49.623, 'max_score': 3261.872, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3261872.jpg'}, {'end': 3452.348, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3425.416, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3429.118, 'text': 'So any of the value is null the entire chain would be null.', 'start': 3425.416, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 3432.639, 'text': 'Okay So this is about safe calls in Kotlin.', 'start': 3429.418, 'duration': 3.221}, {'end': 3436.841, 'text': "Now, let's move ahead and understand what is Elvis operator.", 'start': 3433.299, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 3439.361, 'text': 'All of these are way too new for us.', 'start': 3437.561, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 3443.543, 'text': 'Just hold on for some time until you figure out how exactly these operators work.', 'start': 3439.602, 'duration': 3.941}, {'end': 3452.348, 'text': 'Okay, so this one is way too similar to the safe calls, except that it can return a non-null value if the calling property is null.', 'start': 3444.104, 'duration': 8.244}], 'summary': 'Transcript covers safe calls and elvis operator in kotlin.', 'duration': 26.932, 'max_score': 3425.416, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3425416.jpg'}], 'start': 1299.919, 'title': 'Kotlin programming fundamentals', 'summary': "Covers setting up project structure, basic program creation, classes, variables, data types, type conversion, and operators in kotlin within intellij, emphasizing differences from java and kotlin's ease of use. it discusses the utilization of intellij libraries, the importance of the iml file, and the adoption of intellij look and feel.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1370.368, 'start': 1299.919, 'title': 'Intellij project structure and look & feel', 'summary': 'Discusses setting up the project structure in kotlin within intellij, including the utilization of intellij libraries and the importance of the iml file, and also emphasizes the adoption of intellij look and feel over high contrast in dracula.', 'duration': 70.449, 'highlights': ['The IML file in IntelliJ stores all the information regarding the development module, including Java Android Maven component module path dependencies and other settings.', 'The project includes IntelliJ libraries, a source field for code, and an IML folder, providing a seamless development environment within IntelliJ.', 'Emphasizing the utilization of IntelliJ look and feel instead of high contrast in Dracula for a more cohesive development experience.']}, {'end': 1748.444, 'start': 1370.748, 'title': 'Kotlin project structure and basic program', 'summary': 'Covers the structure of a kotlin project, the simplicity of creating a kotlin program compared to java, and the basics of classes and objects in kotlin, including the differences in object instantiation between kotlin and java.', 'duration': 377.696, 'highlights': ['Kotlin project structure and program creation simplicity The simplicity of creating a Kotlin program is highlighted, where creating a Kotlin file or class is much simpler compared to Java, and the absence of semicolons in Kotlin, saving developers time.', "Output of first program and time efficiency The output of the first Kotlin program, 'hello world', is mentioned, and it's noted that Kotlin saves time during development, despite the longer initial project setup time.", 'Basics of classes and objects in Kotlin The basics of classes and objects in Kotlin are explained, including the definition of a class as a blueprint for a runtime entity, and the similarities in class and object creation between Kotlin and Java.', "Instantiation differences between Kotlin and Java The difference in object instantiation between Kotlin and Java is highlighted, with Kotlin not using the 'new' keyword for object instantiation and being a statically typed language."]}, {'end': 2246.825, 'start': 1748.444, 'title': 'Kotlin classes, variables, and data types', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of kotlin programming, highlighting the ease of creating classes and objects, the use of var and val for declaring variables, and the different data types available in kotlin, including their respective sizes.', 'duration': 498.381, 'highlights': ['Kotlin offers a simplified approach to creating classes and objects, reducing tedious errors and making work more efficient. Kotlin simplifies the process of creating classes and objects, reducing tedious errors and making work more efficient.', 'Explanation of var and val usage, showcasing var as a mutable variable and val as an immutable constant. Var is a mutable variable in Kotlin, while val is an immutable constant, showcasing their usage and differences.', 'Detailed explanation of different data types in Kotlin, including their sizes and representation. Detailed explanation of different data types in Kotlin, such as byte, short, integer, long, float, and double, including their sizes and representation.']}, {'end': 2889.062, 'start': 2247.525, 'title': 'Kotlin data types and type conversion', 'summary': 'Covers the declaration and printing of various data types in kotlin including integer, character, boolean, arrays, and type conversion, highlighting the differences from java and the methods of declaration and usage. the chapter also emphasizes the explicit type conversion in kotlin and the use of helper functions.', 'duration': 641.537, 'highlights': ["Kotlin's data types include integer, double, float, long, short, and byte, each demonstrated with a specific value and printed, showcasing the declaration and printing of the various data types in Kotlin. integer: 100, double: 10.0, float: 100.00, long: 5, short: 24, byte: 2", "Kotlin represents characters using the 'char' keyword, requiring single quotes for declaration and initialization, differing from Java's usage of double quotes. ", "Boolean in Kotlin operates with the values of 'true' or 'false', mirroring the behavior in other programming languages. values: true, false", "The differences between Kotlin's 'int' and Java's 'integer' are explained, emphasizing the preference for using 'int' over 'integer' in Kotlin due to its Kotlin class derivation from the number data type. ", "Arrays in Kotlin are represented by the 'array' class and are mutable in nature with a fixed size, holding values of a single type and accessed through index values. ", "Kotlin's type conversion is explicit, not supporting implicit conversion of smaller data types into larger ones, and is achieved using helper functions for descriptive and reusable computation. "]}, {'end': 3471.356, 'start': 2889.222, 'title': 'Kotlin type conversion and operators', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of kotlin type conversion and operators, including automatic, relational, augmented assignment, logical, equality, referential equality, comparison, index access, non-null assertion, safe calls, and elvis operators.', 'duration': 582.134, 'highlights': ['Kotlin provides special feature for multiplication operator, asterisk is used to pass an array to a variable number of arguments, var args. The asterisk symbol (*) in Kotlin is used for passing an array to a variable number of arguments, offering a unique feature for multiplication operator.', 'Augmented assignment operators help in performing augmented assignment operations, translating the expression to a particular assigned value. Augmented assignment operators in Kotlin aid in translating expressions to specific assigned values, facilitating augmented assignment operations.', 'Logical operators like and, or, and not are used for bitwise operations in Kotlin, defined using double ampersand and exclamatory mark. Logical operators in Kotlin, such as and, or, and not, are employed for bitwise operations, defined using specific symbols like double ampersand and exclamatory mark.', 'The referential equality operators (=== and !==) check if two variables point to the same object, evaluating to true only if they do. Referential equality operators (=== and !==) in Kotlin assess whether two variables point to the same object, returning true only if they do.', 'The comparison operators in Kotlin are translated into calls to compare to function, returning integer values and used for comparing two functions. Comparison operators in Kotlin are translated into calls to the compare to function, which returns integer values and is utilized for comparing two functions.']}], 'duration': 2171.437, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ1299919.jpg', 'highlights': ['The IML file in IntelliJ stores all the information regarding the development module, including Java Android Maven component module path dependencies and other settings.', 'Emphasizing the utilization of IntelliJ look and feel instead of high contrast in Dracula for a more cohesive development experience.', 'The project includes IntelliJ libraries, a source field for code, and an IML folder, providing a seamless development environment within IntelliJ.', 'Kotlin simplifies the process of creating classes and objects, reducing tedious errors and making work more efficient.', 'Kotlin offers a simplified approach to creating classes and objects, reducing tedious errors and making work more efficient.', 'Explanation of var and val usage, showcasing var as a mutable variable and val as an immutable constant.', 'Detailed explanation of different data types in Kotlin, including their sizes and representation.', "Kotlin represents characters using the 'char' keyword, requiring single quotes for declaration and initialization, differing from Java's usage of double quotes.", "Boolean in Kotlin operates with the values of 'true' or 'false', mirroring the behavior in other programming languages.", "Kotlin's type conversion is explicit, not supporting implicit conversion of smaller data types into larger ones, and is achieved using helper functions for descriptive and reusable computation.", 'Kotlin provides special feature for multiplication operator, asterisk is used to pass an array to a variable number of arguments, var args.', 'Augmented assignment operators help in performing augmented assignment operations, translating the expression to a particular assigned value.', 'Logical operators like and, or, and not are used for bitwise operations in Kotlin, defined using double ampersand and exclamatory mark.', 'The referential equality operators (=== and !==) check if two variables point to the same object, evaluating to true only if they do.', 'The comparison operators in Kotlin are translated into calls to compare to function, returning integer values and used for comparing two functions.']}, {'end': 4221.221, 'segs': [{'end': 3546.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3520.584, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3528.173, 'text': 'So this can be obtained by using a statically known Kotlin class, which you can use as a class literal syntax.', 'start': 3520.584, 'duration': 7.589}, {'end': 3534.46, 'text': 'Okay, so you just have to specify your current class name and also specify the class that you want to refer to.', 'start': 3528.253, 'duration': 6.207}, {'end': 3539.706, 'text': 'so do note that Kotlin class reference is not the same as Java class reference.', 'start': 3534.46, 'duration': 5.246}, {'end': 3546.31, 'text': 'In order to obtain a Java class reference where you would use a dot Java property on a K class instance right?', 'start': 3540.186, 'duration': 6.124}], 'summary': 'Obtain kotlin class reference using class literal syntax, different from java class reference.', 'duration': 25.726, 'max_score': 3520.584, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3520584.jpg'}, {'end': 3797.211, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3769.668, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3774.071, 'text': 'You can perform various operations like subtraction division multiplication and so on.', 'start': 3769.668, 'duration': 4.403}, {'end': 3777.254, 'text': "So I'll just use multiplication over here.", 'start': 3774.111, 'duration': 3.143}, {'end': 3780.035, 'text': "All right, so let's run this program now.", 'start': 3777.874, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 3785.908, 'text': 'It should print 48.', 'start': 3783.898, 'duration': 2.01}, {'end': 3788.669, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is printing 48 here.', 'start': 3785.908, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 3792.29, 'text': 'Okay, so this is how operators work in Kotlin.', 'start': 3788.689, 'duration': 3.601}, {'end': 3797.211, 'text': "Now, let's move ahead to our next topic that is Kotlin input output.", 'start': 3793.15, 'duration': 4.061}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating arithmetic operations in kotlin, outputting 48.', 'duration': 27.543, 'max_score': 3769.668, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3769668.jpg'}, {'end': 3898.261, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3861.191, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3862.932, 'text': 'So this is a form of a string.', 'start': 3861.191, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 3865.214, 'text': 'So this will take it in the form of a string.', 'start': 3862.992, 'duration': 2.222}, {'end': 3870.037, 'text': "So so the next thing which I'll be doing is I'll print enter your age.", 'start': 3865.754, 'duration': 4.283}, {'end': 3881.055, 'text': "Okay, so this can be done using the println statement Enter your age and I'll consider using a variable here instead of a value.", 'start': 3870.197, 'duration': 10.858}, {'end': 3898.261, 'text': "Okay variable age and it is of the form ink and I'm going to initialize this value to integer dot value of the string must be specified over here.", 'start': 3881.075, 'duration': 17.186}], 'summary': 'The program prompts the user to enter their age using a variable and converts the input to an integer.', 'duration': 37.07, 'max_score': 3861.191, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3861191.jpg'}, {'end': 4098.21, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4070.289, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4078.612, 'text': "Now, let's understand what is a single line comment a single line comment is used for commenting a single line of statement.", 'start': 4070.289, 'duration': 8.323}, {'end': 4081.953, 'text': 'It can be done using double consecutive slashes.', 'start': 4079.252, 'duration': 2.701}, {'end': 4090.405, 'text': 'Now say for example, if I add a comment here, this is used to print the input.', 'start': 4082.458, 'duration': 7.947}, {'end': 4095.169, 'text': 'So if I add two consecutive slashes here, yeah.', 'start': 4091.866, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 4098.21, 'text': 'This is how a single line comment work.', 'start': 4095.968, 'duration': 2.242}], 'summary': 'Single line comment uses double consecutive slashes to comment a single line of statement.', 'duration': 27.921, 'max_score': 4070.289, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4070289.jpg'}, {'end': 4174.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4148, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4152.303, 'text': 'Okay, you can see that the entire code is turned into comments right now.', 'start': 4148, 'duration': 4.303}, {'end': 4153.424, 'text': 'Let me just do this.', 'start': 4152.343, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 4160.169, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is coming up on its own right? You just found this thing popping up out of nowhere.', 'start': 4153.984, 'duration': 6.185}, {'end': 4166.755, 'text': 'Okay, So this is how kotlin helps the users in order to perform various operations right?', 'start': 4160.569, 'duration': 6.186}, {'end': 4170.858, 'text': 'All I did was just click the enter button and in the end of the line.', 'start': 4167.115, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 4174.241, 'text': 'It just added this star and the slash on its own.', 'start': 4170.938, 'duration': 3.303}], 'summary': 'Kotlin automatically comments code, aiding in operations. enter adds star and slash.', 'duration': 26.241, 'max_score': 4148, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4148000.jpg'}], 'start': 3471.937, 'title': 'Kotlin input/output and comments', 'summary': 'Introduces kotlin elvis operator, class reference, and arithmetic operators. it also explains input-output functions, comments, and emphasizes the importance of comments for code documentation and readability.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3827.807, 'start': 3471.937, 'title': 'Kotlin operators and input/output', 'summary': 'Introduces the kotlin elvis operator for null checking, class reference in kotlin for accessing class and basic arithmetic operators in kotlin. it also demonstrates the usage of read line function for input in kotlin.', 'duration': 355.87, 'highlights': ['The Kotlin Elvis operator helps in null checking and can be used with throw and return expressions, which can be handy for new Kotlin developers.', 'The class reference in Kotlin is important for obtaining the runtime reference to a Kotlin class and should be used with the class literal syntax.', 'Basic arithmetic operations like addition, multiplication, and division are demonstrated in Kotlin, showcasing the declaration of variables, initialization, and printing of results.', 'Kotlin IO provides functions for reading and writing data, with the read line function used for reading string input from the standard input stream.']}, {'end': 4221.221, 'start': 3828.368, 'title': 'Input-output functions and comments in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains input-output functions in kotlin, including reading user input, using print and println methods, and understanding single-line and multi-line comments, emphasizing the importance of comments for code documentation and readability.', 'duration': 392.853, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains input-output functions in Kotlin, including reading user input It demonstrates reading user input for name and age using readLine and variable initialization, facilitating user interaction with the program.', 'The chapter discusses print and println methods in Kotlin It compares the use of print and println methods, highlighting that println moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, providing clarity on their usage.', 'The chapter explains single-line and multi-line comments in Kotlin It defines single-line and multi-line comments, illustrating their syntax and usage, emphasizing their importance for code documentation and providing examples of their implementation.']}], 'duration': 749.284, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ3471937.jpg', 'highlights': ['The Kotlin Elvis operator helps in null checking and can be used with throw and return expressions, which can be handy for new Kotlin developers.', 'The class reference in Kotlin is important for obtaining the runtime reference to a Kotlin class and should be used with the class literal syntax.', 'Kotlin IO provides functions for reading and writing data, with the read line function used for reading string input from the standard input stream.', 'The chapter explains input-output functions in Kotlin, including reading user input It demonstrates reading user input for name and age using readLine and variable initialization, facilitating user interaction with the program.', 'The chapter discusses print and println methods in Kotlin It compares the use of print and println methods, highlighting that println moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line, providing clarity on their usage.', 'The chapter explains single-line and multi-line comments in Kotlin It defines single-line and multi-line comments, illustrating their syntax and usage, emphasizing their importance for code documentation and providing examples of their implementation.', 'Basic arithmetic operations like addition, multiplication, and division are demonstrated in Kotlin, showcasing the declaration of variables, initialization, and printing of results.']}, {'end': 5887.907, 'segs': [{'end': 4506.813, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4351.8, 'weight': 0.817, 'content': [{'end': 4353.842, 'text': "Okay Now, let's try running this program.", 'start': 4351.8, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 4360.438, 'text': 'Yeah, it is printing the array in this order.', 'start': 4357.577, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 4364.559, 'text': 'You can see that it is printing the exact numbers that are present in the array.', 'start': 4360.798, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 4373.901, 'text': "All right now say for example, if you want to use different operators while working on array, so I'm just going to call another array over here.", 'start': 4364.999, 'duration': 8.902}, {'end': 4380.663, 'text': "I'm going to call this as var num1 is equal to int.", 'start': 4374.321, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 4399.481, 'text': 'array five, comma i is yeah, when it is int, it is this i is equal to i into two plus three.', 'start': 4382.037, 'duration': 17.444}, {'end': 4411.364, 'text': "okay, now, let's try printing this okay, array erase dot two string, yep, and in this i'm going to print num one.", 'start': 4399.481, 'duration': 11.883}, {'end': 4413.522, 'text': "All right, now let's try running this.", 'start': 4411.98, 'duration': 1.542}, {'end': 4420.168, 'text': "Yeah, as you can see that we've created an array from the range of numbers.", 'start': 4416.044, 'duration': 4.124}, {'end': 4424.892, 'text': 'Okay, in this case this line creates an array within.', 'start': 4420.388, 'duration': 4.504}, {'end': 4431.799, 'text': 'it takes a number of elements and the factory function as a parameter, and we will also deal with ranges in this case.', 'start': 4424.892, 'duration': 6.907}, {'end': 4433.981, 'text': "Let's not get into ranges for now.", 'start': 4432.139, 'duration': 1.842}, {'end': 4437.104, 'text': "Let's understand what exactly happens in the array functions.", 'start': 4434.021, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 4442.893, 'text': 'Okay, so an array of integers is under this class called int array.', 'start': 4437.952, 'duration': 4.941}, {'end': 4448.554, 'text': "So when you're targeting the JVM the instance of this class is represented as int.", 'start': 4443.133, 'duration': 5.421}, {'end': 4452.255, 'text': 'So this is a simple example for how arrays work.', 'start': 4449.194, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 4456.616, 'text': "Now, let's understand how array indexing operations work in Kotlin.", 'start': 4452.975, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 4467.698, 'text': 'So we use this indexing operators to get and modify an array value and this index of any array value is added between a pair of square brackets.', 'start': 4457.036, 'duration': 10.662}, {'end': 4471.059, 'text': "Now, let's understand this by working on a demo.", 'start': 4468.416, 'duration': 2.643}, {'end': 4473.922, 'text': 'Let me just take these off.', 'start': 4472.44, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 4481.69, 'text': "So the first thing I'll be doing here is I'll print a value of num and specify the index value.", 'start': 4474.663, 'duration': 7.027}, {'end': 4484.053, 'text': 'I want to print the index 3.', 'start': 4482.351, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 4493.845, 'text': "So I'm just going to take the index as 3 and The next thing I'll do is I'll assign a value to a particular index.", 'start': 4484.053, 'duration': 9.792}, {'end': 4496.827, 'text': 'So this will be num of four.', 'start': 4493.885, 'duration': 2.942}, {'end': 4501.029, 'text': "Yeah, so I'm going to assign a value to this num for as 20.", 'start': 4497.267, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 4506.813, 'text': "Now, let's see if this changes and I also print this num for value.", 'start': 4501.029, 'duration': 5.784}], 'summary': 'Demonstration of array operations and indexing in kotlin, creating and manipulating arrays and understanding the array functions.', 'duration': 155.013, 'max_score': 4351.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4351800.jpg'}, {'end': 4713.442, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4677.155, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4690.878, 'text': "Okay, The next thing which I'll be doing here is I'll use the value variable here and I'll create a variable called num1 and I'm going to pass num dot plus.", 'start': 4677.155, 'duration': 13.723}, {'end': 4694.941, 'text': 'Okay, this is for int plus one.', 'start': 4692.219, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 4699.205, 'text': 'Okay, so this will actually add one element to this list.', 'start': 4695.282, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 4701.206, 'text': "Now, let's try printing this.", 'start': 4699.805, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 4707.311, 'text': 'Arrays dot to string.', 'start': 4703.968, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 4711.241, 'text': "Right and here I'll be saving num1.", 'start': 4708.2, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 4713.442, 'text': "Now, let's try running this code.", 'start': 4712.041, 'duration': 1.401}], 'summary': 'Code adds one element to list using value variable.', 'duration': 36.287, 'max_score': 4677.155, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4677155.jpg'}, {'end': 4956.358, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 4753.596, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4758.52, 'text': "Let's see how you can print the last value, num dot last.", 'start': 4753.596, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 4760.57, 'text': 'You have so many options over here.', 'start': 4759.17, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 4769.432, 'text': 'You can select last you can select last index last or null last index off and so on right? So we just need the last element.', 'start': 4760.61, 'duration': 8.822}, {'end': 4777.333, 'text': "So I'm just going to stick for last and the next thing I would want to print a value with the reference to its index.", 'start': 4769.932, 'duration': 7.401}, {'end': 4781.574, 'text': 'So num dot index off.', 'start': 4778.033, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 4785.335, 'text': 'Yeah, you can find it here index of 3.', 'start': 4781.694, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 4787.155, 'text': "Okay Now, let's try running this code.", 'start': 4785.335, 'duration': 1.82}, {'end': 4802.915, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that, apart from the first element in the string of, you also have eight in the list, which is the last element in the array,', 'start': 4794.887, 'duration': 8.028}, {'end': 4804.958, 'text': 'and we also have to.', 'start': 4802.915, 'duration': 2.043}, {'end': 4808.561, 'text': 'that is getting the index of 3.', 'start': 4804.958, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 4810.303, 'text': 'now you might have this question.', 'start': 4808.561, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 4821.763, 'text': 'Why is it printing to when the value of the index 3 is 5 right? The answer to this is 1 the first index always starts with the negative order.', 'start': 4810.683, 'duration': 11.08}, {'end': 4834.952, 'text': 'So starts with minus 1 0 1 2 3 and so on right? So 0 is considered as 1 here 1 is considered as 2 and 2 here is considered as 3.', 'start': 4822.303, 'duration': 12.649}, {'end': 4836.594, 'text': "So that's how we are getting to here.", 'start': 4834.952, 'duration': 1.642}, {'end': 4841.157, 'text': 'I hope you guys understood how to perform basic operations in Kotlin.', 'start': 4837.454, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 4844.519, 'text': "Now, if you're working with arrays,", 'start': 4842.358, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 4851.761, 'text': 'you might come across a situation where you need to get the exact count of the number of elements present and so on right now,', 'start': 4844.519, 'duration': 7.242}, {'end': 4854.162, 'text': 'how can you solve this problem?', 'start': 4851.761, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 4856.122, 'text': 'using array count in Kotlin?', 'start': 4854.162, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 4857.603, 'text': "So that's what we're going to discuss.", 'start': 4856.242, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 4861.724, 'text': 'Now this count method counts the elements in the array.', 'start': 4857.663, 'duration': 4.061}, {'end': 4867.866, 'text': 'Okay, say for example, it counts the total number of values and the number of even values in the array.', 'start': 4861.844, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 4871.287, 'text': 'Okay, so these can be performed using the array count.', 'start': 4867.966, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 4874.673, 'text': "Okay Now, let's take a look at a simple example for this.", 'start': 4871.872, 'duration': 2.801}, {'end': 4877.253, 'text': "Let's go back to our project.", 'start': 4876.073, 'duration': 1.18}, {'end': 4881.354, 'text': "Okay, I'm going to take these off.", 'start': 4878.273, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 4884.795, 'text': 'Okay, let the array be there and a println statement,', 'start': 4881.614, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 4891.216, 'text': "which I would require just going to take these off and I'm going to print something else over here.", 'start': 4884.795, 'duration': 6.421}, {'end': 4894.937, 'text': "Okay, so just for now, I'll just explain you how count works.", 'start': 4891.376, 'duration': 3.561}, {'end': 4899.298, 'text': 'We need the count of the exact number of elements which are present in the array.', 'start': 4895.457, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 4905.909, 'text': 'So I will print There are dollar, num, dot.', 'start': 4899.658, 'duration': 6.251}, {'end': 4909.51, 'text': 'You can find so many options over here.', 'start': 4906.589, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 4914.171, 'text': "It's a slice array, slice, traverse, associated.", 'start': 4910.03, 'duration': 4.141}, {'end': 4916.152, 'text': "Whew, that's a lot right?", 'start': 4914.191, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 4919.653, 'text': 'So all I need is the count, okay?', 'start': 4916.672, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 4926.555, 'text': 'So there are these many number of elements in the array.', 'start': 4920.513, 'duration': 6.042}, {'end': 4927.695, 'text': 'okay, cool?', 'start': 4926.555, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 4931.113, 'text': "Now let's try writing another code here.", 'start': 4928.593, 'duration': 2.52}, {'end': 4936.354, 'text': "I'm going to take it as a value and I'm going to call this variable as events.", 'start': 4931.173, 'duration': 5.181}, {'end': 4946.296, 'text': "And I'm going to repeat and I'm going to instantiate it or initialize this count value here.", 'start': 4939.935, 'duration': 6.361}, {'end': 4956.358, 'text': 'That is a num.count where it, the reminder is zero.', 'start': 4946.356, 'duration': 10.002}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers operations like finding last element, index, and counting elements in kotlin arrays.', 'duration': 56.707, 'max_score': 4753.596, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4753596.jpg'}, {'end': 5667.552, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5643.304, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5651.506, 'text': 'this if-else statement executes one section of code if the if condition is true and it passes on to the other if the condition is false.', 'start': 5643.304, 'duration': 8.202}, {'end': 5654.106, 'text': "Now, let's take a look at an example for these.", 'start': 5652.266, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 5657.527, 'text': "So the first thing I'll be doing is declare a variable.", 'start': 5655.067, 'duration': 2.46}, {'end': 5661.248, 'text': "I'm calling it as num which is of the form integer.", 'start': 5657.547, 'duration': 3.701}, {'end': 5664.469, 'text': "And I'm going to assign a value to this.", 'start': 5662.609, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 5667.552, 'text': 'So let it be 40.', 'start': 5664.769, 'duration': 2.783}], 'summary': "If-else statement executes code based on condition. example: declaring variable 'num' as integer and assigning value 40.", 'duration': 24.248, 'max_score': 5643.304, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ5643304.jpg'}], 'start': 4221.221, 'title': 'Kotlin arrays and control flow in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers kotlin arrays, array operations, array count, sorting, two-dimensional arrays, and string templates. it also explores the usage of if-else statements and loops in kotlin.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4471.059, 'start': 4221.221, 'title': 'Kotlin arrays overview', 'summary': 'Introduces arrays in kotlin, explaining their creation, initialization, printing, and usage of indexing operators, with a demonstration of array operations and ranges.', 'duration': 249.838, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces arrays in Kotlin, explaining their creation, initialization, printing, and usage of indexing operators, with a demonstration of array operations and ranges.', 'An array in Kotlin is a collection of a fixed number of values, and it can be created using functions such as array of int array or with classes such as int array or float array.', 'The demonstration includes creating arrays using array of and initializing them with specific values, as well as printing the arrays using the to string method.', 'The usage of operators in array creation is illustrated, with an example of creating an array from a range of numbers by using the int array function with a factory function as a parameter.', 'The concept of array indexing operations is explained, emphasizing the use of indexing operators to get and modify array values, with the index enclosed in square brackets.']}, {'end': 4841.157, 'start': 4472.44, 'title': 'Kotlin array operations', 'summary': 'Explains how to perform basic array operations in kotlin including indexing, setting and getting values, adding elements, and accessing specific elements by index, with examples and explanations.', 'duration': 368.717, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers indexing in Kotlin, explaining how to print and assign values to specific index positions in an array, with examples and explanation.', 'It explains the use of functions like `get` and `set` to access and modify specific elements in an array, with an example and explanation of the process.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to add elements to an array using the `plus` function, with an example and explanation of the process.', 'It explains how to access specific elements in the array such as the first element, last element, and finding the index of a specific value, with examples and explanations.']}, {'end': 5530.963, 'start': 4842.358, 'title': 'Array count, sorting, two-dimensional arrays, and string templates in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses the array count method, which counts the elements in the array, demonstrating how to count the total number of values and the number of even values in the array, and then moves on to explain sorting an array in ascending and descending order, followed by how to work with two-dimensional arrays in kotlin and concludes with an explanation of string templates and their usage in kotlin.', 'duration': 688.605, 'highlights': ['The count method counts the elements in the array, allowing for the counting of the total number of values and the number of even values in the array. count method functionality, counting total and even values', 'Demonstrated sorting an array in ascending and descending order, showcasing the sorted array and sorted array descending functions. sorting array in ascending and descending order, using sorted array and sorted array descending functions', 'Explained how to work with a two-dimensional array in Kotlin, creating, initializing, and printing a two-dimensional array. creating and printing a two-dimensional array', 'Provided an explanation of string templates and their usage in Kotlin, including printing integer values and accessing object attributes within string templates. usage of string templates for printing integer values and accessing object attributes']}, {'end': 5887.907, 'start': 5531.343, 'title': 'Kotlin control flow: if statements and loops', 'summary': "Explores the usage of if-else statements and loops in kotlin, highlighting that 'if' is treated as an expression, eliminating the need for a ternary operator, and demonstrating examples of if-else statements with an emphasis on the optional use of curly braces and the assignment of the if-else expression to a variable.", 'duration': 356.564, 'highlights': ["In Kotlin, 'if' is considered as an expression that returns a value, eliminating the need for a ternary operator. The usage of 'if' as an expression in Kotlin eliminates the need for a ternary operator.", "In Kotlin, when using 'if' as an expression, it is required to have an 'else' branch, or the compiler will throw a compilation error. The necessity of an 'else' branch when using 'if' as an expression in Kotlin to avoid compilation errors.", 'The chapter demonstrates examples of if-else statements in Kotlin, highlighting the optional use of curly braces and the assignment of the if-else expression to a variable. The demonstration of if-else statements in Kotlin emphasizes the optional use of curly braces and the assignment of the if-else expression to a variable.']}], 'duration': 1666.686, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ4221221.jpg', 'highlights': ['The count method counts the elements in the array, allowing for the counting of the total number of values and the number of even values in the array. count method functionality, counting total and even values', 'Explained how to work with a two-dimensional array in Kotlin, creating, initializing, and printing a two-dimensional array. creating and printing a two-dimensional array', 'The chapter introduces arrays in Kotlin, explaining their creation, initialization, printing, and usage of indexing operators, with a demonstration of array operations and ranges.', 'An array in Kotlin is a collection of a fixed number of values, and it can be created using functions such as array of int array or with classes such as int array or float array.', "In Kotlin, 'if' is considered as an expression that returns a value, eliminating the need for a ternary operator. The usage of 'if' as an expression in Kotlin eliminates the need for a ternary operator."]}, {'end': 7093.133, 'segs': [{'end': 5991.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5962.074, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5967.278, 'text': 'thereby it provides a shorter and easier way to debug the structure of looping.', 'start': 5962.074, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 5975.067, 'text': 'So how exactly do you declare a for loop a for loop iterates through anything that provides an iterator.', 'start': 5968.121, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 5981.492, 'text': 'So this is basically equivalent to the for each loop in languages like C sharp Java and so on.', 'start': 5975.407, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 5991.241, 'text': "So the syntax is for specify the item in the collection that you're going to refer to and even in this case, you don't need to add the curly braces.", 'start': 5981.873, 'duration': 9.368}], 'summary': 'For loop provides a shorter way to debug looping, iterates through iterators, equivalent to for each loop in c#, java, etc.', 'duration': 29.167, 'max_score': 5962.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ5962074.jpg'}, {'end': 6375.871, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6348.875, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6354.162, 'text': 'Yeah, so you can see that the value starts from 0 and goes on till 6.', 'start': 6348.875, 'duration': 5.287}, {'end': 6357.003, 'text': 'So this is how do while in Kotlin works.', 'start': 6354.162, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 6366.807, 'text': 'Now I hope you guys are clear with how exactly the loops work in Kotlin and also understood how exactly, if else, statements and expression works.', 'start': 6357.583, 'duration': 9.224}, {'end': 6370.969, 'text': "now I'll be discussing another important expression in Kotlin.", 'start': 6366.807, 'duration': 4.162}, {'end': 6375.871, 'text': 'So I ask you for all your attention over here because this is something new to learn.', 'start': 6371.289, 'duration': 4.582}], 'summary': 'Kotlin loop and conditional statements explained, with a focus on a new expression.', 'duration': 26.996, 'max_score': 6348.875, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ6348875.jpg'}, {'end': 6421.14, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6395.337, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6399.94, 'text': "Or if you don't know, I will just give you a brief introduction to what is a switch statement.", 'start': 6395.337, 'duration': 4.603}, {'end': 6404.266, 'text': 'The switch statement is a multi-way branch statement.', 'start': 6400.623, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 6413.253, 'text': 'It basically provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the expression,', 'start': 6404.606, 'duration': 8.647}, {'end': 6421.14, 'text': 'and also this expression can be a byte, short character, long integer and any other primitive data types.', 'start': 6413.253, 'duration': 7.887}], 'summary': 'Switch statement is a multi-way branch statement for dispatching execution based on expression value.', 'duration': 25.803, 'max_score': 6395.337, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ6395337.jpg'}, {'end': 6514.783, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6472.808, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6476.15, 'text': 'Let me just show you guys the syntax of the switch statement.', 'start': 6472.808, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 6480.793, 'text': 'It is switch followed by the expression inside the switch statement.', 'start': 6476.35, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 6482.755, 'text': 'We have different cases to execute.', 'start': 6480.874, 'duration': 1.881}, {'end': 6489.84, 'text': "So we'll specify case one and if you want to break the case then in there, we are going to use the break statement.", 'start': 6482.895, 'duration': 6.945}, {'end': 6494.903, 'text': 'Okay, and if you use default code will be executed throughout the switch statement.', 'start': 6490.2, 'duration': 4.703}, {'end': 6499.066, 'text': "Now, let's understand how exactly this when works.", 'start': 6495.824, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 6510.317, 'text': 'So this when statement or when expression matches its argument against all branches, which are sequential until some branch condition is satisfied.', 'start': 6500.103, 'duration': 10.214}, {'end': 6514.783, 'text': 'So this when can also be used either as an expression or a statement right?', 'start': 6510.858, 'duration': 3.925}], 'summary': 'The switch statement syntax is demonstrated with usage of cases and when expression.', 'duration': 41.975, 'max_score': 6472.808, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ6472808.jpg'}, {'end': 6729.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6703.764, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6710.367, 'text': "right, if it is 0 or 1, I'm going to print 0 or 1 now if I want to take an arbitrary expression.", 'start': 6703.764, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 6717.57, 'text': "so I'm going to use parse int and specify the variable inside this s.", 'start': 6710.367, 'duration': 7.203}, {'end': 6719.189, 'text': "It's a new variable.", 'start': 6718.228, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 6721.951, 'text': 'You can see that it is throwing an arrow over here.', 'start': 6719.669, 'duration': 2.282}, {'end': 6723.772, 'text': 'It says unresolved reference.', 'start': 6722.031, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 6727.295, 'text': 'So just select this and click alt enter.', 'start': 6724.173, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 6729.557, 'text': 'So it provides the imports over here.', 'start': 6727.575, 'duration': 1.982}], 'summary': 'Using parseint to handle an arbitrary expression and resolving reference issues with alt enter.', 'duration': 25.793, 'max_score': 6703.764, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ6703764.jpg'}, {'end': 6797.105, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6751.757, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6762.822, 'text': "Now, let's take a look at and also I need to change the statement over here sees S encodes X and also over here.", 'start': 6751.757, 'duration': 11.065}, {'end': 6769.145, 'text': "I'm going to see S does not encode X.", 'start': 6762.902, 'duration': 6.243}, {'end': 6770.266, 'text': "Let's try running this.", 'start': 6769.145, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 6787.741, 'text': "Okay, it says exception in the thread mean, okay, let's try figuring out what exactly can be done.", 'start': 6781.218, 'duration': 6.523}, {'end': 6792.503, 'text': "Let's see how you can resolve this issue here.", 'start': 6789.281, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 6794.264, 'text': 'Okay, that is end.', 'start': 6792.943, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 6797.105, 'text': 'All right string specified.', 'start': 6794.924, 'duration': 2.181}], 'summary': 'Troubleshooting a coding issue with s and x.', 'duration': 45.348, 'max_score': 6751.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ6751757.jpg'}], 'start': 5888.667, 'title': 'Working with kotlin loops and switch statements', 'summary': "Covers the syntax and functionality of for, while, and do-while loops in kotlin, as well as the usage and conditions of switch statements and 'when' expressions, with examples showcasing the concise structure and equivalence to for each loop, including printing values and checking conditions.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6007.094, 'start': 5888.667, 'title': 'Working with for loop in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains the syntax and functionality of the for loop in kotlin, highlighting its concise structure and its equivalence to for each loop in other languages, providing a shorter and easier way to debug the structure of looping.', 'duration': 118.427, 'highlights': ['The for loop in Kotlin has a different syntax compared to other programming languages like Java, C, and C++. The for loop in Kotlin has a unique syntax compared to other programming languages, distinguishing it in terms of syntax.', 'The for loop provides a concise way of writing the loop structure, consuming the initialization process, satisfying the condition, and helping in incrementing and decrementing a function in a single line of code. The for loop in Kotlin offers a concise way to handle the loop structure, streamlining the initialization, condition satisfaction, and incrementing/decrementing in a single line of code.', 'A for loop in Kotlin iterates through anything that provides an iterator, equivalent to the for each loop in languages like C#, Java, and others. The for loop in Kotlin iterates through anything that provides an iterator, similar to the for each loop in languages like C#, Java, and others.', 'The syntax of the for loop is simple and consumes less code, particularly when working with a single line of code inside the loop. The syntax of the for loop is simple and requires less code, especially when working with a single line of code inside the loop.']}, {'end': 6306.602, 'start': 6007.254, 'title': 'Kotlin loops: for, while, and do-while', 'summary': 'Explains the working of for, while, and do-while loops in kotlin, demonstrating the for loop printing values from 1 to 5, while loop printing values from 0 to 3, and do-while loop executing the statements at least once before checking the condition.', 'duration': 299.348, 'highlights': ['The for loop in Kotlin prints values from 1 to 5 sequentially. The for loop is demonstrated to print values from 1 to 5 in a sequential order.', 'The while loop in Kotlin prints values from 0 to 3 sequentially after the initial value is set to 0. The while loop is shown to print values from 0 to 3 after the initial value of 0 is set, demonstrating the sequential printing.', 'The do-while loop in Kotlin executes its statements at least once before checking the condition. The do-while loop is explained to execute its statements at least once before checking the condition, demonstrating the unique behavior of this loop.']}, {'end': 6590.307, 'start': 6307.162, 'title': 'Kotlin loops and switch statements', 'summary': "Explains the working of do-while loop in kotlin, the switch statement in kotlin as a replacement for other languages, and the syntax and functionality of 'when' expression in kotlin, with detailed explanations on its usage and conditions.", 'duration': 283.145, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the working of do-while loop in Kotlin, illustrating the absence of semicolons, and demonstrates the execution with specific examples. The do-while loop in Kotlin is demonstrated without the need for semicolons, and its functionality is illustrated with specific examples.', "Detailed explanation is provided on the syntax and functionality of 'when' expression in Kotlin, including its usage as an expression or a statement, handling of multiple cases, and the mandatory else branch when used as an expression. The 'when' expression in Kotlin is detailed, including its usage as an expression or a statement, handling of multiple cases, and the mandatory else branch when used as an expression.", 'The chapter discusses the switch statement in Kotlin as a replacement for C, C++, and Java languages, detailing its syntax, the absence of duplicate cases, usage of specific data types, and the optional break statement. The switch statement in Kotlin is discussed, detailing its syntax, the absence of duplicate cases, usage of specific data types, and the optional break statement.']}, {'end': 7093.133, 'start': 6590.307, 'title': 'Kotlin when condition examples', 'summary': 'Explains the usage of the when condition in kotlin, demonstrating its functionality with examples, including capturing the when subject in a variable, using arbitrary expressions as branch conditions, and checking conditions for if-else-if chain.', 'duration': 502.826, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the usage of the when condition in Kotlin, including capturing the when subject in a variable and using arbitrary expressions as branch conditions.', 'The example illustrates the functionality of the when condition in Kotlin, showcasing the use of when X 0 or 1 to print X is equal to 0 or X is equal to 1, and handling the result based on the initialized value of X.', 'The chapter provides insights into using arbitrary expressions as branch conditions in Kotlin, showcasing the process of importing functionality and resolving references to execute the desired conditions.', 'The example highlights the utilization of range in a when condition in Kotlin, displaying the process of defining range-based conditions and handling the output based on the provided values within or outside the defined ranges.', 'The chapter explores the process of checking conditions for if-else-if chain in Kotlin, demonstrating the use of is even to determine and print whether the given value of X is even or odd.']}], 'duration': 1204.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ5888667.jpg', 'highlights': ['The for loop in Kotlin offers a concise way to handle the loop structure, streamlining the initialization, condition satisfaction, and incrementing/decrementing in a single line of code.', 'The for loop in Kotlin iterates through anything that provides an iterator, similar to the for each loop in languages like C#, Java, and others.', 'The syntax of the for loop is simple and requires less code, especially when working with a single line of code inside the loop.', 'The while loop is shown to print values from 0 to 3 after the initial value of 0 is set, demonstrating the sequential printing.', 'The do-while loop is explained to execute its statements at least once before checking the condition, demonstrating the unique behavior of this loop.', 'The do-while loop in Kotlin is demonstrated without the need for semicolons, and its functionality is illustrated with specific examples.', "The 'when' expression in Kotlin is detailed, including its usage as an expression or a statement, handling of multiple cases, and the mandatory else branch when used as an expression.", 'The switch statement in Kotlin is discussed, detailing its syntax, the absence of duplicate cases, usage of specific data types, and the optional break statement.', 'The example illustrates the functionality of the when condition in Kotlin, showcasing the use of when X 0 or 1 to print X is equal to 0 or X is equal to 1, and handling the result based on the initialized value of X.', 'The chapter provides insights into using arbitrary expressions as branch conditions in Kotlin, showcasing the process of importing functionality and resolving references to execute the desired conditions.', 'The example highlights the utilization of range in a when condition in Kotlin, displaying the process of defining range-based conditions and handling the output based on the provided values within or outside the defined ranges.', 'The chapter explores the process of checking conditions for if-else-if chain in Kotlin, demonstrating the use of is even to determine and print whether the given value of X is even or odd.']}, {'end': 8899.035, 'segs': [{'end': 7355.175, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7312.301, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7327.126, 'text': "All right now, while X in 1 to 5, I'm going to use the condition if, if X is greater than 5,", 'start': 7312.301, 'duration': 14.825}, {'end': 7337.529, 'text': 'it is going to break and else it is going to print the value of X.', 'start': 7327.126, 'duration': 10.403}, {'end': 7337.889, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 7337.529, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 7343.651, 'text': "Now, let's take a look at the output of this.", 'start': 7338.59, 'duration': 5.061}, {'end': 7352.392, 'text': 'Okay, so you can see that it is not printing anything over here, which means that it is executing the break statement,', 'start': 7346.047, 'duration': 6.345}, {'end': 7355.175, 'text': "because the value that you've provided is 6.", 'start': 7352.392, 'duration': 2.783}], 'summary': 'Using a conditional statement, if x is greater than 5, it breaks; otherwise, it prints x. executing the code with x=6 results in the break statement being executed.', 'duration': 42.874, 'max_score': 7312.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7312301.jpg'}, {'end': 7631.84, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7594.034, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 7598.397, 'text': 'Let me just write a quick code in order to make you guys understand what exactly happens here.', 'start': 7594.034, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 7602.199, 'text': "I'm going to take off this loops over here.", 'start': 7598.957, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 7615.277, 'text': "And also this First, I'm going to declare a for loop under which I'm going to write X in one, two, four.", 'start': 7602.219, 'duration': 13.058}, {'end': 7621.822, 'text': "I'm going to print X is equal to $X.", 'start': 7616.078, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 7626.785, 'text': "Double quotes because we're using dollar.", 'start': 7623.323, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 7629.699, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 7628.919, 'duration': 0.78}, {'end': 7631.84, 'text': 'so this comes under this Loop,', 'start': 7629.699, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Demonstrates code with for loop, printing x values.', 'duration': 37.806, 'max_score': 7594.034, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7594034.jpg'}, {'end': 7773.175, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7748.8, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 7756.626, 'text': 'So and this can be done using the continue expression with the at sign followed by the label name just like how it works with the break statement.', 'start': 7748.8, 'duration': 7.826}, {'end': 7766.811, 'text': "Okay Now, let's move ahead and understand how does a return statement work? Return is also called as unlabeled return or returns.", 'start': 7756.786, 'duration': 10.025}, {'end': 7773.175, 'text': 'Okay So this is from the nearest enclosing function and it is represented by the return keyword.', 'start': 7767.111, 'duration': 6.064}], 'summary': 'Using the continue expression with the at sign followed by the label name works similarly to the break statement.', 'duration': 24.375, 'max_score': 7748.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7748800.jpg'}, {'end': 7921.919, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7894.955, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7899.019, 'text': 'So the standard library functions are a built-in library functions guys.', 'start': 7894.955, 'duration': 4.064}, {'end': 7909.488, 'text': 'These are implicitly present in the library and are available for use say for example square root print and so on are standard library functions.', 'start': 7899.499, 'duration': 9.989}, {'end': 7917.215, 'text': 'Whereas user-defined functions are the functions which are created by the user, this takes the parameters,', 'start': 7910.008, 'duration': 7.207}, {'end': 7921.919, 'text': 'performs actions and returns the result of the action as a value.', 'start': 7917.215, 'duration': 4.704}], 'summary': 'Standard library functions are built-in, while user-defined functions are created by the user.', 'duration': 26.964, 'max_score': 7894.955, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7894955.jpg'}, {'end': 8087.576, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8059.364, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 8061.805, 'text': 'So this is how functions work in Kotlin.', 'start': 8059.364, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 8067.089, 'text': 'Is there any other way apart from this how you can work with functions? Definitely.', 'start': 8062.166, 'duration': 4.923}, {'end': 8076.074, 'text': "Yes So I'm just going to take off this and this print statement and I'm going to print a plus B.", 'start': 8067.149, 'duration': 8.925}, {'end': 8083.534, 'text': "All right, so Copy this and I'm going to paste it over here right in the main function.", 'start': 8076.074, 'duration': 7.46}, {'end': 8087.576, 'text': "I'm going to just call this some so it has to print the sum.", 'start': 8083.574, 'duration': 4.002}], 'summary': 'Functions in kotlin can be used to perform operations, like printing the sum of a and b.', 'duration': 28.212, 'max_score': 8059.364, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8059364.jpg'}, {'end': 8305.901, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8274.052, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 8275.293, 'text': "Let's try running this code.", 'start': 8274.052, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 8289.358, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that the first condition or the first function returns the value 23 and the second condition or the second function returns the value 7..', 'start': 8277.734, 'duration': 11.624}, {'end': 8297.9, 'text': 'which means that C is not greater than D if in case I provide the value here as 20 and run this code.', 'start': 8289.358, 'duration': 8.542}, {'end': 8302.661, 'text': 'Yeah, it is going to print the value of D which is 10.', 'start': 8297.92, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 8302.96, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 8302.661, 'duration': 0.299}, {'end': 8305.901, 'text': 'So this is how functions in Kotlin work.', 'start': 8303.261, 'duration': 2.64}], 'summary': 'Functions in kotlin return values 23, 7, and 10.', 'duration': 31.849, 'max_score': 8274.052, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8274052.jpg'}, {'end': 8556.285, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 8402.102, 'weight': 0.89, 'content': [{'end': 8408.905, 'text': "Here I'll be passing the number this which is of the form int right after this.", 'start': 8402.102, 'duration': 6.803}, {'end': 8412.726, 'text': "I'm going to use the operator or the method called pair.", 'start': 8408.945, 'duration': 3.781}, {'end': 8417.488, 'text': 'So this helps in pairing between a two integers or two parameters.', 'start': 8413.227, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 8425.191, 'text': "So it will be int and int again and I'm going to write the body of it.", 'start': 8418.089, 'duration': 7.102}, {'end': 8428.653, 'text': "I'm going to just type return it returns the pair.", 'start': 8425.272, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 8433.445, 'text': 'Okay, you can see that first end and the second end so I need this pair.', 'start': 8429.463, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 8441.69, 'text': "So I'm going to just write num plus 1 and num plus 2.", 'start': 8433.846, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 8445.272, 'text': "Okay So let's try calling this function in a main function.", 'start': 8441.69, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 8456.046, 'text': "I'm going to first create a variable called Val and this I'm going to call 2 3 which takes the function to function.", 'start': 8445.993, 'duration': 10.053}, {'end': 8459.368, 'text': 'Okay, and we need to pass the first parameter over here.', 'start': 8456.546, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 8473.238, 'text': "So I'm going to put this as 2 number is 2 and I'm going to print 2 comma dollar 2 comma dollar 3.", 'start': 8459.388, 'duration': 13.85}, {'end': 8475.48, 'text': "Okay Now, let's try running this code.", 'start': 8473.238, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 8480.126, 'text': 'It has to print a 2 followed by 3 and 4.', 'start': 8477.384, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 8483.227, 'text': 'Okay So this is how it works in Kotlin.', 'start': 8480.126, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 8484.688, 'text': "Okay, there's a cap over here.", 'start': 8483.247, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 8486.249, 'text': "Let's try running it again.", 'start': 8485.048, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 8492.792, 'text': 'So as you can see it starts with 2 it is going to follow or check for the condition here.', 'start': 8487.069, 'duration': 5.723}, {'end': 8501.857, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is num plus 1 and num plus 2 which means num plus 1 is 3 and num plus 2 is 4.', 'start': 8493.453, 'duration': 8.404}, {'end': 8503.238, 'text': 'I hope this was clear to you guys.', 'start': 8501.857, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 8509.146, 'text': "Now, let's understand how can you send a variable number of parameters to the function.", 'start': 8504.122, 'duration': 5.024}, {'end': 8521.515, 'text': "So I'm just going to create another class over here Kotlin class and I'm going to name this as new Kotlin file and click on OK.", 'start': 8509.766, 'duration': 11.749}, {'end': 8525.959, 'text': "Yeah, so the first function which I'll be writing is the main function.", 'start': 8522.076, 'duration': 3.883}, {'end': 8533.905, 'text': "I hope it's visible to you guys function main where the arguments are of the type array string.", 'start': 8526.519, 'duration': 7.386}, {'end': 8538.093, 'text': 'Okay, let this be as it is.', 'start': 8536.252, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 8543.937, 'text': "I'm going to create another function outside the main function and I'm going to call this as function.", 'start': 8538.113, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 8552.803, 'text': "Get data where I'll be passing parameters which are of the form of our arc which is variable and arguments.", 'start': 8545.398, 'duration': 7.405}, {'end': 8556.285, 'text': "Okay, and I'm going to create an object of the same.", 'start': 8553.543, 'duration': 2.742}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers explaining and demonstrating kotlin functions and variable parameters.', 'duration': 154.183, 'max_score': 8402.102, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8402102.jpg'}, {'end': 8456.046, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8425.272, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 8428.653, 'text': "I'm going to just type return it returns the pair.", 'start': 8425.272, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 8433.445, 'text': 'Okay, you can see that first end and the second end so I need this pair.', 'start': 8429.463, 'duration': 3.982}, {'end': 8441.69, 'text': "So I'm going to just write num plus 1 and num plus 2.", 'start': 8433.846, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 8445.272, 'text': "Okay So let's try calling this function in a main function.", 'start': 8441.69, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 8456.046, 'text': "I'm going to first create a variable called Val and this I'm going to call 2 3 which takes the function to function.", 'start': 8445.993, 'duration': 10.053}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses writing a function to return a pair of numbers and calling it in a main function.', 'duration': 30.774, 'max_score': 8425.272, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8425272.jpg'}, {'end': 8653.848, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8625.939, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 8629.6, 'text': "get data, and in this I'm going to pass values.", 'start': 8625.939, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 8633.161, 'text': "So I'm going to pass 20 and 40.", 'start': 8629.7, 'duration': 3.461}, {'end': 8634.622, 'text': "Let's check what the output is.", 'start': 8633.161, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 8643.745, 'text': 'So you can see that the output for this is 60 with a sub is equal to 60.', 'start': 8638.143, 'duration': 5.602}, {'end': 8647.146, 'text': 'So this is how you perform operations using functions in Kotlin.', 'start': 8643.745, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 8653.848, 'text': 'Now say for example, if you want to perform multiplication over here, so I would simply declare a variable over here and call it Val.', 'start': 8647.466, 'duration': 6.382}], 'summary': 'Using functions in kotlin to perform addition with 20 and 40 resulting in 60.', 'duration': 27.909, 'max_score': 8625.939, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8625939.jpg'}, {'end': 8899.035, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8866.035, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 8878.949, 'text': 'this is how factorial is right, or else it is going to return factorial and this is going to be a minus 1 and a into b.', 'start': 8866.035, 'duration': 12.914}, {'end': 8883.19, 'text': "Okay, that's how factorial is right?", 'start': 8881.109, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 8885.15, 'text': "So let's check this out.", 'start': 8883.35, 'duration': 1.8}, {'end': 8886.991, 'text': 'It says it is a recursive call.', 'start': 8885.231, 'duration': 1.76}, {'end': 8898.715, 'text': "All right, and I'm going to come out of this loop and I'm going to return the factorial so return factorial with the value X and 1.", 'start': 8887.111, 'duration': 11.604}, {'end': 8899.035, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 8898.715, 'duration': 0.32}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses the process of calculating factorial using recursion.', 'duration': 33, 'max_score': 8866.035, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8866035.jpg'}], 'start': 7098.908, 'title': 'Kotlin functions and control flow', 'summary': 'Introduces venn expression, jump expressions, control flow statements, functions in kotlin, and working with functions, emphasizing syntax, examples, and optimization with tail recursion, showcasing usage and output based on input values.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7218.78, 'start': 7098.908, 'title': 'Introduction to venn expression in kotlin', 'summary': 'Introduces the venn expression in kotlin 1.3, demonstrating how it can be used to capture even and odd numbers, with examples showing the output based on different input values.', 'duration': 119.872, 'highlights': ['Venn expression in Kotlin 1.3 helps capture the Venn subject in a variable, allowing for checking even and odd numbers.', 'The chapter demonstrates examples of using Venn expression in Kotlin to print outputs for different input values, such as 1, 2, and 7.']}, {'end': 7593.774, 'start': 7219.16, 'title': 'Kotlin jump expressions', 'summary': 'Covers break, labeled break, and continue expressions in kotlin, detailing their syntax, usage, and examples, emphasizing the control flow and loop termination.', 'duration': 374.614, 'highlights': ["Kotlin's labeled break expression is used to terminate a specific loop by using the break expression with the at sign followed by the name of the label. The labeled break expression in Kotlin provides a way to terminate a specific loop by using the break expression with the at sign followed by the name of the label, allowing for more targeted loop termination.", 'The break expression in Kotlin is used for terminating the nearest and closing loop, often used with the if-else condition, and works similar to the break statement in Java. The break expression in Kotlin is used for terminating the nearest and closing loop, often used with the if-else condition, and functions similarly to the break statement in Java, providing a mechanism for loop termination based on specific conditions.', "Kotlin's continue statement is used to repeat the loop, continues the current flow of the program, and skips the remaining code at the specified condition, affecting only the inner Loop. The continue statement in Kotlin is used to repeat the loop, continues the current flow of the program, and skips the remaining code at the specified condition, affecting only the inner Loop, providing a mechanism for skipping specific iterations within nested loops."]}, {'end': 7989.336, 'start': 7594.034, 'title': 'Control flow statements and functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of control flow statements and functions in kotlin, including examples of labeled continue, return statements, and the declaration and types of functions, emphasizing the flexibility of functions as first-class citizens and the distinction between standard library and user-defined functions.', 'duration': 395.302, 'highlights': ['Functions in Kotlin are first-class citizens, allowing them to be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, or returned from other functions. Functions in Kotlin are considered as first-class citizens, allowing them to be assigned to variables, passed as an argument, or returned from any other function.', 'Explanation of labeled continue and return statements in Kotlin, detailing their usage and syntax, with examples provided. The chapter explains the usage of labeled continue and return statements in Kotlin, including their syntax and usage, with examples provided for clarity.', 'The distinction between standard library functions and user-defined functions in Kotlin, with examples highlighting their purposes and differences. The chapter distinguishes between standard library functions and user-defined functions in Kotlin, providing examples to highlight their purposes and differences.']}, {'end': 8273.732, 'start': 7989.827, 'title': 'Working with functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Demonstrates working with functions in kotlin, including creating a sum function to add two integers, printing the sum, using functions without return, and defining a size function to compare and print integers.', 'duration': 283.905, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates creating a sum function to add two integers, printing the sum, and showcasing different ways to work with functions in Kotlin, such as using functions without return and defining a size function to compare and print integers.', 'In the example, the sum function is defined to take two integer parameters, A and B, and return their sum. The main function calls the sum function with parameters 4 and 8, resulting in printing the sum as 12.', 'Another approach to working with functions is showcased by directly printing the sum of two integers in the main function, without using a separate sum function, demonstrating an alternative method for working with functions in Kotlin.', 'The chapter also presents a method of performing actions without using the return function by storing the sum in a new variable and printing the result, providing an alternative approach to handling function outputs in Kotlin.', 'Additionally, the chapter illustrates the usage of conditional statements within a size function to compare two integer values and print the smaller value, demonstrating the implementation of logic within a function in Kotlin.']}, {'end': 8509.146, 'start': 8274.052, 'title': 'Understanding functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains how to declare and execute functions in kotlin, including performing addition, subtraction, and passing two values to a function, demonstrating the functionality with specific code examples and outputs.', 'duration': 235.094, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates how to perform subtraction in Kotlin by creating a subtract function and showcasing the output of 14 minus 6, resulting in 8.', 'It explains the process of passing two values to a function in Kotlin using the pair method and demonstrates the functionality with code examples, showing the output as 2, 3, and 4.', 'The chapter illustrates the execution of functions in Kotlin and provides a clear understanding of sending a variable number of parameters to a function.']}, {'end': 8899.035, 'start': 8509.766, 'title': 'Kotlin functions and tail recursion', 'summary': 'Covers creating and using functions in kotlin to perform addition, multiplication, and factorial operations with examples showcasing the use of tail recursion for optimization.', 'duration': 389.269, 'highlights': ["Creating a function to perform addition and displaying the result The transcript demonstrates the creation of a function 'Get data' to perform addition operation on input values of 20 and 40, resulting in the output of 60.", 'Implementing a function for multiplication and displaying the result The transcript illustrates the implementation of a function for multiplication operation on input values of 15 and 6, resulting in the output of 90.', 'Explanation and implementation of tail recursion for factorial function The transcript covers the explanation and implementation of a tail recursion function for calculating factorial, optimizing the bytecode by treating recursion as a plain loop.']}], 'duration': 1800.127, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ7098908.jpg', 'highlights': ['Venn expression in Kotlin 1.3 captures the Venn subject in a variable, allowing for checking even and odd numbers.', 'Demonstrates examples of using Venn expression in Kotlin to print outputs for different input values, such as 1, 2, and 7.', "Kotlin's labeled break expression is used to terminate a specific loop by using the break expression with the at sign followed by the name of the label.", 'The break expression in Kotlin is used for terminating the nearest and closing loop, often used with the if-else condition, and works similar to the break statement in Java.', "Kotlin's continue statement is used to repeat the loop, continues the current flow of the program, and skips the remaining code at the specified condition, affecting only the inner Loop.", 'Functions in Kotlin are first-class citizens, allowing them to be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, or returned from other functions.', 'Explanation of labeled continue and return statements in Kotlin, detailing their usage and syntax, with examples provided.', 'The chapter demonstrates creating a sum function to add two integers, printing the sum, and showcasing different ways to work with functions in Kotlin.', 'The chapter illustrates the usage of conditional statements within a size function to compare two integer values and print the smaller value.', 'The chapter demonstrates how to perform subtraction in Kotlin by creating a subtract function and showcasing the output of 14 minus 6, resulting in 8.', 'It explains the process of passing two values to a function in Kotlin using the pair method and demonstrates the functionality with code examples, showing the output as 2, 3, and 4.', "Creating a function to perform addition and displaying the result The transcript demonstrates the creation of a function 'Get data' to perform addition operation on input values of 20 and 40, resulting in the output of 60.", 'Implementing a function for multiplication and displaying the result The transcript illustrates the implementation of a function for multiplication operation on input values of 15 and 6, resulting in the output of 90.', 'Explanation and implementation of tail recursion for factorial function The transcript covers the explanation and implementation of a tail recursion function for calculating factorial, optimizing the bytecode by treating recursion as a plain loop.']}, {'end': 10185.939, 'segs': [{'end': 9985.701, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 9952.525, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 9963.227, 'text': "So I'll be considering using the val variable here and I'm going to say multiply is equal to a into B.", 'start': 9952.525, 'duration': 10.702}, {'end': 9970.389, 'text': 'All right, and my Lambda will hold the integer value will call this multiply function.', 'start': 9963.227, 'duration': 7.162}, {'end': 9978.16, 'text': "or I've specified it as X and Y and I've used a and B over here.", 'start': 9973.979, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 9980.28, 'text': 'So this will be X and Y.', 'start': 9978.36, 'duration': 1.92}, {'end': 9982.581, 'text': 'This is saying it is type mismatch.', 'start': 9980.28, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 9985.701, 'text': 'Let me just change this right.', 'start': 9983.161, 'duration': 2.54}], 'summary': 'Utilizing val variable to define multiply function with type mismatch issue.', 'duration': 33.176, 'max_score': 9952.525, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ9952525.jpg'}, {'end': 10067.944, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10043.077, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10049.021, 'text': 'in Kotlin, a function can be passed as a parameter or can be returned from a function.', 'start': 10043.077, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 10053.244, 'text': 'this function, which does both, is called as higher order function.', 'start': 10049.021, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 10061.39, 'text': 'In other words, I would say a higher order function is a function that takes functions as parameters or returns another function.', 'start': 10053.625, 'duration': 7.765}, {'end': 10067.944, 'text': "We'll see both the things one by one when you use this higher-order function, which can take functions as parameters.", 'start': 10062.062, 'duration': 5.882}], 'summary': 'Kotlin enables higher-order functions, which can take or return functions as parameters.', 'duration': 24.867, 'max_score': 10043.077, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ10043077.jpg'}, {'end': 10120.229, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10087.411, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 10088.791, 'text': "I'll just type something.", 'start': 10087.411, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 10090.292, 'text': 'This is a class.', 'start': 10089.532, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 10098.874, 'text': "Okay, so I'm going to take which one do I consider? Okay, so I'm just going to take all of these off here.", 'start': 10090.871, 'duration': 8.003}, {'end': 10107.296, 'text': "I'm going to create a function and I'm going to call this function as pass functions,", 'start': 10098.954, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 10112.238, 'text': "where I'm going to specify a variable which is of the type function.", 'start': 10107.296, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 10120.229, 'text': 'Okay, so ABC which is of the type function and This returns nothing.', 'start': 10112.258, 'duration': 7.971}], 'summary': 'Creating a function to pass functions, considering type function.', 'duration': 32.818, 'max_score': 10087.411, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ10087411.jpg'}], 'start': 8899.456, 'title': 'Kotlin functions, generics, and lambda functions in kotlin', 'summary': "Covers kotlin functions, including defining, calling, using parameters and default arguments, the scope of functions, generic functions, and lambda functions in kotlin. it explains lambda functions' properties, syntax, passing into another function, creating a lambda function, handling conflicts, and qualified return syntax.", 'chapters': [{'end': 9365.841, 'start': 8899.456, 'title': 'Kotlin functions and generics', 'summary': 'Covers kotlin functions, including defining, calling, and using parameters and default arguments, as well as the scope of functions in kotlin. it also explains generic functions in kotlin, including their syntax, constraints, and upper bounds.', 'duration': 466.385, 'highlights': ['Kotlin functions can be declared at top level in a file, as local, member, and extension functions, eliminating the need to create a new class to hold a function. Kotlin functions can be declared at top level in a file, as local, member, and extension functions, eliminating the need to create a new class to hold a function.', "Functions' parameters can have default values, reducing the need for overloads compared to other programming languages. Functions' parameters can have default values, reducing the need for overloads compared to other programming languages.", 'Generic functions in Kotlin allow for generic parameters specified using angle brackets before the function name, providing compile time type safety and enabling a set of related methods or a single class declaration. Generic functions in Kotlin allow for generic parameters specified using angle brackets before the function name, providing compile time type safety and enabling a set of related methods or a single class declaration.', "Local functions in Kotlin are functions inside another function, allowing for parallel execution of different test cases and access to the outer function's local variables. Local functions in Kotlin are functions inside another function, allowing for parallel execution of different test cases and access to the outer function's local variables.", "Default upper bound for generic constraints in Kotlin is 'any', and multiple upper bounds are specified using a separate where clause, requiring the type to satisfy all conditions simultaneously. Default upper bound for generic constraints in Kotlin is 'any', and multiple upper bounds are specified using a separate where clause, requiring the type to satisfy all conditions simultaneously."]}, {'end': 9528.895, 'start': 9366.461, 'title': 'Lambda functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses lambda functions in kotlin, highlighting their properties including being first-class, anonymous, and their syntax for declaration, where it is explained that kotlin lambdas are similar to java lambdas, and that they can be passed directly as method arguments.', 'duration': 162.434, 'highlights': ['Kotlin functions are first-class, allowing them to be stored in variables, passed as arguments, and returned from higher-order functions.', 'Lambda functions are anonymous functions without a name, and they can be passed as expressions without being declared.', 'The syntax for declaring a Lambda function in Kotlin involves specifying a variable, its type, the argument list within curly braces, and using the arrow operator to specify the code body.', 'Kotlin lambdas are very similar to Java lambdas, and they can be passed directly as method arguments.']}, {'end': 9818.399, 'start': 9528.895, 'title': 'Lambda functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains lambda functions in kotlin, demonstrating how to pass functions into another function, create a lambda function, declare variable types, handle conflicts, and return values using qualified return syntax.', 'duration': 289.504, 'highlights': ['The Lambda function returns nothing, and it is optional to specify in Kotlin.', 'Demonstrating how to pass two functions at the same time using Lambda functions.', 'Explaining the syntax for declaring a Lambda function and handling conflicts with variable declaration.', 'Understanding how to return a value from a Lambda expression using qualified return syntax.']}, {'end': 10185.939, 'start': 9818.999, 'title': 'Lambda functions and higher order functions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses the usage of lambda functions for performing actions like addition, subtraction, and multiplication and demonstrates the implementation of higher order functions in kotlin by showing how a function can be passed as a parameter and how a function can be returned from another function.', 'duration': 366.94, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the usage of lambda functions for performing actions like addition, subtraction, and multiplication The transcript explains how to perform different actions on lambda functions, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication.', 'The implementation of higher order functions in Kotlin is demonstrated by showing how a function can be passed as a parameter The transcript demonstrates the usage of higher order functions by showing an example of passing a function as a parameter to another function.', 'The transcript also shows how a function can be returned from another function The transcript provides an example of a function that accepts a parameter and returns a defined function, illustrating the concept of returning a function from another function.']}], 'duration': 1286.483, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ8899456.jpg', 'highlights': ['Kotlin functions can be declared at top level in a file, as local, member, and extension functions, eliminating the need to create a new class to hold a function.', "Functions' parameters can have default values, reducing the need for overloads compared to other programming languages.", 'Generic functions in Kotlin allow for generic parameters specified using angle brackets before the function name, providing compile time type safety and enabling a set of related methods or a single class declaration.', "Local functions in Kotlin are functions inside another function, allowing for parallel execution of different test cases and access to the outer function's local variables.", 'Kotlin functions are first-class, allowing them to be stored in variables, passed as arguments, and returned from higher-order functions.', 'Lambda functions are anonymous functions without a name, and they can be passed as expressions without being declared.', 'The syntax for declaring a Lambda function in Kotlin involves specifying a variable, its type, the argument list within curly braces, and using the arrow operator to specify the code body.', 'The chapter discusses the usage of lambda functions for performing actions like addition, subtraction, and multiplication The transcript explains how to perform different actions on lambda functions, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication.', 'The implementation of higher order functions in Kotlin is demonstrated by showing how a function can be passed as a parameter The transcript demonstrates the usage of higher order functions by showing an example of passing a function as a parameter to another function.', 'The transcript also shows how a function can be returned from another function The transcript provides an example of a function that accepts a parameter and returns a defined function, illustrating the concept of returning a function from another function.']}, {'end': 11147.373, 'segs': [{'end': 10922.026, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10897.347, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10905.593, 'text': 'Now, like I mentioned, it also has a built-in functions like pair and triple, which are the standard data classes in the library,', 'start': 10897.347, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 10918.123, 'text': "but Kotlin talks stencils discourage the usage of them in favor of more readable and custom-tailored data classes now that we've understood what exactly data classes do in Kotlin.", 'start': 10905.593, 'duration': 12.53}, {'end': 10922.026, 'text': "Let's move ahead to our next topic that is annotations.", 'start': 10918.543, 'duration': 3.483}], 'summary': 'Kotlin discourages pair and triple in favor of custom-tailored data classes.', 'duration': 24.679, 'max_score': 10897.347, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ10897347.jpg'}, {'end': 10976.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10950.381, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 10957.465, 'text': 'Okay, so you can also simply say that it is the explanation or the comment which is added to a text or a diagram.', 'start': 10950.381, 'duration': 7.084}, {'end': 10962.627, 'text': 'Now, what exactly is annotation in terms of a programming language?', 'start': 10958.005, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 10965.245, 'text': 'In terms of programming language.', 'start': 10963.482, 'duration': 1.763}, {'end': 10970.975, 'text': 'and annotation is a form of synthetic metadata that is added to the source code.', 'start': 10965.245, 'duration': 5.73}, {'end': 10976.945, 'text': 'There can be classes methods variables and many packages that may be annotated.', 'start': 10971.295, 'duration': 5.65}], 'summary': 'Annotation in programming adds synthetic metadata to source code, including classes, methods, variables, and packages.', 'duration': 26.564, 'max_score': 10950.381, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ10950381.jpg'}, {'end': 11147.373, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11077.226, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 11088.472, 'text': 'specifies that the annotation is a part of the public API and it should be included in a class or a method signature which is in the generated API document.', 'start': 11077.226, 'duration': 11.246}, {'end': 11094.236, 'text': 'All it does is it has to include the class of the method and the generated API document.', 'start': 11089.032, 'duration': 5.204}, {'end': 11097.858, 'text': "So that's why we use must be documented annotation.", 'start': 11094.536, 'duration': 3.322}, {'end': 11101.081, 'text': 'Let me just show you an example for this.', 'start': 11098.419, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 11102.682, 'text': "I'm just not going to write it.", 'start': 11101.141, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 11104.003, 'text': 'I already have it written.', 'start': 11102.722, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 11106.845, 'text': 'So I will just show you guys how exactly this is done.', 'start': 11104.083, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 11114.065, 'text': "As you can see that I've created a class called course here which has the annotation Edureka.", 'start': 11107.839, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 11117.708, 'text': 'as you can see that all the Edureka over here is throwing an error.', 'start': 11114.065, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 11123.673, 'text': "So I'm just going to click on alt enter in order to get a suggestion in order to perform actions.", 'start': 11118.068, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 11130.139, 'text': 'So I will create an annotation and it just pops up this thing asking me to choose a class container.', 'start': 11124.214, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 11131.781, 'text': 'I want it in the same class.', 'start': 11130.6, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 11133.422, 'text': 'So I will just do this.', 'start': 11131.861, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 11134.303, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 11134.043, 'duration': 0.26}, {'end': 11136.508, 'text': 'Now this shows an error.', 'start': 11134.767, 'duration': 1.741}, {'end': 11138.349, 'text': "So I'm just going to click on alt enter.", 'start': 11136.548, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 11140.93, 'text': 'It says add annotation Target.', 'start': 11138.469, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 11142.991, 'text': 'So I will add the annotation Target.', 'start': 11141.23, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 11147.373, 'text': 'You can see that it has imported all the annotation Target methods over here.', 'start': 11143.391, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'Annotation is included in class/method signature in api document, demonstrated with example.', 'duration': 70.147, 'max_score': 11077.226, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ11077226.jpg'}], 'start': 10186.519, 'title': 'Kotlin functions, data classes & annotations', 'summary': 'Introduces higher-order functions in kotlin, explaining their creation, argument passing, and return values. it also covers data classes, their characteristics, and usage, and discusses kotlin annotations, including their types and usage with examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10313.94, 'start': 10186.519, 'title': 'Higher-order function in kotlin', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of higher-order functions in kotlin, explaining how to create, pass arguments, and return values from a higher-order function, with an example of multiplying two numbers using a higher-order function and the output.', 'duration': 127.421, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concept of higher-order functions in Kotlin, explaining how to create, pass arguments, and return values from a higher-order function.', 'An example of multiplying two numbers using a higher-order function is provided, demonstrating the syntax and functionality of a higher-order function.', 'The output of the example, which is 5 multiplied by 10, is shown to be 50, demonstrating the successful execution of the higher-order function.']}, {'end': 10581.726, 'start': 10314.341, 'title': 'Understanding data classes in kotlin', 'summary': "Explains the concept of data classes in kotlin, which are used to represent, encapsulate, and transfer information, and are marked with the 'data' keyword. it details the characteristics and usage of data classes, such as automatic generation of field accessors and the creation of instances with getters and setters.", 'duration': 267.385, 'highlights': ['Data classes are simple containers of data used by other classes, representing real-world entities, and are common in software projects with dozens or hundreds of these classes. Data classes serve as containers for data used by other classes, representing real-world entities, and are commonly found in software projects with numerous instances.', "In Kotlin, data classes are marked with the 'data' keyword and automatically generate field accessors like hashcode, equals, toString, as well as useful copy and component functions. Kotlin's 'data' keyword marks a class as a data class, automatically generating field accessors like hashcode, equals, toString, as well as useful copy and component functions.", 'Instances of data classes can be created in Kotlin using the getters and setters, which are automatically created when declaring properties. Instances of data classes in Kotlin can be created using the automatically generated getters and setters when declaring properties.']}, {'end': 11147.373, 'start': 10582.026, 'title': 'Kotlin data classes & annotations', 'summary': 'Discusses kotlin data classes, covering their rules, destructing declarations, component functions, copy function, and the use of pair and triple. it also explains annotations in kotlin, including their types like target, retention, repeatable, and must be documented, with examples.', 'duration': 565.347, 'highlights': ['Kotlin Data Classes The chapter discusses Kotlin data classes, covering their rules, destructing declarations, component functions, copy function, and the use of pair and triple.', 'Annotations in Kotlin It explains annotations in Kotlin, including their types like target, retention, repeatable, and must be documented, with examples.']}], 'duration': 960.854, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ10186519.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the concept of higher-order functions in Kotlin, explaining how to create, pass arguments, and return values from a higher-order function.', 'An example of multiplying two numbers using a higher-order function is provided, demonstrating the syntax and functionality of a higher-order function.', 'The output of the example, which is 5 multiplied by 10, is shown to be 50, demonstrating the successful execution of the higher-order function.', 'Data classes are simple containers of data used by other classes, representing real-world entities, and are common in software projects with dozens or hundreds of these classes.', "In Kotlin, data classes are marked with the 'data' keyword and automatically generate field accessors like hashcode, equals, toString, as well as useful copy and component functions.", 'Kotlin Data Classes The chapter discusses Kotlin data classes, covering their rules, destructing declarations, component functions, copy function, and the use of pair and triple.', 'Annotations in Kotlin It explains annotations in Kotlin, including their types like target, retention, repeatable, and must be documented, with examples.']}, {'end': 12899.507, 'segs': [{'end': 11239.132, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11195.506, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11203.537, 'text': 'So there are several collection types which are used in Kotlin and they are namely a list a set and a map.', 'start': 11195.506, 'duration': 8.031}, {'end': 11206.563, 'text': "Now, let's understand what is a list in detail.", 'start': 11203.918, 'duration': 2.645}, {'end': 11211.633, 'text': 'A list is an ordered collection with access to elements by its indices.', 'start': 11206.884, 'duration': 4.749}, {'end': 11216.016, 'text': 'It holds the integer numbers which reflect their positions.', 'start': 11212.373, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 11225.803, 'text': "The elements can also occur more than once in a list, like, say, for example, if I consider a list as a sentence, it's a group of words, right?", 'start': 11216.536, 'duration': 9.267}, {'end': 11229.825, 'text': 'And all you care about is the order in which it is written can be used.', 'start': 11226.043, 'duration': 3.782}, {'end': 11234.228, 'text': 'Consequently, it can be used in the beginning or the end and so many other ways, right?', 'start': 11229.905, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 11239.132, 'text': "A list plays a major role if you're working with many elements at the same time.", 'start': 11234.909, 'duration': 4.223}], 'summary': 'Kotlin has list, set, and map collection types. a list is an ordered collection with indexed access, suitable for managing multiple elements.', 'duration': 43.626, 'max_score': 11195.506, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ11195506.jpg'}, {'end': 11430.032, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11403.449, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 11411.277, 'text': "Okay, So this is how simple you can get the index value, as well as the value that you're going to specify in the list.", 'start': 11403.449, 'duration': 7.828}, {'end': 11420.265, 'text': "lists are comparatively easier to deal with if you're dealing with a larger number of values or larger number of constants that are specified.", 'start': 11411.277, 'duration': 8.988}, {'end': 11425.069, 'text': 'This is because you cannot keep on adding arrays to the entire program right?', 'start': 11420.626, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 11430.032, 'text': "You can't keep calling the same function again and again it throughout the entire program right?", 'start': 11425.409, 'duration': 4.623}], 'summary': 'Lists simplify handling large number of values and constants.', 'duration': 26.583, 'max_score': 11403.449, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ11403449.jpg'}, {'end': 11887.051, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11844.137, 'weight': 14, 'content': [{'end': 11848.719, 'text': "Okay, so I'm going to take the first one and this is of the type.", 'start': 11844.137, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 11853.456, 'text': "and I'm going to specify the string values inside this.", 'start': 11850.554, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 11856.397, 'text': "So I'm going to say key to one.", 'start': 11853.756, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 11864.301, 'text': 'All right, then key key two.', 'start': 11856.417, 'duration': 7.884}, {'end': 11876.287, 'text': 'So key two two two comma key three two three and the last one key four to one.', 'start': 11864.861, 'duration': 11.426}, {'end': 11878.928, 'text': 'All right, so this is showing an error here.', 'start': 11876.627, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 11885.43, 'text': 'Okay, so it wants the confirmation string and the value would be int.', 'start': 11879.608, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 11887.051, 'text': 'All right now.', 'start': 11886.01, 'duration': 1.041}], 'summary': 'Transcript demonstrates specifying string values for keys, encountering an error related to confirmation string and integer value.', 'duration': 42.914, 'max_score': 11844.137, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ11844137.jpg'}, {'end': 12370.723, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12338.08, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 12339.621, 'text': "So I'm going to be printing.", 'start': 12338.08, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 12348.646, 'text': 'The person can run.', 'start': 12345.104, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 12349.527, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 12349.207, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 12354.05, 'text': 'Now say if you want to derive the features of the Kotlin class into your derived class.', 'start': 12349.867, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 12359.894, 'text': 'So this case we are going to use the command colon followed by Kotlin.', 'start': 12354.45, 'duration': 5.444}, {'end': 12369.201, 'text': 'Okay, So you can see that it says the type has a constructor and it must be initialized, and also you can see that the type is final,', 'start': 12360.214, 'duration': 8.987}, {'end': 12370.723, 'text': 'so it cannot be inherited.', 'start': 12369.201, 'duration': 1.522}], 'summary': 'The kotlin class features cannot be inherited due to its final type.', 'duration': 32.643, 'max_score': 12338.08, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ12338080.jpg'}, {'end': 12447.058, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12417.189, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 12426.293, 'text': "Now say for example, I'm going to create a variable and I'm going to call it derived one and this will be equal to the drive class.", 'start': 12417.189, 'duration': 9.104}, {'end': 12433.869, 'text': "So I'm going to be deriving it and then I'm going to use the method of the first class that is run.", 'start': 12426.793, 'duration': 7.076}, {'end': 12438.592, 'text': "so I'm going to say derived one dot, run.", 'start': 12433.869, 'duration': 4.723}, {'end': 12440.854, 'text': "okay, let's see what this prints.", 'start': 12438.592, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 12443.075, 'text': "I'm going to run kotlin.", 'start': 12440.854, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 12444.616, 'text': 'you can see that it prints.', 'start': 12443.075, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 12447.058, 'text': 'the person can run all right.', 'start': 12444.616, 'duration': 2.442}], 'summary': "Creating a variable 'derived one' as an instance of the 'drive' class, running the 'run' method in kotlin, resulting in the output 'the person can run.'", 'duration': 29.869, 'max_score': 12417.189, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ12417189.jpg'}, {'end': 12573.108, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12472.447, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 12477.929, 'text': 'Okay So basically what I did was overriding the function call to functions with the same name.', 'start': 12472.447, 'duration': 5.482}, {'end': 12482.791, 'text': "So in order to make this happen, I'm going to use the override function over here.", 'start': 12478.269, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 12483.791, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 12483.511, 'duration': 0.28}, {'end': 12491.127, 'text': "So even though if I'm using override it is saying that run in Kotlin is final and it cannot be overridden.", 'start': 12484.44, 'duration': 6.687}, {'end': 12496.573, 'text': 'It means that the function of the method inside the class is also specified as final.', 'start': 12491.248, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 12498.556, 'text': "So I'm going to name this as open.", 'start': 12496.974, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 12502.52, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is not throwing any error for now.', 'start': 12498.876, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 12504.382, 'text': "Now, I'm trying to run this code.", 'start': 12502.78, 'duration': 1.602}, {'end': 12516.705, 'text': 'Inheritance is a very unique or a very special chapter which I personally like.', 'start': 12510.541, 'duration': 6.164}, {'end': 12524.37, 'text': "so you can see that it is printing the person can't run, which means that it is printing the value of the overridden function.", 'start': 12516.705, 'duration': 7.665}, {'end': 12526.992, 'text': 'Okay, it says overrides function Kotlin.', 'start': 12524.51, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 12532.236, 'text': 'So all the functions that are overridden by Kotlin are printed in the result.', 'start': 12527.332, 'duration': 4.904}, {'end': 12534.657, 'text': "Now, let's take another example.", 'start': 12533.136, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 12540.221, 'text': "Now, I'll create another class which inherits both parent and the first derived class.", 'start': 12535.438, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 12550.487, 'text': "So I'll be creating a class called new class which inherits the Kotlin class as well as the derived class.", 'start': 12541.024, 'duration': 9.463}, {'end': 12554.968, 'text': 'Okay, now you can see that it is throwing an error here.', 'start': 12551.927, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 12558.609, 'text': 'It says only one class may appear in the super type list.', 'start': 12555.028, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 12567.805, 'text': 'which means that you can only derive one class at a time and you cannot perform multiple inheritance in Kotlin just like how it was in Java.', 'start': 12559.161, 'duration': 8.644}, {'end': 12573.108, 'text': 'So this is everything you need to know about how exactly inheritance work in Kotlin.', 'start': 12568.265, 'duration': 4.843}], 'summary': "In kotlin, overriding functions, using 'open' to allow override, and single inheritance are demonstrated.", 'duration': 100.661, 'max_score': 12472.447, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ12472447.jpg'}, {'end': 12795.836, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12758.402, 'weight': 13, 'content': [{'end': 12764.624, 'text': 'So else it is going to print number not found.', 'start': 12758.402, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 12768.937, 'text': "All right now, let's try running this code.", 'start': 12767.136, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 12774.501, 'text': 'Yeah, you can see that it is printing number not found.', 'start': 12770.558, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 12778.724, 'text': 'now say, for example, if you want to specify the down to function.', 'start': 12774.501, 'duration': 4.223}, {'end': 12780.525, 'text': 'so I would just take this off.', 'start': 12778.724, 'duration': 1.801}, {'end': 12787.09, 'text': 'So this down to function helps in declaring or printing the number in the reverse order.', 'start': 12781.486, 'duration': 5.604}, {'end': 12795.836, 'text': 'So if I in 5 down to 1 it is going to print I okay.', 'start': 12787.55, 'duration': 8.286}], 'summary': "Demonstration of using 'down to' function to print numbers in reverse order.", 'duration': 37.434, 'max_score': 12758.402, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ12758402.jpg'}], 'start': 11147.874, 'title': 'Kotlin collections and inheritance', 'summary': 'Introduces kotlin collections, including common collection types like list, set, and map, essential for managing and manipulating groups of objects in kotlin. it also covers creating and managing lists, working with sets and maps, and explains inheritance and ranges in kotlin, with code examples and practical applications.', 'chapters': [{'end': 11239.132, 'start': 11147.874, 'title': 'Kotlin collections overview', 'summary': 'Introduces kotlin collections, including the common collection types like list, set, and map, which are essential for managing and manipulating groups of objects in kotlin, with examples and explanations.', 'duration': 91.258, 'highlights': ['A list is an ordered collection with access to elements by its indices, and it holds integer numbers which reflect their positions, which is essential for managing and manipulating groups of objects in Kotlin.', 'Collections are a common concept for most programming languages, and Kotlin uses collection types like list, set, and map to manage and manipulate groups of objects, which are familiar to those who have experience with Java or Python collections.', 'An object in a collection is referred to as elements or items, and it can occur more than once in a list, making it suitable for managing and manipulating elements at the same time.']}, {'end': 11595.817, 'start': 11239.804, 'title': 'Creating and managing lists in kotlin', 'summary': 'Covers creating and managing lists in kotlin, including creating a list, printing list elements, accessing list index values, the importance of lists in dealing with a larger number of values, list elements duplication, and mutable lists with specific operations.', 'duration': 356.013, 'highlights': ['Creating a list and printing list elements The speaker demonstrates the creation of a list in Kotlin, specifying the list type as int and providing the list elements 1, 3, 4, and 7, followed by printing the list elements and its output in the form of an array.', 'Accessing list index values and printing them The presentation showcases accessing list index values and printing them, displaying the index of each element in the list along with its value, providing a clear understanding of retrieving index values from a list.', 'Importance of lists in dealing with a larger number of values The importance of lists in dealing with a larger number of values is emphasized, highlighting the advantage of using lists over adding arrays throughout the entire program, making it easier to manage and call the list whenever needed.', 'Explanation of duplicate elements and equality of lists The concept of duplicate elements in a list is explained, along with the criteria for two lists to be considered equal, based on their size and structurally equal elements at the same positions, providing clarity on list equality.', 'Demonstration of mutable lists with specific operations An example of a mutable list is presented, showcasing operations such as adding and removing elements at specific positions, shuffling the list, and printing the modified list, illustrating the functionality of mutable lists in Kotlin.']}, {'end': 12161.848, 'start': 11596.178, 'title': 'Working with sets, maps, and inheritance in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains working with sets and maps in kotlin, demonstrating code examples for creating sets and maps, accessing their elements, and comparing them, while also briefly touching on the concept of inheritance.', 'duration': 565.67, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains working with sets and maps in Kotlin It covers the creation, access, and comparison of sets and maps, providing a comprehensive understanding of how to work with these data structures.', 'Demonstrating code examples for creating sets and maps, accessing their elements, and comparing them The transcript includes detailed code examples for creating sets and maps, accessing their elements, and demonstrating comparison operations, providing practical insights into working with these data structures.', 'Briefly touching on the concept of inheritance The transcript briefly introduces the concept of inheritance, explaining its relevance in object-oriented programming and highlighting the differences between Kotlin and Java inheritance.']}, {'end': 12899.507, 'start': 12162.29, 'title': 'Inheritance and ranges in kotlin', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of inheritance in kotlin, highlighting how it reduces code duplication and errors, and also elucidates the usage and functionality of ranges in kotlin, enabling the creation of succession of values between lower and upper limits, including the application of if and for loops and the characteristics of ranges.', 'duration': 737.217, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how inheritance in Kotlin reduces code duplication and errors by allowing the creation of a base class with basic features like talk, walk, eat, sleep, and then inheriting and extending these features for individual classes, ensuring cleanliness, understandability, and extendability of the code.', 'The transcript provides a detailed example of how inheritance works in Kotlin, demonstrating the creation of classes and the process of inheriting and overriding functions, showcasing the practical implementation of inheritance concepts.', 'The chapter discusses the limitations of multiple inheritance in Kotlin, highlighting that only one class may appear in the supertype list, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of inheritance mechanisms in Kotlin.', 'The transcript elucidates the functionality of ranges in Kotlin, demonstrating the creation of ranges using the range to function, down to function, and the usage in if and for loops, providing practical examples to enhance comprehension.', 'The transcript provides insights into the characteristics of ranges in Kotlin, explaining their inclusive nature by default, and the ability to specify ranges in reverse order, showcasing the versatility and functionality of ranges in Kotlin programming.', 'The chapter discusses the significance of ranges in Kotlin, emphasizing their ability to define closed intervals in mathematical order, and their applicability for comparable types, enabling the determination of whether an instance is within a specified range.']}], 'duration': 1751.633, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ11147874.jpg', 'highlights': ['A list is an ordered collection with access to elements by its indices, essential for managing and manipulating groups of objects in Kotlin.', 'Collections like list, set, and map are used to manage and manipulate groups of objects in Kotlin, familiar to those with experience in Java or Python collections.', 'An object in a collection is referred to as elements or items, suitable for managing and manipulating elements at the same time.', 'Creating a list in Kotlin, specifying the list type as int and providing the list elements 1, 3, 4, and 7, followed by printing the list elements and its output in the form of an array.', 'Accessing list index values and printing them, displaying the index of each element in the list along with its value.', 'Importance of lists in dealing with a larger number of values, making it easier to manage and call the list whenever needed.', 'Explanation of duplicate elements in a list and the criteria for two lists to be considered equal, providing clarity on list equality.', 'Demonstration of mutable lists with specific operations such as adding and removing elements at specific positions, shuffling the list, and printing the modified list.', 'The chapter explains working with sets and maps in Kotlin, covering the creation, access, and comparison of sets and maps.', 'Demonstrating code examples for creating sets and maps, accessing their elements, and comparing them, providing practical insights into working with these data structures.', 'Briefly touching on the concept of inheritance, explaining its relevance in object-oriented programming and highlighting the differences between Kotlin and Java inheritance.', 'The chapter explains how inheritance in Kotlin reduces code duplication and errors by allowing the creation of a base class with basic features and then inheriting and extending these features for individual classes.', 'The transcript provides a detailed example of how inheritance works in Kotlin, demonstrating the creation of classes and the process of inheriting and overriding functions.', 'The chapter discusses the limitations of multiple inheritance in Kotlin, highlighting that only one class may appear in the supertype list.', 'The transcript elucidates the functionality of ranges in Kotlin, demonstrating the creation of ranges using the range to function, down to function, and the usage in if and for loops.', 'The transcript provides insights into the characteristics of ranges in Kotlin, explaining their inclusive nature by default, and the ability to specify ranges in reverse order.', 'The chapter discusses the significance of ranges in Kotlin, emphasizing their ability to define closed intervals in mathematical order and their applicability for comparable types.']}, {'end': 14994.192, 'segs': [{'end': 13072.841, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13045.534, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 13053.739, 'text': 'So in Java, we had something called matcher class pattern class pattern syntax exception class match result interface.', 'start': 13045.534, 'duration': 8.205}, {'end': 13061.555, 'text': 'So in Java we had the matcher and the pattern classes which helped us to provide the facility of a regular expression.', 'start': 13054.372, 'duration': 7.183}, {'end': 13067.018, 'text': 'We also know that they are used to define a pattern for a regex engine right?', 'start': 13062.216, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 13072.841, 'text': 'And we also have different methods in order to deal with the regular expressions in Java, right?', 'start': 13067.418, 'duration': 5.423}], 'summary': 'Java has matcher and pattern classes for regular expressions.', 'duration': 27.307, 'max_score': 13045.534, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ13045534.jpg'}, {'end': 13335.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 13299.685, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 13312.27, 'text': "Okay, so I'll be taking these off and I'm going to create a variable and I'm going to call it as val regex, where I'm going to use double quotes,", 'start': 13299.685, 'duration': 12.585}, {'end': 13329.238, 'text': "all right, and I'm going to specify letters or alphabets over here, followed by races, square braces, PC plus D, question mark dot to regex.", 'start': 13312.27, 'duration': 16.968}, {'end': 13335.602, 'text': 'All right, so this function helps in creating the regular expression and assert function.', 'start': 13329.698, 'duration': 5.904}], 'summary': "Creating a variable 'val regex' with a regular expression to specify letters or alphabets, followed by races, square braces, pc plus d, question mark dot to regex.", 'duration': 35.917, 'max_score': 13299.685, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ13299685.jpg'}, {'end': 14167.677, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14143.766, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 14151.11, 'text': "Okay, and also I haven't specified the exception that will be thrown in the function signature like we would do in Java.", 'start': 14143.766, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 14153.791, 'text': 'Okay, so this is how exceptions work.', 'start': 14151.73, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 14160.551, 'text': "So we've understood how Kotlin doesn't have checked exceptions, but instead all exceptions are unchecked,", 'start': 14154.406, 'duration': 6.145}, {'end': 14164.514, 'text': 'and we also understood how to handle these exceptions using the try-catch block.', 'start': 14160.551, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 14167.677, 'text': 'This is everything you need to know about exceptions in Kotlin.', 'start': 14164.995, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'Kotlin does not have checked exceptions, all are unchecked. handling using try-catch block.', 'duration': 23.911, 'max_score': 14143.766, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ14143766.jpg'}], 'start': 12900.228, 'title': 'Kotlin features and comparisons', 'summary': "Covers kotlin ranges, regex basics, null safety, exception handling, java interoperability, and a comparison between java and kotlin. it discusses regex, null safety, exceptions, and emphasizes kotlin's advantages over java, such as null safety, interoperability, and community support.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13222.263, 'start': 12900.228, 'title': 'Kotlin ranges and regex basics', 'summary': 'Explains how ranges work in kotlin and the basics of regex, including the definition, usage, and creation of regular expressions. it also outlines the differences between regex in java and kotlin, and how to match options using the regex option class.', 'duration': 322.035, 'highlights': ['Kotlin ranges are created using the range to function with start and end values, often represented by double consecutive dots. The range to function in Kotlin is used to create ranges for classes by providing start and end values as arguments.', 'Regex in Kotlin is built using the regex function to define regular expressions, which are used for searching, changing, or editing text patterns. The regex function in Kotlin is used to build regular expressions, defining text patterns for searching and editing.', 'Regular expressions in Kotlin define constraints on strings, such as passwords, names, and email addresses, and utilize search patterns to describe the desired data. Regular expressions in Kotlin are widely used to define constraints on strings, such as passwords, names, and email addresses, by utilizing search patterns to describe desired data.', 'Kotlin follows different rules and properties for regular expressions compared to Java, with regular expressions considered as a class in Kotlin and providing functions for matching strings, replacing occurrences, and splitting text around matches. In Kotlin, regular expressions are considered as a class and provide functions for matching strings, replacing occurrences, and splitting text around matches, following different rules and properties compared to Java.', 'Regular expressions in Kotlin can be created using various methods, including calling the regex constructor, using the to regex method on a string, or using the static factory method from literal. Regular expressions in Kotlin can be created using methods such as calling the regex constructor, using the to regex method on a string, or utilizing the static factory method from literal.', 'Kotlin allows the specification of single additional options or a set for regular expressions, with options enumerated in the regex option class, including ignore case and multi line. Kotlin allows the specification of single additional options or a set for regular expressions, with options enumerated in the regex option class, including ignore case and multi line.']}, {'end': 13643.172, 'start': 13222.683, 'title': 'Kotlin regular expression & null safety', 'summary': "Discusses regular expressions in kotlin, covering concepts like literal, dot matches all, and conversion to java code, with a demonstration of creating and using regular expressions in kotlin, followed by an explanation of null safety in kotlin's type system to eliminate null pointer exceptions.", 'duration': 420.489, 'highlights': ['Regular expression in Kotlin Discusses the concepts of literal, dot matches all, and conversion to Java code, with a demonstration of creating and using regular expressions in Kotlin.', "Null safety in Kotlin's type system Explains how Kotlin's type system distinguishes between nullable and non-null references, and demonstrates the use of nullable string type to illustrate error handling and safe processing of results.", "Demonstration of creating and using regular expressions in Kotlin Demonstrates the creation of a regular expression using 'toRegex' function and its use in assert functions to check for total match and whole string match.", "Explanation of null pointer exceptions in Kotlin Explains the possible causes of null pointer exceptions and how Kotlin's type system aims to eliminate them by distinguishing between nullable and non-null references.", 'Usage of nullable string type in Kotlin Illustrates the use of nullable string type and demonstrates error handling when attempting to assign null to a non-null type string variable.']}, {'end': 14098.143, 'start': 13643.252, 'title': 'Handling null safety and exceptions in kotlin', 'summary': 'Discusses how to handle null safety and exceptions in kotlin, including checking for null conditions, understanding exceptions, handling them, and the difference between kotlin and java exceptions. it also emphasizes on the importance of handling exceptions to prevent program crashes.', 'duration': 454.891, 'highlights': ['Kotlin provides functionalities to handle null exceptions, allowing explicit checks for null values and use of Elvis operator to prevent null pointer exceptions. Kotlin provides better functionalities to handle the null exceptions that arise while executing a program, including explicit checks for null values and use of Elvis operator to prevent null pointer exceptions.', 'Exceptions in Kotlin disrupt the normal flow of program instructions, and their handling is crucial to prevent abrupt program crashes. Exceptions in Kotlin disrupt the normal flow of program instructions, and their handling is crucial to prevent abrupt program crashes.', 'Kotlin has unchecked exceptions, unlike Java, and it is essential to handle them properly to avoid runtime issues. Kotlin has unchecked exceptions, unlike Java, and it is essential to handle them properly to avoid runtime issues.', 'Unchecked exceptions in Kotlin include automatic exceptions, null pointer exceptions, and security exceptions. Unchecked exceptions in Kotlin include automatic exceptions, null pointer exceptions, and security exceptions.']}, {'end': 14718.149, 'start': 14099.004, 'title': 'Kotlin: exceptions, java interoperability, and kotlin vs. java', 'summary': "Covers exceptions in kotlin, java interoperability, and a comparison between kotlin and java, highlighting that kotlin doesn't have checked exceptions, provides functionalities for java interoperability, and offers better features than java, such as extensions, coroutines, and null safety, reducing the risk of errors during execution.", 'duration': 619.145, 'highlights': ["Kotlin doesn't have checked exceptions, all exceptions are unchecked, and exceptions are handled using the try-catch block. Kotlin doesn't have checked exceptions, all exceptions are unchecked, and exceptions are handled using the try-catch block.", 'Kotlin provides functionalities for Java interoperability, allowing the conversion of a Java program to a Kotlin program with reduced code size. Kotlin provides functionalities for Java interoperability, allowing the conversion of a Java program to a Kotlin program with reduced code size.', 'Kotlin offers better features than Java, such as extensions, coroutines, and null safety, reducing the risk of errors during execution. Kotlin offers better features than Java, such as extensions, coroutines, and null safety, reducing the risk of errors during execution.']}, {'end': 14994.192, 'start': 14719.169, 'title': 'Java vs kotlin: a comparison', 'summary': "Compares java and kotlin based on code compilation time, null safety, and community support, highlighting kotlin's slower compilation speed, superior null safety, and growing community support, while also discussing the advantages and disadvantages of both languages and concluding that java and kotlin are both essential for android development.", 'duration': 275.023, 'highlights': ["Kotlin's type system has inbuilt null safety, saving developers from writing extra code to work around the issue. Kotlin's type system has inbuilt null safety, which saves developers from writing extra code to work around the issue.", 'Java applications are lighter and more compact compared to Kotlin applications, resulting in a faster application experience. Java applications are lighter and more compact compared to Kotlin applications, resulting in a faster application experience.', 'Kotlin is interoperable, providing an easy learning curve for Java developers and avoiding classes of errors such as null pointers exceptions. Kotlin is interoperable, providing an easy learning curve for Java developers and avoiding classes of errors such as null pointers exceptions.', "Kotlin is much like Apple's Swift language in terms of language features and flexibility. Kotlin is much like Apple's Swift language in terms of language features and flexibility.", 'Kotlin has a steep learning curve, slower compilation speed than Java, and limited learning resources and community support. Kotlin has a steep learning curve, slower compilation speed than Java, and limited learning resources and community support.', 'Java and Kotlin are essential for Android development, with Java ruling the enterprise world and Kotlin emerging as the most loved programming language among Android developers. Java and Kotlin are essential for Android development, with Java ruling the enterprise world and Kotlin emerging as the most loved programming language among Android developers.']}], 'duration': 2093.964, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/OMxeOiPwAcQ/pics/OMxeOiPwAcQ12900228.jpg', 'highlights': ['Kotlin provides better functionalities to handle the null exceptions, including explicit checks for null values and use of Elvis operator to prevent null pointer exceptions.', "Kotlin's type system has inbuilt null safety, saving developers from writing extra code to work around the issue.", 'Kotlin offers better features than Java, such as extensions, coroutines, and null safety, reducing the risk of errors during execution.', 'Java applications are lighter and more compact compared to Kotlin applications, resulting in a faster application experience.', 'Kotlin is interoperable, providing an easy learning curve for Java developers and avoiding classes of errors such as null pointers exceptions.', 'Java and Kotlin are essential for Android development, with Java ruling the enterprise world and Kotlin emerging as the most loved programming language among Android developers.']}], 'highlights': ['Kotlin is officially supported by Google for Android development, and the release of Android Studio 3.0 included Kotlin as an alternative to the standard Java compiler.', 'Kotlin has gained popularity since Google announced it as its official programming language, hinting at its potential to replace Java in Android development.', 'In October 2018, Kotlin released version 1.3, which included coroutines and asynchronous programming features, enhancing its capabilities.', 'Kotlin is widely used to develop Android applications and is considered concise, reducing the amount of boilerplate codes in the program.', 'Kotlin native technology in version 1.3 compiles Kotlin code to native binaries for platforms without virtual machines.', 'Kotlin provides safety in avoiding null pointer exceptions, reducing the risk of runtime errors.', 'Kotlin is interoperable with existing libraries for the JVM, Android, and the browser, ensuring 100% compatibility.', 'Kotlin simplifies the process of creating classes and objects, reducing tedious errors and making work more efficient.', 'The chapter introduces arrays in Kotlin, explaining their creation, initialization, printing, and usage of indexing operators, with a demonstration of array operations and ranges.', 'The for loop in Kotlin offers a concise way to handle the loop structure, streamlining the initialization, condition satisfaction, and incrementing/decrementing in a single line of code.', "The 'when' expression in Kotlin is detailed, including its usage as an expression or a statement, handling of multiple cases, and the mandatory else branch when used as an expression.", 'Functions in Kotlin are first-class citizens, allowing them to be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, or returned from other functions.', 'Kotlin functions can be declared at top level in a file, as local, member, and extension functions, eliminating the need to create a new class to hold a function.', 'Generic functions in Kotlin allow for generic parameters specified using angle brackets before the function name, providing compile time type safety and enabling a set of related methods or a single class declaration.', 'Data classes are simple containers of data used by other classes, representing real-world entities, and are common in software projects with dozens or hundreds of these classes.', 'A list is an ordered collection with access to elements by its indices, essential for managing and manipulating groups of objects in Kotlin.', 'Kotlin provides better functionalities to handle the null exceptions, including explicit checks for null values and use of Elvis operator to prevent null pointer exceptions.', "Kotlin's type system has inbuilt null safety, saving developers from writing extra code to work around the issue.", 'Java and Kotlin are essential for Android development, with Java ruling the enterprise world and Kotlin emerging as the most loved programming language among Android developers.']}