title
Brian Kernighan: UNIX, C, AWK, AMPL, and Go Programming | Lex Fridman Podcast #109

description
Brian Kernighan is a professor of computer science at Princeton University. He co-authored the C Programming Language with Dennis Ritchie (creator of C) and has written a lot of books on programming, computers, and life including the Practice of Programming, the Go Programming Language, his latest UNIX: A History and a Memoir. He co-created AWK, the text processing language used by Linux folks like myself. He co-designed AMPL, an algebraic modeling language for large-scale optimization. Support this podcast by supporting our sponsors: - Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/lex - Raycon: http://buyraycon.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: Brian's website: https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~bwk/ Unix: A History and a Memoir (book): https://amzn.to/3fFJ1yM Understanding the Digital World (book): https://amzn.to/30ktBJI PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 4:24 - UNIX early days 22:09 - Unix philosophy 31:54 - Is programming art or science? 35:18 - AWK 42:03 - Programming setup 46:39 - History of programming languages 52:48 - C programming language 58:44 - Go language 1:01:57 - Learning new programming languages 1:04:57 - Javascript 1:08:16 - Variety of programming languages 1:10:30 - AMPL 1:18:01 - Graph theory 1:22:20 - AI in 1964 1:27:50 - Future of AI 1:29:47 - Moore's law 1:32:54 - Computers in our world 1:40:37 - Life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Brian Kernighan: UNIX, C, AWK, AMPL, and Go Programming | Lex Fridman Podcast #109', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1983.029, 'start': 1916.149, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Brian kernighan's career, unix creation in 1969, evolution to open source, programming insights, awk scripting language, and grep for data analysis, evolution of text editors, c's significance in system programming, development of modern languages like go, exploration of programming languages, linear programming, ai's evolution, bias in machine learning, and future computing trends including moore's law, future of programming languages, and impact of computing on human interaction.", 'chapters': [{'end': 248.898, 'segs': [{'end': 196.839, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 146.604, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 151.311, 'text': "I don't happen to have one, but the aSleep app reminds me that I should probably get on that.", 'start': 146.604, 'duration': 4.707}, {'end': 157.639, 'text': "So ladies, if a temperature controlled mattress isn't a good reason to apply, I don't know what is.", 'start': 152.052, 'duration': 5.587}, {'end': 163.964, 'text': "The app's health metrics are amazing, but the cooling alone is honestly worth the money.", 'start': 158.902, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 171.067, 'text': "As some of you know, I don't always sleep, but when I do, I choose the Asleep Pod Pro mattress.", 'start': 164.444, 'duration': 6.623}, {'end': 175.028, 'text': 'Check it out at asleep.com slash flex to get $200 off.', 'start': 171.687, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 181.008, 'text': 'This show is also sponsored by Raycon earbuds.', 'start': 177.506, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 184.951, 'text': 'Get them at buyraycon.com slash lex.', 'start': 181.609, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 190.475, 'text': "They've quickly become my main method of listening to podcasts, audio books and music.", 'start': 186.012, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 196.839, 'text': "when I run, do the push-ups and pull-ups that I've begun to hate at this point, or just living life?", 'start': 190.475, 'duration': 6.364}], 'summary': 'Asleep pod pro mattress offers temperature control and health metrics, get $200 off at asleep.com/flex.', 'duration': 50.235, 'max_score': 146.604, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo146604.jpg'}], 'start': 0.069, 'title': "Brian kernighan's career", 'summary': 'Delves into the career of brian kernighan, a professor of computer science at princeton university, instrumental in early unix days, coauthor of c programming language, and significant contributions to text processing and algebraic modeling languages.', 'chapters': [{'end': 49.053, 'start': 0.069, 'title': 'Brian kernighan: computer science at princeton', 'summary': 'Delves into the career of brian kernighan, a professor of computer science at princeton university, who was instrumental in the early unix days, coauthored the c programming language with dennis ritchie, and made significant contributions to text processing and algebraic modeling languages.', 'duration': 48.984, 'highlights': ['Brian Kernighan coauthored the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, the creator of C, and has written numerous books on programming and computers, including The Practice of Programming and The Go Programming Language.', 'Kernighan was a key figure in the early Unix days, alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.', 'He co-created awk, the text processing language used by Linux users, and designed Ample, an algebraic modeling language for large-scale optimization.']}, {'end': 248.898, 'start': 49.654, 'title': 'Podcast ads: eight sleep & raycon earbuds', 'summary': 'Discusses the podcast ads for the eight sleep mattress offering $200 off and the raycon earbuds, highlighting their features and benefits.', 'duration': 199.244, 'highlights': ['The Eight Sleep mattress is featured with a $200 off offer and is promoted for its temperature controlling feature, which can cool down to as low as 55 degrees, along with sensors that track health metrics.', 'The Raycon earbuds are promoted for their comfort, great sound quality, and the endorsement from celebrities like Snoop Dogg, Melissa Etheridge, and Cardi B.', 'The podcast ads emphasize the benefits of the self-cooling Eight Sleep mattress and the Raycon earbuds, showcasing their impact on sleep quality and music listening experience.']}], 'duration': 248.829, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo69.jpg', 'highlights': ['Brian Kernighan coauthored the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, and has written numerous books on programming and computers.', 'Kernighan was a key figure in the early Unix days, alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.', 'He co-created awk, the text processing language used by Linux users, and designed Ample, an algebraic modeling language for large-scale optimization.']}, {'end': 1613.555, 'segs': [{'end': 318.901, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 294.317, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 300.944, 'text': 'So we can go back sort of an infinite regress in time, but the CTSS was a very, very, very nice time-sharing system.', 'start': 294.317, 'duration': 6.627}, {'end': 302.025, 'text': 'It was very nice to use.', 'start': 300.964, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 306.969, 'text': 'I actually used it as that summer I spent in Cambridge in 1966.', 'start': 302.105, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 308.07, 'text': 'What was the hardware there?', 'start': 306.969, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 309.572, 'text': "So what's the operating system?", 'start': 308.571, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 310.353, 'text': "What's the hardware there?", 'start': 309.592, 'duration': 0.761}, {'end': 311.694, 'text': "What's the CTSS look like?", 'start': 310.393, 'duration': 1.301}, {'end': 316.841, 'text': 'So CTSS looked kind of like a standard time-sharing system.', 'start': 312.199, 'duration': 4.642}, {'end': 318.901, 'text': 'Certainly at the time, it was the only time-sharing.', 'start': 317.061, 'duration': 1.84}], 'summary': 'Ctss was a pioneering time-sharing system used in 1966, providing a glimpse into the early history of computing.', 'duration': 24.584, 'max_score': 294.317, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo294317.jpg'}, {'end': 562.231, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 535.8, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 539.881, 'text': 'suppose that you and i are contending at high noon for something like that.', 'start': 535.8, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 547.083, 'text': 'then probably the simplest algorithm is around robin, one that gives you a bit of time, gives me a bit of time, and then we could adapt to that.', 'start': 539.881, 'duration': 7.202}, {'end': 548.743, 'text': 'like, what are you trying to do?', 'start': 547.083, 'duration': 1.66}, {'end': 551.984, 'text': 'are you text editing or are you compiling or something?', 'start': 548.743, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 555.085, 'text': 'and we might adjust the scheduler according to things like that.', 'start': 551.984, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 559.846, 'text': 'so okay, so multics was trying to just do some of the clean it up a little bit.', 'start': 555.085, 'duration': 4.761}, {'end': 560.85, 'text': 'Well, it was.', 'start': 560.31, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 562.231, 'text': 'it was meant to be much more than that.', 'start': 560.85, 'duration': 1.381}], 'summary': 'Discussion on scheduling algorithms, multitasking, and the purpose of multics.', 'duration': 26.431, 'max_score': 535.8, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo535800.jpg'}, {'end': 595.248, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 570.055, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 578.419, 'text': 'Something that, where you could actually think of it as just a plug in the wall service, sort of like cloud computing today, same idea,', 'start': 570.055, 'duration': 8.364}, {'end': 580.24, 'text': 'but 50 odd years earlier.', 'start': 578.419, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 586.763, 'text': 'And so, uh, what Multics offered was a richer operating system environment, uh,', 'start': 580.82, 'duration': 5.943}, {'end': 595.248, 'text': 'piece of hardware that was better designed for doing the kind of sharing of resources and presumably lots of other things.', 'start': 587.023, 'duration': 8.225}], 'summary': 'Multics offered a plug-in-the-wall service 50 years before cloud computing, with a richer operating system environment and better hardware for resource sharing.', 'duration': 25.193, 'max_score': 570.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo570055.jpg'}, {'end': 742.658, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 706.638, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 712.301, 'text': 'Yeah, so Bell Labs is physically scattered around at the time scattered around New Jersey.', 'start': 706.638, 'duration': 5.663}, {'end': 714.962, 'text': 'The primary location is in a town called Murray Hill,', 'start': 712.341, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 723.426, 'text': 'or a location called Murray Hill is actually across the boundary between two small towns in New Jersey called New Providence and Berkeley Heights.', 'start': 714.962, 'duration': 8.464}, {'end': 729.769, 'text': 'Think of it as about 15, 20 miles straight west of New York City, and therefore about an hour north of here in Princeton.', 'start': 723.466, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 742.658, 'text': 'And at that time it had make up a number of three or 4,000 people there, many of whom had PhDs and mostly doing physical sciences, chemistry, physics,', 'start': 731.79, 'duration': 10.868}], 'summary': 'Bell labs was located in murray hill, new jersey, with 3,000-4,000 people, mainly phds, focusing on physical sciences.', 'duration': 36.02, 'max_score': 706.638, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo706638.jpg'}, {'end': 859.13, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 833.367, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 837.873, 'text': 'And it was kind of just the beginning of real boom times in computing as well.', 'start': 833.367, 'duration': 4.506}, {'end': 841.156, 'text': 'Because when I was there, I went there first in 66.', 'start': 837.893, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 844.28, 'text': 'So computing was at that point fairly young.', 'start': 841.156, 'duration': 3.124}, {'end': 847.644, 'text': 'And so people were discovering that you could do lots of things with computers.', 'start': 844.8, 'duration': 2.844}, {'end': 850.305, 'text': 'So how was Unix born??', 'start': 848.724, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 859.13, 'text': "So Multics, in spite of having an enormous number of really good ideas and lots of good people working on it, fundamentally didn't live up,", 'start': 850.906, 'duration': 8.224}], 'summary': 'In the 1960s, computing was young, and unix emerged from the limitations of multics.', 'duration': 25.763, 'max_score': 833.367, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo833367.jpg'}, {'end': 1119.167, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1056.34, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1062.223, 'text': "And there's kind of a core set of tools that are technically not part of an operating system, but you probably need them.", 'start': 1056.34, 'duration': 5.883}, {'end': 1066.545, 'text': 'In this case, Ken wrote an assembler for the PDP-7 that worked.', 'start': 1062.463, 'duration': 4.082}, {'end': 1069.287, 'text': 'He did a text editor so that he could actually create text.', 'start': 1066.685, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 1078.812, 'text': 'He had the file system stuff that he had been working on and then the rest of it was just a way to load things executable code from the file system into the memory,', 'start': 1069.867, 'duration': 8.945}, {'end': 1083.895, 'text': 'give it control and then recover control when it was finished or in some other way.', 'start': 1078.812, 'duration': 5.083}, {'end': 1086.658, 'text': 'quit. what was the code written in the?', 'start': 1084.415, 'duration': 2.243}, {'end': 1088.16, 'text': 'primarily the programming language?', 'start': 1086.658, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 1089.382, 'text': 'was it an assembly?', 'start': 1088.16, 'duration': 1.222}, {'end': 1098.334, 'text': 'yeah, pdp7, assembler that ken created these things were assembly language until probably the call it 1973 or 74, something like that.', 'start': 1089.382, 'duration': 8.952}, {'end': 1108.36, 'text': "Forgive me if it's a dumb question, but it feels like a daunting task to write any kind of complex system in assembly.", 'start': 1101.476, 'duration': 6.884}, {'end': 1119.167, 'text': 'Absolutely It feels like impossible to do any kind of what we think of as software engineering with assembly, to work on a big picture, sort of.', 'start': 1108.861, 'duration': 10.306}], 'summary': 'Ken wrote an assembler for the pdp-7, a text editor, and file system stuff in assembly language until around 1973 or 74.', 'duration': 62.827, 'max_score': 1056.34, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1056340.jpg'}, {'end': 1183.884, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1157.823, 'weight': 12, 'content': [{'end': 1167.851, 'text': 'And Ken Thompson, who did that first one, is kind of the singularity in my experience of programmers, with no disrespect to you or even to me.', 'start': 1157.823, 'duration': 10.028}, {'end': 1170.653, 'text': "He's in several leagues removed.", 'start': 1168.452, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 1172.094, 'text': "I know there's levels.", 'start': 1171.094, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 1180.861, 'text': "It's a fascinating thing that there are unique stars in particular in the programming space and at a particular time.", 'start': 1173.816, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 1183.884, 'text': 'You know, the time matters too, the timing of when that person comes along.', 'start': 1180.901, 'duration': 2.983}], 'summary': 'Ken thompson is a standout programmer with unique talent and influence.', 'duration': 26.061, 'max_score': 1157.823, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1157823.jpg'}, {'end': 1233.88, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1210.685, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1218.397, 'text': 'Right, If you kind of zoom from the alien perspective, if you were just observing Earth,', 'start': 1210.685, 'duration': 7.712}, {'end': 1224.386, 'text': 'that all of a sudden these computers took over the world and they started from this little initial seed of Unix.', 'start': 1218.397, 'duration': 5.989}, {'end': 1225.648, 'text': 'how does that make you feel?', 'start': 1224.386, 'duration': 1.262}, {'end': 1227.492, 'text': "It's quite surprising.", 'start': 1226.651, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1230.195, 'text': 'And, and, and you asked earlier about prediction.', 'start': 1227.733, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 1233.88, 'text': "The answer is no, there's no way you could predict that kind of evolution.", 'start': 1230.235, 'duration': 3.645}], 'summary': 'Computers took over from a unix seed, surprising alien observers. unpredictable evolution.', 'duration': 23.195, 'max_score': 1210.685, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1210685.jpg'}, {'end': 1407.569, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1383.19, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1389.737, 'text': "And there's some observation from Dennis Ritchie, I think, at the end of the book that says that from his standpoint,", 'start': 1383.19, 'duration': 6.547}, {'end': 1396.645, 'text': 'the real goal was to create a community where people could work as programmers on a system.', 'start': 1389.737, 'duration': 6.908}, {'end': 1402.127, 'text': 'And I think in that sense, certainly for many, many years, it succeeded quite well at that.', 'start': 1397.125, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 1407.569, 'text': 'And part of that is the technical aspects of because it made it really easy to write programs.', 'start': 1402.707, 'duration': 4.862}], 'summary': 'Dennis ritchie aimed to create a community for programmers, which succeeded for many years due to its ease of programming.', 'duration': 24.379, 'max_score': 1383.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1383190.jpg'}, {'end': 1576.118, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1544.427, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 1546.387, 'text': 'it was mostly very physical.', 'start': 1544.427, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 1555.85, 'text': 'we did use email, of course, um and but it was fundamentally all for a long time, all on one machine, so there was no need for internet.', 'start': 1546.387, 'duration': 9.463}, {'end': 1560.272, 'text': "It's fascinating to think about what computing would be today without Bell Labs.", 'start': 1556.51, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 1570.336, 'text': 'It seems so many people being in the vicinity of each other, sort of getting that quick feedback, working together, so many brilliant people.', 'start': 1561.112, 'duration': 9.224}, {'end': 1576.118, 'text': "I don't know where else that could have existed in the world, given how that came together.", 'start': 1570.356, 'duration': 5.762}], 'summary': 'Bell labs fostered physical collaboration, no internet needed, with brilliant minds.', 'duration': 31.691, 'max_score': 1544.427, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1544427.jpg'}], 'start': 249.359, 'title': 'Evolution of unix and time-sharing systems', 'summary': 'Delves into the creation of unix at bell labs in 1969, following the multics project, and the development of time-sharing systems, including ctss, providing a glimpse into the early stages of computing and the evolution of operating systems.', 'chapters': [{'end': 555.085, 'start': 249.359, 'title': 'Evolution of unix and time-sharing systems', 'summary': 'Delves into the creation of unix at bell labs in 1969, following the multics project, and the development of time-sharing systems, including ctss, providing a glimpse into the early stages of computing and the evolution of operating systems.', 'duration': 305.726, 'highlights': ['Unix was created at Bell Labs in 1969, following the Multics project, providing insight into the early stages of computing and the development of operating systems. Unix creation, Bell Labs, Multics project, early computing, operating system development', 'CTSS, the compatible time-sharing system, was possibly the first of its kind, running on an IBM 7094 with twice as much memory as the norm, offering a glimpse into the early time-sharing systems and their hardware specifications. CTSS, time-sharing system, IBM 7094, memory specifications, early computing', 'Time-sharing systems aimed to provide each user a small slice of time on the computer, giving them the illusion of exclusive access, marking a significant shift from the traditional punch card model to a more interactive and efficient computing environment. Time-sharing systems, user time allocation, interactive computing, efficiency']}, {'end': 832.627, 'start': 555.085, 'title': 'Multics and bell labs journey', 'summary': "Delves into the story of multics and its vision of providing computing utility akin to today's cloud computing, along with the journey towards unix at bell labs, highlighting the unique environment and research focus at the labs.", 'duration': 277.542, 'highlights': ["Multics was envisioned as a multiplexed information and computing service, akin to a plug in the wall service, similar to today's cloud computing, offering a richer operating system environment and better hardware designed for sharing resources. 50 years earlier vision of cloud computing", 'Bell Labs, situated in New Jersey, housed a large number of highly skilled individuals, primarily focusing on physical sciences, with a growing interest in computing and a goal of continuous service improvement for AT&T. Large number of skilled individuals, focus on service improvement', 'Bell Labs aimed to improve service for AT&T, conducting research on various physical devices such as the transistor, fiber optical cables, and microwave systems. Research on physical devices for service improvement']}, {'end': 1157.243, 'start': 833.367, 'title': 'The birth of unix', 'summary': 'Explores the birth of unix at bell labs in the late 1960s, detailing the transition from multics to unix, the hardware used, the challenges of writing an operating system in assembly language, and the early development process.', 'duration': 323.876, 'highlights': ["Unix was born in the late 1960s at Bell Labs, after the project Multics failed to meet its goals, leading to the development of a new operating system. Unix's birth as a response to the failure of the Multics project, highlighting the need for a new operating system at Bell Labs.", "Ken Thompson wrote the first version of Unix for the PDP-7 in just three weeks, demonstrating high software productivity in those days. Ken Thompson's remarkable achievement of writing the first version of Unix in a short timeframe, showcasing high software productivity.", 'The challenges of writing an operating system in assembly language were discussed, emphasizing the difficulty and lack of debugging tools in that era. The daunting task of writing complex systems in assembly language, highlighting the lack of debugging tools and the difficulty of software engineering in that context.', 'The PDP-7, a mini computer by Digital Equipment Corporation, was used for the early development of Unix, showcasing the hardware limitations and capabilities at the time. Insight into the hardware used for early Unix development, highlighting the limitations and capabilities of the PDP-7 mini computer.']}, {'end': 1613.555, 'start': 1157.823, 'title': 'Unix: a programming singularity', 'summary': "Discusses the unique impact of ken thompson's creation of unix, the cooperative and innovative environment at bell labs, the fundamental philosophy behind unix, and the fun of programming and community feedback, highlighting the rapid development and impact of unix on the computing world.", 'duration': 455.732, 'highlights': ["Ken Thompson's creation of Unix and its impact on the computing world. Ken Thompson's creation of Unix, which now runs on most computers worldwide, stands as a unique and impactful milestone in the history of computing.", 'The cooperative and innovative environment at Bell Labs. The environment at Bell Labs was described as open, friendly, and cooperative, fostering an atmosphere where interesting problems were discussed and solved collaboratively.', 'The fundamental philosophy behind Unix as a programmer-friendly environment. Unix was designed to provide a productive environment for writing programs, fostering a community of programmers and enabling the development of useful and innovative programs.', 'The fun of programming and community feedback in the early days of Unix. The early days of programming on Unix were described as fun and rewarding, with a rapid feedback loop that facilitated quick development and the creation of enduring code.']}], 'duration': 1364.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo249359.jpg', 'highlights': ['Unix creation, Bell Labs, Multics project, early computing, operating system development', 'CTSS, time-sharing system, IBM 7094, memory specifications, early computing', 'Time-sharing systems, user time allocation, interactive computing, efficiency', 'Multics, multiplexed information service, cloud computing vision, richer operating system environment', 'Large number of skilled individuals, focus on service improvement', 'Research on physical devices for service improvement', "Unix's birth as a response to the failure of the Multics project, highlighting the need for a new operating system at Bell Labs", "Ken Thompson's remarkable achievement of writing the first version of Unix in a short timeframe, showcasing high software productivity", 'The daunting task of writing complex systems in assembly language, highlighting the lack of debugging tools and the difficulty of software engineering in that context', 'Insight into the hardware used for early Unix development, highlighting the limitations and capabilities of the PDP-7 mini computer', "Ken Thompson's creation of Unix and its impact on the computing world", 'The environment at Bell Labs was described as open, friendly, and cooperative, fostering an atmosphere where interesting problems were discussed and solved collaboratively', 'Unix was designed to provide a productive environment for writing programs, fostering a community of programmers and enabling the development of useful and innovative programs', 'The early days of programming on Unix were described as fun and rewarding, with a rapid feedback loop that facilitated quick development and the creation of enduring code']}, {'end': 2553.967, 'segs': [{'end': 1983.029, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1916.149, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1921.07, 'text': "True You're the world's most modest human being.", 'start': 1916.149, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 1922.651, 'text': "Okay, but you'll continue saying that.", 'start': 1921.15, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1924.332, 'text': 'I understand how this works.', 'start': 1923.311, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 1927.293, 'text': 'But you do radiate a sort of love for programming.', 'start': 1924.472, 'duration': 2.821}, {'end': 1933.055, 'text': 'So let me ask do you think programming is more an art or a science??', 'start': 1927.773, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 1935.876, 'text': 'Is it creativity or kind of rigor??', 'start': 1933.255, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 1939.698, 'text': "i think it's some of each, and it's some combination.", 'start': 1936.636, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 1943.741, 'text': 'um, some of the art is figuring out what it is that you really want to do.', 'start': 1939.698, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 1945.222, 'text': 'what should that program be?', 'start': 1943.741, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1953.607, 'text': "what? what would make a good program, and that's some understanding of what the task is, what the people who might use this program want,", 'start': 1945.222, 'duration': 8.385}, {'end': 1957.79, 'text': "and i think that's that's art in many respects.", 'start': 1953.607, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 1960.552, 'text': 'the science part is trying to figure out how to do it well,', 'start': 1957.79, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 1968.218, 'text': 'and some of that is of real computer science-y stuff like what algorithm should we use at some point,', 'start': 1960.552, 'duration': 7.666}, {'end': 1976.344, 'text': 'mostly in the sense of being careful to use algorithms that will actually work properly, scale properly,', 'start': 1968.218, 'duration': 8.126}, {'end': 1983.029, 'text': 'avoiding quadratic algorithms when a linear algorithm should be the right thing, that kind of more formal view of it.', 'start': 1976.344, 'duration': 6.685}], 'summary': 'Programming is a blend of art and science, balancing creativity and rigor, with considerations for user needs and efficient algorithms.', 'duration': 66.88, 'max_score': 1916.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1916149.jpg'}, {'end': 1953.607, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1927.773, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1933.055, 'text': 'So let me ask do you think programming is more an art or a science??', 'start': 1927.773, 'duration': 5.282}, {'end': 1935.876, 'text': 'Is it creativity or kind of rigor??', 'start': 1933.255, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 1939.698, 'text': "i think it's some of each, and it's some combination.", 'start': 1936.636, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 1943.741, 'text': 'um, some of the art is figuring out what it is that you really want to do.', 'start': 1939.698, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 1945.222, 'text': 'what should that program be?', 'start': 1943.741, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1953.607, 'text': "what? what would make a good program, and that's some understanding of what the task is, what the people who might use this program want,", 'start': 1945.222, 'duration': 8.385}], 'summary': 'Programming is a mix of art and science, involving creativity and understanding user needs.', 'duration': 25.834, 'max_score': 1927.773, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1927773.jpg'}, {'end': 2016.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1990.393, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1994.455, 'text': "And engineering is not quite the same as science because engineering, you're working with constraints.", 'start': 1990.393, 'duration': 4.062}, {'end': 2002.899, 'text': "You have to figure out not only what is a good algorithm for this kind of thing, but what's the most appropriate algorithm,", 'start': 1995.315, 'duration': 7.584}, {'end': 2010.902, 'text': "given the amount of time we have to compute, the amount of time we have to program, what's likely to happen in the future with maintenance,", 'start': 2002.899, 'duration': 8.003}, {'end': 2013.143, 'text': "who's going to pick this up in the future?", 'start': 2010.902, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 2016.744, 'text': "all of those kind of things that, if you're an engineer, you get to worry about.", 'start': 2013.143, 'duration': 3.601}], 'summary': 'Engineering involves considering constraints and making appropriate algorithm choices based on time, programming, and future maintenance.', 'duration': 26.351, 'max_score': 1990.393, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1990393.jpg'}, {'end': 2221.039, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2198.464, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2206.689, 'text': "but i think in terms of programming languages, you get the most bang for the buck by learning awk, and it doesn't scale the big programs,", 'start': 2198.464, 'duration': 8.225}, {'end': 2213.694, 'text': 'but it does pretty, pretty darn well on these little things where you just want to see all the somethings in something.', 'start': 2206.689, 'duration': 7.005}, {'end': 2217.597, 'text': 'and so yeah, i find i probably write more hawk than anything else at this point.', 'start': 2213.694, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 2221.039, 'text': 'So what kind of stuff do you love about AUC?', 'start': 2218.777, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': 'Learning awk provides high efficiency for small tasks and is the most frequently used language by the speaker.', 'duration': 22.575, 'max_score': 2198.464, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2198464.jpg'}, {'end': 2365.342, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2334.792, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2338.934, 'text': 'i would say in in some, in some sense yeah, right, because what is grep?', 'start': 2334.792, 'duration': 4.142}, {'end': 2339.934, 'text': 'so grep is?', 'start': 2338.934, 'duration': 1}, {'end': 2346.236, 'text': 'it basically searches the input for particular patterns, regular expressions, technically of a certain class,', 'start': 2339.934, 'duration': 6.302}, {'end': 2348.677, 'text': 'and it has that same paradigm that awk does.', 'start': 2346.236, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 2350.097, 'text': "it's a pattern action thing.", 'start': 2348.677, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 2357.08, 'text': "it reads through all the files and then all the lines in each file, but it has a single pattern, which is the regular expression you're looking for,", 'start': 2350.097, 'duration': 6.983}, {'end': 2359.8, 'text': 'and a single action printed if it matches.', 'start': 2357.08, 'duration': 2.72}, {'end': 2365.342, 'text': "So it's in that sense, it's a much simpler version and you could write Grappian awk as a one liner.", 'start': 2360.28, 'duration': 5.062}], 'summary': 'Grep searches input for patterns, simpler than awk, can be written as a one-liner.', 'duration': 30.55, 'max_score': 2334.792, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2334792.jpg'}, {'end': 2393.973, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2365.362, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2374.584, 'text': "Um, and I use Grapp probably more than anything else at this point, uh, just because it it's so convenient and natural.", 'start': 2365.362, 'duration': 9.222}, {'end': 2378.685, 'text': "Why do you think it's such a powerful tool grep and awk?", 'start': 2375.103, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 2384.048, 'text': "why do you think operating systems like Windows, for example, don't have it?", 'start': 2378.685, 'duration': 5.363}, {'end': 2388.01, 'text': 'Sort of you can, of course I use, which is amazing.', 'start': 2384.888, 'duration': 3.122}, {'end': 2393.973, 'text': "now there's Windows for Linux, which you could basically use.", 'start': 2388.01, 'duration': 5.963}], 'summary': 'Grep is a powerful and convenient tool, used more than anything else, while windows lacks it but now has windows for linux.', 'duration': 28.611, 'max_score': 2365.362, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2365362.jpg'}, {'end': 2506.06, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2466.331, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 2468.872, 'text': "Now you mentioned Whistle or whatever it's called, the Linux.", 'start': 2466.331, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 2471.153, 'text': "Whistle, I wonder what it's pronounced.", 'start': 2469.292, 'duration': 1.861}, {'end': 2473.194, 'text': "W-S-L is what, I've never actually pronounced it.", 'start': 2471.193, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 2473.895, 'text': 'Whistle, I like it.', 'start': 2473.214, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 2474.595, 'text': 'I have no idea.', 'start': 2473.975, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 2477.658, 'text': 'But there have been things like that for a long time.', 'start': 2475.956, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 2485.328, 'text': 'Sigwin, for example, which is a wonderful collection of take all your favorite tools from Unix and Linux and just make them work perfectly on Windows.', 'start': 2477.698, 'duration': 7.63}, {'end': 2489.813, 'text': "And so that's something that's been going on for at least 20 years, if not longer.", 'start': 2485.428, 'duration': 4.385}, {'end': 2492.857, 'text': 'And I use that on my one remaining Windows machine.', 'start': 2490.114, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 2502.734, 'text': "routinely, because if you're doing something that is batch computing suitable for command line, that's the right way to do it,", 'start': 2494.68, 'duration': 8.054}, {'end': 2506.06, 'text': 'because the Windows equivalents are, if nothing else, not familiar to me.', 'start': 2502.734, 'duration': 3.326}], 'summary': 'Various tools like wsl and sigwin have been making unix and linux work on windows for at least 20 years, providing familiarity and efficiency for batch computing.', 'duration': 39.729, 'max_score': 2466.331, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2466331.jpg'}, {'end': 2566.242, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2535.945, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2545.236, 'text': "by default, I have a, at this point, a 13 inch MacBook Air, which I use because it's kind of a reasonable balance of the various things I need.", 'start': 2535.945, 'duration': 9.291}, {'end': 2546.537, 'text': 'I can carry it around.', 'start': 2545.276, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 2549.861, 'text': "It's got enough computing horsepower, screen's big enough, keyboard's okay.", 'start': 2546.598, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 2553.967, 'text': 'And so I basically do most of my computing on that.', 'start': 2551.163, 'duration': 2.804}, {'end': 2566.242, 'text': 'I have a big iMac in my office that I use from time to time as well, especially when I need a big screen, but otherwise tends not to be used as much.', 'start': 2554.728, 'duration': 11.514}], 'summary': 'Uses 13-inch macbook air for most computing needs and a big imac in the office for a larger screen.', 'duration': 30.297, 'max_score': 2535.945, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2535945.jpg'}], 'start': 1613.555, 'title': 'Evolution of unix, programming insights, program writing, data exploration, power of awk and grep', 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of unix to open source, its influence on linux, characteristics of a good operating system, programming insights, informal program writing, data exploration using awk scripting language, efficiency of awk and grep in data analysis, and the unique focus on command-line computing in the linux environment, resulting in concise programming and significantly shorter code.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2023.847, 'start': 1613.555, 'title': 'Evolution of unix and programming insights', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of unix from a licensed proprietary system to open source, its influence on the development of linux, and the characteristics of a good operating system. it also delves into the art, science, and engineering aspects of programming.', 'duration': 410.292, 'highlights': ['The evolution of Unix from a licensed proprietary system to open source, its influence on the development of Linux, and the characteristics of a good operating system Unix transitioned from a licensed proprietary system to open source, influencing the development of Linux. The discussion also explores the key features of a good operating system.', 'The influence of universities in the development and dissemination of Unix Universities played a significant role in the development and dissemination of Unix, as it was licensed freely to universities in source code form, leading to the growth of expertise and the spread of Unix-like systems.', 'The combination of art, science, and engineering in programming Programming is described as a combination of art, science, and engineering, involving aspects such as understanding the task at hand, choosing appropriate algorithms and data structures, and considering practical constraints for future maintenance and usage.']}, {'end': 2198.464, 'start': 2025.447, 'title': 'Program writing and data exploration', 'summary': 'Discusses the informal incremental process of writing small programs for data exploration, utilizing tools like awk scripting language for quick and dirty tasks, and the simplicity and elegance of exploring data through seemingly trivial scripts.', 'duration': 173.017, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the informal incremental process of writing small programs for data exploration, with a focus on using existing tools like awk scripting language for quick and dirty tasks.', 'The awk scripting language, created in the late 70s, is highlighted as a simple and elegant tool for exploring data through seemingly trivial scripts, revealing fundamental insights about the data.', 'The speaker emphasizes the use of small programs, often not exceeding a few hundred lines, for experiments and exploratory data analysis, showcasing the practical approach to coding and data exploration.']}, {'end': 2553.967, 'start': 2198.464, 'title': 'The power of awk and grep in programming', 'summary': "Discusses the efficiency of awk and grep in performing data analysis and manipulation, highlighting how awk's default behaviors and grep's simplicity enable concise programming, resulting in significantly shorter code compared to other languages, and the unique focus on command-line computing in the linux environment.", 'duration': 355.503, 'highlights': ["Awk's default behaviors and data manipulation capabilities enable significantly shorter code compared to other languages, allowing concise programming and efficient data analysis. Awk's automatic handling of file reading, line processing, pattern matching, and corresponding actions results in concise programming, reducing code length from potentially 5-20 lines in languages like Python to 1-2 lines in awk.", "Grep's simplicity and pattern-action paradigm make it a powerful tool for searching through files, with its focus on regular expressions and printing matched patterns, leading to its frequent use and convenience in data analysis. Grep's ability to search input for specific patterns using regular expressions, following a pattern-action paradigm similar to awk, results in its frequent use and convenience in performing data analysis tasks.", 'The unique focus on command-line computing in the Linux environment, compared to the graphical interface of Windows, contributes to the prevalence and preference for tools like awk and grep in the Linux ecosystem. The historical development and emphasis on command-line computing in the Linux environment, as opposed to the graphical interface focus of Windows, have led to the prevalence and preference for command-line tools like awk and grep in Linux.']}], 'duration': 940.412, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo1613555.jpg', 'highlights': ['Unix transitioned from a licensed proprietary system to open source, influencing the development of Linux and exploring the key features of a good operating system.', 'Universities played a significant role in the development and dissemination of Unix, as it was licensed freely to universities in source code form, leading to the growth of expertise and the spread of Unix-like systems.', 'Programming is described as a combination of art, science, and engineering, involving aspects such as understanding the task at hand, choosing appropriate algorithms and data structures, and considering practical constraints for future maintenance and usage.', 'The chapter discusses the informal incremental process of writing small programs for data exploration, with a focus on using existing tools like awk scripting language for quick and dirty tasks.', 'The awk scripting language, created in the late 70s, is highlighted as a simple and elegant tool for exploring data through seemingly trivial scripts, revealing fundamental insights about the data.', 'The speaker emphasizes the use of small programs, often not exceeding a few hundred lines, for experiments and exploratory data analysis, showcasing the practical approach to coding and data exploration.', "Awk's default behaviors and data manipulation capabilities enable significantly shorter code compared to other languages, allowing concise programming and efficient data analysis.", "Grep's simplicity and pattern-action paradigm make it a powerful tool for searching through files, with its focus on regular expressions and printing matched patterns, leading to its frequent use and convenience in data analysis.", 'The unique focus on command-line computing in the Linux environment, compared to the graphical interface of Windows, contributes to the prevalence and preference for tools like awk and grep in the Linux ecosystem.']}, {'end': 3715.436, 'segs': [{'end': 2901.713, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2874.226, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2880.167, 'text': 'He did this thing in Manchester called AutoCode, a language which I knew only by name.', 'start': 2874.226, 'duration': 5.941}, {'end': 2886.109, 'text': 'But it sounds like it was a flavor of assembly language, sort of a little higher in some ways.', 'start': 2881.068, 'duration': 5.041}, {'end': 2890.61, 'text': 'And it replaced a language that Alan Turing wrote, which you put in zeros and ones.', 'start': 2886.769, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 2893.871, 'text': 'But you put them in backwards order because that was a hardware word.', 'start': 2891.23, 'duration': 2.641}, {'end': 2894.831, 'text': 'Very strange.', 'start': 2894.451, 'duration': 0.38}, {'end': 2895.391, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 2894.851, 'duration': 0.54}, {'end': 2895.951, 'text': 'Yeah, yeah.', 'start': 2895.491, 'duration': 0.46}, {'end': 2896.292, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 2895.991, 'duration': 0.301}, {'end': 2896.952, 'text': "It's backwards.", 'start': 2896.312, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 2901.713, 'text': "So assembly languages, Len, let's call that the early 1950s.", 'start': 2897.992, 'duration': 3.721}], 'summary': "Autocode, a flavor of assembly language, replaced alan turing's language in the early 1950s.", 'duration': 27.487, 'max_score': 2874.226, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2874226.jpg'}, {'end': 2943.366, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2915.757, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2922.705, 'text': 'And assembly languages have a few commands, additions, subtraction, then branching of some kind, if-then type of situation.', 'start': 2915.757, 'duration': 6.948}, {'end': 2932.416, 'text': "Right They have exactly, in their simplest form at least, one assembly language instruction per instruction in the machine's repertoire.", 'start': 2922.945, 'duration': 9.471}, {'end': 2936.401, 'text': 'And so you have to know the machine intimately to be able to write programs in it.', 'start': 2932.897, 'duration': 3.504}, {'end': 2943.366, 'text': "And if you write an assembly language program for one kind of machine and then you say, geez, it's nice, I'd like a different machine, start over.", 'start': 2936.881, 'duration': 6.485}], 'summary': 'Assembly languages have minimal commands, require machine familiarity, and lack portability.', 'duration': 27.609, 'max_score': 2915.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2915757.jpg'}, {'end': 3105.052, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3079.369, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3084.974, 'text': 'things like text editors or assemblers, or compilers, or operating systems themselves.', 'start': 3079.369, 'duration': 5.605}, {'end': 3085.835, 'text': 'those kinds of things.', 'start': 3084.974, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 3089.117, 'text': "Let's be feature rich.", 'start': 3086.856, 'duration': 2.261}, {'end': 3094.462, 'text': 'They have to be able to do a lot of stuff, a lot of memory management, access processes and all that kind of stuff.', 'start': 3089.157, 'duration': 5.305}, {'end': 3097.184, 'text': "It's a different flavor of what they're doing.", 'start': 3095.683, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 3102.329, 'text': "They're much more in touch with the actual machine, but in a positive way.", 'start': 3097.204, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 3105.052, 'text': 'That is, you can talk about memory in a more controlled way.', 'start': 3102.369, 'duration': 2.683}], 'summary': 'Developers need feature-rich tools for memory management and access processes to interact with the machine in a controlled way.', 'duration': 25.683, 'max_score': 3079.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3079369.jpg'}, {'end': 3273.631, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3246.084, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3251.991, 'text': 'What did it take to write, sort of a definitive book, probably definitive book on all of program,', 'start': 3246.084, 'duration': 5.907}, {'end': 3258.999, 'text': "like it's more definitive to a particular language than any other book on any other language, and did two really powerful things.", 'start': 3251.991, 'duration': 7.008}, {'end': 3261.822, 'text': 'which is popularized the language.', 'start': 3258.999, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 3264.845, 'text': 'At least from my perspective, maybe you can correct me.', 'start': 3262.863, 'duration': 1.982}, {'end': 3273.631, 'text': 'And second is create a standard of how this language is supposed to be used and applied.', 'start': 3264.945, 'duration': 8.686}], 'summary': 'A book popularized and standardized a programming language.', 'duration': 27.547, 'max_score': 3246.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3246084.jpg'}, {'end': 3474.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3449.032, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3464.977, 'text': 'And so that kind of find things that are representative of what people want to do and spell those out so that they can then take those and see the the core parts and modify them to their taste.', 'start': 3449.032, 'duration': 15.945}, {'end': 3473.52, 'text': "And I think that a lot of programming books that I don't look at programming books a tremendous amount these days, but when I do a lot of them,", 'start': 3465.897, 'duration': 7.623}, {'end': 3474.34, 'text': "don't do that.", 'start': 3473.52, 'duration': 0.82}], 'summary': 'Programming books should provide examples of what people want to do and allow for modification.', 'duration': 25.308, 'max_score': 3449.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3449032.jpg'}, {'end': 3545.846, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3495.629, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 3500.693, 'text': 'And especially if you follow that example, there is something magical of doing something that feels useful.', 'start': 3495.629, 'duration': 5.064}, {'end': 3501.574, 'text': 'Yeah, right.', 'start': 3501.013, 'duration': 0.561}, {'end': 3506.397, 'text': "And I think it's the attempt and it's absolutely not perfect,", 'start': 3501.654, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 3517.346, 'text': 'but the attempt in all cases was to get something that was going to be either directly useful or would be very representative of useful things that a programmer might want to do.', 'start': 3506.397, 'duration': 10.949}, {'end': 3526.993, 'text': "But within that vein of fundamentally text processing, reading text, doing something, writing text, So you've also written a book on Go language.", 'start': 3517.986, 'duration': 9.007}, {'end': 3532.717, 'text': "I have to admit, so I worked at Google for a while and I've never used Go.", 'start': 3528.334, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 3534.438, 'text': 'Well, you missed something.', 'start': 3533.657, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 3536.199, 'text': 'Well, I know I missed something for sure.', 'start': 3534.658, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 3545.846, 'text': 'So Go and Rust are two languages that I hear spoken very highly of and I wish I would like to..', 'start': 3536.82, 'duration': 9.026}], 'summary': 'Aiming for useful and practical programming examples, including text processing. also discusses go language and its significance.', 'duration': 50.217, 'max_score': 3495.629, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3495629.jpg'}, {'end': 3651.109, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3621.906, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 3629.034, 'text': "And then I think the part that I would say is particularly useful, and again, I'm not a Go expert.", 'start': 3621.906, 'duration': 7.128}, {'end': 3636.623, 'text': 'In spite of co-authoring the book, about 90% of the work was done by Alan Donovan, my co-author, who is a Go expert.', 'start': 3629.675, 'duration': 6.948}, {'end': 3642.402, 'text': 'But Go provides a very nice model of concurrency.', 'start': 3639.059, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 3651.109, 'text': "It's basically the cooperating, communicating sequential processes that Tony Hoare set forth, geez, I don't know, 40 plus years ago.", 'start': 3642.462, 'duration': 8.647}], 'summary': "Go provides a very nice model of concurrency, based on tony hoare's concept of cooperating, communicating sequential processes.", 'duration': 29.203, 'max_score': 3621.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3621906.jpg'}], 'start': 2554.728, 'title': 'Evolution of text editors, programming languages', 'summary': 'Covers the evolution of text editors from unix to modern editors like vi and sam, and the history and evolution of programming languages from assembly languages to higher-level languages like fortran, cobol, and algol. it also emphasizes the significance of c in system programming and its impact on subsequent languages like c++ and the emergence of modern languages like go.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2782.731, 'start': 2554.728, 'title': 'Evolution of text editors', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of text editors, from the original unix editor to modern-day editors like vi and sam, highlighting the transition from command-based line editors to cursor-based editors, and the influence of rob pike and ken thompson.', 'duration': 228.003, 'highlights': ['The transition from command-based line editors to cursor-based editors, including the influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson. The evolution of text editors is traced from the original Unix editor, ED, to modern editors like VI and SAM, showcasing the shift from command-based line editors to cursor-based editors, and the influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson.', 'The influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson in text editor development. The chapter highlights the significant impact of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson in the development of text editors, with examples such as SAM, VI, and ED.', 'The origins of text editors, including the original Unix editor, ED, and its evolution into VI and SAM. The discussion delves into the origins of text editors, starting with the original Unix editor, ED, and its transformation into modern editors like VI and SAM, offering insights into their functionalities and historical significance.']}, {'end': 3054.328, 'start': 2785.132, 'title': 'History of programming languages', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of programming languages from the late 1940s, including the transition from assembly languages to higher-level languages like fortran, cobol, and algol, democratizing the ability to write code and making it more broadly available.', 'duration': 269.196, 'highlights': ['The transition from assembly languages to higher-level languages like Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL democratized and made much more broadly available the ability to write code. The higher-level languages like Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL allowed programs to be written once and compiled for different kinds of hardware, democratizing the ability to write code.', 'The first programming languages were relatively crude assembly languages, where people would write programs to convert mnemonics into corresponding bit patterns. The first programming languages were relatively crude assembly languages, where people would write programs to convert mnemonics into corresponding bit patterns, and they had to do the clerical work of figuring out where things were.', "Assembly languages had one instruction per machine's repertoire and required intimate knowledge of the machine, making it necessary to start over when switching machines. Assembly languages had one instruction per machine's repertoire and required intimate knowledge of the machine, making it necessary to start over when switching machines, which was a significant drawback."]}, {'end': 3715.436, 'start': 3054.708, 'title': 'Evolution of programming languages', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of programming languages, emphasizing the significance of c in system programming and its impact on subsequent languages like c++ and the emergence of modern languages like go, highlighting c's expressiveness, efficiency, and its association with unix, as well as the influential role of the c programming language book in popularizing and standardizing the language.", 'duration': 660.728, 'highlights': ["C's significance in system programming and impact on subsequent languages like C++ Discusses the unique role of C in system programming and its influence on the development of subsequent object-oriented programming languages like C++.", "Influence of C's expressiveness, efficiency, and association with Unix Emphasizes the significance of C's expressiveness, efficiency, and its association with Unix, contributing to its long-lasting impact on programming languages.", 'Role of the C Programming Language book in popularizing and standardizing C Explores the influential role of the C Programming Language book in popularizing and standardizing the use and application of the C language, attributing its impact to timing, skill, and luck.', "Introduction and influence of modern languages like Go Discusses the introduction and influence of modern languages like Go, highlighting its connection to the Bell Labs tradition, integration of C's good parts, and its model of concurrency.", "Go's model of concurrency Highlights Go's model of concurrency as a distinctive feature, providing a natural way to approach parallel computation, characterized by the ease of writing and efficiency."]}], 'duration': 1160.708, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo2554728.jpg', 'highlights': ['The transition from command-based line editors to cursor-based editors, including the influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson.', 'The origins of text editors, including the original Unix editor, ED, and its evolution into VI and SAM.', 'The influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson in text editor development.', 'The transition from assembly languages to higher-level languages like Fortran, COBOL, and ALGOL democratized and made much more broadly available the ability to write code.', 'The first programming languages were relatively crude assembly languages, where people would write programs to convert mnemonics into corresponding bit patterns.', "C's significance in system programming and impact on subsequent languages like C++", "Influence of C's expressiveness, efficiency, and association with Unix", 'Role of the C Programming Language book in popularizing and standardizing C', 'Introduction and influence of modern languages like Go', "Go's model of concurrency"]}, {'end': 4865.538, 'segs': [{'end': 3885.575, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3861.509, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 3867.855, 'text': "Now this was several years ago and I'm sure things have stabilized, but at the time, everything in the rust world seemed to be changing rapidly.", 'start': 3861.509, 'duration': 6.346}, {'end': 3873.44, 'text': "And so you would find what looked like a working example and it wouldn't work with the version of the language that I had.", 'start': 3867.955, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 3876.406, 'text': 'It took longer than it should have.', 'start': 3874.944, 'duration': 1.462}, {'end': 3881.13, 'text': "Rust is a language I would like to get back to, but probably won't.", 'start': 3877.607, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 3883.813, 'text': 'I think one of the issues, you have to have something you want to do.', 'start': 3881.231, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 3885.575, 'text': "If you don't have something,", 'start': 3884.154, 'duration': 1.421}], 'summary': 'Several years ago, the rapid changes in the rust world made it difficult to find working examples, causing delays. the speaker now has no immediate plans to return to rust due to lack of a specific project.', 'duration': 24.066, 'max_score': 3861.509, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3861509.jpg'}, {'end': 4105.481, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4071.192, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4074.953, 'text': "There's absolutely no way you could figure out which of these thousand different packages.", 'start': 4071.192, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 4080.314, 'text': "And I think it's worse in the NPM environment for JavaScript.", 'start': 4075.333, 'duration': 4.981}, {'end': 4082.414, 'text': "I think there's less discipline, less control there.", 'start': 4080.454, 'duration': 1.96}, {'end': 4089.055, 'text': "And there's aspects of not just not understanding how it works, but there's security issues, there's robustness issues.", 'start': 4083.054, 'duration': 6.001}, {'end': 4093.156, 'text': "So you don't want to run a nuclear power plant using JavaScript, essentially.", 'start': 4089.075, 'duration': 4.081}, {'end': 4094.837, 'text': 'Probably not.', 'start': 4094.096, 'duration': 0.741}, {'end': 4105.481, 'text': 'So, speaking to the variety of languages, do you think that variety is good or do you hope think that over time we should converge towards one, two,', 'start': 4096.136, 'duration': 9.345}], 'summary': "Npm's variety poses risks, lacking control and security. convergence may be beneficial.", 'duration': 34.289, 'max_score': 4071.192, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4071192.jpg'}, {'end': 4189.991, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4163.314, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4172.96, 'text': "but I think new languages are good idea in many respects, because they're often a chance to explore an idea of how a language might help.", 'start': 4163.314, 'duration': 9.646}, {'end': 4176.442, 'text': "I think that's one of the um positive things about functional languages.", 'start': 4172.96, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 4176.943, 'text': 'For example.', 'start': 4176.462, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 4189.991, 'text': "they're a particularly good place where people have explored ideas that at the time didn't seem feasible but ultimately have wound up as part of mainstream languages as well.", 'start': 4176.943, 'duration': 13.048}], 'summary': 'New languages offer a chance to explore ideas and have influenced mainstream languages.', 'duration': 26.677, 'max_score': 4163.314, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4163314.jpg'}, {'end': 4309.602, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4283.155, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4292.037, 'text': "And you're trying to find a set of values for some decision variables that will maximize or minimize some objective function.", 'start': 4283.155, 'duration': 8.882}, {'end': 4301.579, 'text': "So it's a way of solving a particular kind of optimization problem, a very formal sort of optimization problem, but one that's exceptionally useful.", 'start': 4292.297, 'duration': 9.282}, {'end': 4309.602, 'text': "And it specifies, so there's objective function constraints and variables that become separate from the data it operates on.", 'start': 4302.199, 'duration': 7.403}], 'summary': 'Optimization involves finding values to maximize/minimize an objective function, a formal and useful process.', 'duration': 26.447, 'max_score': 4283.155, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4283155.jpg'}, {'end': 4413.521, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4385.123, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 4387.305, 'text': 'Yeah Linear programming is the simplest example of this.', 'start': 4385.123, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 4394.952, 'text': "So linear programming as it's taught in school is that you have a big matrix, which is always called A, and you say AX is less than or equal to B.", 'start': 4387.645, 'duration': 7.307}, {'end': 4404.438, 'text': 'So B is a set of constraints, X is the decision variables, and A is how the decision variables are combined to set up the various constraints.', 'start': 4394.952, 'duration': 9.486}, {'end': 4407.519, 'text': 'So A is a matrix and X and B are vectors.', 'start': 4404.478, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 4413.521, 'text': "And then there's an objective function, which is just a sum of a bunch of Xs and some coefficients on them.", 'start': 4408.539, 'duration': 4.982}], 'summary': 'Linear programming uses matrices and vectors to set constraints and optimize an objective function.', 'duration': 28.398, 'max_score': 4385.123, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4385123.jpg'}, {'end': 4474.816, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4450.476, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4456.439, 'text': 'And Bob for a long time had been interested in modeling languages, languages that made it possible to do this.', 'start': 4450.476, 'duration': 5.963}, {'end': 4462.763, 'text': 'There was a modeling language around called GAMS, the general algebraic modeling system, but it looked very much like Fortran.', 'start': 4456.5, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 4463.724, 'text': 'It was kind of clunky.', 'start': 4462.783, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 4469.57, 'text': 'And so Bob spent a sabbatical year at Bell Labs in 1984.', 'start': 4464.765, 'duration': 4.805}, {'end': 4474.816, 'text': "And he was in the office across from me, and it's always geography.", 'start': 4469.57, 'duration': 5.246}], 'summary': 'Bob improved modeling languages, like gams, during sabbatical at bell labs in 1984.', 'duration': 24.34, 'max_score': 4450.476, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4450476.jpg'}, {'end': 4574.81, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4547.887, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4554.352, 'text': 'So one model would then work with all kinds of different data in the same way that lots of programs do the same thing, but with different data.', 'start': 4547.887, 'duration': 6.465}, {'end': 4561.539, 'text': "So one of the really nice things is the specification of the models, human, just kind of like, as you say, it's human readable.", 'start': 4554.412, 'duration': 7.127}, {'end': 4565.502, 'text': 'Like I literally I remember on stuff I worked.', 'start': 4561.979, 'duration': 3.523}, {'end': 4574.81, 'text': "I would send it to colleagues that I'm pretty sure never programmed in their life, just to understand what the optimization problem is.", 'start': 4565.502, 'duration': 9.308}], 'summary': 'A model that works with various data, made human-readable, aids understanding and collaboration.', 'duration': 26.923, 'max_score': 4547.887, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4547887.jpg'}, {'end': 4674.638, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4648.129, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4652.251, 'text': 'Are you kidding? I remember liking the typography.', 'start': 4648.129, 'duration': 4.122}, {'end': 4652.851, 'text': "So I don't know.", 'start': 4652.271, 'duration': 0.58}, {'end': 4653.891, 'text': 'We did it with DRoff.', 'start': 4652.951, 'duration': 0.94}, {'end': 4655.372, 'text': "I don't even know what that is.", 'start': 4654.511, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 4656.152, 'text': 'Yeah, exactly.', 'start': 4655.412, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 4657.792, 'text': "You're too young.", 'start': 4656.272, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 4664.174, 'text': 'Think of DRoff as a predecessor to the tech family of things.', 'start': 4658.493, 'duration': 5.681}, {'end': 4668.716, 'text': "It's a formatter that was done at Bell Labs in this same period of the very early 70s.", 'start': 4664.295, 'duration': 4.421}, {'end': 4674.638, 'text': 'That predates tech and things like that by five to 10 years.', 'start': 4669.716, 'duration': 4.922}], 'summary': 'Droff, a predecessor to tech, predates tech and similar formats by 5-10 years.', 'duration': 26.509, 'max_score': 4648.129, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4648129.jpg'}, {'end': 4843.882, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4802.292, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 4808.196, 'text': 'And that was just about the time that Steve Cook was showing that there were classes of problems that appeared to be really hard,', 'start': 4802.292, 'duration': 5.904}, {'end': 4809.857, 'text': 'of which graph partitioning was one.', 'start': 4808.196, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 4816.321, 'text': 'But this my expertise, such as it was totally predates that development.', 'start': 4810.737, 'duration': 5.584}, {'end': 4817.062, 'text': 'Oh, interesting.', 'start': 4816.541, 'duration': 0.521}, {'end': 4824.807, 'text': 'So the heuristic which now your cares the two of yours names for the traveling salesman problem for the graph partitioning.', 'start': 4817.102, 'duration': 7.705}, {'end': 4826.528, 'text': 'That was like.', 'start': 4825.287, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 4827.489, 'text': 'how did you?', 'start': 4826.528, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 4829.31, 'text': "you weren't even thinking in terms of classes.", 'start': 4827.489, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 4831.172, 'text': "you're just trying to find no such idea.", 'start': 4829.31, 'duration': 1.862}, {'end': 4834.174, 'text': 'a heuristic that kind of does the job pretty well.', 'start': 4831.172, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 4839.058, 'text': "You were trying to find something that did the job and there was nothing that you would call, let's say,", 'start': 4834.434, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 4843.882, 'text': 'a closed form or algorithmic thing that would give you a guaranteed right answer.', 'start': 4839.058, 'duration': 4.824}], 'summary': 'Early expertise predates developments in graph partitioning and traveling salesman problem heuristic.', 'duration': 41.59, 'max_score': 4802.292, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4802292.jpg'}], 'start': 3717.016, 'title': 'Programming languages and linear programming', 'summary': 'Explores various programming languages, highlighting the ease of learning lua and scala, challenges faced with haskell and rust, significance of javascript, impact of libraries, and the role of ample in mathematical programming. it also discusses optimization and linear programming, focusing on the development of the modeling language ample and the significance of separating models and data.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4282.975, 'start': 3717.016, 'title': 'Exploring programming languages', 'summary': 'Explores the experience of exploring and experimenting with various programming languages, highlighting the ease of learning lua and scala, the challenges faced with haskell and rust, the evolution and significance of javascript, the impact of libraries in modern programming, the value of language variety, and the role of ample in mathematical programming.', 'duration': 565.959, 'highlights': ['The ease of learning Lua and Scala within an hour, while facing challenges with Haskell and Rust, provides insights into the varying learning experiences across different programming languages. The speaker found it easy to learn Lua and Scala within an hour, demonstrating the accessibility of these languages, while facing challenges and experiencing a slower learning curve with Haskell and Rust, showcasing the differing learning experiences across various programming languages.', 'The evolution and significance of JavaScript, from being initially ridiculed to becoming a widely used and efficient language in both front-end and back-end development, is discussed in the context of its technological advancements and potential future dominance. The discussion delves into the transformation of JavaScript from being ridiculed to being widely used and efficient in both front-end and back-end development, emphasizing its technological advancements and potential future dominance.', 'The impact of leveraging libraries in modern programming, particularly in languages like Python and JavaScript, is highlighted, along with the potential drawbacks and concerns regarding the lack of control and security issues associated with utilizing numerous packages. The impact of utilizing libraries in modern programming, especially in Python and JavaScript, is emphasized, along with the associated concerns such as the lack of control and potential security issues related to using numerous packages.', 'The value of language variety and the positive aspects of introducing new languages to explore innovative ideas, particularly in the context of functional languages serving as a playground for exploring and eventually integrating novel concepts into mainstream languages, is discussed. The discussion emphasizes the value of language variety and the positive impact of introducing new languages to explore innovative ideas, particularly highlighting functional languages as a playground for experimenting and integrating novel concepts into mainstream languages.', 'The role of AMPLE as a language for mathematical programming, specifically for minimizing functions and setting up systems of linear equations with constraints, is acknowledged for its elegance and abstraction power, showcasing its significance in mathematical programming. The significance of AMPLE as a language for mathematical programming, specifically for minimizing functions and setting up systems of linear equations with constraints, is acknowledged for its elegance and abstraction power, highlighting its importance in the field of mathematical programming.']}, {'end': 4624.802, 'start': 4283.155, 'title': 'Optimization and linear programming', 'summary': 'Discusses the concept of optimization and linear programming, focusing on the development of a modeling language called ample that allows for easy specification of models and conversion into a format that solvers can work with, highlighting the significance of separating models and data and the human-readable nature of model specifications.', 'duration': 341.647, 'highlights': ['The development of modeling language AMPLE allows for easy specification of models and conversion into a format that solvers can work with, demonstrating its feasibility through a 3,000-line C++ program. Development of AMPLE modeling language; Feasibility demonstrated through a 3,000-line C++ program', 'Significance of separating models and data, enabling one model to work with different data and providing a human-readable format for model specifications. Separation of models and data; Human-readable format for model specifications', 'Linear programming involving a big matrix A, constraints represented by B, and decision variables denoted by X, with the objective function being a sum of Xs with coefficients. Linear programming components: Matrix A, constraints B, decision variables X, objective function']}, {'end': 4865.538, 'start': 4626.462, 'title': 'Graph theory and computational complexity', 'summary': 'Discusses the early work on graph theory and computational complexity, including the development of heuristics for graph partitioning and the opinion that p does not equal np, with a mention of the tech family of things and the beauty of typography.', 'duration': 239.076, 'highlights': ['P does not equal NP, with the popular bet being no The interviewee states that the popular bet is that P does not equal NP, providing insight into the opinion regarding this complex problem.', 'Development of heuristics for graph partitioning before the concept of classes The interviewee discusses the early work on developing heuristics for graph partitioning, expressing the approach taken before the concept of complexity classes was established.', 'Mention of the tech family of things and the beauty of typography The interviewee reminisces about the typesetting process using DRoff and expresses admiration for the typography, providing a glimpse into the early technological developments in the field.']}], 'duration': 1148.522, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo3717016.jpg', 'highlights': ['The ease of learning Lua and Scala within an hour, while facing challenges with Haskell and Rust, provides insights into the varying learning experiences across different programming languages.', 'The evolution and significance of JavaScript, from being initially ridiculed to becoming a widely used and efficient language in both front-end and back-end development, is discussed in the context of its technological advancements and potential future dominance.', 'The impact of leveraging libraries in modern programming, particularly in languages like Python and JavaScript, is highlighted, along with the potential drawbacks and concerns regarding the lack of control and security issues associated with utilizing numerous packages.', 'The value of language variety and the positive aspects of introducing new languages to explore innovative ideas, particularly in the context of functional languages serving as a playground for exploring and eventually integrating novel concepts into mainstream languages, is discussed.', 'The role of AMPLE as a language for mathematical programming, specifically for minimizing functions and setting up systems of linear equations with constraints, is acknowledged for its elegance and abstraction power, showcasing its significance in mathematical programming.', 'The development of modeling language AMPLE allows for easy specification of models and conversion into a format that solvers can work with, demonstrating its feasibility through a 3,000-line C++ program.', 'Significance of separating models and data, enabling one model to work with different data and providing a human-readable format for model specifications.', 'Linear programming involving a big matrix A, constraints represented by B, and decision variables denoted by X, with the objective function being a sum of Xs with coefficients.', 'P does not equal NP, with the popular bet being no.', 'Development of heuristics for graph partitioning before the concept of classes.', 'Mention of the tech family of things and the beauty of typography.']}, {'end': 5385.351, 'segs': [{'end': 5256.736, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5229.892, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5239.58, 'text': 'We talk about games, about language, about image recognition, but really the dream is to create human-level or superhuman-level intelligence.', 'start': 5229.892, 'duration': 9.688}, {'end': 5244.404, 'text': "What do you think it takes to do that, and are we close? I haven't a clue, and I don't know.", 'start': 5239.6, 'duration': 4.804}, {'end': 5249.27, 'text': 'I was trying to trick you into hypothesizing.', 'start': 5246.447, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 5256.736, 'text': "Yeah, I mean, Turing talked about this in his paper on machine intelligence back in, jeez, I don't know, early 50s or something like that.", 'start': 5249.99, 'duration': 6.746}], 'summary': 'Pursuit of human-level or superhuman-level intelligence discussed with no clear estimation of proximity to achievement.', 'duration': 26.844, 'max_score': 5229.892, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5229892.jpg'}, {'end': 5310.234, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5286.772, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5296.215, 'text': "Are you excited by this future, this possibility of computing being everywhere, or are you worried? It's some combination of those.", 'start': 5286.772, 'duration': 9.443}, {'end': 5306.332, 'text': "I think almost all technologies over the long run are for good, but there's plenty of examples where they haven't been good,", 'start': 5296.516, 'duration': 9.816}, {'end': 5310.234, 'text': 'either over a long run for some people or over a short run.', 'start': 5306.332, 'duration': 3.902}], 'summary': 'Computing everywhere presents a mix of excitement and concern over its long-term impact on people.', 'duration': 23.462, 'max_score': 5286.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5286772.jpg'}, {'end': 5385.351, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5337.024, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5339.184, 'text': 'than perhaps one ought to feel comfortable with.', 'start': 5337.024, 'duration': 2.16}, {'end': 5340.725, 'text': "So that's an example.", 'start': 5339.584, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 5348.962, 'text': "So that's an example of a possible negative effect of computing being everywhere.", 'start': 5344.258, 'duration': 4.704}, {'end': 5355.147, 'text': "It's an interesting one because it could also be a positive if leveraged correctly.", 'start': 5350.203, 'duration': 4.944}, {'end': 5357.088, 'text': "There's a big if there.", 'start': 5355.167, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 5370.479, 'text': 'So I have a deep interest in human psychology and humans seem to be very paranoid about this data thing that varies depending on age group.', 'start': 5358.189, 'duration': 12.29}, {'end': 5373.021, 'text': 'It seems like the younger folks.', 'start': 5371.439, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 5380.788, 'text': "so it's exciting to me to see what society looks like 50 years from now, that the concerns about privacy might be flipped on their head,", 'start': 5373.021, 'duration': 7.767}, {'end': 5385.351, 'text': 'based purely on human psychology versus actual concerns or not.', 'start': 5380.788, 'duration': 4.563}], 'summary': 'Computing everywhere may have negative effects, but could also be positive if leveraged correctly. privacy concerns may shift based on human psychology in the future.', 'duration': 48.327, 'max_score': 5337.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5337024.jpg'}], 'start': 4865.538, 'title': "Ai's evolution and bias", 'summary': 'Explores the evolution of ai from theoretical computer science to programming, emphasizing the importance of timescale and the potential of machine learning. it also delves into the issue of bias in machine learning due to flawed data and the concerns and excitement about the future of artificial intelligence and computing.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5140.641, 'start': 4865.538, 'title': 'Exploring the evolution of ai', 'summary': 'Explores the transition from theoretical computer science to programming, discusses the optimism surrounding ai in the 1960s, and reflects on the lessons learned from the evolution of ai, emphasizing the importance of timescale and the potential of machine learning and neural networks.', 'duration': 275.103, 'highlights': ['The optimism surrounding AI in the 1960s led to high expectations of solving complex problems with computers, such as machine translation, playing games like chess, and proving theorems in geometry, although it took close to 60 years of progress and evolution in hardware to achieve some of these goals.', 'The chapter reflects on the lessons learned from the evolution of AI, emphasizing the importance of timescale and the potential of machine learning and neural networks, despite being far from an expert in the field.']}, {'end': 5385.351, 'start': 5140.761, 'title': 'Ai and bias in machine learning', 'summary': 'Discusses the issue of bias in machine learning due to flawed data, the potential positive impact of revealing bias, and the concerns and excitement about the future of artificial intelligence and computing.', 'duration': 244.59, 'highlights': ['Machine learning can propagate bias in data, posing a serious problem. The data used in machine learning can contain biases, which may lead to the propagation of incorrect beliefs. This can have serious consequences on the outcomes of machine learning processes.', 'Machine learning reveals bias in data, providing an opportunity to address and remove biases in society. Machine learning has the potential to reveal biases present in the data, serving as a mirror to society and highlighting areas for improvement. This presents an optimistic view and an opportunity for societal growth and development.', 'Concerns and excitement about the future of artificial intelligence and computing are discussed. The discussion encompasses a range of perspectives on the future of artificial intelligence and computing, including concerns about privacy and the potential positive and negative impacts of ubiquitous computing. There is a mix of worry and excitement regarding the potential future outcomes.']}], 'duration': 519.813, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo4865538.jpg', 'highlights': ['It took close to 60 years of progress and evolution in hardware to achieve some of the high expectations of AI in the 1960s.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of timescale and the potential of machine learning and neural networks.', 'Machine learning can propagate bias in data, posing a serious problem and having serious consequences on the outcomes of machine learning processes.', 'Machine learning has the potential to reveal biases present in the data, serving as a mirror to society and highlighting areas for improvement.', 'The discussion encompasses a range of perspectives on the future of artificial intelligence and computing, including concerns about privacy and the potential positive and negative impacts of ubiquitous computing.']}, {'end': 6180.267, 'segs': [{'end': 5611.28, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5586.772, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5592.433, 'text': "what advice do you have for people who don't know anything about programming but are kind of curious about this world,", 'start': 5586.772, 'duration': 5.661}, {'end': 5597.974, 'text': 'where programming seems to become more and more of a fundamental skill that people need to be at least aware of??', 'start': 5592.433, 'duration': 5.541}, {'end': 5599.951, 'text': 'Yeah, well, I can recommend a good book.', 'start': 5598.49, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 5603.554, 'text': "What's that? The book I wrote for the course.", 'start': 5600.352, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 5608.438, 'text': 'I think this is one of these questions of should everybody know how to program?', 'start': 5604.415, 'duration': 4.023}, {'end': 5611.28, 'text': 'And I think the answer is probably not.', 'start': 5608.498, 'duration': 2.782}], 'summary': "Curiosity about programming is valid, but not everyone needs to learn it. recommends author's book for beginners.", 'duration': 24.508, 'max_score': 5586.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5586772.jpg'}, {'end': 5791.061, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5746.006, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5757.65, 'text': "And then we talk about a lot of the different kinds of programs that they use all the time that they don't probably realize are programs like they're running Mac OS on their computers,", 'start': 5746.006, 'duration': 11.644}, {'end': 5766.072, 'text': "or maybe Windows, and they're downloading apps on their phones, and all of those things are programs that are just what we just talked about,", 'start': 5757.65, 'duration': 8.422}, {'end': 5767.553, 'text': 'except at a grand scale.', 'start': 5766.072, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 5773.936, 'text': "And it's easy to forget that there are actual programs that people program there's engineers that wrote, wrote those things.", 'start': 5768.294, 'duration': 5.642}, {'end': 5774.636, 'text': 'Yeah Right.', 'start': 5774.116, 'duration': 0.52}, {'end': 5777.737, 'text': 'And so, in a way,', 'start': 5774.796, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 5787.88, 'text': "I'm expecting them to make an enormous conceptual leap from their five or 10 line toy assembly language thing that adds two or three numbers to you know,", 'start': 5777.737, 'duration': 10.143}, {'end': 5791.061, 'text': 'something that is a browser on their phone or whatever.', 'start': 5787.88, 'duration': 3.181}], 'summary': 'People use programs like mac os and windows, apps on phones, which are engineered at a grand scale.', 'duration': 45.055, 'max_score': 5746.006, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5746006.jpg'}, {'end': 5849.102, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5816.879, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5818.08, 'text': "now there's a device to look at.", 'start': 5816.879, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 5822.123, 'text': 'Right Well, I think computing has changed a tremendous amount, obviously.', 'start': 5818.502, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 5828.226, 'text': 'But I think one aspect of that is the way that people interact with each other, both locally and far away.', 'start': 5822.183, 'duration': 6.043}, {'end': 5837.049, 'text': 'And when I was the age of those kids, making a phone call to somewhere was a big deal because it cost serious money.', 'start': 5828.246, 'duration': 8.803}, {'end': 5845.537, 'text': "And this was in the 60s, right? Um, and today people don't make phone calls, they send texts or something like that.", 'start': 5837.289, 'duration': 8.248}, {'end': 5849.102, 'text': "So there's a up and down in what people do.", 'start': 5845.718, 'duration': 3.384}], 'summary': 'Computing has changed interactions - from costly calls to texts. impactful shift.', 'duration': 32.223, 'max_score': 5816.879, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5816879.jpg'}, {'end': 5950.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5925.977, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5934.022, 'text': "I don't know where that's really true, but but I can see potential downsides and kids where you think, come on,", 'start': 5925.977, 'duration': 8.045}, {'end': 5936.224, 'text': 'wake up and smell the coffee or whatever.', 'start': 5934.022, 'duration': 2.202}, {'end': 5937.224, 'text': "That's right.", 'start': 5936.244, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 5940.387, 'text': 'But if you look at again, nobody can predict the future.', 'start': 5937.325, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 5941.928, 'text': 'but are you excited?', 'start': 5940.387, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 5950.975, 'text': 'Touched this a little bit with AI, but are you excited by the future in the next 10, 20 years that computing will bring?', 'start': 5943.008, 'duration': 7.967}], 'summary': 'Discussion on potential downsides of future computing and ai.', 'duration': 24.998, 'max_score': 5925.977, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5925977.jpg'}], 'start': 5387.597, 'title': 'Future computing trends', 'summary': "Explores the potential continuation of moore's law, with the possibility of a thousand-fold decrease in transistor size before reaching the quantum level, and discusses the future of programming languages, emphasizing a shift towards more declarative mechanisms and increased automation. it also delves into the importance of understanding programming for non-majors, the impact of computing on human interaction, and the mixed prospects of the future of computing, focusing on communication, tribalism, and misinformation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 5564.339, 'start': 5387.597, 'title': "Future of moore's law and programming languages", 'summary': "Explores the potential continuation of moore's law, including the possibility of a thousand-fold decrease in transistor size before reaching the quantum level, and speculates on the future of programming languages, foreseeing a shift towards more declarative mechanisms and increased automation.", 'duration': 176.742, 'highlights': ["Jim Keller believes that there is a potential thousand-fold decrease in transistor size still possible before reaching the quantum level, suggesting the continuation of Moore's Law for a long time.", 'The discussion anticipates a shift in programming languages towards more declarative mechanisms and increased automation, with the expectation that more programming will be done by programs rather than by people.', 'Speculation is made on the potential fundamental change in the way programming languages are designed, envisioning a continuation of the trend where more programming will be done by programs than by people.']}, {'end': 6180.267, 'start': 5564.359, 'title': 'Computing and programming for non-majors', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of understanding programming for non-majors, the impact of computing on human interaction, and the mixed prospects of the future of computing, with a focus on communication, tribalism, and misinformation.', 'duration': 615.908, 'highlights': ['Computing as a fundamental skill Computing and programming are becoming fundamental skills that people need to be aware of, even if not everyone needs to know how to program.', 'Teaching computing to non-technical people Teaching non-technical people how computers work, how they do their thing, what programming is, and how to write a program, with the aim of providing them with a better understanding of technology and programming.', 'Levels of abstraction in programming Explaining the levels of abstraction in programming, from low-level assembly language to higher-level languages like Fortran or C, and how they make it easier to write code and less dependent on specific architectures.', 'Impact of computing on human interaction The impact of computing on human interaction, with changes in communication patterns and the potential effects on human-to-human contact, including both positive aspects like improved communication with distant friends and family and negative aspects like increased distraction due to smartphone use.', 'Mixed prospects of the future of computing The mixed prospects of the future of computing, with potential for people to improve their lives alongside the negative effects such as increased tribalism, misinformation, and misuse of computing for misleading or misrepresenting information.']}], 'duration': 792.67, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/O9upVbGSBFo/pics/O9upVbGSBFo5387597.jpg', 'highlights': ["Jim Keller anticipates a potential thousand-fold decrease in transistor size before reaching the quantum level, suggesting the continuation of Moore's Law.", 'Expectation of a shift towards more declarative mechanisms and increased automation in programming languages, with more programming being done by programs rather than people.', 'Computing and programming are becoming fundamental skills, even for non-technical individuals, emphasizing the importance of understanding technology and programming.', 'Teaching non-technical individuals about computers, programming, and levels of abstraction in programming to provide a better understanding of technology and programming.', 'Discussion on the impact of computing on human interaction, including changes in communication patterns and the mixed prospects of the future of computing.']}], 'highlights': ['Brian Kernighan coauthored the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, and has written numerous books on programming and computers.', 'Kernighan was a key figure in the early Unix days, alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.', 'He co-created awk, the text processing language used by Linux users, and designed Ample, an algebraic modeling language for large-scale optimization.', 'Unix creation, Bell Labs, Multics project, early computing, operating system development', 'CTSS, time-sharing system, IBM 7094, memory specifications, early computing', 'Unix transitioned from a licensed proprietary system to open source, influencing the development of Linux and exploring the key features of a good operating system.', 'Universities played a significant role in the development and dissemination of Unix, as it was licensed freely to universities in source code form, leading to the growth of expertise and the spread of Unix-like systems.', 'Programming is described as a combination of art, science, and engineering, involving aspects such as understanding the task at hand, choosing appropriate algorithms and data structures, and considering practical constraints for future maintenance and usage.', 'The transition from command-based line editors to cursor-based editors, including the influence of Rob Pike and Ken Thompson.', 'The origins of text editors, including the original Unix editor, ED, and its evolution into VI and SAM.', 'The ease of learning Lua and Scala within an hour, while facing challenges with Haskell and Rust, provides insights into the varying learning experiences across different programming languages.', 'The evolution and significance of JavaScript, from being initially ridiculed to becoming a widely used and efficient language in both front-end and back-end development, is discussed in the context of its technological advancements and potential future dominance.', 'The impact of leveraging libraries in modern programming, particularly in languages like Python and JavaScript, is highlighted, along with the potential drawbacks and concerns regarding the lack of control and security issues associated with utilizing numerous packages.', 'The value of language variety and the positive aspects of introducing new languages to explore innovative ideas, particularly in the context of functional languages serving as a playground for exploring and eventually integrating novel concepts into mainstream languages, is discussed.', 'The role of AMPLE as a language for mathematical programming, specifically for minimizing functions and setting up systems of linear equations with constraints, is acknowledged for its elegance and abstraction power, showcasing its significance in mathematical programming.', 'It took close to 60 years of progress and evolution in hardware to achieve some of the high expectations of AI in the 1960s.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of timescale and the potential of machine learning and neural networks.', 'Machine learning can propagate bias in data, posing a serious problem and having serious consequences on the outcomes of machine learning processes.', "Jim Keller anticipates a potential thousand-fold decrease in transistor size before reaching the quantum level, suggesting the continuation of Moore's Law.", 'Expectation of a shift towards more declarative mechanisms and increased automation in programming languages, with more programming being done by programs rather than people.', 'Computing and programming are becoming fundamental skills, even for non-technical individuals, emphasizing the importance of understanding technology and programming.', 'Teaching non-technical individuals about computers, programming, and levels of abstraction in programming to provide a better understanding of technology and programming.']}