title
Lisa Feldman Barrett: Counterintuitive Ideas About How the Brain Works | Lex Fridman Podcast #129
description
Lisa Feldman Barrett is a neuroscientist, psychologist, and author. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
- Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get free vitamin D3/K2
- Magic Spoon: https://magicspoon.com/lex and use code LEX to get free shipping
- Cash App: https://cash.app/ and use code LexPodcast to get $10
EPISODE LINKS:
Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain (book): https://amzn.to/2Sp5ar9
How Emotions Are Made (book): https://amzn.to/2GwAFg6
Lisa's Twitter: https://twitter.com/LFeldmanBarrett
Lisa's Website: https://lisafeldmanbarrett.com/
PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/
Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41
OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
2:45 - Are we alone in the universe?
4:13 - Life on Earth
9:05 - Collective intelligence of human brains
17:53 - Triune brain
24:03 - The predicting brain
31:58 - How the brain evolved
37:58 - Free will
46:51 - Is anything real?
59:23 - Dreams
1:05:11 - Emotions are human-constructed concepts
1:30:40 - Are women more emotional than men?
1:39:16 - Empathy
2:10:56 - Love
2:14:50 - Mortality
2:16:26 - Meaning of life
CONNECT:
- Subscribe to this YouTube channel
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman
- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman
- Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage
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- Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman
- Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman
detail
{'title': 'Lisa Feldman Barrett: Counterintuitive Ideas About How the Brain Works | Lex Fridman Podcast #129', 'heatmap': [{'end': 762.169, 'start': 672.232, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Lisa feldman barrett, a psychologist and scientist, discusses her book 'seven and a half lessons about the brain,' addressing empathy, compassion, and love during a divisive time in the us. the conversation explores brain evolution, function, diversity, predictions, emotions, gender biases, empathy's impact, police stereotypes, stress effects, and the biological basis of romantic love, offering diverse perspectives on brain science and human well-being.", 'chapters': [{'end': 110.824, 'segs': [{'end': 58.935, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.189, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3.792, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Lisa Feldman Barrett,', 'start': 0.189, 'duration': 3.603}, {'end': 12.259, 'text': "a professor of psychology at Northeastern University and one of the most brilliant and bold thinkers and scientists I've ever had the pleasure of speaking with.", 'start': 3.792, 'duration': 8.467}, {'end': 19.685, 'text': "She's the author of a book that revolutionized our understanding of emotion in the brain, called How Emotions Are Made,", 'start': 12.659, 'duration': 7.026}, {'end': 28.212, 'text': "and she's coming out with a new book called Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain that you can and should pre-order now.", 'start': 19.685, 'duration': 8.527}, {'end': 35.88, 'text': "I got a chance to read it already, and it's one of the best short, whirlwind introductions to the human brain I've ever read.", 'start': 29.053, 'duration': 6.827}, {'end': 43.488, 'text': "It comes out on November 17th, but again, if there's anybody worth supporting, it's Lisa, so please do pre-order the book now.", 'start': 36.401, 'duration': 7.087}, {'end': 48.691, 'text': 'Lisa and I agreed to speak once again around the time of the book release,', 'start': 44.289, 'duration': 4.402}, {'end': 53.153, 'text': 'especially because we felt that this first conversation is good to release now,', 'start': 48.691, 'duration': 4.462}, {'end': 58.935, 'text': "since we talk about the divisive time we're living through in the United States leading up to the election.", 'start': 53.153, 'duration': 5.782}], 'summary': 'Lisa feldman barrett, a prominent psychologist, is releasing a new book on the brain, set to release on november 17th.', 'duration': 58.746, 'max_score': 0.189, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI189.jpg'}], 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Lisa feldman barrett', 'summary': "Delves into a conversation with lisa feldman barrett, a prominent psychologist and scientist, discussing her book 'seven and a half lessons about the brain' and its impact on understanding empathy, compassion, and love, amid the divisive time in the united states leading up to the election.", 'chapters': [{'end': 110.824, 'start': 0.189, 'title': 'Lisa feldman barrett: neuroscience and emotions', 'summary': "Explores a conversation with lisa feldman barrett, a prominent psychologist, and scientist, discussing her new book 'seven and a half lessons about the brain' and its impact on understanding the human brain, with a focus on empathy, compassion, and love, as well as mentioning the divisive time in the united states leading up to the election.", 'duration': 110.635, 'highlights': ["Lisa Feldman Barrett is a professor of psychology at Northeastern University and the author of the groundbreaking book 'How Emotions Are Made.'", "She is coming out with a new book called 'Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain,' providing a whirlwind introduction to the human brain, set to release on November 17th.", 'The conversation addresses the divisive time in the United States leading up to the election and offers a new perspective from a neuroscience angle, inspiring empathy, compassion, and love.', 'The host also mentions sponsors like Athletic Greens, Magic Spoon, and Cash App, along with their respective benefits and uses.']}], 'duration': 110.635, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI189.jpg', 'highlights': ["Lisa Feldman Barrett is a professor of psychology at Northeastern University and the author of the groundbreaking book 'How Emotions Are Made.'", "She is coming out with a new book called 'Seven and a Half Lessons About the Brain,' providing a whirlwind introduction to the human brain, set to release on November 17th.", 'The conversation addresses the divisive time in the United States leading up to the election and offers a new perspective from a neuroscience angle, inspiring empathy, compassion, and love.']}, {'end': 1174.337, 'segs': [{'end': 136.573, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 110.824, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 119.287, 'text': 'let me say that the bold first principles way that Lisa approaches our study of the brain is something that has inspired me ever since I learned about her work.', 'start': 110.824, 'duration': 8.463}, {'end': 126.169, 'text': 'And in fact, I invited her to speak at the AGI series I organized at MIT several years ago.', 'start': 119.907, 'duration': 6.262}, {'end': 131.531, 'text': 'But as a little twist, instead of a lecture, we did a conversation in front of the class.', 'start': 126.93, 'duration': 4.601}, {'end': 136.573, 'text': 'I think that was one of the early moments that led me to start this very podcast.', 'start': 132.271, 'duration': 4.302}], 'summary': "Lisa's bold approach to studying the brain inspired the creation of a podcast series at mit.", 'duration': 25.749, 'max_score': 110.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI110824.jpg'}, {'end': 273.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 243.022, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 247.224, 'text': 'You know, I, I find it a relief occasionally.', 'start': 243.022, 'duration': 4.202}, {'end': 247.844, 'text': 'To feel small.', 'start': 247.244, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 253.027, 'text': 'to feel small in a profoundly large and interesting universe.', 'start': 248.004, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 259.029, 'text': 'So maybe to dig more technically on the question of intelligence.', 'start': 253.847, 'duration': 5.182}, {'end': 263.012, 'text': "do you think it's difficult for intelligent life to arise like it did on Earth??", 'start': 259.029, 'duration': 3.983}, {'end': 273.337, 'text': "From everything you've written and studied about the brain, how magical of a thing is it in terms of the odds it takes to arise?", 'start': 263.732, 'duration': 9.605}], 'summary': "Intelligence and life emergence in vast universe, brain's magical odds.", 'duration': 30.315, 'max_score': 243.022, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI243022.jpg'}, {'end': 544.192, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 512.032, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 517.553, 'text': "And in science fiction stories, you couldn't dream up something as interesting.", 'start': 512.032, 'duration': 5.521}, {'end': 526.637, 'text': 'So my guess is that, you know, Intelligent life evolves in many different ways, even on this planet.', 'start': 517.633, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 528.959, 'text': "There isn't one form of intelligence.", 'start': 527.178, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 531.081, 'text': "There's not one brain that gives you intelligence.", 'start': 529.019, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 533.883, 'text': 'There are lots of different brain structures that can give you intelligence.', 'start': 531.241, 'duration': 2.642}, {'end': 544.192, 'text': 'So my guess is that the menagerie might not look exactly the way that it looks now, but it would certainly be as interesting.', 'start': 535.104, 'duration': 9.088}], 'summary': 'Intelligent life evolves in diverse ways, with varied brain structures, making the menagerie fascinating.', 'duration': 32.16, 'max_score': 512.032, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI512032.jpg'}, {'end': 607.478, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 578.975, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 584.98, 'text': "What's the interesting comparison, would you say? Well, first of all, I wouldn't say that the human brain is the fanciest brain we've got.", 'start': 578.975, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 593.146, 'text': 'I mean, an octopus brain is pretty different and pretty fancy and they can do some pretty amazing things that we cannot do.', 'start': 585.18, 'duration': 7.966}, {'end': 600.792, 'text': "We can't grow back limbs, we can't change color and texture, we can't comport ourselves and squeeze ourselves into a little crevice.", 'start': 593.186, 'duration': 7.606}, {'end': 607.478, 'text': "I mean, these are things that we invent, these are like superhero abilities that we invent in stories, right? We can't do any of those things.", 'start': 601.332, 'duration': 6.146}], 'summary': "Octopus brain is fancy, can do amazing things humans can't, like regrowing limbs and changing color.", 'duration': 28.503, 'max_score': 578.975, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI578975.jpg'}, {'end': 762.169, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 672.232, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 676.575, 'text': 'but that we share these miraculous things.', 'start': 672.232, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 687.361, 'text': "But we can do some things in abundance, and we can also do some things with our brains together, working together, that other animals can't do,", 'start': 676.615, 'duration': 10.746}, {'end': 691.063, 'text': "or at least we haven't discovered their ability to do it.", 'start': 687.361, 'duration': 3.702}, {'end': 692.484, 'text': 'Yeah, this social thing.', 'start': 691.363, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 696.486, 'text': "I mean, that's one of the things you write about.", 'start': 692.644, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 707.474, 'text': "How do you make sense of the fact, like the book Sapiens, and the fact that we're able to kind of connect, like network our brains together,", 'start': 697.267, 'duration': 10.207}, {'end': 708.915, 'text': 'like you write about?', 'start': 707.474, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 710.316, 'text': "I'll try to stop saying that.", 'start': 709.295, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 718.16, 'text': "Is that like some kind of feature that's built into there??", 'start': 713.377, 'duration': 4.783}, {'end': 720.301, 'text': 'Is that unique to our human brains?', 'start': 718.7, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 721.322, 'text': 'Like, how do you make sense of that?', 'start': 720.341, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 729.27, 'text': 'What I would say is that our ability to coordinate with each other is not unique to humans.', 'start': 722.188, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 732.772, 'text': 'There are lots of animals who can do that.', 'start': 729.33, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 744.576, 'text': 'But what we do with that coordination is unique because of some of the structural features in our brains.', 'start': 734.952, 'duration': 9.624}, {'end': 752.544, 'text': "It's not that other animals don't have those structural features, it's we have them in abundance.", 'start': 747.481, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 762.169, 'text': 'So the human brain is not larger than you would expect it to be for a primate of our size.', 'start': 753.564, 'duration': 8.605}], 'summary': 'Humans can coordinate with each other due to unique brain structure, enabling exceptional abilities.', 'duration': 89.937, 'max_score': 672.232, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI672232.jpg'}, {'end': 752.544, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 722.188, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 729.27, 'text': 'What I would say is that our ability to coordinate with each other is not unique to humans.', 'start': 722.188, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 732.772, 'text': 'There are lots of animals who can do that.', 'start': 729.33, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 744.576, 'text': 'But what we do with that coordination is unique because of some of the structural features in our brains.', 'start': 734.952, 'duration': 9.624}, {'end': 752.544, 'text': "It's not that other animals don't have those structural features, it's we have them in abundance.", 'start': 747.481, 'duration': 5.063}], 'summary': 'Human coordination is unique due to brain structure, not exclusive to humans, but abundant.', 'duration': 30.356, 'max_score': 722.188, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI722188.jpg'}, {'end': 908.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 880.99, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 888.017, 'text': 'What do you think about the idea that a bunch of people have written about Dawkins with memes, which is like ideas are breeding.', 'start': 880.99, 'duration': 7.027}, {'end': 895.163, 'text': "Like we're just like the canvas for ideas to breed in our brains.", 'start': 888.998, 'duration': 6.165}, {'end': 902.711, 'text': 'So this kind of network that you talk about of brains is just a little canvas for ideas to then compete against each other and so on.', 'start': 895.444, 'duration': 7.267}, {'end': 908.337, 'text': "I think as a rhetorical tool, it's cool to think that way.", 'start': 903.311, 'duration': 5.026}], 'summary': "Dawkins' meme theory suggests brains as canvas for ideas to breed and compete.", 'duration': 27.347, 'max_score': 880.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI880990.jpg'}, {'end': 1023.786, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 993.45, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1000.233, 'text': "Yeah, I think the way that I would say it really, though, is that there are many species of animals that influence each other's nervous systems,", 'start': 993.45, 'duration': 6.783}, {'end': 1004.535, 'text': "that regulate each other's nervous systems, and they mainly do it by physical means.", 'start': 1000.233, 'duration': 4.302}, {'end': 1007.116, 'text': 'They do it by chemicals, scent.', 'start': 1004.615, 'duration': 2.501}, {'end': 1014.68, 'text': 'They do it by, you know, so termites and ants and bees, for example, use chemical scents.', 'start': 1007.597, 'duration': 7.083}, {'end': 1023.786, 'text': 'Mammals like like rodents use scent and they also use hearing, audition, and that little bit of vision.', 'start': 1015.32, 'duration': 8.466}], 'summary': "Animals influence each other's nervous systems mainly through physical and chemical means.", 'duration': 30.336, 'max_score': 993.45, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI993450.jpg'}, {'end': 1123.429, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1096.121, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 1104.392, 'text': "So Plato's description of the psyche, which for the moment, we'll just assume is the same as a mind.", 'start': 1096.121, 'duration': 8.271}, {'end': 1108.137, 'text': 'There are some scholars who would say you know, a soul, a psyche, a mind.', 'start': 1104.713, 'duration': 3.424}, {'end': 1113.104, 'text': "those aren't actually all the same thing in ancient Greece, but we'll just for now gloss over that.", 'start': 1108.137, 'duration': 4.967}, {'end': 1123.429, 'text': "So Plato's idea was that, and it was a description of really about moral behavior and moral responsibility in humans.", 'start': 1114.025, 'duration': 9.404}], 'summary': "Plato's description of the psyche focuses on moral behavior and responsibility in humans.", 'duration': 27.308, 'max_score': 1096.121, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1096121.jpg'}], 'start': 110.824, 'title': 'Bold brain study and intelligent life', 'summary': "Discusses lisa's bold approach to brain study, inspiring the speaker and leading to a podcast creation. it explores the possibility of intelligent life in the universe and the evolution of intelligence, emphasizing diverse forms of intelligence.", 'chapters': [{'end': 155.355, 'start': 110.824, 'title': 'Bold approach to brain study', 'summary': "Discusses lisa's bold approach to brain study, which inspired the speaker, led to the creation of the podcast, and emphasizes the impact of seemingly ordinary moments. it also encourages engagement through subscribing, reviewing, and following on various platforms.", 'duration': 44.531, 'highlights': ["Lisa's bold approach to brain study inspired the speaker and led to the creation of the podcast.", "The conversation with Lisa at MIT was a pivotal moment that influenced the speaker's decision to start the podcast.", 'Encourages engagement through subscribing, reviewing with five stars on Apple Podcasts, and following on Spotify.']}, {'end': 880.537, 'start': 155.355, 'title': 'Intelligent life in the universe', 'summary': 'Explores the possibility of intelligent life in the universe, the evolution of intelligence, and the unique features of the human brain, suggesting that diverse forms of intelligence may exist in the universe.', 'duration': 725.182, 'highlights': ['The probability of intelligent life in the universe is suggested to be high, with the hope that it exists, offering a sense of awe and relief in feeling small in a large universe. The conversation delves into the probability of intelligent life in the universe, expressing a hopeful outlook and the emotional impact of feeling small in a vast and interesting universe.', 'The evolution of intelligence and the steps involved are discussed, emphasizing the stochastic and chance-driven nature of evolution, leading to a diverse and incredible range of life forms. The discussion highlights the stochastic nature of evolution and its role in creating a rich diversity of life forms, showcasing the incredible range of creatures that have evolved and gone extinct.', "The unique abilities of animal brains, such as octopus brains, are highlighted, challenging the notion of the human brain as the 'fanciest' and emphasizing the impressive capabilities of various animal brains. The conversation challenges the perception of the human brain as the most advanced, highlighting the exceptional abilities of other animal brains, such as the octopus, and acknowledging the impressive feats they can accomplish.", "The discussion of the human brain's structural features and its role in coordinating social activities and building civilizations, emphasizing the unique capacity of the human brain to add to the physical world in profound ways. The conversation emphasizes the unique structural features of the human brain that enable the coordination of social activities and the creation of civilizations, showcasing the capacity to add to the physical world in profound ways, distinct from other animals."]}, {'end': 1174.337, 'start': 880.99, 'title': 'Ideas and brains: a network of memes', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of ideas breeding in human brains, the rhetorical tool of viewing brains as canvases for ideas to compete, and the unique way in which humans use words and ideas to regulate each other's nervous systems, ultimately exploring plato's three-part description of the human psyche.", 'duration': 293.347, 'highlights': ["Humans use words and ideas to regulate each other's nervous systems, distinguishing them from other species that mainly use physical means, such as chemicals and scent, to influence each other's nervous systems. Humans are the only species that use ideas and words to regulate each other's nervous systems, unlike other animals that mainly influence each other through physical means like chemicals, scent, and hearing.", 'The concept of viewing human brains as canvases for ideas to compete against each other is discussed as a rhetorical tool, offering an interesting worldview regarding the influence of certain aspects of the brain on the success of ideas. The chapter explores the rhetorical concept of human brains as canvases for ideas to compete against each other, suggesting that specific aspects of the brain may contribute to the success of certain ideas.', "Plato's three-part description of the human psyche, represented by the metaphor of two horses and a charioteer, is examined, challenging the idea and its implications on moral behavior and responsibility in humans. The chapter delves into Plato's three-part description of the human psyche, symbolized by the metaphor of two horses and a charioteer, questioning its implications on moral behavior and responsibility in humans."]}], 'duration': 1063.513, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI110824.jpg', 'highlights': ["Lisa's bold approach to brain study inspired the speaker and led to the creation of the podcast.", "The conversation with Lisa at MIT was a pivotal moment that influenced the speaker's decision to start the podcast.", 'The probability of intelligent life in the universe is suggested to be high, with the hope that it exists, offering a sense of awe and relief in feeling small in a large universe.', 'The evolution of intelligence and the steps involved are discussed, emphasizing the stochastic and chance-driven nature of evolution, leading to a diverse and incredible range of life forms.', "The unique abilities of animal brains, such as octopus brains, are highlighted, challenging the notion of the human brain as the 'fanciest' and emphasizing the impressive capabilities of various animal brains.", "The discussion of the human brain's structural features and its role in coordinating social activities and building civilizations, emphasizing the unique capacity of the human brain to add to the physical world in profound ways.", "Humans use words and ideas to regulate each other's nervous systems, distinguishing them from other species that mainly use physical means, such as chemicals and scent, to influence each other's nervous systems.", 'The concept of viewing human brains as canvases for ideas to compete against each other is discussed as a rhetorical tool, offering an interesting worldview regarding the influence of certain aspects of the brain on the success of ideas.', "Plato's three-part description of the human psyche, represented by the metaphor of two horses and a charioteer, is examined, challenging the idea and its implications on moral behavior and responsibility in humans."]}, {'end': 2423.997, 'segs': [{'end': 1224.236, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1198.056, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1211.269, 'text': 'which suggested that you have this reptilian core like an inner lizard brain for instincts, and then, wrapped around that evolved, layered.', 'start': 1198.056, 'duration': 13.213}, {'end': 1215.952, 'text': 'on top of that evolved a limbic system in mammals.', 'start': 1211.269, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 1224.236, 'text': 'So the novelty was in a mammalian brain, which bestowed mammals with, gave them emotions, the capacity for emotions.', 'start': 1216.212, 'duration': 8.024}], 'summary': 'Mammals have evolved a limbic system for emotions.', 'duration': 26.18, 'max_score': 1198.056, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1198056.jpg'}, {'end': 1300.889, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1266.069, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1284.841, 'text': 'The irony is that the idea of the three-layered brain with an inner lizard that hijacks your behavior and causes you to do and say things that you would otherwise not,', 'start': 1266.069, 'duration': 18.772}, {'end': 1286.622, 'text': 'or maybe that you will regret later.', 'start': 1284.841, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 1300.889, 'text': 'That idea was popularized by Carl Sagan in The Dragons of Eden, which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1977,', 'start': 1286.642, 'duration': 14.247}], 'summary': 'Carl sagan popularized the three-layered brain idea in the dragons of eden, which won a pulitzer prize in 1977.', 'duration': 34.82, 'max_score': 1266.069, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1266069.jpg'}, {'end': 1431.904, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1329.41, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1331.651, 'text': "But do you? No, I don't think it's useful.", 'start': 1329.41, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 1333.231, 'text': "I think it's, I think that.", 'start': 1331.851, 'duration': 1.38}, {'end': 1340.489, 'text': "Is it, is it, is it useful? Is it accurate? I don't think it's accurate and therefore I don't think it's useful.", 'start': 1333.592, 'duration': 6.897}, {'end': 1342.31, 'text': "So here's what I would say.", 'start': 1340.949, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 1352.498, 'text': 'The way I think about philosophy and science is that they are useful tools for living.', 'start': 1343.311, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 1364.487, 'text': 'And in order to be useful tools for living, they have to help you make good decisions.', 'start': 1354.559, 'duration': 9.928}, {'end': 1369.833, 'text': "The triune brain, as it's called this three-layer brain,", 'start': 1366.772, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 1377.897, 'text': 'the idea that your brain is like an already baked cake and the cerebral cortex just layered on top, like icing.', 'start': 1369.833, 'duration': 8.064}, {'end': 1385.66, 'text': 'that idea is the foundation of the law in most Western countries.', 'start': 1377.897, 'duration': 7.763}, {'end': 1389.481, 'text': "It's the foundation of economic theory.", 'start': 1386.06, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 1393.303, 'text': "And it's a great narrative.", 'start': 1391.742, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 1396.944, 'text': 'It sort of fits our intuitions about how we work.', 'start': 1393.363, 'duration': 3.581}, {'end': 1406.326, 'text': 'But it also, in addition to being wrong, it lets people off the hook for nasty behavior.', 'start': 1397.664, 'duration': 8.662}, {'end': 1407.046, 'text': 'And it also..', 'start': 1406.346, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 1414.871, 'text': "suggests that emotions can't be a source of wisdom, which they often are.", 'start': 1410.527, 'duration': 4.344}, {'end': 1420.615, 'text': "In fact, you would not want to be around someone who didn't have emotions.", 'start': 1416.091, 'duration': 4.524}, {'end': 1422.597, 'text': "That's a psychopath.", 'start': 1420.715, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 1431.904, 'text': "I mean, that's not someone you want to really have that person deciding your outcome.", 'start': 1423.297, 'duration': 8.607}], 'summary': 'Philosophy and science must aid good decisions; triune brain theory has flawed implications.', 'duration': 102.494, 'max_score': 1329.41, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1329410.jpg'}, {'end': 1833.989, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1797.273, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1807.818, 'text': "Your brain is in a state and it's representing what it believes is going on in your body and in the world.", 'start': 1797.273, 'duration': 10.545}, {'end': 1815.525, 'text': "And it's predicting what will happen next based on past experience, right? Probabilistically what's most likely to happen.", 'start': 1808.504, 'duration': 7.021}, {'end': 1830.969, 'text': 'And it begins to prepare your action and it begins to prepare your experience based.', 'start': 1815.926, 'duration': 15.043}, {'end': 1833.989, 'text': "So it's anticipating the sense data it's going to receive.", 'start': 1831.069, 'duration': 2.92}], 'summary': 'Brain predicts actions and experiences based on past data.', 'duration': 36.716, 'max_score': 1797.273, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1797273.jpg'}, {'end': 1883.683, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1858.852, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1868.536, 'text': 'Your brain learns, and it updates its storehouse of knowledge, which we call an internal model, so that you can predict better next time.', 'start': 1858.852, 'duration': 9.684}, {'end': 1871.298, 'text': 'And it turns out that predicting and correcting,', 'start': 1868.816, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 1878.681, 'text': 'predicting and correcting is a much more metabolically efficient way to run a system than constantly reacting all the time.', 'start': 1871.298, 'duration': 7.383}, {'end': 1883.683, 'text': "Because if you're constantly reacting, it means you can't anticipate in any way what's gonna happen.", 'start': 1878.701, 'duration': 4.982}], 'summary': 'Updating internal model improves prediction and correction, leading to metabolic efficiency.', 'duration': 24.831, 'max_score': 1858.852, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1858852.jpg'}, {'end': 2124.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2055.016, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 2063.703, 'text': "that was when a head evolved with sense organs, and that's when your viscera, like internal systems, evolved.", 'start': 2055.016, 'duration': 8.687}, {'end': 2074.862, 'text': 'So the answer, I would say, is that senses Motor neuroscientists, people who study the control of motor behavior,', 'start': 2063.783, 'duration': 11.079}, {'end': 2079.826, 'text': 'believe that senses evolved in the service of motor action.', 'start': 2074.862, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 2089.868, 'text': 'The idea is that what was the big evolutionary change?', 'start': 2082.46, 'duration': 7.408}, {'end': 2099.156, 'text': 'What was the big pressure that made it useful to have eyes and ears and a visual system and an auditory system and a brain?', 'start': 2089.908, 'duration': 9.248}, {'end': 2107.183, 'text': 'basically?. The answer that is commonly entertained right now is that it was predation.', 'start': 2099.156, 'duration': 8.027}, {'end': 2121.472, 'text': 'At some point, an animal evolved that deliberately ate another animal, and this launched an arms race between predators and prey,', 'start': 2109.864, 'duration': 11.608}, {'end': 2124.515, 'text': 'and it became very useful to have senses.', 'start': 2121.472, 'duration': 3.043}], 'summary': 'Senses evolved in response to predation, driving an arms race between predators and prey.', 'duration': 69.499, 'max_score': 2055.016, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2055016.jpg'}, {'end': 2342.145, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2310.858, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 2311.579, 'text': 'Do we have free will?', 'start': 2310.858, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 2320.261, 'text': "I think I have taken a side, but I don't put a lot of stock in my own intuitions or anybody's intuitions about the cause of things.", 'start': 2311.739, 'duration': 8.522}, {'end': 2325.362, 'text': 'One thing we know about the brain for sure is that the brain creates experiences for us.', 'start': 2321.101, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 2327.922, 'text': 'my brain creates experiences for me.', 'start': 2326.422, 'duration': 1.5}, {'end': 2336.264, 'text': 'your brain creates experiences for you in a way that lures you to believe that those experiences actually reveals the way that it works,', 'start': 2327.922, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 2336.904, 'text': "but it doesn't.", 'start': 2336.264, 'duration': 0.64}, {'end': 2342.145, 'text': "So the- So you don't trust your own intuition about free will.", 'start': 2337.704, 'duration': 4.441}], 'summary': 'The brain creates experiences, making intuition unreliable for understanding free will.', 'duration': 31.287, 'max_score': 2310.858, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2310858.jpg'}], 'start': 1174.397, 'title': 'Brain evolution and function', 'summary': 'Delves into the evolution of the brain, challenges the triune brain theory, explains the brain as a prediction machine, and explores the evolution of senses, emphasizing the role of philosophy and science in decision-making.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1364.487, 'start': 1174.397, 'title': 'Evolution of the brain', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolution of the brain, debunking the three-layered brain theory and emphasizing the usefulness of philosophy and science in making good decisions.', 'duration': 190.09, 'highlights': ["The brain's evolution was thought to involve a reptilian core, a limbic system for emotions, and a cerebral cortex, but it was later debunked with evidence from molecular genetics.", 'The popular idea of the three-layered brain with an inner lizard core, popularized by Carl Sagan in The Dragons of Eden, was shown to be a myth despite winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1977.', 'Philosophy and science are emphasized as useful tools for making good decisions and living.']}, {'end': 1574.905, 'start': 1366.772, 'title': 'Rethinking the triune brain', 'summary': 'Challenges the widely accepted idea of the triune brain, highlighting its inaccuracies and proposing a more accurate, context-sensitive understanding of brain function, supported by evidence from various disciplines.', 'duration': 208.133, 'highlights': ['The concept of the triune brain, though widely accepted, is inaccurate and leads to misconceptions about brain function and human behavior.', 'Emotions can be a source of wisdom, and a brain devoid of emotions would exhibit psychopathic behavior.', 'Reflexes and instincts are highly context-sensitive, challenging the traditional view of them as robotic responses.', 'An accurate understanding of brain function is context-sensitive and counterintuitive, as supported by evidence from neuroanatomy and signal processing.', 'Research from multiple disciplines points towards a more accurate understanding of brain function, challenging the traditional narrative of the triune brain.']}, {'end': 1956.199, 'start': 1576.286, 'title': 'Brain as prediction machine', 'summary': 'Explains that the brain operates as a prediction machine, constantly making predictions based on past experiences, and updating its knowledge through sensory data to optimize metabolic efficiency and reduce uncertainty.', 'duration': 379.913, 'highlights': ['The brain constantly predicts based on past experiences and updates knowledge through sensory data, optimizing metabolic efficiency and reducing uncertainty. Constant prediction and correction is a metabolically efficient way to run a system.', 'The brain operates as a prediction machine, constantly making predictions based on past experiences and updating its knowledge through sensory data. The brain is in a state representing what it believes is going on in the body and in the world, and predicting what will happen next based on past experience.', 'The brain learns and updates its storehouse of knowledge, known as an internal model, to predict better next time. The brain encodes unexpected sense data as learning and updates its internal model for better future predictions.', 'A reflex occurs when the brain makes a prediction and executes an action without checking against sense data, usually when the potential cost to the individual is great. A reflex is initiated when the potential cost to the individual is significant, leading to the brain making predictions and executing actions without checking against sense data.']}, {'end': 2423.997, 'start': 1956.199, 'title': 'Evolution and senses', 'summary': "Discusses the evolution of senses, particularly in reference to creatures like amphioxus, highlighting the absence of a brain and limited senses, and explores the concept of free will in relation to the brain's ability to create experiences.", 'duration': 467.798, 'highlights': ['The chapter highlights the evolutionary perspective of senses, focusing on Amphioxus, an animal with no brain, limited senses, and the belief that senses evolved in the service of motor action. Amphioxus lacks a brain, head, eyes, ears, and developed senses, evolving in the service of motor action.', 'It delves into the evolutionary pressure that led to the usefulness of having senses, attributing it to the predation and the subsequent arms race between predators and prey. The usefulness of having senses was attributed to predation and the arms race between predators and prey.', "The discussion then shifts to the concept of free will in relation to the brain's ability to create experiences, with the speaker expressing uncertainty and skepticism around the topic. The speaker expresses uncertainty and skepticism around the concept of free will in relation to the brain's ability to create experiences."]}], 'duration': 1249.6, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI1174397.jpg', 'highlights': ["The brain's evolution was thought to involve a reptilian core, a limbic system for emotions, and a cerebral cortex, but it was later debunked with evidence from molecular genetics.", 'The popular idea of the three-layered brain with an inner lizard core, popularized by Carl Sagan in The Dragons of Eden, was shown to be a myth despite winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1977.', 'Philosophy and science are emphasized as useful tools for making good decisions and living.', 'The concept of the triune brain, though widely accepted, is inaccurate and leads to misconceptions about brain function and human behavior.', 'Emotions can be a source of wisdom, and a brain devoid of emotions would exhibit psychopathic behavior.', 'The brain constantly predicts based on past experiences and updates knowledge through sensory data, optimizing metabolic efficiency and reducing uncertainty. Constant prediction and correction is a metabolically efficient way to run a system.', 'The brain operates as a prediction machine, constantly making predictions based on past experiences and updating its knowledge through sensory data. The brain is in a state representing what it believes is going on in the body and in the world, and predicting what will happen next based on past experience.', 'The brain learns and updates its storehouse of knowledge, known as an internal model, to predict better next time. The brain encodes unexpected sense data as learning and updates its internal model for better future predictions.', 'The chapter highlights the evolutionary perspective of senses, focusing on Amphioxus, an animal with no brain, limited senses, and the belief that senses evolved in the service of motor action. Amphioxus lacks a brain, head, eyes, ears, and developed senses, evolving in the service of motor action.', 'It delves into the evolutionary pressure that led to the usefulness of having senses, attributing it to the predation and the subsequent arms race between predators and prey. The usefulness of having senses was attributed to predation and the arms race between predators and prey.', "The discussion then shifts to the concept of free will in relation to the brain's ability to create experiences, with the speaker expressing uncertainty and skepticism around the topic. The speaker expresses uncertainty and skepticism around the concept of free will in relation to the brain's ability to create experiences."]}, {'end': 3331.896, 'segs': [{'end': 2474.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2442.186, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2449.671, 'text': 'And it can do something called conceptual combination, which is it can take bits and pieces of the past and combine it in new ways.', 'start': 2442.186, 'duration': 7.485}, {'end': 2460.338, 'text': "So you can experience and make sense of things that you've never encountered before because you've encountered something similar to them.", 'start': 2450.412, 'duration': 9.926}, {'end': 2474.868, 'text': "And so a brain in a sense doesn't just contain information, it is information gaining,", 'start': 2464.203, 'duration': 10.665}], 'summary': 'The brain can perform conceptual combination, enabling it to make sense of new experiences by combining past information in new ways.', 'duration': 32.682, 'max_score': 2442.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2442186.jpg'}, {'end': 2530.715, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2500.219, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2510.386, 'text': 'When you were born and you were raised in a particular context, your brain wired itself to your surroundings,', 'start': 2500.219, 'duration': 10.167}, {'end': 2513.147, 'text': 'to your physical surroundings and also to your social surroundings.', 'start': 2510.386, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 2517.01, 'text': 'So you were handed an internal model basically.', 'start': 2513.568, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 2530.715, 'text': 'But when you grow up, the more control you have over where you are and what you do, you can cultivate new experiences for yourself.', 'start': 2518.33, 'duration': 12.385}], 'summary': 'Your brain wires itself to surroundings, but you can cultivate new experiences as you grow up.', 'duration': 30.496, 'max_score': 2500.219, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2500219.jpg'}, {'end': 2994.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2967.186, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2971.449, 'text': 'Like not the specific, but a very specific kind of instructions.', 'start': 2967.186, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 2974.852, 'text': 'Yeah, so scientists call it expectable input.', 'start': 2971.469, 'duration': 3.383}, {'end': 2978.955, 'text': 'The brain needs some input in order to develop normally.', 'start': 2975.132, 'duration': 3.823}, {'end': 2987.261, 'text': 'And we are genetically, as I say in the book, we have the kind of nature that requires nurture.', 'start': 2979.375, 'duration': 7.886}, {'end': 2994.744, 'text': "We can't develop normally without sensory input from the world and from the body.", 'start': 2988.54, 'duration': 6.204}], 'summary': 'Expectable input is crucial for normal brain development.', 'duration': 27.558, 'max_score': 2967.186, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2967186.jpg'}], 'start': 2423.997, 'title': 'Brain function and diversity', 'summary': "Explores the brain's ability to use past experiences for prediction, the impact of sensory input on brain development, and the brain's capacity to adapt to environmental changes and diversity, including risks associated with restricted stimulation.", 'chapters': [{'end': 2861.026, 'start': 2423.997, 'title': 'Understanding free will and brain function', 'summary': "Explores the brain's ability to use past experiences for prediction, the cultivation of new experiences to change internal models, and the potential sources of free will such as stochastic firing of neurons and conceptual combination.", 'duration': 437.029, 'highlights': ['The brain uses past experiences for prediction and conceptual combination, enabling it to make sense of new experiences. The brain can take bits and pieces of the past and combine them in new ways, enabling it to understand things it has never encountered before.', "Cultivating new experiences can change the brain's internal model, potentially leading to a form of free will. Individuals have the ability to cultivate new experiences, which can change their internal model and potentially lead to what can be considered as free will.", "The brain's stochastic firing of neurons and the injection of noise into neural patterns may be potential sources of free will. Stochastic firing of neurons and the injection of noise into neural patterns may be considered as potential sources of free will, contributing to the brain's information-bearing capacity.", 'The brain continuously cultivates its past as a means of controlling its future, ultimately rewriting the story of the past. Individuals continuously cultivate their past to control their future, ultimately rewriting their past to shape their future.', "The brain's sensory perception leads to questions about the reality of the world and the brain's ability to perceive it. The chapter delves into the philosophical question of the reality of the world and the brain's ability to perceive it through sensory perception."]}, {'end': 3087.94, 'start': 2861.106, 'title': 'Brain development and sensory input', 'summary': 'Discusses how the structure of information in the world, including spatial and temporal patterns, wire the brain, emphasizing the crucial role of sensory input, both physical and social, in the development of a neurotypical brain.', 'duration': 226.834, 'highlights': ['The structure of information in the world, including spatial and temporal patterns, wire the brain, influencing brain development. The structure of information in the world, including statistical regularities in sights and sounds, wires the brain, impacting its development.', 'Sensory input, both physical and social, is crucial for the development of a neurotypical brain, with examples of the impact of visual and auditory stimuli on brain wiring. Sensory input, including visual and auditory stimuli, is essential for neurotypical brain development, as the lack of proper stimulation can lead to impaired development.', 'The input needed for brain development is not only physical but also social, with the absence of social input leading to impaired brain wiring. Social input, such as eye contact, touch, and certain types of smells, is necessary for neurotypical brain wiring, and the absence of social input can result in impaired brain development.']}, {'end': 3331.896, 'start': 3087.94, 'title': "Brain's capacity and diversity", 'summary': "Discusses how the brain can learn and adapt to changes in its environment by altering its internal model and the impact of diversity on brain function, including the risks associated with restricting sensory stimulation and the brain's preference for variety.", 'duration': 243.956, 'highlights': ['The brain can learn and adapt to changes in its environment by altering its internal model and the impact of diversity on brain function. The brain can learn from changes in statistical regularities, but it is expensive and takes time for the brain to automate the learning process.', "The risks associated with restricting sensory stimulation and the brain's preference for variety. Restricting sensory stimulation can lead to risks and limitations in the brain's capacity to wire itself, as the human brain thrives on diversity.", "The impact of diversity on brain function and the brain's preference for variety. Human brains thrive on diversity and variety, and there are risks associated with restricting exposure to diverse stimuli."]}], 'duration': 907.899, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI2423997.jpg', 'highlights': ['The brain uses past experiences for prediction and conceptual combination, enabling it to make sense of new experiences.', 'Sensory input, both physical and social, is crucial for the development of a neurotypical brain, with examples of the impact of visual and auditory stimuli on brain wiring.', 'The brain can learn and adapt to changes in its environment by altering its internal model and the impact of diversity on brain function.']}, {'end': 4457.278, 'segs': [{'end': 3384.284, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3352.431, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3367.462, 'text': 'But I think we, you know, So the two most expensive things your brain can do, metabolically speaking, is move your body and learn something new.', 'start': 3352.431, 'duration': 15.031}, {'end': 3378.307, 'text': "So novelty, that is diversity, right, comes at a cost, a metabolic cost, but it's a cost, it's an investment that gives returns.", 'start': 3368.202, 'duration': 10.105}, {'end': 3384.284, 'text': 'And in general, people vary in how much they like novelty, unexpected things.', 'start': 3379.401, 'duration': 4.883}], 'summary': 'Novelty and diversity are metabolically costly but provide returns; people vary in their preference for novelty.', 'duration': 31.853, 'max_score': 3352.431, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI3352431.jpg'}, {'end': 3512.037, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3483.336, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3484.857, 'text': 'why do we invent scientific tools??', 'start': 3483.336, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 3490.401, 'text': "It's so that we can overcome our senses and and experience things that we couldn't otherwise,", 'start': 3485.077, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 3501.791, 'text': 'whether they are different parts of the light spectrum or things that are too microscopically small for us to see or too far away for us to see.', 'start': 3490.401, 'duration': 11.39}, {'end': 3512.037, 'text': "So clearly we're only getting a slice, and that slice, You know.", 'start': 3502.532, 'duration': 9.505}], 'summary': 'We invent scientific tools to overcome our senses and experience things beyond our perception.', 'duration': 28.701, 'max_score': 3483.336, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI3483336.jpg'}, {'end': 4324.126, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4291.308, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4295.669, 'text': "And the categories change, or you could say it's doing concept construction.", 'start': 4291.308, 'duration': 4.361}, {'end': 4300.81, 'text': "It's using past experience to conjure a concept, which is a prediction.", 'start': 4295.749, 'duration': 5.061}, {'end': 4309.906, 'text': "And if it's using past experiences of emotion, then it's constructing an emotion concept.", 'start': 4303.601, 'duration': 6.305}, {'end': 4324.126, 'text': "Your concept will be, the content of it is changes depending on the situation that you're in.", 'start': 4312.488, 'duration': 11.638}], 'summary': 'Using past experiences to construct concepts and predictions.', 'duration': 32.818, 'max_score': 4291.308, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI4291308.jpg'}], 'start': 3331.896, 'title': 'Brain diversity, perception limitations, and neuroscience of emotions', 'summary': "Delves into brain seeking diversity, limitations of human perception, and the neuroscience of emotions. it discusses metabolic cost of novelty, varying preferences for novelty, limited human perception, expanded perception, and brain's construction of emotions based on past experiences.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3412.189, 'start': 3331.896, 'title': 'The importance of brain diversity', 'summary': "Discusses how the brain seeks diversity, with the metabolic cost of novelty being an investment that yields returns and the varying preferences for novelty among individuals, highlighting the importance of diversity for the brain's functioning.", 'duration': 80.293, 'highlights': ['The two most expensive things your brain can do, metabolically speaking, is move your body and learn something new, indicating the metabolic cost of novelty.', "Novelty, which is diversity, comes at a cost, a metabolic cost, but it's an investment that gives returns, emphasizing the value of diversity for the brain's functioning.", 'People vary in how much they like novelty, unexpected things, with some people really liking it and some people not liking it, highlighting the varying preferences for novelty among individuals.']}, {'end': 3910.687, 'start': 3413.038, 'title': 'Limitations of human perception', 'summary': 'Discusses the limitations of human perception, highlighting the idea that we only perceive a limited slice of reality due to our physical senses, and the potential for expanded perception through altered states of consciousness and scientific tools.', 'duration': 497.649, 'highlights': ['Humans perceive only a limited slice of reality due to physical sensory limitations. The speaker discusses the limitations of human perception, emphasizing that our senses are limited in physical ways, preventing us from perceiving everything that exists.', 'Scientific tools are invented to overcome sensory limitations and expand perception. The chapter emphasizes the role of scientific tools in overcoming sensory limitations, enabling humans to experience aspects of reality that are beyond the scope of their natural senses.', 'Altered states of consciousness, such as through psychedelics, can remove perceptual tethers and expand internal models. The discussion explores how altered states of consciousness, like those induced by psychedelics, can remove perceptual tethers, allowing the internal model to expand beyond its usual constraints.']}, {'end': 4457.278, 'start': 3911.248, 'title': 'Neuroscience of emotions', 'summary': 'Discusses the misconceptions about emotions and how the brain constructs emotions based on past experiences, challenging the traditional view of emotion as reflexive and unhelpful, backed by evidence from diverse cultures and scientific research.', 'duration': 546.03, 'highlights': ["The traditional view of emotions as reflexive and unhelpful doesn't align with evidence from diverse measurements such as facial movements, body movements, peripheral physiology, and brain activity, challenging the common misconceptions about emotions. The traditional view of emotions as reflexive and unhelpful doesn't align with evidence from diverse measurements such as facial movements, body movements, peripheral physiology, and brain activity.", 'The brain constructs emotions based on past experiences by forming predictions and categories, leading to variable instances of emotions, challenging the idea of fixed and universal emotional responses. The brain constructs emotions based on past experiences by forming predictions and categories, leading to variable instances of emotions, challenging the idea of fixed and universal emotional responses.', 'The brain makes predictions about changing the internal systems of the body in response to emotions, including the cardiovascular system and the release of cortisol, indicating the metabolic preparation for action. The brain makes predictions about changing the internal systems of the body in response to emotions, including the cardiovascular system and the release of cortisol, indicating the metabolic preparation for action.']}], 'duration': 1125.382, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI3331896.jpg', 'highlights': ['The brain constructs emotions based on past experiences by forming predictions and categories, leading to variable instances of emotions, challenging the idea of fixed and universal emotional responses.', 'Scientific tools are invented to overcome sensory limitations and expand perception. The chapter emphasizes the role of scientific tools in overcoming sensory limitations, enabling humans to experience aspects of reality that are beyond the scope of their natural senses.', 'The two most expensive things your brain can do, metabolically speaking, is move your body and learn something new, indicating the metabolic cost of novelty.']}, {'end': 5369.194, 'segs': [{'end': 4527.01, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4458.692, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4462.635, 'text': 'And so, so either that means either move or learn.', 'start': 4458.692, 'duration': 3.943}, {'end': 4473.964, 'text': 'Okay And so your brain is preparing your body, the internal systems of your body to execute some actions, to move in some way.', 'start': 4462.655, 'duration': 11.309}, {'end': 4485.195, 'text': 'And And then it infers, based on those motor predictions and what we call viscera motor predictions,', 'start': 4475.465, 'duration': 9.73}, {'end': 4494.403, 'text': 'meaning the changes in the viscera that your brain is preparing to execute,', 'start': 4485.195, 'duration': 9.208}, {'end': 4501.07, 'text': 'your brain makes an inference about what you will sense based on those motor movements.', 'start': 4494.403, 'duration': 6.667}, {'end': 4513.219, 'text': 'So your experience of the world and your experience of your own body are a consequence of those predictions, those concepts.', 'start': 4501.71, 'duration': 11.509}, {'end': 4520.685, 'text': "When your brain makes a concept for emotion, it's constructing an instance of that emotion.", 'start': 4513.84, 'duration': 6.845}, {'end': 4523.207, 'text': 'That is how emotions are made.', 'start': 4521.946, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 4527.01, 'text': 'And those concepts load in.', 'start': 4524.328, 'duration': 2.682}], 'summary': 'Brain prepares body for actions, constructs emotions through concepts.', 'duration': 68.318, 'max_score': 4458.692, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI4458692.jpg'}, {'end': 4892.276, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4859.756, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4866.56, 'text': "But the other thing he really did, which was really profound, which he's less celebrated for,", 'start': 4859.756, 'duration': 6.804}, {'end': 4872.043, 'text': 'is understanding that all biological categories have inherent variation.', 'start': 4866.56, 'duration': 5.483}, {'end': 4874.725, 'text': 'Inherent variation.', 'start': 4873.564, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 4882.349, 'text': "Darwin wrote in The Origin of Species about before Darwin's book,", 'start': 4875.965, 'duration': 6.384}, {'end': 4892.276, 'text': 'a species was thought to be a classical category where all the instances of dogs were the same, had the exactly same features,', 'start': 4882.349, 'duration': 9.927}], 'summary': 'Darwin recognized inherent variation in biological categories.', 'duration': 32.52, 'max_score': 4859.756, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI4859756.jpg'}, {'end': 5151.348, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5124.664, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5132.853, 'text': "they discovered the idea of conceptual categories or ad hoc concepts, these concepts that can change based on the function they're serving, right?", 'start': 5124.664, 'duration': 8.189}, {'end': 5141.701, 'text': "It's there, it's in Darwin and it's also in the philosophy of social reality.", 'start': 5136.536, 'duration': 5.165}, {'end': 5145.864, 'text': 'The way that philosophers talk about social reality, just look around you.', 'start': 5142.281, 'duration': 3.583}, {'end': 5151.348, 'text': "I mean, we impose, we're treating a bunch of things as similar, which are physically different.", 'start': 5145.884, 'duration': 5.464}], 'summary': 'Conceptual categories can change based on function, observed in darwin and philosophy of social reality.', 'duration': 26.684, 'max_score': 5124.664, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5124664.jpg'}, {'end': 5335.903, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5308.299, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5311.98, 'text': 'is you know throwing Cheerios on the floor instead of eating them?', 'start': 5308.299, 'duration': 3.681}, {'end': 5313.741, 'text': 'or your kid is crying?', 'start': 5311.98, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 5316.861, 'text': "when you know she won't put herself to sleep, or whatever?", 'start': 5313.741, 'duration': 3.12}, {'end': 5318.822, 'text': 'you know we use mental words.', 'start': 5316.861, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 5329.281, 'text': 'And a word is this, words for infants, words are these really special things that they help infants learn abstract categories.', 'start': 5319.617, 'duration': 9.664}, {'end': 5335.903, 'text': "There's a huge literature showing that children can take things that don't look.", 'start': 5329.321, 'duration': 6.582}], 'summary': 'Using words helps infants learn abstract categories, aiding in child development.', 'duration': 27.604, 'max_score': 5308.299, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5308299.jpg'}], 'start': 4458.692, 'title': 'Brain predictions and conceptual evolution', 'summary': "Explores brain predictions shaping emotions and the evolution of conceptual categories, emphasizing the construction of emotions and the shift from classical categories to prototypes and exemplars in cognitive science, with a focus on darwin's view on species and functional features and the role of language in curating emotional concepts for infants.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4527.01, 'start': 4458.692, 'title': 'Predictive brain and emotions', 'summary': 'Explains how the brain makes predictions based on motor movements and viscera motor predictions to create our experience of the world and emotions, emphasizing that emotions are constructed through brain concepts.', 'duration': 68.318, 'highlights': ['The brain prepares the body for actions based on motor predictions and viscera motor predictions, influencing our experience of the world and our own body.', 'Emotions are constructed by the brain through the creation of concepts for each emotion.']}, {'end': 5053.836, 'start': 4527.571, 'title': 'Evolution of conceptual categories', 'summary': 'Discusses the evolving understanding of concepts in cognitive science, emphasizing the shift from classical categories to prototypes and exemplars, and the role of conceptual categories in biological variation and civilization.', 'duration': 526.265, 'highlights': ['The shift in understanding of concepts from classical categories to prototypes and exemplars. Scientists observed that not all instances of categories have necessary and sufficient features, leading to the concept of prototypes and graded similarity in features.', "The role of conceptual categories in biological variation and the concept of species. Darwin's understanding of biological categories as conceptual categories, where variation is meaningful and an essential factor for natural selection.", 'The significance of conceptual categories in the development of civilization, exemplified by the concept of currency. Conceptual categories such as currency are defined by their function rather than physical features, reflecting the role of conceptual categories in civilization and trade agreements.']}, {'end': 5369.194, 'start': 5053.996, 'title': "Darwin's view on species and functional features", 'summary': "Examines darwin's view on species, highlighting the vanquishing of essentialism, the concept of functional features, and the role of language in curating emotional concepts for infants.", 'duration': 315.198, 'highlights': ['Darwin vanquished essentialism, leading to discussions on functional features of species and variation, as suggested by biologist Ernst Mayr.', "The imposition of conceptual categories and ad hoc concepts in cognitive science and philosophy of social reality is a reflection of Darwin's ideas.", 'Language plays a crucial role in curating emotional concepts for infants, aiding in the learning of abstract categories and the understanding of physical and social environments.']}], 'duration': 910.502, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI4458692.jpg', 'highlights': ['Emotions are constructed by the brain through the creation of concepts for each emotion.', 'The brain prepares the body for actions based on motor predictions and viscera motor predictions, influencing our experience of the world and our own body.', 'The shift in understanding of concepts from classical categories to prototypes and exemplars.', "Darwin's understanding of biological categories as conceptual categories, where variation is meaningful and an essential factor for natural selection.", 'Language plays a crucial role in curating emotional concepts for infants, aiding in the learning of abstract categories and the understanding of physical and social environments.']}, {'end': 5858.763, 'segs': [{'end': 5421.784, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5372.492, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5378.914, 'text': 'as young as four months old will expect this to make a noise, a squeaky noise.', 'start': 5372.492, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 5388.697, 'text': "And if you don't, if it doesn't, you'll be surprised because it violated your expectation, right? I'm building for you an internal model of a bling.", 'start': 5379.594, 'duration': 9.103}, {'end': 5393.198, 'text': 'Okay, infants can do this really, really at a young age.', 'start': 5389.757, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 5399.58, 'text': "And so there's no reason to believe that they couldn't learn emotion categories and concepts in the same way.", 'start': 5393.238, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 5402.777, 'text': 'in in one.', 'start': 5401.596, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 5404.317, 'text': 'and what happens when you go to a new culture?', 'start': 5402.777, 'duration': 1.54}, {'end': 5411.36, 'text': "when you go to a new culture, you have to do what's called emotion acculturation.", 'start': 5404.317, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 5415.101, 'text': 'so my colleague bachi mesquita in belgium studies emotion acculturation.', 'start': 5411.36, 'duration': 3.741}, {'end': 5421.784, 'text': 'she studies how, when people move from one culture to another, how do they learn the emotion concepts of that culture?', 'start': 5415.101, 'duration': 6.683}], 'summary': 'Infants as young as four months can learn emotion concepts, and acculturation impacts emotion learning in new cultures.', 'duration': 49.292, 'max_score': 5372.492, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5372492.jpg'}, {'end': 5476.093, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5449.468, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5459.909, 'text': "Is there a difference between the emotional lives of those two categories of biological systems? So here's what I would say.", 'start': 5449.468, 'duration': 10.441}, {'end': 5468.971, 'text': 'You know, we did a series of studies in the 1990s where we asked men and women to tell us about their emotional lives.', 'start': 5460.069, 'duration': 8.902}, {'end': 5472.731, 'text': 'And women described themselves as much more emotional than men.', 'start': 5470.069, 'duration': 2.662}, {'end': 5476.093, 'text': 'They believed that they were more emotional than men, and men agreed.', 'start': 5473.652, 'duration': 2.441}], 'summary': 'Women self-report as more emotional than men in 1990s studies.', 'duration': 26.625, 'max_score': 5449.468, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5449468.jpg'}, {'end': 5715.224, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5686.353, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 5691.155, 'text': 'and it played out really pretty much as I thought that it would, based on research.', 'start': 5686.353, 'duration': 4.802}, {'end': 5693.195, 'text': "It's not like I'm a great fortune teller or anything.", 'start': 5691.195, 'duration': 2}, {'end': 5703.179, 'text': "It's just I was just applying the research, which was that when a woman's people make internal attributions, it's called.", 'start': 5693.235, 'duration': 9.944}, {'end': 5710.102, 'text': 'They infer that the facial movements and body posture and vocalizations of a woman reflect her inner state.', 'start': 5703.199, 'duration': 6.903}, {'end': 5715.224, 'text': "But for a man, they're more likely to assume that they reflect his response to the situation.", 'start': 5710.622, 'duration': 4.602}], 'summary': 'Research shows gender differences in attributions of facial movements and body posture.', 'duration': 28.871, 'max_score': 5686.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5686353.jpg'}, {'end': 5753.537, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5727.788, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5747.253, 'text': "But it's also in line with research which shows and particularly research actually about teaching evaluations is one place that you really see it where the expectation is that a woman will be nurturant And that a man there's just no expectation for him to be nurturant.", 'start': 5727.788, 'duration': 19.465}, {'end': 5750.395, 'text': 'So if he is nurturant, he gets points.', 'start': 5747.313, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 5753.537, 'text': "If he's not, he gets points.", 'start': 5752.016, 'duration': 1.521}], 'summary': 'Research shows bias in teaching evaluations where women are expected to be nurturant, men not. nurturant men get points, not get points.', 'duration': 25.749, 'max_score': 5727.788, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5727788.jpg'}, {'end': 5838.709, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5810.704, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5822.235, 'text': 'deeply held beliefs about myself that most animals on this planet who have been studied and there are many actually eat to regulate their protein intake.', 'start': 5810.704, 'duration': 11.531}, {'end': 5829.5, 'text': 'So you will overeat carbohydrates in order to get enough protein.', 'start': 5824.175, 'duration': 5.325}, {'end': 5838.709, 'text': 'And this research has been done with very beautiful research, with humans, with crickets, with bonobos, I mean, just like all these different animals,', 'start': 5830.061, 'duration': 8.648}], 'summary': 'Many animals overeat carbohydrates to regulate protein intake.', 'duration': 28.005, 'max_score': 5810.704, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5810704.jpg'}], 'start': 5372.492, 'title': 'Emotion learning and gender bias', 'summary': 'Discusses emotion learning in infants, acculturation process, and gender differences, as well as gender biases in perceptions, attributions, and their impact on teaching evaluations and eating habits.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5686.353, 'start': 5372.492, 'title': 'Emotion learning and acculturation', 'summary': 'Discusses how infants learn emotion categories, the process of emotion acculturation when moving to a new culture, and the lack of gender differences in emotional experiences, as evidenced by a study in the 1990s.', 'duration': 313.861, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how infants can learn emotion categories at a young age by building internal models, suggesting that they are capable of emotion learning from a young age.', 'It discusses the concept of emotion acculturation, exploring how individuals learn the emotion concepts of a new culture when they move, as studied by Bachi Mesquita in Belgium.', 'The chapter presents findings from a series of studies in the 1990s, revealing that men and women did not differ in their emotional experiences, despite self-reported beliefs of women being more emotional, highlighting the lack of gender differences in emotional experiences.']}, {'end': 5858.763, 'start': 5686.353, 'title': 'Gender bias in perceptions', 'summary': 'Discusses gender biases in perception, illustrating how women are judged based on internal attributions, while men are judged based on external attributions, particularly in the case of hillary clinton. the author also highlights the impact of gender expectations on teaching evaluations and challenges the common intuition about regulating eating habits.', 'duration': 172.41, 'highlights': ["The expectation that women will be nurturant and the lack of similar expectations for men are reflected in teaching evaluations, whereby a woman's nurturing behavior is rewarded while a man's is neutral, leading to a catch-22 situation for women in authority roles.", 'Research reveals gender bias in perceiving facial movements, body posture, and vocalizations, where attributions for women are internal, while for men, they are more likely to be perceived as responses to the situation, indicating a disparity in judgment based on gender.', 'Contrary to common intuition, research shows that most animals regulate their eating to maintain protein intake, even though personal intuitions often revolve around carbohydrates, highlighting the disparity between personal beliefs and scientific findings.']}], 'duration': 486.271, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5372492.jpg', 'highlights': ['Infants can learn emotion categories at a young age by building internal models.', 'Individuals learn emotion concepts of a new culture when they move, as studied by Bachi Mesquita in Belgium.', 'Men and women did not differ in their emotional experiences, despite self-reported beliefs of women being more emotional.', 'Expectation that women will be nurturant and the lack of similar expectations for men are reflected in teaching evaluations.', 'Research reveals gender bias in perceiving facial movements, body posture, and vocalizations.', 'Most animals regulate their eating to maintain protein intake, despite personal intuitions often revolving around carbohydrates.']}, {'end': 6607.872, 'segs': [{'end': 5922.779, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5858.803, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5865.248, 'text': 'Yeah, but in fact, actually, what I am doing, if I am like most animals on the planet, I am regulating around protein.', 'start': 5858.803, 'duration': 6.445}, {'end': 5875.52, 'text': 'So knowing this, what do I do? I correct my behavior to, eat to actually deliberately try to focus on the protein.', 'start': 5865.308, 'duration': 10.212}, {'end': 5880.342, 'text': 'This is the idea behind bias training.', 'start': 5876.44, 'duration': 3.902}, {'end': 5892.108, 'text': 'I also did not experience Hillary Clinton as the warmest candidate.', 'start': 5880.822, 'duration': 11.286}, {'end': 5903.391, 'text': 'However, you can use consistent science since the consistent scientific findings to organize your behavior.', 'start': 5892.888, 'duration': 10.503}, {'end': 5908.433, 'text': "That doesn't mean that rationality is the absence of emotion,", 'start': 5904.812, 'duration': 3.621}, {'end': 5922.779, 'text': "because sometimes emotion or feelings in general not the same thing as emotion that's another topic but are a source of information and they're wisdom and helpful.", 'start': 5908.433, 'duration': 14.346}], 'summary': 'Animals regulate around protein, bias training focuses on protein, using consistent science to organize behavior.', 'duration': 63.976, 'max_score': 5858.803, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5858803.jpg'}, {'end': 5970.34, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5942.37, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5951.417, 'text': 'regardless of whether somebody is a republican or a democrat, if that person has a record that you can see is consistent with what you believe,', 'start': 5942.37, 'duration': 9.047}, {'end': 5954.439, 'text': 'then that is information that you can act on.', 'start': 5951.417, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 5957.997, 'text': 'Yeah, and then so try to.', 'start': 5955.737, 'duration': 2.26}, {'end': 5961.298, 'text': 'I mean this is kind of what empathy is, and open-mindedness is.', 'start': 5957.997, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 5970.34, 'text': 'try to consider that the set of concepts that your brain has constructed, through which you are now perceiving the world,', 'start': 5961.298, 'duration': 9.042}], 'summary': 'Consider consistent records when making decisions, regardless of political affiliation. empathy and open-mindedness are important for perceiving the world.', 'duration': 27.97, 'max_score': 5942.37, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5942370.jpg'}, {'end': 6044.191, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6019.352, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 6027.681, 'text': 'If your brain cannot make a concept to make sense of those, anticipate what those sense data are and make sense of them,', 'start': 6019.352, 'duration': 8.329}, {'end': 6029.743, 'text': 'you will be experientially blind.', 'start': 6027.681, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 6036.951, 'text': "So, you know, when I'm giving lectures to people, I'll show them like a blobby black and white image.", 'start': 6031.285, 'duration': 5.666}, {'end': 6041.99, 'text': "they're experientially blind to the image.", 'start': 6039.209, 'duration': 2.781}, {'end': 6044.191, 'text': "They can't see anything in it.", 'start': 6042.03, 'duration': 2.161}], 'summary': 'Without conceptualizing sense data, one can become experientially blind to visual stimuli.', 'duration': 24.839, 'max_score': 6019.352, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6019352.jpg'}, {'end': 6124.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6093.874, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6099.117, 'text': "And then they have an operation and then light reaches the brain and they can't see.", 'start': 6093.874, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 6107.343, 'text': 'for days and weeks and sometimes years, they are experientially blind to certain things.', 'start': 6101.519, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 6113.848, 'text': 'So what happens with empathy, right, is that your brain is making a prediction.', 'start': 6108.544, 'duration': 5.304}, {'end': 6124.165, 'text': "And if it doesn't have the capacity to make a prediction, make?", 'start': 6113.868, 'duration': 10.297}], 'summary': "After an operation, some individuals can be blind for days, weeks, or even years, due to their brain's inability to make predictions.", 'duration': 30.291, 'max_score': 6093.874, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6093874.jpg'}, {'end': 6193.603, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6154.971, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6157.292, 'text': 'This has been documented.', 'start': 6154.971, 'duration': 2.321}, {'end': 6167.795, 'text': "It's not that the physicians are racist necessarily, but they might be experientially blind.", 'start': 6158.833, 'duration': 8.962}, {'end': 6175.698, 'text': 'The same thing is true of male physicians with female patients.', 'start': 6172.197, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 6188.941, 'text': 'I could tell you some hair-raising stories, really, where people die as a consequence of a physician making the wrong inference, the wrong prediction,', 'start': 6176.877, 'duration': 12.064}, {'end': 6190.882, 'text': 'because of being experientially blind.', 'start': 6188.941, 'duration': 1.941}, {'end': 6193.603, 'text': 'Empathy is not magic.', 'start': 6190.902, 'duration': 2.701}], 'summary': "Physicians' experiential blindness can lead to fatal errors, emphasizing the importance of empathy in patient care.", 'duration': 38.632, 'max_score': 6154.971, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6154971.jpg'}, {'end': 6495.139, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6461.716, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6468.798, 'text': 'like the brain is a predictor to understand a little differently what might be happening in these circumstances.', 'start': 6461.716, 'duration': 7.082}, {'end': 6478.445, 'text': "So there's a real, It's hard to talk about because everyone gets mad at you when you talk about this.", 'start': 6469.198, 'duration': 9.247}, {'end': 6482.628, 'text': 'There is a way to understand this,', 'start': 6480.567, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 6495.139, 'text': 'which has profound empathy for the suffering of people of color and that definitely is in line with Black Lives Matter,', 'start': 6482.628, 'duration': 12.511}], 'summary': "Understanding the brain's role in empathy for people of color and aligning with black lives matter.", 'duration': 33.423, 'max_score': 6461.716, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6461716.jpg'}], 'start': 5858.803, 'title': "Bias training and empathy's impact", 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of bias training, rational decision making, and empathy in perception, emphasizing the need for focusing on protein intake and considering consistent scientific findings. it also discusses the impact of experiential blindness on empathy, citing examples and emphasizing the role of the predictive brain in addressing these issues.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6067.477, 'start': 5858.803, 'title': 'Bias training and rational decision making', 'summary': 'Discusses the importance of bias training, rational decision making based on evidence, and the role of empathy in perception, emphasizing the significance of focusing on protein intake and considering consistent scientific findings.', 'duration': 208.674, 'highlights': ['The importance of regulating protein intake and bias training to make deliberate dietary choices is emphasized, highlighting the significance of consistent scientific findings in organizing behavior.', 'The role of emotions and feelings as sources of information and wisdom, while emphasizing the importance of rationality based on evidence even when it contradicts deeply held beliefs.', 'The significance of considering evidence and making rational decisions regardless of political affiliations, emphasizing the importance of empathy and open-mindedness in understanding diverse perspectives.', 'The concept of experiential blindness is explained, highlighting the role of brain predictions and past experiences in perception, and the impact of learning on expanding perception and understanding.']}, {'end': 6607.872, 'start': 6067.477, 'title': 'Empathy and experiential blindness', 'summary': 'Delves into the concept of experiential blindness and its impact on empathy, citing examples of blind individuals gaining sight, disparities in prescription of medicine for children of color, and the relevance of empathy in the context of black lives matter and police officers, all while emphasizing the role of the predictive brain in understanding and addressing these issues.', 'duration': 540.395, 'highlights': ['The impact of experiential blindness on empathy is exemplified by cases of blind individuals gaining sight, leading to experiential blindness in perceiving certain things, emphasizing the role of prediction in empathy. Cases of blind individuals gaining sight resulting in experiential blindness; Emphasis on the role of prediction in empathy.', "Disparities in the prescription of medicine for children of color are attributed to physicians' experiential blindness, leading to underprescription, which has been documented. Underprescription of medicine for children of color due to physicians' experiential blindness; Documented disparities in prescription.", "The relevance of empathy is discussed in the context of Black Lives Matter and police officers, with an emphasis on the predictive brain's role in understanding the challenges faced by both parties. Discussion of empathy in the context of Black Lives Matter and police officers; Emphasis on the role of the predictive brain in understanding challenges."]}], 'duration': 749.069, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI5858803.jpg', 'highlights': ['The importance of regulating protein intake and bias training to make deliberate dietary choices is emphasized, highlighting the significance of consistent scientific findings in organizing behavior.', 'The role of emotions and feelings as sources of information and wisdom, while emphasizing the importance of rationality based on evidence even when it contradicts deeply held beliefs.', 'The significance of considering evidence and making rational decisions regardless of political affiliations, emphasizing the importance of empathy and open-mindedness in understanding diverse perspectives.', 'The concept of experiential blindness is explained, highlighting the role of brain predictions and past experiences in perception, and the impact of learning on expanding perception and understanding.', 'The impact of experiential blindness on empathy is exemplified by cases of blind individuals gaining sight, leading to experiential blindness in perceiving certain things, emphasizing the role of prediction in empathy.', "Disparities in the prescription of medicine for children of color are attributed to physicians' experiential blindness, leading to underprescription, which has been documented.", "The relevance of empathy is discussed in the context of Black Lives Matter and police officers, with an emphasis on the predictive brain's role in understanding the challenges faced by both parties."]}, {'end': 7193.605, 'segs': [{'end': 6694.803, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6661.78, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6669.928, 'text': "is that sensory sampling, like your brain's ability to sample what's out there, is yoked to your heart rate?", 'start': 6661.78, 'duration': 8.148}, {'end': 6672.195, 'text': "It's yoked to your heartbeats.", 'start': 6671.075, 'duration': 1.12}, {'end': 6679.058, 'text': "There are certain phases of the heartbeat where it's easier for you to see what's happening in the world than in others.", 'start': 6672.916, 'duration': 6.142}, {'end': 6694.803, 'text': "And so if your heart rate goes through the roof, you will be more likely to just go with your prediction and not correct based on what's out there,", 'start': 6680.158, 'duration': 14.645}], 'summary': 'Sensory sampling is linked to heart rate, affecting perception and decision-making.', 'duration': 33.023, 'max_score': 6661.78, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6661780.jpg'}, {'end': 6786.806, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6760.578, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6770.382, 'text': 'Your brain is attempting to anticipate the needs of your body and meet those needs before they arise so that you can act as you need to act.', 'start': 6760.578, 'duration': 9.804}, {'end': 6774.921, 'text': 'And the metaphor that I use is a body budget.', 'start': 6771.5, 'duration': 3.421}, {'end': 6777.062, 'text': 'Your brain is running a budget for your body.', 'start': 6775.362, 'duration': 1.7}, {'end': 6781.284, 'text': "It's not budgeting money, it's budgeting glucose and salt and water.", 'start': 6777.522, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 6786.806, 'text': 'And instead of having one or two bank accounts, it has gazillions.', 'start': 6782.064, 'duration': 4.742}], 'summary': 'The brain runs a body budget, managing glucose, salt, and water for optimal performance.', 'duration': 26.228, 'max_score': 6760.578, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6760578.jpg'}, {'end': 6912.624, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6850.398, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6859.585, 'text': "His name is Jordan Theriault, and he's, published this really terrific paper on a sense of should.", 'start': 6850.398, 'duration': 9.187}, {'end': 6862.447, 'text': 'Like why do we have social rules??', 'start': 6859.665, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 6867.45, 'text': 'Why do we adhere to social norms?', 'start': 6862.587, 'duration': 4.863}, {'end': 6873.133, 'text': "It's because if I make myself predictable to you, then you are predictable to me.", 'start': 6867.93, 'duration': 5.203}, {'end': 6879.937, 'text': "And if you're predictable to me, that's good because that is less metabolically expensive for me.", 'start': 6873.153, 'duration': 6.784}, {'end': 6886.607, 'text': 'novelty or unpredictability at the extreme is expensive.', 'start': 6882.162, 'duration': 4.445}, {'end': 6896.037, 'text': 'And if it goes on for long enough, what happens is first of all, you will feel really jittery and antsy, which we describe as anxiety.', 'start': 6887.027, 'duration': 9.01}, {'end': 6898.4, 'text': "It isn't necessarily anxiety.", 'start': 6896.918, 'duration': 1.482}, {'end': 6912.624, 'text': 'It could be just something is not predictable and you are experiencing arousal because the chemicals that help you learn increase your feeling of arousal basically.', 'start': 6898.64, 'duration': 13.984}], 'summary': "Jordan theriault's paper explains why we adhere to social norms for predictability, reducing metabolic expense and anxiety.", 'duration': 62.226, 'max_score': 6850.398, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6850398.jpg'}, {'end': 7047.188, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7018.563, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 7021.564, 'text': "it's a complex system, multiple things.", 'start': 7018.563, 'duration': 3.001}, {'end': 7030.307, 'text': "part of it is that, um, people are, they're, they're metabolically encumbered and they're distressed,", 'start': 7021.564, 'duration': 8.743}, {'end': 7038.162, 'text': 'and in order to try to have empathy for someone who is very much unlike you, You have to forage for information.', 'start': 7030.307, 'duration': 7.855}, {'end': 7047.188, 'text': "You have to explore information that is novel to you and unexpected, and that's expensive.", 'start': 7039.343, 'duration': 7.845}], 'summary': 'Empathy for those unlike you requires exploring novel, unexpected, and expensive information.', 'duration': 28.625, 'max_score': 7018.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7018563.jpg'}, {'end': 7193.605, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7165.284, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7169.791, 'text': 'But like in the 1980s, it sort of shifted to this other model of being like an oligarch.', 'start': 7165.284, 'duration': 4.507}, {'end': 7188.822, 'text': "And he's talking about how it used to be the case that CEOs made like 20 times what their employees made and now they make about 300 times on average what their employees made.", 'start': 7170.872, 'duration': 17.95}, {'end': 7193.605, 'text': 'So where did that money come from? It came from the pockets of the employees.', 'start': 7189.142, 'duration': 4.463}], 'summary': "Ceos now make 300 times more than employees, money comes from employees' pockets.", 'duration': 28.321, 'max_score': 7165.284, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7165284.jpg'}], 'start': 6608.072, 'title': "Police stereotypes and unpredictability's cost", 'summary': "Examines the influence of stereotypes on police officers, brain predictions linked to heart rate, body budgeting's impact on behavior, and the effects of prolonged unpredictability, revealing ceos' earnings being 300 times more than employees.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6879.937, 'start': 6608.072, 'title': 'Police stereotypes and brain predictions', 'summary': "Discusses the impact of stereotypes on police officers, the brain's predictions about sensory sampling linked to heart rate, and the concept of body budgeting and its influence on behavior and social norms.", 'duration': 271.865, 'highlights': ["The brain's predictions about sensory sampling are linked to heart rate, affecting the ability to perceive the environment, with higher heart rates leading to less accurate perceptions. Link between heart rate and sensory sampling accuracy.", "The concept of body budgeting is explained, detailing how the brain anticipates and meets the body's needs, influencing behavior and decision-making. Explanation of body budgeting and its impact on decision-making.", 'Discussion of social norms and predictability, highlighting the link between adherence to social rules and metabolic efficiency. Explanation of the link between predictability and metabolic efficiency.']}, {'end': 7193.605, 'start': 6882.162, 'title': 'Cost of unpredictability', 'summary': 'Discusses how prolonged unpredictability leads to anxiety and distress, impacting body budgets and empathy, with ceos now making 300 times more than their employees.', 'duration': 311.443, 'highlights': ['CEOs now make about 300 times on average what their employees make The transcript highlights the significant increase in CEO compensation, now averaging 300 times more than their employees, indicating a dramatic shift in income distribution.', "Prolonged unpredictability leads to anxiety and distress The discussion emphasizes the detrimental effects of prolonged unpredictability, leading to feelings of anxiety and distress, impacting individuals' body budgets and overall well-being.", 'Empathy requires learning and practice, but is costly The transcript emphasizes the costly nature of empathy, requiring individuals to forage for novel and unexpected information, which becomes challenging when feeling encumbered and distressed.']}], 'duration': 585.533, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI6608072.jpg', 'highlights': ['CEOs now make about 300 times on average what their employees make The transcript highlights the significant increase in CEO compensation, now averaging 300 times more than their employees, indicating a dramatic shift in income distribution.', "Prolonged unpredictability leads to anxiety and distress The discussion emphasizes the detrimental effects of prolonged unpredictability, leading to feelings of anxiety and distress, impacting individuals' body budgets and overall well-being.", "The concept of body budgeting is explained, detailing how the brain anticipates and meets the body's needs, influencing behavior and decision-making. Explanation of body budgeting and its impact on decision-making.", 'Discussion of social norms and predictability, highlighting the link between adherence to social rules and metabolic efficiency. Explanation of the link between predictability and metabolic efficiency.', "The brain's predictions about sensory sampling are linked to heart rate, affecting the ability to perceive the environment, with higher heart rates leading to less accurate perceptions. Link between heart rate and sensory sampling accuracy.", 'Empathy requires learning and practice, but is costly The transcript emphasizes the costly nature of empathy, requiring individuals to forage for novel and unexpected information, which becomes challenging when feeling encumbered and distressed.']}, {'end': 8407.662, 'segs': [{'end': 7222.43, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7195.063, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 7198.308, 'text': "And they don't know about it, right? No one knows about it.", 'start': 7195.063, 'duration': 3.245}, {'end': 7203.135, 'text': "They just know they can't feed their children, they can't pay for healthcare,", 'start': 7198.348, 'duration': 4.787}, {'end': 7208.302, 'text': "they can't take care of their family and they worry about what's gonna happen to their.", 'start': 7203.135, 'duration': 5.167}, {'end': 7210.906, 'text': "they're living like months a month basically.", 'start': 7208.302, 'duration': 2.604}, {'end': 7215.247, 'text': 'any one big bill could, completely you know, put them out on the street.', 'start': 7211.406, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 7217.928, 'text': 'so there are a huge number of people living like this.', 'start': 7215.247, 'duration': 2.681}, {'end': 7221.189, 'text': "so all they with their experience, they don't know why they're experiencing it.", 'start': 7217.928, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 7222.43, 'text': "so it's.", 'start': 7221.189, 'duration': 1.241}], 'summary': 'Many people live in financial instability, unable to feed their children or afford healthcare, with the fear of being put out on the street due to one big bill.', 'duration': 27.367, 'max_score': 7195.063, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7195063.jpg'}, {'end': 7267.073, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7235.214, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 7250.421, 'text': 'just for a minute I was thinking I had deep empathy for people who have beliefs that are really, really, really different from mine,', 'start': 7235.214, 'duration': 15.207}, {'end': 7254.342, 'text': 'but I was trying really hard to see it through their eyes.', 'start': 7250.421, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 7260.004, 'text': "And did it cost me something metabolically? I'm sure.", 'start': 7255.622, 'duration': 4.382}, {'end': 7261.644, 'text': "I'm sure.", 'start': 7260.024, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 7263.565, 'text': "I'm- But you had something in the gas tank.", 'start': 7261.664, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 7267.073, 'text': 'in order to allocate that.', 'start': 7266.032, 'duration': 1.041}], 'summary': 'Practicing empathy for different beliefs can be metabolically taxing but worthwhile.', 'duration': 31.859, 'max_score': 7235.214, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7235214.jpg'}, {'end': 7314.724, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7288.547, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7294.93, 'text': 'Stress is your brain is preparing for a big metabolic outlay and it just keeps preparing and preparing, and preparing and preparing.', 'start': 7288.547, 'duration': 6.383}, {'end': 7297.272, 'text': 'You as a professor, you as a human.', 'start': 7295.251, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 7305.835, 'text': 'Both For me, this is a moment of existential crisis as much as anybody else, democracy, all of these things.', 'start': 7297.292, 'duration': 8.543}, {'end': 7314.724, 'text': "In many of my roles, I guess what I'm trying to say is that I get up every morning and I exercise.", 'start': 7307.617, 'duration': 7.107}], 'summary': 'Stress prepares brain for metabolic outlay; facing existential crisis, emphasizes daily exercise.', 'duration': 26.177, 'max_score': 7288.547, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7288547.jpg'}, {'end': 7511.736, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7446.233, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 7453.859, 'text': 'And I think you have to, in order to be able to see the obvious common humanity in us.', 'start': 7446.233, 'duration': 7.626}, {'end': 7457.324, 'text': "I don't know what the system is that's creating this division.", 'start': 7454.56, 'duration': 2.764}, {'end': 7460.168, 'text': "We can put it, like you said, it's a perfect storm.", 'start': 7457.344, 'duration': 2.824}, {'end': 7461.53, 'text': 'It might be the social media.', 'start': 7460.268, 'duration': 1.262}, {'end': 7463.353, 'text': "I don't know what the hell it is.", 'start': 7461.991, 'duration': 1.362}, {'end': 7464.475, 'text': "I think it's a bunch of things.", 'start': 7463.373, 'duration': 1.102}, {'end': 7465.957, 'text': "It's just coming together.", 'start': 7464.815, 'duration': 1.142}, {'end': 7470.383, 'text': "There's an economic system which is disadvantaging large numbers of people.", 'start': 7465.977, 'duration': 4.406}, {'end': 7474.046, 'text': "there's a use of social media.", 'start': 7471.244, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 7483.934, 'text': 'Like if you, you know, if I had to orchestrate or architect a system that would screw up a human body budget, it would be the one that we live in.', 'start': 7474.447, 'duration': 9.487}, {'end': 7485.535, 'text': "You know, we don't sleep enough.", 'start': 7483.954, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 7488.037, 'text': 'We eat pseudo food, basically.', 'start': 7485.615, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 7496.823, 'text': 'We are on social media too much, which is full of ambiguity, which is really hard for a human nervous system, right? Really, really hard.', 'start': 7489.037, 'duration': 7.786}, {'end': 7499.685, 'text': 'Like ambiguity with no context to predict in.', 'start': 7497.083, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 7506.211, 'text': "I mean, it's like, And then, you know, there are the economic concerns that affect large swaths of people in this country.", 'start': 7499.725, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 7511.736, 'text': "I mean, it's really, I'm not saying everything is reducible to metabolism.", 'start': 7506.291, 'duration': 5.445}], 'summary': 'Issues like economic disparity and social media are adversely affecting human well-being.', 'duration': 65.503, 'max_score': 7446.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7446233.jpg'}, {'end': 7769.542, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7738.511, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7750.711, 'text': "There's research that shows that being kind to other people, doing something nice for someone else, is like making a deposit to some extent.", 'start': 7738.511, 'duration': 12.2}, {'end': 7759.076, 'text': 'Because I think making a deposit, not only in their body budgets, but also in yours.', 'start': 7751.271, 'duration': 7.805}, {'end': 7763.138, 'text': 'People feel good when they do good things for other people.', 'start': 7760.937, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 7765.8, 'text': 'We are social animals.', 'start': 7764.199, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 7769.542, 'text': "We regulate each other's nervous systems for better and for worse.", 'start': 7766.1, 'duration': 3.442}], 'summary': "Being kind to others is like making a deposit in body budgets, making people feel good and regulating each other's nervous systems.", 'duration': 31.031, 'max_score': 7738.511, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7738511.jpg'}, {'end': 7946.821, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7914.663, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 7920.284, 'text': 'When you feed a baby, when you cuddle a baby,', 'start': 7914.663, 'duration': 5.621}, {'end': 7931.25, 'text': "everything you do with a baby impacts that baby's body budget and helps to wire that baby's brain to manage, eventually,", 'start': 7920.284, 'duration': 10.966}, {'end': 7933.031, 'text': 'her own body budget to some extent.', 'start': 7931.25, 'duration': 1.781}, {'end': 7937.053, 'text': "That's the basis biologically of attachment.", 'start': 7933.591, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 7946.821, 'text': 'Humans evolved as a species to be socially dependent,', 'start': 7940.416, 'duration': 6.405}], 'summary': 'The interactions with a baby impact her body budget and wire her brain for attachment, reflecting the biological basis of human social dependence.', 'duration': 32.158, 'max_score': 7914.663, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7914663.jpg'}, {'end': 8004.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7975.392, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 7981.056, 'text': "It will kill you approximately, what is it, seven years earlier, or I can't remember exactly the exact number.", 'start': 7975.392, 'duration': 5.664}, {'end': 7984.698, 'text': "It's actually in the web notes too, seven and a half lessons.", 'start': 7981.096, 'duration': 3.602}, {'end': 7991.843, 'text': 'social isolation and loneliness will kill you earlier than you would otherwise die.', 'start': 7987, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 7994.585, 'text': "and the reason why is that you're not.", 'start': 7991.843, 'duration': 2.742}, {'end': 8004.39, 'text': "you didn't evolve to manage your nervous system on your own, and when you do, you pay a little tax, and that tax accrues very slightly over time,", 'start': 7994.585, 'duration': 9.805}], 'summary': 'Social isolation can shorten lifespan by approximately 7 years due to nervous system impact.', 'duration': 28.998, 'max_score': 7975.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7975392.jpg'}, {'end': 8321.752, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8289.171, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 8297.561, 'text': 'wondrous and you just get very immersed in the moment, like the sensation of the moment.', 'start': 8289.171, 'duration': 8.39}, {'end': 8299.543, 'text': "Sometimes that's the meaning of life.", 'start': 8298.281, 'duration': 1.262}, {'end': 8301.605, 'text': "I don't think there's one meaning of life.", 'start': 8299.904, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 8306.151, 'text': "I think it's a population of instances, just like any other category.", 'start': 8301.825, 'duration': 4.326}, {'end': 8310.744, 'text': "I don't think there's a better way to end it, Lisa.", 'start': 8308.482, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 8321.752, 'text': "The first time we spoke is, I think, if not the, then one of, I think it's the first conversation I had that basically launched this podcast.", 'start': 8310.843, 'duration': 10.909}], 'summary': "Life's meaning is diverse, like any category. this conversation launched the podcast.", 'duration': 32.581, 'max_score': 8289.171, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI8289171.jpg'}], 'start': 7195.063, 'title': 'The impact of stress, social media, and love on human well-being', 'summary': 'Discusses the experiences of individuals living in financial stress, the impact of stress on metabolic resources, the detrimental effects of social media and the importance of empathy, and the biological basis of romantic love and its impact on human survival and well-being.', 'chapters': [{'end': 7391.368, 'start': 7195.063, 'title': 'Living in financial stress', 'summary': 'Discusses the experiences of individuals living in financial stress, the impact of stress on metabolic resources, and the benefits of investing in physical exercise as a coping mechanism for stress.', 'duration': 196.305, 'highlights': ['Many people are living in financial stress, unable to provide for their families and facing the risk of being put out on the street due to a single large bill. The significant number of individuals facing financial hardship and the potential risk of homelessness due to financial burdens.', "The impact of stress on metabolic resources is acknowledged, with the speaker expressing a personal struggle in allocating resources to empathize with others who hold different beliefs. The speaker's recognition of the metabolic cost of empathizing with individuals holding different beliefs, reflecting the impact of stress on cognitive and emotional resources.", "The speaker emphasizes the importance of physical exercise as a valuable investment to cope with stress, despite expressing a dislike for it. The speaker's commitment to physical exercise as a beneficial expenditure to cope with stress, highlighting the investment in physical well-being as a means to combat stress."]}, {'end': 7862.382, 'start': 7391.468, 'title': 'Empathy and social media impact', 'summary': 'Explores the impact of social media and the lack of empathy in society, discussing the division caused by political beliefs, the detrimental effects of social media, and the importance of empathy and kindness in regulating human nervous systems.', 'duration': 470.914, 'highlights': ['Research shows that being kind to others is like making a deposit in their and your body budgets, resulting in people feeling good when they do good things for others.', 'The detrimental effects of the current economic system, social media, and unhealthy lifestyle on the human body budget, leading to a lack of empathy and understanding in society.', 'The importance of empathy and kindness in human interactions, as well as the need to engage with each other to address societal dilemmas and promote collective well-being.', 'The impact of social media on human nervous systems, with excessive exposure to ambiguity and negativity leading to detrimental effects, emphasizing the need to surround oneself with kindness and positivity.', 'The division in society due to political beliefs, where individuals struggle to empathize with those holding opposing views, leading to a lack of understanding and common humanity.']}, {'end': 8407.662, 'start': 7862.382, 'title': 'The biology of love and life', 'summary': 'Reveals the biological basis of romantic love and the necessity of social attachment for human survival, emphasizing its impact on body budgeting, the mortality risks associated with loneliness, and the diverse meanings of life.', 'duration': 545.28, 'highlights': ['The biological basis of romantic love and the necessity of social attachment for human survival are explained, emphasizing its impact on body budgeting. Humans evolved as a species to be socially dependent, and social attachment helps wire the brain to manage body budget, impacting the regulation of the nervous system.', "Loneliness can lead to an earlier death, with risks including metabolic illnesses, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. Social isolation and loneliness can lead to an earlier death, with increased risks of metabolic illnesses, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and Alzheimer's disease.", 'The speaker articulates the diverse meanings of life, including making meaning, leaving the world slightly better, and experiencing moments of wonder and immersion. The meaning of life is depicted as a population of instances, encompassing making meaning, leaving the world better, and experiencing moments of wonder and immersion in the physical world.']}], 'duration': 1212.599, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/NbdRIVCBqNI/pics/NbdRIVCBqNI7195063.jpg', 'highlights': ['The significant number of individuals facing financial hardship and the potential risk of homelessness due to financial burdens.', 'The impact of stress on cognitive and emotional resources, reflecting the metabolic cost of empathizing with individuals holding different beliefs.', "The speaker's commitment to physical exercise as a beneficial expenditure to cope with stress, highlighting the investment in physical well-being as a means to combat stress.", 'Research shows that being kind to others is like making a deposit in their and your body budgets, resulting in people feeling good when they do good things for others.', 'The detrimental effects of the current economic system, social media, and unhealthy lifestyle on the human body budget, leading to a lack of empathy and understanding in society.', 'The importance of empathy and kindness in human interactions, as well as the need to engage with each other to address societal dilemmas and promote collective well-being.', 'The impact of social media on human nervous systems, with excessive exposure to ambiguity and negativity leading to detrimental effects, emphasizing the need to surround oneself with kindness and positivity.', 'The division in society due to political beliefs, where individuals struggle to empathize with those holding opposing views, leading to a lack of understanding and common humanity.', 'Humans evolved as a species to be socially dependent, and social attachment helps wire the brain to manage body budget, impacting the regulation of the nervous system.', "Social isolation and loneliness can lead to an earlier death, with increased risks of metabolic illnesses, heart disease, diabetes, depression, and Alzheimer's disease.", 'The meaning of life is depicted as a population of instances, encompassing making meaning, leaving the world better, and experiencing moments of wonder and immersion in the physical world.']}], 'highlights': ["Lisa Feldman Barrett is a professor of psychology at Northeastern University and the author of the groundbreaking book 'How Emotions Are Made.'", 'The conversation addresses the divisive time in the United States leading up to the election and offers a new perspective from a neuroscience angle, inspiring empathy, compassion, and love.', 'The brain learns and updates its storehouse of knowledge, known as an internal model, to predict better next time. The brain encodes unexpected sense data as learning and updates its internal model for better future predictions.', 'The brain operates as a prediction machine, constantly making predictions based on past experiences and updating its knowledge through sensory data. The brain is in a state representing what it believes is going on in the body and in the world, and predicting what will happen next based on past experience.', 'The brain uses past experiences for prediction and conceptual combination, enabling it to make sense of new experiences.', 'The brain constructs emotions based on past experiences by forming predictions and categories, leading to variable instances of emotions, challenging the idea of fixed and universal emotional responses.', 'The brain prepares the body for actions based on motor predictions and viscera motor predictions, influencing our experience of the world and our own body.', "The concept of body budgeting is explained, detailing how the brain anticipates and meets the body's needs, influencing behavior and decision-making. Explanation of body budgeting and its impact on decision-making.", 'Empathy requires learning and practice, but is costly The transcript emphasizes the costly nature of empathy, requiring individuals to forage for novel and unexpected information, which becomes challenging when feeling encumbered and distressed.', "The speaker's commitment to physical exercise as a beneficial expenditure to cope with stress, highlighting the investment in physical well-being as a means to combat stress.", 'Research shows that being kind to others is like making a deposit in their and your body budgets, resulting in people feeling good when they do good things for others.', 'The impact of social media on human nervous systems, with excessive exposure to ambiguity and negativity leading to detrimental effects, emphasizing the need to surround oneself with kindness and positivity.']}