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Top 10 Networking Interview Questions And Answers | Networking Interview Preparation | Simplilearn
description
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In this video on Networking Interview Questions And Answers, we will brief you with the top 10 networking questions that will help you with your networking interview preparation. These networking questions will also help you with your cybersecurity interviews. So, let's get started!
The interview questions covered in this video are:
Introduction 00:00:00
What is the OSI model? Explain the different layers of the OSI model. 00:00:27
Define Unicasting, Multicasting, and Broadcasting 00:06:37
What is DNS? 00:09:17
What is a Firewall? 00:11:31
What is a VPN? 00:15:46
What are the advantages of distributed processing? 00:16:52
What is TCP/ IP? 00:18:51
What do you mean by ipconfig and ifconfig? 00:20:28
What is the difference between domain and workgroup? 00:22:15
What is Data encapsulation in networking? 00:24:45
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What Is a Computer Network?
A computer network refers to the interconnection of several computing devices, that are connected to send and receive information. These computing devices can be desktops, laptops, servers, and tablets, to name a few.
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Explain the different layers of the OSI model.', 'start': 28.224, 'duration': 3.684}, {'end': 42.379, 'text': 'OSI largely is a theoretical model utilized to understand networking and how data packets are created and how they are being processed by a computer.', 'start': 32.509, 'duration': 9.87}, {'end': 49.246, 'text': 'This is normally used by the TCP IP, the transmission control protocol over internet protocol software suite.', 'start': 43.36, 'duration': 5.886}, {'end': 54.011, 'text': 'So OSI is known as the open systems interconnection model.', 'start': 50.367, 'duration': 3.644}, {'end': 59.736, 'text': 'It is a reference model that describes how applications are going to interact via the computer network.', 'start': 54.471, 'duration': 5.265}], 'summary': 'The osi model is a theoretical model used to understand networking and data packet processing, commonly utilized by the tcp/ip software suite.', 'duration': 31.512, 'max_score': 28.224, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY28224.jpg'}, {'end': 132.414, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 92.208, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 96.39, 'text': 'If there are any additional questions, they will come after this basic question.', 'start': 92.208, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 99.232, 'text': "So let's start off with the physical layer.", 'start': 97.731, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 102.314, 'text': 'This is the lowest layer of the OSI model.', 'start': 99.912, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 106.717, 'text': 'Now this is where any and every physicality of your computer comes into the picture.', 'start': 102.534, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 113.561, 'text': 'So it could be a network interface card, it could be an RJ45 or a CAT5 cable,', 'start': 107.097, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 118.485, 'text': 'anything that allows data to be transmitted physically from your machine to another machine.', 'start': 113.561, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 120.406, 'text': 'Next comes the data link layer.', 'start': 119.065, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 129.594, 'text': 'So on the data link layer, as far as networking is concerned, we just need to understand that data packet is encoded, decoded into bits at this layer.', 'start': 121.772, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 132.414, 'text': 'This is also the layer that deals with MAC addressing.', 'start': 130.114, 'duration': 2.3}], 'summary': 'Overview of osi model physical and data link layers, including mac addressing.', 'duration': 40.206, 'max_score': 92.208, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY92208.jpg'}, {'end': 199.84, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 92.208, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 96.39, 'text': 'If there are any additional questions, they will come after this basic question.', 'start': 92.208, 'duration': 4.182}, {'end': 99.232, 'text': "So let's start off with the physical layer.", 'start': 97.731, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 102.314, 'text': 'This is the lowest layer of the OSI model.', 'start': 99.912, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 106.717, 'text': 'Now this is where any and every physicality of your computer comes into the picture.', 'start': 102.534, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 113.561, 'text': 'So it could be a network interface card, it could be an RJ45 or a CAT5 cable,', 'start': 107.097, 'duration': 6.464}, {'end': 118.485, 'text': 'anything that allows data to be transmitted physically from your machine to another machine.', 'start': 113.561, 'duration': 4.924}, {'end': 120.406, 'text': 'Next comes the data link layer.', 'start': 119.065, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 129.594, 'text': 'So on the data link layer, as far as networking is concerned, we just need to understand that data packet is encoded, decoded into bits at this layer.', 'start': 121.772, 'duration': 7.822}, {'end': 132.414, 'text': 'This is also the layer that deals with MAC addressing.', 'start': 130.114, 'duration': 2.3}, {'end': 140.576, 'text': 'So the physical address of every network interface card, which is the MAC address, which is utilized to route data packets over the network.', 'start': 132.434, 'duration': 8.142}, {'end': 143.377, 'text': 'This is where the MAC address resides on the data link layer.', 'start': 140.756, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 146.095, 'text': 'The next layer is the network layer.', 'start': 144.434, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 148.857, 'text': 'Here, datagrams are transferred from one to another.', 'start': 146.776, 'duration': 2.081}, {'end': 151.879, 'text': 'The function of this layer are routing and logical addressing.', 'start': 149.257, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 156.282, 'text': 'The moment we talk about routing and logical addressing, IP addresses come into the picture.', 'start': 151.919, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 158.904, 'text': 'IP version 4, IP version 6.', 'start': 156.502, 'duration': 2.402}, {'end': 163.967, 'text': 'So, network layer will deal with IP addressing and the routing of those packets.', 'start': 158.904, 'duration': 5.063}, {'end': 166.189, 'text': 'Then comes the transport layer.', 'start': 164.648, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 169.571, 'text': 'This is the layer responsible for end-to-end connections.', 'start': 166.709, 'duration': 2.862}, {'end': 174.174, 'text': 'That automatically signifies that this is where TCP and UDP will be working.', 'start': 169.991, 'duration': 4.183}, {'end': 179.223, 'text': 'TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, UDP for User Datagram Protocol.', 'start': 175.035, 'duration': 4.188}, {'end': 183.29, 'text': 'TCP is a connection oriented protocol.', 'start': 180.224, 'duration': 3.066}, {'end': 186.254, 'text': 'Whereas UDP is a connection-less protocol.', 'start': 184.093, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 191.957, 'text': 'These two protocols are utilized to establish connectivity between two machines.', 'start': 186.994, 'duration': 4.963}, {'end': 199.84, 'text': 'TCP 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'text': 'Whereas TCP we studied is more of a reliable protocol.', 'start': 237.06, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 248.105, 'text': 'thus there are different packets signals that will be sent across to verify that data has been transmitted,', 'start': 241.762, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 253.067, 'text': 'it has been received properly and then the next segment of that data is being sent.', 'start': 248.105, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 257.809, 'text': 'So those control signals are established using the session layer.', 'start': 253.447, 'duration': 4.362}, {'end': 268.134, 'text': 'So the three-way handshake of TCP, the acknowledgement packets and those kind of packets will be taken care of on the session layer of the OSI model.', 'start': 257.909, 'duration': 10.225}, {'end': 271.675, 'text': 'Then comes the presentation layer.', 'start': 270.315, 'duration': 1.36}, {'end': 276.798, 'text': 'The presentation layer is responsible to translate data into the application layer format.', 'start': 272.516, 'duration': 4.282}, {'end': 288.904, 'text': 'So the formatting right MIME or encoding that is being utilized, the UTF-8 character set that we utilize for presentation encryption mechanisms.', 'start': 277.158, 'duration': 11.746}, {'end': 290.725, 'text': 'all of these work on the presentation layer.', 'start': 288.904, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 294.173, 'text': 'And finally comes the application layer.', 'start': 291.812, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 299.354, 'text': 'Where? The application itself uses a particular protocol.', 'start': 295.073, 'duration': 4.281}], 'summary': 'The osi model includes tcp and udp at the transport layer, control signals at the session layer, data translation at the presentation layer, and protocol usage at the application layer.', 'duration': 77.204, 'max_score': 222.15, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY222150.jpg'}, {'end': 354.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 324.482, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 328.663, 'text': "all that data will be constructed, let's say, into an HTTP or HTTPS format.", 'start': 324.482, 'duration': 4.181}, {'end': 330.984, 'text': "That's where your application layer comes into the picture.", 'start': 329.143, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 337.866, 'text': 'Then the formatting of which into UTF-8 and the encryption of which would be done at the presentation layer.', 'start': 331.444, 'duration': 6.422}, {'end': 345.688, 'text': 'Then the transport layer and the session layer would kick in to establish a TCP session, do the three-way handshake, establish that connectivity.', 'start': 338.726, 'duration': 6.962}, {'end': 348.069, 'text': 'IP addressing would be done on the network layer.', 'start': 346.248, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 349.969, 'text': 'MAC addressing would be done on the data link layer.', 'start': 348.129, 'duration': 1.84}, {'end': 354.31, 'text': 'And when everything is ready, on the physical layer, the packet will be sent out.', 'start': 350.329, 'duration': 3.981}], 'summary': 'Data is constructed into http/https format, encrypted at presentation layer, and sent out via physical layer.', 'duration': 29.828, 'max_score': 324.482, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY324482.jpg'}], 'start': 8.416, 'title': 'Networking layers and osi model', 'summary': 'Covers the top 10 networking interview questions and answers, explains the osi model and its seven layers, including the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer. it also highlights the role of ip addressing, discusses tcp and udp protocols, and explains the functionality of the transport and session layers in ensuring reliable data transmission and connection establishment. additionally, it explains the osi model layers and their functions, including the session layer handling the three-way handshake for tcp, the presentation layer translating data into application layer format, and the application layer dealing with data generation and protocol usage.', 'chapters': [{'end': 151.879, 'start': 8.416, 'title': 'Networking interview q&a', 'summary': 'Covers the top 10 networking interview questions and answers, explaining the osi model and its seven layers, including the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer.', 'duration': 143.463, 'highlights': ['The OSI model is a reference model that describes how applications interact via the computer network, consisting of seven layers including the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer. The OSI model is a theoretical model used to understand networking and data packet processing, with seven layers such as the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer.', 'The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model, involving the transmission of data physically using components like network interface cards and cables. The physical layer deals with the physical transmission of data, including components like network interface cards and cables.', 'The data link layer involves the encoding and decoding of data packets into bits, as well as MAC addressing for routing data packets over the network. The data link layer encodes and decodes data packets, deals with MAC addressing, and resides the MAC address, essential for routing data packets.']}, {'end': 257.809, 'start': 151.919, 'title': 'Networking layers and protocols', 'summary': 'Covers the networking layers and protocols, highlighting the role of ip addressing, discussing tcp and udp protocols, and explaining the functionality of the transport and session layers in ensuring reliable data transmission and connection establishment.', 'duration': 105.89, 'highlights': ['The network layer deals with IP addressing and routing of packets, involving both IP version 4 and IP version 6.', 'TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, ensures reliability by sending numerous packets to verify data transmission and reception.', 'UDP, a connection-less protocol, transmits data without verifying receiver acknowledgment, providing a more efficient but less reliable method of connectivity.', 'The session layer controls signals between computers, establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between processes.']}, {'end': 425.505, 'start': 257.909, 'title': 'Osi model layers and communication protocols', 'summary': 'Explains the osi model layers and their functions, including the session layer handling the three-way handshake for tcp, the presentation layer translating data into application layer format, and the application layer dealing with data generation and protocol usage.', 'duration': 167.596, 'highlights': ['The session layer handles the three-way handshake for TCP and acknowledgement packets on the OSI model. This emphasizes the crucial role of the session layer in establishing and maintaining connections, showcasing understanding of networking protocols.', "The presentation layer translates data into the application layer format and handles formatting, MIME, encoding, and encryption mechanisms. This showcases knowledge of the presentation layer's responsibilities and its impact on data transmission and security.", "The application layer deals with data generation and protocol usage, such as constructing data into HTTP or HTTPS format for communication. Demonstrates understanding of the application layer's role in processing user input and formatting data for communication protocols."]}], 'duration': 417.089, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY8416.jpg', 'highlights': ['The OSI model is a reference model that describes how applications interact via the computer network, consisting of seven layers including the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer.', 'The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model, involving the transmission of data physically using components like network interface cards and cables.', 'The data link layer involves the encoding and decoding of data packets into bits, as well as MAC addressing for routing data packets over the network.', 'The network layer deals with IP addressing and routing of packets, involving both IP version 4 and IP version 6.', 'TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, ensures reliability by sending numerous packets to verify data transmission and reception.', 'UDP, a connection-less protocol, transmits data without verifying receiver acknowledgment, providing a more efficient but less reliable method of connectivity.', 'The session layer controls signals between computers, establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between processes.', 'The session layer handles the three-way handshake for TCP and acknowledgement packets on the OSI model.', 'The presentation layer translates data into the application layer format and handles formatting, MIME, encoding, and encryption mechanisms.', 'The application layer deals with data generation and protocol usage, such as constructing data into HTTP or HTTPS format for communication.']}, {'end': 693.529, 'segs': [{'end': 452.781, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 425.825, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 431.89, 'text': 'So when data is being transmitted over a network, it can be transmitted either in one of these particular manners.', 'start': 425.825, 'duration': 6.065}, {'end': 435.513, 'text': 'It can either be a unicast, multicast or a broadcast.', 'start': 431.97, 'duration': 3.543}, {'end': 442.59, 'text': 'So what is unicast? Unicast is when a message is sent from a single user to a single receiver.', 'start': 436.134, 'duration': 6.456}, {'end': 449.778, 'text': 'So one to one, right? So one machine talking to another machine and nobody else.', 'start': 443.151, 'duration': 6.627}, {'end': 452.781, 'text': 'So also known as point to point communications.', 'start': 450.278, 'duration': 2.503}], 'summary': 'Data can be transmitted in unicast, multicast, or broadcast, with unicast being one-to-one communication.', 'duration': 26.956, 'max_score': 425.825, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY425825.jpg'}, {'end': 518.804, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 496.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 503.512, 'text': 'As the name suggests, in this mode of communication, data is sent from one or more sources to multiple destinations.', 'start': 496.109, 'duration': 7.403}, {'end': 510.336, 'text': 'Multicast uses the Internet Group Management Protocol, also known as the IGMP protocol, to identify groups.', 'start': 503.912, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 518.804, 'text': 'So, under this IGMP protocol, various groups are created where machines are subscribed to those particular groups,', 'start': 510.776, 'duration': 8.028}], 'summary': 'Multicast communication sends data from one or more sources to multiple destinations using igmp protocol.', 'duration': 22.695, 'max_score': 496.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY496109.jpg'}, {'end': 652.096, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 608.183, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 617.532, 'text': 'So the moment we type in the browser window, in the address bar google.com and press enter, a DNS query is generated automatically by the browser,', 'start': 608.183, 'duration': 9.349}, {'end': 622.596, 'text': 'where a packet is sent to our DNS servers asking what the IP address is.', 'start': 617.532, 'duration': 5.064}, {'end': 628.542, 'text': 'So in short, DNS resolves domain names to their corresponding IP addresses.', 'start': 622.896, 'duration': 5.646}, {'end': 637.102, 'text': 'There is a DNS server which will have this index, a database of all the domains associated with their IP addresses.', 'start': 629.414, 'duration': 7.688}, {'end': 641.647, 'text': "If one particular DNS server does not have that information that you're looking for,", 'start': 637.883, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 646.572, 'text': 'it may query another DNS server who may have that particular response.', 'start': 641.647, 'duration': 4.925}, {'end': 652.096, 'text': 'So the first thing is when you type in domain name, it gets resolved with the DNS.', 'start': 647.253, 'duration': 4.843}], 'summary': 'Dns resolves domain names to their corresponding ip addresses, utilizing a network of servers to retrieve information.', 'duration': 43.913, 'max_score': 608.183, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY608183.jpg'}], 'start': 425.825, 'title': 'Data transmission modes, dns & dns role', 'summary': 'Discusses unicast, multicast, and broadcast data transmission modes, and introduces dns (domain name system). it also explains the role of dns in mapping domain names to ip addresses, highlighting its significance in internet communication.', 'chapters': [{'end': 563.025, 'start': 425.825, 'title': 'Data transmission modes & dns', 'summary': 'Discusses the three data transmission modes: unicast, multicast, and broadcast, defining their functionalities and protocols, and introduces the concept of dns (domain name system). unicast involves one-to-one communication, multicast allows one-to-many communication, and broadcast facilitates one-to-all communication. dns stands for domain name system.', 'duration': 137.2, 'highlights': ['Unicast is one to one, point to point communication. Unicast involves one-to-one communication between a single user and a single receiver, also known as point-to-point communications.', 'Multicast enables one-to-many communication using the IGMP protocol. Multicast allows data to be sent from one or more sources to multiple destinations using the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), creating groups to which machines are subscribed and through which messages are sent to multiple machines.', 'Broadcast facilitates one-to-all communication within a network. Broadcast communication involves sending data from a single user to all machines in a particular network, allowing one-to-all communication.', 'DNS stands for Domain Name System. DNS stands for Domain Name System, a system that translates domain names to IP addresses on the Internet.']}, {'end': 693.529, 'start': 563.605, 'title': 'Understanding dns and its role', 'summary': 'Explains the role of dns in mapping domain names to ip addresses, highlighting the process of dns resolution and its significance in internet communication.', 'duration': 129.924, 'highlights': ['DNS resolves domain names to their corresponding IP addresses, enabling computers to route packets to the appropriate servers. DNS plays a critical role in converting human-readable domain names to machine-readable IP addresses, facilitating seamless internet communication.', 'The process of DNS resolution involves querying DNS servers to obtain the IP address associated with a domain name. When a domain name is entered in a browser, a DNS query is automatically generated, prompting the DNS server to provide the corresponding IP address, ensuring accurate routing of data packets.', 'DNS servers maintain a database of domain names and their respective IP addresses, enabling efficient resolution of domain names. DNS servers store an index of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses, allowing for quick retrieval and resolution of domain names to their respective locations.']}], 'duration': 267.704, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY425825.jpg', 'highlights': ['Multicast allows data to be sent from one or more sources to multiple destinations using the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), creating groups to which machines are subscribed and through which messages are sent to multiple machines.', 'DNS plays a critical role in converting human-readable domain names to machine-readable IP addresses, facilitating seamless internet communication.', 'Unicast involves one-to-one communication between a single user and a single receiver, also known as point-to-point communications.', 'The process of DNS resolution involves querying DNS servers to obtain the IP address associated with a domain name.']}, {'end': 935.472, 'segs': [{'end': 774.497, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 717.024, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 724.303, 'text': 'but its responsibility is for blocking either incoming or outgoing traffic from the internet to your computer.', 'start': 717.024, 'duration': 7.279}, {'end': 725.405, 'text': 'They secure a network.', 'start': 724.504, 'duration': 0.901}, {'end': 730.635, 'text': 'So essentially, the firewall will allow a connection to happen or disallow a connection to happen.', 'start': 725.445, 'duration': 5.19}, {'end': 732.318, 'text': "It won't go beyond that.", 'start': 731.256, 'duration': 1.062}, {'end': 734.342, 'text': "That's the basic functionality of a firewall.", 'start': 732.418, 'duration': 1.924}, {'end': 743.706, 'text': 'OK. so, based on the configurations that you have done, based on the rules that you have created on the firewall, it will then, based on those rules,', 'start': 735.322, 'duration': 8.384}, {'end': 750.93, 'text': 'identify whether some traffic is allowed in that network or some traffic is to be blocked from entering that network.', 'start': 743.706, 'duration': 7.224}, {'end': 752.47, 'text': 'So as the screen shows.', 'start': 751.51, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 756.432, 'text': 'The firewall rules will analyze whether the traffic is good.', 'start': 753.591, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 763.456, 'text': 'If yes, it will allow if the traffic is bad, it will block the traffic and not allow that connection from happening in the first place.', 'start': 757.333, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 769.654, 'text': 'Now there are a few common types of firewalls that also need to be included in the answer to this question,', 'start': 764.17, 'duration': 5.484}, {'end': 771.855, 'text': 'and the first one is a packet filtering firewall.', 'start': 769.654, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 774.497, 'text': 'These are the most common types that you will come across,', 'start': 772.235, 'duration': 2.262}], 'summary': 'Firewalls block or allow incoming/outgoing internet traffic based on rules and configurations.', 'duration': 57.473, 'max_score': 717.024, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY717024.jpg'}, {'end': 836.127, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 811.938, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 818.9, 'text': "you're basically looking at an intrusion detection system or intrusion prevention system in today's world called as a next-gen firewall.", 'start': 811.938, 'duration': 6.962}, {'end': 827.063, 'text': 'So a packet filtering firewall essentially will only analyze data packets for its source and destination, IP addresses,', 'start': 820.06, 'duration': 7.003}, {'end': 830.345, 'text': 'port numbers and the protocol that is being utilized.', 'start': 827.063, 'duration': 3.282}, {'end': 836.127, 'text': 'It will then map that information to the rules that are there on the firewall and based on those rules,', 'start': 830.725, 'duration': 5.402}], 'summary': 'Next-gen firewall acts as an intrusion detection/prevention system, analyzing source/destination ip addresses, port numbers, and protocol to enforce rules.', 'duration': 24.189, 'max_score': 811.938, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY811938.jpg'}, {'end': 898.279, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 852.261, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 857.363, 'text': 'Package filtering firewalls, since we have mentioned that they work on IP addressing and port numbers,', 'start': 852.261, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 860.424, 'text': 'will work on the network layer of the OSI model.', 'start': 857.363, 'duration': 3.061}, {'end': 863.225, 'text': 'Also on the transport layer because you also look at protocols.', 'start': 860.764, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 872.429, 'text': 'Proxy firewalls will work at layer 7,, which is the application layer of the OSI model, and will deal with application level protocols such as HTTP,', 'start': 864.005, 'duration': 8.424}, {'end': 875.931, 'text': 'HTTPS, FTP, SMTP and so on so forth.', 'start': 872.429, 'duration': 3.502}, {'end': 880.813, 'text': 'And the third one is a stateful multilayer inspection firewall.', 'start': 877.552, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 884.575, 'text': 'These filter packets are the network, transport and application layers.', 'start': 881.274, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 889.618, 'text': 'So they basically do the job of the first and the second type of firewalls.', 'start': 884.996, 'duration': 4.622}, {'end': 893.674, 'text': 'The packets are compared to known trusted packets.', 'start': 891.072, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 898.279, 'text': 'But now the first question is if there is a stateful multi-layer inspection firewall,', 'start': 894.075, 'duration': 4.204}], 'summary': 'Firewalls operate at different osi layers, including layer 7 for proxy firewalls, and stateful multilayer inspection firewalls filter packets at multiple layers.', 'duration': 46.018, 'max_score': 852.261, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY852261.jpg'}, {'end': 942.423, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 918.714, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 926.863, 'text': 'The functionality of a firewall is to allow good traffic and disallow bad traffic based on the rules that have been configured on the firewall.', 'start': 918.714, 'duration': 8.149}, {'end': 932.028, 'text': "And then you've got basically three types of firewalls, packet filtering, proxy and stateful multilayer.", 'start': 927.383, 'duration': 4.645}, {'end': 935.472, 'text': 'And just include a brief description of each of these firewalls.', 'start': 932.389, 'duration': 3.083}, {'end': 942.423, 'text': 'If getting your learning started is half the battle, what if you could do that for free? Visit SkillUp by SimplyLearn.', 'start': 936.061, 'duration': 6.362}], 'summary': 'Firewalls allow good traffic, disallow bad traffic. types: packet filtering, proxy, stateful multilayer.', 'duration': 23.709, 'max_score': 918.714, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY918714.jpg'}], 'start': 695.049, 'title': 'Firewalls and their functions', 'summary': 'Covers the basic functionality of firewalls as hardware or software systems, emphasizing the differences between packet filtering, proxy, and stateful multilayer inspection firewalls, and their evolution in terms of functionalities and layers of the osi model they operate on.', 'chapters': [{'end': 774.497, 'start': 695.049, 'title': 'Understanding firewalls', 'summary': 'Explains the basic functionality of a firewall as a hardware or software system responsible for blocking incoming or outgoing traffic from the internet to secure a network, and how it uses rules to allow or block traffic, with specific mention of packet filtering firewalls as the most common type encountered.', 'duration': 79.448, 'highlights': ['A firewall is responsible for blocking either incoming or outgoing traffic from the internet to your computer, securing a network, and allowing or disallowing connections, irrespective of being hardware or software.', 'Based on the configurations and rules set on the firewall, it identifies whether traffic is allowed or blocked from entering the network, with the ability to analyze and allow good traffic while blocking bad traffic.', 'The most common type of firewall mentioned is the packet filtering firewall, which is important to include in the discussion of firewalls.']}, {'end': 935.472, 'start': 774.497, 'title': 'Types of firewalls and their functions', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between packet filtering, proxy, and stateful multilayer inspection firewalls, highlighting their functionalities and the layers of the osi model they operate on, emphasizing that packet filtering and proxy firewalls have evolved to include functionalities of stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.', 'duration': 160.975, 'highlights': ['Packet filtering firewalls analyze packets at the network and transport layers, focusing on source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols, and have evolved to include functionalities of stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.', 'Proxy firewalls operate at the application layer of the OSI model, filtering network traffic at the application level, dealing with application level protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, and more.', 'Stateful multilayer inspection firewalls filter packets at the network, transport, and application layers, combining the functionalities of packet filtering and proxy firewalls, and have evolved from the earlier types of firewalls.', 'The functionality of a firewall is to allow good traffic and disallow bad traffic based on the rules configured, and the three main types of firewalls are packet filtering, proxy, and stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.']}], 'duration': 240.423, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY695049.jpg', 'highlights': ['Packet filtering firewalls analyze packets at the network and transport layers, focusing on source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols, and have evolved to include functionalities of stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.', 'Stateful multilayer inspection firewalls filter packets at the network, transport, and application layers, combining the functionalities of packet filtering and proxy firewalls, and have evolved from the earlier types of firewalls.', 'Proxy firewalls operate at the application layer of the OSI model, filtering network traffic at the application level, dealing with application level protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, and more.', 'The functionality of a firewall is to allow good traffic and disallow bad traffic based on the rules configured, and the three main types of firewalls are packet filtering, proxy, and stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.', 'A firewall is responsible for blocking either incoming or outgoing traffic from the internet to your computer, securing a network, and allowing or disallowing connections, irrespective of being hardware or software.', 'Based on the configurations and rules set on the firewall, it identifies whether traffic is allowed or blocked from entering the network, with the ability to analyze and allow good traffic while blocking bad traffic.', 'The most common type of firewall mentioned is the packet filtering firewall, which is important to include in the discussion of firewalls.']}, {'end': 1336.48, 'segs': [{'end': 1001.158, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 957.883, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 963.526, 'text': 'So it basically creates an encrypted tunnel between the client and the VPN server,', 'start': 957.883, 'duration': 5.643}, {'end': 968.77, 'text': "which is then utilized to secure the connections that you're making with the internet.", 'start': 963.526, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 973.693, 'text': 'So as you can see in the diagram, the user has a VPN client installed on their machine.', 'start': 969.11, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 978.036, 'text': 'The VPN client then creates an encrypted tunnel to the VPN server.', 'start': 974.133, 'duration': 3.903}, {'end': 987.205, 'text': 'And through this tunnel, encrypted data is transmitted, which can then be processed by the VPN server, sent to the internet.', 'start': 979.358, 'duration': 7.847}, {'end': 990.448, 'text': 'Information can be received back by the VPN server.', 'start': 987.386, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 994.452, 'text': 'The VPN server will encrypt that data back and send it back to the user.', 'start': 990.769, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 1001.158, 'text': "So if there's a man in the middle attack that is happening or a hacker trying to eavesdrop on the communication mechanism,", 'start': 994.732, 'duration': 6.426}], 'summary': 'Vpn creates an encrypted tunnel for secure internet connections, protecting against interception.', 'duration': 43.275, 'max_score': 957.883, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY957883.jpg'}, {'end': 1072.412, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1038.037, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1039.897, 'text': 'But before we go into the advantages,', 'start': 1038.037, 'duration': 1.86}, {'end': 1047.223, 'text': 'distributed computing is basically where multiple machines will pool their resources together to run a singular application.', 'start': 1039.897, 'duration': 7.326}, {'end': 1052.866, 'text': 'So an application that has multiple resources and can scale up and scale down as and when required.', 'start': 1047.323, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 1057.99, 'text': 'The advantages are that it can be very useful in data recovery.', 'start': 1053.667, 'duration': 4.323}, {'end': 1063.766, 'text': 'For example, RAID, where you are striping data on various hard disks.', 'start': 1059.042, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 1072.412, 'text': 'It is reliable, it is cheaper, lower cost can be achieved and it is easy to expand because of the scalability factor that we just talked about.', 'start': 1064.366, 'duration': 8.046}], 'summary': 'Distributed computing pools resources to run applications, offering scalability, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of expansion.', 'duration': 34.375, 'max_score': 1038.037, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1038037.jpg'}, {'end': 1172.203, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1145.747, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1150.768, 'text': 'This protocol defines how data should be transmitted over the Internet by providing end-to-end communications.', 'start': 1145.747, 'duration': 5.021}, {'end': 1155.91, 'text': 'So essentially, if you want networking to be established on your machine, you will need TCPIP.', 'start': 1151.128, 'duration': 4.782}, {'end': 1160.991, 'text': 'Without TCPIP, there will be no work groups, there will be no domains.', 'start': 1156.97, 'duration': 4.021}, {'end': 1163.932, 'text': 'Basically, your interconnectivity will go for a toss.', 'start': 1161.411, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 1172.203, 'text': 'TCPIP is a software that, once installed on your machine, will then interact with the hardware, which is your network interface cards,', 'start': 1164.755, 'duration': 7.448}], 'summary': 'Tcpip is essential for networking, without it, there will be no work groups or domains.', 'duration': 26.456, 'max_score': 1145.747, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1145747.jpg'}, {'end': 1257.157, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 1206.236, 'weight': 0.873, 'content': [{'end': 1213.802, 'text': 'The IP will then deal with the routing of those packets so that the packet can be routed to the correct computer and be received by the recipient.', 'start': 1206.236, 'duration': 7.566}, {'end': 1217.637, 'text': 'So the TCP IP model is the compressed version of the OSI model.', 'start': 1214.574, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 1220.8, 'text': 'The seven layers will get converted into four layers.', 'start': 1217.757, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 1224.624, 'text': 'The network access layer, internet layer, transport layer and application layer.', 'start': 1220.86, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 1226.045, 'text': 'Going on to question eight.', 'start': 1224.964, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 1231.05, 'text': 'What do you mean by IP config and IF config? Both of these are commands.', 'start': 1226.906, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 1234.934, 'text': 'The first one on a Windows machine, the second one on a Linux machine.', 'start': 1231.17, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 1238.56, 'text': 'So ipconfig is known as the Internet Protocol Configuration.', 'start': 1235.697, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 1248.309, 'text': 'This is a command that is used on the command line interface of Microsoft Windows to view all the adapters and the configuration of each and every adapters for their network interfaces.', 'start': 1239.14, 'duration': 9.169}, {'end': 1257.157, 'text': 'So, as you can see on the right hand side in the command prompt screen, if, once you type in the ipconfig command on the C prompt and press enter,', 'start': 1248.689, 'duration': 8.468}], 'summary': 'Tcp/ip model compresses osi model into four layers, ipconfig and ifconfig are commands for windows and linux machines.', 'duration': 50.921, 'max_score': 1206.236, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1206236.jpg'}, {'end': 1257.157, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1226.906, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1231.05, 'text': 'What do you mean by IP config and IF config? Both of these are commands.', 'start': 1226.906, 'duration': 4.144}, {'end': 1234.934, 'text': 'The first one on a Windows machine, the second one on a Linux machine.', 'start': 1231.17, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 1238.56, 'text': 'So ipconfig is known as the Internet Protocol Configuration.', 'start': 1235.697, 'duration': 2.863}, {'end': 1248.309, 'text': 'This is a command that is used on the command line interface of Microsoft Windows to view all the adapters and the configuration of each and every adapters for their network interfaces.', 'start': 1239.14, 'duration': 9.169}, {'end': 1257.157, 'text': 'So, as you can see on the right hand side in the command prompt screen, if, once you type in the ipconfig command on the C prompt and press enter,', 'start': 1248.689, 'duration': 8.468}], 'summary': 'Ip config and if config are commands used in windows and linux machines to view network adapter configuration.', 'duration': 30.251, 'max_score': 1226.906, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1226906.jpg'}], 'start': 936.061, 'title': 'Vpn and distributed processing', 'summary': 'Covers the concept of vpn, creating encrypted tunnels for securing internet connections, and explores the advantages of distributed processing, such as data recovery, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, with examples like raid and blockchain. it also discusses tcpip and ipconfig/if config commands.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1001.158, 'start': 936.061, 'title': 'Understanding vpn: encrypted tunneling', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of a vpn, which creates an encrypted tunnel between a client and a server for securing internet connections.', 'duration': 65.097, 'highlights': ['A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between a client and a server to secure internet connections.', 'The encrypted tunnel is utilized to secure the connections made with the internet.', 'The VPN server encrypts and transmits data to the internet and receives and encrypts data back for the user.', 'It prevents man-in-the-middle attacks and safeguards communication mechanisms.']}, {'end': 1336.48, 'start': 1001.158, 'title': 'Advantages of distributed processing', 'summary': 'Explains the advantages of distributed processing, including data recovery, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, with examples like raid and blockchain, and also discusses tcpip and ipconfig/if config commands.', 'duration': 335.322, 'highlights': ['Distributed processing allows for data recovery, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Distributed processing enables data recovery, cost-effectiveness, and scalability through examples like RAID and blockchain.', 'TCPIP is essential for establishing networking and end-to-end communications on the Internet. TCPIP is vital for establishing networking and end-to-end communications on the Internet, defining how data is transmitted and enabling interconnectivity.', 'ipconfig and IF config commands are used to view and configure network interfaces on Windows and Linux machines. The ipconfig and IF config commands allow users to view and configure network interfaces on Windows and Linux machines to determine IP addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways.']}], 'duration': 400.419, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY936061.jpg', 'highlights': ['A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between a client and a server to secure internet connections.', 'The VPN server encrypts and transmits data to the internet and receives and encrypts data back for the user.', 'Distributed processing allows for data recovery, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability.', 'TCPIP is essential for establishing networking and end-to-end communications on the Internet.', 'The ipconfig and IF config commands allow users to view and configure network interfaces on Windows and Linux machines.']}, {'end': 1565.524, 'segs': [{'end': 1361.601, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1336.48, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1342.907, 'text': 'What is the difference between a domain and a workgroup? This can be a very interesting question and can be a very lengthy question at the same time.', 'start': 1336.48, 'duration': 6.427}, {'end': 1353.019, 'text': 'A workgroup is nothing but a decentralized network where you have interconnected multiple machines together and each machine acts in its own individual capacity.', 'start': 1343.588, 'duration': 9.431}, {'end': 1361.601, 'text': 'things of itself as a server, right? So a decentralized network, every user manages the resources individually on their PC.', 'start': 1353.993, 'duration': 7.608}], 'summary': 'Domain vs. workgroup: workgroup is decentralized, each machine acts individually.', 'duration': 25.121, 'max_score': 1336.48, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1336480.jpg'}, {'end': 1432.706, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1396.114, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1401.697, 'text': 'So if you look at your home Wi-Fi right now, that is one of the best examples of having a workgroup.', 'start': 1396.114, 'duration': 5.583}, {'end': 1405.757, 'text': 'domain, on the other hand, is a centralized network model.', 'start': 1402.916, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 1412.659, 'text': 'so in a corporate environment, whenever you go there and you got a domain based username and password which, when entered onto a particular machine,', 'start': 1405.757, 'duration': 6.902}, {'end': 1419.681, 'text': 'gives you access to the entire network or whatever applications and whatever resources have been allocated to you.', 'start': 1412.659, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 1420.941, 'text': 'that is where the domain comes in.', 'start': 1419.681, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 1428.584, 'text': 'so it it also uses a single sign on mechanism for all the resources that are made that are to be made available to you, Whereas in a work group,', 'start': 1420.941, 'duration': 7.643}, {'end': 1432.706, 'text': 'your local user only meant for that particular computer right?', 'start': 1428.584, 'duration': 4.122}], 'summary': 'Wi-fi is a workgroup, domain provides centralized network access and single sign-on for corporate environments.', 'duration': 36.592, 'max_score': 1396.114, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1396114.jpg'}, {'end': 1474.661, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1452.777, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1461.868, 'text': 'It is the most reliable and optimum solution for a large network where multiple users are going to interconnect and share that data amongst each other.', 'start': 1452.777, 'duration': 9.091}, {'end': 1465.514, 'text': 'right. the computer can be connected to any network.', 'start': 1462.932, 'duration': 2.582}, {'end': 1470.238, 'text': 'that means you can be on the internet and through the internet, using a VPN, you can connect to your corporate network,', 'start': 1465.514, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 1474.661, 'text': 'authenticate in and get access to whatever resources you are allowed to access,', 'start': 1470.238, 'duration': 4.423}], 'summary': 'Vpn is the most reliable solution for large networks, allowing secure access to corporate resources via the internet.', 'duration': 21.884, 'max_score': 1452.777, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1452777.jpg'}, {'end': 1516.759, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1490.353, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1494.736, 'text': 'Data encapsulation refers to the process of adding headers and trailers to the data.', 'start': 1490.353, 'duration': 4.383}, {'end': 1502.002, 'text': 'The data link layer binds each packet into a frame that contains the hardware address of the source and the destination computer.', 'start': 1495.497, 'duration': 6.505}, {'end': 1505.264, 'text': "So, in this example, when you're talking about data encapsulation,", 'start': 1502.022, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 1516.759, 'text': 'we have talked about how data that has been created by the application layer would have a header and a trailer that will give the various informations of where that data needs to be sent.', 'start': 1505.264, 'duration': 11.495}], 'summary': 'Data encapsulation adds headers and trailers to packets for routing. each frame has source and destination hardware addresses.', 'duration': 26.406, 'max_score': 1490.353, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1490353.jpg'}], 'start': 1336.48, 'title': 'Network models and data security', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between a domain and a workgroup, emphasizing the centralized nature of a domain in corporate environments. it also covers the advantages of vpn for remote access and the concept of data encapsulation in networking, highlighting the addition of headers and trailers to data packets for routing purposes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1451.937, 'start': 1336.48, 'title': 'Domain vs workgroup', 'summary': 'Discusses the differences between a domain and a workgroup, highlighting that a workgroup is a decentralized network where each machine acts individually, managing resources locally, while a domain is a centralized network model used in corporate environments, providing access to all resources through a single sign-on mechanism.', 'duration': 115.457, 'highlights': ['A workgroup is a decentralized network where each machine acts in its own individual capacity, managing resources locally. In a workgroup, local users on their own PCs manage the network, shares, and decide what data should be shared, to whom it can be shared with, and so on.', 'Domain is a centralized network model used in corporate environments, providing access to all resources through a single sign-on mechanism. In a domain, a centralized administrator manages all resources such as switches, routers, servers, data stores, applications, web servers, mail exchange servers, etc., and provides access to users through a single sign-on mechanism.', 'Workgroup is suitable for a small network with minimal management effort, while a domain is used in corporate environments for centralized management of resources and access control. Workgroup is ideal for a small network with minimal management effort, where each user decides what they want to allow other users to see. On the other hand, a domain is used in corporate environments for centralized management of resources and access control using a single sign-on mechanism.']}, {'end': 1565.524, 'start': 1452.777, 'title': 'Vpn and data encapsulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the advantages of vpn for remote access and the concept of data encapsulation in networking, emphasizing how headers and trailers are added to data packets for routing purposes.', 'duration': 112.747, 'highlights': ['Data encapsulation refers to the process of adding headers and trailers to the data, where the hardware address of the source and the destination computer is included, emphasizing the role of MAC address and IP addresses in routing the data.', 'VPN allows users to connect to the corporate network remotely using the internet, providing access to authorized resources, compared to work groups where users must be physically present within the network to access resources.', 'In a large network, VPN provides the most reliable and optimum solution for interconnecting multiple users and sharing data, offering flexibility in network connectivity even when changing locations or Wi-Fi connections.']}], 'duration': 229.044, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/N1dAIFGakxY/pics/N1dAIFGakxY1336480.jpg', 'highlights': ['Domain is a centralized network model used in corporate environments, providing access to all resources through a single sign-on mechanism.', 'Workgroup is suitable for a small network with minimal management effort, while a domain is used in corporate environments for centralized management of resources and access control.', 'VPN allows users to connect to the corporate network remotely using the internet, providing access to authorized resources, compared to work groups where users must be physically present within the network to access resources.', 'In a large network, VPN provides the most reliable and optimum solution for interconnecting multiple users and sharing data, offering flexibility in network connectivity even when changing locations or Wi-Fi connections.', 'Data encapsulation refers to the process of adding headers and trailers to the data, where the hardware address of the source and the destination computer is included, emphasizing the role of MAC address and IP addresses in routing the data.', 'A workgroup is a decentralized network where each machine acts in its own individual capacity, managing resources locally.']}], 'highlights': ['The OSI model is a reference model that describes how applications interact via the computer network, consisting of seven layers including the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer.', 'The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model, involving the transmission of data physically using components like network interface cards and cables.', 'The data link layer involves the encoding and decoding of data packets into bits, as well as MAC addressing for routing data packets over the network.', 'The network layer deals with IP addressing and routing of packets, involving both IP version 4 and IP version 6.', 'TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, ensures reliability by sending numerous packets to verify data transmission and reception.', 'UDP, a connection-less protocol, transmits data without verifying receiver acknowledgment, providing a more efficient but less reliable method of connectivity.', 'The session layer controls signals between computers, establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between processes.', 'Multicast allows data to be sent from one or more sources to multiple destinations using the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), creating groups to which machines are subscribed and through which messages are sent to multiple machines.', 'DNS plays a critical role in converting human-readable domain names to machine-readable IP addresses, facilitating seamless internet communication.', 'Packet filtering firewalls analyze packets at the network and transport layers, focusing on source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols, and have evolved to include functionalities of stateful multilayer inspection firewalls.', 'A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel between a client and a server to secure internet connections.', 'Domain is a centralized network model used in corporate environments, providing access to all resources through a single sign-on mechanism.', 'Workgroup is suitable for a small network with minimal management effort, while a domain is used in corporate environments for centralized management of resources and access control.', 'Data encapsulation refers to the process of adding headers and trailers to the data, where the hardware address of the source and the destination computer is included, emphasizing the role of MAC address and IP addresses in routing the data.']}