title
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python

description
Learn the fundamentals of OOP with Python Caleb Curry YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/CalebTheVideoMaker2 💖 Support The Channel! http://www.patreon.com/traversymedia Website & Brad Traversy Udemy Course Links: https://www.traversymedia.com Follow Traversy Media: https://www.twitter.com/traversymedia https://www.instagram.com/traversymedia https://www.facebook.com/traversymedia Timestamps: 00:00 Intro 03:52 Creating Classes and Objects 10:48 Custom Methods 17:18 Creating and Overriding Methods 30:50 Intro to Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism 36:43 Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism Examples 41:17 Outro

detail
{'title': 'Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1630.411, 'start': 1313.695, 'weight': 0.723}, {'end': 1846.962, 'start': 1757.202, 'weight': 0.746}, {'end': 2519.478, 'start': 2456.325, 'weight': 0.741}, {'end': 2575.717, 'start': 2539.318, 'weight': 0.926}], 'summary': 'On object-oriented programming in python covers fundamentals like classes, objects, and attributes, emphasizing hands-on coding. it explains customer creation, upgrade methods, and class principles like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, enabling viewers to become proficient software developers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 297.353, 'segs': [{'end': 54.834, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 21.804, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 27.705, 'text': "This allows you just to have a better understanding of what and why you're going to be typing before you just start copying code.", 'start': 21.804, 'duration': 5.901}, {'end': 30.986, 'text': "So I think it'll make learning a little bit more fun, hopefully.", 'start': 28.126, 'duration': 2.86}, {'end': 36.487, 'text': 'And also, object-oriented programming is more of an approach or a paradigm of programming.', 'start': 31.566, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 44.21, 'text': "So, if you learn the principles in this video, you'll be able to apply these to other programming languages as well, which will help you be, overall,", 'start': 36.887, 'duration': 7.323}, {'end': 45.63, 'text': 'a better software developer.', 'start': 44.21, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 47.071, 'text': "So, let's not waste any time.", 'start': 45.931, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 48.111, 'text': "Let's just get started.", 'start': 47.131, 'duration': 0.98}, {'end': 53.493, 'text': 'So, object-oriented programming helps us represent things in our code.', 'start': 48.572, 'duration': 4.921}, {'end': 54.834, 'text': 'What exactly do I mean?', 'start': 53.734, 'duration': 1.1}], 'summary': 'Understanding object-oriented programming principles leads to better software development and can be applied to other programming languages.', 'duration': 33.03, 'max_score': 21.804, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo21804.jpg'}, {'end': 141.983, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 119.715, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 127.457, 'text': 'So for example, if you wanted to create software to represent customers, you can make customers in your code.', 'start': 119.715, 'duration': 7.742}, {'end': 129.157, 'text': "And I'll show you what I mean here in a second.", 'start': 127.537, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 132.299, 'text': 'So the two big things in object-oriented programming are classes and objects.', 'start': 129.217, 'duration': 3.082}, {'end': 135.22, 'text': 'Classes represent something, such as a customer.', 'start': 132.639, 'duration': 2.581}, {'end': 138.561, 'text': 'And then objects are specific examples.', 'start': 135.58, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 139.922, 'text': 'of that.', 'start': 139.241, 'duration': 0.681}, {'end': 141.983, 'text': "so let's go through an example here.", 'start': 139.922, 'duration': 2.061}], 'summary': 'Introduction to object-oriented programming with focus on classes and objects.', 'duration': 22.268, 'max_score': 119.715, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo119715.jpg'}, {'end': 264.087, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 235.404, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 236.906, 'text': 'So hopefully you can get to this point.', 'start': 235.404, 'duration': 1.502}, {'end': 243.03, 'text': "If not, be sure to just check out some basic Python videos because I don't want to distract from the point, which is creating classes.", 'start': 237.146, 'duration': 5.884}, {'end': 244.511, 'text': "So here's what we're going to do.", 'start': 243.51, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 252.737, 'text': "We're going to say class and then give it some name, which is usually what we're trying to describe, such as a customer.", 'start': 244.951, 'duration': 7.786}, {'end': 254.799, 'text': "And by convention, I'll use a capital letter.", 'start': 252.797, 'duration': 2.002}, {'end': 264.087, 'text': "Now, after the class, you can put a colon and then everything after that is indented, however many spaces you're using with your code.", 'start': 255.419, 'duration': 8.668}], 'summary': 'The transcript explains the process of creating classes in python, emphasizing the importance of naming conventions and indentation.', 'duration': 28.683, 'max_score': 235.404, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo235404.jpg'}], 'start': 7.042, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming in python', 'summary': 'Covers the fundamentals of object-oriented programming in python, with an emphasis on hands-on coding and practical application. it focuses on concepts like classes, objects, and their attributes, enabling viewers to represent complex data and become proficient software developers.', 'chapters': [{'end': 100.624, 'start': 7.042, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming with python', 'summary': 'Discusses the fundamentals of object-oriented programming in python, emphasizing the hands-on coding approach to understand and apply the principles, enabling viewers to represent more complex data in their code and become better software developers.', 'duration': 93.582, 'highlights': ['Object-oriented programming is an approach or paradigm of programming, and learning its principles can be applied to other programming languages, making one a better software developer.', 'Teaching the concept first and then engaging in hands-on coding allows for a better understanding of the code and makes learning more fun.', 'Object-oriented programming enables the representation of more complex data in code, beyond simple primitive data types and collections.']}, {'end': 297.353, 'start': 100.944, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming basics', 'summary': 'Explains the fundamentals of object-oriented programming, focusing on the concepts of classes, objects, and their attributes, and demonstrates the practical application of creating classes in python to represent data related to customers.', 'duration': 196.409, 'highlights': ['Object-oriented programming allows us to represent data as a one-to-one relationship to business problems, enabling the creation of classes and objects for organizing and instantiating specific data. The approach of object-oriented programming enables the representation of data to align with specific business problems, facilitating the creation of classes and objects to organize and instantiate data.', 'The two fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming are classes and objects, where classes represent something, and objects are specific examples, such as representing customers in software. Object-oriented programming revolves around the core concepts of classes, which act as representations, and objects, which are specific instances, such as representing customers in software development.', 'Creating classes in object-oriented programming involves grouping things into logical units, like customers, and then instantiating these classes into objects with specific values for attributes, such as customer names and membership types. In object-oriented programming, the creation of classes involves grouping entities into logical units, like customers, and then instantiating these classes into objects with specific attribute values, like customer names and membership types.', "The process of creating classes in Python involves using the 'class' keyword followed by the class name, conventionally using a capital letter, and defining attributes within the class, along with the special '__init__' method. In Python, the creation of classes involves using the 'class' keyword followed by the class name, typically starting with a capital letter, and defining attributes within the class, along with the special '__init__' method."]}], 'duration': 290.311, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo7042.jpg', 'highlights': ['Object-oriented programming is an approach or paradigm of programming, and learning its principles can be applied to other programming languages, making one a better software developer.', 'Object-oriented programming enables the representation of more complex data in code, beyond simple primitive data types and collections.', 'Object-oriented programming allows us to represent data as a one-to-one relationship to business problems, enabling the creation of classes and objects for organizing and instantiating specific data.', 'The two fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming are classes and objects, where classes represent something, and objects are specific examples, such as representing customers in software.', 'Creating classes in object-oriented programming involves grouping things into logical units, like customers, and then instantiating these classes into objects with specific values for attributes, such as customer names and membership types.', "The process of creating classes in Python involves using the 'class' keyword followed by the class name, conventionally using a capital letter, and defining attributes within the class, along with the special '__init__' method.", 'Teaching the concept first and then engaging in hands-on coding allows for a better understanding of the code and makes learning more fun.']}, {'end': 614.986, 'segs': [{'end': 374.633, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 297.473, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 302.535, 'text': 'Well, basically, any time we create a customer, this function is going to be invoked.', 'start': 297.473, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 310.439, 'text': 'So any of the code that we want to execute every time a customer is created, we put it in this indentation inside of the init method.', 'start': 302.936, 'duration': 7.503}, {'end': 319.224, 'text': 'Now, this can often be known as a constructor or an initializer, basically the function invoked when a customer is created.', 'start': 310.919, 'duration': 8.305}, {'end': 326.088, 'text': 'So inside of the parentheses, we can put anything we need for a customer to exist.', 'start': 319.424, 'duration': 6.664}, {'end': 332.01, 'text': 'So the very first thing, and this is just required for it to work, you put the word self.', 'start': 326.628, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 338.934, 'text': 'Self is the equivalent to this inside of Java or C sharp and sometimes in JavaScript.', 'start': 332.511, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 342.555, 'text': "Basically, self refers to whatever customer we're creating.", 'start': 339.214, 'duration': 3.341}, {'end': 346.397, 'text': 'Then what we do is we put any other attributes for this customer.', 'start': 343.195, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 353.06, 'text': "So for example, we can have the customer's name and we can also have the customer's membership type.", 'start': 346.737, 'duration': 6.323}, {'end': 357.042, 'text': 'and any other attributes you want to define, you can put here.', 'start': 353.86, 'duration': 3.182}, {'end': 364.487, 'text': 'And then inside of this method, we basically take these and assign them to that customer.', 'start': 357.983, 'duration': 6.504}, {'end': 374.633, 'text': 'So we say self.name is assigned name and self.membership type is assigned membership type.', 'start': 364.587, 'duration': 10.046}], 'summary': 'The init method is invoked when creating a customer, assigning attributes to the customer.', 'duration': 77.16, 'max_score': 297.473, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo297473.jpg'}, {'end': 458.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 427.002, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 430.043, 'text': 'And then we say customer with parentheses.', 'start': 427.002, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 432.724, 'text': 'And that is how we create a new customer.', 'start': 430.703, 'duration': 2.021}, {'end': 436.325, 'text': 'But you can see we actually have some required parameters here.', 'start': 433.124, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 437.885, 'text': 'So we need to pass those in.', 'start': 436.485, 'duration': 1.4}, {'end': 440.906, 'text': 'So we can say Caleb and gold.', 'start': 438.425, 'duration': 2.481}, {'end': 444.847, 'text': 'So all of the stuff we were just describing, we just did that.', 'start': 441.926, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 449.868, 'text': 'We created a customer with the name Caleb and the membership type of gold.', 'start': 445.027, 'duration': 4.841}, {'end': 451.449, 'text': 'And we can print this.', 'start': 450.529, 'duration': 0.92}, {'end': 458.391, 'text': 'We can say c.name and we can say c.membership type.', 'start': 451.929, 'duration': 6.462}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating creation of a new customer named caleb with gold membership type.', 'duration': 31.389, 'max_score': 427.002, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo427002.jpg'}, {'end': 590.557, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 561.954, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 565.615, 'text': "But then we still have these variables, and it's still not the most scalable solution.", 'start': 561.954, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 568.536, 'text': "So I'm going to be teaching you how to create customers inline.", 'start': 565.675, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 570.197, 'text': "So here's how we do that.", 'start': 568.977, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 583.922, 'text': 'We would basically take this code here, cut it, paste it right here, take this code here, cut it, and paste it right here.', 'start': 570.657, 'duration': 13.265}, {'end': 586.636, 'text': 'Now all of this code, we can just get rid of it.', 'start': 584.696, 'duration': 1.94}, {'end': 590.557, 'text': "And I'm going to make a new line just to make this a little bit more readable.", 'start': 587.577, 'duration': 2.98}], 'summary': 'Teaching how to create customers inline to improve scalability.', 'duration': 28.603, 'max_score': 561.954, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo561954.jpg'}], 'start': 297.473, 'title': 'Python customer creation', 'summary': 'Explains the initialization method in python, involving the init function invoked for customer creation and assignment of attributes like name and membership type. it also demonstrates the process of creating customer objects in python, utilizing required parameters and methods, and discusses scalability through lists and inline customer creation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 403.97, 'start': 297.473, 'title': 'Python customer initialization method', 'summary': 'Explains the initialization method in python, where the init function is invoked every time a customer is created, allowing the assignment of customer attributes like name and membership type.', 'duration': 106.497, 'highlights': ['The init method in Python is invoked every time a customer is created, allowing the execution of code specific to customer creation.', "The 'self' keyword is used to refer to the customer being created, allowing the assignment of attributes like name and membership type.", 'The init method can be considered as a constructor or an initializer in Python, similar to their counterparts in Java, C sharp, and JavaScript.']}, {'end': 614.986, 'start': 403.97, 'title': 'Creating customers in python', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of creating customer objects in python, utilizing required parameters and methods for object instantiation, and discusses the scalability of the solution by implementing lists and inline customer creation.', 'duration': 211.016, 'highlights': ['The process of creating customer objects in Python is demonstrated, showing the utilization of required parameters for object instantiation and the use of methods to print customer details.', 'Scalability is addressed by discussing the implementation of lists and inline customer creation, highlighting the ability to access customer details and the improvement in scalability compared to using variables for individual customers.', "The concept of 'self' in the init method is explained, showcasing its functionality in assigning the passed arguments to the object and its relevance in differentiating customer objects."]}], 'duration': 317.513, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo297473.jpg', 'highlights': ['The init method in Python is invoked every time a customer is created, allowing the execution of code specific to customer creation.', 'The process of creating customer objects in Python is demonstrated, showing the utilization of required parameters for object instantiation and the use of methods to print customer details.', "The 'self' keyword is used to refer to the customer being created, allowing the assignment of attributes like name and membership type.", 'Scalability is addressed by discussing the implementation of lists and inline customer creation, highlighting the ability to access customer details and the improvement in scalability compared to using variables for individual customers.', 'The init method can be considered as a constructor or an initializer in Python, similar to their counterparts in Java, C sharp, and JavaScript.', "The concept of 'self' in the init method is explained, showcasing its functionality in assigning the passed arguments to the object and its relevance in differentiating customer objects."]}, {'end': 1100.739, 'segs': [{'end': 659.345, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 630.355, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 637.686, 'text': "This is an example of a method, basically a function defined within a class, and that's going to automatically be invoked.", 'start': 630.355, 'duration': 7.331}, {'end': 643.774, 'text': "But we can create our own methods that we can invoke ourselves, and we're going to get into that now.", 'start': 638.026, 'duration': 5.748}, {'end': 649.619, 'text': 'Methods are one of the most useful things to give our classes and objects a little bit more functionality.', 'start': 644.235, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 652.301, 'text': "So now we're moving on to the section on methods.", 'start': 649.779, 'duration': 2.522}, {'end': 659.345, 'text': 'So, if the attributes provide the data and the values that we need to store about a customer,', 'start': 652.801, 'duration': 6.544}], 'summary': 'Methods add functionality to classes and objects.', 'duration': 28.99, 'max_score': 630.355, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo630355.jpg'}, {'end': 783.058, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 751.75, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 756.213, 'text': 'so the other thing is, when we defined this init method, we put a couple of things in here.', 'start': 751.75, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 767.646, 'text': 'the very first one was self, And that is going to be put inside of any method we create to work with individual customers.', 'start': 756.213, 'duration': 11.433}, {'end': 773.511, 'text': 'So we put self and then anything extra we want to add about customers.', 'start': 768.187, 'duration': 5.324}, {'end': 778.174, 'text': 'So we had the name and the membership type.', 'start': 773.911, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 783.058, 'text': 'Yeah, I think this is actually membership underscore type.', 'start': 779.555, 'duration': 3.503}], 'summary': 'Defined an init method with self, name, and membership type for working with individual customers.', 'duration': 31.308, 'max_score': 751.75, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo751750.jpg'}, {'end': 889.682, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 840.86, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 846.642, 'text': "If you're in the definition side where we define the outline for the method they're known as parameters.", 'start': 840.86, 'duration': 5.782}, {'end': 853.485, 'text': "If we're actually applying specific values to these variables they're known as arguments.", 'start': 847.142, 'duration': 6.343}, {'end': 859.155, 'text': 'So parameters Definition, arguments, invocation.', 'start': 854.185, 'duration': 4.97}, {'end': 864.217, 'text': "We're not wanting to talk about overriding methods here, because I'm tired of talking about stuff that already exists.", 'start': 859.515, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 865.938, 'text': 'I want to create some of our own stuff.', 'start': 864.338, 'duration': 1.6}, {'end': 871.06, 'text': 'So what if we wanted to create a method to actually do something with a customer?', 'start': 866.418, 'duration': 4.642}, {'end': 877.083, 'text': "Let's say we wanted to create a method to upgrade the member's membership status.", 'start': 871.501, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 878.364, 'text': 'So it might look like this.', 'start': 877.423, 'duration': 0.941}, {'end': 880.875, 'text': 'upgrade membership.', 'start': 879.514, 'duration': 1.361}, {'end': 889.682, 'text': "first parameter in here is always going to be that self keyword whenever we're talking about methods to work with the customers,", 'start': 880.875, 'duration': 8.807}], 'summary': "In programming, parameters define method outlines, while arguments apply specific values to variables. creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership involves using a 'self' keyword as the first parameter.", 'duration': 48.822, 'max_score': 840.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo840860.jpg'}, {'end': 973.184, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 942.363, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 952.871, 'text': 'so maybe i need to get a refund and then it could basically invoke our our billing system to do that and return whether it worked or not.', 'start': 942.363, 'duration': 10.508}, {'end': 954.192, 'text': "so that's another thing.", 'start': 952.871, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 956.234, 'text': 'with methods they can return a value.', 'start': 954.192, 'duration': 2.042}, {'end': 968.882, 'text': "so, for example, the upgrade membership might return the value negative one if it didn't work, or it might return zero if it did work.", 'start': 956.234, 'duration': 12.648}, {'end': 973.184, 'text': 'So zero tends to be like it worked fine.', 'start': 969.783, 'duration': 3.401}], 'summary': 'Refund process can invoke billing system, returning success/failure values like -1 or 0.', 'duration': 30.821, 'max_score': 942.363, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo942363.jpg'}, {'end': 1075.22, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1029.689, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1036.112, 'text': 'All right, so that was just a bunch of junk to say that, hey, we can create our own functions and put them inside of classes to call them methods.', 'start': 1029.689, 'duration': 6.423}, {'end': 1038.873, 'text': "So let's get some hands-on experience with this now.", 'start': 1036.512, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 1046.209, 'text': 'So here we have the most basic customer class, and we have one method in here, the init method.', 'start': 1039.281, 'duration': 6.928}, {'end': 1051.014, 'text': 'And this is where we define the attributes we want attached to each of our customers.', 'start': 1046.769, 'duration': 4.245}, {'end': 1057.101, 'text': 'Now, inside of Python, it is a little dynamic in that we can add attributes after the fact.', 'start': 1051.595, 'duration': 5.506}, {'end': 1064.809, 'text': 'So as an example, I can say customers index one to grab this customer here.', 'start': 1057.681, 'duration': 7.128}, {'end': 1068.052, 'text': 'And we can say something like verified.', 'start': 1065.249, 'duration': 2.803}, {'end': 1070.875, 'text': 'And we could set this to some value like false.', 'start': 1068.453, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 1074.479, 'text': 'And this is something we can use later on in print.', 'start': 1071.316, 'duration': 3.163}, {'end': 1075.22, 'text': 'And there you go.', 'start': 1074.499, 'duration': 0.721}], 'summary': "Creating methods in classes allows adding attributes dynamically, such as setting 'verified' to false for a customer.", 'duration': 45.531, 'max_score': 1029.689, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1029689.jpg'}], 'start': 614.986, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming basics and creating methods for customer upgrades', 'summary': "Covers object-oriented programming basics, including the init method, parameters, and arguments, and creating methods for customer upgrades, with a focus on membership status upgrades, implicit 'self' parameter, and dynamic attribute addition in python.", 'chapters': [{'end': 864.217, 'start': 614.986, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming basics', 'summary': 'Introduces the basics of object-oriented programming, focusing on methods and the init method, also known as the constructor, which assigns values to attributes of a customer object, and explains the concepts of parameters and arguments in method creation and invocation.', 'duration': 249.231, 'highlights': ["The init method, also known as the constructor, assigns values to the attributes of a customer object, and it is a fundamental part of Python's object-oriented programming.", 'Methods in object-oriented programming provide functionality to classes and objects, enhancing their capabilities.', 'The distinction between parameters and arguments in method creation and invocation is explained, highlighting their roles as variables attached to the method definition and specific values applied to these variables, respectively.', "The concept of overriding methods and the significance of the 'self' parameter in method creation are discussed, emphasizing their relevance in working with individual customers in Python's object-oriented programming."]}, {'end': 1100.739, 'start': 864.338, 'title': 'Creating methods for customer upgrades', 'summary': "Discusses creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership status, including defining the method, invoking it, and the implicit 'self' parameter, with the ability to return values, and the dynamic nature of python allowing addition of attributes after the class is defined.", 'duration': 236.401, 'highlights': ["The chapter discusses creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership status. The chapter covers the process of creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership status within a class.", "Defining the method, invoking it, and the implicit 'self' parameter are important aspects. The method is defined within the class, invoked using the customer object, and always includes the implicit 'self' parameter.", "The method has the ability to return values. The method can return a value, such as '0' for success or '-1' for failure, providing feedback on the upgrade process.", "Python's dynamic nature allows addition of attributes after the class is defined. Python's dynamic nature enables the addition of attributes, like 'verified', after the class is defined, similar to JavaScript."]}], 'duration': 485.753, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo614986.jpg', 'highlights': ["The init method assigns values to customer object attributes, fundamental in Python's OOP.", 'Methods provide functionality to classes and objects, enhancing their capabilities.', 'The distinction between parameters and arguments in method creation and invocation is explained.', "The concept of overriding methods and the significance of the 'self' parameter are discussed.", "The chapter covers creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership status within a class.", "Defining the method, invoking it, and the implicit 'self' parameter are important aspects.", 'The method has the ability to return values, providing feedback on the upgrade process.', "Python's dynamic nature allows addition of attributes after the class is defined."]}, {'end': 1402.831, 'segs': [{'end': 1240.355, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1168.109, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1176.326, 'text': "And then after the fact, what we're going to do is we're going to print the membership type and just confirm that it was changed.", 'start': 1168.109, 'duration': 8.217}, {'end': 1177.447, 'text': "So let's run this.", 'start': 1176.786, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 1177.827, 'text': 'All right.', 'start': 1177.467, 'duration': 0.36}, {'end': 1178.587, 'text': 'We have an issue.', 'start': 1177.867, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 1182.53, 'text': 'Uh, we have to print the membership type.', 'start': 1178.607, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 1183.932, 'text': 'Sorry So run this.', 'start': 1182.55, 'duration': 1.382}, {'end': 1185.353, 'text': 'We start with bronze.', 'start': 1184.292, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 1192.258, 'text': 'This method gets invoked on the customer and then the membership is gold.', 'start': 1186.253, 'duration': 6.005}, {'end': 1200.755, 'text': 'Now, this method as is is kind of pointless because you can actually change attributes directly.', 'start': 1193.191, 'duration': 7.564}, {'end': 1210.659, 'text': 'So instead of doing update membership, you could just say membership type and assign it the value gold.', 'start': 1201.555, 'duration': 9.104}, {'end': 1214.862, 'text': "This works just the same way, and we don't even need this method anymore.", 'start': 1211.24, 'duration': 3.622}, {'end': 1215.682, 'text': 'You can just get rid of it.', 'start': 1214.882, 'duration': 0.8}, {'end': 1223.359, 'text': 'However, if you need to do custom functionality, which is a little hard to see in our very simple application,', 'start': 1217.133, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 1226.102, 'text': 'but here are some examples of custom functionality.', 'start': 1223.359, 'duration': 2.743}, {'end': 1235.891, 'text': 'You could invoke an API, you could update a database, you could charge the customer, you can calculate costs,', 'start': 1226.682, 'duration': 9.209}, {'end': 1240.355, 'text': 'you can conquer the world and pretty much anything else.', 'start': 1235.891, 'duration': 4.464}], 'summary': 'The method for updating membership type is unnecessary due to direct attribute changes. custom functionality examples include invoking an api, updating a database, and charging customers.', 'duration': 72.246, 'max_score': 1168.109, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1168109.jpg'}, {'end': 1339.39, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1310.312, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1313.295, 'text': 'It says take zero positional arguments, but one was given.', 'start': 1310.312, 'duration': 2.983}, {'end': 1324.203, 'text': 'What in the world does that mean? Well, when we invoke a method like so on an object, a customer object, the instance itself is implicitly passed.', 'start': 1313.695, 'duration': 10.508}, {'end': 1328.005, 'text': "So that's what gets assigned to this self variable here.", 'start': 1324.884, 'duration': 3.121}, {'end': 1335.448, 'text': "So when we don't have that there, it's basically saying, yo, you're passing something, but there's nothing to apply it to.", 'start': 1328.405, 'duration': 7.043}, {'end': 1336.749, 'text': "It's not working.", 'start': 1335.768, 'duration': 0.981}, {'end': 1339.39, 'text': "So that's what this type error here means.", 'start': 1337.169, 'duration': 2.221}], 'summary': 'Error: method takes 0 args, 1 given. instance implicitly passed. typeerror.', 'duration': 29.078, 'max_score': 1310.312, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1310312.jpg'}], 'start': 1101.179, 'title': 'Membership type update method', 'summary': "Discusses creating a method to update membership type, showcasing a practical example of updating a customer's membership from bronze to gold and highlighting the redundancy of the method in favor of directly changing attributes.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1215.682, 'start': 1101.179, 'title': 'Membership type update method', 'summary': "Discusses creating a method to update membership type, showcasing a practical example of updating a customer's membership from bronze to gold and highlighting the redundancy of the method in favor of directly changing attributes.", 'duration': 114.503, 'highlights': ["Creating a method to update membership type, demonstrated by changing a customer's membership from bronze to gold.", 'Pointing out the redundancy of the update membership method as the membership type can be directly assigned a new value.']}, {'end': 1402.831, 'start': 1217.133, 'title': 'Custom functionality and methods', 'summary': "Discusses implementing custom functionality within methods, using the 'self' keyword to make methods appear on individual objects, and the concept of static methods, with examples and explanations.", 'duration': 185.698, 'highlights': ['The appropriate place to implement custom functionality is within a method, such as invoking an API, updating a database, charging the customer, or calculating costs.', "The 'self' keyword is used to make methods appear on individual objects, while methods without 'self' are invoked on the class itself, known as static methods.", 'Examples of custom functionality include simulating math operations, invoking methods on individual objects, and using static methods to parse data from a text file.']}], 'duration': 301.652, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1101179.jpg', 'highlights': ["Creating a method to update membership type, demonstrated by changing a customer's membership from bronze to gold.", 'Pointing out the redundancy of the update membership method as the membership type can be directly assigned a new value.', 'The appropriate place to implement custom functionality is within a method, such as invoking an API, updating a database, charging the customer, or calculating costs.', "The 'self' keyword is used to make methods appear on individual objects, while methods without 'self' are invoked on the class itself, known as static methods.", 'Examples of custom functionality include simulating math operations, invoking methods on individual objects, and using static methods to parse data from a text file.']}, {'end': 1840.4, 'segs': [{'end': 1455.305, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1423.443, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1427.665, 'text': 'there are a couple of other methods we can override that are definitely useful.', 'start': 1423.443, 'duration': 4.222}, {'end': 1438.029, 'text': 'so the very first one you should know about is str, and this is also going to take self, and this is going to be invoked anytime.', 'start': 1427.665, 'duration': 10.364}, {'end': 1440.79, 'text': 'we try to convert a customer to a string.', 'start': 1438.029, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 1447.199, 'text': "So we created this method and now let's try to invoke it.", 'start': 1442.856, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 1455.305, 'text': "How do we invoke it? Well, instead of printing customers.membership type, let's just print that individual customer.", 'start': 1447.579, 'duration': 7.726}], 'summary': 'Python class method can be overridden to convert object to string.', 'duration': 31.862, 'max_score': 1423.443, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1423443.jpg'}, {'end': 1630.411, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1599.274, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1601.016, 'text': 'And this is also going to have another parameter.', 'start': 1599.274, 'duration': 1.742}, {'end': 1606.841, 'text': "We're just going to call it other, which is going to refer to what we are comparing our customer to.", 'start': 1601.276, 'duration': 5.565}, {'end': 1609.203, 'text': 'So this will see if two customers are equal.', 'start': 1607.141, 'duration': 2.062}, {'end': 1623.667, 'text': 'So what we can do is we can say if self.name is equal to other.name and self.membershipType is equal to other.membershipType.', 'start': 1610.044, 'duration': 13.623}, {'end': 1630.411, 'text': "then what we're going to do is we're going to return true, otherwise we're going to return false.", 'start': 1624.969, 'duration': 5.442}], 'summary': 'Compares customers based on name and membership type, returning true if equal.', 'duration': 31.137, 'max_score': 1599.274, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1599274.jpg'}, {'end': 1791.768, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1767.249, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1773.074, 'text': "The only thing is that you're not going to be able to use your customers inside of hashable data structures.", 'start': 1767.249, 'duration': 5.825}, {'end': 1780.079, 'text': 'So, I mean, you can use them in the value side of a dictionary, but not trying to get in the weeds here, but let me just show you real quick.', 'start': 1773.494, 'duration': 6.585}, {'end': 1791.768, 'text': 'If we were to create a set and try to pass in customers zero, this is going to give us an error unhashable type customer.', 'start': 1780.56, 'duration': 11.208}], 'summary': 'Customers cannot be used in hashable data structures; using them in the value side of a dictionary is possible.', 'duration': 24.519, 'max_score': 1767.249, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1767249.jpg'}], 'start': 1402.831, 'title': 'Python class methods', 'summary': 'Discusses overriding methods in a python class, including the str, equals, and hash methods, with examples demonstrating their usage and the impact on object comparison and representation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1840.4, 'start': 1402.831, 'title': 'Python class methods', 'summary': 'Discusses overriding methods in a python class, including the str, equals, and hash methods, with examples demonstrating their usage and the impact on object comparison and representation.', 'duration': 437.569, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses overriding the str, equals, and hash methods in a Python class. The chapter focuses on the overriding of the str, equals, and hash methods, providing detailed examples and explanations.', "Demonstrating the impact of overriding the str method on converting a customer object to a string. The impact of overriding the str method is demonstrated through an example where the customer object is converted to a string by including the customer's name and membership type.", 'Explanation of the equals method for comparing customer objects based on their attributes. The equals method is explained, allowing for the comparison of customer objects based on their attributes, with an example illustrating how to determine if two customers are equal.', 'Discussion on the hash method and its impact on using objects in hashable data structures. The chapter discusses the hash method and its impact on using objects in hashable data structures, highlighting that not defining the hash method may restrict the usage of objects in certain data structures.']}], 'duration': 437.569, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1402831.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter focuses on the overriding of the str, equals, and hash methods, providing detailed examples and explanations.', "The impact of overriding the str method is demonstrated through an example where the customer object is converted to a string by including the customer's name and membership type.", 'The equals method is explained, allowing for the comparison of customer objects based on their attributes, with an example illustrating how to determine if two customers are equal.', 'The chapter discusses the hash method and its impact on using objects in hashable data structures, highlighting that not defining the hash method may restrict the usage of objects in certain data structures.']}, {'end': 2796.117, 'segs': [{'end': 1868.941, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1840.46, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1843.121, 'text': 'Make sure you can get a good overall picture of the code.', 'start': 1840.46, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 1846.962, 'text': "We'll start at the top and just scroll down to the bottom real quick.", 'start': 1843.521, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 1851.484, 'text': 'There you go.', 'start': 1851.044, 'duration': 0.44}, {'end': 1856.236, 'text': "Alright, so now we're going to be talking about some object-oriented programming principles.", 'start': 1851.974, 'duration': 4.262}, {'end': 1859.617, 'text': 'These are the three pillars of object-oriented programming.', 'start': 1856.536, 'duration': 3.081}, {'end': 1863.399, 'text': "If you haven't heard of them yet, you probably will a bunch in the future.", 'start': 1859.637, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 1868.941, 'text': 'And they are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.', 'start': 1863.679, 'duration': 5.262}], 'summary': 'Overview of object-oriented programming principles: encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.', 'duration': 28.481, 'max_score': 1840.46, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1840460.jpg'}, {'end': 1985.281, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1955.995, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 1960.299, 'text': "But basically in Python, our approach is if you don't need it, don't do it.", 'start': 1955.995, 'duration': 4.304}, {'end': 1969.086, 'text': "And also the person using your classes, you can trust them to be well-educated and they're going to use your classes in an appropriate way.", 'start': 1961.099, 'duration': 7.987}, {'end': 1974.971, 'text': 'Whereas the approach for other languages might be to restrict anybody from doing anything wrong.', 'start': 1969.546, 'duration': 5.425}, {'end': 1980.716, 'text': 'But as a result, the classes end up being huge, huge files with tons of code.', 'start': 1975.472, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 1985.281, 'text': "So I don't think there is one yes or no or right or wrong way of doing this stuff.", 'start': 1980.876, 'duration': 4.405}], 'summary': 'In python, prioritize simplicity and trust users to use classes appropriately, without unnecessary restrictions or overly complex code.', 'duration': 29.286, 'max_score': 1955.995, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1955995.jpg'}, {'end': 2021.833, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1999.798, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2008.804, 'text': 'Encapsulation. the whole idea behind encapsulation is that you can hide the inner details of a class or of certain data,', 'start': 1999.798, 'duration': 9.006}, {'end': 2015.789, 'text': 'and you only need to share or expose what is needed for the user of the class to use this class.', 'start': 2008.804, 'duration': 6.985}, {'end': 2021.833, 'text': 'So we might have the backing field, as you might hear it called, source some data.', 'start': 2016.089, 'duration': 5.744}], 'summary': 'Encapsulation hides class details, exposing only necessary data for user.', 'duration': 22.035, 'max_score': 1999.798, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1999798.jpg'}, {'end': 2159.633, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2104.701, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2112.366, 'text': "inheritance allows us to automatically have certain attributes for objects because they're defined in a base class.", 'start': 2104.701, 'duration': 7.665}, {'end': 2121.392, 'text': "so we've been talking about the example of a customer, and this is for some subscription website.", 'start': 2112.366, 'duration': 9.026}, {'end': 2124.074, 'text': "let's say it's a subscription website to get courses.", 'start': 2121.392, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 2130.516, 'text': 'well, we could also have teacher, and these are going to have a lot in common.', 'start': 2124.074, 'duration': 6.442}, {'end': 2138.36, 'text': "so we could create a base class with all of the commonalities and let's say this could be called user.", 'start': 2130.516, 'duration': 7.844}, {'end': 2146.043, 'text': "then when we define a customer, it's automatically going to have anything defined inside of this user class.", 'start': 2138.36, 'duration': 7.683}, {'end': 2148.144, 'text': 'so that is the basics of inheritance.', 'start': 2146.043, 'duration': 2.101}, {'end': 2159.633, 'text': 'polymorphism is kind of just an extra step of that where we can treat customers and teachers as the same thing if we approach them as users.', 'start': 2148.144, 'duration': 11.489}], 'summary': 'Inheritance allows automatic attributes for objects, polymorphism treats customers and teachers as users.', 'duration': 54.932, 'max_score': 2104.701, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo2104701.jpg'}, {'end': 2253.955, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2224.238, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2228.74, 'text': 'So the very first thing I want to do is show you guys how to create a property.', 'start': 2224.238, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 2241.686, 'text': 'Now, a property is basically just like a normal attribute, but instead of it being just a variable, such as name here or membership type,', 'start': 2229.541, 'duration': 12.145}, {'end': 2251.071, 'text': 'it actually has an extra layer, and this layer allows us to basically abstract away the variable itself using methods.', 'start': 2241.686, 'duration': 9.385}, {'end': 2253.955, 'text': 'So it allows us to have additional functionality.', 'start': 2251.431, 'duration': 2.524}], 'summary': 'Learn how to create a property with an extra layer for additional functionality.', 'duration': 29.717, 'max_score': 2224.238, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo2224238.jpg'}, {'end': 2519.478, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2456.325, 'weight': 0.741, 'content': [{'end': 2461.709, 'text': "You may also see what's known as a deleter, which will be used if you use the del operator.", 'start': 2456.325, 'duration': 5.384}, {'end': 2463.37, 'text': "So that'll look like this.", 'start': 2461.809, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 2466.172, 'text': 'Name dot deleter.', 'start': 2464.07, 'duration': 2.102}, {'end': 2469.194, 'text': 'Def name self.', 'start': 2466.192, 'duration': 3.002}, {'end': 2474.438, 'text': 'And then we just say del self dot underscore name.', 'start': 2470.295, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 2478.48, 'text': "So we're not going to use that a whole lot, but just in case you want to know about that.", 'start': 2474.918, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 2489.127, 'text': 'Now, what that means is we can go down here and we could say Dell customers index zero dot name and running this,', 'start': 2479.041, 'duration': 10.086}, {'end': 2492.469, 'text': "it's going to delete it and it's no longer available.", 'start': 2489.127, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 2495.631, 'text': 'If we got rid of that line, it works fine.', 'start': 2493.189, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 2500.647, 'text': "So let's go in here and just delete that extra printing, because it's not really doing anything.", 'start': 2496.124, 'duration': 4.523}, {'end': 2504.189, 'text': 'Just know that that is where the functionality would go.', 'start': 2501.227, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 2507.491, 'text': "Now let's take a moment to talk about inheritance.", 'start': 2504.669, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 2509.032, 'text': "And I'm going to keep this really simple.", 'start': 2507.591, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 2514.315, 'text': 'But basically, we can create another class that customer derives from, such as user.', 'start': 2509.092, 'duration': 5.223}, {'end': 2516.517, 'text': "And we'll just give this user a method.", 'start': 2514.996, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 2519.478, 'text': "So for example, we'll say def log.", 'start': 2516.617, 'duration': 2.861}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses the use of deleter and inheritance in python classes.', 'duration': 63.153, 'max_score': 2456.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo2456325.jpg'}, {'end': 2575.717, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2539.318, 'weight': 0.926, 'content': [{'end': 2546.529, 'text': "so let's just grab our first customer and and we say log, we run this and it has an issue.", 'start': 2539.318, 'duration': 7.211}, {'end': 2551.332, 'text': 'But if we inherited from that base class, then this would be available to us.', 'start': 2546.989, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 2552.633, 'text': "So here's how you do that.", 'start': 2551.712, 'duration': 0.921}, {'end': 2555.114, 'text': "Let's go back up to where we define customer.", 'start': 2553.053, 'duration': 2.061}, {'end': 2557.876, 'text': 'And inside a parentheses, you can put user.', 'start': 2555.574, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 2563.239, 'text': 'And now anything defined inside of a user is also going to be defined in a customer.', 'start': 2558.776, 'duration': 4.463}, {'end': 2571.925, 'text': "So when we run this now, you can see that this log here works and actually prints all of that user's data.", 'start': 2563.8, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 2575.717, 'text': "So that's pretty simple when it comes to inheritance.", 'start': 2573.055, 'duration': 2.662}], 'summary': 'Inheritance allows accessing data from base class, simplifying code and improving efficiency.', 'duration': 36.399, 'max_score': 2539.318, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo2539318.jpg'}], 'start': 1840.46, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming principles', 'summary': 'Discusses the three pillars of object-oriented programming - encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism - and their impact on class design and code scalability. it also covers the basics and essentials of object-oriented programming, demonstrating their application with examples in python.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1999.318, 'start': 1840.46, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming principles', 'summary': 'Briefly discusses the three pillars of object-oriented programming - encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism - and the impact of language-specific approaches on class design and code scalability.', 'duration': 158.858, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the three pillars of object-oriented programming - encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. These principles are key to understanding the value proposition of object-oriented programming and its ability to enable certain functionalities.', 'Different programming languages have varying approaches to class design, with Python favoring a more open and free approach, while Java follows a strict and thorough approach. The differences in language approaches result in class design variations, with Python classes tending to be thin and focused, while Java classes may end up being large with extensive code.', "The chapter emphasizes the importance of tailoring class design based on the specific needs of the project, without a strict 'one-size-fits-all' approach. The approach to class design should be based on the specific requirements of the project, rather than adhering to a universal standard, with a focus on keeping classes minimal and functional."]}, {'end': 2204.564, 'start': 1999.798, 'title': 'Encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism in object-oriented programming, explaining how encapsulation hides class details and exposes necessary data, inheritance allows for automatic attributes for objects, and polymorphism treats different classes as the same type for certain operations.', 'duration': 204.766, 'highlights': ['Encapsulation hides class details and exposes necessary data through getters and setters, providing a separation where data is set and retrieved through methods. Encapsulation ensures that the inner details of a class or data are hidden and only necessary information is shared through getters and setters, providing a clear separation for setting and retrieving data.', 'Inheritance allows automatic attributes for objects defined in a base class, such that defining a customer automatically includes the attributes of the user class, showing the basics of inheritance. Inheritance enables the automatic inclusion of attributes for objects from a base class, exemplified by defining a customer and automatically inheriting the attributes from the user class.', 'Polymorphism treats different classes as the same type for certain operations, allowing for unified operations on users, despite specific actions for customers and teachers. Polymorphism allows for unified operations on different classes as the same type, enabling common operations on users while still accommodating specific actions for customers and teachers.']}, {'end': 2796.117, 'start': 2204.784, 'title': 'Object-oriented programming essentials', 'summary': 'Covers the essentials of object-oriented programming, including encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, demonstrating the creation of properties, inheritance of classes, and polymorphism with examples in python.', 'duration': 591.333, 'highlights': ["Encapsulation: Creating a property in Python involves defining methods to get and set the data, using the 'at property' decorator to specify it as a property, and optionally defining a deleter for the property. The process of creating a property involves defining methods to get and set the data, using the 'at property' decorator to specify it as a property, and optionally defining a deleter for the property. This encapsulation allows additional functionality and privacy for the attributes.", 'Inheritance: Demonstrates how to create a class that derives from another class, enabling the derived class to inherit methods and attributes from the base class. Inheritance is shown through creating a class that derives from another class, allowing the derived class to inherit methods and attributes from the base class, showcasing the fundamental concept of reusability in object-oriented programming.', 'Polymorphism: Illustrates the concept of polymorphism by creating multiple classes that inherit from a common base class and demonstrating how methods can be invoked on objects of different derived classes using a loop. Polymorphism is demonstrated by creating multiple classes that inherit from a common base class and showing how methods can be invoked on objects of different derived classes using a loop, showcasing the ability to treat derived classes as instances of the base class.']}], 'duration': 955.657, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/MikphENIrOo/pics/MikphENIrOo1840460.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the three pillars of object-oriented programming - encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of tailoring class design based on the specific needs of the project.', 'Encapsulation hides class details and exposes necessary data through getters and setters.', 'Inheritance allows automatic attributes for objects defined in a base class.', 'Polymorphism treats different classes as the same type for certain operations.', "Creating a property in Python involves defining methods to get and set the data, using the 'at property' decorator.", 'Demonstrates how to create a class that derives from another class, enabling the derived class to inherit methods and attributes from the base class.', 'Illustrates the concept of polymorphism by creating multiple classes that inherit from a common base class.']}], 'highlights': ['Object-oriented programming enables the representation of more complex data in code, beyond simple primitive data types and collections.', 'The chapter introduces the three pillars of object-oriented programming - encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.', "The concept of overriding methods and the significance of the 'self' parameter are discussed.", 'The process of creating customer objects in Python is demonstrated, showing the utilization of required parameters for object instantiation and the use of methods to print customer details.', 'The init method in Python is invoked every time a customer is created, allowing the execution of code specific to customer creation.', "The chapter covers creating a method to upgrade a customer's membership status within a class.", "The 'self' keyword is used to refer to the customer being created, allowing the assignment of attributes like name and membership type.", 'The chapter discusses the hash method and its impact on using objects in hashable data structures, highlighting that not defining the hash method may restrict the usage of objects in certain data structures.', 'The two fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming are classes and objects, where classes represent something, and objects are specific examples, such as representing customers in software.', "The concept of 'self' in the init method is explained, showcasing its functionality in assigning the passed arguments to the object and its relevance in differentiating customer objects."]}