title
Michael Mina: Rapid Testing, Viruses, and the Engineering Mindset | Lex Fridman Podcast #146

description
Michael Mina is an immunologist, epidemiologist, and physician at Harvard. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: - Brave: https://brave.com/lex - Athletic Greens: https://athleticgreens.com/lex and use code LEX to get 1 month of fish oil - ExpressVPN: https://expressvpn.com/lexpod and use code LexPod to get 3 months free - Cash App: https://cash.app/ and use code LexPodcast to get $10 EPISODE LINKS: Michael's Twitter: https://twitter.com/michaelmina_lab Michael's Time article: https://time.com/5912705/covid-19-stop-spread-christmas/ Rapid Tests: https://www.rapidtests.org/ PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41 OUTLINE: 0:00 - Introduction 2:32 - Interacting between viruses and bacteria 6:45 - Deadlier viruses 10:17 - Will COVID-19 mutate? 11:51 - Rapid testing 29:15 - PCR vs rapid antigen tests 38:59 - Medical industrial complex 42:51 - Lex takes COVID test 49:35 - FDA and cheap tests 52:21 - Explanation of Elon Musk's positive COVID tests 59:29 - Role of testing during vaccine deployment 1:02:58 - Public health policy 1:12:38 - A weather system for viruses 1:29:30 - Can a virus kill all humans? 1:35:09 - Engineering a deadly virus 1:39:51 - AlphaFold 2 and viruses 1:45:46 - Advice for young people 1:53:54 - Time as a buddhist monk 1:59:58 - Meditation 2:07:36 - Meaning of life CONNECT: - Subscribe to this YouTube channel - Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LexFridmanPage - Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman - Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman - Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman

detail
{'title': 'Michael Mina: Rapid Testing, Viruses, and the Engineering Mindset | Lex Fridman Podcast #146', 'heatmap': [{'end': 5073.944, 'start': 4990.919, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'The discussion emphasizes the urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to covid-19, with the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and cheaply. paper strip tests can reduce transmission by 30-40% and lead to exponential decay of infections, and the us government purchased 150 million tests from abbott for $5 each. the chapter also explores the challenges with vaccine rollout and bipartisan support for rapid testing as an engineering solution for economic recovery.', 'chapters': [{'end': 89.312, 'segs': [{'end': 68.489, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 24.116, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 26.317, 'text': 'which is a solution to COVID-19.', 'start': 24.116, 'duration': 2.201}, {'end': 32.219, 'text': 'that, to me, has become one of the most obvious, powerful and doable solutions that, frankly,', 'start': 26.317, 'duration': 5.902}, {'end': 35.08, 'text': 'should have been done months ago and still should be done now.', 'start': 32.219, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 40.742, 'text': 'As we talk about, its accuracy is high for detecting actual contagiousness,', 'start': 35.78, 'duration': 4.962}, {'end': 44.123, 'text': 'and hundreds of millions can be manufactured quickly and relatively cheaply.', 'start': 40.742, 'duration': 3.381}, {'end': 50.506, 'text': "In general, I love engineering solutions like these, even if government bureaucracies often don't.", 'start': 44.784, 'duration': 5.722}, {'end': 52.945, 'text': 'It respects science and data.', 'start': 51.4, 'duration': 1.545}, {'end': 54.449, 'text': 'It respects our freedom.', 'start': 53.386, 'duration': 1.063}, {'end': 57.959, 'text': 'It respects our intelligence and basic common sense.', 'start': 54.469, 'duration': 3.49}, {'end': 62.444, 'text': 'Quick mention of each sponsor, followed by some thoughts related to the episode.', 'start': 59.261, 'duration': 3.183}, {'end': 68.489, 'text': 'Thank you to Brave, a fast browser that feels like Chrome, but has more privacy-preserving features.', 'start': 62.944, 'duration': 5.545}], 'summary': 'Highly accurate covid-19 solution, with potential for rapid, affordable mass production.', 'duration': 44.373, 'max_score': 24.116, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI24116.jpg'}], 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'The power of rapid at-home testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to covid-19, emphasizing its high accuracy for detecting contagiousness and the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and cheaply.', 'chapters': [{'end': 89.312, 'start': 0.109, 'title': 'The power of rapid at-home testing', 'summary': 'Discusses the urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to covid-19, emphasizing its high accuracy for detecting contagiousness and the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and cheaply.', 'duration': 89.203, 'highlights': ['The urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to COVID-19, which should have been implemented months ago and still needs to be done now, with the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and relatively cheaply.', 'The high accuracy of the rapid at-home testing for detecting actual contagiousness, emphasizing its effectiveness as a solution to the pandemic.', 'The focus on engineering solutions like rapid at-home testing, which respects science, data, freedom, intelligence, and common sense, despite challenges from government bureaucracies.']}], 'duration': 89.203, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI109.jpg', 'highlights': ['The urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to COVID-19, which should have been implemented months ago and still needs to be done now, with the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and relatively cheaply.', 'The high accuracy of the rapid at-home testing for detecting actual contagiousness, emphasizing its effectiveness as a solution to the pandemic.', 'The focus on engineering solutions like rapid at-home testing, which respects science, data, freedom, intelligence, and common sense, despite challenges from government bureaucracies.']}, {'end': 1334.552, 'segs': [{'end': 143.681, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 112.259, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 116.841, 'text': 'I should say that both the critic and the creator are important,', 'start': 112.259, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 122.924, 'text': 'but in my humble estimation there are too many now of the former and not enough of the latter.', 'start': 116.841, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 134.073, 'text': "So, while we spread the derisive words of the critic on social media, making it viral, let's not forget that this world is built on the blood,", 'start': 123.644, 'duration': 10.429}, {'end': 136.896, 'text': 'sweat and tears of those who dare to create.', 'start': 134.073, 'duration': 2.823}, {'end': 143.681, 'text': 'If you enjoy this thing, subscribe on YouTube, review it with five stars on Apple Podcasts, follow on Spotify,', 'start': 138.036, 'duration': 5.645}], 'summary': 'Balance between critics and creators is crucial, with emphasis on supporting creators. encourage subscriptions, reviews, and follows.', 'duration': 31.422, 'max_score': 112.259, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI112259.jpg'}, {'end': 600.704, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 566.451, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 578.095, 'text': "Yeah, I'm completely fascinated by this idea of social media, in particular how it replicates, how it grows,", 'start': 566.451, 'duration': 11.644}, {'end': 582.896, 'text': 'how it actually starts interacting with the biology of the virus masks.', 'start': 578.095, 'duration': 4.801}, {'end': 584.317, 'text': "who's going to get vaccinated?", 'start': 582.896, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 585.157, 'text': 'politics?', 'start': 584.317, 'duration': 0.84}, {'end': 592.019, 'text': "These seem so external to virus biology, but it's become so intertwined.", 'start': 585.737, 'duration': 6.282}, {'end': 600.704, 'text': "And it's interesting, and I actually think we could find out that the virus actually becomes.", 'start': 594.14, 'duration': 6.564}], 'summary': "Fascination with social media's impact on virus spread and vaccination.", 'duration': 34.253, 'max_score': 566.451, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI566451.jpg'}, {'end': 883.906, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 810.371, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 820.156, 'text': "It's empowering people to know that they're infected and giving them the opportunity to not spread it to their loved ones and their friends and neighbors and whoever else.", 'start': 810.371, 'duration': 9.785}, {'end': 823.058, 'text': 'We could have done this.', 'start': 821.917, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 824.459, 'text': 'We still can.', 'start': 823.678, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 825.82, 'text': 'Today, we could start.', 'start': 824.779, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 828.061, 'text': 'We have millions of these tests.', 'start': 826.4, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 832.284, 'text': 'These tests are simple paper strip tests.', 'start': 828.562, 'duration': 3.722}, {'end': 836.127, 'text': 'Inside of this thing is just a little piece of paper.', 'start': 833.785, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 839.93, 'text': 'I can actually open it up here.', 'start': 836.147, 'duration': 3.783}, {'end': 840.83, 'text': 'There we go.', 'start': 839.95, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 844.573, 'text': 'This is how we do it right here.', 'start': 841.791, 'duration': 2.782}, {'end': 846.955, 'text': 'We have this little paper strip test.', 'start': 845.294, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 850.496, 'text': "This is enough to let you know if you're infectious.", 'start': 848.174, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 860.144, 'text': 'With somewhere around the order of 99% sensitivity, 99% specificity, you can know if you have infectious virus in you.', 'start': 851.197, 'duration': 8.947}, {'end': 866.21, 'text': "If we can get these out to everyone's homes, build these, make 10 million, 20 million, 30 million of them a day.", 'start': 860.905, 'duration': 5.305}, {'end': 870.493, 'text': 'We make more bottles of Dasani water every day.', 'start': 867.05, 'duration': 3.443}, {'end': 872.896, 'text': 'We can make these little paper strip tests.', 'start': 870.553, 'duration': 2.343}, {'end': 881.804, 'text': "And if we do that, and we get these into people's homes so that they can use them twice a week, then we can know if we're infectious.", 'start': 873.556, 'duration': 8.248}, {'end': 883.906, 'text': 'Is it perfect? Absolutely not.', 'start': 882.264, 'duration': 1.642}], 'summary': 'Empowering people with 99% accurate paper strip tests to curb virus spread.', 'duration': 73.535, 'max_score': 810.371, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI810371.jpg'}, {'end': 1179.84, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1151.185, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 1154.426, 'text': 'that would be such a hard, a difficult problem.', 'start': 1151.185, 'duration': 3.241}, {'end': 1156.606, 'text': "meanwhile the vaccine gets we've.", 'start': 1154.426, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 1157.447, 'text': 'we have.', 'start': 1156.606, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1161.288, 'text': 'at the same time that we could have gotten these stupid little paper strip tests out to every household.', 'start': 1157.447, 'duration': 3.841}, {'end': 1164.87, 'text': 'We have developed a brand new vaccine.', 'start': 1162.068, 'duration': 2.802}, {'end': 1167.912, 'text': "We've gone through phase one, phase two, phase three trials.", 'start': 1165.31, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 1169.513, 'text': "We've scaled up its production.", 'start': 1167.972, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 1175.837, 'text': 'And now we have UPS and FedEx and all the logistics in the world getting freezers out to where they need to be.', 'start': 1170.013, 'duration': 5.824}, {'end': 1179.84, 'text': 'We have this immense we see when it comes to sort of medicine.', 'start': 1175.897, 'duration': 3.943}], 'summary': 'Developed new vaccine, scaled up production, distributed to ups, fedex, and logistics for global deployment.', 'duration': 28.655, 'max_score': 1151.185, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI1151185.jpg'}], 'start': 90.033, 'title': 'Balancing criticism and creation', 'summary': 'Emphasizes recognizing and applauding creators, explores pathogenic interactions of viruses, and discusses the potential of rapid testing to stop covid-19, with paper strip tests reducing transmission by 30-40% and leading to exponential decay of infections.', 'chapters': [{'end': 136.896, 'start': 90.033, 'title': 'Criticism vs creation balance', 'summary': "Emphasizes the importance of recognizing and applauding creators rather than disproportionately focusing on the mistakes of critics, citing teddy roosevelt's the man in the arena speech, and highlighting the significance of those who dare to create.", 'duration': 46.863, 'highlights': ['The world is built on the blood, sweat and tears of those who dare to create.', 'Public discourse disproportionately focuses on the mistakes of those who dare to build solutions, rather than applauding their attempt to do so.', 'Emphasizing the importance of recognizing and applauding creators rather than disproportionately focusing on the mistakes of critics.']}, {'end': 707.761, 'start': 138.036, 'title': 'Pathogenic interactions of viruses', 'summary': 'Explores the fascinating pathogenic interactions of viruses, including the astonishing ability of measles to destroy immune memories and the potential impact of social and political factors on virus spread and mutation, highlighting the significant implications for global health and the effectiveness of vaccination programs.', 'duration': 569.725, 'highlights': ["Measles was responsible for as much as half of all infectious disease deaths in kids before vaccination, by destroying children's immune memories to all different pathogens. Measles was found to be responsible for as much as half of all infectious disease deaths in kids before vaccination, by destroying children's immune memories to all different pathogens.", 'Influenza predisposes to severe bacterial infections, indicating remarkable interactions between pathogens and potential evolutionary benefits. Influenza predisposes to severe bacterial infections, indicating remarkable interactions between pathogens and potential evolutionary benefits.', 'The chapter discusses the potential impact of social and political factors on virus spread and mutation, emphasizing the significance of global health and the effectiveness of vaccination programs. The chapter discusses the potential impact of social and political factors on virus spread and mutation, emphasizing the significance of global health and the effectiveness of vaccination programs.']}, {'end': 973.767, 'start': 709.346, 'title': 'Rapid testing to stop covid-19', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of rapid testing to stop the spread of covid-19, emphasizing the effectiveness of simple paper strip tests with around 99% sensitivity and specificity in reducing transmission by 30-40% and ultimately leading to exponential decay of infections.', 'duration': 264.421, 'highlights': ['Effectiveness of Rapid Testing The simple paper strip tests have around 99% sensitivity and specificity, reducing transmission by 30-40% and leading to exponential decay of infections.', "Availability of Tests It is feasible to produce millions of these tests daily, similar to the production of bottles of Dasani water, and if distributed to people's homes for bi-weekly usage, it can significantly reduce transmission.", 'Potential Impact on Transmission By reducing new infections from continuing their spread, exponential growth can be transformed into exponential decay, leading to a substantial decrease in the number of infected individuals.']}, {'end': 1334.552, 'start': 973.767, 'title': 'Empowering testing for public health', 'summary': 'Discusses the need for widespread access to rapid testing as a solution for the pandemic, highlighting the barriers and reluctance to implement such tests, and the contrast with the rapid development and distribution of vaccines.', 'duration': 360.785, 'highlights': ['Rapid tests empower individuals with information and could help protect loved ones and contribute to public health. Rapid tests provide individuals with information to protect their loved ones and fulfill their duty to public health.', 'Barriers to implementing rapid tests include resistance from the medical and regulatory industries, and a paternalistic approach to public health. The medical and regulatory industries resist the use of rapid tests, reflecting a paternalistic approach that hinders public health initiatives.', 'The contrast between the rapid development and distribution of vaccines and the lack of rapid testing availability is emphasized, highlighting misplaced priorities in addressing the pandemic. The rapid development and distribution of vaccines juxtaposed with the absence of rapid testing availability underscores the misplaced priorities in addressing the pandemic.', 'Reluctance towards testing is influenced by concerns about privacy, contact tracing, and delays, leading to a failing approach that disempowers individuals and hampers public health efforts. Concerns about privacy, contact tracing, and delays contribute to reluctance towards testing, leading to a failing approach that hampers public health efforts and disempowers individuals.']}], 'duration': 1244.519, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI90033.jpg', 'highlights': ['The world is built on the blood, sweat and tears of those who dare to create.', 'Emphasizing the importance of recognizing and applauding creators rather than disproportionately focusing on the mistakes of critics.', 'The chapter discusses the potential impact of social and political factors on virus spread and mutation, emphasizing the significance of global health and the effectiveness of vaccination programs.', 'The simple paper strip tests have around 99% sensitivity and specificity, reducing transmission by 30-40% and leading to exponential decay of infections.', "It is feasible to produce millions of these tests daily, similar to the production of bottles of Dasani water, and if distributed to people's homes for bi-weekly usage, it can significantly reduce transmission.", 'Rapid tests empower individuals with information and could help protect loved ones and contribute to public health.', 'The rapid development and distribution of vaccines juxtaposed with the absence of rapid testing availability underscores the misplaced priorities in addressing the pandemic.']}, {'end': 1991.112, 'segs': [{'end': 1459.399, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1378.067, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1384.669, 'text': 'Could be sold for, frankly, it could be sold for $3 and still make a profit if they want to sell it for five.', 'start': 1378.067, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 1392.737, 'text': "This one here, This is a slightly more complicated one, but you can see it's just got the exact same paper strip inside.", 'start': 1384.689, 'duration': 8.048}, {'end': 1398.6, 'text': "It doesn't look like much, but it's the cream of the crop in terms of these rapid tests.", 'start': 1393.898, 'duration': 4.702}, {'end': 1403.183, 'text': 'This is the one that the US government bought and it is doing an amazing job.', 'start': 1399.341, 'duration': 3.842}, {'end': 1409.266, 'text': "It has a 99.9 percent sensitivity and specificity, so it's really good.", 'start': 1403.243, 'duration': 6.023}, {'end': 1412.868, 'text': 'Essentially, the way it works is you use a swab.', 'start': 1409.626, 'duration': 3.242}, {'end': 1421.595, 'text': 'Once you use the swab on yourself, you put the swab into these little holes here, you put some buffer on and you close it,', 'start': 1414.229, 'duration': 7.366}, {'end': 1425.779, 'text': "and a line will show up if it's positive and a line won't show up if it's negative.", 'start': 1421.595, 'duration': 4.184}, {'end': 1427.48, 'text': 'it takes 5-10 minutes.', 'start': 1425.779, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 1435.907, 'text': 'This can be made so cheap that the US government was able to buy 150 million of them from Abbott for $5 a piece.', 'start': 1428.961, 'duration': 6.946}, {'end': 1444.513, 'text': 'So anyone who says that these are expensive, we have the proof is right here.', 'start': 1440.471, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 1449.535, 'text': 'Abbott did not lose money on this deal.', 'start': 1447.094, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 1455.617, 'text': 'They got $750 million for selling 150 million of these at five bucks a piece.', 'start': 1450.315, 'duration': 5.302}, {'end': 1459.399, 'text': 'All of these tests can do the same.', 'start': 1457.498, 'duration': 1.901}], 'summary': 'Rapid tests with 99.9% sensitivity and specificity, sold to us govt for $5 each, 150 million for $750 million.', 'duration': 81.332, 'max_score': 1378.067, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI1378067.jpg'}, {'end': 1661.785, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1629.991, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1634.656, 'text': 'Herd effects are when you get that R-value below one through preventing onward transmission.', 'start': 1629.991, 'duration': 4.665}, {'end': 1638.78, 'text': 'If we want to do that with these tests, we need about 20 million to 40 million of them every day.', 'start': 1634.676, 'duration': 4.104}, {'end': 1641.403, 'text': 'which is not a lot.', 'start': 1640.562, 'duration': 0.841}, {'end': 1642.225, 'text': 'In the United States.', 'start': 1641.624, 'duration': 0.601}, {'end': 1643.026, 'text': 'In the United States.', 'start': 1642.245, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 1644.408, 'text': 'So we could do it.', 'start': 1643.627, 'duration': 0.781}, {'end': 1645.149, 'text': "There's other ways.", 'start': 1644.488, 'duration': 0.661}, {'end': 1654.182, 'text': 'You can have two people in a household swab each other, swab themselves rather, and then mix, put the swabs into the same tube and onto one test.', 'start': 1645.189, 'duration': 8.993}, {'end': 1654.743, 'text': 'So you can pool.', 'start': 1654.202, 'duration': 0.541}, {'end': 1661.785, 'text': 'So you can get a 2 or 3x gain in efficiency through pooling in the household.', 'start': 1655.423, 'duration': 6.362}], 'summary': 'To achieve herd effects, 20-40 million tests are required daily in the us. pooling in households can increase efficiency.', 'duration': 31.794, 'max_score': 1629.991, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI1629991.jpg'}], 'start': 1335.072, 'title': 'Rapid antigen tests for public health', 'summary': "Discusses the potential to reduce rapid test costs to as low as $3, with a production cost of less than a dollar, and highlights a highly effective rapid test with 99.9% sensitivity and specificity. it also explores the affordability of rapid antigen tests, the us government's purchase of 150 million tests from abbott for $5 each, the inefficiencies caused by fda authorization, and the need for large-scale deployment of 20 million tests daily to achieve herd immunity.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1427.48, 'start': 1335.072, 'title': 'Rapid test cost and effectiveness', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential to reduce rapid test costs to as low as $3, with a production cost of less than a dollar, and highlights a highly effective rapid test with 99.9% sensitivity and specificity.', 'duration': 92.408, 'highlights': ['Rapid tests can be produced for less than a dollar and sold for $3, with a potential for profit even if sold for $5.', 'A highly effective rapid test with 99.9% sensitivity and specificity is being used by the US government.', 'The production cost of the rapid test is less than a dollar, and with all components combined, it may cost around $1.50 to make.', 'The chapter discusses the high cost of PCR tests, highlighting a personal expense of 160-170 bucks per week.']}, {'end': 1991.112, 'start': 1428.961, 'title': 'Rapid antigen tests for public health', 'summary': "Discusses the affordability of rapid antigen tests and their potential to mitigate the covid-19 pandemic, highlighting the us government's purchase of 150 million tests from abbott for $5 each, the inefficiencies caused by fda authorization as medical devices, and the need for large-scale deployment of 20 million tests daily to achieve herd immunity.", 'duration': 562.151, 'highlights': ['The US government purchased 150 million rapid antigen tests from Abbott for $5 each, proving their affordability and the potential for large-scale deployment. The US government was able to buy 150 million rapid antigen tests from Abbott for $5 each, totaling $750 million. This demonstrates the affordability and potential for large-scale deployment of these tests.', "FDA's authorization of rapid antigen tests as medical devices leads to inflated costs, hindering their large-scale production and distribution. The FDA's authorization of rapid antigen tests as medical devices allows companies to charge inflated prices, restricting their large-scale production and distribution as public health tools.", 'The need for 20 to 40 million rapid antigen tests daily to achieve herd immunity and the potential efficiency gains through pooling and household testing. To achieve herd immunity, 20 to 40 million rapid antigen tests are needed daily. Efficiency gains can be achieved through pooling in households, schools, and offices.', 'The simplicity and effectiveness of rapid antigen tests, utilizing lateral flow technology similar to pregnancy tests, and the potential for large-scale manufacturing to drive down costs. Rapid antigen tests utilize lateral flow technology similar to pregnancy tests, demonstrating simplicity and effectiveness. Large-scale manufacturing can potentially drive down costs, making tests more accessible.']}], 'duration': 656.04, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI1335072.jpg', 'highlights': ['Rapid tests can be produced for less than a dollar and sold for $3, with a potential for profit even if sold for $5.', 'A highly effective rapid test with 99.9% sensitivity and specificity is being used by the US government.', 'The US government purchased 150 million rapid antigen tests from Abbott for $5 each, proving their affordability and the potential for large-scale deployment.', 'The need for 20 to 40 million rapid antigen tests daily to achieve herd immunity and the potential efficiency gains through pooling and household testing.']}, {'end': 3140.341, 'segs': [{'end': 2049.473, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2016.091, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 2019.272, 'text': 'So this is one class, these antigen tests.', 'start': 2016.091, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 2023.376, 'text': "If we could just pause for a second, if it's okay.", 'start': 2020.012, 'duration': 3.364}, {'end': 2031.264, 'text': 'Could you just briefly say what is an antigen test and what other tests there are out there, like categories of tests? Sure.', 'start': 2024.317, 'duration': 6.947}, {'end': 2032.385, 'text': 'Just really quick.', 'start': 2031.664, 'duration': 0.721}, {'end': 2036.85, 'text': "The testing landscape is a little bit complicated, but I'll break it down.", 'start': 2032.986, 'duration': 3.864}, {'end': 2039.733, 'text': "There's really just three major classes of tests.", 'start': 2036.89, 'duration': 2.843}, {'end': 2042.21, 'text': "We'll start with the first two.", 'start': 2040.929, 'duration': 1.281}, {'end': 2049.473, 'text': 'The first two tests are just looking for the virus or looking for antibodies against the virus.', 'start': 2042.81, 'duration': 6.663}], 'summary': 'Antigen tests are one of three major classes of tests, alongside virus and antibody tests.', 'duration': 33.382, 'max_score': 2016.091, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2016091.jpg'}, {'end': 2181.742, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2156.056, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2161.938, 'text': "So this Detect device, that's the name of the company, this is actually a rapid RNA detection device.", 'start': 2156.056, 'duration': 5.882}, {'end': 2165.159, 'text': "So it's almost like a PCR-like test, and we could even do it here.", 'start': 2161.978, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 2168.921, 'text': "It's a beautiful test, in my opinion.", 'start': 2165.179, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 2170.561, 'text': 'It works exceedingly well.', 'start': 2168.941, 'duration': 1.62}, {'end': 2176.123, 'text': "It's going to be a little bit more expensive, so I think it could be used as a confirmatory test for these.", 'start': 2170.921, 'duration': 5.202}, {'end': 2181.742, 'text': 'Is there a greater accuracy to it? Yes, I would say that there is a greater accuracy.', 'start': 2176.483, 'duration': 5.259}], 'summary': 'Detect device offers rapid rna detection with greater accuracy, suitable as a confirmatory test.', 'duration': 25.686, 'max_score': 2156.056, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2156056.jpg'}, {'end': 2220.46, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2195.782, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2203.309, 'text': "The antigen tests look for structures, but they're generally only going to turn positive if people have actively replicating virus in them.", 'start': 2195.782, 'duration': 7.527}, {'end': 2211.916, 'text': "And so what happens after an infection dissipates, you've just gone from having sort of a spike.", 'start': 2204.77, 'duration': 7.146}, {'end': 2220.46, 'text': 'So if you get infected, maybe three days later, the virus gets into exponential growth and it can replicate to trillions of viruses inside the body.', 'start': 2211.956, 'duration': 8.504}], 'summary': 'Antigen tests detect actively replicating virus, leading to exponential growth of trillions of viruses in the body.', 'duration': 24.678, 'max_score': 2195.782, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2195782.jpg'}, {'end': 2309.505, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2283.008, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2288.171, 'text': "And now it's unfortunately kind of taken on a life of its own of conspiracy theorists thinking that.", 'start': 2283.008, 'duration': 5.163}, {'end': 2290.013, 'text': 'They call it a case-demic.', 'start': 2288.692, 'duration': 1.321}, {'end': 2295.957, 'text': 'They say, oh, you know, PCR is detecting people who are false positive.', 'start': 2290.033, 'duration': 5.924}, {'end': 2297.258, 'text': "They're not false positives.", 'start': 2295.997, 'duration': 1.261}, {'end': 2300.74, 'text': "They're They're late positives, no longer transmissible.", 'start': 2297.338, 'duration': 3.402}, {'end': 2309.505, 'text': 'I think the way you, like what I saw on rapidtest.org, I really like the distinction between diagnostic sensitivity and contagiousness sensitivity.', 'start': 2300.76, 'duration': 8.745}], 'summary': 'Conspiracy theorists dispute pcr test results, confusing late positives with false positives.', 'duration': 26.497, 'max_score': 2283.008, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2283008.jpg'}, {'end': 2354.678, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2329.313, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 2337.92, 'text': "you know that antigen tests, the tests we're looking at today, like rapid tests, are actually really good at detecting contagiousness.", 'start': 2329.313, 'duration': 8.607}, {'end': 2344.486, 'text': 'Absolutely It all mixes back with this whole idea of the medical industrial complex.', 'start': 2338.561, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 2352.572, 'text': 'You know, in this country, and in most countries, we have almost entirely defunded and devalued public health.', 'start': 2344.526, 'duration': 8.046}, {'end': 2354.678, 'text': 'Period We just have.', 'start': 2353.453, 'duration': 1.225}], 'summary': 'Antigen tests are effective at detecting contagiousness; public health defunded and devalued.', 'duration': 25.365, 'max_score': 2329.313, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2329313.jpg'}, {'end': 2508.683, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2476.287, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 2486.216, 'text': 'And unfortunately, our regulatory landscape fails to apply that knowledge to evaluate these tests as public health tools.', 'start': 2476.287, 'duration': 9.929}, {'end': 2498.353, 'text': 'only evaluating the tests as medical tools and therefore we get all kinds of complaints that say this test which detects 99 plus you know,', 'start': 2486.636, 'duration': 11.717}, {'end': 2501.298, 'text': '99.8 percent of of current infectious people.', 'start': 2498.353, 'duration': 2.945}, {'end': 2508.683, 'text': "uh, on by the fda's rubric, they'll say no, no, that's, it's only 50 sensitive.", 'start': 2502.459, 'duration': 6.224}], 'summary': 'Regulatory landscape fails to evaluate tests as public health tools, causing discrepancy in sensitivity claims.', 'duration': 32.396, 'max_score': 2476.287, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2476287.jpg'}, {'end': 2942.021, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2914.179, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 2919.126, 'text': "Because it's completely orthogonal, it's looking for the RNA instead of the antigen.", 'start': 2914.179, 'duration': 4.947}, {'end': 2926.015, 'text': "There's no biological reason that both of these should be falsely positive.", 'start': 2920.428, 'duration': 5.587}, {'end': 2933.758, 'text': "So if one's falsely positive and the other one is negative, especially because this one's more sensitive,", 'start': 2927.536, 'duration': 6.222}, {'end': 2936.859, 'text': 'then I would trust this as a confirmatory test.', 'start': 2933.758, 'duration': 3.101}, {'end': 2942.021, 'text': "If this one's negative, then the antigen test would be considered falsely positive.", 'start': 2936.899, 'duration': 5.122}], 'summary': 'Rna test more sensitive, trust if positive, antigen test may be falsely positive', 'duration': 27.842, 'max_score': 2914.179, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI2914179.jpg'}], 'start': 1991.833, 'title': 'Covid-19 testing methods', 'summary': 'Covers an overview of the covid-19 testing landscape, different classes of tests, issues with pcr testing, and the importance of confirmatory testing to reduce false positive results, emphasizing the need for accurate testing and public health measures.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2243.023, 'start': 1991.833, 'title': 'Understanding covid-19 testing landscape', 'summary': 'Provides an overview of the covid-19 testing landscape, including the different classes of tests such as antigen tests and rna detection tests, and their respective advantages and limitations, emphasizing the importance of considering the stage of infection for accurate testing.', 'duration': 251.19, 'highlights': ['Antigen tests and RNA detection tests are the two main classes of COVID-19 tests, with the former looking for structures of the virus and the latter searching for the genetic code of the virus. These details provide a clear distinction between the two main classes of COVID-19 tests, aiding in understanding the different testing methodologies.', "The antigen tests are designed to detect actively replicating virus, providing a more accurate indication of an ongoing infection compared to RNA tests, which may detect remnants of the virus from a past infection. This information highlights the significance of antigen tests in accurately identifying active virus replication, contributing to the understanding of the testing landscape's capabilities.", 'The rapid RNA detection device by Detect is considered highly accurate but may be more expensive, suggesting its potential use as a confirmatory test for COVID-19. This detail showcases the potential of the rapid RNA detection device by Detect as a reliable and confirmatory testing option, despite the associated higher cost.']}, {'end': 2570.343, 'start': 2243.063, 'title': 'Pcr testing and public health', 'summary': 'Highlights the issues with pcr testing, including its high sensitivity causing prolonged positive results after infection subsides, the distinction between diagnostic and contagiousness sensitivity, and the failure to evaluate tests as public health tools, leading to a lack of effective measures to stop the spread of the virus.', 'duration': 327.28, 'highlights': ["PCR tests can result in prolonged positive results after infection subsides, causing problems and leading to a 'case-demic' misconception. PCR testing can keep people positive for weeks or months after their infection has subsided, contributing to the misconception of a 'case-demic'.", 'The distinction between diagnostic sensitivity and contagiousness sensitivity is crucial, and rapid antigen tests are effective at detecting contagiousness. The distinction between diagnostic and contagiousness sensitivity is highlighted, with rapid antigen tests proving effective at detecting contagiousness.', 'The failure to evaluate tests as public health tools results in a lack of effective measures to stop the spread of the virus. The failure to evaluate tests as public health tools leads to a lack of effective measures to stop the spread of the virus, as tests are only assessed as medical diagnostic tools.']}, {'end': 3140.341, 'start': 2570.343, 'title': 'Covid-19 testing methods and comparison', 'summary': 'Discusses the different types of covid-19 tests, including pcr tests and rapid antigen tests, their usage in various settings such as households, nursing homes, and airports, and the importance of confirmatory testing to reduce false positive results.', 'duration': 569.998, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the different types of COVID-19 tests, including PCR tests and rapid antigen tests. Provides an overview of the types of COVID-19 tests available, highlighting the focus on PCR tests and rapid antigen tests.', 'Usage of rapid antigen tests in various settings such as households, nursing homes, and airports. Explains the practical application of rapid antigen tests in different environments, demonstrating their versatility and wide-ranging usage.', 'Importance of confirmatory testing to reduce false positive results. Emphasizes the significance of confirmatory testing to mitigate the occurrence of false positive results, providing a strategy to address potential inaccuracies in rapid antigen tests.']}], 'duration': 1148.508, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI1991833.jpg', 'highlights': ['Antigen tests detect actively replicating virus, providing accurate indication of ongoing infection.', 'Rapid RNA detection device by Detect is highly accurate, potential use as confirmatory test for COVID-19.', "PCR tests can result in prolonged positive results after infection subsides, contributing to 'case-demic' misconception.", 'Rapid antigen tests are effective at detecting contagiousness, crucial distinction from diagnostic sensitivity.', 'Failure to evaluate tests as public health tools leads to lack of effective measures to stop virus spread.', 'Overview of COVID-19 tests, focus on PCR tests and rapid antigen tests.', 'Practical application of rapid antigen tests in various settings, demonstrating versatility and wide-ranging usage.', 'Emphasizes significance of confirmatory testing to reduce false positive results.']}, {'end': 4016.197, 'segs': [{'end': 3202.857, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3177.878, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3184.601, 'text': 'he got two positives, two negatives, But then he got a PCR test and it was a very low positive result.', 'start': 3177.878, 'duration': 6.723}, {'end': 3189.123, 'text': 'So I think what happened is he just tested himself at the tail end of an.', 'start': 3185.081, 'duration': 4.042}, {'end': 3191.104, 'text': 'this was actually right before he was about to send those.', 'start': 3189.123, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 3194.786, 'text': 'it was the day of, essentially, that he was sending the astronauts up to the space station the other day.', 'start': 3191.104, 'duration': 3.682}, {'end': 3202.857, 'text': 'So he was using these rapid tests because he wanted to make sure that he was good to go in and he got discrepant results.', 'start': 3195.154, 'duration': 7.703}], 'summary': "Astronaut's rapid tests showed 2 positives, 2 negatives, but a pcr test revealed a very low positive result.", 'duration': 24.979, 'max_score': 3177.878, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3177878.jpg'}, {'end': 3364.537, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3340.492, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3350.741, 'text': "The nice thing is because these can be produced at such scale, Getting one positive doesn't immediately have to mean 10 days of isolation.", 'start': 3340.492, 'duration': 10.249}, {'end': 3359.171, 'text': "That's the CDC's more conservative stance to say, if you're positive on any test, stay home for 10 days and isolate.", 'start': 3351.802, 'duration': 7.369}, {'end': 3361.714, 'text': 'But here, people would just have more tests.', 'start': 3359.191, 'duration': 2.523}, {'end': 3364.537, 'text': 'So the recommendation should be Test daily.', 'start': 3361.734, 'duration': 2.803}], 'summary': "Frequent testing allows for shorter isolation periods, shifting from cdc's 10-day recommendation to daily testing.", 'duration': 24.045, 'max_score': 3340.492, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3340492.jpg'}, {'end': 3418.04, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3384.607, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3386.188, 'text': 'I need to look at that whole Twitter thread.', 'start': 3384.607, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3397.72, 'text': "so i understand his perhaps criticism of uh, he had like a conspiratorial tone from my vague look at it of like what's going on here with these tests?", 'start': 3386.668, 'duration': 11.052}, {'end': 3404.307, 'text': 'uh, but what does he actually think about this very practical to me engineering solution of just deploying rapid tests?', 'start': 3397.72, 'duration': 6.587}, {'end': 3408.151, 'text': "to everybody it seems like that's a way to open up the economy in april.", 'start': 3404.307, 'duration': 3.844}, {'end': 3411.013, 'text': "Well, to be honest, I've been trying to get in touch with them again.", 'start': 3408.53, 'duration': 2.483}, {'end': 3418.04, 'text': 'I think take somebody like Elon Musk, with the engineering prowess within his ranks, you know,', 'start': 3411.033, 'duration': 7.007}], 'summary': "Discussion about rapid tests for opening economy, seeking elon musk's input.", 'duration': 33.433, 'max_score': 3384.607, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3384607.jpg'}, {'end': 3607.359, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3579.546, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3584.608, 'text': "We're no longer in need of slowing the spread of the virus.", 'start': 3579.546, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 3592.511, 'text': 'To me, as I understand, it seems like this is the most important time to have something like a rapid testing solution.', 'start': 3585.448, 'duration': 7.063}, {'end': 3602.115, 'text': "Can you kind of break that apart? What's the role of rapid testing currently in the next, you know, what is it, three, four months maybe? Even more.", 'start': 3592.551, 'duration': 9.564}, {'end': 3607.359, 'text': "The vaccine rollout isn't going to be as peachy as everyone is hoping.", 'start': 3602.615, 'duration': 4.744}], 'summary': 'Rapid testing crucial in next 3-4 months for controlling virus spread.', 'duration': 27.813, 'max_score': 3579.546, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3579546.jpg'}, {'end': 3744.899, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3717.355, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 3723.962, 'text': 'They need to authorize these as public health tools or You know, frankly, the president could.', 'start': 3717.355, 'duration': 6.607}, {'end': 3731.753, 'text': "You know, there's a lot of other ways to get these tests to not have to go through the normal FDA authorization program,", 'start': 3723.982, 'duration': 7.771}, {'end': 3735.619, 'text': 'but maybe have the NIH and the CDC give a stamp of approval.', 'start': 3731.753, 'duration': 3.866}, {'end': 3739.775, 'text': 'And if we could, we could get these out tomorrow.', 'start': 3736.813, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 3744.899, 'text': "And that's where that article came from, how we can stop the spread of this virus by Christmas.", 'start': 3739.875, 'duration': 5.024}], 'summary': 'Authorize public health tools for faster testing and approval to stop virus spread by christmas.', 'duration': 27.544, 'max_score': 3717.355, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3717355.jpg'}], 'start': 3141.142, 'title': 'Rapid testing for societal impact', 'summary': "Discusses elon musk's experience with rapid testing before a space mission, emphasizing its importance in decision-making. it also highlights the urgent need for rapid testing as an engineering solution for economic recovery, addressing potential societal impact and challenges with vaccine rollout, and bipartisan support for this public health strategy.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3384.567, 'start': 3141.142, 'title': "Elon musk's rapid testing experience", 'summary': "Discusses elon musk's experience with rapid testing, where he obtained discrepant results before a space mission, highlighting the importance of rapid testing in individual and societal decision-making.", 'duration': 243.425, 'highlights': ['Elon Musk obtained discrepant results from rapid testing before a space mission, with two positive and two negative results, but a subsequent PCR test revealed a very low positive result, indicating that he was likely at the tail end of his infectiousness.', 'Rapid antigen tests can become stochastic at very low viral loads, making it challenging to interpret individual results, but from a societal perspective, a positive result should prompt individuals to stay home to prevent virus spread.', 'The scalability of rapid testing allows for making decisions based on frequent testing and subsequent negative results, reducing the need for prolonged isolation and enabling individuals to return to work sooner, potentially impacting societal virus spread.', 'The recommendation to test daily and return to work after consecutive negative tests presents a practical approach to enable more frequent testing and reduce the economic burden of prolonged isolation, addressing the reluctance to take time off due to positive test results.']}, {'end': 4016.197, 'start': 3384.607, 'title': 'Rapid testing: a solution for economic recovery', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the urgent need for rapid testing as an engineering solution to open up the economy, highlighting the potential impact on society and the challenges with vaccine rollout. it discusses the benefits of rapid testing, the obstacles in getting them authorized, and the bipartisan support for this public health strategy.', 'duration': 631.59, 'highlights': ['The urgent need for rapid testing as an engineering solution to open up the economy The speaker urges for the deployment of rapid tests to facilitate the opening of the economy, emphasizing the role of engineering in providing a practical solution to the pandemic.', 'Challenges with vaccine rollout and the importance of rapid testing in the next few months The speaker addresses the uncertainties and challenges in the vaccine rollout, including vaccine efficacy, transmission blocking, distribution logistics, and insufficient healthcare personnel, highlighting the critical role of rapid testing as a timely solution.', "Obstacles in getting rapid tests authorized and the bipartisan support for this public health strategy The discussion sheds light on the barriers in obtaining authorization for rapid tests as public health tools, despite bipartisan consensus, and the speaker's efforts to engage with political figures and institutions to push for this engineering-based public health approach."]}], 'duration': 875.055, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI3141142.jpg', 'highlights': ['Elon Musk obtained discrepant results from rapid testing before a space mission, with two positive and two negative results, but a subsequent PCR test revealed a very low positive result, indicating that he was likely at the tail end of his infectiousness.', 'The scalability of rapid testing allows for making decisions based on frequent testing and subsequent negative results, reducing the need for prolonged isolation and enabling individuals to return to work sooner, potentially impacting societal virus spread.', 'The recommendation to test daily and return to work after consecutive negative tests presents a practical approach to enable more frequent testing and reduce the economic burden of prolonged isolation, addressing the reluctance to take time off due to positive test results.', 'The urgent need for rapid testing as an engineering solution to open up the economy The speaker urges for the deployment of rapid tests to facilitate the opening of the economy, emphasizing the role of engineering in providing a practical solution to the pandemic.', 'Challenges with vaccine rollout and the importance of rapid testing in the next few months The speaker addresses the uncertainties and challenges in the vaccine rollout, including vaccine efficacy, transmission blocking, distribution logistics, and insufficient healthcare personnel, highlighting the critical role of rapid testing as a timely solution.', "Obstacles in getting rapid tests authorized and the bipartisan support for this public health strategy The discussion sheds light on the barriers in obtaining authorization for rapid tests as public health tools, despite bipartisan consensus, and the speaker's efforts to engage with political figures and institutions to push for this engineering-based public health approach."]}, {'end': 5031.304, 'segs': [{'end': 4091.389, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4065.831, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4074.855, 'text': "The problem is, the tests don't exist in this country at the level that we need them to right now to make that kind of policy,", 'start': 4065.831, 'duration': 9.024}, {'end': 4076.416, 'text': 'to make that kind of program.', 'start': 4074.855, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 4079.097, 'text': "They could, but they don't.", 'start': 4077.196, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 4085.28, 'text': 'And so what that means is that when Mayor Garcetti says okay, what are my actual options today?', 'start': 4079.197, 'duration': 6.083}, {'end': 4091.389, 'text': "despite these sounding like a great idea, he looks around and he says well, they're not authorized.", 'start': 4086.806, 'duration': 4.583}], 'summary': 'Lack of necessary tests hinders policy implementation; mayor garcetti faces limited options.', 'duration': 25.558, 'max_score': 4065.831, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4065831.jpg'}, {'end': 4318.862, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4275.401, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4278.223, 'text': 'And so this is where I think, frankly, it needs a president.', 'start': 4275.401, 'duration': 2.822}, {'end': 4285.87, 'text': 'It needs a presidential order to just unlock them, to say, this is more important than having a prescription.', 'start': 4278.583, 'duration': 7.287}, {'end': 4292.799, 'text': "And in fact I mean really what's happening now, because there is this sense that tests are public health tools,", 'start': 4285.93, 'duration': 6.869}, {'end': 4295.162, 'text': "even if they're not being defined as such.", 'start': 4292.799, 'duration': 2.363}, {'end': 4300.228, 'text': 'the FDA now is pretty much not only are they not authorizing these as public health tools,', 'start': 4295.162, 'duration': 5.066}, {'end': 4307.474, 'text': "what they're doing by authorizing what are effectively public health tools as medical devices?", 'start': 4301.149, 'duration': 6.325}, {'end': 4309.775, 'text': "they're just diluting down the practice of medicine.", 'start': 4307.474, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 4318.862, 'text': "I mean, his answer right now, unfortunately, is, well, I don't know why you want these to be sort of available to everyone without a prescription.", 'start': 4310.816, 'duration': 8.046}], 'summary': 'Urgent need for presidential order to unlock and prioritize covid-19 tests as public health tools.', 'duration': 43.461, 'max_score': 4275.401, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4275401.jpg'}, {'end': 4451.65, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4423.081, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4429.023, 'text': 'But then I use a lot of the mathematics tools to A, interpret that.', 'start': 4423.081, 'duration': 5.942}, {'end': 4435.265, 'text': 'But what I really want to do, for example to kind of kick off this new field of what I consider public health engineering,', 'start': 4429.343, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 4442.147, 'text': "is to create maybe it's a little ambitious, but create a weather system for viruses.", 'start': 4435.265, 'duration': 6.882}, {'end': 4451.65, 'text': 'I want us to be able to open up our iPhones, plug in our zip code, and get a better sense, get a probability of why my kid has a runny nose today.', 'start': 4442.307, 'duration': 9.343}], 'summary': 'Creating a weather system for viruses to predict illness probabilities by location.', 'duration': 28.569, 'max_score': 4423.081, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4423081.jpg'}, {'end': 4562.744, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4534.507, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4540.393, 'text': 'You know, we can just say, hey, this is going to be a bad flu season this year.', 'start': 4534.507, 'duration': 5.886}, {'end': 4545.016, 'text': "Let's act accordingly and with a targeted approach.", 'start': 4540.513, 'duration': 4.503}, {'end': 4552.719, 'text': "For example, we don't just use our umbrellas all day long every single day in case it might rain.", 'start': 4546.456, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 4556.581, 'text': "We don't board up our homes every single day in case there's a hurricane.", 'start': 4553.6, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 4562.744, 'text': "We wait, and if we know that there's one coming, then we act for a small period of time accordingly.", 'start': 4556.941, 'duration': 5.803}], 'summary': 'Prepare for flu season with targeted approach, not constant measures.', 'duration': 28.237, 'max_score': 4534.507, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4534507.jpg'}, {'end': 4808.868, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4779.415, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4782.456, 'text': "So I've just been collecting anonymous samples.", 'start': 4779.415, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 4789.139, 'text': "And we're processing them, in this case, for COVID antibodies to watch from January up through December.", 'start': 4783.216, 'duration': 5.923}, {'end': 4797.602, 'text': "We're able to watch how the virus entered into the United States and how it's transmitting every day across the U.S..", 'start': 4789.199, 'duration': 8.403}, {'end': 4808.868, 'text': "So we're getting those results organized now and we're gonna start putting them publicly online soon to start making at least a very rough map of COVID.", 'start': 4798.842, 'duration': 10.026}], 'summary': 'Analyzing anonymous covid samples collected from january to december to track virus transmission in the united states.', 'duration': 29.453, 'max_score': 4779.415, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4779415.jpg'}, {'end': 4955.863, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4927.344, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4934.488, 'text': "But then there's this other approach, which I'm really excited about, which is certainly going to gain some scrutiny, I think,", 'start': 4927.344, 'duration': 7.144}, {'end': 4937.91, 'text': "but we'll have to figure out where it comes into play.", 'start': 4934.488, 'duration': 3.422}, {'end': 4944.995, 'text': "But I've been recognizing that we can take somebody's immunological profile and we can make a biological fingerprint out of it.", 'start': 4937.95, 'duration': 7.045}, {'end': 4948.477, 'text': "And it's actually stable enough so that I could take your blood.", 'start': 4945.755, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 4955.863, 'text': "Let's say I don't know who you are, but you sent me a drop of blood a year ago, and then you sent me a drop of blood today.", 'start': 4948.558, 'duration': 7.305}], 'summary': 'Excited about using immunological profile to create stable biological fingerprint.', 'duration': 28.519, 'max_score': 4927.344, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4927344.jpg'}], 'start': 4017.417, 'title': "Fda's role and public health vision", 'summary': 'Discusses challenges in fda approval impacting test availability, proposes a predictive virus spread system, and addresses data collection for privacy in virus mapping.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4357.848, 'start': 4017.417, 'title': "Fda's role in approving public health tools", 'summary': "Highlights the challenges faced by public officials in implementing widespread testing due to fda's stringent approval process, leading to a lack of availability of tests as public health tools, ultimately impacting the practice of medicine and eroding legal rules and reasons for prescriptions.", 'duration': 340.431, 'highlights': ["FDA's stringent approval process leading to a lack of availability of tests as public health tools The lack of widespread testing is due to the tests not existing at the necessary level in the country, and those that do exist are not authorized for at-home use, creating a barrier for public officials in implementing widespread testing.", "FDA's dilution of the practice of medicine The FDA's authorization of public health tools as medical devices is seen as diluting the practice of medicine, eroding the legal rules and reasons for prescriptions, ultimately impacting the healthcare system.", 'Lack of ownership and jurisdiction over the approval of public health tools There is a lack of ownership and jurisdiction over the approval of public health tools, leading to them staying in a purgatory of not being approved, requiring a presidential order to unlock them from this state of limbo.']}, {'end': 4576.632, 'start': 4358.109, 'title': 'Public health engineering vision', 'summary': 'Discusses the vision of creating a predictive system for virus spread, enabling individuals to anticipate and prepare for potential infections based on their location, akin to checking the weather forecast, thus revolutionizing public health management and pandemic preparedness.', 'duration': 218.523, 'highlights': ['The development of technologies to profile for hundreds of thousands of different antibodies against every single pathogen from a drop of blood or saliva is a major activity in the research lab, showcasing the potential of bioengineering (e.g., antibodies profiling).', "The aspiration to create a predictive 'weather system for viruses' that allows individuals to input their location and receive a probability of potential infections, akin to checking the weather forecast, revolutionizing public health management and pandemic preparedness (e.g., predictive virus spread system).", 'The potential for targeted approaches based on predictive virus spread, similar to how individuals wait for a hurricane before taking precautionary measures (e.g., targeted approach for public health management).', 'Envisioning a future where individuals can anticipate and prepare for potential infections based on their location, akin to checking the weather forecast, revolutionizing public health management and pandemic preparedness (e.g., anticipation and preparation for potential infections).']}, {'end': 5031.304, 'start': 4579.334, 'title': 'Mapping viruses: data collection and privacy', 'summary': 'Discusses the collection of tens of thousands of samples for covid antibodies, the creation of a global immunological observatory, and the potential to use immunological history to create a biological fingerprint for privacy-sensitive data collection.', 'duration': 451.97, 'highlights': ['The collection of tens of thousands of samples every week for COVID antibodies and the creation of a Global Immunological Observatory. The speaker has a pilot project gathering tens of thousands of samples every week from across the United States for processing, aiming to create a Global Immunological Observatory to track the transmission of viruses.', "The potential use of immunological history to create a biological fingerprint for privacy-sensitive data collection. The speaker suggests the possibility of using individuals' immunological history to create a unique biological fingerprint, allowing for anonymous sample matching and collection while ensuring privacy.", 'The discussion of privacy concerns and the methods to keep collected samples 100 percent anonymous. The speaker emphasizes the importance of privacy and outlines methods to keep collected samples 100 percent anonymous, including using only a date and zip code for identification, with additional data collection requiring consent and ethical approval.']}], 'duration': 1013.887, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI4017417.jpg', 'highlights': ["The aspiration to create a predictive 'weather system for viruses' revolutionizing public health management and pandemic preparedness.", 'The potential for targeted approaches based on predictive virus spread, similar to how individuals wait for a hurricane before taking precautionary measures.', 'The collection of tens of thousands of samples every week for COVID antibodies and the creation of a Global Immunological Observatory.', 'The potential use of immunological history to create a biological fingerprint for privacy-sensitive data collection.', 'The lack of widespread testing due to tests not existing at the necessary level and those that do exist not authorized for at-home use, creating a barrier for public officials in implementing widespread testing.', "The FDA's authorization of public health tools as medical devices is seen as diluting the practice of medicine, eroding the legal rules and reasons for prescriptions, ultimately impacting the healthcare system.", 'The lack of ownership and jurisdiction over the approval of public health tools, leading to them staying in a purgatory of not being approved, requiring a presidential order to unlock them from this state of limbo.']}, {'end': 6104.73, 'segs': [{'end': 5103.403, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5078.369, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 5085.353, 'text': 'So that gives this really rich resolution of information that when I then do the same thing across hundreds of different pathogens,', 'start': 5078.369, 'duration': 6.984}, {'end': 5088.375, 'text': "some of which you've seen, some of which you haven't,", 'start': 5085.353, 'duration': 3.022}, {'end': 5097.68, 'text': 'it gives you an exceedingly unique fingerprint that is sufficiently stable over years and years and years to essentially give you a barcode.', 'start': 5088.375, 'duration': 9.305}, {'end': 5103.403, 'text': "And I don't have to know who you are, but I can know that these two specimens came from the same person somewhere out in the world.", 'start': 5097.82, 'duration': 5.583}], 'summary': 'Hundreds of pathogens create a unique fingerprint, stable over years, to identify specimens from the same person globally.', 'duration': 25.034, 'max_score': 5078.369, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5078369.jpg'}, {'end': 5196.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5166.623, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 5169.305, 'text': 'what? oh, really the why do you need it?', 'start': 5166.623, 'duration': 2.682}, {'end': 5170.065, 'text': 'why do you need it?', 'start': 5169.305, 'duration': 0.76}, {'end': 5178.31, 'text': 'and, and of course, now you know i mean i wrote in 2015 about this um, why we would, why this would be useful.', 'start': 5170.065, 'duration': 8.245}, {'end': 5186.556, 'text': "and, of course, now we're seeing why it would be useful Had we had this up and running in 2019, had we had it going?", 'start': 5178.31, 'duration': 8.246}, {'end': 5192.761, 'text': 'we were drawing blood from, or getting blood samples from, hospitals and clinics and blood donors from New York City.', 'start': 5186.556, 'duration': 6.205}, {'end': 5196.324, 'text': "let's just say that could have.", 'start': 5192.761, 'duration': 3.563}], 'summary': 'The need for blood sample tracking system was evident in 2019, as highlighted in 2015.', 'duration': 29.701, 'max_score': 5166.623, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5166623.jpg'}, {'end': 5298.8, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5252.634, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5260.996, 'text': 'And so that was a disaster because, of course, New York City was just hit so bad because nobody was, you know, we were blind to it.', 'start': 5252.634, 'duration': 8.362}, {'end': 5262.937, 'text': "We didn't have to be blind to it.", 'start': 5261.716, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 5270.322, 'text': "And the nice thing about this technology is we wouldn't have with the exact same technology we had in 2017,", 'start': 5262.957, 'duration': 7.365}, {'end': 5277.767, 'text': 'we could have detected this novel coronavirus spreading in New York City in 2020, not because we changed,', 'start': 5270.322, 'duration': 7.445}, {'end': 5283.191, 'text': 'not because we are actually actively looking for this novel coronavirus, but because we would see,', 'start': 5277.767, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 5289.976, 'text': "we would have seen patterns in people's immune responses using AI or, just frankly, using our just the raw data itself.", 'start': 5283.191, 'duration': 6.785}, {'end': 5298.8, 'text': "we could have said, hey, it looks like there's something that looks like known coronavirus is spreading in New York, but there's gaps.", 'start': 5290.616, 'duration': 8.184}], 'summary': 'Improved technology in 2017 could have detected coronavirus in new york city in 2020, potentially preventing disaster.', 'duration': 46.166, 'max_score': 5252.634, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5252634.jpg'}, {'end': 5468.777, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5438.094, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 5450.447, 'text': "And the reason I don't think it's likely is, on the one hand, it hasn't happened yet, in part because mobility is a recent phenomena.", 'start': 5438.094, 'duration': 12.353}, {'end': 5452.109, 'text': "People weren't particularly mobile.", 'start': 5450.948, 'duration': 1.161}, {'end': 5456.191, 'text': 'until fairly recently.', 'start': 5453.65, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 5463.254, 'text': 'Now, of course, now that we have people flying back and forth across the globe all the time,', 'start': 5456.912, 'duration': 6.342}, {'end': 5468.777, 'text': 'the chances of global pandemics has escalated exponentially, of course.', 'start': 5463.254, 'duration': 5.523}], 'summary': 'Global mobility has increased, leading to an exponential rise in the likelihood of global pandemics.', 'duration': 30.683, 'max_score': 5438.094, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5438094.jpg'}, {'end': 5604.182, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5583.072, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 5593.476, 'text': "So the only reason we were able to keep things going during our lockdowns is because it wasn't so bad that we were still able to have people work in the grocery stores,", 'start': 5583.072, 'duration': 10.404}, {'end': 5595.937, 'text': 'still have people work in the shipping to get the food onto the shelves.', 'start': 5593.476, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 5599.779, 'text': 'So on the one hand, we could probably figure out how to stop the virus.', 'start': 5596.758, 'duration': 3.021}, {'end': 5604.182, 'text': 'but can we stop the virus without starving?', 'start': 5601.24, 'duration': 2.942}], 'summary': 'Lockdowns were sustained by grocery and shipping workers, highlighting the challenge of stopping the virus without causing starvation.', 'duration': 21.11, 'max_score': 5583.072, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5583072.jpg'}, {'end': 5705.558, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5675.515, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 5683.704, 'text': "What that means is that on any occasion, any day of the year, you can have, boom, a whole new virus that didn't exist yesterday.", 'start': 5675.515, 'duration': 8.189}, {'end': 5692.834, 'text': "And now with farming and industrial livestock, we're seeing animals and humans come into contact much more.", 'start': 5684.525, 'duration': 8.309}, {'end': 5705.558, 'text': 'Just the opportunities for an influenza strain that is unique and deadly to humans increases all the while transmission and mobility has increased.', 'start': 5693.494, 'duration': 12.064}], 'summary': 'Increased contact between animals and humans raises risk of new deadly viruses.', 'duration': 30.043, 'max_score': 5675.515, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5675515.jpg'}, {'end': 5807.158, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5766.603, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 5770.345, 'text': 'should be right up there with the greatest concerns for humanity right now.', 'start': 5766.603, 'duration': 3.742}, {'end': 5778.561, 'text': 'We know that the tools, for better or worse, the tools for creating a virus are there.', 'start': 5771.854, 'duration': 6.707}, {'end': 5780.323, 'text': 'We can do it.', 'start': 5779.702, 'duration': 0.621}, {'end': 5788.05, 'text': 'I mean, heck, the human species is no longer vaccinated against smallpox.', 'start': 5781.824, 'duration': 6.226}, {'end': 5789.552, 'text': "I didn't get a smallpox vaccine.", 'start': 5788.15, 'duration': 1.402}, {'end': 5792.014, 'text': "You didn't get a smallpox vaccine, at least I don't think.", 'start': 5789.592, 'duration': 2.422}, {'end': 5807.158, 'text': 'So if somebody wanted to make smallpox and distribute it to the world in some way, it could be exceedingly deadly and detrimental to humans,', 'start': 5794.581, 'duration': 12.577}], 'summary': 'The ease of creating a virus poses a major threat to humanity, especially as smallpox vaccination rates decline.', 'duration': 40.555, 'max_score': 5766.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5766603.jpg'}, {'end': 5970.05, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5939.216, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 5947.138, 'text': 'so that if the idea is that if we kind of accelerate evolution and make these really deadly viruses in the lab,', 'start': 5939.216, 'duration': 7.922}, {'end': 5953.74, 'text': 'we can be prepared for if that virus ever comes about naturally or through unnatural means.', 'start': 5947.138, 'duration': 6.602}, {'end': 5957.461, 'text': "The concern, though, is okay, that's one thing.", 'start': 5954.58, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 5960.382, 'text': "but what if that virus got out on somebody's shoe?", 'start': 5957.461, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 5961.422, 'text': 'Just what if?', 'start': 5960.942, 'duration': 0.48}, {'end': 5970.05, 'text': 'If the effects of an accident are potentially catastrophic,', 'start': 5964.865, 'duration': 5.185}], 'summary': 'Accelerating virus evolution in labs may lead to accidental release with catastrophic consequences.', 'duration': 30.834, 'max_score': 5939.216, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5939216.jpg'}, {'end': 6030.038, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5999.43, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 6001.873, 'text': 'or achieving state-of-the-art performance on protein folding.', 'start': 5999.43, 'duration': 2.443}, {'end': 6008.178, 'text': 'And then I thought, proteins have a lot to do with viruses.', 'start': 6002.693, 'duration': 5.485}, {'end': 6019.591, 'text': 'It seems like being able to use machine learning to design proteins that achieve certain kinds of functions,', 'start': 6009.184, 'duration': 10.407}, {'end': 6030.038, 'text': 'will naturally allow you to use maybe down the line, not yet, but allow you to use machine learning to design basically viruses, maybe like measles,', 'start': 6019.591, 'duration': 10.447}], 'summary': 'Machine learning for designing proteins may lead to virus design in the future.', 'duration': 30.608, 'max_score': 5999.43, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5999430.jpg'}], 'start': 5031.304, 'title': 'Virus data and global pandemic threats', 'summary': 'Examines how unique antibody responses can be used for individual identification and discusses challenges in detecting and responding to the spread of coronavirus, highlighting the potential global pandemic threats and the role of technology in virus engineering and preparation.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5186.556, 'start': 5031.304, 'title': 'Virus data and individual identification', 'summary': 'Discusses how the unique antibody response to pathogens creates a stable and distinct fingerprint, enabling the identification of individuals based on their immunological history and pathogen exposure, with potential applications in ai and predictive analysis.', 'duration': 155.252, 'highlights': ['The unique antibody response to pathogens creates a stable and distinct fingerprint, enabling the identification of individuals based on their immunological history and pathogen exposure. The chapter explains that the combination of immunological history and the unique body response to a pathogen results in a rich resolution of information that forms a stable and unique fingerprint over years and years, essentially providing a barcode for individual identification.', 'The potential applications in AI and predictive analysis are mentioned, indicating the use of virus data for making predictions and finding patterns. The discussion highlights the potential for artificial intelligence applications in analyzing the virus data to make predictions and identify patterns, with the vision of making the data universally connected and inferring insights similar to weather predictions.', "The challenge of funding and recognition for the usefulness of the data is presented, with the regret of not having the system operational in 2019. The transcript reveals the speaker's struggle in getting the concept funded and recognized, as well as the missed opportunity of having the system operational in 2019, which would have demonstrated its usefulness during the global events that followed."]}, {'end': 5539.694, 'start': 5186.556, 'title': 'Challenges in detecting and responding to the spread of coronavirus', 'summary': 'Highlights the delayed response to the spread of coronavirus in new york city, the potential of technology to detect novel viruses, and the increasing risk of global pandemics due to human mobility and interconnectedness.', 'duration': 353.138, 'highlights': ['The delayed response to the spread of coronavirus in New York City resulted in a disaster, leading to a high number of cases and deaths. Tens of thousands of lives could have been saved in New York City.', 'The potential of technology to detect novel viruses using AI and data analysis, emphasizing the missed opportunity to detect the spread of the coronavirus in 2020. The technology available in 2017 could have detected the novel coronavirus spreading in New York City in 2020, potentially preventing its devastating impact.', 'The increasing risk of global pandemics due to human mobility and interconnectedness, as evidenced by the escalation of global pandemics with the rise in global travel. The chances of global pandemics have escalated exponentially due to increased global travel.']}, {'end': 6104.73, 'start': 5541.567, 'title': 'Global pandemic threats and the role of technology', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential threats posed by natural and engineered viruses, the vulnerabilities of humanity, and the ethical dilemmas surrounding gain-of-function testing, emphasizing the increasing likelihood of a global pandemic and the influence of technology in virus engineering and preparation.', 'duration': 563.163, 'highlights': ['The growing likelihood of a global pandemic and the vulnerabilities of humanity are emphasized, with concerns raised about the potential impact of a more deadly virus on essential services and the risk of starvation during lockdowns. Growing likelihood of a global pandemic, vulnerabilities of humanity, impact of more deadly virus on essential services, risk of starvation during lockdowns', 'The potential threat posed by the influenza virus is highlighted due to its ability to genetically recombine and rapidly create new, unique, and deadly strains, which is further exacerbated by increased human-animal contact and global mobility. Potential threat posed by influenza virus, ability to create unique and deadly strains, increased human-animal contact and global mobility', 'The concerns regarding the engineering of viruses are underscored, with the availability of tools for virus creation, the susceptibility of the global population to diseases like smallpox and measles, and the potential dual use of viruses for beneficial and harmful purposes. Concerns about engineering viruses, availability of tools for virus creation, susceptibility of global population to diseases, potential dual use of viruses', 'Ethical dilemmas surrounding gain-of-function testing and the potential catastrophic consequences of accidental release of deadly viruses are discussed, raising questions about the balance between preparedness and risk. Ethical dilemmas of gain-of-function testing, potential catastrophic consequences of accidental release, balance between preparedness and risk', 'The role of technology, specifically machine learning and AI, in virus engineering and protein design is contemplated, highlighting the dual potential of technology to be used for beneficial and harmful purposes. Role of technology in virus engineering, potential of technology for beneficial and harmful purposes']}], 'duration': 1073.426, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI5031304.jpg', 'highlights': ['The unique antibody response to pathogens creates a stable and distinct fingerprint, enabling individual identification based on immunological history and pathogen exposure.', 'The potential applications in AI and predictive analysis indicate the use of virus data for making predictions and finding patterns.', 'The challenge of funding and recognition for the usefulness of the data is presented, with the regret of not having the system operational in 2019.', 'The delayed response to the spread of coronavirus in New York City resulted in a disaster, leading to a high number of cases and deaths.', 'The potential of technology to detect novel viruses using AI and data analysis, emphasizing the missed opportunity to detect the spread of the coronavirus in 2020.', 'The increasing risk of global pandemics due to human mobility and interconnectedness, as evidenced by the escalation of global pandemics with the rise in global travel.', 'The growing likelihood of a global pandemic and the vulnerabilities of humanity are emphasized, with concerns raised about the potential impact of a more deadly virus on essential services and the risk of starvation during lockdowns.', 'The potential threat posed by the influenza virus is highlighted due to its ability to genetically recombine and rapidly create new, unique, and deadly strains, further exacerbated by increased human-animal contact and global mobility.', 'The concerns regarding the engineering of viruses are underscored, with the availability of tools for virus creation, the susceptibility of the global population to diseases like smallpox and measles, and the potential dual use of viruses for beneficial and harmful purposes.', 'Ethical dilemmas surrounding gain-of-function testing and the potential catastrophic consequences of accidental release of deadly viruses are discussed, raising questions about the balance between preparedness and risk.', 'The role of technology, specifically machine learning and AI, in virus engineering and protein design is contemplated, highlighting the dual potential of technology to be used for beneficial and harmful purposes.']}, {'end': 6720.473, 'segs': [{'end': 6215.893, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6161.768, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 6167.189, 'text': 'Oftentimes we take them from nature and then tweak them, but now we can supercharge it.', 'start': 6161.768, 'duration': 5.421}, {'end': 6172.431, 'text': 'We can accelerate the pace of discovery to not have it just be discovery.', 'start': 6167.369, 'duration': 5.062}, {'end': 6175.451, 'text': 'We have it be true ground up engineering.', 'start': 6172.511, 'duration': 2.94}, {'end': 6183.955, 'text': "Let's say you're trying to make a new molecule to stabilize somebody with some retinal disease, right?", 'start': 6175.911, 'duration': 8.044}, {'end': 6191.898, 'text': 'So we come up with some molecule that can improve the stability of somebody with retinal degeneration.', 'start': 6184.635, 'duration': 7.263}, {'end': 6199.121, 'text': 'Just a small tweak to that to say make a virus that causes the human race to become blind.', 'start': 6194.779, 'duration': 4.342}, {'end': 6204.984, 'text': "I mean, it sounds really conspiracy theory-ish, but But it's not.", 'start': 6200.002, 'duration': 4.982}, {'end': 6208.707, 'text': "We're learning so much about biology and there's always nefarious reasons.", 'start': 6205.825, 'duration': 2.882}, {'end': 6209.208, 'text': 'I mean heck.', 'start': 6208.727, 'duration': 0.481}, {'end': 6215.893, 'text': 'look at how AI and just Google searches.', 'start': 6209.208, 'duration': 6.685}], 'summary': 'Accelerating discovery and engineering in biology to address medical challenges and potential risks.', 'duration': 54.125, 'max_score': 6161.768, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6161768.jpg'}, {'end': 6502.259, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6471.628, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6477.17, 'text': "But then I went a step further and I said, we're not going to have enough tests at the hospital.", 'start': 6471.628, 'duration': 5.542}, {'end': 6482.112, 'text': 'My ambition was to get a better testing program started.', 'start': 6479.191, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 6487.675, 'text': 'I figured what better place to scale up testing than the Broad Institute.', 'start': 6482.132, 'duration': 5.543}, {'end': 6494.878, 'text': 'Broad Institute is amazing, very high throughput, high efficiency research institute that does a lot of genomic sequencing, things like that.', 'start': 6488.175, 'duration': 6.703}, {'end': 6502.259, 'text': "So I went to the Broad and I said, hey, you know, there's this coronavirus that's obviously going to impact our society greatly.", 'start': 6495.678, 'duration': 6.581}], 'summary': 'Sought to scale up testing at broad institute due to shortage of hospital tests for coronavirus.', 'duration': 30.631, 'max_score': 6471.628, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6471628.jpg'}, {'end': 6727.117, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6698.54, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6701.401, 'text': 'the actual quantitative values of these lab-based PCR tests.', 'start': 6698.54, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 6707.203, 'text': 'At the time, all the physicians and laboratory directors told me that was stupid.', 'start': 6702.62, 'duration': 4.583}, {'end': 6709.425, 'text': "Why would you do that? They're not accurate enough.", 'start': 6707.243, 'duration': 2.182}, {'end': 6710.586, 'text': 'And of course,', 'start': 6709.525, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 6718.531, 'text': "now it's headline news that Florida they just mandated reporting out the CT values of these tests because there's a real utility of them.", 'start': 6710.586, 'duration': 7.945}, {'end': 6720.473, 'text': 'You can understand public health from it.', 'start': 6718.992, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 6722.354, 'text': 'You can understand better clinical management.', 'start': 6720.513, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 6727.117, 'text': 'That was a simple solution to a pretty difficult problem.', 'start': 6723.815, 'duration': 3.302}], 'summary': 'Florida mandates reporting ct values of pcr tests to aid public health and clinical management, a simple solution to a difficult problem.', 'duration': 28.577, 'max_score': 6698.54, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6698540.jpg'}], 'start': 6107.692, 'title': 'Biotechnology and innovative solutions', 'summary': "Discusses the potential of biotechnology for positive purposes while emphasizing the need for balance and regulation. it also highlights dr. mike's innovative approach to solving global problems, including implementing a rapid testing program for covid-19.", 'chapters': [{'end': 6341.756, 'start': 6107.692, 'title': 'Biotechnology: balancing good and bad', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential of biotechnology to engineer molecules for positive purposes, but also highlights the potential risks and challenges of misuse, emphasizing the need for a balance between advancement and regulation in the field of biotechnology.', 'duration': 234.064, 'highlights': ['We have the ability to engineer molecules for specific uses, potentially accelerating the pace of discovery and transitioning from discovery to true ground-up engineering.', 'The potential for misuse of biotechnology is highlighted, with concerns about the creation of harmful viruses and the leveraging of biological knowledge for nefarious purposes.', 'The unintended consequences of regulatory landscape are discussed, with the example of medical product regulation impacting the deployment of tools that could prevent economic and health crises.', "The optimism about the human race's capacity to develop defense mechanisms and avoid self-destruction is expressed, despite the potential for damaging actions in the biotechnology field."]}, {'end': 6720.473, 'start': 6344.397, 'title': 'Solving big problems with innovative thinking', 'summary': "Highlights dr. mike's innovative approach to solving global problems, including his successful efforts to implement a rapid testing program for covid-19, challenging traditional thinking and advocating for the use of ct values from lab-based pcr tests.", 'duration': 376.076, 'highlights': ["Dr. Mike's successful efforts to implement a rapid testing program for COVID-19 at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute, challenging traditional thinking and advocating for innovative solutions. Implementation of a rapid testing program for COVID-19, challenging traditional thinking, collaboration with Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute.", "Dr. Mike's advocacy for the use of CT values from lab-based PCR tests, despite initial skepticism, and the subsequent validation of this approach through its mandated reporting in Florida. Advocacy for the use of CT values from lab-based PCR tests, initial skepticism from physicians and laboratory directors, validation through mandated reporting in Florida.", "Dr. Mike's broad educational background and multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving, emphasizing the importance of integrating diverse perspectives for impactful change. Broad educational background, multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving, emphasis on integrating diverse perspectives."]}], 'duration': 612.781, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6107692.jpg', 'highlights': ["Dr. Mike's successful efforts to implement a rapid testing program for COVID-19 at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute, challenging traditional thinking and advocating for innovative solutions.", 'Advocacy for the use of CT values from lab-based PCR tests, initial skepticism from physicians and laboratory directors, validation through mandated reporting in Florida.', 'The potential for misuse of biotechnology is highlighted, with concerns about the creation of harmful viruses and the leveraging of biological knowledge for nefarious purposes.', 'We have the ability to engineer molecules for specific uses, potentially accelerating the pace of discovery and transitioning from discovery to true ground-up engineering.']}, {'end': 8041.587, 'segs': [{'end': 6750.176, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6720.513, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6722.354, 'text': 'You can understand better clinical management.', 'start': 6720.513, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 6727.117, 'text': 'That was a simple solution to a pretty difficult problem.', 'start': 6723.815, 'duration': 3.302}, {'end': 6729.98, 'text': 'And it is changing.', 'start': 6728.839, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 6736.525, 'text': "The way that we approach all of the lab testing in this country is starting to, it's taken a few months, but it's starting to change because of that.", 'start': 6730.04, 'duration': 6.485}, {'end': 6741.509, 'text': 'And that was just me saying, hey, this is something we should be focusing on.', 'start': 6736.645, 'duration': 4.864}, {'end': 6745.512, 'text': 'Got some other people involved and other people, and now people recognize hey,', 'start': 6741.549, 'duration': 3.963}, {'end': 6750.176, 'text': "there's actual value in this number that comes out of these lab-based PCR tests.", 'start': 6745.512, 'duration': 4.664}], 'summary': 'Improving clinical management through changed approach to lab testing.', 'duration': 29.663, 'max_score': 6720.513, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6720513.jpg'}, {'end': 6828.191, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6802.876, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 6808.801, 'text': 'You know, you get a billion dollars from one big idea and then that allows you to make three new big ideas.', 'start': 6802.876, 'duration': 5.925}, {'end': 6809.942, 'text': "And there's a hunger for it.", 'start': 6808.861, 'duration': 1.081}, {'end': 6816.408, 'text': 'If you think big and you communicate that vision with the world, all the most brilliant and like passionate people will,', 'start': 6810.082, 'duration': 6.326}, {'end': 6819.549, 'text': "just like you'll attract them and they'll come to you.", 'start': 6816.408, 'duration': 3.141}, {'end': 6822.01, 'text': 'And then it makes your life actually really exciting.', 'start': 6819.89, 'duration': 2.12}, {'end': 6828.191, 'text': "The people I've met at like Tesla and Neuralink, I mean, there's just like this fire in their eyes.", 'start': 6822.51, 'duration': 5.681}], 'summary': 'A billion-dollar idea enables creation of three new ideas, attracting passionate talent, making life exciting.', 'duration': 25.315, 'max_score': 6802.876, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6802876.jpg'}, {'end': 7128.521, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7104.824, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 7114.535, 'text': "I mean, it became It sounds strange, but meditating almost just like anything that you've put your mind to became exciting.", 'start': 7104.824, 'duration': 9.711}, {'end': 7117.476, 'text': "It became like there weren't enough hours in the day to meditate.", 'start': 7114.595, 'duration': 2.881}, {'end': 7123.939, 'text': 'And I would do it for 18 hours a day, 15 hours a day, just sit there.', 'start': 7118.136, 'duration': 5.803}, {'end': 7128.521, 'text': 'I mean I hate sleeping anyway,', 'start': 7125.419, 'duration': 3.102}], 'summary': 'Meditating for 18 hours a day became exciting and felt like not enough time.', 'duration': 23.697, 'max_score': 7104.824, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI7104824.jpg'}, {'end': 7556.515, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7519.617, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 7526.961, 'text': 'And it was like this dichotomy of being a monk and just meditating in this extraordinary place.', 'start': 7519.617, 'duration': 7.344}, {'end': 7534.245, 'text': 'And then the tsunami hits and kills 40,000 people in a few minutes on the coast of this really small little country in Sri Lanka.', 'start': 7528.062, 'duration': 6.183}, {'end': 7541.429, 'text': 'And then my whole world of being a monk came crashing down.', 'start': 7535.025, 'duration': 6.404}, {'end': 7556.515, 'text': 'when I go to the coast, and I mean that was just a devastating visual sight, an emotional sight, but the strangest thing happened,', 'start': 7543.53, 'duration': 12.985}], 'summary': 'Monk experiences life-altering devastation after tsunami kills 40,000 people in sri lanka.', 'duration': 36.898, 'max_score': 7519.617, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI7519617.jpg'}], 'start': 6720.513, 'title': 'Clinical management revolution', 'summary': 'Emphasizes the impact of advocating for lab testing in clinical management, leading to growing recognition and rapid change. it also highlights the importance of thinking big, embracing solutions, and the transformative experience of life in a sri lankan monastery, including meditation for 18 hours a day and gaining a new perspective on life.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6759.345, 'start': 6720.513, 'title': 'Clinical management revolution', 'summary': 'Highlights the impact of advocating for the importance of lab testing in clinical management, leading to a growing recognition of its value and potential for rapid change in approach.', 'duration': 38.832, 'highlights': ['Advocating for the importance of lab testing has led to a growing recognition of its value, causing a shift in the approach to lab testing in the country.', 'The advocacy has resulted in a change in the way lab testing is approached and a growing recognition of the value in the numbers from lab-based PCR tests.', 'The impact of advocating for lab testing is evident in the rapid growth of recognition and change in approach towards lab testing in the country.']}, {'end': 6990.016, 'start': 6759.345, 'title': 'Thinking big and embracing solutions', 'summary': 'Highlights the importance of thinking big, embracing solutions, and attracting like-minded individuals, as demonstrated by the impact of thinking big on innovation and the ripple effects of actions, as well as the transformative experience of becoming a buddhist monk and the underlying philosophy.', 'duration': 230.671, 'highlights': ["Thinking big leads to innovation and attracts passionate individuals, as demonstrated by the impact of thinking big on Elon Musk's success and the ability to attract brilliant and passionate people. Elon Musk's success and the ability to attract brilliant and passionate people.", "The ripple effects of actions and the transformative experience of becoming a Buddhist monk, including the underlying philosophy of Buddhism and the concept of actions having ripple effects beyond one's imagination. The underlying philosophy of Buddhism and the concept of actions having ripple effects beyond one's imagination.", 'The importance of embracing solutions and avoiding barriers, as well as the transformative experience of becoming a Buddhist monk and the meditative aspects of Buddhism and other activities. The importance of embracing solutions and avoiding barriers, as well as the meditative aspects of Buddhism and other activities.']}, {'end': 7383.224, 'start': 6990.657, 'title': 'Life in a sri lankan monastery', 'summary': 'Describes the experience of a person who moved to a sri lankan monastery, initially to teach english but later became engrossed in meditation for 18 hours a day, finding it exhilarating to experience life in a richer way.', 'duration': 392.567, 'highlights': ['Meditating for 18 hours a day and finding it exhilarating to experience life in a richer way. The individual found excitement in meditating for long hours, feeling that there were never enough hours in the day to meditate and describing it as exhilarating to experience life in a much richer way.', 'Experiencing a trippy stage and quieting the mind for hours at a time. Beyond the initial stage of quieting the mind, the person experienced a euphoric and trippy stage, being able to quiet the mind for hours at a time, which led to an excitement about mindfulness and focusing on daily activities.', 'Learning about daily activities in a much richer way through meditation. The individual found it exhilarating to learn about daily activities in a new light through meditation, describing it as akin to learning a new language and experiencing life in a much richer way.']}, {'end': 8041.587, 'start': 7383.264, 'title': 'Meditation and life reflections', 'summary': 'Highlights the experience of a former monk who gained a new perspective on life through meditation, slowed down perception, and a tragic natural disaster, leading to a shift in purpose and a reflection on the meaning of life.', 'duration': 658.323, 'highlights': ['The experience of breaking down every action into smaller movements allowed the individual to perceive things almost in slow motion, akin to learning a new language, which led to an exhilarating and exciting sensation. Perceiving actions in slow motion through meditation, akin to learning a new language, led to an exhilarating sensation.', "The individual's experience of the world slowing down and finding spaces between movements brought a new appreciation for life, but this euphoric feeling was disrupted by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, which led to a drastic change in purpose. New appreciation for life disrupted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, leading to a drastic change in purpose.", "The individual's transition from being a monk to living in a refugee camp after the tsunami led to a profound change in perspective and ultimately propelled them into the public health world, shaping their view of existence and the meaning of life. Transition from monk to living in a refugee camp led to a change in perspective and propelled the individual into the public health world."]}], 'duration': 1321.074, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/L-RuvUkcyJI/pics/L-RuvUkcyJI6720513.jpg', 'highlights': ['The impact of advocating for lab testing is evident in the rapid growth of recognition and change in approach towards lab testing in the country.', "Thinking big leads to innovation and attracts passionate individuals, as demonstrated by the impact of thinking big on Elon Musk's success and the ability to attract brilliant and passionate people.", 'Meditating for 18 hours a day and finding it exhilarating to experience life in a richer way.', "The individual's transition from being a monk to living in a refugee camp after the tsunami led to a profound change in perspective and ultimately propelled them into the public health world, shaping their view of existence and the meaning of life."]}], 'highlights': ['The urgent need for rapid at-home testing as a solution to COVID-19, with the potential to manufacture hundreds of millions quickly and relatively cheaply.', 'The high accuracy of the rapid at-home testing for detecting actual contagiousness, emphasizing its effectiveness as a solution to the pandemic.', 'The simple paper strip tests have around 99% sensitivity and specificity, reducing transmission by 30-40% and leading to exponential decay of infections.', 'The US government purchased 150 million rapid antigen tests from Abbott for $5 each, proving their affordability and the potential for large-scale deployment.', 'Rapid tests can be produced for less than a dollar and sold for $3, with a potential for profit even if sold for $5.', 'Elon Musk obtained discrepant results from rapid testing before a space mission, with two positive and two negative results, but a subsequent PCR test revealed a very low positive result, indicating that he was likely at the tail end of his infectiousness.', 'The scalability of rapid testing allows for making decisions based on frequent testing and subsequent negative results, reducing the need for prolonged isolation and enabling individuals to return to work sooner, potentially impacting societal virus spread.', "The aspiration to create a predictive 'weather system for viruses' revolutionizing public health management and pandemic preparedness.", 'The unique antibody response to pathogens creates a stable and distinct fingerprint, enabling individual identification based on immunological history and pathogen exposure.', "Dr. Mike's successful efforts to implement a rapid testing program for COVID-19 at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute, challenging traditional thinking and advocating for innovative solutions."]}