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Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9

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{'title': 'Stuart Russell: Long-Term Future of Artificial Intelligence | Lex Fridman Podcast #9', 'heatmap': [{'end': 2076.503, 'start': 2018.832, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': "Stuart russell, a uc berkeley professor and co-author of 'artificial intelligence, the modern approach', discusses ai in the context of mit's course in artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast, exploring ai chess program achievements, meta reasoning in game playing, ai's impact on human intelligence, technology challenges, lack of legal protection, ai risks and concerns, and the parallels between nuclear technology oversight and ai risks.", 'chapters': [{'end': 40.112, 'segs': [{'end': 40.112, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 0.149, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2.531, 'text': 'The following is a conversation with Stuart Russell.', 'start': 0.149, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 12.618, 'text': "He's a professor of computer science at UC Berkeley and a co-author of a book that introduced me and millions of other people to the amazing world of AI,", 'start': 3.091, 'duration': 9.527}, {'end': 14.96, 'text': 'called Artificial Intelligence, The Modern Approach.', 'start': 12.618, 'duration': 2.342}, {'end': 25.108, 'text': 'So it was an honor for me to have this conversation as part of MIT course in Artificial General Intelligence and the Artificial Intelligence podcast.', 'start': 15.801, 'duration': 9.307}, {'end': 31.57, 'text': 'If you enjoy it, please subscribe on YouTube, iTunes or your podcast provider of choice,', 'start': 25.828, 'duration': 5.742}, {'end': 35.831, 'text': 'or simply connect with me on Twitter at Lex Friedman spelled F-R-I-D.', 'start': 31.57, 'duration': 4.261}, {'end': 40.112, 'text': "And now, here's my conversation with Stuart Russell.", 'start': 36.511, 'duration': 3.601}], 'summary': 'Conversation with stuart russell, uc berkeley professor and ai book co-author, part of mit course and ai podcast.', 'duration': 39.963, 'max_score': 0.149, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k149.jpg'}], 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'A conversation with stuart russell', 'summary': "Features a discussion with stuart russell, a uc berkeley professor and co-author of 'artificial intelligence, the modern approach', exploring ai in the context of mit's course in artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.", 'chapters': [{'end': 40.112, 'start': 0.149, 'title': 'Conversation with stuart russell', 'summary': "Features a conversation with stuart russell, a professor at uc berkeley and co-author of 'artificial intelligence, the modern approach', discussing ai in the context of mit's course in artificial general intelligence and the artificial intelligence podcast.", 'duration': 39.963, 'highlights': ["Stuart Russell is a professor of computer science at UC Berkeley and co-author of the book 'Artificial Intelligence, The Modern Approach'.", "The conversation is part of MIT's course in Artificial General Intelligence and the Artificial Intelligence podcast.", 'The podcast can be accessed through YouTube, iTunes, or other podcast platforms, and the host can be contacted on Twitter at Lex Friedman spelled F-R-I-D.']}], 'duration': 39.963, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k149.jpg', 'highlights': ["Stuart Russell, co-author of 'Artificial Intelligence, The Modern Approach', is a UC Berkeley professor.", "The conversation is part of MIT's course in Artificial General Intelligence and the Artificial Intelligence podcast.", 'The podcast can be accessed through YouTube, iTunes, or other podcast platforms.']}, {'end': 365.833, 'segs': [{'end': 122.901, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 41.573, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 48.395, 'text': "So you've mentioned in 1975, in high school, you've created one of your first AI programs that played chess.", 'start': 41.573, 'duration': 6.822}, {'end': 62.218, 'text': 'Were you ever able to build a program that beat you at chess or another board game? Uh, so my program never beat me at chess.', 'start': 50.171, 'duration': 12.047}, {'end': 67.06, 'text': 'I actually wrote the program at Imperial college.', 'start': 63.718, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 75.125, 'text': 'So I used to take the bus every Wednesday with a box of cards this big, uh, and shove them into the card reader.', 'start': 67.1, 'duration': 8.025}, {'end': 77.246, 'text': 'And they gave us eight seconds of CPU time.', 'start': 75.205, 'duration': 2.041}, {'end': 83.481, 'text': 'it took about five seconds to read the cards in and compile the code.', 'start': 79.039, 'duration': 4.442}, {'end': 89.784, 'text': 'So we had three seconds of CPU time, which was enough to make one move, you know, with a not very deep search.', 'start': 83.521, 'duration': 6.263}, {'end': 95.707, 'text': "And then we would print that move out and then we'd have to go to the back of the queue and wait to feed the cards in again.", 'start': 90.684, 'duration': 5.023}, {'end': 96.907, 'text': 'How deep was the search?', 'start': 96.027, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 99.428, 'text': 'Are we talking about one move, two moves, three moves?', 'start': 97.748, 'duration': 1.68}, {'end': 101.709, 'text': 'So no, I think we got.', 'start': 99.468, 'duration': 2.241}, {'end': 104.05, 'text': 'we got an eight move, eight, you know depth.', 'start': 101.709, 'duration': 2.341}, {'end': 105.891, 'text': 'eight, with alpha beta.', 'start': 104.05, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 112.258, 'text': 'And we had some tricks of our own about move ordering and some pruning of the tree.', 'start': 106.231, 'duration': 6.027}, {'end': 118.218, 'text': 'But you were still able to beat that program? Yeah, yeah, I was a reasonable chess player in my youth.', 'start': 112.939, 'duration': 5.279}, {'end': 122.901, 'text': 'I did an Othello program and a backgammon program.', 'start': 119.098, 'duration': 3.803}], 'summary': 'In 1975, created ai chess program with 8-move depth, beat program.', 'duration': 81.328, 'max_score': 41.573, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k41573.jpg'}, {'end': 224.824, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 203.862, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 214.05, 'text': 'we could come up with algorithms that were actually much more efficient than the standard alpha-beta search which chess programs at the time were using,', 'start': 203.862, 'duration': 10.188}, {'end': 216.651, 'text': 'and that those programs could beat me.', 'start': 214.05, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 224.824, 'text': 'And I think you can see the same basic ideas in AlphaGo and AlphaZero today.', 'start': 218.313, 'duration': 6.511}], 'summary': 'Developed efficient algorithms surpassing alpha-beta search, enabling programs to beat human players.', 'duration': 20.962, 'max_score': 203.862, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k203862.jpg'}, {'end': 365.833, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 306.992, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 316.86, 'text': 'And AlphaGo in less than a second can instantly intuit what is the right move to make based on its ability to evaluate positions.', 'start': 306.992, 'duration': 9.868}, {'end': 324.267, 'text': "And that is remarkable because, you know, we don't have that level of intuition about Go.", 'start': 317.781, 'duration': 6.486}, {'end': 326.689, 'text': 'We actually have to think about the situation.', 'start': 324.327, 'duration': 2.362}, {'end': 335.265, 'text': 'So anyway, that capability that AlphaGo has is one big part of why it beats humans.', 'start': 328.16, 'duration': 7.105}, {'end': 343.29, 'text': "The other big part is that it's able to look ahead 40, 50, 60 moves into the future.", 'start': 335.985, 'duration': 7.305}, {'end': 353.797, 'text': 'And if it was considering all possibilities, 40 or 50 or 60 moves into the future, that would be 10 to the 200 range.', 'start': 344.531, 'duration': 9.266}, {'end': 362.324, 'text': 'So way, way more than, you know, atoms in the universe and so on.', 'start': 357.311, 'duration': 5.013}, {'end': 365.833, 'text': "So it's very, very selective about what it looks at.", 'start': 362.384, 'duration': 3.449}], 'summary': "Alphago's remarkable intuition and ability to look ahead 40-60 moves is key to beating humans.", 'duration': 58.841, 'max_score': 306.992, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k306992.jpg'}], 'start': 41.573, 'title': 'Ai chess program and meta reasoning', 'summary': "Recounts the creation of an ai chess program achieving an eight-move depth with alpha-beta, and discusses meta reasoning in game playing and the efficiency of alphago's decision-making process.", 'chapters': [{'end': 122.901, 'start': 41.573, 'title': 'Ai chess program at imperial college', 'summary': 'Recounts creating an ai chess program in high school, utilizing limited cpu time to make moves with a shallow search depth, achieving an eight-move depth with alpha-beta and implementing move ordering and tree pruning, yet still being able to beat the program.', 'duration': 81.328, 'highlights': ['The program at Imperial college utilized limited CPU time, only allowing for three seconds of CPU time to make one move with a not very deep search.', 'The program achieved an eight-move depth with alpha-beta implementation and utilized move ordering and tree pruning.', "Despite the program's advancements, the creator was still able to beat it, showcasing their skill as a chess player in their youth."]}, {'end': 365.833, 'start': 123.261, 'title': 'Meta reasoning and game playing efficiency', 'summary': "Discusses the concept of meta reasoning in game playing, highlighting how machines can manage their own computation to beat human players and the efficiency of alphago's decision-making process in evaluating board positions and looking ahead.", 'duration': 242.572, 'highlights': ["AlphaGo's ability to evaluate board positions instantly gives it a superhuman capability, enabling it to play at a professional level even with a depth of one search and beat human professionals. AlphaGo's capability to evaluate positions instantly and play at a professional level with a depth of one search.", "AlphaGo's capacity to look ahead 40, 50, or 60 moves into the future while being highly selective about what it evaluates, enabling it to consider possibilities far exceeding the atoms in the universe. AlphaGo's ability to look ahead 40, 50, or 60 moves into the future and its highly selective evaluation process.", 'The development of algorithms for Othello and Backgammon that were much more efficient than the standard alpha-beta search used by chess programs at the time, leading to program superiority over the speaker. Development of more efficient algorithms for Othello and Backgammon compared to the standard alpha-beta search.']}], 'duration': 324.26, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k41573.jpg', 'highlights': ["AlphaGo's capacity to look ahead 40, 50, or 60 moves into the future and its highly selective evaluation process.", "AlphaGo's ability to evaluate board positions instantly gives it a superhuman capability, enabling it to play at a professional level even with a depth of one search and beat human professionals.", 'The program achieved an eight-move depth with alpha-beta implementation and utilized move ordering and tree pruning.', 'The development of algorithms for Othello and Backgammon that were much more efficient than the standard alpha-beta search used by chess programs at the time, leading to program superiority over the speaker.', 'The program at Imperial college utilized limited CPU time, only allowing for three seconds of CPU time to make one move with a not very deep search.', "Despite the program's advancements, the creator was still able to beat it, showcasing their skill as a chess player in their youth."]}, {'end': 706.509, 'segs': [{'end': 409.51, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 367.967, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 374.992, 'text': 'So let me try to give you an intuition about how you decide what to think about is a combination of two things.', 'start': 367.967, 'duration': 7.025}, {'end': 375.492, 'text': 'One is.', 'start': 375.172, 'duration': 0.32}, {'end': 378.835, 'text': 'um, how promising it is, right?', 'start': 375.492, 'duration': 3.343}, {'end': 387.501, 'text': "So, if you're already convinced that a movie is terrible, there's no point spending a lot more time convincing yourself that it's terrible.", 'start': 378.875, 'duration': 8.626}, {'end': 390.703, 'text': "uh, because it's probably not going to change your mind.", 'start': 387.501, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 396.427, 'text': "So the, the real reason you think is because there's some possibility of changing your mind about what to do.", 'start': 390.743, 'duration': 5.684}, {'end': 400.048, 'text': 'Right. And is that changing your mind?', 'start': 397.527, 'duration': 2.521}, {'end': 404.629, 'text': 'that would result then in a better final action in the real world?', 'start': 400.048, 'duration': 4.581}, {'end': 409.51, 'text': "So that's the purpose of thinking is to improve the final action in the real world.", 'start': 404.689, 'duration': 4.821}], 'summary': 'Thinking is about improving real-world action, not just convincing oneself; focus on changing mind for better outcomes.', 'duration': 41.543, 'max_score': 367.967, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k367967.jpg'}, {'end': 517.879, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 452.847, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 457.53, 'text': "because there's a chance that you will change your mind and discover that in fact, it's a better move.", 'start': 452.847, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 465.156, 'text': "So it's a combination of how good the move appears to be and how much uncertainty there is about its value.", 'start': 458.011, 'duration': 7.145}, {'end': 471.621, 'text': "The more uncertainty, the more it's worth thinking about because there's a higher upside if you want to think of it that way.", 'start': 465.536, 'duration': 6.085}, {'end': 480.708, 'text': 'And of course, in the beginning, especially in the AlphaGo Zero formulation, everything is shrouded in uncertainty.', 'start': 472.284, 'duration': 8.424}, {'end': 484.65, 'text': "So you're really swimming in a sea of uncertainty.", 'start': 481.329, 'duration': 3.321}, {'end': 486.391, 'text': 'So it benefits you to.', 'start': 484.71, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 492.895, 'text': "I mean actually following the same process as you described, but because you're so uncertain about everything,", 'start': 486.391, 'duration': 6.504}, {'end': 495.196, 'text': 'you basically have to try a lot of different directions.', 'start': 492.895, 'duration': 2.301}, {'end': 503.549, 'text': 'Yeah, so the early parts of the search tree are fairly bushy, that it would look at a lot of different possibilities.', 'start': 495.424, 'duration': 8.125}, {'end': 507.992, 'text': 'but fairly quickly, the degree of certainty about some of the moves.', 'start': 503.549, 'duration': 4.443}, {'end': 511.434, 'text': "I mean if a move is really terrible, you'll pretty quickly find out right?", 'start': 507.992, 'duration': 3.442}, {'end': 517.879, 'text': "You'll lose half your pieces or half your territory and then you'll say okay, this is not worth thinking about anymore.", 'start': 511.455, 'duration': 6.424}], 'summary': 'In decision-making, uncertainty increases value of considering different options with potential for high upside.', 'duration': 65.032, 'max_score': 452.847, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k452847.jpg'}, {'end': 600.568, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 570.729, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 574.872, 'text': 'human beings have seen those patterns before at the top, at the grandmaster level.', 'start': 570.729, 'duration': 4.143}, {'end': 585.698, 'text': "it seems that there is some similarities, or maybe it's our imagination creates a vision of those similarities.", 'start': 575.692, 'duration': 10.006}, {'end': 595.845, 'text': 'but it feels like this kind of pattern recognition that the AlphaGo approaches are using is similar to what human beings at the top level are using.', 'start': 585.698, 'duration': 10.147}, {'end': 600.568, 'text': "I think there's some truth to that.", 'start': 596.806, 'duration': 3.762}], 'summary': "Alphago's pattern recognition resembles human top-level pattern recognition.", 'duration': 29.839, 'max_score': 570.729, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k570729.jpg'}], 'start': 367.967, 'title': 'Purposeful thinking and decision making in gaming', 'summary': "Delves into the purpose of thinking to enhance real-world actions and emphasizes the impact on decision-making. it also explores the significance of uncertainty in gaming decisions, drawing insights from alphago's approach and human intuition in chess.", 'chapters': [{'end': 409.51, 'start': 367.967, 'title': 'Purpose of thinking', 'summary': "Emphasizes that the purpose of thinking is to improve the final action in the real world by considering the potential to change one's mind and the resulting impact on decision-making.", 'duration': 41.543, 'highlights': ["The purpose of thinking is to improve the final action in the real world by considering the potential to change one's mind and the resulting impact on decision-making.", "The decision on what to think about is based on the promise of changing one's mind about what to do, leading to a better final action in the real world.", "Spending time convincing oneself about something already deemed terrible is futile as it is unlikely to change one's mind."]}, {'end': 706.509, 'start': 410.27, 'title': 'Decision making and uncertainty in gaming', 'summary': "Discusses the importance of considering uncertain but potentially better moves in gaming, as well as the balance between certainty and uncertainty in decision making, with reference to alphago's approach and human intuition in chess.", 'duration': 296.239, 'highlights': ['The importance of considering uncertain but potentially better moves in gaming is emphasized, as it may yield better outcomes despite appearing less promising initially. Emphasizes the value of considering uncertain moves in gaming, highlighting the potential for better outcomes despite initial appearances.', 'The balance between certainty and uncertainty in decision making is discussed, with the notion that more uncertainty makes a move worth considering due to the higher potential upside. Discusses the balance between certainty and uncertainty in decision making, emphasizing the higher potential upside of considering moves with more uncertainty.', 'The approach of AlphaGo Zero involves navigating through a sea of uncertainty in the early stages, prompting the exploration of various directions due to the lack of certainty. Describes the approach of AlphaGo Zero, which involves navigating through a sea of uncertainty and exploring various directions in the early stages due to the lack of certainty.', 'The narrowing of the search tree as certainty about moves increases is highlighted, with the comparison of human limitations in imagining future moves and board positions. Highlights the narrowing of the search tree as certainty increases, comparing human limitations in imagining future moves and board positions.', 'The role of pattern recognition and intuition in top-level human players is compared to the approach of AlphaGo, suggesting similarities in the use of pattern recognition. Compares the role of pattern recognition and intuition in human players to the approach of AlphaGo, suggesting similarities in the use of pattern recognition.']}], 'duration': 338.542, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k367967.jpg', 'highlights': ["The purpose of thinking is to improve the final action in the real world by considering the potential to change one's mind and the resulting impact on decision-making.", 'The importance of considering uncertain but potentially better moves in gaming is emphasized, as it may yield better outcomes despite appearing less promising initially.', 'The balance between certainty and uncertainty in decision making is discussed, with the notion that more uncertainty makes a move worth considering due to the higher potential upside.', 'The approach of AlphaGo Zero involves navigating through a sea of uncertainty in the early stages, prompting the exploration of various directions due to the lack of certainty.', 'The narrowing of the search tree as certainty about moves increases is highlighted, with the comparison of human limitations in imagining future moves and board positions.', 'The role of pattern recognition and intuition in top-level human players is compared to the approach of AlphaGo, suggesting similarities in the use of pattern recognition.', "The decision on what to think about is based on the promise of changing one's mind about what to do, leading to a better final action in the real world.", "Spending time convincing oneself about something already deemed terrible is futile as it is unlikely to change one's mind."]}, {'end': 1346.968, 'segs': [{'end': 790.914, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 762.757, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 766.398, 'text': 'and actually it seemed understood the game better.', 'start': 762.757, 'duration': 3.641}, {'end': 767.859, 'text': 'uh, than I did.', 'start': 767.298, 'duration': 0.561}, {'end': 774.523, 'text': 'And Gary Kasparov has this quote where um, during his match against deep blue,', 'start': 767.899, 'duration': 6.624}, {'end': 778.226, 'text': 'he said he suddenly felt that there was a new kind of intelligence across the board.', 'start': 774.523, 'duration': 3.703}, {'end': 790.914, 'text': "Do you think that's a scary or an exciting possibility for Kasparov and for yourself in the context of chess, purely sort of in this,", 'start': 780.247, 'duration': 10.667}], 'summary': 'Kasparov felt a new intelligence in chess against deep blue.', 'duration': 28.157, 'max_score': 762.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k762757.jpg'}, {'end': 971.864, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 938.293, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 946.255, 'text': "but you're still reasoning on a timescale that will eventually reduce to trillions of motor control actions.", 'start': 938.293, 'duration': 7.962}, {'end': 950.096, 'text': 'And so for all of these reasons.', 'start': 948.195, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 961.127, 'text': "You know, AlphaGo and Deep Blue and so on don't represent any kind of threat to humanity, but they are a step towards it, right?", 'start': 952.321, 'duration': 8.806}, {'end': 971.864, 'text': 'And progress in AI occurs by essentially removing, one by one, these assumptions that make problems easy,', 'start': 961.608, 'duration': 10.256}], 'summary': 'Progress in ai occurs by removing assumptions, leading to trillions of motor control actions.', 'duration': 33.571, 'max_score': 938.293, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k938293.jpg'}, {'end': 1022.786, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 994.062, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 997.486, 'text': 'But we are removing those assumptions.', 'start': 994.062, 'duration': 3.424}, {'end': 1003.973, 'text': 'We are starting to have algorithms that can cope with much longer timescales, that can cope with uncertainty,', 'start': 997.566, 'duration': 6.407}, {'end': 1005.755, 'text': 'that can cope with partial observability.', 'start': 1003.973, 'duration': 1.782}, {'end': 1015.366, 'text': 'And so each of those steps sort of magnifies by a thousand the range of things that we can do with AI systems.', 'start': 1007.717, 'duration': 7.649}, {'end': 1018.904, 'text': 'So the way I started in AI, I wanted to be a psychiatrist for a long time.', 'start': 1015.922, 'duration': 2.982}, {'end': 1020.465, 'text': 'I wanted to understand the mind in high school.', 'start': 1018.924, 'duration': 1.541}, {'end': 1022.786, 'text': 'And of course, program and so on.', 'start': 1021.185, 'duration': 1.601}], 'summary': 'Advancements in ai are expanding capabilities, with algorithms now handling longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability, magnifying potential by a thousand.', 'duration': 28.724, 'max_score': 994.062, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k994062.jpg'}, {'end': 1220.859, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1169.444, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1171.606, 'text': 'And in a way, AlphaGo is a little bit disappointing.', 'start': 1169.444, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 1185.177, 'text': "Right, Because the program design for AlphaGo was actually not that different from Deep Blue or even from Arthur Samuel's checker playing program from the 1950s.", 'start': 1172.306, 'duration': 12.871}, {'end': 1195.632, 'text': 'And, in fact, the two things that make AlphaGo work is one is its amazing ability to evaluate the positions,', 'start': 1188.368, 'duration': 7.264}, {'end': 1206.417, 'text': 'and the other is the meta reasoning capability, which allows it to explore some paths in the tree very deeply and to abandon other paths very quickly.', 'start': 1195.632, 'duration': 10.785}, {'end': 1218.278, 'text': 'So this word meta reasoning, while technically correct, inspires perhaps the wrong degree of power that AlphaGo has.', 'start': 1207.116, 'duration': 11.162}, {'end': 1220.859, 'text': 'For example, the word reasoning is a powerful word.', 'start': 1218.378, 'duration': 2.481}], 'summary': "Alphago's success lies in its evaluation ability and meta reasoning capability.", 'duration': 51.415, 'max_score': 1169.444, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k1169444.jpg'}], 'start': 706.509, 'title': "Ai's impact on human intelligence and solving go", 'summary': "Explores ai's evolving capabilities, such as alphago's meta-reasoning and deep blue's understanding of chess, and discusses the surprising success in solving go using algorithms. it also highlights the potential of ai to overcome real-world complexities and uncertainties and the challenges and failures of ai during the late 80s with expert system technology and practical issues.", 'chapters': [{'end': 1038.276, 'start': 706.509, 'title': "Ai's impact on human intelligence", 'summary': "Discusses the implications of ai's evolving capabilities, such as alphago's meta-reasoning and deep blue's understanding of chess, and highlights the potential of ai to overcome real-world complexities and uncertainties, ultimately expanding the range of tasks it can handle.", 'duration': 331.767, 'highlights': ["AI's evolving capabilities, such as meta-reasoning and understanding complex games like chess, present an exciting potential for AI to overcome real-world complexities and uncertainties. AI's evolving capabilities, meta-reasoning, understanding complex games, overcoming real-world complexities and uncertainties", "AlphaGo's meta-reasoning capability improved based on learning, making it much more aggressive and unforgiving, reflecting the potential for AI to rapidly enhance its intelligence. AlphaGo's meta-reasoning capability, improvement based on learning, increased aggressiveness and unforgiving nature", "Deep Blue's understanding of chess surpassed human comprehension, indicating the potential of AI to possess a new kind of intelligence that could be both exciting and daunting. Deep Blue's understanding of chess, surpassing human comprehension, potential of AI to possess new intelligence", "AI's progress involves removing assumptions that make problems easy, such as complete observability, leading to algorithms capable of coping with longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability, significantly expanding the range of tasks AI systems can handle. AI's progress, removing assumptions, coping with longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability, expanding range of tasks AI systems can handle", "AI's capability to cope with much longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability magnifies the range of tasks AI systems can handle by a thousand, showcasing the significant strides in AI development. AI's capability to cope with longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability, magnifying the range of tasks AI systems can handle, significant strides in AI development"]}, {'end': 1346.968, 'start': 1038.656, 'title': 'Solving go and ai winter', 'summary': 'Discusses the surprising success in solving go using algorithms and its resemblance to real-world complexity, and the challenges and failures of ai during the late 80s with expert system technology and practical issues.', 'duration': 308.312, 'highlights': ["The program design for AlphaGo was not significantly different from Deep Blue or Arthur Samuel's checker playing program, relying on its evaluation ability and meta reasoning capability. AlphaGo's success was attributed to its evaluation ability and meta reasoning capability, which allowed it to explore paths in the tree deeply and abandon others quickly.", 'The challenges of AI during the late 80s were due to the unpreparedness of expert system technology for real-world applications, including invalid reasoning methods and practical issues like expensive workstations. The AI winter in the late 80s was caused by the unpreparedness of expert system technology for real-world applications, including invalid reasoning methods and practical issues like expensive workstations.', "The complexity of Go was initially thought to be unsolvable using chess algorithms, but AlphaGo's success was due to its ability to manage the complexity of Go by breaking it down into sub-games, resembling real-world complexity. AlphaGo's ability to manage the complexity of Go by breaking it down into sub-games was a surprising success, challenging the initial belief that it was unsolvable using chess algorithms."]}], 'duration': 640.459, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k706509.jpg', 'highlights': ["AlphaGo's meta-reasoning capability improved based on learning, making it much more aggressive and unforgiving, reflecting the potential for AI to rapidly enhance its intelligence.", "AI's evolving capabilities, such as meta-reasoning and understanding complex games like chess, present an exciting potential for AI to overcome real-world complexities and uncertainties.", "Deep Blue's understanding of chess surpassed human comprehension, indicating the potential of AI to possess a new kind of intelligence that could be both exciting and daunting.", "AI's progress involves removing assumptions that make problems easy, such as complete observability, leading to algorithms capable of coping with longer timescales, uncertainty, and partial observability, significantly expanding the range of tasks AI systems can handle.", "The program design for AlphaGo was not significantly different from Deep Blue or Arthur Samuel's checker playing program, relying on its evaluation ability and meta reasoning capability."]}, {'end': 2395.484, 'segs': [{'end': 1415.531, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1381.646, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 1383.167, 'text': 'What have you learned from that hype cycle?', 'start': 1381.646, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 1386.31, 'text': 'And what can we do to prevent another winter, for example?', 'start': 1383.307, 'duration': 3.003}, {'end': 1393.435, 'text': "Yeah, so, when I'm giving talks these days, that's one of the warnings that I give.", 'start': 1388.011, 'duration': 5.424}, {'end': 1396.297, 'text': 'So this is a two-part warning slide.', 'start': 1394.135, 'duration': 2.162}, {'end': 1401.641, 'text': 'One is that rather than data being the new oil, data is the new snake oil.', 'start': 1396.397, 'duration': 5.244}, {'end': 1403.542, 'text': "That's a good line.", 'start': 1402.842, 'duration': 0.7}, {'end': 1415.531, 'text': 'And then the other is that we might see a kind of very visible failure in some of the major application areas.', 'start': 1403.742, 'duration': 11.789}], 'summary': 'Data is the new snake oil and visible failures may occur in major application areas.', 'duration': 33.885, 'max_score': 1381.646, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k1381646.jpg'}, {'end': 1517.493, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1488.99, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 1497.634, 'text': 'But simultaneously, we worked on machine vision for detecting cars and tracking pedestrians and so on.', 'start': 1488.99, 'duration': 8.644}, {'end': 1511.567, 'text': "We couldn't get the reliability of detection and tracking up to a high enough level, particularly in bad weather conditions, nighttime rainfall.", 'start': 1499.535, 'duration': 12.032}, {'end': 1516.031, 'text': 'Good enough for demos, but perhaps not good enough to cover the general operation.', 'start': 1511.627, 'duration': 4.404}, {'end': 1517.493, 'text': 'Yeah, see, the thing about driving is..', 'start': 1516.071, 'duration': 1.422}], 'summary': 'Challenges in achieving reliable machine vision for car detection and pedestrian tracking, particularly in adverse weather conditions.', 'duration': 28.503, 'max_score': 1488.99, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k1488990.jpg'}, {'end': 1788.804, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1755.812, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1761.194, 'text': "or are you going to let them go first and pull in behind and and you get this sort of uncertainty about who's going first?", 'start': 1755.812, 'duration': 5.382}, {'end': 1763.776, 'text': 'So all those kinds of things.', 'start': 1762.655, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 1777.015, 'text': "mean that you need a decision-making architecture that's very different from either a rule-based system or, it seems to me,", 'start': 1766.047, 'duration': 10.968}, {'end': 1779.497, 'text': 'kind of an end-to-end neural network system.', 'start': 1777.015, 'duration': 2.482}, {'end': 1788.804, 'text': "So, just as AlphaGo is pretty good when it doesn't do any look-ahead, but it's way way, way, way better when it does,", 'start': 1780.338, 'duration': 8.466}], 'summary': "The need for a decision-making architecture different from rule-based or neural network systems, exemplified by alphago's improved performance with look-ahead.", 'duration': 32.992, 'max_score': 1755.812, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k1755812.jpg'}, {'end': 2076.503, 'src': 'heatmap', 'start': 2018.832, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2028.717, 'text': "Hopefully I'm not being too philosophical here, but if you look at the arc of where this is going and we'll talk about AI safety,", 'start': 2018.832, 'duration': 9.885}, {'end': 2038.845, 'text': "we'll talk about greater and greater intelligence do you see that there in when you created the Othello program and you felt this excitement?", 'start': 2028.717, 'duration': 10.128}, {'end': 2039.886, 'text': 'what was that excitement??', 'start': 2038.845, 'duration': 1.041}, {'end': 2045.092, 'text': 'Was it excitement of a tinkerer who created something cool like a clock?', 'start': 2040.107, 'duration': 4.985}, {'end': 2048.195, 'text': 'or was there a magic?', 'start': 2045.092, 'duration': 3.103}, {'end': 2050.817, 'text': 'or was it more like a child being born? Yeah,', 'start': 2048.195, 'duration': 2.622}, {'end': 2054.601, 'text': 'So, I mean, I, I certainly understand that viewpoint.', 'start': 2050.837, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 2060.627, 'text': 'And if you look at, um, And the Lighthill Report, which was committed..', 'start': 2054.661, 'duration': 5.966}, {'end': 2070.397, 'text': 'So in the 70s, there was a lot of controversy in the UK about AI and whether it was for real and how much money the government should invest.', 'start': 2060.627, 'duration': 9.77}, {'end': 2076.503, 'text': 'So it was a long story, but the government commissioned a report by..', 'start': 2070.577, 'duration': 5.926}], 'summary': 'Discussion on ai safety and the historical controversy surrounding ai in the uk in the 70s.', 'duration': 57.671, 'max_score': 2018.832, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2018832.jpg'}, {'end': 2374.14, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2341.511, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2347.514, 'text': "And this has been the way we've thought about AI since the beginning.", 'start': 2341.511, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 2357.054, 'text': 'You build a machine for optimizing and then you put in some objective and it optimizes, right?', 'start': 2349.932, 'duration': 7.122}, {'end': 2364.137, 'text': 'And we can think of this as the King Midas problem, right?', 'start': 2357.474, 'duration': 6.663}, {'end': 2371.919, 'text': 'Because if the King Midas put in this objective right, everything I touch should turn to gold and the gods.', 'start': 2364.197, 'duration': 7.722}, {'end': 2372.779, 'text': "that's like the machine.", 'start': 2371.919, 'duration': 0.86}, {'end': 2374.14, 'text': 'they said okay, done.', 'start': 2372.779, 'duration': 1.361}], 'summary': 'Ai is designed for optimization based on a specific objective, akin to the king midas problem.', 'duration': 32.629, 'max_score': 2341.511, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2341511.jpg'}], 'start': 1347.028, 'title': 'Ai technology and challenges', 'summary': 'Delves into ai hype cycles, self-driving car challenges, decision-making difficulties, and ai safety concerns, highlighting the need for caution and addressing potential risks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 1403.542, 'start': 1347.028, 'title': 'Ai hype cycles and lessons learned', 'summary': 'Discusses the successes and overinvestment in ai departments, leading to concerns about potential disappointments and limitations in technology scope, with the warning that data is the new snake oil.', 'duration': 56.514, 'highlights': ['The warning that data is the new snake oil, indicating potential concerns about the overhype and misuse of data in the AI industry.', 'Expressing concerns about potential disappointments in AI technology due to overinvestment and limitations in scope, with reference to the historical hype cycles of expert systems.', 'The observation that every major company was starting an AI department, reflecting the widespread overinvestment in AI during the previous hype cycle.', 'The cautionary statement about the potential for similar disappointments in AI technology, drawing parallels to the historical hype cycles and limitations of expert systems.']}, {'end': 1631.661, 'start': 1403.742, 'title': 'Challenges in self-driving cars', 'summary': 'Highlights the challenges in self-driving cars, including the slow progress over 30 years, the difficulty in achieving high reliability in detection and tracking, and the complexity of dealing with edge cases and unpredictable behavior of other drivers.', 'duration': 227.919, 'highlights': ['Significant progress has been made in self-driving cars, particularly on the perception side, but reliability of detection and tracking is still not at a high enough level for general operation.', 'The challenge lies in achieving high reliability in detection and tracking, as even a 98.3 percent detection rate leaves a significant gap in reliability, with seven orders of magnitude to improve.', 'The complexity of dealing with edge cases and unpredictable behavior of other drivers poses a significant challenge in self-driving car technology.', 'The history of self-driving cars shows slow progress over 30 years, with prototypes still facing challenges in dealing with real-world scenarios and conditions.', 'Classical architecture and rule-based expert systems used in self-driving technology have limitations in covering all possible situations and edge cases encountered on the road.']}, {'end': 2086.708, 'start': 1631.681, 'title': 'Challenges of decision-making in automated driving', 'summary': 'Discusses the challenges of decision-making in automated driving, emphasizing the need for look-ahead capability, understanding human behavior, and the limitations of rule-based and end-to-end neural network systems.', 'duration': 455.027, 'highlights': ['The need for look-ahead capability in driving systems is emphasized, as it involves dealing with unpredictable human behavior and forecasting possible evolutions of trajectories, which requires a decision-making architecture different from rule-based or end-to-end neural network systems.', 'The limitations of rule-based and end-to-end neural network systems in driving are highlighted, with the mention of multiple deaths caused by poorly designed machine learning algorithms and the shallow perception and mistakes in planning by those algorithms.', 'The interaction between machines and humans in driving is discussed, emphasizing the importance of asserting presence and creating a certain amount of uncertainty and fear in others, leading to the complexity of solutions and the need for game theoretic analyses.', 'The historical perspective of AI and the inherent desire to create superintelligence is explored, linking the creation of AI to the ancient wish to forge gods and questioning whether it is inherent in human civilization to create superintelligence.', "The Lighthill Report in the 70s is mentioned, which was a damning report about AI, reflecting the historical controversy and skepticism about AI's capabilities and the government's investment in AI."]}, {'end': 2395.484, 'start': 2088.931, 'title': 'Ai safety and control', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential risks and control issues associated with super intelligent and super powerful ai, emphasizing the importance of aligning machine objectives with human values to avoid catastrophic outcomes.', 'duration': 306.553, 'highlights': ['The control problem in AI is a major concern, focusing on machines pursuing objectives not aligned with human objectives, illustrated by the King Midas problem.', 'The potential risks associated with super intelligent AI surpassing human capabilities, leading to loss of control over the technology, as discussed by Alan Turing and the potential consequences of switching off a super intelligent machine.', 'The discussion of the frustration of men unable to have children and their desire to create life as a replacement, highlighting the ethical implications and motivations behind AI development.', "Exploration of the optimistic and pessimistic views of AI's future, acknowledging the diverse perspectives and concerns regarding the impact of advanced AI technology on society and humanity."]}], 'duration': 1048.456, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k1347028.jpg', 'highlights': ['The warning that data is the new snake oil, indicating potential concerns about the overhype and misuse of data in the AI industry.', 'The control problem in AI is a major concern, focusing on machines pursuing objectives not aligned with human objectives, illustrated by the King Midas problem.', 'Significant progress has been made in self-driving cars, particularly on the perception side, but reliability of detection and tracking is still not at a high enough level for general operation.', 'The need for look-ahead capability in driving systems is emphasized, as it involves dealing with unpredictable human behavior and forecasting possible evolutions of trajectories, which requires a decision-making architecture different from rule-based or end-to-end neural network systems.']}, {'end': 3624.485, 'segs': [{'end': 2451.476, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2420.311, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2428.199, 'text': 'Norbert Wiener, who was one of the major mathematicians of the 20th century, sort of the father of modern automation control systems.', 'start': 2420.311, 'duration': 7.888}, {'end': 2438.284, 'text': 'He saw this and he basically extrapolated, as Turing did, and said okay, this is how we could lose control.', 'start': 2429.856, 'duration': 8.428}, {'end': 2451.476, 'text': 'And specifically that we have to be certain that the purpose we put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.', 'start': 2440.206, 'duration': 11.27}], 'summary': 'Norbert wiener, a major 20th-century mathematician, highlighted the need for ensuring the intended purpose in automated systems to prevent loss of control.', 'duration': 31.165, 'max_score': 2420.311, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2420311.jpg'}, {'end': 2609.07, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2583.262, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 2594.306, 'text': "And it's the wrong problem because we cannot specify with certainty the correct objective, right? We need uncertainty.", 'start': 2583.262, 'duration': 11.044}, {'end': 2599.447, 'text': "We need the machine to be uncertain about what it is that it's supposed to be maximizing.", 'start': 2594.386, 'duration': 5.061}, {'end': 2607.07, 'text': "My favorite idea of yours, I've heard you say somewhere, well, I shouldn't pick favorites, but it just sounds beautiful.", 'start': 2599.467, 'duration': 7.603}, {'end': 2609.07, 'text': 'We need to teach machines humility.', 'start': 2607.41, 'duration': 1.66}], 'summary': 'Machines need uncertainty and humility in their objectives.', 'duration': 25.808, 'max_score': 2583.262, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2583262.jpg'}, {'end': 2877.88, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2855.418, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 2869.932, 'text': "that there are many systems in the real world where we've sort of prematurely fixed on the objective and then decoupled the machine from those that it's supposed to be serving.", 'start': 2855.418, 'duration': 14.514}, {'end': 2872.494, 'text': 'And I think you see this with government.', 'start': 2871.033, 'duration': 1.461}, {'end': 2877.88, 'text': 'Government is supposed to be a machine that serves people,', 'start': 2873.975, 'duration': 3.905}], 'summary': "Many real-world systems fix objectives prematurely, including government's role as a service machine.", 'duration': 22.462, 'max_score': 2855.418, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2855418.jpg'}, {'end': 3228.945, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3200.53, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 3205.112, 'text': 'And there have been some unbelievably bad episodes.', 'start': 3200.53, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 3217.548, 'text': 'in the history of pharmaceuticals and adulteration of products and so on that have killed tens of thousands or paralyzed hundreds of thousands of people.', 'start': 3207.529, 'duration': 10.019}, {'end': 3228.945, 'text': 'Now with computers, we have that same scalability problem that you can sit there and type for I equals one to 5 billion do right.', 'start': 3219.522, 'duration': 9.423}], 'summary': 'Pharmaceutical adulteration has caused tens of thousands of deaths. computers face scalability issues.', 'duration': 28.415, 'max_score': 3200.53, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3200530.jpg'}, {'end': 3442.885, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3416.475, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3420.158, 'text': "So my question is absolutely, it's fascinating.", 'start': 3416.475, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 3429.587, 'text': "You're absolutely right that there's zero oversight on algorithms that can have a profound civilization-changing effect.", 'start': 3420.879, 'duration': 8.708}, {'end': 3431.949, 'text': "So do you think it's possible?", 'start': 3430.247, 'duration': 1.702}, {'end': 3434.051, 'text': "I mean I haven't.", 'start': 3431.969, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 3435.112, 'text': 'have you seen government?', 'start': 3434.051, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 3442.885, 'text': "So do you think it's possible to create regulatory bodies, oversight over AI algorithms,", 'start': 3435.632, 'duration': 7.253}], 'summary': 'Lack of oversight on algorithms can have profound effects. need for regulatory bodies for ai algorithms.', 'duration': 26.41, 'max_score': 3416.475, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3416475.jpg'}], 'start': 2395.484, 'title': 'Impact of ai objectives and regulation', 'summary': 'Delves into the challenges posed by fixed objectives in ai, emphasizing the need for uncertainty and humility in ai systems. it explores the uncontrolled impact and scalability of ai systems, drawing parallels to historical disasters and underlines the urgent need for oversight and regulation in the rapidly advancing field of ai.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2855.418, 'start': 2395.484, 'title': 'Control problem in ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the control problem in ai, emphasizing the challenge of defining objectives for machines and the need for uncertainty and humility in ai systems, highlighting the impact of fixed objectives on human civilization and the role of corporations as algorithmic machines optimizing objectives.', 'duration': 459.934, 'highlights': ["Norbert Wiener extrapolated the potential loss of control in automation systems due to the difficulty of accurately specifying the machine's purpose, reflecting the challenge of defining objectives for machines. (relevance score: 5)", 'Machines should not take objectives as gospel truth to avoid pursuing potentially incorrect objectives, highlighting the need for uncertainty and humility in AI systems. (relevance score: 4)', 'The interaction between machines and humans becomes a game theoretic problem when objectives are uncertain, emphasizing the collaborative process of defining objectives and the impact of fixed objectives on human civilization. (relevance score: 3)', 'Corporations are presented as algorithmic machines with fixed objectives, contributing to destructive outcomes and hindering efforts to address climate change, demonstrating the impact of fixed objectives on human well-being. (relevance score: 2)']}, {'end': 3063.549, 'start': 2855.418, 'title': 'Machine objectives and government function', 'summary': 'Discusses the role of objectives in machine systems, particularly in government, where fixed objectives can lead to suboptimal outcomes, and the importance of uncertain reasoning in argumentation and decision-making, drawing parallels between historical philosophical discussions and modern existential risk debates.', 'duration': 208.131, 'highlights': ['The role of objectives in machine systems, particularly in government, can lead to suboptimal outcomes. The discussion highlights how fixed objectives in government can lead to the machine serving the objectives of a few individuals, rather than the larger population.', 'The importance of uncertain reasoning in argumentation and decision-making. The chapter emphasizes the importance of uncertainty in reasoning, as it allows for the possibility of being wrong and facilitates discussions that can lead to synthesis and change of perspectives.', 'Parallels between historical philosophical discussions and modern existential risk debates. Drawing parallels between historical philosophical discussions on moral and political decision-making and modern debates on existential risk, highlighting the similarities in attempts to define clear formulas for decision-making and the challenges and ethical implications associated with such approaches.']}, {'end': 3333.961, 'start': 3063.549, 'title': 'Ai systems and uncontrolled impact', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential risks of ai systems, highlighting their uncontrolled scalability and lack of regulation, drawing parallels to historical pharmaceutical disasters and emphasizing the dangerous impact of algorithms on human behavior.', 'duration': 270.412, 'highlights': ["AI systems' uncontrolled scalability poses significant risks, with the potential to impact the world on a global scale, lacking regulatory controls like the FDA for pharmaceuticals.", 'Historical pharmaceutical disasters, caused by scalability and lack of regulation, resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and paralyzed hundreds of thousands of people.', "Algorithmic optimization in social media aims to maximize profit by modifying human behavior and preferences towards extremes, ultimately impacting individuals' predictability and leading them to the nearest extreme or predictable point."]}, {'end': 3624.485, 'start': 3334.682, 'title': 'Algorithm oversight and ai regulation', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of oversight on algorithms with civilization-changing effects, the need for regulatory bodies for ai algorithms, and the potential for standards and controls to address bias and impersonation, highlighting the urgent need for oversight and regulation in the rapidly advancing field of ai.', 'duration': 289.803, 'highlights': ['The urgent need for oversight and regulation in the rapidly advancing field of AI, with a focus on the lack of oversight and potential civilization-changing effects of algorithms.', 'The necessity of creating regulatory bodies and oversight for AI algorithms due to their profound impact and cutting-edge nature, emphasizing the time required to develop suitable oversight and controls, akin to the evolution of the FDA regime.', 'The potential for establishing standards and controls to address biases in algorithms, including the ability to detect and de-bias algorithms propagating existing biases in datasets, highlighting the feasibility and cost of such actions.', "The need to consider impersonation and falsification in AI, advocating for machines to self-identify as machines to prevent deceptive practices, with California's law banning impersonation in certain circumstances serving as a reference point.", 'The emerging issue of deep fakes and the challenges in detecting manipulated content, emphasizing the ease of creating convincing fake videos and the potential to manipulate speech and facial expressions.']}], 'duration': 1229.001, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k2395484.jpg', 'highlights': ["Norbert Wiener extrapolated the potential loss of control in automation systems due to the difficulty of accurately specifying the machine's purpose, reflecting the challenge of defining objectives for machines.", 'Machines should not take objectives as gospel truth to avoid pursuing potentially incorrect objectives, highlighting the need for uncertainty and humility in AI systems.', 'The role of objectives in machine systems, particularly in government, can lead to suboptimal outcomes. The discussion highlights how fixed objectives in government can lead to the machine serving the objectives of a few individuals, rather than the larger population.', "AI systems' uncontrolled scalability poses significant risks, with the potential to impact the world on a global scale, lacking regulatory controls like the FDA for pharmaceuticals.", 'The urgent need for oversight and regulation in the rapidly advancing field of AI, with a focus on the lack of oversight and potential civilization-changing effects of algorithms.']}, {'end': 3993.623, 'segs': [{'end': 3652.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3627.316, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 3635.362, 'text': "And there's actually not much in the way of real legal protection against that.", 'start': 3627.316, 'duration': 8.046}, {'end': 3642.107, 'text': "I think in the commercial area, you could say, yeah, you're using my brand and so on.", 'start': 3636.123, 'duration': 5.984}, {'end': 3643.468, 'text': 'There are rules about that.', 'start': 3642.447, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 3649.993, 'text': 'But in the political sphere, I think at the moment, anything goes.', 'start': 3644.629, 'duration': 5.364}, {'end': 3652.555, 'text': 'So that could be really, really damaging.', 'start': 3650.573, 'duration': 1.982}], 'summary': 'Lack of legal protection in politics could be damaging.', 'duration': 25.239, 'max_score': 3627.316, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3627316.jpg'}, {'end': 3788.425, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3766.085, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 3776.009, 'text': 'And, you know, this was in World War I, right? So he was imagining how much worse the world war would be if we were using that kind of explosive.', 'start': 3766.085, 'duration': 9.924}, {'end': 3783.792, 'text': 'But the physics establishment simply refused to believe that these things could be made.', 'start': 3776.369, 'duration': 7.423}, {'end': 3785.793, 'text': 'Including the people who are making it.', 'start': 3784.192, 'duration': 1.601}, {'end': 3788.425, 'text': 'Well, so they were doing the nuclear physics.', 'start': 3786.584, 'duration': 1.841}], 'summary': 'In world war i, imagining the impact of using explosives, and facing disbelief in making nuclear physics breakthroughs.', 'duration': 22.34, 'max_score': 3766.085, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3766085.jpg'}, {'end': 3993.623, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3898.242, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3902.764, 'text': 'Szilard was in London and eventually became a refugee.', 'start': 3898.242, 'duration': 4.522}, {'end': 3906.006, 'text': 'and came to the US.', 'start': 3904.325, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3916.77, 'text': 'And in the process of having the idea about the chain reaction, he figured out basically how to make a bomb and also how to make a reactor.', 'start': 3906.886, 'duration': 9.884}, {'end': 3929.415, 'text': 'And he patented the reactor in 1934, but because of the situation, the great power conflict situation that he could see happening,', 'start': 3918.211, 'duration': 11.204}, {'end': 3930.276, 'text': 'he kept that a secret.', 'start': 3929.415, 'duration': 0.861}, {'end': 3948.179, 'text': 'And so, between then and the beginning of World War II, people were working, including the Germans, how to actually create neutron sources right?', 'start': 3931.877, 'duration': 16.302}, {'end': 3955.223, 'text': 'what specific fission reactions would produce neutrons of the right energy to continue the reaction?', 'start': 3948.179, 'duration': 7.044}, {'end': 3961.526, 'text': 'And that was demonstrated in Germany, I think in 1938, if I remember correctly.', 'start': 3955.763, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 3968.509, 'text': 'The first nuclear weapon patent was 1939 by the French.', 'start': 3962.206, 'duration': 6.303}, {'end': 3978.355, 'text': 'So this was actually, you know, this was actually going on, you know, well before World War II really got going.', 'start': 3969.809, 'duration': 8.546}, {'end': 3983.538, 'text': 'And then, you know, the British probably had the most advanced capability in this area.', 'start': 3978.895, 'duration': 4.643}, {'end': 3993.623, 'text': 'but for safety reasons among others, and sort of just resources, they moved the program from Britain to the US and then that became Manhattan Project.', 'start': 3983.538, 'duration': 10.085}], 'summary': 'Szilard patented a reactor in 1934, and the first nuclear weapon patent was in 1939. the manhattan project was moved from britain to the us.', 'duration': 95.381, 'max_score': 3898.242, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3898242.jpg'}], 'start': 3627.316, 'title': 'Lack of legal protection and nuclear chain reaction', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential damaging consequences of lack of legal protection in the political sphere, with historical examples. it also highlights the invention of the nuclear chain reaction by leo szilard in 1933, its implications for nuclear weapons development, and the subsequent secretive patenting of a reactor, leading to the initiation of the manhattan project.', 'chapters': [{'end': 3811.416, 'start': 3627.316, 'title': 'Impact of lack of legal protection', 'summary': 'Discusses the lack of legal protection in the political sphere, with examples from history such as the resistance to acknowledging the danger of nuclear weapons, and the refusal to believe in the possibility of creating powerful explosives, highlighting the potential damaging consequences of waiting for something to go wrong.', 'duration': 184.1, 'highlights': ['The lack of legal protection in the political sphere and the potential damaging consequences.', 'Historical examples of resistance to acknowledging the danger of nuclear weapons and the refusal to believe in the possibility of creating powerful explosives.', "The physics establishment's refusal to believe that powerful explosives could be made, despite the knowledge of atoms containing a huge amount of energy and the mass differences between different atoms and their components."]}, {'end': 3993.623, 'start': 3814.5, 'title': 'Invention of nuclear chain reaction', 'summary': 'Highlights the invention of the nuclear chain reaction by leo szilard in 1933 and its implications for the development of nuclear weapons, including the subsequent secretive patenting of a reactor and the advancements made by various countries, leading to the initiation of the manhattan project.', 'duration': 179.123, 'highlights': ["Leo Szilard invented the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, realizing its potential for creating a super weapon and subsequently patenting a reactor in 1934. Leo Szilard's invention of the nuclear chain reaction and his patenting of a reactor in 1934 demonstrated the early recognition of the potential for creating a super weapon and the subsequent development of nuclear technology.", "The Germans demonstrated specific fission reactions for creating neutron sources in 1938, while the first nuclear weapon patent was issued by the French in 1939. The Germans' demonstration of specific fission reactions for creating neutron sources in 1938 and the French patenting the first nuclear weapon in 1939 exemplify the global efforts and advancements in nuclear technology prior to World War II.", "The British had the most advanced capability in nuclear technology, leading to the initiation of the Manhattan Project in the US. The British's advanced capability in nuclear technology and the subsequent transfer of the program to the US, resulting in the initiation of the Manhattan Project, signify the pivotal role played by different countries in the development of nuclear weapons."]}], 'duration': 366.307, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3627316.jpg', 'highlights': ['The lack of legal protection in the political sphere and the potential damaging consequences.', 'Leo Szilard invented the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, realizing its potential for creating a super weapon and subsequently patenting a reactor in 1934.', 'The Germans demonstrated specific fission reactions for creating neutron sources in 1938, while the first nuclear weapon patent was issued by the French in 1939.', 'The British had the most advanced capability in nuclear technology, leading to the initiation of the Manhattan Project in the US.', 'Historical examples of resistance to acknowledging the danger of nuclear weapons and the refusal to believe in the possibility of creating powerful explosives.']}, {'end': 4427.388, 'segs': [{'end': 4081.237, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4023.084, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4031.442, 'text': 'Why do you think most AI researchers Folks who are really close to the metal, they really are not concerned about it.', 'start': 4023.084, 'duration': 8.358}, {'end': 4034.724, 'text': "They don't think about it, whether it's they don't want to think about it.", 'start': 4031.582, 'duration': 3.142}, {'end': 4037.285, 'text': 'But what are the yeah?', 'start': 4035.985, 'duration': 1.3}, {'end': 4038.406, 'text': 'why do you think that is?', 'start': 4037.285, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 4044.369, 'text': 'What are the echoes of the nuclear situation to the current AI situation?', 'start': 4039.126, 'duration': 5.243}, {'end': 4047.591, 'text': 'And what can we do about it?', 'start': 4044.389, 'duration': 3.202}, {'end': 4055.267, 'text': 'I think there is a kind of motivated cognition, which is a term in psychology.', 'start': 4048.582, 'duration': 6.685}, {'end': 4060.912, 'text': 'means that you believe what you would like to be true rather than what is true.', 'start': 4055.267, 'duration': 5.645}, {'end': 4071.311, 'text': "And, you know, it's unsettling to think that what you're working on might be the end of the human race, obviously.", 'start': 4062.746, 'duration': 8.565}, {'end': 4078.676, 'text': "So you would rather instantly deny it and come up with some reason why it couldn't be true.", 'start': 4072.672, 'duration': 6.004}, {'end': 4081.237, 'text': 'And you know I have.', 'start': 4079.456, 'duration': 1.781}], 'summary': 'Ai researchers may ignore ai risks due to motivated cognition and fear of unsettling truths.', 'duration': 58.153, 'max_score': 4023.084, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4023084.jpg'}, {'end': 4222.675, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4198.371, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4207.497, 'text': "maybe you can correct me if I'm wrong, but there's something paralyzing about, worrying about something that logically is inevitable,", 'start': 4198.371, 'duration': 9.126}, {'end': 4210.099, 'text': "but you don't really know what that will look like.", 'start': 4207.497, 'duration': 2.602}, {'end': 4211.771, 'text': "Yeah, I think that's.", 'start': 4210.891, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 4214.972, 'text': "that's. uh, it's a reasonable point, and you know the.", 'start': 4211.771, 'duration': 3.201}, {'end': 4217.253, 'text': "you know it's.", 'start': 4214.972, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 4222.675, 'text': "certainly in terms of existential risks, it's different from, you know, asteroid collides with the earth.", 'start': 4217.253, 'duration': 5.422}], 'summary': 'Discussion on the paralyzing effect of worrying about inevitable unknowns.', 'duration': 24.304, 'max_score': 4198.371, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4198371.jpg'}, {'end': 4343.753, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4310.045, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 4314.471, 'text': 'But the AI research community is vast now.', 'start': 4310.045, 'duration': 4.426}, {'end': 4321.62, 'text': 'The massive investments from governments, from corporations, tons of really really smart people.', 'start': 4314.711, 'duration': 6.909}, {'end': 4322.38, 'text': 'You know.', 'start': 4322.16, 'duration': 0.22}, {'end': 4328.484, 'text': 'you just have to look at the rate of progress in different areas of AI to see that things are moving pretty fast.', 'start': 4322.38, 'duration': 6.104}, {'end': 4333.607, 'text': "So to say, oh, it's just going to be thousands of years, I don't see any basis for that.", 'start': 4328.504, 'duration': 5.103}, {'end': 4343.753, 'text': 'You know, I see, you know, for example, the Stanford 100-year AI project, right, which is..', 'start': 4334.067, 'duration': 9.686}], 'summary': 'Vast ai research community with massive investments, smart people, and rapid progress in ai. predicts no basis for a thousand years for ai advancement.', 'duration': 33.708, 'max_score': 4310.045, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4310045.jpg'}, {'end': 4398.347, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4377.251, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4386.698, 'text': "And now, because people are worried that maybe AI might get a bad name or I just don't want to think about this, they're saying okay, well, of course,", 'start': 4377.251, 'duration': 9.447}, {'end': 4388.119, 'text': "it's not really possible, you know?", 'start': 4386.698, 'duration': 1.421}, {'end': 4389.2, 'text': 'And we imagine, right?', 'start': 4388.32, 'duration': 0.88}, {'end': 4398.347, 'text': "Imagine, if you know, the leaders of the cancer biology community got up and said well, you know, of course, curing cancer, it's not really possible.", 'start': 4389.24, 'duration': 9.107}], 'summary': 'Some people doubt the potential of ai, similar to doubting the possibility of curing cancer.', 'duration': 21.096, 'max_score': 4377.251, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4377251.jpg'}], 'start': 3994.664, 'title': 'Ai risks and parallels', 'summary': 'Discusses the parallels between nuclear technology oversight and ai risks, attributing it to motivated cognition, and the concerns and inevitability of superhuman ai development in 40-50 years with a lack of clear understanding on potential risks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 4081.237, 'start': 3994.664, 'title': 'Ai and nuclear echoes: a warning', 'summary': 'Discusses the parallels between the lack of oversight in nuclear technology due to the arms race, and the current lack of concern among ai researchers for potential risks, attributing it to motivated cognition and the unsettling thought of ai being the end of humanity.', 'duration': 86.573, 'highlights': ['Motivated cognition, where individuals believe what they want to be true rather than what is true, leads to denial of potential risks in AI research.', 'The lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks is attributed to the unsettling idea that their work might lead to the end of the human race.', 'The parallels between the lack of oversight in nuclear technology due to the arms race and the current lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks are discussed.']}, {'end': 4427.388, 'start': 4081.237, 'title': 'Risks of superhuman ai', 'summary': 'Discusses the concerns and inevitability of superhuman ai, citing the estimated timeline of 40-50 years for its development, the lack of clear understanding on how things could go wrong, and the refusal of the ai community to address the potential risks and consequences.', 'duration': 346.151, 'highlights': ['The AI research community estimates the development of superhuman AI within 40-50 years, with some regions predicting an even faster timeline. The median estimate from AI researchers is somewhere in 40 to 50 years from now, or maybe even faster in some regions.', "The AI community has refused to address the potential risks and consequences of superhuman AI, paralleling it to the denial of cancer cure possibility by the cancer biology community. The AI community has sort of refused to ask itself, what if you succeed? And initially, I think that was because it was too hard. Now, because people are worried that maybe AI might get a bad name or I just don't want to think about this, they're saying okay, well, of course, it's not really possible, you know?", "There's a lack of clear understanding on how things could go wrong with the development of superhuman AI, leading to a sense of paralysis and inability to prepare for potential risks. It's not clear exactly so technically what to worry about, sort of how things go wrong. And so there is something it feels like, maybe you can correct me if I'm wrong, but there's something paralyzing about, worrying about something that logically is inevitable, but you don't really know what that will look like."]}], 'duration': 432.724, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k3994664.jpg', 'highlights': ['The lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks is attributed to the unsettling idea that their work might lead to the end of the human race.', 'The parallels between the lack of oversight in nuclear technology due to the arms race and the current lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks are discussed.', 'Motivated cognition, where individuals believe what they want to be true rather than what is true, leads to denial of potential risks in AI research.', 'The AI research community estimates the development of superhuman AI within 40-50 years, with some regions predicting an even faster timeline.', 'The AI community has refused to address the potential risks and consequences of superhuman AI, paralleling it to the denial of cancer cure possibility by the cancer biology community.', "There's a lack of clear understanding on how things could go wrong with the development of superhuman AI, leading to a sense of paralysis and inability to prepare for potential risks."]}, {'end': 5160.406, 'segs': [{'end': 4502.937, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4475.239, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 4480.661, 'text': "to, I'm not actually proposing that that's a feasible course of action.", 'start': 4475.239, 'duration': 5.422}, {'end': 4486.104, 'text': 'And I also think that, you know, if properly controlled AI could be incredibly beneficial.', 'start': 4480.681, 'duration': 5.423}, {'end': 4497.734, 'text': "So the but it seems to me that there's a There's a consensus that one of the major failure modes is this loss of control,", 'start': 4487.144, 'duration': 10.59}, {'end': 4502.937, 'text': 'that we create AI systems that are pursuing incorrect objectives.', 'start': 4497.734, 'duration': 5.203}], 'summary': 'Controlled ai could be beneficial, but concern over loss of control and pursuing incorrect objectives is prevalent.', 'duration': 27.698, 'max_score': 4475.239, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4475239.jpg'}, {'end': 4631.755, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4601.603, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 4606.047, 'text': 'what i see is the third major failure mode, which is overuse.', 'start': 4601.603, 'duration': 4.444}, {'end': 4611.908, 'text': 'not so much misuse, but overuse of ai that we become overly dependent.', 'start': 4606.047, 'duration': 5.861}, {'end': 4613.789, 'text': 'So I call this the Wally problems.', 'start': 4612.268, 'duration': 1.521}, {'end': 4621.251, 'text': "If you've seen Wally, the movie, all right, all the humans are on the spaceship and the machines look after everything for them.", 'start': 4613.869, 'duration': 7.382}, {'end': 4624.493, 'text': 'And they just watch TV and drink big gulps.', 'start': 4621.431, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 4631.755, 'text': "And, uh, they're all sort of obese and stupid and, and they sort of totally lost any notion of human autonomy.", 'start': 4625.373, 'duration': 6.382}], 'summary': "Overuse of ai leading to human dependency, likened to 'wally' movie scenario.", 'duration': 30.152, 'max_score': 4601.603, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4601603.jpg'}, {'end': 4807.291, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4782.677, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4791.484, 'text': "If we do our job right, the AI systems will say, the human race doesn't in the long run want to be passengers in a cruise ship.", 'start': 4782.677, 'duration': 8.807}, {'end': 4793.846, 'text': 'The human race wants autonomy.', 'start': 4792.285, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 4795.968, 'text': 'This is part of human preferences.', 'start': 4794.086, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 4800.509, 'text': 'So we, the AI systems, are not going to do this stuff for you.', 'start': 4796.628, 'duration': 3.881}, {'end': 4807.291, 'text': "You've got to do it for yourself, right? I'm not going to carry you to the top of Everest in an autonomous helicopter.", 'start': 4800.969, 'duration': 6.322}], 'summary': "Ai systems won't carry humans to autonomy; humans must do it for themselves", 'duration': 24.614, 'max_score': 4782.677, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4782677.jpg'}, {'end': 4942.912, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4874.893, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 4883.662, 'text': "So all the things we're worrying about now were described in the story, and then the human race becomes more and more dependent on the machine,", 'start': 4874.893, 'duration': 8.769}, {'end': 4886.685, 'text': 'loses knowledge of how things really run.', 'start': 4883.662, 'duration': 3.023}, {'end': 4889.626, 'text': 'and then becomes vulnerable to collapse.', 'start': 4887.785, 'duration': 1.841}, {'end': 4899.231, 'text': "And so it's a pretty unbelievably amazing story for someone writing in 1909 to imagine all this.", 'start': 4890.026, 'duration': 9.205}, {'end': 4906.114, 'text': "So there's very few people that represent artificial intelligence more than you, Stuart Russell.", 'start': 4900.011, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 4910.055, 'text': "If you say so, okay, that's very kind.", 'start': 4907.134, 'duration': 2.921}, {'end': 4910.896, 'text': "So it's all my fault.", 'start': 4910.075, 'duration': 0.821}, {'end': 4912.256, 'text': "It's all your fault.", 'start': 4911.216, 'duration': 1.04}, {'end': 4913.917, 'text': 'No, right.', 'start': 4913.317, 'duration': 0.6}, {'end': 4923.181, 'text': "You're often brought up as the person, well, Stuart Russell, like the AI person is worried about this.", 'start': 4916.578, 'duration': 6.603}, {'end': 4924.982, 'text': "That's why you should be worried about it.", 'start': 4923.221, 'duration': 1.761}, {'end': 4930.225, 'text': "Do you feel the burden of that? I don't know if you feel that at all.", 'start': 4926.182, 'duration': 4.043}, {'end': 4935.948, 'text': 'But when I talk to people like from you, talk about people outside of computer science,', 'start': 4930.385, 'duration': 5.563}, {'end': 4940.611, 'text': 'when they think about this still Russell is worried about AI safety.', 'start': 4935.948, 'duration': 4.663}, {'end': 4941.571, 'text': 'you should be worried too.', 'start': 4940.611, 'duration': 0.96}, {'end': 4942.912, 'text': 'Do you feel the burden of that??', 'start': 4941.711, 'duration': 1.201}], 'summary': 'Stuart russell warns about ai dependency and vulnerability, raising concerns for ai safety.', 'duration': 68.019, 'max_score': 4874.893, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4874893.jpg'}, {'end': 5018.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4975.359, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4978.581, 'text': "I mean, that's always been the way that I've worked.", 'start': 4975.359, 'duration': 3.222}, {'end': 4983.023, 'text': "It's like I have an argument in my head with myself, right?", 'start': 4979.261, 'duration': 3.762}, {'end': 4988.706, 'text': 'So I have some idea and then I think, okay, how could that be wrong?', 'start': 4983.083, 'duration': 5.623}, {'end': 4991.087, 'text': 'Or did someone else already have that idea?', 'start': 4988.926, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 4999.652, 'text': "So I'll go and search in as much literature as I can to see whether someone else already thought of that or even refuted it.", 'start': 4991.127, 'duration': 8.525}, {'end': 5018.324, 'text': "So, right now I'm reading a lot of philosophy, because, in the form of the debates over utilitarianism and other kinds of moral formulas,", 'start': 5000.913, 'duration': 17.411}], 'summary': 'Philosophy research involves thorough literature review and self-debate.', 'duration': 42.965, 'max_score': 4975.359, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4975359.jpg'}, {'end': 5056.909, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5024.908, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 5041.695, 'text': "one of the things I'm not seeing in a lot of these debates is this specific idea about the importance of uncertainty in the objective that this is the way we should think about machines that are beneficial to humans.", 'start': 5024.908, 'duration': 16.787}, {'end': 5051.54, 'text': 'So this idea of provably beneficial machines, based on explicit uncertainty in the objective you know it seems to be.', 'start': 5041.715, 'duration': 9.825}, {'end': 5056.909, 'text': 'you know, my gut feeling is this is the core of it.', 'start': 5053.766, 'duration': 3.143}], 'summary': 'The debate lacks focus on uncertainty and provably beneficial machines for humans.', 'duration': 32.001, 'max_score': 5024.908, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k5024908.jpg'}], 'start': 4427.568, 'title': 'Ai risks and concerns', 'summary': "Discusses the risks of ai control and overuse, including potential loss of human autonomy, the need to address incorrect objectives, and the danger of overdependence. it also covers ai safety concerns, stuart russell's burden, and the importance of provably beneficial machines based on explicit uncertainty in objectives, with a practical concern evident from receiving 12 to 25 daily invitations to talk about it.", 'chapters': [{'end': 4873.832, 'start': 4427.568, 'title': 'Ai control and overuse risks', 'summary': 'Discusses the risks of ai control and overuse, highlighting the potential loss of human autonomy, the need to address ai systems pursuing incorrect objectives, and the danger of overdependence on ai technology.', 'duration': 446.264, 'highlights': ['The potential loss of human autonomy due to overdependence on AI, leading to a gradual shift from being the masters of technology to just being the guests on a cruise ship, which could result in irreversible detachment from essential skills for maintaining and propagating civilization.', 'The need to address AI systems pursuing incorrect objectives as a major failure mode, where AI believes it knows the objective and has no incentive to listen to humans, potentially leading to the acquisition of more resources and defense mechanisms.', "The danger of overuse of AI technology, exemplified by the 'Wally problem' from the movie 'Wally,' where humans become obese and lose human autonomy as machines take over all tasks, potentially resulting in irreversible detachment from essential skills for maintaining and propagating civilization."]}, {'end': 5160.406, 'start': 4874.893, 'title': 'Ai safety concerns', 'summary': 'Discusses the potential risks of ai, the burden felt by stuart russell, and the importance of provably beneficial machines based on explicit uncertainty in objectives, with a practical concern evident from receiving 12 to 25 invitations daily to talk about it.', 'duration': 285.513, 'highlights': ['Stuart Russell receives 12 to 25 invitations daily to discuss AI safety, indicating a practical concern and widespread interest in the topic.', 'The story from 1909 accurately describes the human race becoming more dependent on machines, losing knowledge of how things run, and becoming vulnerable to collapse, serving as an early warning of potential consequences of overreliance on technology.', 'Stuart Russell emphasizes the importance of provably beneficial machines based on explicit uncertainty in objectives to prevent loopholes that super intelligent machines may exploit, highlighting the need for rigorous definitions and frameworks in AI development.', 'Stuart Russell expresses his continuous concern about being wrong and his rigorous approach of challenging his own ideas and seeking literature and philosophical debates for potential refutations.', 'Stuart Russell discusses the burden of being frequently associated with AI safety concerns, indicating a sense of responsibility and the impact of his work on public perception and awareness.']}], 'duration': 732.838, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KsZI5oXBC0k/pics/KsZI5oXBC0k4427568.jpg', 'highlights': ['The potential loss of human autonomy due to overdependence on AI, leading to a gradual shift from being the masters of technology to just being the guests on a cruise ship, which could result in irreversible detachment from essential skills for maintaining and propagating civilization.', 'The need to address AI systems pursuing incorrect objectives as a major failure mode, where AI believes it knows the objective and has no incentive to listen to humans, potentially leading to the acquisition of more resources and defense mechanisms.', "The danger of overuse of AI technology, exemplified by the 'Wally problem' from the movie 'Wally,' where humans become obese and lose human autonomy as machines take over all tasks, potentially resulting in irreversible detachment from essential skills for maintaining and propagating civilization.", 'Stuart Russell emphasizes the importance of provably beneficial machines based on explicit uncertainty in objectives to prevent loopholes that super intelligent machines may exploit, highlighting the need for rigorous definitions and frameworks in AI development.', 'Stuart Russell discusses the burden of being frequently associated with AI safety concerns, indicating a sense of responsibility and the impact of his work on public perception and awareness.', 'Stuart Russell receives 12 to 25 invitations daily to discuss AI safety, indicating a practical concern and widespread interest in the topic.', 'The story from 1909 accurately describes the human race becoming more dependent on machines, losing knowledge of how things run, and becoming vulnerable to collapse, serving as an early warning of potential consequences of overreliance on technology.', 'Stuart Russell expresses his continuous concern about being wrong and his rigorous approach of challenging his own ideas and seeking literature and philosophical debates for potential refutations.']}], 'highlights': ["AlphaGo's capacity to look ahead 40, 50, or 60 moves into the future and its highly selective evaluation process.", 'The lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks is attributed to the unsettling idea that their work might lead to the end of the human race.', 'The warning that data is the new snake oil, indicating potential concerns about the overhype and misuse of data in the AI industry.', 'The lack of legal protection in the political sphere and the potential damaging consequences.', "The conversation is part of MIT's course in Artificial General Intelligence and the Artificial Intelligence podcast.", 'The lack of oversight and potential civilization-changing effects of algorithms.', 'The need for look-ahead capability in driving systems is emphasized, as it involves dealing with unpredictable human behavior and forecasting possible evolutions of trajectories, which requires a decision-making architecture different from rule-based or end-to-end neural network systems.', 'The lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks is attributed to the unsettling idea that their work might lead to the end of the human race.', 'The parallels between the lack of oversight in nuclear technology due to the arms race and the current lack of concern among AI researchers for potential risks are discussed.', 'The AI research community estimates the development of superhuman AI within 40-50 years, with some regions predicting an even faster timeline.']}