title
R Tutorial For Beginners 2022 | R Programming Full Course In 7 Hours | R Tutorial | Simplilearn

description
🔥 IITM Pravartak Professional Certificate Program In Full Stack Development - MERN (India Only): https://www.simplilearn.com/full-stack-developer-course-and-certification-iitm-pravartak?utm_campaign=SCE-FullstackIITM&utm_medium=DescriptionFF&utm_source=youtube 🔥Post Graduate Program In Data Analytics: https://www.simplilearn.com/pgp-data-analytics-certification-training-course?utm_campaign=DataScience-KlsYCECWEWE&utm_medium=DescriptionFirstFold&utm_source=youtube 🔥IIT Kanpur Professional Certificate Course In Data Analytics (India Only): https://www.simplilearn.com/iitk-professional-certificate-course-data-analytics?utm_campaign=DataScience-KlsYCECWEWE&utm_medium=DescriptionFirstFold&utm_source=youtube 🔥Caltech Data Analytics Bootcamp(US Only): https://www.simplilearn.com/data-analytics-bootcamp?utm_campaign=DataScience-KlsYCECWEWE&utm_medium=DescriptionFirstFold&utm_source=youtube 🔥Data Analyst Masters Program (Discount Code - YTBE15): https://www.simplilearn.com/data-analyst-masters-certification-training-course?utm_campaign=DataScience-KlsYCECWEWE&utm_medium=DescriptionFirstFold&utm_source=youtube 🟡 Caltech AI & Machine Learning Bootcamp (For US Learners Only) - https://www.simplilearn.com/ai-machine-learning-bootcamp?utm_campaign=DataScience-KlsYCECWEWE&utm_medium=DescriptionFirstFold&utm_source=youtube In this R Tutorial For Beginners 2022 video, we'll learn about What is R, variables, and data types in R. This R Programming for Beginners is the ideal video for anyone starting with R Programming and Data Analysis. We'll Understand Data Handling, Manipulation, and Visualization in R. So, let's get started with this R Tutorial! Dataset Link - https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Wn2TRSbM2CHzxEk-qclzGJcyZT4LHeRV This R Programming Full Course Video Covers the following Topics: 00:00:00 What is R Programming R Tutorial For Beginners 2022 00:11:48 Variables and Data Types in R - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 00:21:47 Logical Operators - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 00:44:58 Vectors - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 01:00:42 List - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 01:14:41 Matrix - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 01:25:58 Data Frame - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 02:53:49 Flow Control - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 03:17:37 Functions in R - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 04:37:19 Data Manipulation in R- dplyr - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 05:02:59 Data Manipulation in R- tidyr - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 05:09:57 Data Visualization In R - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 05:38:42 Time Series Analysis in R - R programming Tutorial For Beginners 2022 ⏩ Check out the Data Analytics Playlist: link: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEiEAq2VkUUKgEFXH1tBbHwq38oWYDScU ✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH #RprogrammingFullCourse #RProgrammingforBeginners #RProgrammingFullTutorial #RTutorial #RTutorialForBeginners #RProgrammingForBeginners #RLanguageTutorial #LearnRProgramming #DataAnalytics #Simplilearn ➡️ About Post Graduate Program In Full Stack Web Development This program will give you the foundation for building full-stack web apps using the Java programming language. You'll begin with the basics of JavaScript, and then venture into some of the more advanced concepts like Angular, Spring Boot, Hibernate, JSPs, and MVC. Now is the perfect time to get started on your career as a full-stack web developer! ✅ Key Features - Caltech CTME Post Graduate Certificate - Enrolment in Simplilearn’s JobAssist - Receive up to 25 CEUs from Caltech CTME - Simplilearn's JobAssist helps you get noticed by top hiring companies - Attend Masterclasses from Caltech CTME instructors - Online Convocation by Caltech CTME Program Director - 20 lesson-end and 5 phase-end projects - Capstone Project in 4 domains - Caltech CTME Circle Membership - Build your own portfolio on GitHub ✅ Skills Covered - Agile - JAVA - Hibernate and JPA - Spring Core 50 - DevOps - HTML5 and CSS3 - AWS - JavaScript ES6 - Servlets - SOAP and REST - JSP 👉Learn more at: https://www.simplilearn.com/data-analyst-masters-certification-training-course?utm_campaign=DataAnalytics&utm_medium=Description&utm_source=youtube 🔥🔥 Interested in Attending Live Classes? Call Us: IN - 18002127688 / US - +18445327688

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{'title': 'R Tutorial For Beginners 2022 | R Programming Full Course In 7 Hours | R Tutorial | Simplilearn', 'heatmap': [{'end': 1973.57, 'start': 1711.084, 'weight': 1}], 'summary': 'This r programming full course covers r basics, rstudio setup, data types, objects, data frames, functions, factor functions, data manipulation, data visualization, time series analysis, and data analysis techniques, with practical examples and hands-on projects.', 'chapters': [{'end': 666.061, 'segs': [{'end': 347.872, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 324.215, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 334.202, 'text': 'Now, yes, there is one more package called RStudio, which is set up on top of base R, which makes working with R easier.', 'start': 324.215, 'duration': 9.987}, {'end': 337.244, 'text': 'Now, here also you can start working.', 'start': 334.522, 'duration': 2.722}, {'end': 341.027, 'text': 'So it shows you R console and you can click on file.', 'start': 337.284, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 346.491, 'text': 'And if you have some scripts or files already written in the format of R, you can use those.', 'start': 341.307, 'duration': 5.184}, {'end': 347.872, 'text': 'So I can click on open script.', 'start': 346.551, 'duration': 1.321}], 'summary': 'Rstudio enhances r functionality, simplifies working with r scripts, and provides a user-friendly interface.', 'duration': 23.657, 'max_score': 324.215, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE324215.jpg'}, {'end': 551.334, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 492.602, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 501.038, 'text': 'just wait for this to complete and you would have RStudio, which is an easier way of working with R.', 'start': 492.602, 'duration': 8.436}, {'end': 511.184, 'text': 'so a lot of developers across the globe would be using R studio when they are working with R to work on their data science or programming requirements.', 'start': 501.038, 'duration': 10.146}, {'end': 512.205, 'text': "now let's just wait.", 'start': 511.184, 'duration': 1.021}, {'end': 516.207, 'text': 'it is almost done and now i can click on finish.', 'start': 512.205, 'duration': 4.002}, {'end': 519.269, 'text': 'so so that part is done, you can add it as a shortcut.', 'start': 516.207, 'duration': 3.062}, {'end': 522.12, 'text': 'So RStudio has consistent commands.', 'start': 519.679, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 524.5, 'text': 'It has unified interface.', 'start': 522.98, 'duration': 1.52}, {'end': 528.681, 'text': 'It makes easy to navigate and manage through R.', 'start': 524.76, 'duration': 3.921}, {'end': 532.122, 'text': 'And it is set up on top of your R base.', 'start': 528.681, 'duration': 3.441}, {'end': 537.804, 'text': "Now, if I click and open on this, so that's my RStudio, which is coming up.", 'start': 532.443, 'duration': 5.361}, {'end': 546.712, 'text': 'now here you see console, which will show you the result, where you can give your commands.', 'start': 538.809, 'duration': 7.903}, {'end': 549.173, 'text': 'so where we can get text output.', 'start': 546.712, 'duration': 2.461}, {'end': 551.334, 'text': 'now again i can choose a file,', 'start': 549.173, 'duration': 2.161}], 'summary': 'Rstudio provides a user-friendly interface for working with r, making it easier to manage and navigate through r, with a consistent commands and unified interface.', 'duration': 58.732, 'max_score': 492.602, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE492602.jpg'}], 'start': 7.563, 'title': 'R programming basics and setting up rstudio for data analysis', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of r programming, its features, and popularity in data science, as well as the process of setting up rstudio for data analysis, including installation, interface navigation, and data manipulation, enhancing the understanding and practical application of r for data science tasks.', 'chapters': [{'end': 368.797, 'start': 7.563, 'title': 'R programming basics', 'summary': 'Explores the basics of r programming, its popularity in data science, its features such as being open source and optimized for vector operations, and the process of setting up r using r-project.org and rstudio.', 'duration': 361.234, 'highlights': ['R is used more than Python in data science, according to a survey of data mining experts. R is favored over Python in data science, as per a survey of data mining experts.', 'R is a popular open source programming language optimized for vector operations and has a vast community with 9,000+ contributed packages. R is a popular open source language optimized for vector operations, supported by a vast community with 9,000+ contributed packages.', 'R can be integrated with other programming languages like C, C++, Java, and Python. R can be integrated with other programming languages, including C, C++, Java, and Python.', 'R has various inbuilt packages and sample datasets, making it easier to report analysis results. R consists of inbuilt packages and sample datasets, simplifying the reporting of analysis results.', 'The process of setting up R using r-project.org and RStudio is explained in detail, including downloading and installing R for different operating systems. The detailed process of setting up R using r-project.org and RStudio, including downloading and installing R for various operating systems, is provided.']}, {'end': 666.061, 'start': 368.797, 'title': 'Setting up rstudio for data analysis', 'summary': 'Explains the process of setting up rstudio for data analysis, including downloading and installing rstudio, navigating the interface, loading datasets, and performing basic operations, making it easier to work with r for data science tasks.', 'duration': 297.264, 'highlights': ['RStudio makes working with R easier by providing a unified interface and consistent commands. RStudio provides a unified interface and consistent commands, making it easier to navigate and manage through R.', 'Downloading and installing RStudio involves choosing the version (e.g., free version - rstudio desktop) and following the setup process, which takes a couple of seconds. The process of downloading and installing RStudio involves choosing the version (e.g., free version - rstudio desktop) and following the setup process, which takes a couple of seconds.', 'Loading the built-in data sets and displaying summary statistics in RStudio can be done with simple commands like control enter, making it convenient for data analysis tasks. In RStudio, loading the built-in data sets and displaying summary statistics can be done with simple commands like control enter, making it convenient for data analysis tasks.']}], 'duration': 658.498, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE7563.jpg', 'highlights': ['R is used more than Python in data science, according to a survey of data mining experts.', 'R is a popular open source language optimized for vector operations, supported by a vast community with 9,000+ contributed packages.', 'R can be integrated with other programming languages, including C, C++, Java, and Python.', 'R consists of inbuilt packages and sample datasets, simplifying the reporting of analysis results.', 'The detailed process of setting up R using r-project.org and RStudio, including downloading and installing R for various operating systems, is provided.', 'RStudio provides a unified interface and consistent commands, making it easier to navigate and manage through R.', 'The process of downloading and installing RStudio involves choosing the version (e.g., free version - rstudio desktop) and following the setup process, which takes a couple of seconds.', 'In RStudio, loading the built-in data sets and displaying summary statistics can be done with simple commands like control enter, making it convenient for data analysis tasks.']}, {'end': 1773.448, 'segs': [{'end': 807.555, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 777.801, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 784.772, 'text': 'whenever we declare a variable, we need to remember what case was used, as in in the name of the variable.', 'start': 777.801, 'duration': 6.971}, {'end': 794.043, 'text': 'And there can be other conventions also, such as using an underscore or even using a case in between the variables.', 'start': 785.256, 'duration': 8.787}, {'end': 804.893, 'text': 'So variables can only consist of letters, numbers, periods, underscores, your dot followed by a letter, not a number.', 'start': 794.484, 'duration': 10.409}, {'end': 807.555, 'text': 'And we can declare our variables.', 'start': 805.673, 'duration': 1.882}], 'summary': 'Variables can consist of letters, numbers, periods, and underscores. remember the case and naming conventions when declaring variables.', 'duration': 29.754, 'max_score': 777.801, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE777801.jpg'}, {'end': 956.73, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 913.325, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 919.231, 'text': 'But if I would do something like this, then it says object model not found.', 'start': 913.325, 'duration': 5.906}, {'end': 922.094, 'text': 'And why? Because it is case sensitive.', 'start': 919.712, 'duration': 2.382}, {'end': 925.698, 'text': 'The variable which we had created was all in lowercase.', 'start': 922.435, 'duration': 3.263}, {'end': 931.625, 'text': 'And the one which we tried to call was starting with an uppercase.', 'start': 926.759, 'duration': 4.866}, {'end': 935.087, 'text': 'So you could have variables created in such way.', 'start': 932.423, 'duration': 2.664}, {'end': 939.354, 'text': 'I could also do something like hello underscore string.', 'start': 935.408, 'duration': 3.946}, {'end': 943.279, 'text': 'And this could be my variable where we are using an underscore.', 'start': 940.095, 'duration': 3.184}, {'end': 946.865, 'text': 'And then we can just give in something here.', 'start': 943.9, 'duration': 2.965}, {'end': 954.149, 'text': 'and that becomes my variable which you can always call and check what is the value of that.', 'start': 947.566, 'duration': 6.583}, {'end': 956.73, 'text': 'You could also be doing something like this.', 'start': 954.609, 'duration': 2.121}], 'summary': 'Case sensitivity caused error due to mismatch in variable casing, underscore used in variable creation.', 'duration': 43.405, 'max_score': 913.325, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE913325.jpg'}, {'end': 1077.056, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1046.073, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1056.917, 'text': 'One more thing which is always practiced in a real time environment is that we cannot have spaces when we are creating variables.', 'start': 1046.073, 'duration': 10.844}, {'end': 1065.525, 'text': 'So, for example, if I say first num and then i try to assign this a value, it basically fails.', 'start': 1057.137, 'duration': 8.388}, {'end': 1077.056, 'text': 'but obviously i could have done this by doing a underscore and that perfectly works fine and you can basically then call the value for this one always remember.', 'start': 1065.525, 'duration': 11.531}], 'summary': 'In real time environment, spaces in variable names fail, but underscores work fine.', 'duration': 30.983, 'max_score': 1046.073, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1046073.jpg'}, {'end': 1190.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1160.451, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 1161.932, 'text': 'You can have a complex number.', 'start': 1160.451, 'duration': 1.481}, {'end': 1169.999, 'text': 'You can have characters, which can be just letters or a set of letters or anything which is within the quotes.', 'start': 1162.433, 'duration': 7.566}, {'end': 1172.49, 'text': 'or you can even have raw data.', 'start': 1170.589, 'duration': 1.901}, {'end': 1173.99, 'text': 'So these are different data types.', 'start': 1172.55, 'duration': 1.44}, {'end': 1178.491, 'text': 'We can again see quick examples here on data types.', 'start': 1174.45, 'duration': 4.041}, {'end': 1180.092, 'text': 'Let me come out of this one.', 'start': 1178.591, 'duration': 1.501}, {'end': 1185.393, 'text': 'And as we saw already, when we created model one, this was character.', 'start': 1180.652, 'duration': 4.741}, {'end': 1190.975, 'text': "Now I can just say X and let's say 100.", 'start': 1185.853, 'duration': 5.122}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses different data types including complex numbers, characters, and raw data.', 'duration': 30.524, 'max_score': 1160.451, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1160451.jpg'}, {'end': 1485.159, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1444.299, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 1447.342, 'text': 'You could do a 100 division 2.', 'start': 1444.299, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 1454.649, 'text': 'Or you could also use modulus 2, which basically gives you an error here.', 'start': 1447.342, 'duration': 7.307}, {'end': 1458.773, 'text': 'So I will just give me a minute.', 'start': 1454.749, 'duration': 4.024}, {'end': 1468.069, 'text': "So let's give here one more percentage sign.", 'start': 1463.726, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 1475.133, 'text': 'And that basically says what would be the remainder.', 'start': 1472.231, 'duration': 2.902}, {'end': 1485.159, 'text': 'So if we would want to look at the ordering when we are using this arithmetic operators, we can see an example.', 'start': 1476.114, 'duration': 9.045}], 'summary': 'The transcript discusses using division, modulus, and remainder in arithmetic operations.', 'duration': 40.86, 'max_score': 1444.299, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1444299.jpg'}, {'end': 1676.432, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1651.639, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1657.744, 'text': 'so it returns true if both the conditions are true, else it will return a false.', 'start': 1651.639, 'duration': 6.105}, {'end': 1668.534, 'text': "so, for example, if i have 10 greater than 20 and 10 is less than 20, now that's not possible and we are comparing the result of both of these.", 'start': 1657.744, 'duration': 10.79}, {'end': 1674.571, 'text': "so we are checking if both the conditions are true, and that's not really true here.", 'start': 1668.534, 'duration': 6.037}, {'end': 1676.432, 'text': 'so we see the value as false.', 'start': 1674.571, 'duration': 1.861}], 'summary': 'Using logical operators, it returns false for 10 > 20 and 10 < 20.', 'duration': 24.793, 'max_score': 1651.639, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1651639.jpg'}], 'start': 666.461, 'title': 'R programming basics and naming conventions', 'summary': 'Covers working with r, variable declaration, naming conventions, and examples of assigning values, emphasizes variable types and classes. it also explains variable naming conventions, case sensitivity, usage of special characters, and the importance of meaningful variable names. additionally, it discusses different data types in r and usage of arithmetic, rational, and logical operators with examples.', 'chapters': [{'end': 912.792, 'start': 666.461, 'title': 'Working with r: variables and naming conventions', 'summary': 'Covers the basics of working with r, including variable declaration, naming conventions, and examples of assigning values to variables, emphasizing the importance of understanding variable types and classes.', 'duration': 246.331, 'highlights': ['Variables are used to store data values or objects in R, allowing convenient reference and manipulation in programs. Variables in R are used to store data values or objects, saving from rewriting the data value or object many times in the program.', 'Naming conventions for variables in R include using a combination of letters, digits, period, and underscore, with case sensitivity. Naming conventions in R allow for a combination of letters, digits, period, and underscore, and R is case sensitive.', 'The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding variable types and classes through examples of assigning values to variables and checking their types and classes. Understanding variable types and classes is important, as demonstrated through examples of assigning values to variables and checking their types and classes.']}, {'end': 1128.961, 'start': 913.325, 'title': 'Variable naming conventions', 'summary': 'Explains variable naming conventions, including case sensitivity, usage of special characters, and the importance of meaningful variable names, emphasizing the rules and best practices for naming variables in a programming environment.', 'duration': 215.636, 'highlights': ['Variable names are case sensitive, and must adhere to certain rules. The chapter emphasizes that variable names are case sensitive and must follow specific rules, such as starting with a letter, using underscores, and not starting with a number.', "Naming conventions emphasize using meaningful variable names. The importance of using meaningful variable names is highlighted, as it reduces ambiguity in the code and improves readability and understanding of the variables' purpose.", 'Special characters and spaces are not allowed in variable names, and periods have specific rules. The chapter explains that special characters and spaces are not allowed in variable names, and periods have specific rules, such as always being followed by a letter and not a number.']}, {'end': 1773.448, 'start': 1130.407, 'title': 'R programming data types & operators', 'summary': 'Discusses different data types in r, including logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, and raw data types, and highlights the usage of arithmetic, rational, and logical operators with examples for computation and comparison.', 'duration': 643.041, 'highlights': ['R has different data types including logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, and raw data types. R supports various data types such as logical (true and false), numeric, integer, complex, character, and raw data types.', 'The chapter explains the usage of arithmetic operators, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, remainder, and exponent, with examples. The chapter explains the usage of arithmetic operators, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, remainder, and exponent, along with the order of operations, with examples for computation.', 'Detailed explanation of rational operators, including greater than, less than, greater than or equal, less than or equal, equal to, and not equal, is provided, with examples. The chapter provides a detailed explanation of rational operators, covering greater than, less than, greater than or equal, less than or equal, equal to, and not equal, with examples for comparison.', 'The usage of logical operators like and, or, and not is demonstrated with examples for comparing data values and returning true or false based on conditions. The chapter demonstrates the usage of logical operators such as and, or, and not, with examples for comparing data values and returning true or false based on conditions.']}], 'duration': 1106.987, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE666461.jpg', 'highlights': ['Variables in R store data values or objects, allowing convenient reference and manipulation.', 'Naming conventions in R include using a combination of letters, digits, period, and underscore, with case sensitivity.', 'Understanding variable types and classes is important, as demonstrated through examples of assigning values to variables and checking their types and classes.', 'Variable names are case sensitive and must adhere to certain rules, such as starting with a letter and using underscores.', "Using meaningful variable names reduces ambiguity in the code and improves readability and understanding of the variables' purpose.", 'Special characters and spaces are not allowed in variable names, and periods have specific rules.', 'R supports various data types such as logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, and raw data types.', 'The chapter explains the usage of arithmetic operators, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, remainder, and exponent, along with the order of operations, with examples for computation.', 'The chapter provides a detailed explanation of rational operators, covering greater than, less than, greater than or equal, less than or equal, equal to, and not equal, with examples for comparison.', 'The chapter demonstrates the usage of logical operators such as and, or, and not, with examples for comparing data values and returning true or false based on conditions.']}, {'end': 3548.488, 'segs': [{'end': 1802.788, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1775.428, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 1782.271, 'text': 'If I say y is greater than or equal to x, well, it would still say true.', 'start': 1775.428, 'duration': 6.843}, {'end': 1790.395, 'text': 'Because when you are saying greater than or equal to x, so when you are saying this one, it works fine, right?', 'start': 1783.152, 'duration': 7.243}, {'end': 1798.304, 'text': 'Now we can also be picking up some data set, and for that what I can do is I can pick up one of the data set from my machine.', 'start': 1790.919, 'duration': 7.385}, {'end': 1802.788, 'text': 'So I can go in here and I have some data sets.', 'start': 1798.324, 'duration': 4.464}], 'summary': 'Comparison of y is greater than or equal to x, and data set selection discussed.', 'duration': 27.36, 'max_score': 1775.428, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1775428.jpg'}, {'end': 1927.075, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1854.849, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 1864.323, 'text': "so here I'll just add a backslash, I will add a backslash and I will basically just do a control enter.", 'start': 1854.849, 'duration': 9.474}, {'end': 1871.55, 'text': 'Now I can look at the values of this by just doing an auction.data and I can see what values it has.', 'start': 1864.724, 'duration': 6.826}, {'end': 1873.152, 'text': 'So it has a lot of data here.', 'start': 1871.59, 'duration': 1.562}, {'end': 1875.694, 'text': 'It has a lot of your data here.', 'start': 1874.073, 'duration': 1.621}, {'end': 1888.512, 'text': 'You could have used some other functions which we can see later, where I can choose head and i can see the first top five values.', 'start': 1876.175, 'duration': 12.337}, {'end': 1897.073, 'text': 'so we can basically assign data to the variable and continue working on this.', 'start': 1888.512, 'duration': 8.561}, {'end': 1899.054, 'text': 'now we can keep it simple.', 'start': 1897.073, 'duration': 1.981}, {'end': 1913.756, 'text': "so let me repeat this step and here i will say auction as my variable name and i'll assign this so i can basically do a also a view on auction.", 'start': 1899.054, 'duration': 14.702}, {'end': 1927.075, 'text': 'so auction and then basically that shows me a tabular format of the data which allows me to look into the data and basically understand it,', 'start': 1916.229, 'duration': 10.846}], 'summary': 'Using backslashes and control enter, the data can be viewed and analyzed in a tabular format, allowing for easy understanding.', 'duration': 72.226, 'max_score': 1854.849, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1854849.jpg'}, {'end': 1990.178, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 1955.111, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 1964.654, 'text': "so, for example, let's choose bidder and i can just give a value to this one and let's pick up a name.", 'start': 1955.111, 'duration': 9.543}, {'end': 1973.57, 'text': "so let's say tweak and that's the name and I can be assigning all the values to this.", 'start': 1964.654, 'duration': 8.916}, {'end': 1978.432, 'text': 'or I could say I would want to use another condition.', 'start': 1973.57, 'duration': 4.862}, {'end': 1990.178, 'text': "so I'll say auction dollar and then let's take this value of bid and let's say it is equals to 100,", 'start': 1978.432, 'duration': 11.746}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating how to assign values to variables and use conditions in a programming context.', 'duration': 35.067, 'max_score': 1955.111, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1955111.jpg'}, {'end': 2383.111, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 2351.197, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 2356.18, 'text': 'So here I can give 500 into and then something in the parenthesis.', 'start': 2351.197, 'duration': 4.983}, {'end': 2357.681, 'text': 'So that gets operated first.', 'start': 2356.24, 'duration': 1.441}, {'end': 2361.359, 'text': 'and hence you get result of 1500.', 'start': 2358.197, 'duration': 3.162}, {'end': 2369.524, 'text': 'now we have already discussed about the assignment operator and what we can do here is we can assign variables some value.', 'start': 2361.359, 'duration': 8.165}, {'end': 2370.625, 'text': 'so, for example,', 'start': 2369.524, 'duration': 1.101}, {'end': 2383.111, 'text': 'i create a variable called selling and then i would assign it a value similarly for cost and then we can do some calculation so we can say profit is selling,', 'start': 2370.625, 'duration': 12.486}], 'summary': 'Using the assignment operator, 500 is added to 1000, resulting in 1500.', 'duration': 31.914, 'max_score': 2351.197, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE2351197.jpg'}, {'end': 3349.732, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3314.268, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3316.73, 'text': 'And then you have the values ending at 10.5.', 'start': 3314.268, 'duration': 2.462}, {'end': 3317.45, 'text': 'That is float.', 'start': 3316.73, 'duration': 0.72}, {'end': 3319.791, 'text': 'And I can look at the class of it.', 'start': 3318.23, 'duration': 1.561}, {'end': 3325.421, 'text': 'And when we did a class of..', 'start': 3322.02, 'duration': 3.401}, {'end': 3326.561, 'text': 'Did we do a class? Yeah.', 'start': 3325.421, 'duration': 1.14}, {'end': 3330.523, 'text': "So let's come here and let's do a class of this one.", 'start': 3326.701, 'duration': 3.822}, {'end': 3332.443, 'text': 'It says me it is numeric.', 'start': 3330.983, 'duration': 1.46}, {'end': 3334.064, 'text': 'You can look at the values of it.', 'start': 3332.483, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 3338.445, 'text': 'Similarly, you can create a character vector, which is..', 'start': 3334.684, 'duration': 3.761}, {'end': 3349.732, 'text': '1 to 10 and then basically look at the class of it or basically the value of this vector or as we did the factor vector.', 'start': 3340.126, 'duration': 9.606}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating data types such as float and numeric, and creating character and factor vectors.', 'duration': 35.464, 'max_score': 3314.268, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3314268.jpg'}, {'end': 3433.168, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3399.789, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3409.234, 'text': 'What would happen in this case? So we can again use class of y.', 'start': 3399.789, 'duration': 9.445}, {'end': 3410.915, 'text': 'And that basically has numeric.', 'start': 3409.234, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 3416.618, 'text': 'And if you would want to look at the value of y, that shows me 1 and 2 here.', 'start': 3411.736, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 3420.64, 'text': "Let's go further.", 'start': 3419.299, 'duration': 1.341}, {'end': 3424.162, 'text': "So let's look at the value of this one.", 'start': 3421.261, 'duration': 2.901}, {'end': 3428.125, 'text': 'So y and then basically see what is the value of y.', 'start': 3424.563, 'duration': 3.562}, {'end': 3433.168, 'text': 'So it is a true and you can also look at the class of it.', 'start': 3428.125, 'duration': 5.043}], 'summary': 'Using class y with numeric values, y=1 and 2, and also true, with class information.', 'duration': 33.379, 'max_score': 3399.789, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3399789.jpg'}, {'end': 3548.488, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3521.466, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 3528.93, 'text': 'this will result in NAs being produced which we can also relate to missing values or not applicable values.', 'start': 3521.466, 'duration': 7.464}, {'end': 3535.52, 'text': 'So for example, if we create X and look at the class of X, it tells me this character.', 'start': 3529.417, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 3540.123, 'text': "Let's try changing character to numeric, which will not work.", 'start': 3535.621, 'duration': 4.502}, {'end': 3542.644, 'text': 'And it says NAs are introduced.', 'start': 3540.683, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 3546.226, 'text': 'If you do it even in logical, that would not work.', 'start': 3543.245, 'duration': 2.981}, {'end': 3548.488, 'text': 'And it shows me NA values.', 'start': 3546.347, 'duration': 2.141}], 'summary': 'Converting character to numeric or logical results in nas, indicating missing values.', 'duration': 27.022, 'max_score': 3521.466, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3521466.jpg'}], 'start': 1775.428, 'title': 'Working with logical operators, r print formatting, data types, and vectors in r', 'summary': 'Discusses working with logical operators, loading data into a machine, r print formatting, basic arithmetic, assigning values and data types in r, and working with vectors and lists, covering aspects like usage of print function, basic arithmetic operations, creating and manipulating vectors, and coercion in r.', 'chapters': [{'end': 2055.591, 'start': 1775.428, 'title': 'Working with logical operators in data analysis', 'summary': 'Discusses working with logical operators and loading a data set into a machine, covering aspects like using logical operators, loading data from a file, and applying conditions to filter data.', 'duration': 280.163, 'highlights': ["Using logical operators to filter data, such as 'greater than or equal to' and 'equals to', is demonstrated, showcasing the flexibility and functionality of logical operations.", 'Loading a data set from a file into the machine and assigning it to a variable using read.csv and viewing its values using auction.data is explained, providing insights into the process of loading and examining data sets.', 'Applying conditions to filter data by assigning values to variables, such as choosing specific columns and setting conditions based on column values, is illustrated, demonstrating the practical application of logical operators in data analysis.']}, {'end': 2399.153, 'start': 2055.591, 'title': 'R print formatting and basic arithmetic', 'summary': 'Covers the usage of print function in r for displaying variables and formatting strings and variables for printing, along with examples of basic arithmetic operations and changing the order of operations using parentheses.', 'duration': 343.562, 'highlights': ['R uses print function to display variables, and paste and paste0 functions for formatting strings and variables for printing. R uses print function to display variables, and paste and paste0 functions for formatting strings and variables for printing.', 'Examples of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential power, and modulo are demonstrated. Examples of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential power, and modulo are demonstrated.', 'Demonstration of changing the order of operations using parentheses to affect the result of arithmetic operations. Demonstration of changing the order of operations using parentheses to affect the result of arithmetic operations.']}, {'end': 2658.75, 'start': 2399.153, 'title': 'Assigning values and data types in r', 'summary': 'Demonstrates assigning decimal, whole number, boolean, string, and complex values in r, along with using print and paste functions to display and format data.', 'duration': 259.597, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates assigning decimal, whole number, boolean, string, and complex values in R, along with using print and paste functions to display and format data, showcasing practical examples and usage.', 'The chapter explains how to assign values to variables of different data types, such as decimal, whole number, boolean, string, and complex, providing practical examples of each.', 'The transcript discusses the usage of print function to display values and inbuilt data sets, like empty cars, in R, providing a practical demonstration of its application.']}, {'end': 2919.5, 'start': 2660.245, 'title': 'Working with r vectors and lists', 'summary': 'Introduces the concept of vectors and lists in r, demonstrating how to create and manipulate them, including examples of creating numeric and character vectors, determining their class and type, and using print and paste functions.', 'duration': 259.255, 'highlights': ['Vectors are the basic type of any R object and can be created using the vector function. Vectors are the fundamental type of R object and can be created using the vector function.', 'Lists in R are vectors that can contain objects of different classes. Lists in R are vectors that can contain objects of different classes.', 'Creating a numeric vector using the C function and determining its class and type. Creating a numeric vector using the C function and determining its class and type.', 'Creating a character vector using the C function and using print and paste functions to display its values. Creating a character vector using the C function and using print and paste functions to display its values.']}, {'end': 3548.488, 'start': 2920.721, 'title': 'Vectors and data types in r', 'summary': 'Covers the creation of vectors of various data types including numeric, character, logical, complex, and factor types, using functions like c and vector. it also discusses coercion, explicit and implicit coercion, and the impact of mixing objects of different classes in a vector.', 'duration': 627.767, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers the creation of vectors of various data types including numeric, character, logical, complex, and factor types. It demonstrates the creation of vectors of different data types such as numeric, character, logical, complex, and factor types.', 'It also discusses coercion, explicit and implicit coercion. The chapter explains coercion, both explicit and implicit, where R tries to find a way to represent all the objects in the vector in a reasonable fashion, and also covers explicit coercion from one class to another.', 'The impact of mixing objects of different classes in a vector is explored. It explores the impact of mixing objects of different classes in a vector, where coercion occurs so that every element in the vector is of the same class.']}], 'duration': 1773.06, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE1775428.jpg', 'highlights': ["Using logical operators to filter data, such as 'greater than or equal to' and 'equals to', is demonstrated, showcasing the flexibility and functionality of logical operations.", 'Loading a data set from a file into the machine and assigning it to a variable using read.csv and viewing its values using auction.data is explained, providing insights into the process of loading and examining data sets.', 'Applying conditions to filter data by assigning values to variables, such as choosing specific columns and setting conditions based on column values, is illustrated, demonstrating the practical application of logical operators in data analysis.', 'R uses print function to display variables, and paste and paste0 functions for formatting strings and variables for printing.', 'Examples of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponential power, and modulo are demonstrated.', 'The chapter demonstrates assigning decimal, whole number, boolean, string, and complex values in R, along with using print and paste functions to display and format data, showcasing practical examples and usage.', 'Vectors are the basic type of any R object and can be created using the vector function.', 'Lists in R are vectors that can contain objects of different classes.', 'The chapter covers the creation of vectors of various data types including numeric, character, logical, complex, and factor types.', 'It also discusses coercion, explicit and implicit coercion.']}, {'end': 5120.593, 'segs': [{'end': 3723.241, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3692.196, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 3697.081, 'text': 'so you can have dates, you can have data frames, you can have vectors and many more.', 'start': 3692.196, 'duration': 4.885}, {'end': 3702.286, 'text': 'so in list there is no coercion which is required, that is, changing of data type.', 'start': 3697.081, 'duration': 5.205}, {'end': 3708.973, 'text': 'There is no loss of functionality and lists do not follow any predefined structure.', 'start': 3702.85, 'duration': 6.123}, {'end': 3713.716, 'text': 'Now we can create lists using this list function as it is shown here.', 'start': 3709.353, 'duration': 4.363}, {'end': 3723.241, 'text': 'So you can create a variable and then assign a list to it, where you can be using either passing in a vector,', 'start': 3714.276, 'duration': 8.965}], 'summary': 'Lists in r can contain various data types and do not require coercion or follow a predefined structure.', 'duration': 31.045, 'max_score': 3692.196, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3692196.jpg'}, {'end': 3835.616, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 3779.156, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 3781.038, 'text': 'So I can check this.', 'start': 3779.156, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 3787.183, 'text': 'And this shows me all the objects or elements of this list right?', 'start': 3781.338, 'duration': 5.845}, {'end': 3793.208, 'text': 'Now, when we do this, what we are doing is we are creating a vector right?', 'start': 3787.803, 'duration': 5.405}, {'end': 3799.899, 'text': 'And vector basically can have coercion depending on what are the elements which are passed.', 'start': 3793.675, 'duration': 6.224}, {'end': 3808.645, 'text': 'Because whenever you use the C and you create a vector, it will only accept elements of the same type.', 'start': 3799.959, 'duration': 8.686}, {'end': 3821.414, 'text': 'So for example, if I do a class on test, it shows me here all the objects are of type character, right? And you can also use type of.', 'start': 3808.925, 'duration': 12.489}, {'end': 3830.675, 'text': 'to check for our test variable and it is basically having all the objects as character.', 'start': 3823.353, 'duration': 7.322}, {'end': 3835.616, 'text': 'Now, how would you create a list? So what we can do is we can use a list function.', 'start': 3831.055, 'duration': 4.561}], 'summary': 'Explanation of creating vectors and lists in r with type examples and functions.', 'duration': 56.46, 'max_score': 3779.156, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3779156.jpg'}, {'end': 4065.787, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4029.563, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 4043.289, 'text': 'so, for example, what i can also do is i can say product dot category And now I can just give list function.', 'start': 4029.563, 'duration': 13.726}, {'end': 4048.353, 'text': 'So I would want to assign names while creating a list.', 'start': 4044.19, 'duration': 4.163}, {'end': 4052.516, 'text': 'So I can say, for example, product.', 'start': 4048.974, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 4060.162, 'text': 'And this would be say music tracks.', 'start': 4054.218, 'duration': 5.944}, {'end': 4065.787, 'text': 'Then I can give, say, for example, count.', 'start': 4062.724, 'duration': 3.063}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating how to create a list using product categories and assigning names with an example of music tracks and count.', 'duration': 36.224, 'max_score': 4029.563, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE4029563.jpg'}, {'end': 4307.931, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4283.681, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 4292.368, 'text': 'Now here if we use a single bracket instead of double bracket then in that case we will the output would be a list.', 'start': 4283.681, 'duration': 8.687}, {'end': 4296.826, 'text': 'So if I look at this one, then this would be a list.', 'start': 4293.564, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 4301.948, 'text': "But if you use double brackets, then you're accessing a particular object.", 'start': 4297.366, 'duration': 4.582}, {'end': 4307.931, 'text': 'If we were creating a vector, we could just be using a subset by using the C function.', 'start': 4302.589, 'duration': 5.342}], 'summary': 'Using single bracket yields a list, double bracket accesses an object, and c function creates a vector.', 'duration': 24.25, 'max_score': 4283.681, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE4283681.jpg'}, {'end': 4679.95, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 4620.266, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 4625.37, 'text': 'so you always have these helper functions which allow you to put out the values.', 'start': 4620.266, 'duration': 5.104}, {'end': 4629.493, 'text': 'so, for example, i do this and then i can do a control enter.', 'start': 4625.37, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 4632.796, 'text': 'so now, if you see, you have the values 1, 2 and 3 in your first row.', 'start': 4629.493, 'duration': 3.303}, {'end': 4646.471, 'text': 'So when we pass a matrix function to a vector that is too short to fill up an entire matrix, then something different happens.', 'start': 4636.724, 'duration': 9.747}, {'end': 4647.652, 'text': 'We can have a look at this.', 'start': 4646.632, 'duration': 1.02}, {'end': 4653.117, 'text': 'So say you pass a vector containing value 1 to 3 to the matrix function.', 'start': 4648.333, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 4659.3, 'text': 'and say explicitly you want a matrix with two rows and three columns.', 'start': 4654.157, 'duration': 5.143}, {'end': 4660.4, 'text': 'how do we do that?', 'start': 4659.3, 'duration': 1.1}, {'end': 4667.704, 'text': 'so, for example, i can say matrix, and here i can say one is to three.', 'start': 4660.4, 'duration': 7.304}, {'end': 4679.95, 'text': "now i can give n row and then i can give the number of rows which we want is two, and then i say n column and this one i'll say three.", 'start': 4667.704, 'duration': 12.246}], 'summary': 'Using helper functions to input values into matrix; creating a 2x3 matrix with values 1-3.', 'duration': 59.684, 'max_score': 4620.266, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE4620266.jpg'}], 'start': 3548.568, 'title': 'Working with r objects, vectors, lists, and matrices', 'summary': "Covers the basics of r objects, vectors, and lists, including attributes, coercion, and creating lists. it also explains the creation of vectors and lists in r programming, emphasizing elements' types and functions like is.list and names. additionally, it delves into working with lists, subsetting, and extending lists, and covers subsetting lists, accessing elements, creating matrices, and using rbind and cbind functions.", 'chapters': [{'end': 3778.756, 'start': 3548.568, 'title': 'R objects and lists basics', 'summary': 'Explains the basics of r objects, attributes, vectors, and lists, highlighting the concept of attributes, coercion, and creating lists in r.', 'duration': 230.188, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the basics of R objects, attributes, vectors, and lists, highlighting the concept of attributes, coercion, and creating lists in R.', 'R objects have attributes such as names, dimension names, dimensions, classes, and user-defined length attributes.', 'Lists in R can contain various types of R objects such as dates, data frames, and vectors without requiring coercion or following a predefined structure.', 'Vectors in R are one-dimensional arrays that can hold elements of the same type whereas lists are generic vectors that can contain objects of different types.']}, {'end': 4029.563, 'start': 3779.156, 'title': 'R programming: vectors and lists', 'summary': "Explains the creation of vectors and lists in r programming, highlighting the importance of elements' types and the ability to have objects of different types in a list, and also demonstrates the use of functions like is.list and names.", 'duration': 250.407, 'highlights': ["The chapter explains the creation of vectors and lists in R programming, emphasizing the importance of elements' types and the ability to have objects of different types in a list.", 'It demonstrates the use of functions like is.list and names to check the type of an object and assign labels to list elements.', 'The chapter also highlights the ability to access elements of a list using indices or double square brackets.']}, {'end': 4307.931, 'start': 4029.563, 'title': 'Working with lists and subsetting', 'summary': 'Covers creating, displaying, and extending lists, including adding elements, subsetting with double brackets, and using the c function for creating vectors.', 'duration': 278.368, 'highlights': ["Creating lists and assigning names to elements while creating The chapter demonstrates creating a list and assigning names to elements while creating, e.g., 'product dot category' and defining elements like 'music tracks', 'count', and 'ratings'.", "Adding elements to an existing list The chapter explains the process of adding a new list to an existing list, using the 'product.category' and 'similar.prod' method to add new elements to the list.", "Subsetting with double brackets and accessing specific elements The chapter explains subsetting with double brackets to access specific elements within a list, using 'prod.category' and index positions to access the elements of the list.", 'Using the C function for creating vectors The chapter mentions using the C function for creating vectors and differentiates the use of single brackets and double brackets for accessing elements within a list.']}, {'end': 5120.593, 'start': 4308.752, 'title': 'Working with lists and matrices', 'summary': 'Covers subsetting lists by names or logicals, accessing elements using dollar symbol, creating and working with matrices, using rbind and cbind functions, adding values to matrices, and naming rows and columns in matrices.', 'duration': 811.841, 'highlights': ['Subsetting lists by names or logicals allows access to elements using specific names or logical conditions, providing flexibility in extracting data.', 'Using the dollar symbol to access list elements provides a concise method for retrieving specific values, enhancing the efficiency of list manipulation.', 'The creation and manipulation of matrices, including the use of rbind and cbind functions, demonstrate the versatility of matrix operations in R programming.', 'Adding values to matrices using rbind and cbind functions enables the expansion of matrices by appending values either row-wise or column-wise.', 'Naming rows and columns in matrices using row names and column names functions provides a method for enhancing the interpretability and usability of matrices in R programming.']}], 'duration': 1572.025, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE3548568.jpg', 'highlights': ['Lists in R can contain various types of R objects such as dates, data frames, and vectors without requiring coercion or following a predefined structure.', 'R objects have attributes such as names, dimension names, dimensions, classes, and user-defined length attributes.', 'The chapter explains the basics of R objects, attributes, vectors, and lists, highlighting the concept of attributes, coercion, and creating lists in R.', "The chapter explains the creation of vectors and lists in R programming, emphasizing the importance of elements' types and the ability to have objects of different types in a list.", "Subsetting with double brackets and accessing specific elements The chapter explains subsetting with double brackets to access specific elements within a list, using 'prod.category' and index positions to access the elements of the list.", 'Using the dollar symbol to access list elements provides a concise method for retrieving specific values, enhancing the efficiency of list manipulation.', 'The creation and manipulation of matrices, including the use of rbind and cbind functions, demonstrate the versatility of matrix operations in R programming.', 'Adding values to matrices using rbind and cbind functions enables the expansion of matrices by appending values either row-wise or column-wise.']}, {'end': 6402.163, 'segs': [{'end': 5429.231, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 5396.484, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 5408.634, 'text': "So, for example, let's say 28 and 30, 31,, 38, 35, and these are the values for the age.", 'start': 5396.484, 'duration': 12.15}, {'end': 5410.315, 'text': 'so age is also created.', 'start': 5408.634, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 5413.998, 'text': 'similarly, we can say if each person has children,', 'start': 5410.315, 'duration': 3.683}, {'end': 5424.227, 'text': "so we can say children and then i'll create one more vector and here i'll give values which are logicals.", 'start': 5413.998, 'duration': 10.229}, {'end': 5429.231, 'text': "i'm not going to give any numerics or character, but i'm using logicals here.", 'start': 5424.227, 'duration': 5.004}], 'summary': 'Data includes ages (28, 30, 31, 38, 35) and logical values for children.', 'duration': 32.747, 'max_score': 5396.484, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE5396484.jpg'}, {'end': 6075.223, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6048.392, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 6051.734, 'text': "we have already added the column, so we don't need to repeat the step now.", 'start': 6048.392, 'duration': 3.342}, {'end': 6060.419, 'text': 'what we can also do is we can use a c bind function, and if you remember, c bind, that is for column binding.', 'start': 6051.734, 'duration': 8.685}, {'end': 6065.862, 'text': "so, for example, let's create a weight vector now and let's pass in some values here.", 'start': 6060.419, 'duration': 5.443}, {'end': 6075.223, 'text': "so, for example, let's say 75, 65, 54, 34, 78, and these are my values of weight.", 'start': 6065.862, 'duration': 9.361}], 'summary': 'Using cbind function for column binding, adding weight vector with values 75, 65, 54, 34, 78.', 'duration': 26.831, 'max_score': 6048.392, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE6048392.jpg'}, {'end': 6203.975, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6168.703, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 6175.247, 'text': 'And this tells me that the number of columns of arguments do not match.', 'start': 6168.703, 'duration': 6.544}, {'end': 6176.889, 'text': 'So we will have to check this one.', 'start': 6175.508, 'duration': 1.381}, {'end': 6184.81, 'text': 'so we have our data frame which has just height, so it does not have the weight.', 'start': 6177.788, 'duration': 7.022}, {'end': 6186.99, 'text': 'that was only as the result of c bind.', 'start': 6184.81, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 6190.811, 'text': "so let's create the storm again without weight.", 'start': 6186.99, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 6199.634, 'text': "and now let's do a r bind and let's again check what is the reason here.", 'start': 6190.811, 'duration': 8.823}, {'end': 6203.975, 'text': 'so this is height, and let me just check this.', 'start': 6199.634, 'duration': 4.341}], 'summary': 'Mismatch in number of columns in data frame, need to troubleshoot.', 'duration': 35.272, 'max_score': 6168.703, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE6168703.jpg'}, {'end': 6255.067, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6228.544, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 6240.932, 'text': 'so what i did here was i did tom and then basically i created a data frame with three columns which matches with my original data frame,', 'start': 6228.544, 'duration': 12.388}, {'end': 6247.479, 'text': 'which had three columns, and then I could use rbind to basically add one more row.', 'start': 6240.932, 'duration': 6.547}, {'end': 6255.067, 'text': 'So what we did was we used rbind and rbind was used to add a new row to our data frame.', 'start': 6248.059, 'duration': 7.008}], 'summary': 'Data frame created with 3 columns, rbind used to add 1 row.', 'duration': 26.523, 'max_score': 6228.544, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE6228544.jpg'}], 'start': 5120.593, 'title': 'Working with data frames in r', 'summary': 'Covers working with matrices and data frames, creating data frames from vectors, subset and extend data frames, and adding/manipulating data frames in r, with methods such as cbind, data.frame function, subsetting, extending, adding, and sorting data frames.', 'chapters': [{'end': 5337.334, 'start': 5120.593, 'title': 'Working with matrices and data frames', 'summary': 'Covers working with matrices using cbind for column-wise binding and introduces data frames as a fundamental data structure to store data sets, with the ability to contain elements of different data types and creation methods including importing from data sources or manually using data.frame function.', 'duration': 216.741, 'highlights': ['Data frames are a fundamental data structure to store data sets with the ability to contain elements of different data types. Data frames are introduced as a fundamental data structure to store data sets with the ability to contain elements of different data types, allowing for columns to have different data types like character, numeric, or logical, and the restriction that elements in one column should be of the same data type.', 'Introduction to working with matrices using cbind for column-wise binding. An example of working with matrices is provided, demonstrating the use of cbind for column-wise binding and the conversion of data into characters when using cbind.', 'Creation of data frames using data.frame function and importing from data sources like csv file or rdbms. The creation of data frames is explained, including the use of the data.frame function and methods to import data from sources such as csv files or rdbms to create data frames.']}, {'end': 5614.401, 'start': 5337.334, 'title': 'Creating data frames from vectors', 'summary': 'Covers creating data frames from vectors in r, including creating vectors for names, ages, and boolean values for children, and using the data.frame function to create a data frame with column headings inferred from the variables passed. it also includes a different method of creating a data frame and addresses the structure of a data frame as a list with three elements.', 'duration': 277.067, 'highlights': ['Using the data.frame function to create a data frame with column headings inferred from the variables passed, such as name, age, and children.', 'Explaining the structure of a data frame as a list with three elements, with each list element being a vector of length phi corresponding to the number of observations.', 'Addressing the behavior of R to convert character columns to factors and how to suppress this behavior using strings as factors equals false in the data.frame function.']}, {'end': 5957.313, 'start': 5614.401, 'title': 'Subset and extend data frames in r', 'summary': 'Explains how to subset and extend data frames in r, providing examples of using single and double brackets, the dollar symbol, and column names or numbers to select specific elements or entire columns, emphasizing the different result types and potential consequences of each approach.', 'duration': 342.912, 'highlights': ['The chapter provides examples of using single and double brackets, the dollar symbol, and column names or numbers to select specific elements or entire columns from a data frame, showcasing the different result types and potential consequences of each approach.', 'It explains that subsetting a data frame can be done using the row and column indices, or by specifying the row index and column name, with both methods returning the desired value.', 'The chapter highlights that retrieving an entire column from a data frame results in a vector, as columns contain elements of the same type, contrasting with the result of subsetting a data frame, which is also a data frame with a single observation when using row and column indices.', 'It also emphasizes the importance of considering the consequences of using single brackets or double brackets for subsetting, and the potential impact on the result type, advising to be mindful of handling data frames using these methods.', 'Furthermore, it discusses extending data frames, providing a comprehensive overview of various methods for subsetting and extending data frames, including the use of list syntax to select elements and the potential consequences of using single or double brackets.']}, {'end': 6402.163, 'start': 5957.853, 'title': 'Adding and manipulating data frames', 'summary': 'Discusses adding columns and rows to a data frame using dollar or double brackets, creating new data frames for row binding, and sorting data frames using sort, ranks, and order functions.', 'duration': 444.31, 'highlights': ['Adding columns using dollar or double brackets The chapter explains adding columns to a data frame using dollar or double brackets, allowing for the addition of new elements to the list.', 'Creating and using cbind for column binding The transcript illustrates the use of cbind to add columns by creating a weight vector and extending the data frame by adding more columns.', 'Using rbind for row binding The transcript describes using rbind to add a new row to a data frame by creating a new data frame and ensuring the number of columns match the original data frame.', 'Sorting data frames using sort, ranks, and order functions The chapter covers sorting data frames by age using sort, ranks, and order functions, demonstrating the use of order to arrange data in descending order.']}], 'duration': 1281.57, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE5120593.jpg', 'highlights': ['Data frames are a fundamental data structure to store data sets with the ability to contain elements of different data types.', 'Creation of data frames using data.frame function and importing from data sources like csv file or rdbms.', 'Using the data.frame function to create a data frame with column headings inferred from the variables passed, such as name, age, and children.', 'Explaining the structure of a data frame as a list with three elements, with each list element being a vector of length phi corresponding to the number of observations.', 'Addressing the behavior of R to convert character columns to factors and how to suppress this behavior using strings as factors equals false in the data.frame function.', 'The chapter provides examples of using single and double brackets, the dollar symbol, and column names or numbers to select specific elements or entire columns from a data frame.', 'It explains that subsetting a data frame can be done using the row and column indices, or by specifying the row index and column name, with both methods returning the desired value.', 'The chapter highlights that retrieving an entire column from a data frame results in a vector, as columns contain elements of the same type, contrasting with the result of subsetting a data frame, which is also a data frame with a single observation when using row and column indices.', 'Adding columns using dollar or double brackets The chapter explains adding columns to a data frame using dollar or double brackets, allowing for the addition of new elements to the list.', 'Creating and using cbind for column binding The transcript illustrates the use of cbind to add columns by creating a weight vector and extending the data frame by adding more columns.', 'Using rbind for row binding The transcript describes using rbind to add a new row to a data frame by creating a new data frame and ensuring the number of columns match the original data frame.', 'Sorting data frames using sort, ranks, and order functions The chapter covers sorting data frames by age using sort, ranks, and order functions, demonstrating the use of order to arrange data in descending order.']}, {'end': 10376.935, 'segs': [{'end': 6506.391, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 6480.767, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 6491.176, 'text': 'and here we will use semicolon to separate two or more variables and we can pull out the values of all the vectors with CVC here.', 'start': 6480.767, 'duration': 10.409}, {'end': 6498.209, 'text': 'now what happens if we pass in the values which belong to different classes or, you can say, different data types?', 'start': 6491.176, 'duration': 7.033}, {'end': 6506.391, 'text': 'So within a vector, if you do that, there is something called as coercion, which takes place, which will convert all the values into one type.', 'start': 6498.869, 'duration': 7.522}], 'summary': 'Using semicolon to separate variables, coercion converts all values to one type.', 'duration': 25.624, 'max_score': 6480.767, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE6480767.jpg'}, {'end': 7084.354, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 7057.578, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 7065.528, 'text': 'so these are some simple basic operations which you can run using your R programming, where you would want to manipulate,', 'start': 7057.578, 'duration': 7.95}, {'end': 7069.029, 'text': 'where you would want to store some data and extract that data,', 'start': 7065.528, 'duration': 3.501}, {'end': 7077.312, 'text': 'use your different logical operators or other operators and perform your basic easy computations.', 'start': 7069.029, 'duration': 8.283}, {'end': 7084.354, 'text': "now that we have seen some basic operations using R, let's look at some more operations.", 'start': 7077.312, 'duration': 7.042}], 'summary': 'Learn basic r programming operations for data manipulation and computation.', 'duration': 26.776, 'max_score': 7057.578, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE7057578.jpg'}, {'end': 8240.43, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8209.233, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 8213.356, 'text': 'So for John, we have 20, 30, NA, and 70.', 'start': 8209.233, 'duration': 4.123}, {'end': 8214.557, 'text': "And that's what we get here.", 'start': 8213.356, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 8220.701, 'text': 'When you do a row wise operation, you can also do a row wise and how many rows do you want.', 'start': 8214.916, 'duration': 5.785}, {'end': 8224.361, 'text': 'You can use the vector function to do that.', 'start': 8221.7, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 8234.647, 'text': 'You can also select or slice out a value where you are getting an intersection of row two and column two.', 'start': 8225.202, 'duration': 9.445}, {'end': 8240.43, 'text': 'And then you can also start from a particular position and then onwards get your rows.', 'start': 8235.207, 'duration': 5.223}], 'summary': "John's data: 20, 30, na, 70. various row-wise operations and vector functions demonstrated.", 'duration': 31.197, 'max_score': 8209.233, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE8209233.jpg'}, {'end': 8393.622, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8343.174, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 8348.299, 'text': 'So row wise you have already specified the name and that basically selects the particular row.', 'start': 8343.174, 'duration': 5.125}, {'end': 8355.263, 'text': 'I could have given a number and chosen which row or which rows we would want to pull out the values.', 'start': 8348.839, 'duration': 6.424}, {'end': 8359.165, 'text': 'Now if I would want to find out the value for John and Sam.', 'start': 8355.864, 'duration': 3.301}, {'end': 8366.405, 'text': 'Now, in that case, I could use indexing or positioning, but that has to be continuous.', 'start': 8360.522, 'duration': 5.883}, {'end': 8369.626, 'text': 'But here you are talking about John and Sam, which has Matthew in between.', 'start': 8366.445, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 8378.029, 'text': 'So we will basically create, we will get the values for John and Sam, and then we will look at the value four.', 'start': 8370.066, 'duration': 7.963}, {'end': 8386.815, 'text': 'Now, that is basically giving me the values in the fourth column, which is 70 and 75.', 'start': 8378.648, 'duration': 8.167}, {'end': 8393.622, 'text': 'similarly, if you go further, you can look at maths and bio score of sam and alice.', 'start': 8386.815, 'duration': 6.807}], 'summary': 'Select specific rows and columns, finding values for john, sam, and matthew, including scores for math and bio.', 'duration': 50.448, 'max_score': 8343.174, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE8343174.jpg'}, {'end': 8896.056, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 8866.18, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 8869.605, 'text': 'Those were the vector names and those have become the column names.', 'start': 8866.18, 'duration': 3.425}, {'end': 8871.528, 'text': 'Row names are auto assigned.', 'start': 8870.106, 'duration': 1.422}, {'end': 8876.906, 'text': 'And basically we are seeing the values which have been passed in my data frame.', 'start': 8872.249, 'duration': 4.657}, {'end': 8884.11, 'text': 'Now I can do a summary on this to basically look at what is the length or how many values we have in data frame.', 'start': 8877.366, 'duration': 6.744}, {'end': 8887.291, 'text': 'What is the class of elements? So that is character.', 'start': 8884.57, 'duration': 2.721}, {'end': 8896.056, 'text': 'You are looking at your values or summary, which gives you mean, first quartile, median, mean, and so on.', 'start': 8887.892, 'duration': 8.164}], 'summary': 'Data frame contains vector values with assigned row and column names, providing summary statistics such as length, class, and numerical details.', 'duration': 29.876, 'max_score': 8866.18, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE8866180.jpg'}, {'end': 10271.324, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10238.798, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 10241.76, 'text': 'So by default, it belongs to the double class.', 'start': 10238.798, 'duration': 2.962}, {'end': 10248.945, 'text': 'Now, I can check if the values in N1 are numeric, and that shows me true.', 'start': 10242.3, 'duration': 6.645}, {'end': 10252.428, 'text': 'And similarly for N2, and that shows me true.', 'start': 10249.586, 'duration': 2.842}, {'end': 10257.712, 'text': "So you're using the numeric function, which returns true if the given value is numeric.", 'start': 10252.748, 'duration': 4.964}, {'end': 10264.742, 'text': 'Similarly, we can have integer assigned to a particular variable.', 'start': 10258.78, 'duration': 5.962}, {'end': 10271.324, 'text': 'And for that, either I can do as dot integer or I can assign a value with capital L.', 'start': 10265.182, 'duration': 6.142}], 'summary': 'Using the numeric function to check if values in n1 and n2 are numeric, returning true.', 'duration': 32.526, 'max_score': 10238.798, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE10238798.jpg'}], 'start': 6402.163, 'title': 'Working with data frames, vectors, and matrices in r', 'summary': 'Covers working with data frames, subsetting, and sorting data, creating vectors, basic operations, matrix operations, statistical summary on a dataset, and manipulating data frames and lists in r, with various examples and methods demonstrated.', 'chapters': [{'end': 6772.418, 'start': 6402.163, 'title': 'Working with data frames and vectors', 'summary': 'Covers working with data frames, subsetting, and sorting data, as well as creating vectors and assigning names to vector values, demonstrating coercion and various methods for creating vectors.', 'duration': 370.255, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers working with data frames, subsetting, and sorting data, as well as creating vectors and assigning names to vector values. Covers the main topics of the chapter, including working with data frames, creating vectors, and assigning names to vector values.', 'Demonstrates coercion and various methods for creating vectors. Explains coercion within vectors and demonstrates various methods for creating vectors using the C function, range, and sequence function.', 'Shows how to assign names to vector values using the names function and by assigning a vector to an existing one. Demonstrates two ways of assigning names to vector values using the names function and by assigning a vector to an existing one for readability and accessibility.']}, {'end': 7495.038, 'start': 6772.418, 'title': 'Basic operations using r programming', 'summary': 'Covers basic operations using r programming, including assigning names to elements, performing basic mathematical functions, comparison operators, slicing and indexing on vectors, handling missing values, and extracting specific values from the vector.', 'duration': 722.62, 'highlights': ['Performing basic mathematical functions on vectors The chapter demonstrates using R to perform basic mathematical functions on vectors, including finding the sum, standard deviation, variance, product, maximum, and minimum values of vector elements.', 'Using comparison operators and logical positioning The chapter illustrates comparing vectors using comparison operators, logical positioning, and excluding specific values from a vector based on conditions.', 'Slicing and indexing on vectors The chapter explains how to access elements in a vector using indexing, slicing, and selecting specific names, highlighting the benefits of assigning names to vector elements.', 'Handling missing values and performing operations on vectors The chapter addresses handling missing values, adding scalar values to vector elements, adding two vectors, updating vectors, and working on subsets of vectors using indexing and slicing.', 'Extracting specific values and using mathematical functions The chapter demonstrates extracting specific values from vectors based on conditions, using the modulus to find multiples of three, and using the sum function with NA.RM to remove NA values before performing the sum.']}, {'end': 8029.755, 'start': 7495.478, 'title': 'Matrix operations and functions', 'summary': 'Covers matrix operations and functions in r, including creating matrices, performing arithmetic operations, assigning custom column and row names, and using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices, with examples demonstrating the use of rbind, cbind, and arithmetic operations on matrices.', 'duration': 534.277, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers matrix operations and functions in R, including creating matrices, performing arithmetic operations, assigning custom column and row names, and using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices. The chapter provides an overview of matrix operations and functions in R, covering the creation of matrices, performing arithmetic operations, assigning custom column and row names, and using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices.', 'Examples demonstrate the use of rbind and cbind functions to add rows and columns to a matrix, as well as performing arithmetic operations on matrices such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Examples demonstrate the use of rbind and cbind functions to add rows and columns to a matrix, as well as performing arithmetic operations on matrices such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.', 'The chapter also showcases using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices, including finding the number of rows and columns, accessing row and column names, and carrying out arithmetic operations on matrices. The chapter also showcases using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices, including finding the number of rows and columns, accessing row and column names, and carrying out arithmetic operations on matrices.']}, {'end': 8808.443, 'start': 8029.755, 'title': 'Matrix and data frames in r', 'summary': 'Introduces matrix operations in r, including creation, selection, indexing, and computation of average, and also explores working with data frames and statistical summary on a popular iris dataset.', 'duration': 778.688, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces matrix operations in R, explaining creation, selection, indexing, and computation of average. It covers creating matrices, selecting specific columns and rows, slicing values by columns or rows, finding specific values, and computing the average and total scores for students.', 'Exploration of working with data frames and statistical summary on a popular iris dataset is explained. It includes using data frames, accessing and manipulating datasets, performing statistical summary, and working with specific data sets such as air passengers and state X 77.']}, {'end': 9486.672, 'start': 8809.252, 'title': 'Data frame operations', 'summary': 'Explains data frame operations including creating a data frame, indexing, filtering, sorting, merging data frames, and using functions like subset and order, with examples and explanations throughout the transcript.', 'duration': 677.42, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains merging data frames using the merge function, specifying the columns for merging, and displaying the merged data with examples. The chapter explains merging data frames using the merge function, specifying the columns for merging, and displaying the merged data with examples.', 'The transcript details filtering data frames using the subset function, providing examples of filtering based on conditions and displaying the filtered data. The transcript details filtering data frames using the subset function, providing examples of filtering based on conditions and displaying the filtered data.', 'It explains creating a data frame using the data.frame function, creating vectors of days, temperatures, and rain, and then converting them into a data frame. It explains creating a data frame using the data.frame function, creating vectors of days, temperatures, and rain, and then converting them into a data frame.', 'The transcript provides examples of sorting data frames using the order function, including sorting in ascending and descending order based on specific columns. The transcript provides examples of sorting data frames using the order function, including sorting in ascending and descending order based on specific columns.', 'It discusses indexing in data frames, including extracting rows and columns, selecting using column names, and using the dollar sign and bracket notation. It discusses indexing in data frames, including extracting rows and columns, selecting using column names, and using the dollar sign and bracket notation.']}, {'end': 10376.935, 'start': 9487.403, 'title': 'Manipulating data frames and lists in r', 'summary': 'Covers manipulating data frames and lists in r, including merging data frames, transposing, sorting, subsetting, aggregating, working with lists, converting between vectors and lists, and basic data type functions.', 'duration': 889.532, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers merging data frames, transposing, sorting, subsetting, and aggregating data frames in R. It provides examples of using the merge function, transposing data frames, sorting data frames using the order function, and performing aggregation using the aggregate function.', 'The chapter demonstrates working with lists in R, including creating, accessing elements, and converting between vectors and lists. It explains how to create lists using the list function, access elements using indexing or the dollar notation, and convert vectors into lists using the as.list function. It also covers converting lists into vectors using the unlist function and getting dimensions using the dimension function.', 'The chapter explains basic data type functions in R, including assigning values, checking data types, and using inbuilt functions for character manipulation. It illustrates how to assign numeric and integer values, check data types using functions like is.numeric and is.integer, work with character values, and use inbuilt functions for character manipulation such as paste, paste0, and replacing set of characters.']}], 'duration': 3974.772, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE6402163.jpg', 'highlights': ['Covers working with data frames, subsetting, and sorting data, creating vectors, basic operations, matrix operations, statistical summary on a dataset, and manipulating data frames and lists in r, with various examples and methods demonstrated.', 'Demonstrates coercion and various methods for creating vectors. Explains coercion within vectors and demonstrates various methods for creating vectors using the C function, range, and sequence function.', 'Performing basic mathematical functions on vectors The chapter demonstrates using R to perform basic mathematical functions on vectors, including finding the sum, standard deviation, variance, product, maximum, and minimum values of vector elements.', 'The chapter covers matrix operations and functions in R, including creating matrices, performing arithmetic operations, assigning custom column and row names, and using functions to extract information and manipulate matrices.', 'The chapter introduces matrix operations in R, explaining creation, selection, indexing, and computation of average. It covers creating matrices, selecting specific columns and rows, slicing values by columns or rows, finding specific values, and computing the average and total scores for students.', 'The chapter explains merging data frames using the merge function, specifying the columns for merging, and displaying the merged data with examples.', 'The chapter covers merging data frames, transposing, sorting, subsetting, and aggregating data frames in R. It provides examples of using the merge function, transposing data frames, sorting data frames using the order function, and performing aggregation using the aggregate function.', 'The chapter demonstrates working with lists in R, including creating, accessing elements, and converting between vectors and lists. It explains how to create lists using the list function, access elements using indexing or the dollar notation, and convert vectors into lists using the as.list function. It also covers converting lists into vectors using the unlist function and getting dimensions using the dimension function.']}, {'end': 13746.303, 'segs': [{'end': 10429.797, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10376.935, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 10386.538, 'text': 'so here I am saying substitute, and then, if I look at the values, it has basically replaced Rob with Senna,', 'start': 10376.935, 'duration': 9.603}, {'end': 10392.664, 'text': "and let's look at the length of it or number of characters in this.", 'start': 10387.722, 'duration': 4.942}, {'end': 10401.527, 'text': "so these are some basic operations, what you're doing on matrices, on your data frames, on your lists and also on your variables,", 'start': 10392.664, 'duration': 8.863}, {'end': 10409.03, 'text': 'where either you are assigning them values of a particular type or you are changing the data types.', 'start': 10401.527, 'duration': 7.503}, {'end': 10412.492, 'text': 'you can also go for coercion in case of vectors.', 'start': 10409.03, 'duration': 3.462}, {'end': 10420.794, 'text': "we have seen that where, if you are passing in values of different types, that's coerced into same types.", 'start': 10412.492, 'duration': 8.302}, {'end': 10429.797, 'text': 'so later we can learn more on functions and flow control and how that is handled in r.', 'start': 10420.794, 'duration': 9.003}], 'summary': 'In r, basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables involve assigning values, changing data types, and coercion of vectors.', 'duration': 52.862, 'max_score': 10376.935, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE10376935.jpg'}, {'end': 10985.3, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 10959.86, 'weight': 6, 'content': [{'end': 10965.682, 'text': 'Now whenever we are talking about and we have to look at all the conditions have to be right.', 'start': 10959.86, 'duration': 5.822}, {'end': 10968.545, 'text': "So let's look at this and we get the value as true.", 'start': 10966.223, 'duration': 2.322}, {'end': 10977.135, 'text': 'But if I say x is greater than 10 or x is later than 5 then one of the condition has to be true which is true in our case.', 'start': 10969.046, 'duration': 8.089}, {'end': 10978.756, 'text': 'So we get the result as true.', 'start': 10977.515, 'duration': 1.241}, {'end': 10981.476, 'text': 'We can take a different example.', 'start': 10979.534, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 10985.3, 'text': 'We can say, is X less than 20, which is not true.', 'start': 10981.716, 'duration': 3.584}], 'summary': 'Using conditional statements, x is greater than 10 or later than 5, resulting in true; x less than 20 is false.', 'duration': 25.44, 'max_score': 10959.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE10959860.jpg'}, {'end': 11087.958, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11060.759, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 11067.162, 'text': 'So we can be doing this or we can be using square brackets.', 'start': 11060.759, 'duration': 6.403}, {'end': 11069.763, 'text': 'We can also do a dollar and compare the values.', 'start': 11067.222, 'duration': 2.541}, {'end': 11073.444, 'text': 'Now we will use our logical operations knowledge here.', 'start': 11070.263, 'duration': 3.181}, {'end': 11079.246, 'text': "So we will work on data frame where I'm interested in the mileage, which is greater than 20.", 'start': 11073.744, 'duration': 5.502}, {'end': 11086.418, 'text': "And I'm looking at the column HP horsepower, and that should be greater than 100.", 'start': 11079.246, 'duration': 7.172}, {'end': 11087.958, 'text': 'remember when we are doing it.', 'start': 11086.418, 'duration': 1.54}], 'summary': 'Working with data frame to filter mileage > 20 and hp > 100.', 'duration': 27.199, 'max_score': 11060.759, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE11060759.jpg'}, {'end': 11514.967, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11486.945, 'weight': 8, 'content': [{'end': 11495.969, 'text': "And what we also want to see is when you're working with your while loop, how do you break if a particular condition is met?", 'start': 11486.945, 'duration': 9.024}, {'end': 11500.532, 'text': 'So we saw a simple example of while loop.', 'start': 11497.27, 'duration': 3.262}, {'end': 11502.017, 'text': "And that's fine.", 'start': 11501.397, 'duration': 0.62}, {'end': 11507.481, 'text': 'Wherein we were printing out something, we were auto incrementing the value of X.', 'start': 11502.638, 'duration': 4.843}, {'end': 11514.967, 'text': 'We were also checking at one point of time within our while loop if the value of X was met.', 'start': 11507.481, 'duration': 7.486}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating breaking from a while loop when a condition is met.', 'duration': 28.022, 'max_score': 11486.945, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE11486945.jpg'}, {'end': 11856.528, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11832.048, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 11844.077, 'text': 'Later, we will spend time in learning about functions which could be either created by the user or built-in functions and also factors in R.', 'start': 11832.048, 'duration': 12.029}, {'end': 11848.861, 'text': 'Welcome to this section of R programming, where we will learn about functions,', 'start': 11844.077, 'duration': 4.784}, {'end': 11856.528, 'text': 'whether that is about inbuilt function or creating your own functions and working on your different data structures.', 'start': 11848.861, 'duration': 7.667}], 'summary': 'Learn about user-created and built-in functions, and factors in r.', 'duration': 24.48, 'max_score': 11832.048, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE11832048.jpg'}, {'end': 11945.473, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11914.57, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 11918.493, 'text': 'we would basically be doing a exponential computation.', 'start': 11914.57, 'duration': 3.923}, {'end': 11927.539, 'text': 'So what we would do is we would square the value in this particular range and assign that to b and print it.', 'start': 11919.093, 'duration': 8.446}, {'end': 11937.511, 'text': 'Now, when we do this, we can call in this function and pass in a value to look at the square of that particular value.', 'start': 11928.12, 'duration': 9.391}, {'end': 11939.891, 'text': 'now this is a simple example of function.', 'start': 11937.511, 'duration': 2.38}, {'end': 11945.473, 'text': 'so this is how it would look, depending on what value you have passed to the function.', 'start': 11939.891, 'duration': 5.582}], 'summary': 'Exponential computation by squaring values in a range and passing a value to a function.', 'duration': 30.903, 'max_score': 11914.57, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE11914570.jpg'}, {'end': 12009.935, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 11973.384, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 11975.065, 'text': 'This is a simple example of function.', 'start': 11973.384, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 11981.349, 'text': 'And this is how you can create your own function to calculate or carry out some computations.', 'start': 11975.605, 'duration': 5.744}, {'end': 11992.369, 'text': "Now let's look at some other examples before we get into built in functions, which basically allows you to work with different data structures.", 'start': 11982.222, 'duration': 10.147}, {'end': 12000.515, 'text': 'So there are different mathematical functions which can be used for your data science or computations.', 'start': 11993.37, 'duration': 7.145}, {'end': 12009.935, 'text': 'You have your regular expressions which can be used for pattern matching or You can also use functions for data manipulation.', 'start': 12001.736, 'duration': 8.199}], 'summary': 'The transcript covers examples of creating and using functions for computations and data manipulation.', 'duration': 36.551, 'max_score': 11973.384, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE11973384.jpg'}, {'end': 12591.52, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 12563.301, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 12569.534, 'text': 'this could be the number of arguments which you are passing in for your histogram to be created.', 'start': 12563.301, 'duration': 6.233}, {'end': 12572.356, 'text': 'Now we can look at some more examples here.', 'start': 12570.274, 'duration': 2.082}, {'end': 12576.478, 'text': 'So I can say two histogram with large number of interval breaks.', 'start': 12572.556, 'duration': 3.922}, {'end': 12581.42, 'text': "And this is where I'm also specifying breaks and passing in a value.", 'start': 12576.758, 'duration': 4.662}, {'end': 12587.424, 'text': 'So this allows me to provide arguments to functions by position.', 'start': 12582.041, 'duration': 5.383}, {'end': 12591.52, 'text': 'Now the same example which we have given here.', 'start': 12588.359, 'duration': 3.161}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating passing arguments for histogram creation and function positioning.', 'duration': 28.219, 'max_score': 12563.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE12563301.jpg'}], 'start': 10376.935, 'title': 'R programming functions & flow control', 'summary': 'Covers basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables in r, logical operations and flow control, working with functions, and using built-in and custom functions, with numerous examples and outcomes.', 'chapters': [{'end': 10853.272, 'start': 10376.935, 'title': 'R programming: flow control and basic operations', 'summary': 'Covers basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables in r, including examples of assignments, data type changes, coercion in vectors, if-else statements, while loop, and for loop, with a focus on demonstrating examples and their outcomes.', 'duration': 476.337, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables in R, including examples of assignments, data type changes, coercion in vectors. It includes examples of performing basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables in R, such as assignments, data type changes, and coercion in vectors.', 'Demonstrates if-else statements with examples of boolean expressions, comparisons, and handling different data types. It provides examples and explanations of if-else statements, boolean expressions, comparisons, and handling different data types in R.', 'Illustrates the usage of while loop with examples of checking conditions, printing values, and incrementing variables. It illustrates the usage of while loop in R with examples of checking conditions, printing values, and incrementing variables based on conditions.', 'Explains the for loop through examples of iterating over a list of elements and printing each element. It explains the for loop in R through examples of iterating over a list of elements and printing each element one by one.']}, {'end': 11311.861, 'start': 10853.272, 'title': 'Logical operations and flow control in r', 'summary': 'Covers working with logical operations and flow control in r, including examples of using logical operators for data comparison and filtering, creating a data frame, and understanding flow control through if-else and else-if statements.', 'duration': 458.589, 'highlights': ['Understanding logical operations and flow control in R The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding flow control in R and using logical operators for working with data.', "Examples of logical operations using AND, OR, and NOT The examples demonstrate the use of logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT, including evaluating conditions and obtaining results like 'true' and 'false'.", 'Filtering values in a data frame based on logical conditions The transcript provides examples of filtering values in a data frame using logical conditions like greater than or equal to, and comparing specific columns based on logical operations like greater than.', 'Demonstrating flow control through if-else and else-if statements The chapter illustrates the use of if-else and else-if statements for single and multiple condition checks, with examples of assigning values based on the evaluation of conditions.']}, {'end': 12027.806, 'start': 11311.861, 'title': 'Flow control in r and functions basics', 'summary': 'Covers flow control in r, including if-else statements, while loops, and for loops, as well as basics of functions in r, with examples of creating and using functions with different arguments and computations.', 'duration': 715.945, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers flow control in R, including if-else statements, while loops, and for loops. Covers different flow control structures in R, including if-else statements, while loops, and for loops.', 'The chapter provides examples of creating and using functions with different arguments and computations. Demonstrates creating and using functions with different arguments and computations, showcasing the versatility of functions in R.', 'Examples of using while loops in R to iterate through a sequence and perform actions based on conditions. Demonstrates the use of while loops to iterate through a sequence and perform actions based on conditions, with a clear explanation of the process.']}, {'end': 12457.165, 'start': 12027.846, 'title': 'Functions in programming', 'summary': 'Explains the concept of creating and calling functions with examples of functions taking no argument, single argument, two arguments, and default argument values, as well as returning values from functions.', 'duration': 429.319, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to create and call functions with examples of functions taking no argument, single argument, two arguments, and default argument values, as well as returning values from functions.', 'The chapter demonstrates creating a function addNum that takes two arguments and returns the addition of those arguments, showing the result as 70.', 'The chapter illustrates creating a function addNum that adds a vector to a number, demonstrating the result where 5 is added to every element of the vector.']}, {'end': 12920.299, 'start': 12457.165, 'title': 'Working with functions in r', 'summary': 'Demonstrated the use of built-in functions like rnorm and mean, creating histograms, creating custom functions with optional and named arguments, and using the three dots to pass any other arguments to a function.', 'duration': 463.134, 'highlights': ['Demonstrated the use of built-in functions like rnorm and mean Showed how to generate random values from a normal distribution and find the mean of the generated values.', 'Creating histograms and specifying breaks and values Showed how to create a histogram with specified interval breaks and values, emphasizing the importance of naming the arguments.', 'Creating custom functions with optional and named arguments Demonstrated creating custom functions with default and named arguments, and how to call the function with or without specifying the default arguments.', 'Using the three dots to pass any other arguments to a function Explained the usage of the three dots to pass additional arguments dynamically to a function, along with an example of creating a function that accepts named and any other arguments.']}, {'end': 13746.303, 'start': 12921.465, 'title': 'Understanding functions and variables', 'summary': 'Discusses the scope of variables in functions, creating functions for tax calculation, evaluating conditions in functions, handling multiple conditions and actions, and creating functions for name conversion, bonus calculation, and age categorization.', 'duration': 824.838, 'highlights': ['Creating functions for tax calculation by adding 20% tax to the purchased amount and evaluating conditions The function calculates the final amount paid by a customer after adding 20% tax to the purchased amount, and evaluates conditions based on the input amount to determine the final amount to be paid.', 'Creating functions for bonus calculation based on salary and experience, handling multiple conditions and actions The function calculates the bonus amount based on the salary and experience of an employee, and handles multiple conditions and actions to determine the bonus percentage and amount.', 'Creating a function for age categorization based on given age The function categorizes individuals into age groups (kids, adult, senior) based on the given age, handling multiple conditions and nested if statements to determine the appropriate age group.', 'Creating a function for converting a name into uppercase based on the length of the name The function converts a given name to uppercase if its length is greater than 5 characters, demonstrating the use of built-in functions and conditional checks.']}], 'duration': 3369.368, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE10376935.jpg', 'highlights': ['Covers basic operations on matrices, data frames, lists, and variables in R, including examples of assignments, data type changes, and coercion in vectors.', 'Demonstrates if-else statements with examples of boolean expressions, comparisons, and handling different data types.', 'Understanding logical operations and flow control in R, emphasizing the importance of using logical operators for working with data.', 'Examples of filtering values in a data frame based on logical conditions like greater than or equal to, and comparing specific columns based on logical operations like greater than.', 'Demonstrates creating and using functions with different arguments and computations, showcasing the versatility of functions in R.', 'The chapter explains how to create and call functions with examples of functions taking no argument, single argument, two arguments, and default argument values, as well as returning values from functions.', 'Showed how to generate random values from a normal distribution and find the mean of the generated values.', 'Demonstrated creating custom functions with default and named arguments, and how to call the function with or without specifying the default arguments.', 'The function calculates the final amount paid by a customer after adding 20% tax to the purchased amount, and evaluates conditions based on the input amount to determine the final amount to be paid.', 'The function calculates the bonus amount based on the salary and experience of an employee, and handles multiple conditions and actions to determine the bonus percentage and amount.', 'The function categorizes individuals into age groups (kids, adult, senior) based on the given age, handling multiple conditions and nested if statements to determine the appropriate age group.', 'The function converts a given name to uppercase if its length is greater than 5 characters, demonstrating the use of built-in functions and conditional checks.']}, {'end': 14833.938, 'segs': [{'end': 14572.978, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14542.286, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 14553.049, 'text': 'So we have created a sequence here where we are creating a list of numbers which have space of two, or you are saying about even numbers.', 'start': 14542.286, 'duration': 10.763}, {'end': 14560.912, 'text': 'now you can also use a sort function, so i can do a sorting here and i can give it in an increasing or a decreasing order.', 'start': 14553.049, 'duration': 7.863}, {'end': 14572.978, 'text': 'so if, for example, i have created this sequence and i could just create a simple variable like this, pass in a vector into this, which could be say,', 'start': 14560.912, 'duration': 12.066}], 'summary': 'Creating a sequence of numbers with a space of two and using a sort function to arrange them in increasing or decreasing order.', 'duration': 30.692, 'max_score': 14542.286, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE14542286.jpg'}, {'end': 14660.102, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 14590.469, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 14607.694, 'text': "however, i could also do a sort v and then i could say here let's check this v comma and then you can say decreasing equals true, And let's do this.", 'start': 14590.469, 'duration': 17.225}, {'end': 14612.482, 'text': 'It just reverse or puts the data in a reverse order,', 'start': 14608.074, 'duration': 4.408}, {'end': 14619.135, 'text': 'or it sorts based on decreasing value and having the greater value in the beginning and the lowest value at the end.', 'start': 14612.482, 'duration': 6.653}, {'end': 14622.493, 'text': 'So you can use an inbuilt sort function.', 'start': 14620.051, 'duration': 2.442}, {'end': 14624.794, 'text': 'Similarly, you can use a reverse.', 'start': 14623.113, 'duration': 1.681}, {'end': 14629.157, 'text': 'Now, reverse need not actually sort the values.', 'start': 14625.354, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 14632.799, 'text': 'It will just reverse the elements in your sequence.', 'start': 14629.217, 'duration': 3.582}, {'end': 14634.801, 'text': "For example, let's say v2.", 'start': 14632.859, 'duration': 1.942}, {'end': 14639.844, 'text': 'And I will again use this one as c.', 'start': 14635.581, 'duration': 4.263}, {'end': 14641.765, 'text': 'And then just pass your test nums.', 'start': 14639.844, 'duration': 1.921}, {'end': 14642.806, 'text': "That's an easier way.", 'start': 14641.845, 'duration': 0.961}, {'end': 14645.427, 'text': 'Or I could have created a new vector.', 'start': 14643.146, 'duration': 2.281}, {'end': 14647.188, 'text': "So I'll say test nums.", 'start': 14645.928, 'duration': 1.26}, {'end': 14657.92, 'text': "that's my v2 and you can do a reverse on v2 and that basically shows me the values.", 'start': 14648.169, 'duration': 9.751}, {'end': 14660.102, 'text': 'but here we see.', 'start': 14657.92, 'duration': 2.182}], 'summary': 'Demonstrating sorting and reversing data with built-in functions in the code.', 'duration': 69.633, 'max_score': 14590.469, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE14590469.jpg'}], 'start': 13746.303, 'title': 'Working with r functions', 'summary': "Covers the usage of r's switch function for city names and house rent allowance, creating functions for salary ranges, using repeat function for loop termination, interest calculation function for flexible calculations, and practical applications of built-in functions in r.", 'chapters': [{'end': 13899.365, 'start': 13746.303, 'title': "Understanding r's switch function", 'summary': "Explores the usage of r's switch function to perform different operations based on specified conditions. it demonstrates the conversion of city names to uppercase and the corresponding return of house rent allowance amounts for cities like bangalore, mumbai, delhi, and chennai.", 'duration': 153.062, 'highlights': ["R's switch function allows for the efficient execution of different operations based on specified conditions, streamlining the process for handling various scenarios.", 'The example demonstrates the conversion of city names to uppercase for consistency and the subsequent return of specific house rent allowance amounts for cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai, showcasing practical application and value assignment.', 'The usage of the switch function is illustrated through a clear example, providing specific values for different city names and demonstrating the direct retrieval of the corresponding house rent allowance amount, enhancing understanding and application of the concept.', "The transcript also highlights the handling of scenarios where an unassigned city name is provided, showcasing the behavior of the switch function in such cases and the potential use of the 'toupper' function to ensure uniform processing of city names."]}, {'end': 14095.651, 'start': 13899.365, 'title': 'Creating functions and using repeat', 'summary': 'Discusses creating functions for salary ranges and using the repeat function to execute code blocks until certain conditions are met, such as finding the square of a number and breaking the loop when the square exceeds 100.', 'duration': 196.286, 'highlights': ['Creating a function for salary ranges with specific bands L1, L2, and L3 The function allows defining salary bands such as L1: 10,000 to 15,000, L2: so and so, L3: so and so, and returns the range.', 'Using the repeat function to execute code blocks until a condition is met The transcript illustrates using the repeat function to increment a variable and break out of a loop when a specific condition is reached, such as breaking out when the times value reaches 20.', 'Creating a function to find the square of a number and breaking the loop when the square exceeds 100 The chapter explains creating a function to repeatedly square a number until the square exceeds 100, incrementing the value by 1 and returning the value of n when the loop breaks.']}, {'end': 14341.217, 'start': 14095.651, 'title': 'Interest calculation function', 'summary': 'Explains a function to calculate the final amount based on the initial deposit, interest rate, and number of years, with examples demonstrating the flexibility of the function to handle changes in interest rates and to find the total number of years required for a specific final amount.', 'duration': 245.566, 'highlights': ['The function allows for easy modification of interest rates without changing the function itself, providing flexibility for handling changes in interest rates. Flexibility to handle changes in interest rates', 'Demonstration of using the function to calculate the final amount based on different initial deposits, number of years, and interest rates, showcasing its practical application. Practical application of the function', 'Example showcasing the use of the function to find the total number of years required to reach a specific final amount based on monthly deposits, demonstrating its versatility. Versatility of the function for different types of calculations']}, {'end': 14833.938, 'start': 14341.217, 'title': 'Working with built-in functions in r', 'summary': "Explores examples of r's built-in functions, including sequence creation, sorting, reversing, appending, and using mathematical and regular expression functions, demonstrating their practical applications and syntax.", 'duration': 492.721, 'highlights': ["The chapter explores examples of R's built-in functions The chapter covers the usage of built-in functions in R, including sequence creation, sorting, reversing, appending, mathematical and regular expression functions.", 'Examples of sequence creation, sorting, reversing, and appending are demonstrated The transcript provides practical examples of creating sequences, sorting, reversing, and appending vectors in R, showcasing the syntax and output of each function.', 'Demonstrates the usage of mathematical and regular expression functions The transcript showcases the usage of mathematical functions such as finding the absolute value, square root, sum, floor value, exponential value, and mean value, along with introducing regular expression functions for pattern matching in R.']}], 'duration': 1087.635, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE13746303.jpg', 'highlights': ["R's switch function allows for efficient execution of different operations based on specified conditions, streamlining the process for handling various scenarios.", 'Creating a function for salary ranges with specific bands L1, L2, and L3, allowing the definition of salary bands and returning the range.', 'The function allows for easy modification of interest rates without changing the function itself, providing flexibility for handling changes in interest rates.', 'The chapter covers the usage of built-in functions in R, including sequence creation, sorting, reversing, appending, mathematical and regular expression functions.']}, {'end': 16467.233, 'segs': [{'end': 15430.419, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15398.516, 'weight': 7, 'content': [{'end': 15404.619, 'text': 'So in this one, we created blood group underscore factor, and this one was blood factor two.', 'start': 15398.516, 'duration': 6.103}, {'end': 15405.98, 'text': "So that's okay.", 'start': 15404.759, 'duration': 1.221}, {'end': 15407.701, 'text': "I mean, it's just a naming convention.", 'start': 15406.12, 'duration': 1.581}, {'end': 15410.603, 'text': "And here let's pass in levels.", 'start': 15408.341, 'duration': 2.262}, {'end': 15419.175, 'text': 'to my blood factor and then what I can do is I can pass in the values here.', 'start': 15411.732, 'duration': 7.443}, {'end': 15423.636, 'text': 'so this is when you would want to give specific names.', 'start': 15419.175, 'duration': 4.461}, {'end': 15430.419, 'text': "and let's create a vector and let's call it say bt underscore a,", 'start': 15423.636, 'duration': 6.783}], 'summary': 'Created blood group factor and blood factor two, using naming convention and specific names.', 'duration': 31.903, 'max_score': 15398.516, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE15398516.jpg'}, {'end': 15670.12, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15634.068, 'weight': 9, 'content': [{'end': 15641.672, 'text': "and then let's give these values which we have bt underscore a, bt underscore a, b, bt underscore b and o.", 'start': 15634.068, 'duration': 7.604}, {'end': 15651.88, 'text': "so let me just copy this one again and let's put it here, and then we can basically do a control enter.", 'start': 15641.672, 'duration': 10.208}, {'end': 15655.623, 'text': 'so i would have created a factor here,', 'start': 15651.88, 'duration': 3.743}, {'end': 15666.018, 'text': 'and then We should remember one thing here that it is important to follow the same order as the order of factor levels.', 'start': 15655.623, 'duration': 10.395}, {'end': 15670.12, 'text': 'That is A, AB, B or O.', 'start': 15666.138, 'duration': 3.982}], 'summary': 'Creating factor levels a, ab, b, o is important for following the same order in the values.', 'duration': 36.052, 'max_score': 15634.068, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE15634068.jpg'}, {'end': 15772.063, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15740.566, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 15752.834, 'text': "so this is for my levels which i'm creating, and then what i can also do is i can go for labels.", 'start': 15740.566, 'duration': 12.268}, {'end': 15759.259, 'text': 'so levels will take care of my ordering and labels will take care of my naming, the categories.', 'start': 15752.834, 'duration': 6.425}, {'end': 15766.261, 'text': "so let's say labels, and then we can create a vector and we can give some names.", 'start': 15759.259, 'duration': 7.002}, {'end': 15772.063, 'text': 'so we can say bt underscore o, what else we have.', 'start': 15766.261, 'duration': 5.802}], 'summary': "Creating levels and labels for categorization and naming, including a vector with names like 'bt_o'.", 'duration': 31.497, 'max_score': 15740.566, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE15740566.jpg'}, {'end': 15843.937, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15807.276, 'weight': 11, 'content': [{'end': 15818.143, 'text': 'it also tells you all the categorical variables which were used for my blood group and basically these will have some labels.', 'start': 15807.276, 'duration': 10.867}, {'end': 15830.363, 'text': 'so We can anytime look at our blood group which we had created in the beginning.', 'start': 15818.143, 'duration': 12.22}, {'end': 15833.666, 'text': "And let's look at the values of those.", 'start': 15831.784, 'duration': 1.882}, {'end': 15843.937, 'text': 'So when we talk about categorical variables, there are two kinds in categorical variable, so you have nominal or you have ordinal.', 'start': 15834.367, 'duration': 9.57}], 'summary': 'The analysis includes categorical variables for blood group, with two kinds: nominal and ordinal.', 'duration': 36.661, 'max_score': 15807.276, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE15807276.jpg'}, {'end': 16020.545, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 15987.723, 'weight': 10, 'content': [{'end': 16006.289, 'text': 'so we have dress size and we are looking at c, so i am saying m, l s s, l, and here is a code missing, and that was the reason so,', 'start': 15987.723, 'duration': 18.566}, {'end': 16010.73, 'text': 'and this one also has a code missing and now it should resolve.', 'start': 16006.289, 'duration': 4.441}, {'end': 16013.3, 'text': "yeah. So let's look at this one.", 'start': 16010.73, 'duration': 2.57}, {'end': 16016.422, 'text': 'And now we have created a vector called dress size.', 'start': 16013.66, 'duration': 2.762}, {'end': 16020.545, 'text': 'Now, obviously, you can create a factor of this.', 'start': 16016.943, 'duration': 3.602}], 'summary': 'Analyzing dress sizes to identify and resolve missing codes.', 'duration': 32.822, 'max_score': 15987.723, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE15987723.jpg'}, {'end': 16168.066, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16113.86, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 16119.882, 'text': 'earlier we were not able to do that because we did not have any ordering, and if we were looking at the variables,', 'start': 16113.86, 'duration': 6.022}, {'end': 16125.464, 'text': 'we were not really clear if one variable has more worth than others.', 'start': 16119.882, 'duration': 5.582}, {'end': 16128.425, 'text': 'so these are some simple examples, what we have seen.', 'start': 16125.464, 'duration': 2.961}, {'end': 16131.046, 'text': 'now we can also look at some more examples.', 'start': 16128.425, 'duration': 2.621}, {'end': 16136.148, 'text': 'so say, for example, i do a type here now that basically is creating a vector.', 'start': 16131.046, 'duration': 5.102}, {'end': 16143.602, 'text': 'if i would want to compare the element that is type 3, is it greater than type 4?', 'start': 16137.02, 'duration': 6.582}, {'end': 16146.463, 'text': 'it shows me false right now.', 'start': 16143.602, 'duration': 2.861}, {'end': 16159.422, 'text': 'here what we are seeing is that if you are looking at a particular value, okay, we can basically see that there is some comparison happening here.', 'start': 16146.463, 'duration': 12.959}, {'end': 16168.066, 'text': 'if i compare this with one and two, which tells me true or false, and if i look at this, it also does some comparison.', 'start': 16159.422, 'duration': 8.644}], 'summary': 'Exploring and comparing different variables and their worth through examples and comparisons.', 'duration': 54.206, 'max_score': 16113.86, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16113860.jpg'}, {'end': 16364.57, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16338.701, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 16347.038, 'text': 'ordered is true, level is, we are saying small, medium, tall and tallest.', 'start': 16338.701, 'duration': 8.337}, {'end': 16348.72, 'text': 'these are the levels.', 'start': 16347.038, 'duration': 1.682}, {'end': 16356.705, 'text': 'and now, when you look at your type dot factor, phi, it basically shows me what are the levels which you have specified.', 'start': 16348.72, 'duration': 7.985}, {'end': 16358.406, 'text': 'so small is the smallest.', 'start': 16356.705, 'duration': 1.701}, {'end': 16364.57, 'text': 'then you have medium, which is bigger than small, tall is bigger than medium, tallest is bigger than tall.', 'start': 16358.406, 'duration': 6.164}], 'summary': 'The levels ordered from smallest to tallest are: small, medium, tall, and tallest.', 'duration': 25.869, 'max_score': 16338.701, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16338701.jpg'}, {'end': 16450.117, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16422.7, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 16427.95, 'text': 'i can also do a sorting with decreasing, is true, you can do a reversing of vector.', 'start': 16422.7, 'duration': 5.25}, {'end': 16432.611, 'text': 'so these are some examples of inbuilt functions which we have already discussed.', 'start': 16427.95, 'duration': 4.661}, {'end': 16434.772, 'text': 'so here you are doing a reverse.', 'start': 16432.611, 'duration': 2.161}, {'end': 16436.733, 'text': 'you are finding out the structure.', 'start': 16434.772, 'duration': 1.961}, {'end': 16439.133, 'text': 'you want to append two vectors.', 'start': 16436.733, 'duration': 2.4}, {'end': 16441.794, 'text': 'you want to check the class of an object.', 'start': 16439.133, 'duration': 2.661}, {'end': 16450.117, 'text': 'you want to convert a vector into a list using as dot list, converting the vector into a matrix.', 'start': 16441.794, 'duration': 8.323}], 'summary': 'Inbuilt functions include sorting, reversing, appending vectors, checking class, and converting to list or matrix.', 'duration': 27.417, 'max_score': 16422.7, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16422700.jpg'}], 'start': 14833.938, 'title': 'R data manipulation and factor functions', 'summary': 'Covers finding index positions, using factors for categorical variables, and demonstrates memory-saving benefits. it also explains ordering and naming categorical variables, creating ordered factors, and using factor function to create nominal, ordinal, and ordered factors from vectors in r.', 'chapters': [{'end': 15218.914, 'start': 14833.938, 'title': 'R data manipulation: factors and index positions', 'summary': 'Explains how to find index positions using grep and the concept of factors in r, which are used for categorical variables. it also demonstrates the conversion of a vector into a factor and the memory-saving benefits of using factors over character strings.', 'duration': 384.976, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains the concept of factors in R, which are used for categorical variables. Factors in R are used to represent categorical variables, ensuring that all statistical modeling techniques handle such data correctly.', 'The chapter demonstrates the conversion of a vector into a factor using the factor function. The process of converting a vector into a factor using the factor function is demonstrated, showing how it ensures the correct handling of categorical variables in R.', 'The chapter explains how to find index positions using grep, providing examples of locating elements within a vector. The usage of grep to find index positions within a vector is demonstrated, with examples showing the location of specific elements within the vector.', 'The chapter emphasizes the memory-saving benefits of using factors over character strings. Factors in R are highlighted as memory-saving tools, as they are represented as integer vectors that correspond to category or level, thus reducing memory usage compared to long character strings.']}, {'end': 15910.848, 'start': 15219.814, 'title': 'Ordering and naming categorical variables in r', 'summary': 'Explains how to specify different orders of levels and provide specific names for categorical variables when creating factors in r, comparing structures and values between different factor creations, and highlighting the distinction between nominal and ordinal categorical variables.', 'duration': 691.034, 'highlights': ['The chapter explains how to specify different orders of levels and provide specific names for categorical variables when creating factors in R, comparing structures and values between different factor creations, and highlighting the distinction between nominal and ordinal categorical variables.', 'By using the factor function in R, levels can be specified to create factors with a different order, such as creating a factor for blood group with levels specified as O, A, B, and AB, and then viewing the structure to compare the encoding with the automatically understood levels by R.', 'The naming of categorical variables can be done by using the levels function in R, where specific names can be given to the levels of a factor, allowing for the creation of factors with specific names for the categorical variables.', 'The chapter discusses the distinction between nominal and ordinal categorical variables, highlighting that nominal variables do not have an implied order, and attempting comparisons between nominal variables will generate a warning.']}, {'end': 16168.066, 'start': 15912.142, 'title': 'Creating ordered factors in r', 'summary': "Discusses creating ordered factors in r by setting the 'ordered' argument to true in factors, and demonstrates comparisons between ordered factors and other variables, providing insight into their relative worth.", 'duration': 255.924, 'highlights': ["By setting the argument 'ordered' to true inside a factor in R, we can create an ordered factor, such as in the example of creating an ordered factor for dress sizes - small, medium, and large.", 'Demonstrating comparisons between ordered factors and other variables, providing clarity on the relative worth of variables, which was not possible without the ordering.', 'The comparison between elements in vectors, such as type 3 and type 4, resulting in a false comparison, showcases the functionality of comparisons within ordered factors.']}, {'end': 16467.233, 'start': 16168.066, 'title': 'Using factor function for categorical variables', 'summary': 'Covers using the factor function to create nominal, ordinal, and ordered factors from vectors, with examples of specifying levels and comparing values, and also includes examples of using sequence function, sorting, reversing, and other inbuilt functions.', 'duration': 299.167, 'highlights': ['Creating nominal, ordinal, and ordered factors from vectors using the factor function with examples of specifying levels and comparing values The chapter explains how to create nominal, ordinal, and ordered factors from vectors using the factor function, with examples of specifying levels and comparing values.', 'Examples of using sequence function, sorting, reversing, and other inbuilt functions The transcript includes examples of using the sequence function, sorting vectors, reversing, and other inbuilt functions for data manipulation.', 'Converting vectors into a list, matrix, and using inbuilt functions such as absolute and random sampling The chapter also covers converting vectors into a list, matrix, and using inbuilt functions like absolute and random sampling for data transformation.']}], 'duration': 1633.295, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE14833938.jpg', 'highlights': ['Factors in R ensure correct handling of categorical variables in statistical modeling', 'Using factor function to convert vector into factor ensures correct handling of categorical variables', 'Demonstrating usage of grep to find index positions within a vector', 'Factors in R are memory-saving tools represented as integer vectors, reducing memory usage', 'Specifying different orders of levels and specific names for categorical variables when creating factors in R', 'Using factor function to specify levels and compare encoding with automatically understood levels by R', 'Naming categorical variables using the levels function in R', 'Highlighting the distinction between nominal and ordinal categorical variables', "Creating ordered factors by setting the 'ordered' argument to true in a factor in R", 'Comparing ordered factors with other variables provides clarity on relative worth of variables', 'Showcasing functionality of comparisons within ordered factors', 'Explaining creation of nominal, ordinal, and ordered factors from vectors using the factor function', 'Examples of using sequence function, sorting, reversing, and other inbuilt functions for data manipulation', 'Covering conversion of vectors into a list, matrix, and using inbuilt functions like absolute and random sampling for data transformation']}, {'end': 17297.695, 'segs': [{'end': 16672.918, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16644.342, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 16650.503, 'text': 'And when we talk about this dplyr package, it is much faster and much easier to read than base R.', 'start': 16644.342, 'duration': 6.161}, {'end': 16657.694, 'text': 'So dplyr package is used to transform and summarize tabular data with rows and columns.', 'start': 16651.772, 'duration': 5.922}, {'end': 16666.556, 'text': 'You might be working on a data frame or you might be getting in a inbuilt R data set which can then be converted into a data frame.', 'start': 16658.214, 'duration': 8.342}, {'end': 16672.918, 'text': 'So we can get this package dplyr by just calling in library function.', 'start': 16667.096, 'duration': 5.822}], 'summary': 'The dplyr package offers faster and easier data transformation and summarization compared to base r, and can be obtained by calling the library function.', 'duration': 28.576, 'max_score': 16644.342, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16644342.jpg'}, {'end': 16811.893, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 16748.541, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 16759.005, 'text': 'and that shows me the data in a neat and a tabular format which shows me year, month, day, departure time, scheduled departure time and so on.', 'start': 16748.541, 'duration': 10.464}, {'end': 16767.027, 'text': 'Now we can also do a head to look at some initial data which can help us in understanding the data better.', 'start': 16759.665, 'duration': 7.362}, {'end': 16769.838, 'text': 'so what is this data about?', 'start': 16768.177, 'duration': 1.661}, {'end': 16771.258, 'text': 'how many columns we have?', 'start': 16769.838, 'duration': 1.42}, {'end': 16774.199, 'text': 'what are the data types or object types here?', 'start': 16771.258, 'duration': 2.941}, {'end': 16776.96, 'text': 'it shows me how many variables we have.', 'start': 16774.199, 'duration': 2.761}, {'end': 16778.18, 'text': 'so this is fine.', 'start': 16776.96, 'duration': 1.22}, {'end': 16788.624, 'text': 'now we can start using dplyr and in that we can use, say, filter function if we would want to look in for specific value.', 'start': 16778.18, 'duration': 10.444}, {'end': 16794.526, 'text': 'now, here we have the column as month, so i will do a filter.', 'start': 16789.204, 'duration': 5.322}, {'end': 16796.927, 'text': "now i'm creating a variable f1.", 'start': 16794.526, 'duration': 2.401}, {'end': 16803.89, 'text': "i'm using the filter function on flights, which we already have,", 'start': 16796.927, 'duration': 6.963}, {'end': 16811.893, 'text': 'and then what we can do is we can basically look at the month where the month value is 07.', 'start': 16803.89, 'duration': 8.003}], 'summary': 'Analyzing flight data using dplyr, filtering by month value 07.', 'duration': 63.352, 'max_score': 16748.541, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16748541.jpg'}], 'start': 16467.233, 'title': 'Data manipulation in r', 'summary': 'Covers data manipulation in r, including functions such as rounding, regular expressions, timestamps, and working with dplyr package for transforming and summarizing tabular data. it also includes slicing rows, adding new columns using mutate, showing only new columns using transmute, and summarizing data using summarize, with specific examples and explanations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 16997.916, 'start': 16467.233, 'title': 'Data manipulation in r', 'summary': 'Covers data manipulation in r, including functions such as rounding, regular expressions, timestamps, and working with dplyr package for transforming and summarizing tabular data, with specific examples such as filtering and viewing data based on multiple column values.', 'duration': 530.683, 'highlights': ['The dplyr package is used to transform and summarize tabular data with rows and columns, and it is much faster and easier to read than base R. The dplyr package is used for transforming and summarizing tabular data with rows and columns, and it is much faster and easier to read than base R.', 'Filtering and viewing data based on multiple column values using the filter function and view command. The chapter demonstrates filtering and viewing data based on multiple column values using the filter function and view command.', "Demonstrates the use of logical operators and conditions such as 'and' for filtering data based on specified columns. The chapter demonstrates the use of logical operators and conditions such as 'and' for filtering data based on specified columns.", 'Illustrates the usage of regular expressions, working with timestamps, and formatting techniques for date manipulation. The chapter illustrates the usage of regular expressions, working with timestamps, and formatting techniques for date manipulation.', 'Explains various inbuilt functions such as rounding, getting ceiling/floor value, returning the log, and getting the exponential value. The chapter explains various inbuilt functions such as rounding, getting ceiling/floor value, returning the log, and getting the exponential value.']}, {'end': 17297.695, 'start': 16998.937, 'title': 'Data manipulation in r', 'summary': 'Covers data manipulation in r, including slicing rows, adding new columns using mutate, showing only new columns using transmute, and summarizing data using summarize, with examples and explanations.', 'duration': 298.758, 'highlights': ["Using mutate to add a new column called 'overall delay' by subtracting arrival delay from departure delay. The speaker demonstrates using the mutate function to create a new column called 'overall delay' by subtracting arrival delay from departure delay, showcasing the practical application of the function.", "Using transmute to show only the new column 'overall delay' and its computation result. The explanation of using the transmute function to display only the newly created column 'overall delay' and its computation result, illustrating the function's utility in isolating specific columns for viewing.", 'Using summarize to calculate the average airtime of flights, yielding 151 as the average airtime. The instructor demonstrates using the summarize function to calculate the average airtime of flights, employing the mean function and na removal, with the result being an average airtime of 151, providing a clear example of summarizing data based on specific criteria.']}], 'duration': 830.462, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE16467233.jpg', 'highlights': ['The dplyr package is used to transform and summarize tabular data with rows and columns, and it is much faster and easier to read than base R.', 'Using summarize to calculate the average airtime of flights, yielding 151 as the average airtime.', "Using mutate to add a new column called 'overall delay' by subtracting arrival delay from departure delay.", 'Illustrates the usage of regular expressions, working with timestamps, and formatting techniques for date manipulation.', 'Filtering and viewing data based on multiple column values using the filter function and view command.']}, {'end': 18293.241, 'segs': [{'end': 17323.06, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17297.695, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 17303.281, 'text': 'I can also do a total airtime where I am doing a summation of values.', 'start': 17297.695, 'duration': 5.586}, {'end': 17315.937, 'text': "or I can get the standard deviation or I can basically get multiple values, such as mean I can say total airtime where I'm doing a summation,", 'start': 17303.281, 'duration': 12.656}, {'end': 17323.06, 'text': 'and then I can look at other values, which is, if you would want to put in standard deviation here, you could do that.', 'start': 17315.937, 'duration': 7.123}], 'summary': 'The speaker can calculate total airtime by summation and also obtain standard deviation and other values.', 'duration': 25.365, 'max_score': 17297.695, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE17297695.jpg'}, {'end': 17463.854, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17434.19, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 17437.434, 'text': 'so i want to group it by the gear column.', 'start': 17434.19, 'duration': 3.244}, {'end': 17441.955, 'text': "so i'm going to call it by gear, and this one takes my data.", 'start': 17437.434, 'duration': 4.521}, {'end': 17443.076, 'text': 'that is empty cars.', 'start': 17441.955, 'duration': 1.121}, {'end': 17448.36, 'text': "i'm using the piping and then i'm saying group the data based on gear column.", 'start': 17443.076, 'duration': 5.284}, {'end': 17449.361, 'text': "that's done.", 'start': 17448.36, 'duration': 1.001}, {'end': 17455.266, 'text': "now let's look at the value of by gear, or you can always do a view.", 'start': 17449.361, 'duration': 5.905}, {'end': 17463.854, 'text': "so remember, whenever you're doing a group by, it is giving you a internal object where your data is grouped based on a particular column.", 'start': 17455.266, 'duration': 8.588}], 'summary': 'Data grouped by gear column, resulting in an internal object.', 'duration': 29.664, 'max_score': 17434.19, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE17434190.jpg'}, {'end': 17587.703, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17557.654, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 17560.877, 'text': 'Now here what we can do is we can group by cylinder.', 'start': 17557.654, 'duration': 3.223}, {'end': 17565.261, 'text': 'Say might be you are interested in looking at data which is summarized based on the cylinder column.', 'start': 17561.057, 'duration': 4.204}, {'end': 17574.53, 'text': "you can do that and then for this bi-cylinder, i'm doing a piping where i'm using the summarize function,", 'start': 17565.821, 'duration': 8.709}, {'end': 17582.418, 'text': 'and summarizing will then be done based on the mean values of the gear column or the horsepower.', 'start': 17574.53, 'duration': 7.888}, {'end': 17587.703, 'text': "so let's do this and then you can basically look at the value.", 'start': 17582.418, 'duration': 5.285}], 'summary': 'Group data by cylinder and summarize mean gear or horsepower values.', 'duration': 30.049, 'max_score': 17557.654, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE17557654.jpg'}, {'end': 17800.187, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 17772.932, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 17778.695, 'text': 'when we did a sample we just said data and many random samples we want.', 'start': 17772.932, 'duration': 5.763}, {'end': 17784.481, 'text': 'but instead of giving that, what we are going to do is we are going to use filter here.', 'start': 17778.695, 'duration': 5.786}, {'end': 17788.165, 'text': 'now this filter will work on df.', 'start': 17784.481, 'duration': 3.684}, {'end': 17792.129, 'text': 'so filtering will happen based on the mileage which is greater than 20.', 'start': 17788.165, 'duration': 3.964}, {'end': 17800.187, 'text': 'i will say size is 5 and i would want to basically arrange this in a descending order.', 'start': 17792.129, 'duration': 8.058}], 'summary': 'Using filter to select samples with mileage > 20, arranging in descending order.', 'duration': 27.255, 'max_score': 17772.932, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE17772932.jpg'}, {'end': 18106.927, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18071.057, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 18084.085, 'text': 'i can say ctrl, shift, m, which is for piping, and then basically what you can do is you can do a select and you can choose your columns.', 'start': 18071.057, 'duration': 13.028}, {'end': 18093.247, 'text': 'so i was interested in mileage, i was interested in horsepower, i was interested in cylinder,', 'start': 18084.085, 'duration': 9.162}, {'end': 18099.349, 'text': "and here what i'm doing is i'm using a select where i can look at the new data frame.", 'start': 18093.247, 'duration': 6.102}, {'end': 18106.927, 'text': "so let's do this and i'm sorry, here we will have to give it df.", 'start': 18099.349, 'duration': 7.578}], 'summary': 'Using ctrl+shift+m for piping, selecting mileage, horsepower, and cylinder columns from a new data frame.', 'duration': 35.87, 'max_score': 18071.057, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE18071057.jpg'}], 'start': 17297.695, 'title': 'Data techniques and manipulation', 'summary': 'Covers summarizing and grouping data using functions such as mean, standard deviation, and the group by clause, in addition to examples of using sample_n, sample_fraction, and arrange functions. it also discusses data manipulation with dplyr, including filtering, arranging, and selecting specific columns, and introduces the tidyr package for tidying data with a focus on its four main functions: gather, spread, separate, and unite.', 'chapters': [{'end': 17772.932, 'start': 17297.695, 'title': 'Data summarization and grouping techniques', 'summary': 'Covers techniques for summarizing and grouping data, including using functions such as mean, standard deviation, and the group by clause, along with examples of using sample_n, sample_fraction, and arrange functions for data manipulation.', 'duration': 475.237, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers techniques for summarizing and grouping data, including using functions such as mean, standard deviation, and the group by clause. It explains the usage of functions such as mean, standard deviation, and the group by clause for data summarization and grouping.', 'Examples of using sample_n, sample_fraction, and arrange functions for data manipulation are provided. It provides examples of using sample_n and sample_fraction functions to create random samples, and the arrange function for sorting data based on specific columns.', 'Explains the usage of the piping operator for feeding previous data frames into the next one, and demonstrates its applicability for data manipulation. It explains the usage of the piping operator for feeding previous data frames into the next one, and its applicability for data manipulation.']}, {'end': 18293.241, 'start': 17772.932, 'title': 'Data manipulation with dplyr and tidyr', 'summary': 'Discusses using dplyr for data manipulation, including filtering, arranging, and selecting specific columns, and also introduces the tidyr package for tidying data, with a focus on its four main functions: gather, spread, separate, and unite.', 'duration': 520.309, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates using dplyr to filter data based on mileage greater than 20 and arranging it in descending order, resulting in a data frame with the top 5 mileage details shown in descending order. Filtering and arranging data using dplyr, focusing on mileage greater than 20, and displaying the top 5 mileage details.', "It also showcases multiple assignments and using the pipe operator for filtering, sampling, and arranging data in descending order, offering alternative ways to achieve the same results. Demonstrating alternative methods for filtering, sampling, and arranging data, showcasing the versatility of dplyr's capabilities.", 'The chapter introduces the tidyr package, highlighting its four main functions: gather, spread, separate, and unite, which are used for tidying and reshaping data. Introduction to the tidyr package and its four main functions: gather, spread, separate, and unite, focusing on data tidying and reshaping.']}], 'duration': 995.546, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE17297695.jpg', 'highlights': ['Covers summarizing and grouping data using functions such as mean, standard deviation, and the group by clause.', 'Examples of using sample_n, sample_fraction, and arrange functions for data manipulation are provided.', 'Explains the usage of the piping operator for feeding previous data frames into the next one, and demonstrates its applicability for data manipulation.', "Demonstrating alternative methods for filtering, sampling, and arranging data, showcasing the versatility of dplyr's capabilities.", 'Introduction to the tidyr package and its four main functions: gather, spread, separate, and unite, focusing on data tidying and reshaping.']}, {'end': 19711.29, 'segs': [{'end': 18321.496, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18293.241, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 18297.062, 'text': 'Now I can basically start using these functions.', 'start': 18293.241, 'duration': 3.821}, {'end': 18299.782, 'text': 'So for example, here we are creating a data frame.', 'start': 18297.122, 'duration': 2.66}, {'end': 18302.643, 'text': "So let's say n is 10.", 'start': 18299.802, 'duration': 2.841}, {'end': 18306.103, 'text': 'And then we basically would say, we will call it white.', 'start': 18302.643, 'duration': 3.46}, {'end': 18308.064, 'text': "Now that's the variable name.", 'start': 18306.864, 'duration': 1.2}, {'end': 18310.464, 'text': "I'm using the data.frame function.", 'start': 18308.464, 'duration': 2}, {'end': 18314.505, 'text': "I'm saying id, which will be 1 to n.", 'start': 18311.144, 'duration': 3.361}, {'end': 18316.946, 'text': 'So that will take the values from 1 to 10.', 'start': 18314.505, 'duration': 2.441}, {'end': 18321.496, 'text': 'And then these are the values which have 10 entries.', 'start': 18316.946, 'duration': 4.55}], 'summary': 'Creating a data frame with 10 entries using r functions.', 'duration': 28.255, 'max_score': 18293.241, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE18293241.jpg'}, {'end': 18417.533, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18390.927, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 18395.809, 'text': 'I have the response time column and I have the face column, which we mentioned.', 'start': 18390.927, 'duration': 4.882}, {'end': 18398.95, 'text': 'And that basically has all the values stacked in.', 'start': 18396.349, 'duration': 2.601}, {'end': 18402.631, 'text': 'So you have phase dot one, phase dot two and phase dot three.', 'start': 18398.97, 'duration': 3.661}, {'end': 18405.452, 'text': 'So all the columns are being stacked here.', 'start': 18403.231, 'duration': 2.221}, {'end': 18406.631, 'text': 'so all my data.', 'start': 18405.891, 'duration': 0.74}, {'end': 18409.672, 'text': 'so now I have totally 30 entries in this one.', 'start': 18406.631, 'duration': 3.041}, {'end': 18412.652, 'text': 'so this is basically using your gather function.', 'start': 18409.672, 'duration': 2.98}, {'end': 18417.533, 'text': 'now, sometimes we may want to use a separate function.', 'start': 18412.652, 'duration': 4.881}], 'summary': 'The dataset consists of 30 entries with response time and phase columns stacked, utilizing the gather function.', 'duration': 26.606, 'max_score': 18390.927, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE18390927.jpg'}, {'end': 18566.521, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 18513.538, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 18515.84, 'text': "so let's basically do this.", 'start': 18513.538, 'duration': 2.302}, {'end': 18520.604, 'text': "and now let's look at the result of this unite.", 'start': 18515.84, 'duration': 4.764}, {'end': 18524.368, 'text': 'so you see, you have the face and target merge together.', 'start': 18520.604, 'duration': 3.764}, {'end': 18526.189, 'text': 'so you have face dot one.', 'start': 18524.368, 'duration': 1.821}, {'end': 18531.554, 'text': 'the separator is dot, as we have mentioned, and we have united multiple columns.', 'start': 18526.189, 'duration': 5.365}, {'end': 18541.393, 'text': 'so This is one more function of your tidyR which helps you basically tidy up your data or put it in a particular way.', 'start': 18531.554, 'duration': 9.839}, {'end': 18547.782, 'text': 'Now then you have your spread function and this is basically for unstacking.', 'start': 18542.014, 'duration': 5.768}, {'end': 18550.025, 'text': 'So that is, if you have,', 'start': 18548.162, 'duration': 1.863}, {'end': 18561.137, 'text': 'If you would want to convert a stack to data or if you would want to unstack the data which is of same attributes spread can be used so that you can spread the data across multiple columns.', 'start': 18550.529, 'duration': 10.608}, {'end': 18566.521, 'text': 'So it will take two columns, say key and value and spread it into multiple columns.', 'start': 18561.757, 'duration': 4.764}], 'summary': 'Using tidyr functions to unite and spread data across multiple columns for better organization.', 'duration': 52.983, 'max_score': 18513.538, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE18513538.jpg'}, {'end': 19598.463, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19567.644, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 19569.045, 'text': 'You can say air quality.', 'start': 19567.644, 'duration': 1.401}, {'end': 19570.606, 'text': 'You will say ozone.', 'start': 19569.405, 'duration': 1.201}, {'end': 19573.628, 'text': "And then that's your ozone concentration.", 'start': 19571.386, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 19580.727, 'text': 'you have your y lab, which is the number of instances you have, what is the title?', 'start': 19574.301, 'duration': 6.426}, {'end': 19583.77, 'text': 'ozone levels in new york city, what is the color?', 'start': 19580.727, 'duration': 3.043}, {'end': 19587.573, 'text': 'so these are the details, what we have given with our plot function.', 'start': 19583.77, 'duration': 3.803}, {'end': 19589.155, 'text': "and let's look at the data.", 'start': 19587.573, 'duration': 1.582}, {'end': 19598.463, 'text': 'so it just tells me that this is the ozone concentration, uh, the number of instances, what you have, and you are looking at the data Now.', 'start': 19589.155, 'duration': 9.308}], 'summary': 'Analyzing ozone concentration and instances in new york city.', 'duration': 30.819, 'max_score': 19567.644, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE19567644.jpg'}], 'start': 18293.241, 'title': 'Data visualization in r', 'summary': 'Covers working with tidyr functions to manipulate data, resulting in a final data set with 30 entries, emphasizes the importance of visualization for understanding and sharing data, introduces r graphics, ggplot2 package, and plot functions for creating various types of graphs, and provides examples and customization options for each type of graph.', 'chapters': [{'end': 18588.865, 'start': 18293.241, 'title': 'Working with tidyr functions', 'summary': 'Demonstrates how to use tidyr functions to manipulate and reshape data, such as stacking and unstacking columns, resulting in a final data set with 30 entries.', 'duration': 295.624, 'highlights': ['Using Gather Function The speaker demonstrates using the gather function to stack multiple columns, resulting in a data set with 30 entries.', 'Using Spread Function The speaker showcases using the spread function to unstack the data, resulting in the original data shape.', "Using Separate Function The speaker explains using the separate function to split a single column into multiple columns, resulting in the 'face' column being split into 'target' and 'number' columns.", "Using Unite Function The speaker illustrates using the unite function to combine multiple columns into a single column, resulting in the merging of 'face' and 'target' columns with a specified separator."]}, {'end': 18844.946, 'start': 18589.385, 'title': 'Data visualization in r', 'summary': 'Discusses data visualization in r, emphasizing the importance of visualization for understanding and sharing data. it covers different types of data visualizations, tools and packages available in r, and the objectives of exploratory data analysis.', 'duration': 255.561, 'highlights': ['R provides various tools and packages for creating data visualizations for both exploratory and explanatory data analysis. R offers tools and packages for creating sophisticated visualizations for both exploratory and explanatory data analysis.', 'Different functions such as plot, bar plot, histogram, box plot, ggplot, and plotly are available for creating different types of visualizations in R. R offers various functions such as plot, bar plot, histogram, box plot, ggplot, and plotly for creating different types of visualizations.', 'Using a chick weight data set, it is demonstrated how R can be used to summarize the relationship between variables and visualize data patterns. A demonstration is provided using the chick weight data set on how R can summarize the relationship between variables and visualize data patterns.']}, {'end': 19049.599, 'start': 18844.946, 'title': 'R graphics: base, grid, ggplot', 'summary': 'Introduces r graphics, covering base graphics for simple scatter plots, grid graphics for powerful tools with a steep learning curve, and ggplot for creating complex graphs in r, along with the types of plots and their usage.', 'duration': 204.653, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers base graphics, including an example of creating a simple scatter plot of calories with sugar from a data frame in the mass package, demonstrating its ease of use and simplicity.', 'It introduces grid graphics as a powerful set of modules for building advanced tools, with the capability to create more complex plots than base graphics, albeit with a steep learning curve.', 'The chapter also discusses ggplot, emphasizing its role in creating complex graphs in R by decomposing graphs into logical subunits and providing flexibility and user-friendliness in modifying components.', 'It explains the types of plots, such as bar charts, and their usage, along with introducing ggplot as a package for creating graphs in R, forming a part of the tidyverse ecosystem.']}, {'end': 19467.672, 'start': 19049.599, 'title': 'Using ggplot2 for data visualization', 'summary': 'Introduces the powerful and flexible ggplot2 package, highlighting its different options for creating various types of graphs such as bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms, along with examples and customization options for each type of graph.', 'duration': 418.073, 'highlights': ['The chapter introduces the powerful and flexible ggplot2 package ggplot is highlighted as a powerful and flexible tool, providing sensible defaults for data visualization.', 'Different options for creating various types of graphs such as bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms The transcript discusses the use of geom or geometry objects to form the basis of different types of graphs including bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms.', 'Examples and customization options for each type of graph Examples of creating bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms are provided, along with details on how to customize them with colors, labels, and additional features.']}, {'end': 19711.29, 'start': 19468.212, 'title': 'Data visualization with plot functions', 'summary': 'Explains how to use the plot function to create histograms and scatter plots to analyze air quality data, demonstrating the relationship between variables such as ozone and wind, and creating histograms with non-uniform width to understand the frequency and distribution of temperature values.', 'duration': 243.078, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates the use of the plot function to create histograms and scatter plots for analyzing air quality data. The speaker explains how to use the plot function to draw scatter plots and histograms to understand the air quality data, showcasing the relationship between variables and the distribution of values.', 'Creating a histogram with non-uniform width allows for a detailed understanding of the frequency and distribution of temperature values. The chapter provides a detailed explanation of creating histograms with non-uniform width, which helps in understanding the frequency and distribution of temperature values, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the data.', 'The process of creating histograms and scatter plots involves specifying various parameters such as color, title, labels, and breaks to effectively visualize the data. The speaker highlights the importance of specifying parameters like color, title, labels, and breaks while creating histograms and scatter plots, emphasizing the need for comprehensive visualization of the data.']}], 'duration': 1418.049, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE18293241.jpg', 'highlights': ['Using the gather function to stack multiple columns resulting in a data set with 30 entries', 'Introducing ggplot as a package for creating graphs in R, forming a part of the tidyverse ecosystem', 'Demonstrating the use of the plot function to create histograms and scatter plots for analyzing air quality data', 'The chapter provides a detailed explanation of creating histograms with non-uniform width, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the data', 'Different options for creating various types of graphs such as bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, and histograms']}, {'end': 21787.016, 'segs': [{'end': 19734.243, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19712.113, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 19721.277, 'text': 'Now you can also create a box plot, which sometimes helps us in understanding the data, quartiles, also understanding our outliers.', 'start': 19712.113, 'duration': 9.164}, {'end': 19726.48, 'text': 'So you can create multiple box plots based on the data from air quality.', 'start': 19721.737, 'duration': 4.743}, {'end': 19730.581, 'text': "So we'll select all the data, and then we'll do some slicing on the data.", 'start': 19727.04, 'duration': 3.541}, {'end': 19734.243, 'text': "So let's create a box plot which tells me the values.", 'start': 19731.262, 'duration': 2.981}], 'summary': 'Create box plots for understanding data distribution and outliers in air quality data.', 'duration': 22.13, 'max_score': 19712.113, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE19712113.jpg'}, {'end': 19891.31, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19868.214, 'weight': 5, 'content': [{'end': 19879.436, 'text': "so here let's create a factor Which is empty cars and gave, you have am, you have cylinder, and if you look at the factors which we have created,", 'start': 19868.214, 'duration': 11.222}, {'end': 19880.577, 'text': 'we have passed our data.', 'start': 19879.436, 'duration': 1.141}, {'end': 19889.287, 'text': 'What is the field or the column we are interested in, what is the level of values there and what are the labels for those values?', 'start': 19881.318, 'duration': 7.969}, {'end': 19891.31, 'text': 'right, so we have learned about factors.', 'start': 19889.287, 'duration': 2.023}], 'summary': 'Creating a factor with empty cars, am, and cylinder, examining data and labels.', 'duration': 23.096, 'max_score': 19868.214, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE19868214.jpg'}, {'end': 20016.225, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 19990.683, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 19998.211, 'text': 'so the error which we were facing when we gave color, as the factor values was because when you look at these factors,', 'start': 19990.683, 'duration': 7.528}, {'end': 20006.675, 'text': 'which were created with some labels, if we look at the values of these, it tells me there are any values in that particular column.', 'start': 19998.211, 'duration': 8.464}, {'end': 20012.641, 'text': 'similarly your gear or similarly, you can completely look at the complete data set.', 'start': 20006.675, 'duration': 5.966}, {'end': 20016.225, 'text': 'it tells me cylinder you have, am you have gear?', 'start': 20012.641, 'duration': 3.584}], 'summary': 'Facing error due to missing values in factor column when analyzing dataset.', 'duration': 25.542, 'max_score': 19990.683, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE19990683.jpg'}, {'end': 20259.692, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20229.301, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 20232.003, 'text': 'what kind of color it will have and what will be the width.', 'start': 20229.301, 'duration': 2.702}, {'end': 20239.09, 'text': "so this is where i'm going to use plot ly, and let's look at this plot.", 'start': 20232.003, 'duration': 7.087}, {'end': 20241.332, 'text': 'so it basically gives me some information.', 'start': 20239.09, 'duration': 2.242}, {'end': 20246.216, 'text': 'now we see some warnings which are getting generated, but there is.', 'start': 20241.332, 'duration': 4.884}, {'end': 20247.857, 'text': "you don't need to worry about that.", 'start': 20246.216, 'duration': 1.641}, {'end': 20253.402, 'text': 'so you can look at the packages, what you have and what options you are using.', 'start': 20247.857, 'duration': 5.545}, {'end': 20259.692, 'text': 'So similarly, we can create one more plot using plot l y and look at the values of those.', 'start': 20253.908, 'duration': 5.784}], 'summary': 'Using plotly to create and analyze plots with warnings being generated.', 'duration': 30.391, 'max_score': 20229.301, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE20229301.jpg'}, {'end': 20460.874, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20433.748, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 20441.669, 'text': 'But then if we scroll down, we will also find data for wind solar wind plus solar and so on.', 'start': 20433.748, 'duration': 7.921}, {'end': 20445.21, 'text': 'So this is a time series data set, which we would want to work on.', 'start': 20441.729, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 20454.711, 'text': 'Sometimes you may also have the data collected, which just does not have the time, but it may also have timestamp.', 'start': 20445.87, 'duration': 8.841}, {'end': 20460.874, 'text': 'That is, it would have say our minutes and seconds, And that can also be worked upon.', 'start': 20454.751, 'duration': 6.123}], 'summary': 'Time series data includes wind, solar, and timestamp data for analysis.', 'duration': 27.126, 'max_score': 20433.748, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE20433748.jpg'}, {'end': 20804.165, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 20769.567, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 20772.069, 'text': 'but I also look at my other columns.', 'start': 20769.567, 'duration': 2.502}, {'end': 20774.43, 'text': 'they are of the num types.', 'start': 20772.069, 'duration': 2.361}, {'end': 20779.154, 'text': "so that's the data type for each attribute or each column here.", 'start': 20774.43, 'duration': 4.724}, {'end': 20782.217, 'text': 'now we would be interested in looking at this date column.', 'start': 20779.154, 'duration': 3.063}, {'end': 20785.481, 'text': "so let's look at the data type of this date column.", 'start': 20782.217, 'duration': 3.264}, {'end': 20796.36, 'text': 'now, if i try to do this, this will show me that this is null because date as a column does not exist, because we created it as an index.', 'start': 20786.394, 'duration': 9.966}, {'end': 20804.165, 'text': 'so if i look at row names and then i search for my data, show me the index column or row dot names.', 'start': 20796.36, 'duration': 7.805}], 'summary': 'Analyzing data types of columns, including date column indexing.', 'duration': 34.598, 'max_score': 20769.567, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE20769567.jpg'}], 'start': 19712.113, 'title': 'Visualization techniques in r', 'summary': 'Covers techniques for creating box plots, scatter plots, bar charts, and stacked bar charts using ggplot2 and plotly libraries in r, addressing data analysis, visualization of categorical variables, and hands-on projects, with a dataset of 4384 rows and 4 columns available for analysis.', 'chapters': [{'end': 20016.225, 'start': 19712.113, 'title': 'Data visualization with box plots and scatter plots', 'summary': 'Discusses creating box plots and scatter plots using ggplot2 in r, including understanding outliers, using factors, and handling errors, focusing on analyzing the data and visualizing categorical variables.', 'duration': 304.112, 'highlights': ['You can create box plots to understand data distribution, quartiles, and identify outliers, and use ggplot2 library to analyze the dataset.', 'Factors are used to work with categorical variables and can be created to assign labels and levels to the data, aiding in data analysis.', 'Creating scatter plots based on factors allows for visualizing data points colored by the factor values, providing insights into categorical variables.', 'Errors can occur when using factor values as colors in scatter plots, requiring inspection and potential adjustment of the factor values for proper visualization.', 'Coordinate functions can be used to manipulate the plot layout, such as flipping coordinates to transpose the plot and changing the fill color in the box plot based on a factor.']}, {'end': 20306.198, 'start': 20016.225, 'title': 'Visualization techniques in r', 'summary': 'Explores creating scatter plots, bar charts, stacked bar charts, using ggplot2 and plotly libraries in r, demonstrating how to visualize different datasets and customize plots for exploratory data analysis.', 'duration': 289.973, 'highlights': ['The chapter demonstrates creating scatter plots with color and size variations using ggplot2, providing flexibility in visualizing different datasets. Demonstrates creating scatter plots with color and size variations using ggplot2, providing flexibility in visualizing different datasets.', 'It explains creating bar charts and stacked bar charts using ggplot2, showcasing the visualization of data distribution and comparison within a dataset. Explains creating bar charts and stacked bar charts using ggplot2, showcasing the visualization of data distribution and comparison within a dataset.', 'It introduces the usage of plotly library for creating interactive plots, allowing customization of markers, lines, and colors for effective visualization. Introduces the usage of plotly library for creating interactive plots, allowing customization of markers, lines, and colors for effective visualization.']}, {'end': 20549.138, 'start': 20307.358, 'title': 'Time series analysis with energy data', 'summary': 'Covers a hands-on project using r programming to analyze time series energy data, exploring variations in electricity demand and renewable energy supply, and addressing questions related to electricity consumption, production, and trends in germany.', 'duration': 241.78, 'highlights': ['The chapter covers a hands-on project using R programming to analyze time series energy data The session involves a hands-on project using R programming to analyze time series energy data.', "We'll be using time series energy data to explore the variations in electricity demand and renewable energy supply over time The project uses time series energy data to explore variations in electricity demand and renewable energy supply over time.", 'The data set has electricity production and consumption, reported as daily totals in gigawatt hours The data set includes electricity production and consumption reported as daily totals in gigawatt hours.', 'It has values for consumption, wind, solar, and wind plus solar, and we will explore electricity consumption and production in Germany The data includes values for consumption, wind, solar, and wind plus solar, focusing on electricity consumption and production in Germany.', 'Some questions addressed include when electricity consumption is highest and lowest, variations in wind and solar power production with seasons, long-term trends in electricity consumption, solar power, and wind power, and comparing wind and solar power production with electricity consumption Some questions addressed include peak and off-peak electricity consumption, seasonal variations in wind and solar power production, long-term trends in electricity consumption, solar power, and wind power, and comparing wind and solar power production with electricity consumption.']}, {'end': 20854.305, 'start': 20549.298, 'title': 'Data visualization in r studio', 'summary': 'Discusses accessing and visualizing time series data in r studio, including creating a data frame, handling missing values, and examining column data types, with a dataset of 4384 rows and 4 columns available for analysis.', 'duration': 305.007, 'highlights': ['Creating a data frame with 4384 rows and 4 columns from time series data for analysis The process involves setting the date column as the index, accessing and displaying the data frame structure, and examining the head and tail of the data.', 'Handling missing values in the wind and solar columns The speaker demonstrates identifying and handling missing values, as well as viewing the data in a tabular format, revealing the presence of NA values in the wind and solar columns.', 'Examining column data types and accessing specific rows based on index values The chapter covers examining the data types of columns, accessing the index column, and accessing specific rows by providing index or row name values, including selecting multiple values and using the summary function in R.']}, {'end': 21206.648, 'start': 20854.795, 'title': 'Visualizing electricity consumption data', 'summary': "Discusses data visualization of electricity consumption, including converting data types, extracting year, month, and day components, and creating a line plot to understand the pattern of consumption over the years, using python's plot method.", 'duration': 351.853, 'highlights': ["highlight The chapter discusses data visualization of electricity consumption, including converting data types, extracting year, month, and day components, and creating a line plot to understand the pattern of consumption over the years, using Python's plot method.", 'highlight The data includes five columns: date, consumption, wind, solar, wind, solar, and the date column is initially in a factor format with 384 levels.', 'highlight The process involves converting the date column into a date format using the as.date function, extracting year, month, and day components, and adding these columns to the data frame using column bind (C bind) for further analysis and visualization.']}, {'end': 21787.016, 'start': 21206.648, 'title': 'Plotting multiple graphs in r', 'summary': 'Discusses how to plot multiple graphs in r, including changing plot layouts, plotting specific columns, adjusting axis limits, and using the ggplot package, to visualize and analyze data more effectively.', 'duration': 580.368, 'highlights': ['By using the par function with parameters for rows and columns, multiple plots can be displayed in a single window, allowing for comparison and analysis of different data patterns.', 'The ability to specify column names for plotting, as well as customization options such as type, color, and axis limits, provides flexibility in visualizing and analyzing data effectively.', 'Exploring the use of log values and differences of logs can offer better patterns and meaningful insights when visualizing consumption data over time.', 'The chapter also touches on the limitations of certain plotting methods, such as crowded data points and limited information, and explores the usage of ggplot package for more sophisticated plotting options.']}], 'duration': 2074.903, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE19712113.jpg', 'highlights': ['Creating scatter plots with color and size variations using ggplot2 provides flexibility in visualizing different datasets.', 'The chapter demonstrates creating bar charts and stacked bar charts using ggplot2, showcasing the visualization of data distribution and comparison within a dataset.', 'The chapter covers a hands-on project using R programming to analyze time series energy data, exploring variations in electricity demand and renewable energy supply over time.', 'Creating a data frame with 4384 rows and 4 columns from time series data for analysis involves setting the date column as the index, handling missing values in the wind and solar columns, and examining column data types.', 'The chapter discusses data visualization of electricity consumption, including converting data types, extracting year, month, and day components, and creating a line plot to understand the pattern of consumption over the years.', 'By using the par function with parameters for rows and columns, multiple plots can be displayed in a single window, allowing for comparison and analysis of different data patterns.']}, {'end': 23078.179, 'segs': [{'end': 22112.337, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22087.199, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 22092.864, 'text': 'But if you look at those plots, they might show some kind of weekly seasonality also.', 'start': 22087.199, 'duration': 5.665}, {'end': 22097.187, 'text': 'So in your consumption corresponding to weekdays and weekends.', 'start': 22093.544, 'duration': 3.643}, {'end': 22100.749, 'text': "So let's plot for one single year.", 'start': 22097.267, 'duration': 3.482}, {'end': 22105.092, 'text': 'Now, how do I do that? So first is I will look at my data too.', 'start': 22100.989, 'duration': 4.103}, {'end': 22108.454, 'text': 'That shows me the structure.', 'start': 22107.273, 'duration': 1.181}, {'end': 22112.337, 'text': 'It shows me date, which is factor, other columns, which are all numerics.', 'start': 22108.634, 'duration': 3.703}], 'summary': 'Data shows potential weekly seasonality in consumption patterns.', 'duration': 25.138, 'max_score': 22087.199, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE22087199.jpg'}, {'end': 22329.537, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22308.34, 'weight': 2, 'content': [{'end': 22317.426, 'text': 'so this is where you have taken time series in a single year to investigate further, and this is what we see right now.', 'start': 22308.34, 'duration': 9.086}, {'end': 22322.109, 'text': 'we can clearly see there are some weekly oscillations.', 'start': 22317.426, 'duration': 4.683}, {'end': 22329.537, 'text': "what One more interesting feature is that at this level of granularity, that is, when you're looking at yearly data,", 'start': 22322.109, 'duration': 7.428}], 'summary': 'Analyzing weekly oscillations in year-long time series data.', 'duration': 21.197, 'max_score': 22308.34, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE22308340.jpg'}, {'end': 22447.298, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22420.138, 'weight': 3, 'content': [{'end': 22425.619, 'text': "so let's look into this one and that basically will give me minimum and maximum.", 'start': 22420.138, 'duration': 5.481}, {'end': 22426.68, 'text': "let's look at the values.", 'start': 22425.619, 'duration': 1.061}, {'end': 22437.196, 'text': 'so this one tells me jan 17, january 1, and maximum is your feb 28, second month, 2017.', 'start': 22426.68, 'duration': 10.516}, {'end': 22440.677, 'text': 'so we are actually looking at two months data here.', 'start': 22437.196, 'duration': 3.481}, {'end': 22442.857, 'text': "let's look at the y minimum.", 'start': 22440.677, 'duration': 2.18}, {'end': 22446.118, 'text': 'so this is i will look at column three.', 'start': 22442.857, 'duration': 3.261}, {'end': 22447.298, 'text': 'now what is column three?', 'start': 22446.118, 'duration': 1.18}], 'summary': 'Analyzing two months of data from jan 1 to feb 28, 2017, for minimum and maximum values.', 'duration': 27.16, 'max_score': 22420.138, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE22420138.jpg'}, {'end': 22608.808, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 22581.757, 'weight': 4, 'content': [{'end': 22587.76, 'text': 'And we have nicely formatted tick labels that is Jan 1st, Jan 15th, Feb 1st and so on.', 'start': 22581.757, 'duration': 6.003}, {'end': 22595.062, 'text': 'So we can easily tell which days are weekdays and weekends with use of these grid lines and basically breaking it down.', 'start': 22588.18, 'duration': 6.882}, {'end': 22602.805, 'text': "So there are many other ways to actually visualize your time series data depending on what patterns you're trying to explore.", 'start': 22595.523, 'duration': 7.282}, {'end': 22608.808, 'text': 'You can use scatter plots, you can use heat maps, you can use histograms and so on.', 'start': 22603.286, 'duration': 5.522}], 'summary': 'Formatted tick labels show weekdays and weekends, other visualization methods include scatter plots, heat maps, and histograms.', 'duration': 27.051, 'max_score': 22581.757, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE22581757.jpg'}], 'start': 21787.016, 'title': 'Time series analysis for energy consumption', 'summary': 'Covers techniques for plotting time series data, analyzing electricity consumption and production patterns, extracting weekly seasonality insights, and using box plots to understand energy consumption patterns, providing in-depth insights into seasonality, weather impact, and data visualization techniques.', 'chapters': [{'end': 21894.208, 'start': 21787.016, 'title': 'Plotting time series data', 'summary': 'Explains how to convert a column into date time format, plot time series data for solar and wind consumption, and create multi-plots in one graph, offering insights into patterns and data visualization techniques.', 'duration': 107.192, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses the process of converting a column into date time format and plotting time series data for solar and wind consumption, offering insights into patterns and data visualization techniques.', 'It emphasizes the importance of specifying X and Y axis names, as well as providing details such as type, Y limit, and color when creating plots.', 'The chapter also covers the concept of creating multi-plots in one graph, enabling the visualization of multiple datasets in a single view.']}, {'end': 22086.698, 'start': 21894.208, 'title': 'Electricity consumption and production analysis', 'summary': 'Explores the patterns of electricity consumption, solar and wind production, highlighting the highest and lowest points, with a focus on seasonality and clustering, demonstrating the impact of weather on electricity trends.', 'duration': 192.49, 'highlights': ['Electricity consumption is highest in winter due to electrical heating and increased lighting usage, and lowest in summer, with a split into two clusters, oscillating around 1400 gigawatts and 1150 gigawatts, possibly corresponding with weekdays and weekends.', 'Solar production peaks in summer due to abundant sunlight and drops in winter, while wind power production is highest in winter due to stronger winds and more frequent storms, with an increasing trend over the years.', 'The time series data shows a repeating pattern at regular intervals, corresponding with seasonal changes in weather, demonstrating seasonality in consumption, solar, and wind production.']}, {'end': 22329.537, 'start': 22087.199, 'title': 'Time series analysis for weekly seasonality', 'summary': 'Explores the process of extracting and analyzing data for a single year, identifying weekly seasonality patterns in consumption data, and creating a plot to visualize the pattern, revealing insights into the weekly oscillations and monthly breakdown.', 'duration': 242.338, 'highlights': ['The data is subset to extract information for a particular year, 2017, using the subset function, resulting in MyData4. The subset function is used to extract data from MyData3 for the year 2017, storing the subset as MyData4.', 'A plot is created to visualize the consumption values for one year, revealing a pattern with monthly breakdown and weekly oscillations. A plot is generated using MyData4 to display the consumption values for one year, illustrating a pattern with monthly breakdown and weekly oscillations.', 'The plot shows a pattern where the year is divided into months, with noticeable weekly oscillations, providing a clear understanding of the consumption pattern. The plot illustrates a pattern dividing the year into months with visible weekly oscillations, offering insights into the consumption pattern.', 'The process involves converting date columns into date type, adding formatted date data to the data frame, and conducting data wrangling to extract specific year data. The process includes converting date columns, adding formatted date data, and performing data wrangling to extract data for a particular year.']}, {'end': 22754.033, 'start': 22329.537, 'title': 'Electricity consumption analysis', 'summary': 'Discusses analyzing electricity consumption for january and february, including the decrease during holidays, zooming in on specific data, visualizing consumption patterns, and exploring seasonality using box plots and quantile functions.', 'duration': 424.496, 'highlights': ['The analysis focuses on electricity consumption for January and February, revealing a drastic decrease during the holidays. The transcript highlights a drastic decrease in electricity consumption in early January and late December during the holidays.', 'The process involves zooming in on specific data to analyze consumption patterns. The speaker discusses zooming in on the data for January and February to analyze consumption patterns.', 'The chapter delves into visualizing consumption patterns and exploring seasonality using box plots and quantile functions. The chapter discusses using box plots and quantile functions to visualize consumption patterns and explore seasonality in the data.']}, {'end': 23078.179, 'start': 22754.033, 'title': 'Box plot analysis for energy consumption', 'summary': 'Discusses the process of creating box plots to analyze the seasonality and patterns in energy consumption data, highlighting insights such as higher electricity consumption in winter, lower consumption in summer, and the impact of occasional extreme wind speeds on solar power production, with the ability to group the data by month, day, and week.', 'duration': 324.146, 'highlights': ['The box plots reveal higher electricity consumption in winter and lower consumption in summer, with specific insights into median and lower quartiles for different months. The box plots provide insights into the seasonality of electricity consumption, showing higher consumption in winter and lower consumption in summer, with specific details about median and lower quartiles for different months.', 'The analysis demonstrates the year seasonality of solar and wind power production, highlighting the impact of occasional extreme wind speeds on solar power and the consistent pattern evident every year. The analysis showcases the year seasonality of solar and wind power production, emphasizing the impact of occasional extreme wind speeds on solar power and the consistent pattern evident every year.', 'Grouping the data by day reveals higher electricity consumption on weekdays than on weekends, providing insights into the consumption patterns based on weekdays and weekends. Grouping the data by day reveals higher electricity consumption on weekdays than on weekends, providing insights into the consumption patterns based on weekdays and weekends.']}], 'duration': 1291.163, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE21787016.jpg', 'highlights': ['The chapter covers techniques for plotting time series data and analyzing electricity consumption and production patterns.', 'The time series data shows a repeating pattern at regular intervals, corresponding with seasonal changes in weather, demonstrating seasonality in consumption, solar, and wind production.', 'The process involves converting date columns into date type, adding formatted date data to the data frame, and conducting data wrangling to extract specific year data.', 'The chapter delves into visualizing consumption patterns and exploring seasonality using box plots and quantile functions.', 'The box plots provide insights into the seasonality of electricity consumption, showing higher consumption in winter and lower consumption in summer, with specific details about median and lower quartiles for different months.', 'The analysis demonstrates the year seasonality of solar and wind power production, highlighting the impact of occasional extreme wind speeds on solar power and the consistent pattern evident every year.']}, {'end': 24576.275, 'segs': [{'end': 23118.626, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23096.295, 'weight': 0, 'content': [{'end': 23106.66, 'text': "so for that let's look at my data 3 again, which gives me data, and you can just see all the data's data or dates are in sequence.", 'start': 23096.295, 'duration': 10.365}, {'end': 23111.003, 'text': "so you're 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and so on i can look at.", 'start': 23106.66, 'duration': 4.343}, {'end': 23118.626, 'text': 'i can access a dplyr package that is basically allowing me to work in a better way.', 'start': 23111.003, 'duration': 7.623}], 'summary': 'Analyzing data 3 reveals sequential dates, facilitating improved work with dplyr package.', 'duration': 22.331, 'max_score': 23096.295, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE23096295.jpg'}, {'end': 23398.903, 'src': 'embed', 'start': 23344.386, 'weight': 1, 'content': [{'end': 23349.01, 'text': 'So that tells me these are the values where wind has NA values.', 'start': 23344.386, 'duration': 4.624}, {'end': 23356.698, 'text': 'missing values, I can always do a view and that gives me the complete data.', 'start': 23350.055, 'duration': 6.643}, {'end': 23364.762, 'text': 'so it basically shows me 1463 entries and here it shows me all any values.', 'start': 23356.698, 'duration': 8.064}, {'end': 23373.766, 'text': 'so you can look at all the way to the end and it shows me wind has any solar does have some value here in the last row.', 'start': 23364.762, 'duration': 9.004}, {'end': 23378.853, 'text': 'but then also, if you see, the numbers have difference.', 'start': 23373.766, 'duration': 5.087}, {'end': 23382.395, 'text': 'so you have one, four, six, one, and then you have two, one, seven, four.', 'start': 23378.853, 'duration': 3.542}, {'end': 23383.455, 'text': 'so there is a difference.', 'start': 23382.395, 'duration': 1.06}, {'end': 23388.218, 'text': 'so there is some data in between where wind has some values.', 'start': 23383.455, 'duration': 4.763}, {'end': 23390.219, 'text': 'so we have found out any values.', 'start': 23388.218, 'duration': 2.001}, {'end': 23395.221, 'text': 'now what we will do is we will select data which does not have any values.', 'start': 23390.219, 'duration': 5.002}, {'end': 23398.903, 'text': 'so i will call it cell selected wind two.', 'start': 23395.221, 'duration': 3.682}], 'summary': 'Identified 1463 entries with missing wind values, and found differences in data.', 'duration': 54.517, 'max_score': 23344.386, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE23344386.jpg'}], 'start': 23078.179, 'title': 'Data analysis and manipulation in r', 'summary': 'Covers data frequency analysis, summary statistics, data extraction, dealing with missing values, and rolling average analysis in r using the dplyr package, with specific focus on wind, solar, and consumption data, revealing insights such as daily data modification, na value findings, and trend visualizations.', 'chapters': [{'end': 23118.626, 'start': 23078.179, 'title': 'Data frequency analysis with dplyr package', 'summary': 'Focuses on analyzing the frequency of data, specifically the modified date column indicating daily data, and utilizing the dplyr package for improved data manipulation.', 'duration': 40.447, 'highlights': ["The data's modified date column indicates that the data is on a daily basis, providing insight into the frequency of the data.", 'The dates in the data are in sequence, demonstrating a continuous daily recording of data.', 'The use of the dplyr package allows for more efficient and effective data manipulation.']}, {'end': 23282.298, 'start': 23118.626, 'title': 'Data analysis: summary and frequency calculation', 'summary': 'Discusses summary statistics such as minimum, count of non-na values, and checks for na values in columns related to wind, solar, and consumption data. it also demonstrates the calculation of day-wise and month-wise frequency from the minimum date.', 'duration': 163.672, 'highlights': ['The chapter discusses summary statistics such as minimum, count of non-NA values, and checks for NA values in columns related to wind, solar, and consumption data. Summary statistics for columns including wind, solar, and consumption are discussed. The chapter covers the minimum value, count of non-NA values, and checks for NA values in the consumption, wind, and solar columns.', 'It also demonstrates the calculation of day-wise and month-wise frequency from the minimum date. Demonstrates the calculation of day-wise and month-wise frequency using the sequence function from the minimum date. It showcases the day-wise and month-wise frequency calculation from the minimum date value.']}, {'end': 23794.875, 'start': 23283.14, 'title': 'Data extraction and analysis', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of extracting and analyzing data to identify missing values, particularly focusing on the wind column for the year 2011, revealing that out of 365 entries, there is one missing value, and the process of selecting and analyzing a subset of data which includes na and non-na values for further examination.', 'duration': 511.735, 'highlights': ['Identifying missing values in the wind column for the year 2011 Out of 365 entries, it is revealed that there is one missing value in the wind column for the year 2011.', 'Selecting a subset of data including NA and non-NA values for further examination The process involves selecting a subset of data that includes both NA and non-NA values for further analysis and potential filling of missing values.']}, {'end': 24008.915, 'start': 23795.496, 'title': 'Dealing with missing values and analyzing trends', 'summary': 'Discusses filling missing values using forward fill in frequency data and visualizing trends in time series data through rolling means to analyze lower frequency variation in the data.', 'duration': 213.419, 'highlights': ['Filling missing values using forward fill in frequency data The chapter explains how to use forward fill to fill missing values in frequency data, allowing for better data analysis.', 'Visualizing trends in time series data through rolling means The chapter demonstrates the use of rolling means to smooth time series data and analyze lower frequency variation, along with addressing seasonality.', 'Converting data into specified frequency and using forward fill The chapter illustrates the process of converting data into a specified frequency, such as weekly, and using forward fill to handle missing values accordingly.']}, {'end': 24576.275, 'start': 24008.915, 'title': 'Rolling average analysis in r', 'summary': 'Demonstrates the process of arranging and grouping data in r to calculate rolling averages for different time frames such as 3, 7, and 365 days, visualizing the trends, and identifying seasonality patterns in electricity consumption data.', 'duration': 567.36, 'highlights': ['Arranging and grouping data in R to calculate rolling averages for different time frames such as 3, 7, and 365 days The process involves using functions like arrange, group_by, and mutate to calculate rolling averages for different time frames such as 3, 7, and 365 days in R.', 'Visualizing the trends and seasonality patterns in electricity consumption data The chapter discusses visualizing trends and seasonality patterns in electricity consumption data by plotting rolling averages for different time frames, such as 7 and 365 days, and identifying patterns like higher consumption in winter and lower consumption in summer.', 'Providing access to the code and sample dataset for further learning and practice The presenter offers access to the R code used in the demonstration via a project.R file on their GitHub page, along with a sample dataset in the data sets folder, encouraging viewers to continue learning and practicing R.']}], 'duration': 1498.096, 'thumbnail': 'https://coursnap.oss-ap-southeast-1.aliyuncs.com/video-capture/KlsYCECWEWE/pics/KlsYCECWEWE23078179.jpg', 'highlights': ['The use of the dplyr package allows for more efficient and effective data manipulation.', 'The dates in the data are in sequence, demonstrating a continuous daily recording of data.', 'Covers data frequency analysis, summary statistics, and dealing with missing values in wind, solar, and consumption data.', 'Visualizing trends in time series data through rolling means and addressing seasonality.', 'Arranging and grouping data in R to calculate rolling averages for different time frames such as 3, 7, and 365 days.']}], 'highlights': ['R is used more than Python in data science, according to a survey of data mining experts.', 'R is a popular open source language optimized for vector operations, supported by a vast community with 9,000+ contributed packages.', 'R can be integrated with other programming languages, including C, C++, Java, and Python.', 'R consists of inbuilt packages and sample datasets, simplifying the reporting of analysis results.', 'The detailed process of setting up R using r-project.org and RStudio, including downloading and installing R for various operating systems, is provided.', 'RStudio provides a unified interface and consistent commands, making it easier to navigate and manage through R.', 'Variables in R store data values or objects, allowing convenient reference and manipulation.', 'Understanding variable types and classes is important, as demonstrated through examples of assigning values to variables and checking their types and classes.', 'R supports various data types such as logical, numeric, integer, complex, character, and raw data types.', "Using logical operators to filter data, such as 'greater than or equal to' and 'equals to', is demonstrated, showcasing the flexibility and functionality of logical operations.", 'Loading a data set from a file into the machine and assigning it to a variable using read.csv and viewing its values using auction.data is explained, providing insights into the process of loading and examining data sets.', 'Lists in R can contain various types of R objects such as dates, data frames, and vectors without requiring coercion or following a predefined structure.', 'Data frames are a fundamental data structure to store data sets with the ability to contain elements of different data types.', 'The dplyr package is used to transform and summarize tabular data with rows and columns, and it is much faster and easier to read than base R.', 'Creating scatter plots with color and size variations using ggplot2 provides flexibility in visualizing different datasets.', 'The chapter covers techniques for plotting time series data and analyzing electricity consumption and production patterns.', 'The use of the dplyr package allows for more efficient and effective data manipulation.']}